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England at the FIFA World Cup
England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=853673134 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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who knocked out england in the last world cup
[ "England played against Sweden in their quarter-final at Cosmos Arena, Samara on 7 July 2018.[57] They won the match 2–0, with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal, a header scored from a corner, and Dele Alli a second header from close range. This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990, and third overall.[60] The team played Croatia in the semi-final, resulting in a 2–1 loss after extra time.[61] England would later finish fourth in the competition, the best result since 1990. England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff, thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard, despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld.[62]\n" ]
[ "Croatia" ]
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List of Cars characters
List of Cars characters - wikipedia List of Cars characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of characters from the Pixar franchise Cars , as well as the Disney franchise Planes , which is set in the same fictional universe : the 2006 film Cars the 2011 film Cars 2 the 2017 film Cars 3 the 2013 film Planes the 2014 film Planes : Fire & Rescue Contents ( hide ) 1 Table of characters 2 Piston Cup teams 2.1 Rust - eze Medicated Bumper Ointment team 2.1. 1 Lightning McQueen 2.1. 2 Mack 2.1. 3 Chuck and McQueen 's pit crew 2.1. 4 Harv 2.2 Rusty and Dusty Rust - eze 2.3 Sterling 2.4 Hamilton 2.5 Cruz Ramirez 2.6 Dinoco team 2.6. 1 Strip `` The King '' Weathers 2.6. 2 Lynda Weathers 2.6. 3 Cal Weathers 2.6. 4 Tex Dinoco 2.6. 5 Rotor Turbosky 2.7 Hostile Takeover Bank team 2.7. 1 Chick Hicks 2.8 IGNTR team 2.9 Jackson Storm 3 Radiator Springs populace 3.1 Mater 3.2 Sally 3.3 Doc 3.4 Sheriff 3.5 Luigi 3.6 Guido 3.7 Ramone 3.8 Flo 3.9 Fillmore 3.10 Sarge 3.11 Lizzie 3.12 Red 3.13 Stanley 3.14 Bessie 3.15 Frank and the tractors 3.16 Former residents 3.17 Bugs 4 A Piston Cup announcer and a Piston Cup statical analysis 4.1 Bob Cutlass 4.2 Natalie Certain 5 Racetrack personnel 5.1 Racing officials 5.2 Security 5.3 Vendors 5.4 Sideshows 6 Media 6.1 Kori Turbowitz 6.2 Chuki 6.3 Jay Limo 6.4 News anchors 6.5 News helicopters 6.6 Camera and microphone cars 6.7 Shannon Spokes 7 Race fans 7.1 Mia and Tia 7.2 Albert Hinkey 7.3 Fred 7.4 Additional fans 7.5 Maddy McGear 8 Other racecars 8.1 Table of `` Next - Gen '' racers 8.2 `` Junior '' # 8 8.3 Mario Andretti # 11 8.4 Michael Schumacher 8.5 Darrell Cartrip 9 Other vehicles 9.1 Van and Minny 9.2 Delinquent Road Hazards 9.3 TJ Hummer 9.4 Sven `` The Governator '' 9.5 Jerry Recycled Batteries 9.6 Interstate 40 vehicles 10 Cars 2 10.1 Secret agents and spies 10.1. 1 Finn McMissile 10.1. 2 Holley Shiftwell 10.1. 3 Siddeley 10.1. 4 Stephenson 10.1. 5 Leland Turbo 10.1. 6 Rod `` Torque '' Redline 10.1. 7 Tomber 10.2 Sir Miles Axlerod and his minions 10.2. 1 Sir Miles Axlerod 10.2. 2 Professor Zündapp 10.2. 3 Grem and Acer 10.2. 4 Tony Trihull 10.3 Hugo Family 10.3. 1 Victor Hugo 10.3. 2 Alexander Hugo 10.3. 3 Ivan 10.4 Pacer family 10.4. 1 Tubbs Pacer 10.4. 2 Petey Pacer 10.4. 3 Fred Pacer 10.5 Trunkov family 10.5. 1 Vladimir Trunkov 10.5. 2 Tolga Trunkov 10.5. 3 Petrov Trunkov 10.6 Gremlin family 10.6. 1 J. Curby Gremlin 10.6. 2 Tyler Gremlin 10.7 World Grand Prix Racers 10.7. 1 Jeff Gorvette 10.8 Other cars 10.8. 1 Daisu Tsashimi 10.8. 2 Mama Topolino 10.8. 3 Uncle Topolino 10.8. 4 Queen Elizabeth II 10.8. 5 Prince Wheeliam 10.8. 6 Signora Bernoulli 10.8. 7 Mel Dorado 10.8. 8 The Popemobile 10.9 World Grand Prix announcers 10.9. 1 Brent Mustangburger 10.9. 2 David Hobbscap 10.10 Crabby the Boat 11 Cars 3 11.1 Smokey 11.2 Mike Joyride 11.3 Miss Fritter 11.4 Sweet Tea 12 Planes 13 Planes : Fire & Rescue 14 Removed characters 14.1 Cars ( 2006 ) 14.1. 1 Chad 14.1. 2 Mr. Windshield 14.2 Cars 2 ( 2011 ) 14.2. 1 Zil 14.2. 2 Giulia 15 References 16 External links Table of characters ( edit ) Character Cars Cars 2 Cars 3 Mater and the Ghostlight Vitaminamulch : Air Spectacular Cars Toons Planes Planes : Fire & Rescue Lightning McQueen Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Photograph Tow Mater Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Doc Hudson Yes Photograph Yes Yes No No No No Sally Carrera Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes ( Tales from Radiator Springs ) No No Luigi Yes Yes Yes Silent No Yes No No Guido Yes Yes Yes Silent No Yes No No Ramone Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Flo Yes Yes Yes Silent No Yes No No Fillmore Yes Yes Yes Silent No Yes No No Sarge Yes Yes Yes Silent No Yes No No Sheriff Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Lizzie Yes Yes Yes Silent No Yes No No Red Yes Yes Yes Silent No Yes No No Mack Yes Yes Yes Silent No No No No Darrell Cartrip Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Van Yes Yes No No No No No No Minny Yes Yes No No No No No No Strip Weathers Yes No Yes No No No No No Chick Hicks Yes No Yes No No No No No Lynda Weathers Yes No No No No No No No Tex Dinoco Yes No Yes No No No No No `` Junior '' # 8 Yes No No No No No No No `` Mario Andretti '' # 11 Yes No No No No No No No Fred Yes No No No No No No No Rusty Rust - eze Yes No Yes No No No No No Dusty Rust - eze Yes No Yes No No No No No Michael Schumacher Yes No No No No No No No DJ Yes No No No No Yes No No Wingo Yes No No No No Yes No No Boost Yes No No No No Yes No No Snot Rod Yes No No No No Yes No No Mia Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Tia Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Frank Yes No No Yes No No No No tractors Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Harv Yes No No No No No No No Jerry Recycled Batteries Yes No No No No No No No Mike Wazowski Yes No No No No Silent cameo No No Sulley Yes No No No No Silent cameo No No Nurse GTO No No No No No Yes No No Rescue Squad Ambulance No No No No No Yes No No Rescue Squad Trooper No No No No No Yes No No Lug No No No No No Yes No No Nutty No No No No No Yes No No Chuys No Photograph No No No Yes No No Padre No Photograph No No No Yes No No Ito San No Photograph No No No Yes No No Kabuto No Photograph No No No Yes No No Kabuto Ninja No No No No No Yes No No Paki No No No No No Yes No No Teki No No No No No Yes No No Mator No No No No No Yes No No Eddie No No No No No Yes No No Rocky No No No No No Yes No No Monster Truck Biggest Fan No No No No No Yes No No I - Screamer No No No No No Yes No No Rasta Carian No No No No No Yes No No Dr Feel Bad No No No No No Yes No No Monster No No No No No Yes No No Referee pitty No No No No No Yes No No Finn McMissile No Yes No No No No No No Holley Shiftwell No Yes No No No No No No Francesco Bernoulli No Yes No No No No No No Jeff Gorvette No Yes Yes No No No No No Lewis Hamilton No Yes No No No No No No Carla Veloso No Yes No No No No No No Shu Todoroki No Yes No No No No No No Jackson Storm No No Yes No No No No No Cruz Ramirez No No Yes No No No No No Cal Weathers No No Yes No No No No No Bobby Swift No No Yes No No No No No Sterling No No Yes No No No No No Natalie Certain No No Yes No No No No No Miss Fritter No No Yes No No No No No Smokey No No Yes No No No No No River Scott No No Yes No No No No No Junior Moon No No Yes No No No No No Louise Nash No No Yes No No No No No Hamilton No No Yes No No No No No Piston Cup teams ( edit ) Main article : Cars ( film ) Rust - eze Medicated bumper Ointment team ( edit ) Lightning McQueen ( edit ) Main article : Lightning McQueen Lightning McQueen , often referred to as `` McQueen '' , is the main character in Cars and Cars 3 . He is voiced by Owen Wilson . McQueen is not modeled directly after a specific make and model , although his design contains some elements inspired by the Chevrolet Corvette C6 . His Corvette lineage is further suggested by the `` retro '' paint scheme he acquires in Radiator Springs , which resembles that of a Corvette C1 . Mack ( edit ) Mack ( voiced by John Ratzenberger ) is a 1985 Mack Super-Liner bearing license plate `` RUSTEZ3 '' . A dedicated member of the Rust - eze Medicated Bumper Ointment Team ( and now Dinoco Oil ) , having the role of McQueen 's ( and now Ramirez 's ) transport , Mack pulls Lightning McQueen 's ( and now Cruz Ramirez 's ) trailer to his ( and now her ) races . Lightning 's one loyal teammate after his entire pit crew resigns in protest at the end of the season decider , he inadvertently sets up the predicament suffered by McQueen throughout the movie . The grill on him suggests a nose and his top cover ( with the Rusteze logo ) suggests a baseball - style cap . McQueen exhorts Mack to drive through the night to his tiebreaker race with Chick Hicks and The King in Los Angeles , despite federal DOT regulations which legally grant Mack ten hours daily of much - needed off - duty rest alongside `` all those sleeping trucks '' at the last truck stop on I - 40 . Lightning hopes to reach the venue first and to hang out with the Dinoco team . As a result , Mack falls asleep and , distracted by the Delinquent Road Hazards ( who attempt to push him off the road to the shoulder ) , loses Lightning . Mack arrives in Radiator Springs after Doc reveals Lightning 's location and is both very relieved ( `` Thank the manufacturer , you 're alive ! '' ) and apologetic ( `` I 'm so sorry I lost you , boss . I 'll make it up to you ... '' ) . Lightning , who is glad to see him , forgives him . He later cheers for McQueen during the tie breaker , and later congrats him for his loss for helping Strip Weathers after his crash . Mack acts as Lightning 's pit crew for the big race ( since he has none ) and worriedly asks if he 's alright when he spins out , just before Doc and the others show up to help . During the closing credits , Mack views automotive versions of previous Pixar films ( such as Toy Car Story and Monster Trucks , Inc . ) at a restored 1950s drive - in cinema . Commenting on other characters played by John Ratzenberger ( including Hamm the piggy truck and the Abominable Snowplow ) , he eagerly applauds each of them until he realizes they 're all played by the same actor , then demands to know `` what kind of cut - rate production is this ? ! '' `` This one is a homage to my father ... John Lasseter knew that my father drove a Mack truck and that 's why he gave me this character . The truck was one of my first loves because I used to ride around with him in it from time to time . '' -- John Ratzenberger Allentown Mayor Ed Pawlowski proclaimed April 21 , 2006 , Friday Mack Trucks - Disney / Pixar `` Cars '' Day in Mack 's honor during the 41 - city `` CARS Road Trip ' 06 '' promotional tour . Mack is seen in the short Mater and the Ghostlight after Lightning established his headquarters on US Route 66 . In Cars 2 he appears in a pair of brief cameo appearances at the start and end , where his two lines are `` Oh , his best friend greetings . They get longer every year , '' and `` Oh , those two are perfect for each other . '' He appears in Cars 3 with a much larger role compared to Cars 2 . He is still working as McQueen 's transport . 4 months after McQueen 's accident , he is in Radiator Springs and picks McQueen up to the Rust - eze training center . Later , he takes McQueen , Cruz , Luigi , and Guido to the Thunder Hollow demolition derby circuit and after arriving , he come up with the idea to disguise McQueen . On their way back , he is forced to pull over when Cruz opens his hauler and decide to part ways . He accompanies McQueen to pick Cruz up again and they head to Thomasville , and then to Florida 500 . Chuck and McQueen 's pit crew ( edit ) Lightning McQueen 's pit crew are generic forklifts who only appear at the start of the film , never to be acknowledged again . They quit after McQueen said that he is a one - man show . One of them , presumably the acting crew chief is voiced by Mike `` No Name '' Nelson , not to be confused with Michael J. Nelson . After the official crew chief had decided to quit , he is referred to by McQueen as `` Chuck '' , and retorts angrily afterwards , `` And my name is not Chuck ! '' In the credits , he is referred to as `` Not Chuck '' . They appear in the film ( only to leave almost immediately ) to show McQueen 's selfishness and inability to work with others . McQueen had a crew chief before the film , but was not seen in the film , because McQueen fired him ( believing he was a one - man show , which later came back to haunt him for his return ) . The chief was mentioned several times at the Dinoco 400 race . The crew is later replaced by McQueen 's friends from Radiator Springs and Mack for the big race . In Cars 2 , McQueen has apparently hired a new pit crew as he mentions having given them all a vacation when asked to attend the World Grand Prix , but his friends from Radiator Springs again offer to become his crew for a race and he accepts . Harv ( edit ) Harv is Lightning McQueen 's agent . Never seen on - screen , McQueen speaks to Harv via his speaker phone when McQueen and Mack are on route to the tiebreaker race and again when Mack is in Radiator Springs to pick up McQueen . Consequently , very little is known of Harv 's character except that he threatened to fire Mack if he does n't get McQueen into his trailer . Harv is voiced by Jeremy Piven in the U.S. version and The Grand Tour presenter Jeremy Clarkson in the UK version . He is also based on the character Ari Gold from the HBO series Entourage . Although he is not seen in the actual film , Jeremy Clarkson believes that he is a 1979 Ford Granada Ghia while the American version , he is thought to be a 1996 Oldsmobile . Rusty and Dusty Rust - eze ( edit ) The Rust - eze Brothers , Rusty and Dusty , are the spokescars and owners of Rust - Eze , the team that sponsors Lightning and that gave him his `` big break '' , they are somewhat awkward . Rusty is a 1963 Dodge Dart and Dusty , a 1967 Dodge A100 . Rusty and Dusty are voiced by real - life brothers Tom and Ray Magliozzi ( respectively ) of National Public Radio 's Car Talk , using that program 's closing line `` ... and do n't drive like my brother ! '' . Rusty bears an intentional resemblance to Tom Magliozzi 's infamous green 1963 Dart , named `` The Dartre '' . They appear three times in the first film , at the beginning with McQueen looking forward to leaving them , in the middle very briefly being interviewed and at the end after the race when McQueen realises he is happy with them . In a deleted scene on the DVD , much of their dialogue ( heard at the sponsors ' tent in the final script ) was originally part of a brief stop at the Top Down Truck Stop . On the die - cast cars , Rusty 's license plate states `` Rust '' and Dusty 's sports `` Eze '' . Their license plates are from `` R Fair City '' , a term the Car Talk brothers use to describe their home town of Cambridge , Massachusetts . They appear three times in the third film , when McQueen was going to see Cal Weathers , when the Radiator Springs gang members and McQueen were talking on the phone and at the Rust - eze racing center to hand the sponsor over to Sterling . Following Tom 's death in 2014 , unused archive recordings from the first film were used to provide Rusty 's speaking parts in Cars 3 . Sterling ( edit ) Sterling is the owner of the Rust - eze Racing Center . He reveals himself to be a fan of Lightning McQueen . He assigns Cruz Ramirez to train McQueen and prepare him for the Florida 500 . After watching McQueen 's poor performance on the simulator , Sterling attempted to convince McQueen to retire and become a racing brand . McQueen convinces him to give him a chance at winning the Florida 500 , then McQueen could decide when to stop racing . Sterling reluctantly agrees . At the Florida 500 , Sterling reveals himself as greedy and self - centered when he cruelly ordered Cruz to leave and resume her job as a trainer . Against Sterling 's will , McQueen puts Cruz in the race . After Cruz wins , Sterling asks her to race for him , but she refuses . Tex Dinoco , owner of Dinoco , purchases Rust - eze , allowing Cruz to race and McQueen to train her . He is voiced by Nathan Fillion . Hamilton ( edit ) A personal voice command assistant to Cruz Ramirez that 's able to track McQueen 's speed through his electronic suit . Played by British Formula One driver Lewis Hamilton . Cruz Ramirez ( edit ) Cruz Ramirez , a Hispanic female , is Lightning McQueen 's trainer and technician at the Rust - eze Racing Center . She is known for training some of the best newer elite rookies through her unconventional training methods . She is assigned to train McQueen for the Florida 500 . She attempts to train McQueen at Fireball Beach , but McQueen ends up teaching her how to race on sand . After surviving a Demolition Derby , which Cruz wins , McQueen lashes out on her for wasting his time . Then , Cruz reveals that she always wanted to be a racer , but never found the confidence to do so . Cruz and McQueen reconcile and head to Thomasville where they meet the former crew chief of Doc Hudson , Smokey . Smokey trains McQueen and inspires Cruz as well . At the Florida 500 , Cruz is sent back to the Racing Center . McQueen exits the race to allow Cruz to race . Using what she 's learned on the road , Cruz catches up to Jackson Storm , who tries to overtake her . However , Cruz flips over him and lands in first place . She begins to race for the Dinoco team , sporting # 51 , with McQueen as her mentor . Cruz is voiced by Cristela Alonzo . Dinoco team ( edit ) Strip `` the King '' Weathers ( edit ) Strip Weathers , better known as The King , is a `` Dinoco - blue '' veteran racecar and racing legend voiced by NASCAR Hall of Famer Richard Petty . Weathers is an anthropomorphic version of Petty 's aerodynamic 1970 Plymouth Superbird , sporting same shade of blue and Petty 's racecar number , 43 . He is one of the racecars in the 2006 Piston Cup three - way tie , along with Chick Hicks and Lightning McQueen . His sponsor ( Dinoco ) , like Petty 's ( STP ) , is a well - known oil company . Richard Petty 's # 43 Plymouth Superbird He is Dinoco 's `` Golden Boy '' , having won seven Piston Cups ( the same number of NASCAR Cup Series championships Petty himself won in his career ) and is hoping for another in the tiebreaker race before entering retirement . He tells McQueen to remember the importance of his team , but the rookie does not pay any attention , being more preoccupied with the thought of taking over the Dinoco sponsorship after Weathers ' retirement . On the final lap of the tie - breaker race , Hicks rams into Weathers , sending him into a dangerous rollover . When McQueen sees this , he realizes that Weathers ' career might end the way Doc Hudson 's did . After stopping short of the finish line , allowing Hicks to win , McQueen pushes Weathers across the finish line to let him finish his last race before his retirement , much to the audience 's delight . Weathers is last seen visiting the racing museum in Radiator Springs with his wife and another Piston Cup racer , `` Junior '' , stating that Hudson was his inspiration ( In NASCAR , `` The King '' # 43 is the second of four generations of racers ; his father Lee Petty won his first Cup in 1954 , one year after the multiple Fabulous Hudson Hornet victories ) . He returns in Cars 3 as the crew chief of his nephew and new Dinoco racer Cal Weathers with Richard Petty reprising his role as the voice of The King . He is only shown in the first race of the film , where he tells Cal for a good comeback after he gets his tires for a pit stop , and when he and his nephew pass the sponsorship to Cruz Ramirez after she wins the Florida 500 . His only line in the film is `` Good comeback , Cal '' . In the Danish edition of the movie , the King is voiced by nine - time 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Tom Kristensen . In the Finnish edition of the movie , The King is voiced by Finnish two - time Formula One World Champion Mika Häkkinen . In the German edition , he is voiced by Austrian three - time Formula One World Champion Niki Lauda . Strip Weathers also appears in the film 's video game as an unlockable character in the Arcade . He is mentioned by Darrell Cartrip in the game 's Story Mode . He also appears in Disney Infinity . Lynda Weathers ( edit ) Lynda Weathers , also known as `` Mrs. The King '' , ( voiced by Richard Petty 's wife Lynda Petty ) is similar in design to a station wagon that brought the Petty family to `` The King '' 's races during the 1970s . Like Tex , Lynda follows each race from a Dinoco VIP booth , rooting for the # 43 car . Throughout the film , she is constantly shown supporting her husband and she worries deeply when he is flipped by Chick Hicks . After the race , while Chick Hicks is booed for wrecking her husband and winning the Piston Cup , she kisses Lightning on the cheek to thank him for helping out her husband . During the ending credits of Cars , Mrs. The King can be seen at the Doc Hudson Museum with her husband and Mater as a tour guide throughout the museum . She asks to see and meet Doc Hudson , but Mater is unsure of his whereabouts at the present time -- but assumes he is out racing , most likely with McQueen ( which turns out to be true ) . Cal Weathers ( edit ) New Dinoco racer . Took over as Dinoco racer after his uncle Strip Weathers retired and became his crew chief . Cal Weathers is numbered 42 , and is a Piston Cup Stock Car with blue rims . He is voiced by real life driver Kyle Petty who is Richard Petty 's son . Tex Dinoco ( edit ) Tex Dinoco , voiced by Humpy Wheeler of Charlotte Motor Speedway , is the owner of Dinoco . Packaged as `` Tex Dinoco with bullhorns '' as a diecast car , he is simply called `` Tex '' in the film 's credits . He speaks with a Carolina accent and resembles a 1975 Cadillac Coupe de Ville at The Big Texan Steak Ranch in Amarillo . He is the King 's manager and sponsor . Unlike Lightning 's agent ( Harv , who does n't watch the race ) , Tex is an avid race fan who would never miss a race . As a supportive and long - time friend of both Lynda and `` The King '' , he has been a loyal fan of the # 43 car for many years and boasts that The King `` has made Dinoco proud '' . After Chick Hicks wins by employing a PIT maneuver to sabotage The King in the final lap of the tiebreaker , sending the Dinoco blue # 43 car into a dangerous rollover crash , Tex ( angered by Hicks ' cheating ) offers the lucrative sponsorship to Lightning with the explanation that `` there 's a whole lot more to racing than just winning '' this is an echo of a line that Mcqueen used at the end of the race shown at the start of the film but with an entirely different meaning . He returns for Cars 3 as the sponsor for Cal Weathers . After Cal retired , Tex sought to have newcomer Cruz Ramirez to race for him after watching her performance in the Florida 500 . He also purchases Rust - eze from Sterling and allows Lightning McQueen to continue racing . Rotor Turbosky ( edit ) The Dinoco Transport Helicopter is based on a Bell 430 . Without a speaking part , he has no voice actor and is not named in the closing credits . His name is Rotor Turbosky ( in apparent reference to helicopter maker Sikorsky ) in the die - cast Cars toy collection . He is seen on top of the Dinoco tent during the races . Mater gets a ride over Radiator Springs at the end of the film , a favor which Lightning had promised Mater earlier when dreaming of the big trophy and the big sponsor ( Dinoco ) with the fancy helicopter . Hostile Takeover Bank team ( edit ) Chick Hicks ( edit ) The PIT maneuver , long banned in racing , shown in use to end a police chase Chick Hicks ( voiced by Michael Keaton ) serves as Lightning McQueen 's primary rival in the first film . He is `` a generic Pixar design , ' a stock 1980s American car ' '' according to Pixar publicity coordinator Amanda Sorena , and strongly resembles a GM G - body with features from both the Chevrolet Monte Carlo and the Buick Grand National . As the real - life General Motors wanted nothing to do with the character by rejecting an initial Pixar proposal to cast a Chevrolet stock car as the movie 's villain , Chick is effectively an orphan . He has spent his entire career trailing Strip `` The King '' Weathers , and is bitter about this fact . His racing sponsor is Hostile Takeover Bank ( HTB for short ) . His pit crew are mean to Guido as they underestimate him for being tiny ; his skills are later shown to be far superior to their own . Hicks ' racing number is 86 , a reference to 1986 , the year Pixar Animation Studios was founded ; 86 itself is also a slang term for destroying or getting rid of something . Since 86 is twice the number 43 ( King 's number ) , it could also be an allusion to his entire career in relation to King . Determined to do whatever it takes to win , Hicks will often ram other cars or use the PIT maneuver in an attempt to cause racing incidents for his own benefit . He despises and mocks McQueen , adopting the nickname Thunder which McQueen previously used as a put - down ( McQueen : `` Because thunder always comes after ' lightning ' '' ) . Hicks is also equally antagonistic towards The King , having come 2nd place to The King his entire career . While McQueen is presumed missing , Hicks tries to take away McQueen 's fans and increase his fame . During the final lap of the tie - breaker race , Hicks ( who is then determined not to come in behind Strip Weathers again ) PITs The King , sending him flying off the race track and into a roll - over wreck on the in - field . He expects a huge ovation after McQueen deliberately gives up the Piston Cup in order to help Weathers and instead finds resistance from everyone who watched what he did to Weathers . An angered crowd and media snub Hicks ' victory by branding him as a cheater . He is pelted with discarded tires and booed off the stage with his trophy in humiliation . The immediate backlash is similar to backlash against Rusty Wallace after he spun out Darrell Waltrip in Turn 4 during Segment 3 , Lap 9 of the Sprint All - Star Race V at Charlotte Motor Speedway , sending Waltrip spinning into the grass . In the film , a lucrative corporate sponsorship is at stake . Hicks and McQueen both share the dream of being the new face of Dinoco Oil , a firm long represented by retiring champion # 43 `` The King '' . They race on the assumption that winning the championship cup will land them the big sponsor , however Dinoco owner Tex offers the sponsorship to McQueen , stating that there 's more to racing than winning . He returns in Cars 3 , where he now hosts his own talk show , Chick 's Picks . He constantly boasts about his previous Piston Cup championship and cracks jokes at McQueen 's expense as Jackson Storm takes over the sport . Pixar writer Bob Peterson voices Chick in this film as Keaton was filming Spider - Man : Homecoming . Chick returns in the Cars video game , once again as McQueen 's rival and the main antagonist . In the game , he is less rude than he was in the movie . He is first seen spying on Lightning 's practice sessions with Doc Hudson . In Palm Mile Speedway , he ineffectively taunts Lightning before the first race of the season until Doc warns him off , then falls in with a gang of New York - based greaser cars in Carburetor County to challenge McQueen . The DRH gang jumps Mack on the interstate to steal McQueen 's racing gear , but finger Chick as the one who hired them when caught by the Sheriff . In the Cars Race - O-Rama video game , he seeks revenge by attempting to close down McQueen 's racing academy to start his own in Radiator Springs , although he gets defeated at the end . His catchphrase is `` Ka - Chick - Ah ! '' , a blatant rip - off of McQueen 's catchphrase `` KA - CHOW ! '' . Despite the fact he did not appear in Cars 2 , he does show up in the film 's video game as a downloadable character for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 editions . He also appears in Disney Infinity . In the Rioplatense Spanish version of Cars , Hicks is voiced by Marcos di Palma , a racecar driver also known for his brash attitude . Besides him , there is a similar character named Ripslinger in the 2013 Cars spin - off movie Planes and its 2014 sequel , produced by DisneyToon Studios . IGNTR team ( edit ) Jackson Storm ( edit ) Jackson Storm , a blue - and - black 2017 custom built `` next generation '' Piston Cup racer , is one of the newer rookies that comes into the racing sport , and the main racing rival of Lightning McQueen in the third installment in the franchise . He is an arrogant , overconfident rookie . He constantly insults McQueen about retiring . He set records and won many races . At the Florida 500 , he is overtaken by McQueen 's former trainer Cruz Ramirez . He attempts to make her lose focus by telling her that she does n't belong on a track . Cruz , however , regains her confidence and drives up next to Storm , who tries to slam her into a wall . Cruz flips over him and lands , in exactly the same fashion as Doc Hudson . It is unknown what happened to him after that , but it can be assumed he raged and swore revenge on Cruz . He returns in Cars 3 : Driven to Win , as the main antagonist and a playable character . Jackson Storm is voiced by Armie Hammer . Radiator Springs populace ( edit ) These characters live in Radiator Springs with Lightning McQueen , his trainer Cruz Ramirez and their hauler , Mack . Mater ( edit ) Main article : Mater ( Cars ) Sir Tow Mater is a rusty tow truck and McQueen 's eventual best friend , voiced by comedian Larry the Cable Guy . His design was inspired by a 1951 International Harvester boom truck . He 's the main character in Cars 2 and a supporting character in the other films . Sally ( edit ) Main article : Sally Carrera Sally Carrera is the town 's attorney and McQueen 's love interest . She is voiced by Bonnie Hunt , and modeled after a 2002 Porsche 911 . Sally as Eddie Paul custom vehicle for Cars promotional tour Doc ( edit ) Main article : Doc Hudson 1952 Fabulous Hudson Hornet Doc Hudson is the town 's medical doctor and a local judge , voiced actor Paul Newman in the first film and its video game and Corey Burton in all other related media . He is modeled after a 1951 Hudson Hornet . He did not appear in the second film , as it is implied that Doc died . He won three consecutive Piston Cups in 1951 , 1952 , and 1953 , with Smokey as his crew chief , corresponding to the first three of the real - life Hornet 's production years . Sheriff ( edit ) The Sheriff ( voiced by Route 66 historian and author Michael Wallis ) is a 1949 Mercury Eight Police Cruiser police car , bearing Carburetor County license plate 001 . Sheriff is painted in the classic law enforcement black and white with a single red light dome , two sirens , and curb feelers . Sheriff was the first resident of Radiator Springs to appear in the original film and the first to meet Lightning McQueen during a police chase when McQueen was speeding through the town , attempting to locate Mack . Upon catching McQueen , who had become ensnared in wires and fencing , Sheriff paraphrases a line used by actor Joe Higgins , who played a sheriff in early 1970s Dodge commercials , as `` Boy , you 're in a heap of trouble . '' Sheriff was known to distrust McQueen ; at one point when Sally gives McQueen some gasoline , Sheriff notices McQueen smiling at the road as if he is planning to escape . In reply Sheriff with a glare turns on his gumball in case . Lightning chooses to accompany Sally , rather than making an escape attempt , resulting in Sheriff switching off his emergency lighting . This marks the beginning of trust in Lightning by Sheriff . He later befriends Lightning McQueen , offering him a police escort to California and even giving a few sniffles when he thought Lightning had left after finishing fixing the road ( though he denied it , claiming he was glad Lightning was gone ) , and joins his pit crew for the championship race . Sheriff reappears in Cars 2 , seeing Lightning and his race crew off to the World Grand Prix . When Mater goes missing , Ramone mentions that Sheriff has Scotland Yard scouring London for Mater . During the climax of the film , Sheriff arrives with the other Radiator Springs residents as new members of McQueen 's pit crew in England , and is informed by Mater of the Lemons cars ' plot to kill McQueen in order to turn all vehicles in the world against alternate energy and rely on gasoline for profit . Sheriff then has Red the Firetruck squirt water on the Lemon cars during the final battle , arrests most of the defeated ones with help from Sarge . Then the next day Sheriff cheers Mater on when he is knighted for foiling the evil plot led by surprisingly , the race and Allinol inventor Sir Miles Axlerod . Sheriff also engages in the final melee against the Lemon cars . Luigi ( edit ) Fiat 500 Luigi ( voiced by Tony Shalhoub ) is a 1959 Fiat 500 . He is a Scuderia Ferrari fan , and has followed racing his entire life . His license plate reads 445 - 108 , which is the latitude and longitude for the main Ferrari factory in Maranello , Italy . Luigi owns a tire shop , Casa Della Tires , which is known for its `` Leaning Tower of Tires , '' a tower of several tires shaped like the Leaning Tower of Pisa . His assistant is an Italian forklift truck named Guido . Inside his shop are many framed pictures of World Sportscar Championship endurance racing Ferraris from various points in history . At first , Luigi and Guido do not respect Lightning McQueen when he comes to Radiator Springs ( owing to the substantial havoc that he inflicted upon the town when he first arrived ) , because he is not a Ferrari ( `` Luigi follow only the Ferraris '' ) , but later on they learn to show courtesy to McQueen , fitting him with whitewall tires , since Luigi is a fan of white tires ( having a pair himself ) . During the final race , Luigi and Guido work as part of Lightning 's pit crew , and Guido sets the Piston Cup record in changing tires , taking only 4 seconds to change all the tires , sending the other pit crew into shock . After the race , a group of Italian sports cars -- a Ferrari F430 ( voiced by Michael Schumacher ) and two Maserati Quattroportes -- arrive at his shop , explaining that `` Lightning McQueen told me this was the best place in the world to get tires '' and requesting `` three or four sets each '' . The presence of a celebrity Ferrari in their store causes both Luigi and Guido to faint from shock and happiness . For the Italian version of the film , Luigi was voiced by comedian Marco Della Noce ; one of Della Noce 's most popular characters was `` Oriano Ferrari '' , a parody character meant to represent the leader of Ferrari 's pit stop crew . In Cars 2 , Luigi is a part of Lightning 's pit crew , in charge of the racer 's tires . In Japan , he is naturally overjoyed to see so many Ferraris at a party prior to the first race of the World Grand Prix . He also hesitantly begins to explain to Mater what a rendezvous is , but he and Guido do not believe Mater when he believes he has a date ( `` Guido do n't believe you ! '' `` Guido still do n't believe you ! '' ) Luigi and Guido are overjoyed to be back in their home of Italy , and rejoin their large group of family and friends . A little more is discussed of Luigi 's past with Guido : Luigi 's Uncle Topolino mentions that Luigi and Guido often fought when they worked for him ( over things like which Ferrari was the best , and which one of them looked more like a Ferrari , etc . ) but they always made up after their fights . Luigi joins his friends in a mêlée against Professor Zündapp 's Lemons at the film 's climax , and finally believes Mater 's claims of a girlfriend when Holley Shiftwell confirms the fact in person at Radiator Springs . He is seen driving at the end of Finding Nemo . Guido ( edit ) Guido ( voiced by Guido Quaroni ) is an early 1950s Isetta forklift , who works at Luigi 's Casa Della Tires , and is Luigi 's best friend . The only language Guido can speak and understand fluently is Italian , though he appears to understand English , and even speaks a few phrases , including `` Pit stop '' but pronounced `` Peet stop ! '' His dream is to perform a pit stop for a real racecar . Near the end of the movie , as a member of Lightning 's new pit crew , he performs the fastest pit stop in Piston Cup history , speed - changing all four tires in only 4 seconds , shocking Chick Hicks ' pit crew who had earlier made fun of him , and causing their moustaches / grills to fall off in the process . In order to preserve the `` language barrier '' gags between Guido and the other characters in the Italian dub , his lines ( and the other cars ' lines in Italian ) have been rendered with the Emiliano - Romagnolo accent spoken in the town of Modena , Italy , home of the Ferrari car manufacturer and racing team . Alex Zanardi , an Italian race driver who is a native of Bologna , the largest city in the Emilia - Romagna region ( and thus presumably familiar with that dialect ) , voiced Guido for the Italian version . Coincidentally , or as a pun by the authors , the name `` Guido '' is a perfect homonym for the Italian inflected verb meaning `` I drive '' . In Cars 2 , Guido serves the same purpose he served in the first film 's climax in Lightning 's pit crew throughout the film . He also removed all tires from some of the Lemons when the malicious cars surrounded Lightning and Mater , but is unable to remove the bomb from Mater 's nose ( engine ) . Guido does not believe Mater when he says he has a date ( `` Non ci credo '' ) , but has a jaw - dropping moment when he sees that Mater was telling the truth about his new girlfriend Holley Shiftwell ( Guido believe you now ! - Luigi ) . Ramone ( edit ) Ramone ( voiced by Cheech Marin ) is a 1959 Chevrolet Impala Lowrider that owns the Ramone 's House of Body Art store , where he paints himself and other cars , including Lightning McQueen later in the film . His garage employs the distinctive architecture of the Tower Station ( U-Drop Inn ) in Shamrock , Texas . His license plate reads `` L0WNSL0 '' , which is a reference to his catchphrase , `` Low and slow . '' He is married to Flo , whose restaurant is next door to his store . Ramone is usually depicted as purple with a yellow and orange flame job , but throughout the film , he changes his paint job every morning ( green , yellow , red in the first film , blue in Mater and the Ghostlight ) to keep his skills sharp , owing to a lack of customers . This situation changes after Radiator Springs becomes vibrant again . He also likes to drive slow and very low on the road , and is overjoyed when the road is asphalted , enjoying the smoothness of the road . In a deleted scene that told the story of how Ramone and Flo fell in love , the only customer Ramone has refused to paint was his future wife Flo . When she asked him , `` Whassamatta , you too good to paint me ? '' he promptly and smoothly replies , `` No baby , you too good for me to paint , '' and saying that he could not touch a classic like Flo , which made her heart melt . The story took place in Radiator Springs in 1974 . This part was shown in the info on Ramone in Cars Mater - National Championship . Ramone reappears in Cars 2 , making a few appearances in the Radiator Springs scenes , though he joins everyone else to help McQueen in England . In the melee scene , Ramone disables one of the lemon cars by spray painting into the car 's eyes , blinding him . In the movie Planes , when Dusty cuts off the radios power when El Chupacabra was singing the song `` Love Machine '' , he says Ramones catchphrase `` Low and slow '' which causes Chupacabra to sing a romance version of the song . Flo ( edit ) Flo ( based on Fran Hauser of Adrian 's Midpoint Café and voiced by Jenifer Lewis ) is the owner of Radiator Springs only gas diner , `` Flo 's V - 8 Café '' , and is married to Ramone , the town 's body artist . Her license plate reads `` SHOGRL '' , the same as the license plates applied to many Motorama show cars and an abbreviation of the term `` showgirl '' . During the cruising scene , `` Motorama 1957 '' appears above her license plate . According to a deleted scene , she is a Motorama showcar who came to Radiator Springs during a national tour ( although there was n't a Motorama show held in 1957 ) . Ramone custom painted her crew all except her . She asks `` What 's the matter , you too good to paint me ? '' Ramone said `` No baby , you 're too good for me to paint . '' They immediately fell in love . She appears to be inspired by two early - to mid-1950s show cars : the 1951 Buick XP - 300 ( side trim ) , and the 1956 / 57 Chrysler Dart ( cockpit , deck lid , and tailfins ) . Flo reappears in Cars 2 to help Lightning and Mater battle the Lemons ( who were sent to kill Lightning by Miles Axlerod ) . Later , she and Sally are seen swooning over Francesco . In Toy Story 2 , Al 's car looks a lot like her ; she may be a reference to his car . Fillmore ( edit ) Waldmire 's van in Route 66 Hall of Fame Fillmore ( based on Route 66 artist Bob Waldmire -- not acknowledged in the film 's credits -- and voiced by George Carlin in Cars , Cars : The Video Game , Mater and the Ghostlight , and Cars Toons ( via archives ) , Brian George in Cars Mater - National Championship , Mark Silverman in Cars Race - O-Rama and Lloyd Sherr in Cars 2 , Cars 2 : The Video Game and Cars 3 ) is a Volkswagen Type 2 microbus of late 1950s / early 1960s vintage as evidenced by his pointed front turn signals and small rear window . Fillmore 's license plate reads `` 51237 '' , an easter egg which is a reference to May 12 , 1937 , the birthdate of George Carlin , and is also the ZIP code of George , Iowa . He is a stereotypical hippie , as he has stickers of the peace sign and flowers with his license plate positioned to resemble a soul patch . His name is a reference to the Fillmore East , a venue that was an epicenter for rock performances throughout the 1960s and 1970s ( The Allman Brothers , The Grateful Dead , and Jimi Hendrix all made notable live recordings there , to name a few ) . He owns an organic fuel shop ( Fillmore 's Organic Fuel ) which features several flavors , and believes gasoline companies are lying to the public . He is implied to smoke marijuana , as it is indirectly referenced when he speaks of his organic fuel use . In the morning , when next - door neighbor Sarge plays Reveille and raises the Flag of the United States , Fillmore interrupts Sarge 's bugle reveille with Jimi Hendrix 's rendition of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . This is much to Sarge 's irritation , as he yells at Fillmore : Sarge : `` Will you turn that disrespectful junk off ? ! '' Fillmore : `` Respect the classics , man ! It 's Hendrix ! '' Despite this , he is friends with Sarge , and the two can be seen chatting throughout the film . He has a sticker on his rear that says `` I brake for Jackalopes '' . The jackalope is a mythical creature which features in the theatrical short Boundin ' , shown with The Incredibles . Another sticker says `` Save 2D Animation '' . He has appeared in every Disney Cars game so far . As voiced by George Carlin , Fillmore 's voice is similar to `` Al Sleet , the hippy - dippy weatherman '' , a part of Carlin 's comedy routine in the 1970s . Fillmore reappears in Cars 2 , joining McQueen 's pit crew for the World Grand Prix . He has a smaller role compared to the previous film . He is the only original character that had to be re-cast ( due to George Carlin 's death ) , and was replaced by Lloyd Sherr ( with a professional hippie voice ) in this film . Fillmore initially supports Allinol as it supposedly does not use oil , even convincing McQueen it is safe after several accidents involving other cars using Allinol . However , for the final race , Sarge replaces McQueen 's Allinol with Fillmore 's organic fuel , which is what prevents Lightning from being killed in the race . Fillmore was originally going to be named Waldmire , after a Route 66 resident , but Waldmire , a vegan , did n't want his name to be used , because Fillmore toys would be featured in Happy Meals at McDonald 's . Sarge ( edit ) Willys MB Jeep Sarge ( voiced by Paul Dooley ) is a 1941 Willys Jeep . A veteran with a military green paint job and a slightly stylized Sergeant Major ( E-9 ) insignia on his sides , he appears to be a World War II era Willys MB . His license plate reads `` 41WW2 '' , which indicates the date the Willys MB entered the service of the U.S. Army ( 1941 World War II ) . He runs a surplus store , named `` Sarge 's Surplus Hut '' , next door to Fillmore and acts as part of Lightning 's pit crew , gassing him up during the race . Near the end of the film , he operates a boot camp to train SUVs and 4x4s ( some of whom had never been off - road ) in rugged and dirt terrain . His recruits include T.J. Hummer , Murphy , Frank `` Pinky '' Pinkerton , and Charlie Cargo . Sarge reappears in Cars 2 , using assistance from the British Army to aid in the melee against the Lemons . Prior to the final leg of the World Grand Prix , he secretly switches McQueen 's supply of Allinol ( the alternative fuel developed by race founder Sir Miles Axlerod ) for Fillmore 's organic fuel blend . Like Fillmore he became suspicious of the fuel after the incidents in Japan and Italy . The change saves McQueen from being destroyed as part of Axlerod 's plot to discredit alternative fuels . Lizzie ( edit ) 1919 Model T Coupe Lizzie ( voiced by Katherine Helmond ) , a 1923 Ford Model T Coupe , is the widow of Radiator Springs ' founder , Stanley , and the elderly owner of a roadside souvenir and accessory shop ( Radiator Springs Curios , which uses the `` HERE IT IS '' slogan and signage of the Jack Rabbit Trading Post on US 66 ) . Her license plate , `` MT23 '' , is a reference to her model and year . Her name is derived from Tin Lizzie , one of the Model T 's popular nicknames . She appears to have gone somewhat senile , and has a crush on Lightning McQueen . When she is shown teasing Luigi and Guido in the film , stating that `` the new road makes your place look like a dump . '' Luigi angrily says that she is a crazy , devilish old woman but despairs at the truth of her words and sets to work repainting the Casa della Tires garage to its original appearance . She appears extremely motherly . Lizzie reappears in Cars 2 with a minor role . In the beginning she greets Lightning when he returns , but did n't even know he was gone all this time . She is n't present at the airport but is seen in the end talking to Mack about how crazy Holley Shiftwell is for keeping a dent . She appears in the Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales episode `` Time Travel Mater '' , where her and Stanley 's backstories are revealed . Lizzie was originally going to be named Henry F. Ord , after Henry Ford . She also , at one point , originally resembled a Ford Model T `` Center Door '' Sedan . Red ( edit ) Red ( voiced by Joe Ranft and later Jerome Ranft ) is a closed - cab pumper bearing Carburetor County license plate `` 002 . '' He is shy and emotional which explains why he cries and drives away at the same time . He spends most of his time gardening and washing things , such as the statue of Stanley in front of his fire station . It was stated by Mater that Red `` hated '' Lightning McQueen , because he accidentally killed his flowers . Later , it is clear that Red had forgiven Lightning McQueen and warmed up to him , especially when he burst into tears and fled when he mistakenly thought that Lightning McQueen left without saying goodbye . In the movie , Red never spoke ( not counting his sobs and gasps ) . Joe Ranft died in a car accident in August 2005 , 11 months before the movie was released . Red reappears in Cars 2 as a non-speaking character . He only makes a small appearance at the airport crying as he sees Team McQueen taking off for Tokyo , also in the battle against the Lemons , where he arrives just in time to blast some of the Lemons away with his fire hose . Red appears in the Tales from Radiator Springs short film : Bugged . He is voiced by Jerome Ranft , who voiced Gamma in Up . Stanley ( edit ) Stanley steam car Stanley ( voiced by John Michael Higgins ) is Lizzie 's late husband who was the founder of Radiator Springs . Stanley was probably based on and named after a Stanley Steamer , a steam - powered automobile . Lizzie , reminiscing , describes him as having been `` an awfully persistent li'l bugger for a two - cylinder '' . A statue of Stanley stands outside the town hall , and although it was broken off its pedestal and dragged through the streets on a wire by Lightning McQueen , it was fortunately undamaged , and another mishap placed the statue right back where it was . Although dead , Stanley continues to exert an influence on the town , particularly over Lizzie , who often talks to his statue in memory of him . Stanley 's statue reappears in Cars 2 where he was shown to be less old and broken , possibly renovated . In the Cars Toon , Time Travel Mater , Stanley appears alive for the first time . In the Cars Land theme park , signage commemorating `` The Original Radiator Spring '' claims that `` On this site in the summer of 1909 Stanley , exploring out west , overheated as his radiator water boiled away . Coasting into the shade , he happened upon a life - saving natural spring . Upon this most fortunate discovery , Stanley founded the first settlement in Ornament Valley , and in honor of the oasis , christened it Radiator Springs . '' Stanley 's Oasis is listed as the first local business in Radiator Springs , although condensers only appeared on Stanley steam cars beginning in 1915 . Stanley makes a silent cameo in the Pixar short , Boundin ' . Bessie ( edit ) Bessie is a tarmac laying machine that is used to fix roads in Radiator Springs . She was often used by one of the citizens of Radiator Springs , referenced as `` Big Al '' , before the citizen in question left fifteen years ago . When Lightning McQueen accidentally destroys the road with the statue of Stanley , Radiator Springs traffic court judge Doc Hudson sentences him to fix the road with her . While Doc insists `` this here is Bessie , finest road - paving machine ever built '' , a construction trade publication 's August 2006 editorial describes her as a `` tar - spewing hybrid paver / compactor '' and `` an ecological disaster '' as sometimes Bessie boils over and splats tar onto the car ( s ) pulling her . `` If she does n't hit you with a stray spray of hot asphalt burbling in two tanks heated by open flames , the fumes emanating from every orifice would prompt an asthma attack . Aggregate jostles loose in a top hopper , and her black - smoke - extruding exhaust pipes are coated with the remains of decades of paving seasons ... In fact , everything is wrong about Bessie except the product she produces when Lightning finally decides to get serious about his civic duty . '' -- Equipment World During the epilogue , the Delinquent Road Hazards have to fix a road with her as punishment for speeding . Bessie is a `` non-living '' vehicle ; she can not move by herself and she has no voice actor in the film . Frank and the tractors ( edit ) Frank is a generic red combine harvester that resembles a bull , and the guardian of the tractors ( which `` moo '' as cows ) . After Lightning McQueen 's first encounter with Frank during a night of tractor tipping with Mater , Lightning starts dreaming that he , The King , and Chick Hicks ( the last of whom does not survive , getting chopped up while The King and McQueen move out of the way ) are beaten by Frank in the tie - breaker race . When he wins , big smoke comes out of his horns which makes him look more like a moose while Lightning is surrounded by the tractors who are licking him . He is last seen with the tractors at the drive - in theatre scenes behind the fence far behind Mack , watching the movie as well . He is also seen in the short Mater and the Ghostlight when Mater races past him , waking him up , but does not chase him . Frank seems to be the soothing and kind master of the tractors and the leader of the herd and also hates trespassers who step into his farm and bother the tractors . The tractors also appear in Planes and are shown to be sacred in India . Former residents ( edit ) A flashback in the original film devotes a little over a minute to show Radiator Springs in a pre-freeway era when all cross-country traffic would by necessity pass through the town 's busy main street . Various old cars appear very briefly in this segment with no names and no dialogue , only to vanish when the town is bypassed . Miles `` Meattruck '' Malone was a red - cab delivery truck serving the Ornament Valley region ; Dustin Mellows , a yellow delivery truck , bore the logo and initials TS for Trophy Sparkplugs . Local cars included Mildred Bylane ( a light - brown car leaving Luigi 's ) , Percy Hanbrakes ( a brown car towed to Flo 's by Mater ) , Edwin Kranks ( a two - tone apple - green car ) , Hank `` Halloween '' Murphy ( a two - tone orange `` Rumbler '' with tail fins , named as a parody of the Nash / AMC Rambler ) and Milton Calypeer ( a blue car on Route 66 at the town limits ) . Bugs ( edit ) In Radiator Springs and the surrounding desert area of Carburetor County , insects are depicted as small , winged VW Bugs ( or beetles ) . The bugs appear at least three times in the original film , hovering around fluorescent lighting at Flo 's V8 Café on Lightning 's initial arrival , swarming around the windows and the one missing fuel pump at the Wheel Well Motel before its historic restoration , and in the desert where Minny and Van are still quite clearly lost at the end of the film , after the closing credits . ( One bumps on the camera lens , leaving a mark on it , and flies off eventually ) One also appears in Mater and the Ghostlight , which Mater had confused for the Ghostlight ( despite the yellow headlights ) . The bugs are alive but do not speak ( Vroomaroundus Bugus merely buzz with sped - up sounds of an air - cooled VW engine ) so they are not named individually and they have no voice actors . A Piston Cup announcer and a Piston Cup statical analysis ( edit ) Bob Cutlass ( edit ) Bob Cutlass is an announcer for the Piston Cup races and friend of Darrell Cartrip . He is voiced by Bob Costas , the NBC sportscaster and journalist and his name , like Darrell Cartrip 's , is a play on that of his voice actor . The character 's name is a reference to the Oldsmobile Cutlass . Cutlass is actually supposed to resemble a 1999 Oldsmobile Aurora , even though the Aurora was never offered in a 2 - door model . He did not return for the video game nor Cars 2 nor the video game for Cars 2 . However , he did return for Cars 3. He did not return for Cars 3 : Driven To Win . Natalie certain ( edit ) Natalie Certain , a red , smarty - pants acting sports car , is an RSN statical analysis in Cars 3 who also is a friend to Chick Hicks . She returns for Cars 3 : Driven To Win . She is voiced by Kerry Washington . Racetrack personnel ( edit ) Various officials and track employees are seen in the original film but not named in the movie 's credits , often because they have no named voice actor or no speaking role . Names and descriptions are assigned to these cars and trucks in the `` Cars '' franchise to allow the characters to be sold as die - cast toys . Racing officials ( edit ) Dexter Hoover ( a pickup truck atop the flagstand ) waves the green flag to start the race , the checkered flag to finish the race and the yellow flag when Piston Cup officials call a caution . Charlie Checker is the official pace car at each race of the Piston Cup Series . Like the Checker taxi cab , he is bright yellow . Race Official Tom , a Piston Cup official , reviews videotape in the replay booth for the photo finish in the first race . Tow is a tow truck who removes injured contestants from the track , dragging a disabled but stubborn Chuck Armstrong away from the Dinoco 400 after a collision . Security ( edit ) Marlon `` Clutches '' McKay , security team leader at the Motor Speedway of the South , is a former armored troop carrier . Richard Clayton Kensington ( a large Piston Cup security van voiced by John Cygan ) chases paparazzi from the replay booth , yelling `` Hey ! No cameras ! Get out of here ! '' Marco Axelbender , a Piston Cup security guard at the Los Angeles International Speedway , refuses to admit Fred to Pit Row without a garage pass . Vendors ( edit ) Brian ( voiced by Bob Scott ) , a pickup truck briefly spotted selling souvenirs at the Motor Speedway of the South , shouts `` Get your antenna balls here ! '' Todd , a Pizza Planet truck , is shown in Cars , Cars 2 and Cars 3 . At the end of the first movie , he is seen at the last race . At the end of the second movie , he is seen in Radiator Springs . Sideshows ( edit ) The Alphanumeros are a group of cars in tight formation , driving at the beginning of the tiebreaker race in position to spell `` PISTON CUP '' with each letter formed from multiple , matching moving vehicles . Barney Stormin , a small propeller - driven skywriting biplane , writes `` PISTON CUP '' only to have it obliterated by Marco 's formation of three twin - engine jet fighters . The Lightyear Blimp ( a parody of the Goodyear blimp voiced by Danny Mann ) , is named `` Al Oft '' . His only line is `` Oh yeah ! Whoo ! '' Media ( edit ) Kori Turbowitz ( edit ) Kori Turbowitz ( voiced by DJ Sarah Clark of KLLC 's San Francisco Bay Area weekday morning Sarah and Vinny Show ) is a 1997 Ford Puma . A news reporter who makes three appearances in Cars , Turbowitz is shown interviewing McQueen on - camera immediately before his original pit crew resigns en masse , is the first to report Lightning McQueen missing , and later obtains a tip from Doc Hudson revealing McQueen 's location in Radiator Springs . Chuki ( edit ) Chuki is a small , light pink hatchback with a Japanese nationality , living in Tokyo . Chuki has a very small appearance in Cars - she is shown as one of the news reporters who appear in the multi-clip footage of various TV news channels reporting McQueen 's sudden disappearance while being transported to the Los Angeles International Speedway for his tie - breaker final of the Piston Cup . In Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales episode `` Tokyo Mater '' , Chuki is seen presenting a news broadcast on one of the large TVs installed in Tokyo . In Cars 2 , she is seen in the neon advertisement glowboards in Tokyo . Chuki is based on hatchbacks designed according to Japan 's Kei car specifications and is voiced by Sonoko Konishi , a senior Pixar animator who was also part of the animation team that won Ratatouille ( another Pixar film ) an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . Konishi is credited in the Cars 2 cast for voicing the Japanese toilet assistant that appears in the computerized automated car toilets in Tokyo . Jay Limo ( edit ) Jay Limo , like his voice actor Jay Leno , is the talk show host of The Jay Limo Show . He resembles the latest generation of the Lincoln Town Car . He remarks `` I do n't know what 's going to be harder to find ; Lightning McQueen or a crew chief who 'll work with him ! '' News anchors ( edit ) Chuck Manifold ( voiced by Teddy Newton ) , a blue and somewhat - boxy 1980s - style car , is an anchor for Racing Sports Network ( RSN ) who appears briefly at the end of the last of multiple media reports of McQueen 's disappearance with the one line `` They are all asking the same question : Where is McQueen ? '' Dan Sclarkenberg ( voiced by Bob Bergen ) , a green car and one of two `` braking news '' desk anchors on MPH 55 NEWS , is one of the announcers of the `` McQueen Missing '' segments . News helicopters ( edit ) A pair of helicopters with searchlights ( as the first of a large group of reporters in Radiator Springs ) are not listed in the film 's credits but identified elsewhere in the franchise . The red Kathy Copter ( voiced by Kathy Coates ) only shouts `` We have found McQueen ! '' twice while the white / yellow Ron Hover does not have a speaking part . Camera and microphone Cars ( edit ) Other press cars ( not identified in the film 's credits ) are Houser Boon ( a yellow camera car voiced by Michael Bell exclaiming `` Show us the bolt ! '' ) , Tim Rimmer ( a grey tabloid news photo car booing Chick Hicks # 86 when the Piston Cup is awarded ) , Hooman ( a small brown camera car in Radiator Springs voiced by Hooman Khalili ) , Dash Boardman ( a green camera car at the race ) , Andrea ( a magenta - red reporter car voiced by Colette Whitaker holding a microphone ) and Skip Ricter ( a brown car who appears outside Los Angeles International Speedway as an announcer voiced by Craig Good ; a play on former real - life NASCAR executive Les Richter ) . Video coverage of the race itself is handled by Racing Sports Network personnel Artie ( one of a pair of video control operators and a light - blue car who exclaims `` Bob ! Darrell ! The Hudson Hornet 's back ! '' ) and Nelson Blindspot ( a light - green SUV , one of multiple Piston Cup video camera operators ) . Both names reference real - life staff who work with Waltrip on NASCAR on FOX broadcasts , Artie Kempner ( director ) and Nelson Crozier ( spotter ) . Shannon spokes ( edit ) She interviews racers after they win and not being afraid to ask questions . Inspired and voiced by Shannon Spake . Race fans ( edit ) Mia and Tia ( edit ) 1992 Mazda MX - 5 Mia ( voiced by Lindsey Collins ) and Tia ( voiced by Elissa Knight ) are identical twin 1992 Mazda MX - 5 ( `` Miata '' ) sisters who are Lightning McQueen 's self - proclaimed biggest fans in the first film . In Lightning McQueen 's daydream about the Dinoco Sponsorship , the twins are Dinoco blue , except for the scene in the penthouse , where they are painted gold . After McQueen 's disappearance , the twins are devastated that McQueen apparently will not make it to the race . Chick Hicks then swoops in and consoles them , loading them up with his own merchandise and a free Hostile Takeover Bank - sponsored green paint job . Mia and Tia accept the offer , not because they are Chick 's fans , but because green complements their eyes . They soon return to being McQueen 's fans , turning against Hicks after he deliberately causes Strip `` The King '' Weathers to wreck in the tie - breaker race . Mia and Tia eventually move to Radiator Springs and are visible briefly as waitresses at Flo 's V8 Café during the end credits . Their characters are based on sisters Mary Lou and Christina Mendez at the Midpoint Café in Adrian , Texas , where the café 's ( now semi-retired ) owner Fran Houser is the basis for `` Flo '' . They also appear in the video game of Cars where they challenge Sally to a race to determine who gets a date with Lightning Mcqueen . In a deleted scene on the Cars DVD , the twins were fans who distract Lightning during a brief stop at the Top Down Truck Stop , a venue with `` all convertible waitresses '' , causing Mack to inadvertently leave without him . The implicit reference to toplessness is largely removed from the final script , which has Mack driving straight through and separates the characters on I - 40 . Mia and Tia appear in every episode of Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales except Time Travel Mater and make a cameo appearance near the end of Cars 2 as spectators at the new Radiator Springs Grand Prix . They do n't appear in Cars 3 for unknown reasons , as they were replaced by a little red car named Maddy McGear . Albert Hinkey ( edit ) Albert Hinkey ( voiced by Douglas Keever ) is an RV who proclaims himself as Lightning 's `` biggest '' fan ( `` biggest '' being a pun because he is such a large vehicle ) . He is seen in the background of races . He is first seen shouting encouraging words to McQueen as he makes it through the big wreck Chick Hicks caused . He is later seen in the tie - breaker race , cheering for McQueen and is shocked when he notices Doc Hudson . When McQueen chooses to forfeit the win and help Strip Weathers finish his last race , he is shown sobbing when he sees what happens , but later becomes happy when the fans give praise to McQueen for his sportsmanship . He is later seen in Cars 3 , where shouts encouraging words to McQueen once again . His topside is decorated with rows of Lightning / Rust - eze flags . Hinkey also has a loud horn , which he uses while saying `` Ka - Chow ! '' ( McQueen 's catchphrase ) and the loud noise is a nuisance to fellow spectators . The Character is an obvious reference to John Hinckley John Hinckley , the stalker and attempted assassin of President Ronald Reagan who attempted such crimes to profess his love for actress Jodi Foster as her biggest fan . His friend Larry Camper , voiced by Larry Benton , exclaims `` Dip me in axle grease and call me Slick ! It 's the Hudson Hornet ! '' when Lightning 's Radiator Springs pit team arrives for the tiebreaker race . This is a joke on the old Harold Lloyd punch line , `` step right up and call me speedy ! , '' which originated ( mostly ) in his hit silent film called The Freshman Lloyd also made another film called Speedy , which may or may not have been a reference , as it was made three years after The Freshman . Fred ( edit ) Fred ( voiced by Andrew Stanton ) is a starstruck , very rusty old car resembling a Lada 2107 . Everybody knows his name because his license plate holder and license plate read `` Hello , my name is '' and `` FRED '' , respectively . He is the prop for the recurring gag in the film ; when McQueen says his name , he shouts `` He knows my name ! '' twice and , in his excitement , his front bumper ( which happens to be his lower jaw ) falls off . Later , when he is unable to gain access to the tie - breaker race and Mario Andretti ( who would be waved through the gate on sight as a celebrity ) likewise reads his license plate , Fred says , `` Mario Andretti knows my name ! You got ta let me in now ! '' He is seen in Radiator Springs at the end of the film with bumper stickers for the last three towns ( Kingman , Barstow , San Bernardino ) in Route 66 ( song ) ; when he stops , his front bumper falls off again . He also shows up in Mater National and Race - O-Rama . Fred is one of the many rusty old cars at the Rust - Eze sponsor tent for McQueen 's personal appearance ; others ( listed in the `` Car Finder '' game but not named in the movie 's credits ) include Jonathan Wrenchworths ( the rusted green car in Rust - Eze advertisements ) and Donna Pits ( a rusted 1970s car standing beside Fred ) . Additional fans ( edit ) A group of five transport lorries watch the race at a truck stop ; two are identified in the `` Car Finder '' game as Gil ( a green Peterbilt ) and Paul Valdez ( an orange transport with a white stripe and ' PV ' on his cap ) . A group of RV 's watching the tiebreaker at the speedway include Barry Diesel ( a thirsty RV with a blue Dinoco visor cap , sipping two kegs of Dinoco Light ) , Bud ( a white RV with a jackalope painted on his back ) , Clayton Gentlebreeze ( a white RV with green stripes ) and Syd VanDerKamper ( a camper van ) . The `` more than two hundred thousand cars '' watching the tiebreaker race include Coriander Widetrack ( a small purple car holding a model aeroplane ) , Marty Brakeburst ( a grey runabout wearing a Piston Cup antenna ball ) , Mathew `` True Blue '' McCrew ( a blue car behind a fence with `` the King '' flag on his antenna ) , Milo ( a boxy green car beside McCrew ) , Polly Puddlejumper ( a small blue car with a blue `` the King '' crown on her antenna ) , Swift Alternetter ( a green SUV surrounded by RV 's ) , Timothy Twostroke ( a dark - red car displaying the # 95 lightning bolt on his visor and antenna ) and Wilmar Flattz ( a small light - purple car with `` lightning '' on his antenna and `` 95 '' on his visor ) . Maddy McGear ( edit ) Lightning McQueen 's biggest fan in Cars 3 . Other racecars ( edit ) Table of `` next - gen '' racers ( edit ) Some racers like View Zeen , Spare Mint , Leak Less , and Carbon Cyber do not have official names . The names we know so far are Flip Dover , J.D. McPillar , Bubba Wheelhouse , Harvey Rodcap , Daniel Swervez , Jackson Storm , Ryan `` Inside '' Laney , Chase Racelott , Tim Treadless , Cam Spinner , Ed Truncan , Steve `` Slick '' LePage , Rich Mixon , Aaron Clocker , Cruz Ramirez , Herb Curbler , Barry DePedal , H.J. Hollis , and Paul Conrev . Name Sponsor # Bio Flip Dover Intersection : Bringing Autos Together 00 Flip is one of the many next - gens that competed in the Florida 500 , he took Jimmy 's role as the Intersection racer . He finished in 4th place , behind Danny Swervez . J.D. McPillar Tow Cap : Hitch Protectors `` For the One Night Hitch '' J.D. is one of the many next - gens who competed in the Florida 500 , he took Jack 's role as the Tow Cap racer after Jack was fired by the CEO . `` Unknown '' SynerG : Synthetic Natural Fuels 5 The next - gen SynerG racer makes its debut in the Los Angeles 500 , the racer took Lane 's role as the SynerG racer . Bubba Wheelhouse Transberry Juice 6 Bubba is one of the next - gens based on real life NASCAR drivers . He makes his debut in the Los Angeles 500 , taking a stock car 's role as the Transberry Juice racer . `` Unknown '' Combustr : The Power of Online Banking 11 The next - gen Combustr racer makes its debut in the Los Angeles 500 . The racer took Chip 's role as the Combustr racer . Harvey Rodcap Easy Idle : A Warm Start to a Cold Morning 15 Harvey is one of the next - gens who were involved in the multi-car wreck ignited by Cam Spinner after colliding with him . He took a stock car 's role as the Easy Idle racer . Daniel Swervez Octane Gain : Turbo Vitamins 19 Daniel or `` Danny '' is one of the next - gens based on real life NASCAR drivers . He took Bobby 's role as the Octane Gain racer . Jackson Storm IGNTR : Liquid Adrenaline 20 Jackson is a next - gen who is McQueen 's rival and won many races in a row . He was beaten by Cruz Ramirez in the Florida 500 . Ryan Laney BlinkR : Connecting Engine to Engine 21 Ryan is one of the racers based on real - life NASCAR drivers . He took Speedy 's role as the BlinkR racer . Chase Racelott Vitoline : For Older Active Cars 24 Chase is one of the next - gen racers based on real - life NASCAR drivers . He took Brick 's role as the Vitoline racer . Tim Treadless Nitroade : Hi - Energy Drink 28 Smashes and collides with Ryan Laney in the Florida 500 . Takes over Phil 's role as the Nitroade racer . Cam Spinner TripleDent : Spearmint Flavored Filters 31 Takes over Terry 's role as TripleDent Gum racer . He is based from Inside Out . He did not finish the race due to being severely damaged . Ed Truncan Mood Springs 33 Ed is one of the next - gens not in the crash . He took Dud 's place as the Mood Springs racer . Steve LaPage Trunk Fresh : Smell Ya Later ! 34 Steve or `` Slick '' is one of four next - gens who did not finish the Florida 500 . He took Dirkson 's role as the Trunk Fresh racer . Rich Mixon Tank Coat : Soothes Upset tanks 36 Rich smashes the Unknown Apple Racer in the crash , but does n't receive any damage because of it . He takes Reb 's role as the Tank Coat racer at the Florida 500 . Unknown View Zeen 39 The View Zeen racer is one of the many next gens in 2017 . The View Zeen next - gen replaces Buck Bearingly . Aaron Clocker Re-Volting : Rebuilt Alternators 48 Aaron is one of the many next gens in 2017 . He took Timothy 's role as the Re-Volting racer . Cruz Ramirez Dinoco 51 Cruz is the winner of the Florida 500 . She took Cal 's role as the Dinoco racer . Unknown Leak Less : Adult Drip Pans 52 The Leak Less racer is one of the many next - gens in 2017 . The Leak Less next - gen replaces Brian Spark . `` Junior '' # 8 ( edit ) Dale Earnhardt , Jr. 's # 8 Budweiser Chevrolet Monte Carlo during a pit stop at Bristol Motor Speedway in 2006 `` Junior '' # 8 is a red stock car similar to the Gen 4 cars that the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series used prior to 2007 . As his name suggests , he is voiced by Dale Earnhardt , Jr. , and closely resembles the # 8 Budweiser Chevrolet that Earnhardt , Jr. drove from his Sprint Cup début in 1999 until his departure to Hendrick Motorsports in 2008 . The car 's Budweiser stickers are replaced by Dale Earnhardt Inc. stickers . These stickers refer to the same change made in NASCAR games as well as toys to avoid advertising beer . Junior is seen during the first race ( Dinoco 400 ) . When McQueen goes missing , Junior tells the Competition Racing Sports Network `` I sure hope that Lightning is okay . I would hate to see anything bad happen to him ! '' . At the tie - breaker , Junior wishes The King good luck in his last race , as `` you 've been an inspiration to me '' . Junior is last seen at the Radiator Springs racing museum with The King and his wife Lynda , amazed by Doc Hudson 's many season winnings during the 1950s . Junior does not appear in the video game . Mario Andretti # 11 ( edit ) Mario Andretti voices his eponymous character , who is a former racecar that believes every day is a great day for racing . He is based on the 1967 Holman Moody Ford Fairlane that Andretti drove to victory lane in the 1967 Daytona 500 . In the Spanish edition of the movie , Andretti is voiced by Spanish Formula One champion Fernando Alonso . A small green car seen beside Andretti at the entrance to pit lane is identified in the `` Car Finder '' game as Patty , Mario 's personal assistant . She does not have a speaking role in the film . The actual Ford Fairlane that Andretti drove was rebuilt as a Mercury Cyclone by Robert Gee ( Dale Earnhardt , Jr. 's maternal grandfather ) , driven in 1971 by German F1 and sportscar driver Rolf Stommelen for his only NASCAR start at Talladega Superspeedway , then sold to Darrell Waltrip for use his five races in 1972 and the first half of the 1973 season . It later became a Sportsman racer for Waltrip , but was crashed in 1975 at the Permatex 300 Sportsman race ( now Xfinity Series race ) . Abandoned by Gee , it stayed there until a few NASCAR mechanics restored the car in its 1972 configuration as a 1971 Mercury Cyclone ( brown # 95 ) in the mid-1990s for a celebration of the 25th anniversary of Waltrip 's first Cup start . It is displayed at Waltrip 's museum in Harrisburg , North Carolina , and part of an Andretti exhibit at the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 2013 . ( A replica of the car as it looked in 1966 was also part of it . ) Michael Schumacher ( edit ) Michael Schumacher is a 2004 Ferrari F430 sports car voiced by Schumacher himself . He is a Ferrari in reference to five of his seven Formula One championships which were achieved with Ferrari F1 . He appears at Luigi 's shop at the end of the movie after being told by Lightning McQueen that `` this is the best place in the world to buy tires '' , and asks to order a few sets of tires for himself and a pair of Maserati Quattroportes who accompany him . After Luigi faints from the excitement of having `` a real Michael Schumacher Ferrari in his store '' , Schumacher speaks to Guido in Italian , and Guido subsequently faints . The Italian phrase he speaks is , `` I hope that your friend recovers , I was told that you are fantastic . '' Because of licensing issues , in the Cars toyline , his name is called Ferrari F430 instead of his name himself . Darrell Cartrip ( edit ) Darrell Cartrip , a 1977 Chevy Monte Carlo , is a Piston Cup announcer in the first and the third film . A former Piston Cup racer , his character is based on his voice actor , 1989 Daytona 500 winner and NASCAR on Fox commentator Darrell Waltrip . An enthusiastic Cartrip uses Waltrip 's catchphrase `` Boogity boogity boogity ! Let 's go racing , boys ! '' and insists that his oil pressure 's running through the roof and he might need to be towed out of the booth after the race . Cartrip appears in the Cars video game as a solo announcer ; he is a playable character in the Piston Cup VS. and Arcade mode . He returns in the second film as the only of three World Grand Prix announcers to believe it was Lightning McQueen 's race to lose . A real - life 1977 Monte Carlo was driven by Waltrip with DiGard Motorsports , finishing a very close second - place finish ( 11 points behind Richard Petty ) for the 1979 championship Cup . Waltrip raced from midway through the 1975 season until the 1980 season driving for the team . The real - life car 's original number ( DiGard 's # 88 ) and green - and - white Gatorade livery do not appear on the character ( the livery 's design is now owned by PepsiCo ) . The film 's credits list Darrell Waltrip Motorsports ( his licensing arm ) as the `` # 17 Car '' ( known for his Hendrick Motorsports and own efforts in winning three of NASCAR 's four majors ) ; Waltrip 's various NASCAR entries have included a # 17 ( three times -- two of those he owned , the other belonging to Hendrick Motorsports ) and a # 95 ( the one he drove in his 1972 debut was at one time the real - life former Mario Andretti # 11 from 1967 seen in the Cars franchise , is one such ) . The most famous of the real - life 1977 DiGard Monte Carlos was the infamous `` Bertha '' , displayed at the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in Talladega , known for a weight - reduction scheme ( devised by Gary Nelson and Buddy Parrott ) where up to 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) of buckshot is dropped on - track on parade laps to lighten the car . A subsequent NASCAR rule change to weigh cars after the race now prevents this type of ruse , is the main announcer for the Piston Cup races , along with Bob Cutlass ; announcer in Cars and now , Cars 3 ; he is voiced by Darrell Waltrip . Other vehicles ( edit ) Van and Minny ( edit ) Van ( voiced by Richard Kind ) and Minny ( voiced by Edie McClurg ) are husband and wife . In the first film , they are lost and pass through Radiator Springs while trying to find their way back to Interstate 40 . Van refuses to ask directions , claiming not to need them due to having a GPS . Minny mentions that Van did the same when they were heading up to the `` Crazy Days '' ( a parody of Derby Days ) in Shakopee . U.S. Route 66 , taken off the map in 1985 , is conspicuously absent from stored maps in automotive aftermarket GPS units -- an omission also noted by Harv , Lightning 's agent , and a minor running joke in the film . Both are equipped with car alarms , which they arm after their encounter with Lightning McQueen when he begs them to call for help ( they dismissed his plea as madness ) . After the final credits , Van and Minny are shown dirty and lost somewhere in the desert , having never asked for directions , with Van almost driven to insanity . Their names combine as a pun on `` minivan '' . Van is a 2003 Ford Windstar and Minny appears to be a 1996 Dodge Caravan . Minny speaks with a pronounced Minnesota accent . Van and Minny reappear near the end of the second film . While Minny is mesmerized by Mater 's spy story , Van does not believe one word of it until British agent Holley Shiftwell arrives to confirm it , which surprises Van , leaving him mesmerized by her and annoying Minny . In the final scene , when a rocket - propelled Mater rushes past Van , maps that Van was carrying are sent flying . Delinquent road Hazards ( edit ) The Delinquent Road Hazards are a group of four modified tuner cars that intentionally cause trouble on the highway : Boost ( Purple Neon / Carbon fibre covered 1994 Mitsubishi Eclipse ) , DJ ( Blue 2004 Scion xB ) , Wingo ( Green and purple 2000 Nissan Silvia ) and Snot Rod ( Orange 1970 Plymouth Barracuda ) . They get their group name from what Sheriff called McQueen when he ordered Mater to tow him to traffic court . They catch Mack nodding off to sleep on the way to California and amuse themselves by nudging him onto the rumble strips along the shoulder . The resulting vibration causes Mack 's trailer door to open and a sleeping McQueen to roll out of the trailer . When the chronically sniffly Snot Rod sneezes , Mack is startled awake , and accelerates away , leaving the still - sleeping McQueen behind near Radiator Springs . During the end credits , the Hazards are caught speeding on the outskirts of Radiator Springs by the Sheriff , who gives chase and places them in the impound lot . They are sentenced to messy roadwork towing Bessie . In the Italian dub , three of the Hazards are voiced by F1 drivers : Giancarlo Fisichella ( Boost ) , Emanuele Pirro ( Wingo ) and Jarno Trulli ( DJ ) . Boost , DJ and Wingo make a cameo appearance at the start of Tokyo Mater , drifting along the main road of Radiator Springs and shouting insults at the residents before Sheriff gives chase to them . D.J. was voiced by his inspirational actor , E.J. Holowicki . Wingo , Boost and Snot Rod were voiced by Adrian Ochoa , Jonas Rivera and Pixar actor Lou Romano . T.J. Hummer ( edit ) TJ Hummer ( voiced by Dan Scanlon ) is a vain Hummer H1 that Sarge teaches in his boot camp during the end of the movie . Unlike the other SUVs in the boot camp , TJ refuses to go off - road , fearing that he will get dirt on his rims , but Sarge forces him to do so . His name may be a play on the action character T.J. Hooker . The other three boot camp recruits ( none of which have speaking parts ) are Frank `` Pinky '' Pinkerton ( a pink SUV ) , Murphy ( an orange SUV ) and Charlie Cargo . Sven `` the Governator '' ( edit ) Sven `` The Governator '' ( voiced by Jess Harnell ) is a Hummer . His only line is `` Lightning McQueen must be found at all costs ! '' The name and vehicle is a parody of Arnold Schwarzenegger 's then - current position as California governor , the first three Terminator films he starred on , and the fact that he was one of the first Hummer H1 owners . Jerry Recycled Batteries ( edit ) Jerry ( voiced by Joe Ranft ) is a 1979 Peterbilt 352 that Lightning McQueen mistook for Mack . He has the words `` Recycled Batteries '' on his side . His only line in the movie is a response to McQueen : `` Mack ? ! I ai n't no Mack , I 'm a Peterbilt for dang sake ! Turn on your lights , you moron ! '' The deleted scene on the DVD has the words `` Jerry 's Junk '' and his only line is shortened saying : `` Turn on your lights , you moron ! '' Interstate 40 vehicles ( edit ) Various cars and trucks in non-speaking roles are named in the `` Car Finder '' game but have only silent cameos in the film . Bertha Butterswagon , a small green runabout , watches Mack admiring his own reflection in a metal tanker truck . Leroy Traffik , a minivan with a mattress on his roof and a temporary spare as his right - rear wheel , passes a tired Mack just before the truck stop . He is seen with new tires from Luigi 's during the film 's epilogue . Ben Crankleshaft , Chet Boxkaar and Oliver Lightload are sleeping trucks at the Top Down Truck Stop . Duff Wrecks is a grey pickup truck briefly seen one lane away from the Delinquent Road Hazard gang on I - 40 . Cars 2 ( edit ) These are characters who have first or only appeared in the film Cars 2 ( 2011 ) . Secret agents and spies ( edit ) Finn McMissile ( edit ) Finn McMissile ( voiced by Michael Caine ) is a British secret agent who recruits Mater , whom he mistakes for a cleverly disguised American agent , to help in his mission . Caine depicted his character Finn based on his previous role Harry Palmer from The IPCRESS File and its sequels . He is also similar to James Bond , whom Michael Caine did not portray . Originally , Finn was supposed to appear in the first Cars movie . In a sequence that never went beyond the storyboarding stage , Lightning and Sally visited a drive - in theater where a James Bond - type film about a superspy car named Finn McMissile was playing . This scene was deleted . The design of Finn is inspired by several cars : the roofline and doors of the Volvo P1800 ( possibly inspired by Roger Moore 's ownership of one while filming The Saint TV espionage series in the early 1960s ) , the grill and fenders of the BMW 507 , and some major elements of the iconic James Bond Aston Martin DB5 ( including its sound , as clearly heard in the intro of GoldenEye ) ; he also resembles a 1970s Volkswagen Karmann Ghia . The look of the car has been slightly modified ; Finn has a different grill that looks like a suave mustache , but like Bond , he does have plenty of gadgets . His small tailfins were inspired by a 1958 British sports car called the Peerless -- one of the few British cars with fins . Finn is fluent in many languages , most notably French and Italian . He is outfitted with a plethora of gadgets , including : two ( front ) bumperette grappling hooks , a right headlight spy camera , a left headlight missile launcher , side mirror digital read - outs , a deployable glass cutter , wheel hub magnetic explosives launcher ; ( side ) side vent deployable machine guns , ( rear ) wheel hub deployable surveillance probes , rear bumperette grappling hooks , a rear turn signal oil dispenser , an undercarriage mounted quad harpoon gun , a hydrofoil for oversea travel , a roof - deployed holographic disguise emitter , and a submarine - mode for underwater escapes . Finn made a cameo in Toy Story 3 on a poster in Andy 's room . His license plate is 314 FMCM , which includes a reference to his initials . The number 314 indicates Caine 's birthday , March 14 , the same day as Billy Crystal , another actor for Pixar . His belief about the World Grand Prix turns out to be true , as it was all just a setup by Miles Axlerod to make alternate fuel seem dangerous and make cars run on his own fuel with no choice . Finn McMissile appears in Kinect Rush : A Disney - Pixar Adventure . It was revealed that Finn was a spy who was on the biggest oil platform in the world before he met Mater . None of them knew that Mater was not a spy . He just answered the question correctly . He can dispense bombs from his wing nuts . Finn is also able to magnetize his wheels in order to climb up some vertical metal surfaces . Finn 's other abilities include purposely spilling oil onto the road , using grappling hooks to swing between buildings and traverse great heights by using the hook cables as tightropes , and being able to ' breathe ' underwater . Holley Shiftwell ( edit ) Holley Shiftwell ( voiced by Emily Mortimer ) is a British spy - in - training who is Mater 's love interest / girlfriend in the film . Holley 's name is a reference to Holley Performance Products , Inc. , a manufacturer of high - performance carburetors and fuel systems located in Bowling Green , Kentucky . Her design was made from a Jaguar XJR - 15 . Her name is possibly also a reference to Bond Girl Holly Goodhead . Her license plate is HS1201 , which includes her initials . The number 1201 is Emily Mortimer 's birthday in American date order ( December 1 ) . Holley is equipped with gadgets including : ( front ) projection lamps above headlights that emit a heads - up display , headlight cameras ; a ( side ) right wheel concealed gun and an electro - shock device , a telescoping utility arm , ( undercarriage ) mounted dual trackball platforms for controlling the heads - up display , and retractable wings for flight . Holley Shiftwell appears in Kinect Rush : A Disney - Pixar Adventure . She is a playable character in the Disney Infinity series . Siddeley ( edit ) Siddeley ( voiced by Jason Isaacs ) is a Gulfstream V spy jet . He is 176 feet long with a 157 - foot wingspan ( 53 and 48 meters respectively ) and is shown to possess afterburners , though no aspect of his airframe is suited to supersonic flight , In addition , he has VTOL ( vertical - takeoff and landing ) capabilities . His tail has A113 painted on it , a recurring gag in the Pixar films . Siddeley is also seen in the background in one scene of the Cars spinoff , ' Planes . ' His name is a reference to the British aerospace company Hawker Siddeley . Stephenson ( edit ) Stephenson is a spy train , who first appeared in Cars 2 working with Finn McMissile . Stephenson brings Finn , Holley , and Mater to Porto Corsa , Italy . Stephenson is a state - of - the - art bullet train , who scrambles switchboards , hops international rail lines , and can make it from Dover to Porto Corsa in five hours . He has no dining car and no spare compartment because he 's filled with the finest in high - tech , classified spy gear and probably has a few secret agents aboard . One of his carriages contains high - tech equipment that modifies and adds gadgets to cars . His only line in Cars 2 is `` Finn , one hour to Porta Corsa '' . Stephenson is named after the `` father of railways '' , namely George Stephenson . Leland Turbo ( edit ) Leland Turbo ( voiced by Jason Isaacs ) was a British agent who appeared in the film 's beginning . He sends a video message to Finn McMissile about what he sees in Professor Zündapp 's oil rig . However , by the time Finn arrives at the rig , the lemons have found Leland and crushed him into a cube . He appears to be based on a Jaguar E-Type . His name is most likely based on Leyland Motors , a now defunct British vehicle manufacturer . Rod `` Torque '' Redline ( edit ) Rod `` Torque '' Redline ( voiced by Bruce Campbell ) was considered by many as America 's greatest spy . He is the agent McMissile and Shiftwell were supposed to meet before he ran into Mater , which leads to the mistake of the spy cars thinking Mater is Redline . In the beginning of the film , he is seen by McMissile ( disguised as a lemon ) talking to Professor Zündapp about the camera . In the bathroom , Rod takes off his disguise so Finn and Holley can recognize him . Unfortunately , lemons Grem and Acer come into the bathroom and his plan fails when they recognize him before Holley can meet him . Cornered by the villains , he turns his information over to a rusty American tow truck named Mater when no one noticed before being captured . He is later filled with Allinol at the lemons ' hideout being tortured and killed by Professor Zündapp 's weapon , a magnetic pulse gun disguised as a TV camera ( Allinol explodes when it reacts with a magnetic pulse ) . But the lemons realized that he passed the info to Mater before killing him . Tomber ( edit ) Tomber ( voiced by Michel Michelis ) is Finn McMissile 's underground informant . Having been saved from a long sentence in a Moroccan impound lot ( 20 years to life ) by McMissile , Tomber has since become an auto - parts dealer . He specializes in rare parts , such as the ones needed to keep a certain Rover V8 going . Mater and Tomber get along from their first meeting , both respecting the other 's knowledge of cars and specific parts . Tomber ( French for `` to tumble '' ) is a Reliant Regal threewheeler , a car notorious for its poor handling and tendency to roll over in even gentle turns . His license plate reads `` PCS NO1R '' . He may be based on Del Boy from Only Fools & Horses Sir Miles Axlerod and his minions ( edit ) Sir Miles Axlerod ( edit ) Sir Miles Axlerod ( voiced by Eddie Izzard ) is a former oil baron who has sold off his fortune after he supposedly converted himself into an electric vehicle . He was the first car to circumnavigate the globe without any GPS which is similar to explorer , Ferdinand Magellan who circulated the globe . Axlerod created the World Grand Prix to promote his new wonder - fuel , Allinol . Axlerod later reveals that he owns the largest untapped oil reserves in the world . His `` alternative fuel '' is actually ordinary gasoline engineered to ignite if hit with electromagnetic pulses from weapons disguised as television cameras . Axlerod 's plans to use oil for world domination are eventually exposed . Axlerod plans to use Professor Zündapp and the Lemon Cars to kill McQueen in the final race , but the EMP weapon fails to finish him off because Sarge switched McQueen 's Allinol for Filmore 's organic fuel . As a backup , Axlerod has Zündapp and the lemon cars implant a bomb on Mater 's air filter which was not seen in the climax . Mater confronts Axlerod about the conspiracy and forces him to deactivate the bomb with a voice command , proving that he was the one who set it . Axlerod 's engine turns out to be the Rover V8 in the photo obtained by McMissile and Shiftwell after Mater opened his front hood ( described by Mater and Tomber as `` the worst engine ever made '' ) , and he is exposed as a fraud and a liar and is arrested by the British police , wondering how Mater figured out Axlerod was behind the whole scheme . Professor Zündapp ( edit ) Professor Zündapp ( voiced by Thomas Kretschmann ) , often referred to as `` Professor Z '' ( by his henchmen ) , is an internationally wanted weapons designer who is modelled after a Zündapp Janus 250 with a broken roof rack that evokes the look of a comb over . Though at first Professor Zündapp appears to be the main villain , he is eventually exposed as a subordinate to Miles Axlerod . According to Lego.com , it is revealed that his full name is Wolfgang Otto Zundapp . Zündapp also appears in Kinect Rush : A Disney - Pixar Adventure . Grem and Acer ( edit ) Grem ( voiced by Joe Mantegna ) is a dented , rusty orange AMC Gremlin . Acer ( voiced by Peter Jacobson ) is a beat - up green AMC Pacer . Both of these `` lemon '' cars are henchmen for Professor Zündapp , Grem and Acer mistake Mater for an American agent with top - secret information , chasing him around the globe . Even though they do n't have all the spy weapons and gadgets they are still tough and will do anything and everything to stop secret agents . Tony Trihull ( edit ) Tony Trihull ( voiced by Lloyd Sherr ) is a combat ship ( modelled after USS Independence ( LCS - 2 ) ) who works for Professor Zündapp . He first appears in the beginning when he notices Crabby and Finn in the oil reserve , ordering Crabby to leave . When Crabby refuses , Tony threatens him with a missile battery ( based on the RIM - 116 Rolling Airframe Missile ) . As a result , Crabby leaves but Finn hitches a ride on the back of Tony without him knowing . He later appears again near the end of the film in London when Professor Z tries to escape from being caught by Finn McMissile , yelling for the Professor to hurry and get aboard him . When Finn McMissile stops the Professor , Tony uses a magnetic device pulling the Professor to him . McMissile uses several mini-bombs out of his wheels on Tony , killing him . Hugo family ( edit ) Victor Hugo ( edit ) Victor Hugo ( voiced by Stanley Townsend ) is the head lemon of the Hugo family , being referred to as `` the boss '' by fellow Hugos . He and his Hugos work with Professor Zündapp . During the film , Victor uses Ivan , a blue tow truck ( which Mater masquerades as to infiltrate the lemons ' meeting ) , as his own personal transportation that tows him place to place instead of having to drive on his own . Alexander Hugo ( edit ) Alexander Hugo ( voiced by Velibor Topic ) is part of the Hugo family that works for Professor Z and Miles Axlerod . He is the only black Hugo in the entire movie to talk , making him and Victor the only Hugo family members that talk . Despite his young age , he does dirty work ( like Victor and Ivan ) and attends the lemon meeting . He also is one of the lemons attempting to round up Mater so that the bomb would explode , killing both Mater and Lightning . Near the end of the film , Alexander is arrested in London with his fellow lemons . Ivan ( edit ) Ivan ( voiced by Stanley Townsend ) is a blue tow truck who serves as Victor Hugo 's mode of transportation , towing him around . He resembles Mater greatly , in fact , Mater disguises as Ivan in order to infiltrate a lemon crime meeting . The real Ivan was previously tazed by Holley . He later awoke and captured Holley and even intercepted Mater before he can warn Lightning McQueen about the truth of Allinol . In the end , he is defeated by Mater and arrested alongside the other lemons . His name is pronounced ee - van instead of eye - van . Pacer family ( edit ) Tubbs Pacer ( edit ) Tubbs Pacer ( voiced by Brad Lewis ) is the head lemon of the Pacer family . He and his Pacers work with Professor Zündapp . During the film , Tubbs and the other main heads of the three lemon families ( Gremlin , Trunkov , Hugo ) attend a meeting with Professor Z in Porto Corsa to discuss their evil plans about discrediting the Allinol by using the radiation disguised camera to crash out the racers in the World Grand Prix that use the gas , and ensure that all cars keep using conventional fuel to secure the profits of their `` lemon '' organization who managed to secure the largest unexplored oil resources in the world . Tubbs is seen smiling at the idea and can not wait . Petey Pacer ( edit ) Petey Pacer is a blue AMC Pacer member of the lemon organization . He can be recognized as one of the cars equipped with flamethrowers who attack Finn McMissile on the oil rigs ' helipad . Fred Pacer ( edit ) Fred Pacer is a light yellow AMC Pacer . Trunkov family ( edit ) Vladimir Trunkov ( edit ) Vladimir Trunkov ( voiced by Stanley Townsend ) is the head lemon of the Trunkov family . He and his Trunkovs work with Professor Zündapp . During the film , Vladimir and the other main heads of the three lemon families ( Gremlin , Pacer , Hugo ) attend a meeting with Professor Z in Porto Corsa . Tolga Trunkov ( edit ) Tolga is a black Trunkov that helps Vladimir Trunkov by protecting him , but it does not know who he is in the movie because there are several otherblack Trunkovs . Petrov Trunkov ( edit ) Petrov Trunkov is a light green Trunkov who is not actually seen in the movie . Gremlin family ( edit ) J. Curby Gremlin ( edit ) J. Curby Gremlin ( voiced by John Mainieri ) is the head lemon of the Gremlin family . He originates from Detroit , as he states it when he introduces himself to the other lemons . He and his Gremlins work with Professor Zündapp . J. Curby , along with the other main heads of the three lemon families ( Pacer , Trunkov , Hugo ) , attend a meeting with Professor Z in Porto Corsa . Tyler Gremlin ( edit ) Tyler Gremlin is a red / dark red AMC Gremlin . World Grand Prix racers ( edit ) Jeff Gorvette ( edit ) Jeff Gorvette , a 2011 Corvette C6. R , is a now retired racer ; he appeared in Cars 2 at the World Grand Prix ; is Lightning McQueen 's good friend ; now an announcer for the Piston Cup races in Cars 3 ; he is voiced by Jeff Gordon . Other Cars ( edit ) Daisu Tsashimi ( edit ) Daisu Tsashimi , played by Daisuke `` Dice '' Tsutsumi , is the name of the forklift sushi chef who serves Mater wasabi , when Mater mistook it for delicious pistachio ice cream . Tsashimi is a play on sashimi , and his given name could be a play on the Japanese auto marque Daihatsu . Mama Topolino ( edit ) Mama Topolino ( voiced by Vanessa Redgrave ) is Luigi 's aunt . She resembles a 1950s Renault ( or maybe Alfa Romeo ) Dauphine . Uncle Topolino ( edit ) 1948 Fiat 500 `` Topolino '' Uncle Topolino ( voiced by Franco Nero ) is Luigi 's uncle . He is a Fiat 500 `` Topolino '' from 1948 or earlier ( `` Topolino '' , which translates as `` Little Mouse '' , is Mickey Mouse 's Italian name ) . The cover on his top resembles a hair style , similar to Luigi 's . Queen Elizabeth II ( edit ) Queen Elizabeth II ( voiced by Vanessa Redgrave ) is a classic Rolls Royce Phantom car watching the race from Buckingham Palace . She knights Mater for his bravery in foiling Axlerod 's plot . Her roof racks are made to look like a crown . Prince Wheeliam ( edit ) 2009 Bentley Continental GT Prince Wheeliam , the grandson of the Queen of the United Kingdom , is based on Prince William , Duke of Cambridge . He is a Bentley Continental GT and a fan of Britain 's Lewis Hamilton and Nigel Gearsley . Signora Bernoulli ( edit ) Signora Bernoulli is Francesco 's mother . She is seen at the Porto Corsa race cheering her son on . She is an 1960s era Ferrari 312 Formula One race car and , as evidenced by her number , his biggest fan other than himself . Mel Dorado ( edit ) Mel Dorado ( voiced by Patrick Walker ) is the host of the `` Mel Dorado Show '' where he interviews Miles Axlerod and Francesco Bernoulli . Mater calls the show and eventually gets McQueen into the World Grand Prix . As his name indicates he is a Cadillac Eldorado . As evidenced by his glasses and smile , he is loosely based on Larry King . The Popemobile ( edit ) The Popemobile is only seen at the Italian World Grand Prix Race -- he is seen inside a bulletproof `` popemobile '' for his personal protection . He is among the many fans in the stands . The Popemobile is referred to earlier in the film when Mater asks , `` Is the Popemobile Catholic ? '' He has no lines in the film . Black - hatted priests can be seen next to the Popemobile while he sits in the stands at Porta Corsa for the second race in the World Grand Prix . Small Isetta forklifts , similar to the Guido character , are seen in white cassocks and red hats waving incense into the air . World Grand Prix announcers ( edit ) Brent Mustangburger ( edit ) Brent Mustangburger , a 1965 Ford Mustang in traditional racing blue , is based on ESPN / ABC sportscaster Brent Musburger , who provides the character 's voice . He re-appears in the spin - off film Planes . David Hobbscap ( edit ) David Hobbscap , a British racing green 1963 Jaguar Coombs Lightweight E-Type , is a former champion from 24 Heures du Mans turned television sportscaster . His character is based on the real life former British racing driver and current NBC Sports commentator David Hobbs , who provides the character 's voice . Jacques Villeneuve voices the character in the French and Quebec versions of Cars 2 . He joins Mustangburger and Darrell Cartrip . Crabby the boat ( edit ) Crabby the Boat ( voiced by Sig Hansen ) is a fishing vessel that is based on the F / V Northwestern , a boat captained by Hansen and featured in the American reality TV series Deadliest Catch . Crabby is painted and designed like the Northwestern . He is seen in the beginning of the film with Finn McMissile aboard him . Finn has paid Crabby to bring him to a certain location in the ocean so he can look for a car , a request that greatly puzzles Crabby . Once they reach the spot , Tony Trihull ( see below ) intercepts Crabby and threatens him with a missile launcher , forcing him to turn back . Crabby apologizes to Finn as he heads home , not knowing that Finn has already slipped off board and hitched onto Tony to continue his mission . Cars 3 ( edit ) Main article : Cars 3 These are characters who have first or only appeared in the film Cars 3 ( 2017 ) . Smokey ( edit ) Smokey , an older orange Hudson pickup truck , is Doc Hudson 's old mechanic and crew chief who also helps McQueen , with his other participates ( old timers River Scott , Louise Nash and Junior Moon ) at the abandoned Thomasville Speedway . He explains to McQueen that while Doc was devastated by no longer racing , he found greater happiness in training him . At the Florida 500 , Smokey acts as McQueen 's crew chief . He helps McQueen coach Cruz when she enters and race . Smokey is then seen at Willy 's Butte for an exhibition race between McQueen and Cruz . He is voiced by Chris Cooper . The character is based off on legendary NASCAR Mechanic Smokey Yunick Mike Joyride ( edit ) Mike Joyride is a Citroën 2CV , voiced by current Fox NASCAR announcer Mike Joy . He announces the unconfirmed status of McQueen 's racing career after his crash and assumes the end of his racing days . Miss Fritter ( edit ) Miss Fritter is a demolition derby - inspired monster school bus , an undefeated Crazy - 8 champion in the movie . She appears at a demolition derby at Thunder Hollow Speedway . She nearly saws Cruz with her Stop sign saw blades until Lightning McQueen , disguised as Chester Whipplefilter stops her only to get his spoiler stuck in her blades . Cruz Ramirez ends up winning the race . Miss Fritter is then seen cheering for McQueen and Cruz , watching the Florida 500 on TV . She is voiced by Lea Delaria . Sweet Tea ( edit ) Planes ( edit ) Main article : Planes ( film ) Dane Cook as Dusty Crophopper . He was inspired by the Air Tractor AT - 502 , Cessna and the PZL - Mielec M - 18 Dromader . Stacy Keach as Skipper Riley , a Chance Vought F4U Corsair and Dusty 's mentor . It was rumored that he shot down 50 planes and threatens Dusty to be no . 51 . Danny Mann as Sparky , a forklift Priyanka Chopra as Ishani , a Pan-Asian champion from India , based on the AeroCad AeroCanard Brad Garrett as Chug , a fuel truck Teri Hatcher as Dottie , a forklift Cedric the Entertainer as Leadbottom , a biplane inspired by the Boeing - Stearman Model 75 with a partial engine cowl . Julia Louis - Dreyfus as Rochelle , a racing plane inspired by the Bay Super V , a conversion of the V - tail Model 35 Beechcraft Bonanza . Originally from Quebec , her flag and paint job is localized in 11 countries . In Australian and New Zealand , Rochelle is re-contextualized as a former Tasmanian mail delivery plane , and is voiced by Jessica Marais . Roger Craig Smith as Ripslinger , a custom - built carbon - fiber plane , Dusty 's rival in the film . Gabriel Iglesias as Ned and Zed , Ripslinger 's henchmen inspired by the Zivko Edge 540 and MX Aircraft MXS . John Cleese as Bulldog , a de Havilland DH. 88 Comet Carlos Alazraqui as El Chupacabra , a Gee Bee Model R Val Kilmer as Bravo , a Boeing F / A-18E Super Hornet He playd Ice man in Top Gun . Anthony Edwards as Echo , a Boeing F / A-18E Super Hornet He playd Goose in Top Gun . Colin Cowherd as Colin Cowling , a blimp . In the UK , the blimp character is named Lofty Crofty and is voiced by Sky Sports F1 commentator David Croft . Sinbad as Roper , a forklift Oliver Kalkofe as Franz aka Von Fliegenhosen , a German Aerocar Brent Musburger as Brent Mustangburger , a 19641⁄2 Ford Mustang John Ratzenberger as Harland , a jet tug Barney Harwood as Sky Cam 1 , a red helicopter filming the race over Germany Planes : Fire & Rescue ( edit ) Main article : Planes : Fire & Rescue Julie Bowen as Lil ' Dipper , a Super Scooper based on the Grumman G - 21 Goose and CL - 415 SuperScooper Curtis Armstrong as Maru , a forklift mechanic at the Piston Peak Air Attack base Ed Harris as Blade Ranger , a veteran fire - and - rescue helicopter . He used to play a police helicopter in CHoPs with Nick `` Loop'n '' Lopez but became a firefighter when Nick died . It is inspired by the AgustaWestland AW109 , AgustaWestland AW139 and Bell 429 GlobalRanger Wes Studi as Windlifter , a Sikorsky S - 64 Skycrane heavy - lift helicopter Dale Dye as Cabbie , a Fairchild C - 119 Flying Boxcar retired from military service Regina King as Dynamite , the leader of The Smokejumpers , a team of ground vehicles which parachute into fire sites Corri English as Pinecone , a smokejumper equipped with a rake tool to clear brush and debris Bryan Callen as Avalanche , a bulldozer and a smokejumper Danny Pardo as Blackout , a smokejumper equipped with a circular saw Matt L. Jones as Drip , a smokejumper equipped with a skid - steer claw to clear fallen trees and brush Fred Willard as Secretary of the Interior , a green four - wheel - drive with a roof rack Jerry Stiller as Harvey , an RV and Winnie 's husband . Anne Meara as Winnie , an RV and Harvey 's wife . Erik Estrada as Nick `` Loop'n '' Lopez , a helicopter police officer who was the co-star of CHoPs who was killed before Blade became a firefighter John Michael Higgins as Cad Spinner , a luxury sport utility vehicle Barry Corbin as Ol ' Jammer , a tour bus Hal Holbrook as Mayday , an old fire and rescue truck from Propwash Junction Kevin Michael Richardson as Ryker , a transportation management safety truck with a roof - mounted watercannon for firefighting Patrick Warburton as Pulaski , a structural firefighting fire truck with a roof - mounted watercannon for firefighting . Pulaski 's namesake , Ed Pulaski , was known for his heroism in saving most of his crew during the Great Fire of 1910 by sheltering in an abandoned mine . Brad Paisley as Bubba , a Pickup truck , who appears also in Italian comics , as a Mater 's rival Kari Wahlgren as Patch René Auberjonois as Concierge Steve Schirripa as Steve John Ratzenberger as Brodi Removed characters ( edit ) Cars ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Chad ( edit ) `` Chad '' was a retired steamroller which was scrapped from the storyline around 2002 . In the original story , Lightning McQueen is invited to race in the first ever Radiator Springs Grand Prix . He refused , choosing instead standard community service . When he wakes up the next morning , his V8 alcohol motor was taken out of his body and stolen by Mater and put inside of Chad . Lightning 's voice was inside of Chad 's steamroller body and he fixed the road . Mater , meanwhile borrows McQueen 's body and goes to the next Piston Cup race . However , Lightning wakes up again , finding himself in his regular body , revealing that the everything was just a dream . He sees the steamroller body on the side , though . Still freaked out , he decided to change his mind and do the race instead . Mr. windshield ( edit ) Mr. Windshield was a character which was scrapped from the storyline around 2003 . Based on concept art , he was going to be a yellow Packard Clipper , although a 2000 concept sketch by Dave Deal shows him as a Packard Super Eight rather than a Clipper . As his name implies , he was going to be an optometrist / windshield salesman , and while the character was scrapped , his shop still made it into the final film . The design was reused for Ramone 's House of Body Art . Cars 2 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) ZIL ( edit ) Zil was originally going to be the main antagonist in Cars 2 , but was ultimately dropped in favour of Professor Z and Miles Axlerod . His design was based on the 1958 ZIL - 111 , but with one adjustment : the ZIL logo is on his front bumper . Giulia ( edit ) Giulia was an original character in the beginnings of Cars 2 . She was intended to be the double agent that met up with Mater . Giulia was left out of the completed movie , and replaced by Holley Shiftwell . She is modelled as an Alfa Romeo , resembling an Alfa Romeo Giulia Spider . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hours - of - Service Regulations - Effective October 1 , 2005 '' . US DOT Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Tim Lammers ( June 8 , 2006 ) . `` Memories Of Dad Drive Ratzenberger 's Mack In ' Cars ' : Actor Voices Seventh Consecutive Pixar Film '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joanna Poncavage ( April 22 , 2006 ) . `` Mack among the stars '' . Morning Call . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CARS Road Trip ' 06 '' promotional tour dates from Disney press release . Jump up ^ Sam Whiting ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Dodge Dart owners still love the oldies '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Now 75 , Richard Petty remains ' The King ' 20 years after his last victory '' . Palm Beach Post . July 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Job ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` New movie rekindles love affair with cars '' . The Star - Ledger . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` Sneak peek : ' Cars 3 ' zooms ahead with new character Cruz Ramirez '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joe Higgins ( as a sheriff ) , 1970 Dodge Challenger advertisement , uses the line `` you 're in a lot of trouble , boy '' . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marco Della Noce 's page on New Trends Management 's site . Jump up ^ `` Concept Cars -- Timeline 1938 -- 1981 '' . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2004 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Bakke ( May 31 , 2006 ) . `` Bob Waldmire : ' An ethical vegetarian ' '' . State Journal - Register . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ZIP Code 51237 '' . Jump up ^ `` 12 Pixar Characters That Were Most Definitely High - KINDLAND '' . TheKindland.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stoner References In Kids Movies - Stoner Blog '' . StonerDays.com. 17 January 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adrienne Vincent - Phoenix ( June 2012 ) . `` Cars Land Test Drive : Radiator Springs Racers '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Marcia Gruver ( August 6 , 2006 ) . `` On Record : The matter of Bessie '' ( editorial ) . Equipment World . Jump up ^ Damon Bell . `` '' Cars '' Gets it Right `` . Consumer Guide . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ ' Cars 3 ' Drops New Poster , Announces Voice Cast Jump up ^ `` Sarah Clark '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rizvi , Samad . ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` Pixar Employee Sonoko Konishi Provides Cars 2 Voice '' . Pixar Times . Jump up ^ Eric Carpenter ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Life changed at her café when Pixar dropped in : Fran Houser said her Route 66 Midpoint Café in Texas was a sleepy spot -- until the `` Cars '' movie premièred `` . Orange County Register . Jump up ^ Douglas Keever Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( June 16 , 2006 ) . `` The Man Who Inspired Mater '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Darrell Waltrip 's Car Collection '' . Stock Car Racing Magazine . June 2010 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Mike Hembree ( January 16 , 2012 ) . `` Darrell Waltrip 's Long Ride Ends In Hall '' . Speed TV . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First Full Weekend in August '' . Shakopee Derby Days . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Keegan ( January 16 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 Movie Preview : ' Cars 2 ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney / Pixar Getting Back in the Fast Lane With Cars 2 '' . Yahoo Movies . Archived from the original on 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Cars 2 ′ Introduces Nearly 1,000 New Characters and More Fun Facts '' . Stitch Kingdom . Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Meet Two New ' Cars 2 ′ Characters : Rod `` Torque '' Redline and Siddeley `` . / Film . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brent Musburger 's ' Cars 2 ' character revealed '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` David Hobbscap Cars 2 '' . Disney . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin . `` Dane Cook to voice lead in Disney 's ' Planes ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dane Cook Leads the Voice Cast for Disney 's Planes '' . ComingSoon.net . February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney 's `` Planes '' Hi - res Stills , Fun Facts and Activity Sheets `` . Stitch Kingdom . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Look ! Up in the sky ! It 's an exclusive peek at ' Planes ' ! '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Priyanka Chopra lends voice for Hollywood animated film Planes '' . Hindustan Times . March 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the pilot who kept Disney 's film ' Planes ' flying right '' . CNN.com . August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` CineEurope Preview : Disney Exec on Selling ' The Lone Ranger ' Overseas ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Brooke ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Jessica Marais joins Planes cast downunder '' . Moviehole . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Josh ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Planes trilogy confirmed ; Cryer 's recasting discussed '' . Animated Views . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` New Images and Full Voice Cast for PLANES Announced ; Includes Val Kilmer , Anthony Edwards , Julia Louis - Dreyfus , John Cleese , and More ( UPDATED ) '' . Collider.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sailor , Craig ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Reno 911 ' actor Carlos Alazraqui brings stand - up to Tacoma '' . The News Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gage , Simon ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` David Croft : From Formula 1 commentator to the voice of an airship in new movie Planes '' . Metro . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` World premiere of Disney `` Planes '' turns Hollywood Boulevard into a celebrity - filled landing strip `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` D23 Expo : New Art From the Upcoming Disney , Pixar and Disneytoon Movies '' . ComingSoon.net . August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PREVIEW : Disney Planes Franchise to Launch High - Flying Sequel '' . NYC Aviation . May 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : ' Planes 2 : Fire & Rescue ' Full Length Trailer '' . Stitch Kingdom . 2014 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Characters from Planes : Fire & Rescue '' . Disney Insider . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fighting Wildfires with Second Chances '' . Honeywell . July 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Brad Paisley honors dad , firefighters in ' Planes ' sequel '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planes Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Disney World of Cars Official Site ( hide ) Cars Pixar Animation Studios DisneyToon Studios Films Cars Cars ( 2006 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Planes Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Shorts Mater and the Ghostlight Cars Toons Rescue Squad Mater Mater the Greater El Materdor Tokyo Mater Characters Lightning McQueen Tow Mater Sally Carrera Doc Hudson Music Cars `` Real Gone '' `` Our Town '' Video games Cars Cars : Radiator Springs Adventures Cars Mater - National Championship Cars Race - O-Rama The World of Cars Online Cars 2 Cars 3 : Driven to Win Attractions Cars Land Cars Quatre Roues Rallye Radiator Springs Racers Luigi 's Rollickin ' Roadsters Luigi 's Flying Tires Miscellaneous Radiator Springs Herbie The Autobots Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cars_characters&oldid=809138920 '' Categories : Cars ( franchise ) characters Lists of Disney animated film characters Fictional racing cars Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 10 : 17 . 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what type of car is jackson storm based on
[ "Jackson Storm, a blue-and-black 2017 custom built \"next generation\" Piston Cup racer, is one of the newer rookies that comes into the racing sport, and the main racing rival of Lightning McQueen in the third installment in the franchise. He is an arrogant, overconfident rookie. He constantly insults McQueen about retiring. He set records and won many races." ]
[ "2017 custom built \"next generation\" Piston Cup racer" ]
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Escape the Night
Escape the Night - wikipedia Escape the Night Jump to : navigation , search Escape the Night Also known as Escape The Night with Joey Graceffa Genre Murder mystery Webseries Reality Directed by Adam Lawson Presented by Joey Graceffa Composer ( s ) George Shaw Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 24 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Adam Lawson Ari Weiner Brian Graden Gaurav Misra Leila March Lois Curren Nancy Tamayo Petar Mandich Producer ( s ) Catherine Keithley Chris Grannon Dan Keats Cinematography Dallas Sterling Editor ( s ) Steve Grubel Production company ( s ) Brian Graden Media Distributor YouTube Release Original network YouTube Red Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release June 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) -- present Escape the Night is a YouTube Red post modern meta fictional murder mystery reality television webseries hosted by Joey Graceffa that debuted on June 22 , 2016 . The second season was released on June 22 , 2017 . The series is produced by Brian Graden Media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Season 1 2.1. 1 Recurring 2.2 Season 2 2.2. 1 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Reception 5 Episodes 5.1 Season 1 5.2 Progress chart ( Season 1 ) 5.3 Season 2 5.4 Progress chart ( Season 2 ) 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows The Savant ( Joey Graceffa ) as he invites a number of guests , involved in their own respective characters varying each season , at a party which transports them into a historical era to survive the night and escape . As the season progresses , the guests participate in challenges and puzzles , competing with each other to escape from the historical era by solving and completing them . During each episode , a guest is eliminated via a fictional '' death '' for failing a challenge , until one or more guests ultimately win and are sent back to the Modern World . Cast and characters ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Name Title Eliminated Cause of Death Eva Gutowski The Journalist Winner N / A Oli White The Big Game Hunter Winner N / A Lele Pons The Hustler Episode 9 Electrocuted Timothy DeLaGhetto The Mobster Episode 8 Shot in the head Matt Haag The Professor Episode 7 Poisoned Sierra Furtado The Heiress Episode 6 Killed during an exorcism GloZell Green The Jazz Singer Episode 4 Choked to death Justine Ezarik The Gambler Episode 3 Buried alive Andrea Brooks The Fixer Episode 2 Asphyxiated by poison gas Shane Dawson The Renegade Episode 1 Poisoned Recurring ( edit ) Paul Chirico as Arthur , head of staff . ( Episodes 1 - 10 ) Katia Hayes as Sarah , the maid . ( Episodes 1 - 10 ) David Hutchison as Marvin , the groundskeeper . ( Episodes 2 - 10 ) Season 2 ( edit ) Name Title Eliminated Cause of Death Andrea Russett The Mystic Winner N / A Tyler Oakley The Thespian Winner N / A Alex Wassabi The Novelist Episode 9 Stabbed in the chest Gabbie Hanna The Vaudevillian Episode 7 Heart ripped out Tana Mongeau The Saloon Girl Episode 6 Slashed in the stomach with a sword Liza Koshy The Explorer Episode 5 Throat slit DeStorm Power The Railroad Tycoon Episode 4 Shot with a glowing arrow Jesse Wellens The Outlaw Episode 3 Eaten by Jorogumo Lauren Riihimaki The Engineer Episode 2 Eaten by vampires Recurring ( edit ) Eva Augustina as The Sorceress ( Episodes 1 - 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 - 10 ) Lindsay Elston as Alison ( Episodes 1 - 8 ) AJ Martin as Jet Pack Girl ( Episodes 7 , 9 , and 10 ) Alisa Torres as Vera ( Episodes 1 - 2 and 10 ) Brad Coffey as Cash ( Episodes 4 and 10 ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In October 2015 , YouTube announced YouTube Red , a paid subscription service that would allow streaming videos ad - free , downloading videos for offline usage , and present new exclusive original series for YouTube Red subscribers . At the time of announcement , ten various series were announced for 2016 , including the Untitled Joey Graceffa project , which was set to be produced by Brian Graden Media . The series began filming near Valencia , California . On June 15 , 2016 , Graceffa released the trailer for his original series entitled Escape the Night , which was set and released on June 22 , 2016 with two episodes going live . When interviewed after production , Graceffa commented that the idea behind Escape the Night was inspired by an episode themed around murder mystery appearing on television show Lizzie McGuire , and closely related to the 1985 film Clue . Furthermore , Graceffa shared his experience with filming the series , expressing `` It was a really fun concept to put together , '' additionally mentioning , `` And it was an idea that started small and ended up into something much bigger . '' On October 17 , 2016 , it was announced by Susanne Daniels , global head of content for YouTube , at MIPCOM that Escape the Night would be renewed for a second season . Later on October 31 , 2016 , Joey Graecffa via Twitter announced the cast of the second season and scheduled debut of the second season to be on June 22 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) On IMDb , the series currently holds a score of 5.9 / 10 ; based on 312 audience scores . Common Sense Media 's critical consensus reads , `` Web celebs star in mediocre pseudo-reality horror series '' , while giving the show a rating of 2 / 5 . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) # Title Episode Length Original Release Date `` An Invitation '' 23 : 16 June 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) In this episode , the guests arrive at the house and their dinner party meets with a tragic end ( the death of a guest ) . They discover the house is evil and they must gather special artifacts to free themselves from it . `` The Ungodly Machine '' 23 : 55 June 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) The guests work through a mad scientist 's clues and end up facing his most evil creation , the `` Ungodly Machine . '' `` Buried Alive '' 23 : 59 June 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) The guests perform a seance to learn the location of a grave only to find one of them must be buried inside it . `` Mannequins '' 23 : 48 July 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 06 ) The guests uncover clues hidden inside macabre mannequin displays that represent a serial killers ' finest works . 5 `` Freak Show '' 24 : 08 July 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) The guests must defeat the houses ' monstrous guardian by summoning the wicked circus he was stolen from . 6 `` Did Someone Call For An Exorcist ? '' 23 : 50 July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) The guests exorcise a legion of evil spirits trapped in a young girl to free a former owner trapped in the house 7 `` Mermaid Tails '' 23 : 52 July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) The guests uncover secrets at the bottom of the pool to free a wicked mermaid who once owned the house . 8 `` All Out War '' 24 : 32 August 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) The guests `` go to war '' in an attempt to uncover a stash of stolen WWI gold to free a former owner . 9 `` Wicked Hallucinations '' 24 : 03 August 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) The guests find a mad man escaped from an asylum and must enter his violent and terrifying hallucinations in order to free him from the house . In the process , they discover who among them is in league with the evil of the house . 10 `` Betrayal At The House On The Hill '' 21 : 39 August 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 17 ) The guests discover they have been betrayed by Arthur the Butler , a former confidence man , and must unravel clues while being hunted by him and the house staff . 11 `` How to Kill a YouTuber '' 19 : 51 August 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) Relive `` Escape the Night '' with Joey Graceffa as he looks back on the top kills of the season . 12 `` BTS Documentary : The Making of ' Escape the Night ' '' 23 : 56 August 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) Take a look at the making of `` Escape the Night '' in this behind - the - scenes documentary . Progress chart ( Season 1 ) ( edit ) Progress Chart Guest Episode 1 Episode 2 Episode 3 Episode 4 Episode 5 Episode 6 Episode 7 Episode 8 Episode 9 Episode 10 Joey Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Escaped Eva Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Escaped Oli Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Escaped Lele Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Timothy Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Matt Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Sierra Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead GloZell Safe Safe Safe Dead Justine Safe Safe Dead Andrea Safe Dead Shane Dead Season 2 ( edit ) # Title Episode Length Original Release Date `` The Masquerade Part 1 '' 24 : 36 June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) Nine YouTubers travel through time to attend a Victorian ball at an estate like no other , and soon begin unlocking mysteries and discovering evil forces that are conspiring against them . `` The Masquerade Part 2 '' 26 : 32 June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) The guests must disguise themselves in the bloodiest of masquerades if they want to slay the king of vampires in order to get their first gem . `` Tangled Web '' 24 : 21 June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) The Sorceress unleashes an evil spider on the guests and they must escape her dangerous web in order to save themselves and will have to send a boy toy to their death in order to receive their next gem . `` A Nation Divided '' 24 : 12 July 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 05 ) The guests are divided and must wage war against each other to see who will face the dark army in the final challenge where one will be executed to get the next gem . 5 `` The Gingerbread Woman '' 26 : 45 July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) When an evil Gingerbread Woman traps unsuspecting children in an oven , the guests must fight to free them before it 's too late and will then have to bake one of their own for a meat pie for the next gem . 6 `` Endless Winter Night '' 25 : 03 July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) The guests venture into a realm of fantasy in hopes of recovering the next gem , but first they must outmaneuver the Ice Witch and her wicked harpies and will have to betray one of their own for a gem . 7 `` Automaton Love Story '' 22 : 12 July 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) The self - destruct system has been enabled in the estate and the guests must race against time to satisfy the horrifying demands of the system 's creator which is a heart of one of their own to receive their next gem . 8 `` Full Moon Slaughter '' 23 : 30 August 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) It is now midnight and the guests find themselves being hunted by a most unexpected enemy -- werewolves and soon learn that they will go through a challenge to determen which one of them will be the werewolves next meal for a gem . 9 `` The Dark Dimension '' 26 : 07 August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) The guests must battle a horrifying demon and find their way into the dark dimension to recover the last gem . 10 `` The Sorceress '' 24 : 04 August 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) The Sorceress unleashes a legion of villains on the last remaining guests , forcing them to literally run for their lives if they want to escape her spell . 11 `` Monster 's Ball '' 21 : 47 August 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) A behind - the - scenes look at the creation and design of some of Season Two 's most terrifying monsters . 12 `` Behind the Scenes with Joey Graceffa '' 25 : 41 August 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 30 ) A behind - the - scenes look at the YouTubers and their all - night filming antics during Season Two . Progress chart ( Season 2 ) ( edit ) Progress Chart Guest Episode 1 Episode 2 Episode 3 Episode 4 Episode 5 Episode 6 Episode 7 Episode 8 Episode 9 Episode 10 Joey Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Revived Andrea Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Escaped Tyler Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Escaped Alex Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Gabbie Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Tana Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Liza Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead DeStorm Safe Safe Safe Dead Jesse Safe Safe Dead Lauren Safe Dead See also ( edit ) Murder in Small Town X Whodunnit ? ( 2013 U.S. TV series ) Scared Famous ( TV series ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weiss , Geoff ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` YouTube Teases ' Red ' Series From CollegeHumor , The Game Theorists , Joey Graceffa In Latest Trailer '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ' Escape the Night ' star challenges KLG , Hoda : Find your wine ! '' . TODAY.com . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Geoff ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Liza Koshy , Tyler Oakley , Jesse Wellens To Star In Season 2 Of YouTube Red 's ' Escape The Night ' '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Joey Graceffa 's ' Escape the Night 2 ' Cast Is Revealed -- See Which YouTube Stars Are in the Sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hamedy , Saba ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Joey Graceffa bring YouTubers together for ' a dinner party to DIE for ' '' . Mashable . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Sander , Brice ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Joey Graceffa lies to Make His Friends Pee Their Pants on YouTube Red 's ' Escape the Night ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Longwell , Todd ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Joey Graceffa Gets a Clue with YouTube Red 's ' Escape the Night ' '' . VideoInk . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube Red 's ' Escape the Night ' With Joey Graceffa Season 2 Adds Tyler Oakley , Liza Koshy , Other Digital Stars to Cast '' . Variety . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Joey Graceffa Has Gathered an All - Star Cast for Escape the Night Season 2 ! '' . People . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jarvey , Natalie ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` YouTube to Launch Subscription Service With Original Series From Fine Brothers , PewDiePie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hamedy , Saba ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` YouTube unveils ad - free subscription service , YouTube Red '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` YouTube unveils ad - free subscription service '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Todd ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` YouTube Unveils Subscription Service , New Programming , Music App '' . VideoInk . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Gavilanes , Grace ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Escape the Night , YouTube Red Trailer '' . People . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Escape the Night ' cast performs a spooky séance on new YouTube Red series -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lear , Samantha ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Joey Graceffa on Escape the Night & YouTube Co-Stars : Video '' . Wetpaint , Inc . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Geoff ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` YouTube Red Renews Joey Graceffa 's ' Escape The Night ' As Service Reports Steady Growth '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Geoff ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Liza Koshy , Tyler Oakley , Jesse Wellens To Star In Season 2 Of YouTube Red 's ' Escape The Night ' '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Joey Graceffa 's ' Escape the Night 2 ' Cast Is Revealed -- See Which YouTube Stars Are in the Sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Escape the Night '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Escape the Night TV Review '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Joey Graceffa 's channel on YouTube Series playlist on YouTube Escape the Night on IMDb ( hide ) YouTube Red original programming Current Foursome ( since 2016 ) Bad Internet ( since 2016 ) MatPat 's Game Lab ( since 2016 ) Escape the Night ( since 2016 ) Fight of the Living Dead : Experiment 88 ( since 2016 ) Rhett and Link 's Buddy System ( since 2016 ) Paranormal Action Squad ( since 2016 ) Mind Field ( since 2017 ) Squad Wars ( since 2017 ) Me and My Grandma ( since 2017 ) DanTDM Creates a Big Scene ( since 2017 ) Kings of Atlantis ( since 2017 ) Run , BIGBANG Scout ! ( since 2017 ) Good Game ( since 2017 ) Furze World Wonders ( since 2017 ) Lifeline ( since 2017 ) Former Sing It ! ( 2016 ) Single by 30 ( 2016 ) Scare PewDiePie ( 2016 ) Films Lazer Team ( 2016 ) A Trip to Unicorn Island ( 2016 ) Dance Camp ( 2016 ) The Amazing Tour Is Not On Fire ( 2016 ) Dan and Phil 's Story of TATINOF ( 2016 ) The Thinning ( 2016 ) We Love You ( 2016 ) Jingle Ballin ' ( 2016 ) Ghostmates ( 2016 ) The Keys of Christmas ( 2016 ) Alexander IRL ( 2017 ) Gigi Gorgeous : This is Everything ( 2017 ) Lazer Team 2 ( 2017 ) YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escape_the_Night&oldid=810324452 '' Categories : 2016 web series debuts YouTube Red original series American mystery television series English - language television programs American reality television series American fantasy television series 2010s American television series 2016 American television series debuts Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 15 : 47 . About Wikipedia
when does escape the night season 2 episode 9 come out
[ "\n\n#\nTitle\nEpisode Length\nOriginal Release Date\n\n\n1\n\"The Masquerade Part 1\"\n24:36\nJune 22, 2017 (2017-06-22)\n\n\nNine YouTubers travel through time to attend a Victorian ball at an estate like no other, and soon begin unlocking mysteries and discovering evil forces that are conspiring against them.\n\n\n2\n\"The Masquerade Part 2\"\n26:32\nJune 22, 2017 (2017-06-22)\n\n\nThe guests must disguise themselves in the bloodiest of masquerades if they want to slay the king of vampires in order to get their first gem.\n\n\n3\n\"Tangled Web\"\n24:21\nJune 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)\n\n\nThe Sorceress unleashes an evil spider on the guests and they must escape her dangerous web in order to save themselves and will have to send a boy toy to their death in order to receive their next gem.\n\n\n4\n\"A Nation Divided\"\n24:12\nJuly 5, 2017 (2017-07-05)\n\n\nThe guests are divided and must wage war against each other to see who will face the dark army in the final challenge where one will be executed to get the next gem.\n\n\n5\n\"The Gingerbread Woman\"\n26:45\nJuly 12, 2017 (2017-07-12)\n\n\nWhen an evil Gingerbread Woman traps unsuspecting children in an oven, the guests must fight to free them before it’s too late and will then have to bake one of their own for a meat pie for the next gem.\n\n\n6\n\"Endless Winter Night\"\n25:03\nJuly 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)\n\n\nThe guests venture into a realm of fantasy in hopes of recovering the next gem, but first they must outmaneuver the Ice Witch and her wicked harpies and will have to betray one of their own for a gem.\n\n\n7\n\"Automaton Love Story\"\n22:12\nJuly 26, 2017 (2017-07-26)\n\n\nThe self-destruct system has been enabled in the estate and the guests must race against time to satisfy the horrifying demands of the system’s creator which is a heart of one of their own to receive their next gem.\n\n\n8\n\"Full Moon Slaughter\"\n23:30\nAugust 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)\n\n\nIt is now midnight and the guests find themselves being hunted by a most unexpected enemy -- werewolves and soon learn that they will go through a challenge to determen which one of them will be the werewolves next meal for a gem.\n\n\n9\n\"The Dark Dimension\"\n26:07\nAugust 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)\n\n\nThe guests must battle a horrifying demon and find their way into the dark dimension to recover the last gem.\n\n\n10\n\"The Sorceress\"\n24:04\nAugust 16, 2017 (2017-08-16)\n\n\nThe Sorceress unleashes a legion of villains on the last remaining guests, forcing them to literally run for their lives if they want to escape her spell.\n\n\n11\n\"Monster's Ball\"\n21:47\nAugust 23, 2017 (2017-08-23)\n\n\nA behind-the-scenes look at the creation and design of some of Season Two’s most terrifying monsters.\n\n\n12\n\"Behind the Scenes with Joey Graceffa\"\n25:41\nAugust 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)\n\n\nA behind-the-scenes look at the YouTubers and their all-night filming antics during Season Two.\n\n" ]
[ "August 9, 2017" ]
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Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)
Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 26 ) - wikipedia Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 26 ) Dancing with the Stars ( season 26 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes Release Original network ABC Original release April 30 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) -- May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) Additional information Celebrity winner Adam Rippon Professional winner Jenna Johnson Season chronology ← Previous Season 25 Next → Season 27 Season twenty - six of Dancing with the Stars , titled Dancing with the Stars : Athletes , premiered on April 30 , 2018 , on the ABC network . The four - week season , the shortest ever , features a cast of current and former athletes . On May 21 , 2018 , Olympic figure skater Adam Rippon and professional dancer Jenna Johnson were announced the winners , marking the first win for Johnson . Rippon is the first openly gay winner . NFL player Josh Norman , with Sharna Burgess , and former Olympic Figure Skater Tonya Harding , with Sasha Farber , were both announced as runners - up during the live finale show . However , it was revealed later that Josh and Sharna placed second , while Tonya and Sasha placed third . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Couples 1.2 Hosts and judges 1.3 Dance troupe 2 Scoring chart 2.1 Average chart 2.2 Highest and lowest scoring performances 2.3 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances 3 Weekly scores 3.1 Week 1 : First Dances 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 : MVP Night ( Semifinals ) 3.4 Week 4 : Finals 4 Dance chart 5 Ratings 5.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Couples ( edit ) The professional dancers were announced on April 12 , 2018 . The eight professionals returning from last season are Lindsay Arnold , Alan Bersten , Sharna Burgess , Witney Carson , Artem Chigvintsev , Keo Motsepe , Gleb Savchenko , and Emma Slater . The two remaining professional dancers were both in the troupe last season , and have previously been professional dancers on the show : Sasha Farber ( last competed in season 24 ) and Jenna Johnson ( last competed in season 23 ) . The five professionals from last season that are not returning are Cheryl Burke , Mark Ballas , Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Peta Murgatroyd , and Valentin Chmerkovskiy . The cast was announced on April 13 on Good Morning America . Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Professional partner Status Ref . Anderson , Jamie Jamie Anderson Olympic snowboarder Chigvintsev , Artem Artem Chigvintsev Eliminated 1st on April 30 , 2018 Damon , Johnny Johnny Damon Former MLB outfielder Slater , Emma Emma Slater Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Former NBA center Arnold , Lindsay Lindsay Arnold Eliminated 2nd on May 7 , 2018 Ogunbowale , Arike Arike Ogunbowale Notre Dame women 's basketball player Savchenko , Gleb Gleb Savchenko Finch Daigle , Jennie Jennie Finch Daigle Former Olympic softball pitcher Motsepe , Keo Keo Motsepe Eliminated 3rd on May 14 , 2018 Mazdzer , Chris Chris Mazdzer Olympic luger Carson , Witney Witney Carson Nagasu , Mirai Mirai Nagasu Olympic figure skater Bersten , Alan Alan Bersten Harding , Tonya Tonya Harding Former Olympic figure skater Farber , Sasha Sasha Farber Third place on May 21 , 2018 Norman , Josh Josh Norman NFL cornerback Burgess , Sharna Sharna Burgess Runner - up on May 21 , 2018 Rippon , Adam Adam Rippon Olympic figure skater Johnson , Jenna Jenna Johnson Winner on May 21 , 2018 Hosts and judges ( edit ) Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts , while Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges . On May 7 , season 24 champion Rashad Jennings returned as a guest judge . On May 14 , season 24 runner - up David Ross returned as a guest judge . Dance troupe ( edit ) The dance troupe for season 26 consists of season 25 troupe members Artur Adamski , Brandon Armstrong , Hayley Erbert , and Britt Stewart . Additionally , professional dancer Morgan Larson , who performed on the Dancing with the Stars : Light Up the Night tour , joined the troupe for season 26 . Scoring chart ( edit ) Couple Place Adam & Jenna 24 37 + 37 = 74 39 + 2 = 41 30 + 28 = 58 Josh & Sharna 24 30 + 33 = 63 36 + 2 = 38 27 + 30 = 57 Tonya & Sasha 23 33 + 33 = 66 33 + 2 = 35 26 + 30 = 56 Jennie & Keo 21 26 + 37 = 63 29 Chris & Witney 21 33 + 33 = 66 33 Mirai & Alan 23 37 + 37 = 74 35 Kareem & Lindsay 7 17 26 + 33 = 59 Arike & Gleb 20 33 + 37 = 70 Jamie & Artem 9 19 Johnny & Emma 18 Red numbers Indicates the lowest score for each week . Green numbers Indicates the highest score for each week . The returning couple that was the last to be called safe . The couple was eliminated that week . The winning couple . the runner - up couple the third place couple Average chart ( edit ) This table only counts dances scored on a 30 - point scale ( scores by guest judges and points awarded in the dance - offs are excluded ) . Rank by average Place Couple Total points Number of dances Average Adam & Jenna 166 6 27.7 Mirai & Alan 103 25.8 Josh & Sharna 155 6 25.8 Tonya & Sasha 151 25.2 5 7 Arike & Gleb 71 23.7 6 Chris & Witney 94 23.5 7 Jennie & Keo 88 22.0 8 7 Kareem & Lindsay 60 20.0 9 9 Jamie & Artem 19 19.0 10 Johnny & Emma 18 18.0 Highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' 30 - point scale ( scores by guest judges are excluded ) are as follows : Dance Highest scored dancer ( s ) Highest score Lowest scored dancer ( s ) Lowest score Salsa Mirai Nagasu 23 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 19 Cha - cha - cha Adam Rippon Josh Norman 24 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 17 Foxtrot Mirai Nagasu Josh Norman 27 Johnny Damon 18 Viennese waltz Tonya Harding 26 Jamie Anderson 19 Paso doble Josh Norman 23 -- -- Quickstep Adam Rippon 28 Tonya Harding 24 Team dances Jennie Finch Daigle Mirai Nagasu Arike Ogunbowale Adam Rippon 27 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Tonya Harding Chris Mazdzer Josh Norman 24 Rumba Tonya Harding 24 -- -- Contemporary Adam Rippon 29 Josh Norman 27 Jazz Adam Rippon 30 -- -- Freestyle Tonya Harding Josh Norman 30 Adam Rippon 28 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances ( edit ) Scores are based upon a potential 30 - point maximum ( team dances and scores by guest judges are excluded ) . Couple Highest scoring dance ( s ) Lowest scoring dance ( s ) Adam & Jenna Jazz ( 30 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 24 ) Josh & Sharna Freestyle ( 30 ) Paso doble ( 23 ) Tonya & Sasha Freestyle ( 30 ) Foxtrot ( 23 ) Jennie & Keo Foxtrot & Viennese waltz ( 21 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 19 ) Chris & Witney Viennese waltz ( 25 ) Salsa ( 21 ) Mirai & Alan Foxtrot ( 27 ) Salsa ( 23 ) Kareem & Lindsay Salsa ( 19 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 17 ) Arike & Gleb Foxtrot ( 24 ) Salsa ( 20 ) Jamie & Artem Viennese waltz ( 19 ) -- Johnny & Emma Foxtrot ( 18 ) -- Weekly scores ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 : first dances ( edit ) The couples danced the cha - cha - cha , foxtrot , salsa or Viennese waltz . For the first time in the show 's history , viewers were able to vote for the couples live online so that the results of the vote could be used to determine the first two eliminees that same evening . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Chris & Witney 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Salsa `` Mr. Put It Down '' -- Ricky Martin feat . Pitbull Safe Kareem & Lindsay 17 ( 6 , 5 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' -- Stevie Wonder Safe Jennie & Keo 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` All - American Girl '' -- Carrie Underwood Safe Jamie & Artem 19 ( 6 , 7 , 6 ) Viennese waltz `` Feeling Good '' -- Avicii feat . Audra Mae Eliminated Mirai & Alan 23 ( 7 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` No Excuses '' -- Meghan Trainor Safe Arike & Gleb 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Salsa `` Them Girls '' -- Whitney Myer Safe Adam & Jenna 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Sissy That Walk '' -- RuPaul Safe Johnny & Emma 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Centerfield '' -- John Fogerty Eliminated Tonya & Sasha 23 ( 8 , 8 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` When You Believe '' -- Whitney Houston & Mariah Carey Last to be called safe Josh & Sharna 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Finesse '' -- Bruno Mars Safe Week 2 ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Rashad Jennings , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . The couples performed one unlearned dance and a team dance celebrating an iconic decade in sports . Paso doble and quickstep are introduced . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Josh & Sharna 30 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` The Plaza of Execution '' -- James Horner Safe Jennie & Keo 26 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Do It Like This '' -- Daphne Willis Safe Kareem & Lindsay 26 ( 7 , 7 , 6 , 6 ) Salsa `` La Malanga '' -- Eddie Palmieri Eliminated Chris & Witney 33 ( 9 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese waltz `` Next to Me '' -- Imagine Dragons Last to be called safe Tonya & Sasha 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Redneck Woman '' -- Gretchen Wilson Safe Mirai & Alan 37 ( 9 , 10 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` It 's a Small World '' -- The O'Neill Brothers Safe Arike & Gleb 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` What About Us '' -- Pink Eliminated Adam & Jenna 37 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Make Way '' -- Aloe Blacc Safe Chris & Witney Josh & Sharna Kareem & Lindsay Tonya & Sasha 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Freestyle ( Team 1950s Tennis ) `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- The Baseballs Adam & Jenna Arike & Gleb Jennie & Keo Mirai & Alan 37 ( 9 , 10 , 9 , 9 ) Freestyle ( Team 1970s Football ) `` Instant Replay '' -- Dan Hartman Week 3 : MVP Night ( Semifinals ) ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , David Ross , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . The couples performed one unlearned dance dedicated to the `` MVP '' in their lives , and participated in `` ballroom battle '' dance - offs for extra points . Former contestants were brought in to mentor the couples for the ballroom battles . Nastia Liukin mentored Jennie & Keo and Tonya & Sasha . Meryl Davis mentored Adam & Jenna and Mirai & Alan . Von Miller mentored Chris & Witney and Josh & Sharna . Contemporary , jive and rumba are introduced . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Mirai & Alan 35 ( 9 , 9 , 8 , 9 ) Quickstep `` BO $ $ '' -- Fifth Harmony Eliminated Jennie & Keo 29 ( 7 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Viennese waltz `` The Rest of Our Life '' -- Tim McGraw & Faith Hill Chris & Witney 33 ( 8 , 9 , 7 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` I Got Rhythm '' -- Ray Chew Tonya & Sasha 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Rumba `` See You Again '' -- Tyler Ward Safe Adam & Jenna 39 ( 10 , 10 , 9 , 10 ) Contemporary `` O '' -- Coldplay Safe Josh & Sharna 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Contemporary `` Stand by Me '' -- Bootstraps Last to be called safe Dance - offs Couple Judges ' votes Public vote Dance Music Result Tonya & Sasha Tonya , Jennie , Tonya , Tonya Jennie ( 60 % ) Cha - cha - cha `` Dance '' -- DNCE Winner ( 2 pts ) Jennie & Keo Loser Adam & Jenna Adam , Mirai , Mirai , Adam Adam ( 64 % ) Jive `` Johnny B. Goode '' -- Chuck Berry Winner ( 2 pts ) Mirai & Alan Loser Josh & Sharna Chris , Josh , Josh , Josh Chris ( 55 % ) Salsa `` WTF ( Where They From ) '' -- Missy Elliott feat . Pharrell Williams Winner ( 2 pts ) Chris & Witney Loser Week 4 : Finals ( edit ) The final three couples performed one unlearned dance inspired by their journey on the show and a freestyle . Jazz is introduced . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Tonya & Sasha 26 ( 8 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese waltz `` The Time of My Life '' -- David Cook Third Place 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Hush Hush ; Hush Hush '' -- The Pussycat Dolls Josh & Sharna 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` Conqueror '' -- Empire cast feat . Estelle & Jussie Smollett Runner - Up 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Walk on Water '' -- Thirty Seconds to Mars Adam & Jenna 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jazz `` Anything You Can Do '' -- Bernadette Peters & Tom Wopat Winners 28 ( 9 , 9 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Scooby Doo Pa Pa '' -- DJ Kass Dance chart ( edit ) The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week : Week 1 : Cha - cha - cha , foxtrot , salsa , or Viennese waltz ( First Dances ) Week 2 : One unlearned dance & team dances Week 3 : One unlearned dance & ballroom battles ( MVP Night ; Semifinals ) Week 4 : One unlearned dance & freestyle ( Finals ) Couple Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Adam & Jenna Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Freestyle ( Team 1970s Football ) Contemporary Jive Jazz Freestyle Josh & Sharna Cha - cha - cha Paso doble Freestyle ( Team 1950s Tennis ) Contemporary Salsa Foxtrot Freestyle Tonya & Sasha Foxtrot Quickstep Freestyle ( Team 1950s Tennis ) Rumba Cha - cha - cha Viennese waltz Freestyle Jennie & Keo Foxtrot Cha - cha - cha Freestyle ( Team 1970s Football ) Viennese waltz Cha - cha - cha Chris & Witney Salsa Viennese waltz Freestyle ( Team 1950s Tennis ) Foxtrot Salsa Mirai & Alan Salsa Foxtrot Freestyle ( Team 1970s Football ) Quickstep Jive Kareem & Lindsay Cha - cha - cha Salsa Freestyle ( Team 1950s Tennis ) Arike & Gleb Salsa Foxtrot Freestyle ( Team 1970s Football ) Jamie & Artem Viennese waltz Johnny & Emma Foxtrot Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Gained bonus points for winning this dance - off Gained no bonus points for losing this dance - off Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode Air date Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Week 1 : Premiere '' April 30 , 2018 1.1 5 8.48 `` Week 2 '' May 7 , 2018 1.0 7.73 `` Week 3 : MVP Night ( Semifinals ) '' May 14 , 2018 1.0 7.68 `` Week 4 : The Finals '' May 21 , 2018 1.1 5 8.77 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars : Athletes Cast Includes Tonya Harding , Adam Rippon , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' DWTS ' Reveals Official Runner - Up -- Did Tonya Harding or Josh Norman Place Second ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Desiree ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars pros revealed for all - athlete season '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thorbecke , Catherine ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Adam Rippon , Tonya Harding and more superstar athletes to face - off in Dancing With the Stars season 26 '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars : Athletes ' Premiere Recap : The First Dances and Eliminations '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Iannucci , Rebecca ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars Week 2 Recap : Did the Right Athletes Go Home ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Iannucci , Rebecca ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars Week 3 Recap : Are the Right Athletes In the Finale ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , Daniel ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars : Athletes ' finale recap : Who won the Mirror Ball Trophy ? '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Dancing with the Stars '' . abc.go.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Driven Athletes Will Go Toe - to - Toe for the Mirrorball Trophy on Season Premiere of ABC 's DANCING WITH THE STARS '' . BroadwayWorld. April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : Coming Up on DANCING WITH THE STARS : ATHLETES on ABC - Monday , May 7 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : Six Remaining Athletes Prepare for Yet Another Double - Header as They Get Set to Perform on DANCING WITH THE STARS : ATHLETES 5 / 14 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 9 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : Coming Up on DANCING WITH THE STARS : ATHELETES on ABC - Monday , May 21 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust up , ' The Resident ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man with a Plan ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website hide Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 : All - Stars 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 : Athletes Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Adam Rippon Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Jenna Johnson Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_26)&oldid=845729237 '' Categories : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles with hCards Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 18 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does dancing with the stars athletes 2018 start
[ "Season twenty-six of Dancing with the Stars, titled Dancing with the Stars: Athletes, premiered on April 30, 2018, on the ABC network. The four-week season, the shortest ever, features a cast of current and former athletes.[1]" ]
[ "April 30, 2018" ]
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Believe Me, if All Those Endearing Young Charms
Believe Me , if All Those Endearing Young Charms - wikipedia Believe Me , if All Those Endearing Young Charms This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Believe Me , if All Those Endearing Young Charms '' is a popular song written in 1808 by Irish poet Thomas Moore using a traditional Irish air . Moore 's young wife had been stricken with an illness and worried that she would lose her looks . He wrote the words to reassure her . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the melody 2 Lyrics 3 Other uses of the melody 4 References 5 External links Origins of the melody ( edit ) The tune to which Moore set his words is a traditional Irish air , first printed in a London songbook in 1775 . It is occasionally wrongly credited to Sir William Davenant , whose older collection of tunes may have been the source for later publishers , including a collection titled General Collection of Ancient Irish Music , compiled by Edward Bunting in 1796 . Sir John Andrew Stevenson has been credited as responsible for the music for Moore 's setting . It is thought that after Moore 's wife , Elizabeth , was badly scarred by smallpox , she refused to leave her room , believing herself ugly and unlovable . To convince her his love was unwavering , Moore composed the ' Endearing ' poem which he set to an old Irish melody and sang outside her bedroom door . He later wrote that this restored her confidence and re-kindled their love . Lyrics ( edit ) The lyrics , as originally published in 1808 in A Selection of Irish Melodies , are as follows : I . BELIEVE me , if all those endearing young charms , Which I gaze on so fondly to - day , Were to change by to - morrow , and flee from my arms Like fairy - gifts , fading away ! Thou wouldst still be ador 'd as this moment thou art , Let thy loveliness fade as it will ; And , around the dear ruin , each wish of my heart Would entwine itself verdantly still ! II . It is not while beauty and youth are thine own , And thy cheeks unprofan 'd by a tear , That the fervour and faith of a love can be known , To which time will but make thee more dear ! No ! the heart that has truly lov 'd , never forgets , But as truly loves on to the close ; As the sun - flower turns on her god , when he sets , The same look which she turn 'd when he rose ! Other uses of the melody ( edit ) Other than `` Believe Me , If All Those Endearing Young Charms '' , the tune is perhaps best known as the melody to `` Fair Harvard '' , the alma mater of Harvard University . A seventeenth - century folk song , Matthew Locke 's `` My Lodging is in the Cold , Cold Ground '' , was set to this tune some time after its original setting to a different , also traditional , air . Simone Mantia , a pioneer of American euphonium music , composed a theme and variations on the melody , which remains a staple of the solo euphonium literature . The first verse , as originally written , was sung by the character Alfalfa in a 1936 episode of MGM 's The Little Rascals entitled Bored of Education . The tune , with the Endearing Young Charms title , also became a staple of Warner Brothers cartoons , appearing first in the 1944 Private Snafu short `` Booby Traps '' . Subsequent uses included the 1951 Merrie Melodies animated cartoon Ballot Box Bunny , 1957 Looney Tunes short Show Biz Bugs ( which reappeared in the 1981 package film ) , 1965 Road Runner cartoon Rushing Roulette , and finally in a new twist on the gag , with Slappy Squirrel 's 1993 introductory episode , `` Slappy Goes Walnuts '' , from Animaniacs . Variations were also done in the 1963 Andy Griffith Show episode `` Rafe Hollister Sings '' , and the 2010 South Park episode `` Crippled Summer '' . In its cartoon appearances , the song is often the cue for a classic `` bomb gag '' wherein the playing of the first line of the song sets off a rigged explosion on the final note . However , the target often misses , forcing the perpetrator to play it themselves and fall for their own trap . The gag is so well known that it is often called `` The Xylophone Gag '' . Little Virgie ( Shirley Temple ) sings the song to her father ( John Boles ) in the 1935 film The Littlest Rebel . The first line appears in some versions of Dexys Midnight Runners ' `` Come On Eileen '' as an introduction played by a solo fiddle . A short version of the tune also appears at the end of some versions of the `` Come On Eileen '' . Roger Quilter 's setting of the song was included in the Arnold Book of Old Songs , published in 1950 . Debbie Reynolds and Barbara Ruick sing the first stanza in the 1953 film The Affairs of Dobie Gillis . Walter Huston plays the melody on harmonica in the film The Treasure of the Sierra Madre . Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs ( 1961 ) . The song is performed at a Christmas party of the Adams Family at the beginning of `` Chapter VIII : John Quincy Adams , Secretary of State '' of The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Songs of Yale . New Haven : Yale Glee Club , 2006 . p. 150 . The website http://www.contemplator.com/ , used in a later reference in this article , claims its first printing was in 1737 . Jump up ^ William Davenant , 1606 - 1668 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . , accessed Feb. 3rd , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , Thomas ( 1808 ) . A Selection of Irish Melodies : Second Number . Dublin : W. Powers . pp. 98 -- 102 . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ My Lodging It Is On the Cold Ground . http://www.contemplator.com/england/lodging.html , accessed Feb. 3rd , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.southparkstudios.com/clips/307810/ukulele-solo Jump up ^ `` Xylophone Gag '' . TV Tropes . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Choral Public Domain Library Piano version hide Thomas Moore Operas The Gypsy Prince ( 1801 ) M.P. ( 1811 ) Non-fiction Memoirs of the Life of Richard Brinsley Sheridan ( 1825 ) Novels The Epicurean ( 1827 ) The Fudge Family in Paris ( 1818 ) The Fudge Family in England ( 1835 ) Poetry `` The Minstrel Boy '' The Last Rose of Summer ( 1805 ) `` Believe Me , if All Those Endearing Young Charms '' ( 1808 ) Lalla - Rookh ( 1817 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Believe_Me,_if_All_Those_Endearing_Young_Charms&oldid=849602780 '' Categories : Folk songs Poetry by Thomas Moore Looney Tunes songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 03 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote believe me if all those endearing young charms
[ "\"Believe Me, if All Those Endearing Young Charms\" is a popular song written in 1808 by Irish poet Thomas Moore using a traditional Irish air.\nMoore’s young[citation needed] wife had been stricken with an illness and worried that she would lose her looks. He wrote the words to reassure her.\n" ]
[ "Irish poet Thomas Moore" ]
8197537627381376912
The Secret Garden
The Secret garden - wikipedia The Secret garden Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Secret Garden . The Secret Garden Front cover of the US edition Author Frances Hodgson Burnett Illustrator M.L. Kirk ( US ) Charles Robinson ( UK ) Country United States Genre Children 's novel Publisher Frederick A. Stokes ( US ) Heinemann ( UK ) Publication date August 1911 ( US ) Pages 375 ( US ) 306 ( UK ) LC Class PZ7. B934 Se 1911 The Secret Garden is a children 's novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett first published as a book in 1911 , after a version was published as an American magazine serial beginning in 1910 . Set in England , it is one of Burnett 's most popular novels and is considered a classic of English children 's literature . Several stage and film adaptations have been made . The American edition was published by Stokes with illustrations by Maria Louise Kirk ( signed as M. L. Kirk ) and the British edition by Heinemann with illustrations by Charles Heath Robinson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Rejuvenation theme 3 Publication history 4 Public reception 5 Dramatic adaptations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Great Maytham Hall Garden , Kent , England . At the turn of the 20th century , Mary Lennox is a sickly and unloved 10 - year - old girl , born in India to wealthy British parents who never wanted her . She is cared for by servants , who allow her to become a spoiled , aggressive and selfish child . After a cholera epidemic kills her parents and the servants , Mary is discovered alive but alone in the empty house . She briefly lives with an English clergyman and his family before she is sent to Yorkshire , in England , to live with Archibald Craven , an uncle whom she has never met , at his isolated house , Misselthwaite Manor . At first , Mary is as rude and sour as ever . She dislikes her new home , the people living in it , and most of all , the bleak moor on which it sits . However , a good - natured maid named Martha Sowerby tells Mary about the late Mrs Craven , who would spend hours in a private walled garden growing roses . Mrs Craven died after an accident in the garden , and the devastated Mr. Craven locked the garden and buried the key . Mary becomes interested in finding the secret garden herself , and her ill manners begin to soften as a result . Soon she comes to enjoy the company of Martha , the gardener Ben Weatherstaff , and a friendly robin redbreast . Her health and attitude improve , and she grows stronger as she explores the moor and plays with a skipping rope that Mrs Sowerby buys for her . Mary wonders about both the secret garden and the mysterious cries that echo through the house at night . As Mary explores the gardens , her robin draws her attention to an area of disturbed soil . Here Mary finds the key to the locked garden and eventually the door to the garden itself . She asks Martha for garden tools , which Martha sends with Dickon , her 12 - year - old brother . Mary and Dickon take a liking to each other , as Dickon has a kind way with animals and a good nature . Eager to absorb his gardening knowledge , Mary tells him about the secret garden . One night , Mary hears the cries once more and decides to follow them through the house . She finds a boy named Colin living in a hidden bedroom . She soon discovers that they are cousins , Colin being the son of Mr and Mrs Craven , and that he suffers from an unspecified spinal problem . Mary visits him every day that week , distracting him from his troubles with stories of the moor , Dickon and his animals , and the secret garden . Mary finally confides that she has access to the secret garden , and Colin asks to see it . Colin is put into his wheelchair and brought outside into the secret garden . It is the first time he has been outdoors for years . While in the garden , the children are surprised to see Ben Weatherstaff looking over the wall on a ladder . Startled and angry to find the children in the secret garden , he admits that he believed Colin to be a cripple . Colin stands up from his chair and finds that his legs are fine , though weak from long disuse . Colin soon spends every day in the garden , sometimes with Dickon as company . The children conspire to keep Colin 's recovering health a secret , so as to surprise his father , who is travelling abroad . As Colin 's health improves , his father sees a coinciding increase in spirits , culminating in a dream where his late wife calls to him from inside the garden . When he receives a letter from Mrs Sowerby , he takes the opportunity finally to return home . He walks the outer garden wall in his wife 's memory , but hears voices inside , finds the door unlocked , and is shocked to see the garden in full bloom , and his son healthy . The servants watch , stunned , as Mr Craven and Colin walk back to the manor together . Rejuvenation theme ( edit ) The secret garden at Misselthwaite Manor is the site of both the near - destruction and the subsequent regeneration of a family . Also the theme is , when a thing is neglected it withers and dies , but when it is worked on and cared for it thrives , as Mary and Colin do . Publication history ( edit ) Frontispiece , 1911 In part written on Burnett 's visits to Buile Hill Park , The Secret Garden was first serialised , starting in autumn 1910 , in The American Magazine , a publication aimed at adults . The entire book was first published in summer 1911 by Frederick A. Stokes in New York , and published that year by William Heinemann in London . Its copyright expired in the United States in 1987 , and in most other parts of the world in 1995 , placing the book in the public domain . As a result , several abridged and unabridged editions were published during the late 1980s and early 1990s , such as the full - color illustrated edition from David R. Godine , Publisher in 1989 . Maytham Hall in Kent , England , where Burnett lived for a number of years during her marriage , is often cited as the inspiration for the book 's setting . Burnett kept an extensive garden , including an impressive rose garden . However , it has been noted that besides the garden , Maytham Hall and Misselthwaite Manor are physically very different . The book 's working title was Mistress Mary , in reference to the English nursery rhyme Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary . Public reception ( edit ) Marketing to both adult and juvenile audiences may have had an effect on its early reception ; the book was not as celebrated as Burnett 's previous works during her lifetime . The Secret Garden paled in comparison to the popularity of Burnett 's other works for a long period . Tracing the book 's revival from almost complete eclipse at the time of Burnett 's death in 1924 , Anne H. Lundin noted that the author 's obituary notices all remarked on Little Lord Fauntleroy and passed over The Secret Garden in silence . With the rise of scholarly work in children 's literature over the past quarter - century , The Secret Garden has risen steadily in prominence . It is often noted as one of the best children 's books of the twentieth century . In 2003 it ranked number 51 in The Big Read , a survey of the British public by the BBC to identify the `` Nation 's Best - loved Novel '' ( not children 's novel ) . Based on a 2007 online poll , the U.S. National Education Association named it one of `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . In 2012 it was ranked number 15 among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience . ( A Little Princess was ranked number 56 and Little Lord Fauntleroy did not make the Top 100 . ) Jeffrey Masson considers The Secret Garden `` one of the greatest books ever written for children '' . In an oblique compliment , Barbara Sleigh has her title character reading The Secret Garden on the train at the beginning of her children 's novel Jessamy . Dramatic adaptations ( edit ) Play media Video trailer from Angel Exit Theatre Company 's spring 2012 national tour of their Arts Council - funded production of The Secret Garden , timed to coincide with the centenary of Burnett 's novel The first filmed version was made in 1919 by the Famous Players - Lasky Corporation with 17 - year - old Lila Lee as Mary and Paul Willis as Dickon , but the film is thought lost . In 1949 , MGM filmed the second adaptation with Margaret O'Brien as Mary , Dean Stockwell as Colin and Brian Roper as Dickon . This version was mostly in black - and - white , but the sequences set in the restored garden were filmed in Technicolor . Dorothea Brooking adapted the book into several different television serials for the BBC : an eight - part serial in 1952 , an eight - part serial in 1960 ( starring Colin Spaull as Dickon ) and a seven - part serial broadcast in 1975 , which last has been released on DVD . Hallmark Hall of Fame filmed a TV adaptation of the novel in 1987 , starring Gennie James as Mary , Barret Oliver as Dickon , and Jadrien Steele as Colin . Billie Whitelaw appeared as Mrs Medlock and Derek Jacobi played the role of Archibald Craven , with Alison Doody appearing in flashbacks and visions as Lilias ; Colin Firth made a brief appearance as the adult Colin Craven . It was filmed at Highclere Castle , which later became known as the filming location for Downton Abbey . American Zoetrope 's 1993 production was directed by Agnieszka Holland , with a screenplay by Caroline Thompson , and starred Kate Maberly as Mary , Heydon Prowse as Colin , Andrew Knott as Dickon , John Lynch as Lord Craven and Dame Maggie Smith as Mrs. Medlock . The executive producer was Francis Ford Coppola . A Theatre for Young Audiences version was written in 1991 by Pamela Sterling of Arizona State University . The adaptation won an American Alliance for Theatre and Education `` Distinguished New Play '' award and is listed in ASSITEH / USA 's International Bibliography of Outstanding Plays for Young Audiences . A 1994 animated adaptation as an ABC Weekend Special starred Honor Blackman , Sir Derek Jacobi , Glynis Johns , Victor Spinetti , Anndi McAfee as Mary Lennox , Joe Baker as Ben Weatherstaff , Felix Bell as Dickon , Naomi Bell as Martha , Richard Stuart as Colin , and Frank Welker as Robin . This version was released on video in 1995 by Paramount Home Video . In Japan , NHK produced and broadcast an anime adaptation of the novel in 1991 -- 1992 titled Anime Himitsu no Hanazono ( アニメ ひみつ の 花園 ) . Miina Tominaga was featured as the voice of Mary , while Mayumi Tanaka voiced Colin . The 39 - episode TV series was directed by Tameo Kohanawa and written by Kaoru Umeno . Based on the title , this anime is sometimes mistakenly assumed to be related to the popular dorama series Himitsu no Hanazono . Surprisingly unavailable in the English language , it has been dubbed into several other languages including Spanish , Italian , Polish and Tagalog . Stage adaptations of the book have also been created . In 1991 , a musical version opened on Broadway , with music by Lucy Simon , and book and lyrics by Marsha Norman . The production was nominated for seven Tony Awards , winning Best Book of a Musical and Best Featured Actress in a Musical for Daisy Eagan as Mary , then eleven years old . In 2013 an opera by the American composer Nolan Gasser , which had been commissioned by the San Francisco Opera , premiered at the Zellerbach Hall at the University of California , Berkeley . A stage play by Jessica Swale adapted from the novel was performed at Grosvenor Park Open Air Theatre in Chester 2014 . A multimedia web series adaptation of the novel titled The Misselthwaite Archives was released on YouTube in 2015 . The series consisted of 40 episodes , which aired from January through October , as well as fictional letters , emails , text messages , social media accounts , and other documents about the characters . See also ( edit ) The Painted Garden -- a 1949 children 's novel that describes the making of a film of The Secret Garden References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Secret Garden title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The secret garden '' ( first edition ) . Library of Congress Online Catalog . LCCN Permalink ( lccn.loc.gov ) . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24 . The catalog record reports 4 leaves of plates , 4 color illustrations ( uncredited ) . Jump up ^ WorldCat library records : OCLC 1289609 , OCLC 317817635 ( US ) ; OCLC 8746090 ( UK ) . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gohike , M. ( 1980 ) . Re -- Reading The Secret Garden . College English 41 ( 8 ) , 894 -- 902 . Jump up ^ `` Buile Hill Park '' . Salford Borough Council . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Thwaite , A. ( 2006 ) . A Biographer Looks Back . A.S. Carpenter ( ed . ) Toronto : Scarecrow Press . ^ Jump up to : Lundin , A. ( 2006 ) . `` The Critical and Commercial Reception of The Secret Garden '' . In the Garden : Essays in Honour of Frances Hodgson Burnett . Angelica Shirley Carpenter ( ed . ) Toronto : Scarecrow Press . Jump up ^ Lundin , A. Constructing the Canon of Children 's Literature : Beyond Library Walls : 133ff . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved 18 October 2012 Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bird , Elizabeth ( 7 July 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Masson , Jeffrey Moussaieff ( 1980 ) . The Oceanic Feeling : The Origins of Religious Sentiment in Ancient India . Dordrecht , Holland : D. Reidel . ISBN 90 - 277 - 1050 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barbara Sleigh : Jessamy ( London : Collins , 1967 ) , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Traxy ( 16 January 2011 ) . `` The Secret Garden ( 1975 ) '' . Thesqueee.co.uk . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.dramaticpublishing.com/browse/full-length-plays/the-secret-garden Jump up ^ ABC Weekend Specials : The Secret Garden ( TV episode 1994 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Lynne Heffley ( November 4 , 1994 ) . `` TV Review : Animated ' Garden ' Wilts on ABC '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.grosvenorparkopenairtheatre.co.uk/portfolio/the-secret-garden-5/ Jump up ^ `` The Misselthwaite Archives '' . Jump up ^ The Misselthwaite Archives on IMDb External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Secret Garden Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Secret Garden ( Burnett ) . The Secret Garden at Project Gutenberg ( plain text and HTML illustrated ) The Secret Garden , available at Internet Archive . New York : F.A. Stokes , 1911 ( color scanned book ) The Secret Garden public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Secret Garden From the Collections at the Library of Congress Novels by Frances Hodgson Burnett Little Lord Fauntleroy ( 1886 ) A Lady of Quality ( 1896 ) A Little Princess ( 1904 ) The Shuttle ( 1907 ) The Secret Garden ( 1911 ) The Lost Prince ( 1915 ) The Head of the House of Coombe ( 1922 ) Frances Hodgson Burnett 's The Secret Garden Film The Secret Garden ( 1919 ) The Secret Garden ( 1949 ) The Secret Garden ( 1987 ) The Secret Garden ( 1993 ) Television The Secret Garden Anime Himitsu no Hanazono ( 1991 ) Other The Secret Garden ( 1989 musical ) Back to the Secret Garden ( 2001 sequel movie ) The Secret Garden ( 2013 opera ) BNF : cb156009200 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Garden&oldid=825592973 '' Categories : 1911 American novels 1911 British novels American children 's novels American novels adapted into films British children 's novels British novels adapted into films Novels by Frances Hodgson Burnett Novels first published in serial form Novels adapted into television programs Works originally published in The American Magazine Novels about orphans Novels set in Yorkshire Heinemann ( publisher ) books 1910 children 's books Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource অসমীয়া Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 07 : 55 . 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how did the mom die in the secret garden
[ "After a cholera epidemic kills her parents and the servants, Mary is discovered alive but alone in the empty house. She briefly lives with an English clergyman and his family before she is sent to Yorkshire, in England, to live with Archibald Craven, an uncle whom she has never met, at his isolated house, Misselthwaite Manor." ]
[ "a cholera epidemic" ]
552914939988089810
Scutigera coleoptrata
Scutigera coleoptrata - wikipedia Scutigera coleoptrata House centipede Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Chilopoda Order : Scutigeromorpha Family : Scutigeridae Genus : Scutigera Species : S. coleoptrata Binomial name Scutigera coleoptrata ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Scutigera coleoptrata -- one of several species commonly known as the house centipede or `` hundred - legged '' -- is a typically yellowish - grey centipede with up to 15 pairs of legs . Originating in the Mediterranean region , the species has spread to other parts of the world , where it can live in human homes . It is an insectivore ; it kills and eats other arthropods , such as insects and arachnids . Contents ( hide ) 1 Morphology 2 Reproduction and development 3 Behavior and ecology 4 Habitat 5 Distribution 6 Biological details 7 Interaction with humans 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Morphology ( edit ) The body of an adult Scutigera coleoptrata is 25 to 35 mm ( 0.98 to 1.38 in ) in length . Up to 15 pairs of long legs are attached to the rigid body . Together with the antennae they give the centipede an appearance of being 75 to 100 mm ( 3 to 4 in ) in length . The delicate legs enable it to reach surprising speeds of up to 0.4 meters per second ( 1.3 ft / s ) running across floors , up walls and along ceilings . Its body is yellowish - grey and has three dark dorsal stripes running down its length ; the legs also have dark stripes . S. coleoptrata has developed automimicry in that its tail - like hind legs present the appearance of antennae . When the centipede is at rest , it is not easy to tell its front from its back . Unlike most other centipedes , house centipedes and their close relatives have well - developed faceted eyes . Reproduction and development ( edit ) House centipedes lay their eggs in spring . In a laboratory observation of 24 house centipedes , an average of 63 and a maximum of 151 eggs were laid . As with many other arthropods , the larvae look like miniature versions of the adult , albeit with fewer legs . Young centipedes have four pairs of legs when they are hatched . They gain a new pair with the first molting , and two pairs with each of their five subsequent moltings . Adults with 15 pairs of legs retain that number through three more molting stages ( sequence 4 - 5 - 7 - 9 - 11 - 13 - 15 - 15 - 15 - 15 pairs ) . House centipedes live anywhere from three to seven years , depending on the environment . They can start breeding in their third year . To begin mating , the male and female circle around each other . They initiate contact with their antennae . The male deposits his sperm on the ground and the female then uses it to fertilize her eggs . Behavior and ecology ( edit ) Closeup of the head showing forcipules Scutigera coleoptrata resting on a wall . The antennae are approximately 2 cm long . House centipedes feed on spiders , bed bugs , termites , cockroaches , silverfish , ants , and other household arthropods . They administer venom through forcipules . These are not part of their mandibles , so strictly speaking they sting rather than bite . They are mostly nocturnal hunters . Despite their developed eyes , they seem to rely mostly on their antennae when hunting . Their antennae are sensitive to both smells and tactile information . They use both their mandibles and their legs for holding prey . This way they can deal with several small insects at the same time . To capture prey they either jump onto it or use their legs in a technique described as `` lassoing '' . Using their legs to beat prey has also been described . In a feeding study , S. coleoptrata showed the ability to distinguish between possible prey , avoiding dangerous insects . They also adapted their feeding pattern to the type of hazard the prey might pose to them . For wasps , they retreat after applying the venom to give it time to take effect . When the centipede is in danger of becoming prey itself , it can detach any legs that have become trapped . House centipedes have been observed to groom their legs by curling around and grooming them with their forcipules . In 1902 , C.L. Marlatt , an entomologist with the United States Department of Agriculture , wrote a brief description of the house centipede : It may often be seen darting across floors with very great speed , occasionally stopping suddenly and remaining absolutely motionless , presently to resume its rapid movements , often darting directly at inmates of the house , particularly women , evidently with a desire to conceal itself beneath their dresses , and thus creating much consternation . Habitat ( edit ) Outdoors , house centipedes prefer to live in cool , damp places . Centipede respiratory systems do not provide any mechanism for shutting the spiracles , and that is why they need an environment that protects them from dehydration and excessive cold . Most live outside , primarily under large rocks , piles of wood , and especially in compost piles . Within the home , these centipedes are found in almost any part of the house . Most commonly they are encountered in basements , bathrooms , and lavatories , which tend to be humid , but they can also be found in drier places like offices , bedrooms and dining rooms . The greatest likelihood of encountering them is in spring , when they come out because the weather gets warmer , and in autumn / fall , when the cooling weather forces them to find shelter in human habitats . Distribution ( edit ) S. coleoptrata is indigenous to the Mediterranean region , but it has spread through much of Europe , Asia , North America and South America . It is thought to have first been introduced to the Americas in Mexico and Guatemala and now it reaches north into Canada and south to Argentina . In the United States , it spread north from the southern states , reaching Pennsylvania in 1849 , New York in 1885 , and Massachusetts and Connecticut in about 1890 . In 2009 , its distribution extended from Virginia in the east to the coast of California in the west . In 2011 it was sighted in Chile , in the Metropolitan and Los Lagos regions . In South Africa , they have been found in the Western Cape , in and around Cape Town ( sightings have been reported in Pinelands ; Vredehoek , Mowbray , Edgemead , Green Point , Zonnebloem , Woodstock ; Stellenbosch and Gordon 's Bay ) and also in KwaZulu - Natal , in the city of Pietermaritzburg . They are also found around the Garden Route , including Oudtshoorn , Mossel Bay , George and Knysna , and in Bloemfontein in the Free State . In 2013 they were recorded in Lichinga , and 2017 in Pemba ( Mozambique ) and Lujeri Tea Estate , Mulanje , Southern Malawi . They have been found in eastern and southern Australia , from Perth to Adelaide , South Australia , to Sydney , New South Wales and in Tasmania . Other countries they have been found in include New Zealand , Japan and South Korea . Biological details ( edit ) The faceted eyes of S. coleoptrata are sensitive to daylight and very sensitive to ultraviolet light . They were shown to be able visually to distinguish between different mutations of Drosophila melanogaster . How this ability fits with its nocturnal lifestyle and underground natural habitat is still under study . They do not instantly change direction when light is suddenly shone at them , but will retreat to a darker hiding spot . Some of the plates covering the body segments fused and became smaller during the evolution to the current state of S. coleoptrata . The resulting mismatch between body segments and dorsal plates ( tergites ) is the cause for this centipede 's rigid body . Relation between body segments , dorsal plates ( tergites ) , and leg pairs Tergite 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Segments 3 , 4 5 , 6 7 , 8 , 9 10 , 11 12 , 13 14 , 15 16 17 18 ( telson ) Leg pairs Forcipules 2 , 3 4 , 5 6 , 7 , 8 9 , 10 11 , 12 13 , 14 15 ( antenna - like snare legs ) ( gonopod ) ( anus ) Tergites 10 and 11 are not fully developed and segment 18 does not have a sternite . This model deviates from descriptions by Lewis who identified only 7 tergites and 15 segments . Another feature that sets S. coleoptrata apart from other centipedes is that their hemolymph was found to contain proteins for transporting oxygen . The mitochondrial genome of S. coleoptrata has been sequenced . This opened up discussions on the taxonomy and phylogeny of this and related species . Interaction with humans ( edit ) Unlike its shorter - legged but much larger tropical cousins , S. coleoptrata can live its entire life inside a building , usually the ground levels of homes . Though they often startle their unwitting housemates with their appearance and surprising speed , they are generally considered harmless to humans . Bites are uncommon , and the forcipules of house centipedes are not strong enough to easily penetrate human skin . Bites are similar to a bee 's sting , with its venom causing redness and mild to severe swelling . Techniques for eliminating centipedes from homes include drying up the areas where they thrive , eliminating large indoor insect populations , and sealing cracks in the walls . An alternative is to let them live , allowing them to control pests , e.g. , roaches , flies , moths , bed bugs , silverfish , earwigs , etc . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Steve Jacobs ( 2009 ) . House Centipede ( PDF ) . Pennsylvania State University . Jump up ^ Ricks , Winston . `` Scutigera Coleoptrata '' . Animal Diversity . Animal Diversity . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Jacobs ( 2006 ) . `` House Centipedes '' . Jump up ^ `` Centipedes : Chilopoda -- House Centipede ( Scutigera coleoptrata ) : Species Accounts '' . 2004 . Jump up ^ Walter Ebeling . `` Chapter 9 , Part 1 : Spiders and Ants '' . Urban Entomology . University of California . pp. 323 -- 353 . ISBN 0 - 931876 - 19 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis ( 2007 ) , pp. 185 -- 186 . Jump up ^ E.I. Faúndez ( 2011 ) . `` On the presence of Scutigera coleoptrata ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) ( Chilopoda : Scutigeromorpha : Scutigeridae ) in the Metropolitan Region , Chile '' . Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa. 49 : 336 . Jump up ^ Weekes , John ( December 4 , 2011 ) . `` Centipedes spawn fear and loathing in suburbs '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Victor Benno Meyer - Rochow , Carsten H.G. Müller & Magnus Lindström ( 2006 ) . `` Spectral sensitivity of the eye of Scutigera coleoptrata ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) ( Chilopoda : Scutigeromorpha : Scutigeridae ) '' . Applied Entomology and Zoology. 41 ( 1 ) : 117 -- 122 . doi : 10.1303 / aez. 2006.117 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2007 ) , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Richard Fox ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Scutigera coleoptrata '' . Lander University . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Enrico Negrisolo , Alessandro Minelli & Giorgio Valle ( 2004 ) . `` The mitochondrial genome of the house centipede Scutigera and the monophyly versus paraphyly of myriapods '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 ( 4 ) : 770 -- 780 . doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msh078 . PMID 14963096 . Jump up ^ Eric R. Eaton ( 2007 ) . Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America . HMCo Field Guides . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 15310 - 1 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey K. Barnes ( 2003 ) . `` House Centipede '' . Bibliography ( edit ) J.G.E. Lewis ( 2007 ) . The Biology of Centipedes . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 23413 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scutigera coleoptrata . Arthropods portal House Centipede Fact Sheet R. Wicks ( 2001 ) . `` Scutigera coleoptrata '' . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q367643 Wikispecies : Scutigera coleoptrata BugGuide : 25 EoL : 1033083 EPPO : SCUICO Fauna Europaea : 376512 GBIF : 5179027 iNaturalist : 49552 IRMNG : 10049592 ITIS : 913704 NBN : NBNSYS0000011447 NCBI : 29022 NZOR : f25ade9c - 871f - 4a82 - b71f - a6d6faf6ed7e Plazi : AAD161CC - 0597 - 29AD - DB9E - 8D19E147D048 WoRMS : 394580 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scutigera_coleoptrata&oldid=846446716 '' Categories : Scutigeromorpha Pest insects biological control agents Urban animals Animals described in 1758 Myriapods of Europe Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Български Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 20 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
bug that looks like a centipede with long legs
[ "Scutigera coleoptrata – one of several species commonly known as the house centipede or \"hundred-legged\" – is a typically yellowish-grey centipede with up to 15 pairs of legs. Originating in the Mediterranean region, the species has spread to other parts of the world, where it can live in human homes.[1] It is an insectivore; it kills and eats other arthropods, such as insects and arachnids.[2]" ]
[ "Scutigera coleoptrata" ]
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Deadliest Catch
Deadliest Catch - wikipedia Deadliest Catch Jump to : navigation , search For the Lower Than Atlantis song , see World Record ( Lower Than Atlantis album ) . Deadliest Catch Season 12 title card Created by Thom Beers Narrated by US : Mike Rowe UK : Bill Petrie Opening theme `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' by Bon Jovi Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 217 , plus : Specials : 13 After the Catch : 30 The Bait : 17 On Deck : 23 Decked : 3 ( as of August 8 , 2014 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 40 -- 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Original Productions FremantleMedia Image Entertainment Distributor Discovery Communications Debmar - Mercury Release Original network Discovery Channel Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release April 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 12 ) -- present External links Website Deadliest Catch is a documentary television series produced by Original Productions for the Discovery Channel . It portrays the real life events aboard fishing vessels in the Bering Sea during the Alaskan king crab , opilio crab and bairdi crab fishing seasons . The Aleutian Islands port of Dutch Harbor , Alaska , is the base of operations for the fishing fleet . The show 's title derives from the inherent high risk of injury or death associated with the work . Deadliest Catch premiered on the Discovery Channel on April 12 , 2005 , and currently airs in over 200 countries . The first season consisted of ten episodes , with the finale airing on June 14 , 2005 . Subsequent seasons have aired on the same April to June or July schedule every year since the original 2005 season . The 13th season premiered on April 10 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Narration 1.2 Changes required for parental guidance ratings 2 Production 2.1 Technical 2.2 Filming 2.2. 1 Personal and sensitive situations 2.2. 2 The death of Captain Phil Harris 3 Subject matter 3.1 Dangers of commercial fishing 3.2 Rationalization : derby vs. quota 3.3 Society of Fishermen 4 Theme music 5 Vessels 5.1 Featured fishing vessels 5.2 Formerly featured fishing vessels 5.3 Fishing vessels with no embedded film crew 5.4 Non-fishing vessels 6 Episodes 7 Awards 8 Related extras 8.1 Pilots 8.2 Specials 8.2. 1 After the Catch 8.2. 2 The Bait 8.2. 3 On Deck 8.2. 4 Decked 8.2. 5 MythBusters Crabtastic Special 8.2. 6 How It 's Made Deadliest Catch Edition 8.3 Books 8.4 Video games 9 Spin - off 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Format ( edit ) The featured captains of Deadliest Catch as of season 6 . Left to right : Phil Harris of F / V Cornelia Marie ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) , Keith Colburn of F / V Wizard ( seasons 3 -- present ) , Johnathan Hillstrand of F / V Time Bandit ( seasons 2 -- present ) , Sig Hansen of F / V Northwestern ( seasons 1 -- present ) , and Andy Hillstrand of F / V Time Bandit ( seasons 2 -- present ) The series follows life on `` the vast Bering Sea '' aboard various crab fishing boats during two of the crab fishing seasons , the October king crab season and the January opilio crab ( C. opilio ; often referred to as `` snow crab '' or `` opies '' ) season . The show emphasizes the dangers on deck to the fishermen ( and the Discovery Channel camera crews recording their work ) as crews duck heavy crab pots swinging into position , maneuver hundreds of pounds of crab across a deck strewn with hazards ( i.e. , holding tank hatches , uneven surfaces , maintenance access plates , wet decks ) , and lean over the rails to position pots for launch or retrieval as galeforce winds and high waves constantly lash the deck . The series also documents the dangers of being on a boat in the Bering Sea , in the midst of some of the coldest and stormiest waters on earth , where even a minor problem may become complex or even catastrophic with the nearest port often hundreds of miles away . Each episode focuses on a story , situation or theme that occurs on one or more boats , while side stories delve into the backgrounds and activities of one or two crew members , particularly the `` greenhorns '' ( rookie crew members ) on several boats . The fleet 's captains are featured prominently , highlighting their camaraderie with their fellow captains and relationships with their crews , as well as their competition with other boats in the hunt for crab . Common themes include friendly rivalries among the captains ( particularly between Sig Hansen of the Northwestern , and Johnathan and Andy Hillstrand of the Time Bandit ) , the familial ties throughout the fleet ( brothers Sig , Norm , and Edgar Hansen , who own the Northwestern ; the Hillstrand brothers and Johnathan 's son Scott on the Time Bandit ; brothers Keith and Monte Colburn of the Wizard ) , the stresses of life on the Bering Sea , and the high burnout rate among greenhorns . Because Alaskan crab fishing is one of the most dangerous jobs in the world , the U.S. Coast Guard rescue squads stationed at Integrated Support Command Kodiak ( Kodiak , Alaska ) and their outpost on St. Paul Island , near the northern end of the crab fishing grounds , are frequently shown rescuing crab boat crew members who fall victim to the harsh conditions on the Bering Sea . The USCG rescue squad was featured prominently during the episodes surrounding the loss of F / V Big Valley in January 2005 , the loss of F / V Ocean Challenger in October 2006 , and the loss of F / V Katmai in October 2008 . Original Productions keeps a camera crew stationed with the Coast Guard during the filming of the show . Narration ( edit ) The show has no on - camera host . A narrator provides commentary connecting the storylines as the show shifts from one boat to another . Discovery Channel voice artist Mike Rowe narrates the action for North American airings ; UK voice artist Bill Petrie , reading from a slightly altered script , offers a regionally familiar accent for a British audience , and Nasir Bilal Khan provides the voice for the episodes aired in Malaysia . The show transitions between boats using a mock - up radar screen that shows the positions of the boats relative to one another and to the two ends of the fishing grounds , St. Paul Island to the north and Dutch Harbor to the south . Rowe was originally supposed to be the on - camera host as well and he appeared in taped footage as himself during the first season of shooting . As filming of the first season was nearing completion , Discovery greenlighted production on another Rowe project , Dirty Jobs , under the condition that Rowe choose only one show on which to appear on camera . As Rowe relates the story , Discovery told him that the two shows would be airing back - to - back on the same night , thus , `` We ca n't have you telling us stories about six dead fishermen on camera and making a fart joke with your arm in a cow 's ass . '' Most of the footage Rowe shot during the first season became part of the first season 's `` Behind the Scenes '' episode . After the third season of Deadliest Catch , Rowe began hosting a post-season behind - the - scenes miniseries entitled After the Catch , a roundtable discussion featuring the captains relating their experiences filming the preceding season 's episodes . A season 3 episode of Dirty Jobs ( 2007 - 2008 ) saw Rowe return to Alaska to take part in a job tangentially related to the fishing industry -- diesel fuel spill cleanup . Another episode that same season featured Rowe at work on board the F / V Legacy doing trawl fishing and at - sea shellfish and other seafood processing , during which Rowe made numerous references to the crab fishing of Deadliest Catch . Changes required for parental guidance ratings ( edit ) Because Deadliest Catch is essentially a filmed record of everyday life in a stressful working environment , the producers have to censor gestures and language deemed inappropriate for television audiences . For example , under the U.S. Television Ratings system , Deadliest Catch is rated TV - 14 with inappropriate language ( `` L '' ) as a highlighted concern . For visual disguise of such items as finger gestures , bloody injuries , or non-featured crew member anonymity , the producers use the traditional pixelization or simple blurring . However , due to the sheer volume of profanities used in the course of everyday crew member conversation , the producers occasionally employ alternate methods of censoring profanities , using sound effects such as a ship 's horn , the `` clang '' of a hatch door , or a burst of radio static in place of the traditional `` bleep '' . Production ( edit ) Technical ( edit ) The Behind the Scenes special provided insight on how the program is produced . A two - person TV crew lives on each boat profiled . They use handheld Sony HVR - Z5U and HVR - Z7U HDV cameras to shoot most of the series ( one on the main deck , one in the wheelhouse ) . Additional footage is provided by four stationary cameras that are permanently mounted around the ship and are constantly recording . Shots from vantage points outside the boat are accomplished through a variety of methods , including the use of a helicopter for footage near the harbor and a cameraman on a chase boat ( in season 1 , the main chase boat was the Time Bandit ) . The crew also makes use of underwater cameras , including one attached to a crab pot for a `` crab 's eye view '' of the pot being retrieved in season 2 , one mounted in the main crab tank on the Northwestern beginning in season 2 , and one mounted to a submersible watercraft beginning in season 3 . The Season 9 `` Behind the Lens '' special shows two more filming methods : divers near the boats ( and on the bottom of Dutch Harbor for the king crab fleet departure ) , and a helicopter with a belly - mounted turret camera ( same as that used to film scenes in Skyfall ) . Because of a lack of space on the boats , the crews do not have an audio mixer . Audio is recorded using wireless microphones worn by the fishermen and shotgun microphones attached to the cameras . In audio post production , the sound team attempts to use actual sounds that were recorded on the boats . Although the equipment is carefully waterproofed , the cameras are routinely damaged by corrosion , ice and accidents . Sig Hansen , captain of the Northwestern , serves as a technical advisor to the series ' producers . Filming ( edit ) Shooting episodes of Deadliest Catch is a dangerous occupation for the camera crews on board the boats . In the early seasons , when many of the camera crews had little or no experience on crab boats , they frequently ran into dangers not normally encountered when shooting a documentary . Northwestern captain Sig Hansen told talk show host Jimmy Kimmel that he saved a cameraman 's life during the first season , screaming at him to get out of the way just seconds before a 900 - pound crab pot swinging from a crane crossed the space where the cameraman was standing . In another incident , showcased on the behind the scenes special , an inattentive cameraman had his leg fall through an open hatch on the deck of one of the boats when he unwittingly stepped into the hole , suffering three broken ribs ( and , according to the cameraman , having to buy a case of beer for the entire crew as per tradition on crab boats ) . Personal and sensitive situations ( edit ) Interactions between the film crew and the fishermen appear in the show occasionally . During an episode of season 4 , Wizard captain Keith Colburn demanded that cameras be turned off when he got into a heated argument with his brother Monte . The cameras were turned off , but the Colburns neglected to remove their wireless mics and the subsequent exchange was recorded and featured in the episode . Also in season 4 , Cornelia Marie Captain Phil Harris asked the cameraman filming him not to tell anyone else about his injuries , for fear it would stall his fishing . Later on , crew member and later acting captain Murray Gamrath , concerned for Phil 's well - being , asked a cameraman to keep an eye on him and to report any problem . During season 5 , the camera crew on the Northwestern were requested not to film crew member Jake Anderson being informed of his sister 's death , which the camera crew honored . On September 28 , 2010 , it was reported that three of the principal captains featured throughout the series ' run , the brothers Andy and Johnathan Hillstrand and Sig Hansen , would not return to the show due to litigation initiated by Discovery Communications involving the Hillstrands . On October 8 , 2010 , it was announced that the three captains had reached an agreement with Discovery and would return for the seventh season . The death of captain Phil Harris ( edit ) On January 29 , 2010 , as Original Productions ' crews shot footage for season 6 of the Cornelia Marie offloading C. opilio crab at St. Paul Island , Captain Phil Harris , who had earlier complained of being excessively tired , went to his stateroom to retrieve pain medicines and collapsed . Second - year Engineer Steve Ward discovered him on the floor of his stateroom , conscious but unable to move his left leg or his left hand . Ward immediately got Phil 's sons Josh and Jake to come to his stateroom while he called for paramedics . According to Thom Beers , producer and creator of Deadliest Catch , Harris insisted that the camera crews continue to film him . `` We want to remember Phil as who he was , '' Beers told Zap2it.com writer Kate O'Hare . `` We want to remember all the dynamics , but at the same time the guy was insistent when we were doing this , saying , ' Dude , you 've got to . We 've got to have an end to the story ( about the strength and resiliency of familial bonds , especially the father / son bond ) . You want to film this , film this . ' '' Beers said he honored Harris ' wishes and continued to shoot as Harris was airlifted to Anchorage , Alaska , where doctors performed emergency brain surgery to relieve the pressure building up in the cranial vault and avoid further brain damage . Harris spent eleven days in ICU before succumbing to complications from his stroke on February 9 , 2010 . The Soul Rebels Brass Band performed a New Orleans style Jazz Funeral for the late Captain Phil Harris on After The Catch . Subject matter ( edit ) Main article : Alaskan king crab fishing Dangers of commercial fishing ( edit ) Commercial fishing has long been considered one of the most dangerous jobs in America . In 2006 , the Bureau of Labor Statistics ranked commercial fishing as the job occupation with the highest fatality rate with 141.7 per 100,000 , almost 75 % higher than the fatality rate for pilots , flight engineers and loggers , the next most hazardous occupations . However , Alaskan king crab fishing is considered even more dangerous than the average commercial fishing job , due to the conditions on the Bering Sea during the seasons they fish for crab . According to the pilot episode , the death rate during the main crab seasons averages out to nearly one fisherman per week , while the injury rate for crews on most crab boats is nearly 100 % due to the severe weather conditions ( frigid gales , rogue waves , ice formations on and around the boat ) and the danger of working with such heavy machinery on a constantly rolling boat deck . Alaskan king crab fishing reported over 300 fatalities per 100,000 as of 2005 , with over 80 % of those deaths caused by drowning or hypothermia . Rationalization : derby vs. quota ( edit ) The series ' first season was shot during the final year of the derby style king crab fishery . The subsequent seasons have been set after the change to a quota system as part of a process known as `` rationalization '' . Under the old derby style , a large number of crews competed with each other to catch crab during a restrictive time window . Under the new Individual Fishing Quota ( IFQ ) system , established owners , such as those shown on the series , have been given quotas which they can fill at a more relaxed pace . In theory , it is intended to be safer , which was the main rationale for the change in the fishing rules . The transition to the quota system was also expected to increase the value of crab , by limiting the market of available crab . An influx of foreign crab negated some of these gains during the 2006 season . The rationalization process put many crews out of work because the owners of many small boats found their assigned quotas too small to meet operating expenses . During the first season run under the IFQ system , the fleet shrank from over 250 boats to about 89 larger boats with high quotas . Society of fishermen ( edit ) One of the series ' main features is the portrayal of the harsh life at sea , including the behavior and mannerisms of the fishermen who are engaged in a very dangerous lifestyle with little tolerance for low performance or ineptitude . Several of the series ' shows have featured `` greenhorn '' fishermen who are usually the brunt of harsh criticism and sometimes bullying by veteran deckhands . In one case , a new fisherman entered a ship 's bridge to berate his captain for what he saw as unfair comments ( the fisherman was fired as soon as the ship returned to port ) . Another filmed incident was a fight on board the fishing vessel Wizard in which a greenhorn sailor sucker punched a veteran fisherman who had been engaged in harassment and bullying . Again , the greenhorn was fired as soon as the ship hit port , leading to mixed reactions by fans of the show . Theme music ( edit ) The opening theme for the U.S. TV airings is `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' by Bon Jovi . An instrumental excerpt is used in the opening credits for specials and the On Deck expanded episodes . The song is not used on the official DVD releases nor in the European version of the show . Early commercials featured a song by Cue11 ( A company that makes commercials ) `` Run To You '' that only existed as a short snippet . Discovery , noticing great attention on their forums , asked Cue11 to create a full length version of the song featuring an 18 year old named Amanda . Commercials for season 3 shown on the Discovery Channel family of networks featured an updated and faster version of the hit Styx song `` Come Sail Away '' , performed by the punk rock cover band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes . Commercials for Season 7 featured the song `` Ai n't No Grave '' , by Johnny Cash . Incidental music used in the episodes themselves is provided by Amygdala Music , a music production group run by Leslie Beers , wife of Deadliest Catch creator / producer Thom Beers . Bruce Hanifan was credited as composer for the first seven seasons of Deadliest Catch and has also composed the incidental music for many other Thom Beers projects . The musical themes he created have been used in the show since the beginning . In addition to incidental music , entire compositions written and performed by well - known recording artists are also added as `` episode themes . '' An example would be the song `` Always a Rebel , '' written , performed , and produced by folk - rock recording artist Vinnie James , at the request of the show 's producer , Matt Renner , when the two met in Dutch Harbor during the filming of the 2008 season of Deadliest Catch . The song appeared as the theme track to `` The Final Hour , '' which was the season finale for the 2008 season . Lines of the song were inspired by accounts of life on the Bering Sea by Josh Harris of the Cornelia Marie and series director of photography Zac McFarlane . The song `` Between '' by singer / songwriter Vienna Teng was used on a few episodes during season 2 . The final four minutes of the season 6 episode `` Redemption Day '' features Johnny Cash 's rendition of Sheryl Crow 's `` Redemption Day '' ; the song plays over a montage of the crab vessels fighting through a massive Arctic squall and of Josh Harris sitting in a waiting room with friends as doctors struggle to revive Phil Harris , whose health has suddenly taken a turn for the worse . As Josh calls his brother Jake to deliver the news that `` we lost Dad , dude '' , the song 's final chorus -- `` Freedom '' -- repeats solemnly four times and fades out over a simple shot of the Bering Sea raging . The instrumental version of the song was used on Discovery Canada . Vessels ( edit ) The show is shot aboard various fishing vessels , some of which change from season to season . Featured fishing vessels ( edit ) Fishing Vessel Captain Deadliest Catch Season ( s ) After the Catch The Bait Brenna A Sean Dwyer 12 , 13 , 14 Cornelia Marie Phil Harris 1 ( Opilio season ) , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ( start of King Crab season , Opilio season ) , 6 ( King Crab season , start of Opilio season ) 1 , 2 , 3 Murray Gamrath 4 ( End of Opilio season ) , 5 ( King Crab season ) Derrick Ray 6 ( End of Opilio season ) , 7 ( King Crab season ) 5 Tony Lara 7 ( Opilio season ) Josh Harris 9 ( Opilio season finale ) , 10 ( Opilio season ) , 11 , 12 , 14 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ( as a deckhand ) 1 , 2 Casey McManus 10 ( Opilio season ) , 11 , 12 , 14 Northwestern Sig Hansen Pilot , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 1 , 2 Edgar Hansen 9 ( Blue King Crab season , End of Opilio season ) , 10 and 12 ( Bairdi season ) , 13 ( End of Opilio season ) , 14 ( Bairdi season ) 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ( as a deckhand ) 1 , 2 Saga Roger Strong Pilot , 1 ( Opilio season ) Elliott Neese 9 , 10 , 11 ( King Crab season ) 1 , 2 Jake Anderson 11 ( Opilio season ) , 12 , 13 , 14 Summer Bay Bill `` Wild Bill '' Wichrowski 13 , 14 Wizard Keith Colburn 3 ( King Crab season ) , 4 , 5 , 6 ( King Crab season ) , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 1 , 2 Monte Colburn 3 ( Opilio season ) , 6 ( Bairdi season ) , 8 ( End of Opilio season ) , 9 ( End of Opilio season ) , 10 ( Bairdi season ) ^ 1 Harris was forced to leave during the C. opilio season in season 4 due to what turned out to be a pulmonary embolism , and his medical issues prevented him from going out during the king crab portion of season 5 . Murray Gamrath relieved him as captain in both seasons . A camera crew stayed with Harris both when he was hospitalized in season 4 and after his forced departure at the start of season 5 . He continued to make occasional appearances during season 5 . Harris suffered a massive stroke on January 29 , 2010 , during filming of the C. opilio season for season 6 and died on February 9 , 2010 , from complications . Derrick Ray took over as captain for the remainder of the season . ^ 2 The F / V Time Bandit can be seen in the background of the behind the scenes episode serving as the main chase vessel during season 1 , though she is never officially identified during the season itself . ^ 3 Following emergency propeller and shaft replacements on the Time Bandit , Andy turned over the helm to Johnathan for the final Opilio run of Season 10 . Formerly featured fishing vessels ( edit ) Fishing Vessel Captain Deadliest Catch Season ( s ) After the Catch The Bait Aleutian Ballad Jerry `` Corky '' Tilley 2 , 3 Arctic Dawn Ole Helgevold Pilot Big Valley Gary Edwards 1 ( Opilio season ) Billikin Jeff Weeks 1 ( Opilio season ) Cape Caution Bill `` Wild Bill '' Wichrowski 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 1 , 2 Early Dawn Allen Oakley Rick Fehst Erla - N Bing Henkel Pilot Farwest Leader Greg Moncrief Fierce Allegiance Tony LaRussa Pilot , 1 ( King Crab season ) Incentive Harry Lewis 5 ( Opilio season ) Kiska Sea Mike Wilson 9 ( Opilio season ) , 10 ( start of Opilio season ) Kodiak Bill `` Wild Bill '' Wichrowski 6 , 7 , 8 5 , 6 Murray Gamrath 10 Lady Alaska Pete Liske 1 ( Opilio season ) Lisa Marie Wade Henley 5 ( King Crab season ) Lucky Lady Vince Shavender 1 ( King Crab season ) Maverick Rick Quashnick 1 ( Opilio season ) , 2 , 3 ( Opilio season ) Blake Painter 3 ( King Crab season ) North American Sten Skaar Ramblin ' Rose Elliott Neese 7 , 8 5 , 6 Retriever Jim Stone 1 ( Opilio season ) Rollo Eric Nyhammer Seabrooke Scott `` Jr . '' Campbell 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 5 , 6 1 , 2 Brad Petefish 10 ( King Crab season , Bairdi season ) Sea Star Larry Hendricks Pilot , 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 ( chase boat ) 1 , 2 , 3 Time Bandit Johnathan Hillstrand ( King Crab and Bairdi seasons ) Andy Hillstrand ( Opilio season ) 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 1 , 2 Trailblazer Wayne Baker 3 , 5 Vixen Shaun Miles 1 ( Opilio season ) Western Viking Coleman Anderson 1 ( King Crab season ) ^ 1 During shooting of the first season of Deadliest Catch , the F / V Big Valley sank on January 15 , 2005 , sometime after 0734 Alaska Standard Time when the Coast Guard first detected her EPIRB signal . Five members of the six man crew perished ; three were never found . Cache Seel was the only survivor . Discovery Channel camera crews on the Maverick and Cornelia Marie captured the first footage of the debris field , confirming that the boat had capsized and gone down . The search for the ship is featured in the episode `` Dead of Winter '' . ^ 2 Not to be confused with former Chicago White Sox , Oakland Athletics , and St. Louis Cardinals manager Tony La Russa . ^ 3 Nyhammer , captain of the F / V Rollo , served as a senior deckhand on the North American during the King crab portion of season 4 . ^ 4 The F / V Trailblazer was seen in the season 3 episodes `` Man Overboard ! '' and `` Cheating Death '' . She was also featured in the fifth season . ^ 5 The F / V Vixen did have a film crew on the boat ; none of the footage aired in the U.S. version , but did air in some of the international editions . Fishing vessels with no embedded film crew ( edit ) Fishing Vessel Event Season ( s ) Alaska Mist At the end of 2013 King Crab season , this 166 - foot factory trawler suffered a mechanical failure they were unable to repair at sea , that left it drifting 172 miles northeast of Dutch Harbor , near Amak Island on November 11 , 2013 . USCG dispatched the cutter Waesche and helicopter 6005 for rescue of the ship and its 22 crew members . With two trips , the helicopter successfully rescued 11 non-essential crew members ( as shown in `` Lost at Sea '' ) , while Waesche towed the vessel and the remaining 11 essential crew members to safety . Waesche lost PO3 Travis Obendorf on December 18 , 2013 to a fatal head injury suffered in the rescue attempt . 10 Alaska Ranger Took on water in her rudder room and stern and sank on March 23 , 2008 . The forty - seven people on board were forced into the water ; all but five were rescued . Alaskan Leader Called Coast Guard when crewmember suffered heart attack . A nighttime rescue attempt by a Coast Guard helicopter was unsuccessful , and had to abort . A second rescue attempt the next day was successful . The deckhand , Chad Smith , 40 , was medivaced to Anchorage via Saint Paul , and ultimately survived . 6 Alaskan Monarch Ran aground at St. Paul Island due to ice in 1990 . All of the crew was saved , but the boat was destroyed . 2 , 3 Aleutian Beauty Crab - fishing vessel that rescued the crew of the Western Venture . Crew - recorded cell phone video showed the fire damage to the Western Venture in greater detail : only the port - side structure was still intact . 10 Amatuli Chase boat , shown in behind the scenes / lens specials . 7 ( sp ) , 9 ( sp ) American Star Caught fire and ran aground in January 2000 ; all five crewmen plus one dog were rescued . Arctic Hunter 93 - foot crab - fishing vessel that ran aground and took on water about 2 miles outside of Dutch Harbor . The six - man crew abandoned ship into their life raft , and were rescued by Captain Elliott Neese and the Saga , the closest rescue - capable ship . The rescue was complicated due to the shallow bottom , which the Saga hit with no apparent damage , and two attempts to tie the rescue line to the life raft . The successful tie - off was accomplished by Elliott 's father , Mike Neese . 10 Beauty Bay Fisherman medivaced by Coast Guard MH - 60 Jayhawk after suffering hand injury from fish grinder . 9 Big Valley Sank at the start of the 2005 C. opilio season ; five of six crew died . Coast Guard investigation later determined that the boat was severely overloaded , carrying 30 % more pots than normal , causing her to capsize during a storm the morning of January 15 , 2005 . Blue Gadus Fishing vessel that required a crewman medivac by a USCG helicopter because of a pulmonary embolism ; the basket rescue was complicated by 30 - foot seas and 100 - knot winds . 10 Carly Renee Cod fishing vessel , capsized and partially sank 22 miles from Dutch Harbor at start of 2009 King Crab season ; four - man crew abandoned ship and rescued by a `` good samaritan vessel '' , the Guardian . The Carly Renee eventually ran aground on a nearby island and was left for junk . 6 Destination Crab fishing vessel , sank due to unknown reasons at beginning of 2017 opilio season . All six crew presumed dead . The season 13 episode `` Lost at Sea '' was filmed at the time of the incident and is when the Deadliest Catch crew hear the news , was first aired on August 22 , 2017 . Initially all that was found were a few buoys and oil slick indicative of a vessel sinking . The more comprehensive search , completed later that summer , found the vessel in approximately 250 feet of water . Discovery and the Cast and Crew are still giving their condolences to the families of the lost crew . 13 Foremost Sverre Hansen 's predecessor to the Northwestern . This crab - fishing vessel sank in April 1977 due to a slack tank causing it to capsize . The four - man crew survived , and Sverre commissioned the building of Northwestern to address the stability problems Foremost had with its water tanks . Foremost was first briefly alluded to in the Season 8 episode `` Release the Beast '' ( and later in After the Catch VI , episode 5 ) , when Edgar discovered a water - level alarm malfunction caused a slack tank on the Northwestern , and he and Sig recalled that 's what sank their father 's previous boat . Edgar caught the problem in time , repaired the alarm and pumped the excess water from the tank , before a deck full of stacked pots and hold full of crab could cause it to capsize en route to the processor . 8 , 10 ( sp ) Galaxy Caught fire at sea during 2002 king crab season . All 23 crew members were rescued by Coast Guard ; three men later died from injuries sustained during the fire . Guardian Rescued 4 - man crew of the Carly Renee after they abandoned ship . 6 Icy Mist Took on water and grounded on western shore of Akutan Island ; four - man crew evacuated to shore and rescued by Coast Guard . 5 Jennifer A Partner boat of Time Bandit . Pranked by Time Bandit with a flour pot during the season 3 wrap - up . Katmai A head and gut fishing vessel capsized and sank in the Aleutian Islands early in the morning on Wednesday , October 22 , 2008 . Only four of the 11 crew members were saved ; two were never found . One of the survivors , the vessel 's captain , appears on After the Catch 3 . 5 Kodiak Assisted the Saga when by giving them on of their spare hydraulic lines when one of the Saga 's lines in the block breaks and they are unable to find their spare . 14 Master Carl Sank in April 1976 returning home from tanner crab season . All four crew members abandoned ship and made it into the life raft , but only two were found alive . Nuka Island Hit by large rogue wave north of St. Paul Island , temporarily disabled . 5 Ocean Challenger Four - man crew abandoned ship as boat capsized and took on water in October 2006 . One survivor ; two bodies found ; one body lost . Debris field , EPIRB , and an empty life raft found along with an empty survival suit indicated vessel ultimately sank . Rescue efforts were featured in the season 3 episodes `` A Tragic Beginning '' and `` The Unforgiving Sea '' . Prowler Injured crewman medivaced by USCGC Munro . 10 Raven Capsized . All crew rescued by Coast Guard . Later towed to Dutch Harbor and repaired . pilot Roaming McGee Built in the early 1980s , this craft was seen briefly at the docks in the season 3 episode `` The Hammer and Ice '' . Rosie G Sank in 1997 . Six - man crew escaped in a life raft and were rescued by the Coast Guard . Sea Rover Assisted in the search for Big Valley . Sandra Five Jake Anderson was transferred to Sandra Five from Northwestern to go to Saint Paul Island so he could fly home to his family after his sister died . 5 Shaman Man fell overboard while on the pot stack in 2004 and drowned . pilot St. Patrick Took a 90 degree list and took on water in engine compartment in December 1981 . Eleven - man crew tied themselves together and leapt into the sea when the life boat was lost . Only two men survived . It was later discovered that the boat had righted herself after the crew abandoned ship ; the vessel was found adrift by the Coast Guard and towed into port still afloat before she finally sank while moored in port . Sultan Man fell overboard and drowned , becoming the sixth fatality within the first 24 hours of the 2005 opilio season . Trailblazer Man fell overboard while tying pot stacks in October 2006 ; rescued by Time Bandit . Western Venture Western Venture , as Sig Hansen said , was a 59 - foot fishing vessel he thought he knew . It was destroyed by an engine fire 60 nautical miles west of Adak early in the shortened 2013 King crab season . The five - man crew abandoned ship and activated its EPIRB . Coast Guard helicopter 6005 and a C - 130 Hercules were dispatched for search - and - rescue . The C - 130 arrived at the vessel 's last known position a half - hour before the helicopter , recorded video of the vessel on fire , and saw that all five crew were in their life raft . Crab - fishing vessel Aleutian Beauty was the closest craft to the scene , and successfully rescued the Western Venture crew from their life raft . 10 Unidentified vessel Shadowed the Wizard and was accused of tampering with the Wizard 's pots . The vessel is shown on screen but its markings are digitally obscured . The vessel was later identified as the F / V Paragon of Seattle , WA . Non-fishing vessels ( edit ) Vessel name / Type Event Season ( s ) USCGC Acushnet ( U.S. Coast Guard cutter ) Assisted in the search and rescue efforts when the Katmai sank . 5 USCGC Bertholf ( U.S. Coast Guard cutter ) Conducted an at - sea boarding of the Northwestern . Misidentified as `` Bertoff '' in caption of radio transmission . 9 Cougar Ace ( Pure Car Carrier ) Rolled over during ballast exchange operations off the Aleutian Islands , and was towed into Dutch Harbor in the first episode of Season 3 Ever Unique ( Containership ) Crewmember critically injured with a broken neck and smashed leg , medivaced by Coast Guard rescue helicopter . 7 Independence ( processor ) Offloaded the opilio from the Time Bandit , anchored at St. Paul in the middle of a dangerous ice pack . Island Enterprise ( processor ) Crewmember medivaced by United States Coast Guard rescue helicopter . USCGC Midgett ( U.S. Coast Guard cutter ) Conducted an at - sea boarding of the Rollo . USCGC Munro ( U.S. Coast Guard cutter ) Assisted in search and rescue efforts when the Ocean Challenger sank . In the Season 10 finale , Munro participated in a medical evacuation of an injured crewmember off the Prowler . Munro used Wizard Captain Keith Colburn to demonstrate other rescue techniques in The Bait 2 season finale . 3 , 10 ; The Bait 2 . Ocean Phoenix ( processor ) Crewmember medivaced by United States Coast Guard rescue helicopter . 10 MV Overseas Joyce ( U.S. - flag Pure Car Carrier ) Witnessed sinking of Ocean Challenger , unable to render aid . Stellar Sea ( processor ) Suffered an engine room fire at the start of the opilio season , forcing the crab boat crews to suspend fishing or look for bairdi crab . Towed back to Dutch Harbor and repaired . P / V Stimson ( Alaska Marine Enforcement Section Patrol Vessel ) Assisted in search and rescue efforts when the Big Valley sank , and recovered a crew member 's body . USCGC Waesche ( U.S. Coast Guard cutter ) Conducted an at - sea boarding of the Time Bandit for a spot inspection of safety gear at the start of 2013 King Crab season ; identified on radio transmissions only as `` Cutter 751 '' . At the end of the 2013 King Crab season , they also assisted in rescue of the Alaska Mist crew , and were more prominently identified in footage and radio transmissions . 10 Westward Wind ( processor ) Processor for the Cornelia Marie , anchored at Dutch Harbor for king crab off load 2 , 4 & 5 ^ 1 Instead of footage of USCGC Acushnet ( WMEC - 167 ) being shown , footage of USCGC Alex Haley ( WMEC - 39 ) was shown . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Deadliest Catch episodes As of the end of season 5 in 2009 , a total of 69 episodes of Deadliest Catch have been shown , not counting the pilot series America 's Deadliest Season , which had four episodes . The show draws consistently high ratings for Discovery Channel ; season 3 attracted more than 49 million viewers over the course of the season and over 3 million viewers per first - run episode , making it one of 2007 's most successful programs on cable TV . Overall ratings for season 6 exceeded season 5 's by more than 10 % ; as a result , Deadliest Catch regularly wins its U.S. prime time telecast timeslot ( Tuesdays , 9 : 00 - 10 : 00 p.m. EST ) . Ratings for the season opener `` Slow Burn '' drew a record 4.6 million viewers ; on June 22 , 2010 , `` Blown Off Course '' , the first of five episodes that dealt with Phil Harris 's stroke and its impact , drew 5.2 million viewers , more than 10 % over `` Slow Burn '' . On July 13 , 2010 , the episode `` Redemption Day '' , which dealt with the death of Harris at its close , set another record audience for the show with 8.5 million viewers , making the episode the third-most - viewed broadcast in Discovery Channel 's history . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Deadliest Catch was `` most popular in areas that are rural , cold and close to the sea , particularly Alaska and Maine '' . Awards ( edit ) Deadliest Catch was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards for the 2007 television season . The series itself was nominated for Outstanding Nonfiction Series ; the third - season episode `` The Unforgiving Sea '' received nominations for Outstanding Cinematography For Nonfiction Programming , Outstanding Picture Editing For Nonfiction Programming , and Outstanding Sound Mixing For Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-camera ) . In 2012 , the series won two of its three Emmy nominations for the eighth - season episode `` I Do n't Wanna Die '' . The show was nominated for one Primetime Emmy Award for the 2016 television season at the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards ceremony . Related extras ( edit ) Pilots ( edit ) The show was created as a regular series after two well - received pilots about Alaskan crabbing were produced by Thom Beers for the Discovery Channel . The first pilot was a one - hour documentary entitled Deadliest Job in the World , which appeared in 1999 . The show , which started with the sinking of the Rosie G ( 5 on board , all rescued alive ) , followed the Fierce Allegiance through the 1999 opilio crab season . The second pilot was a three - part miniseries entitled America 's Deadliest Season , which premiered on July 18 , 2004 , and covered the 2003 - 04 king and opilio crab seasons . The miniseries followed the vessels Northwestern , Erla - N and Sea Star during king crab , and Erla - N , Saga and Arctic Dawn during opilio crab . The series also features several crises , including the half - capsized Raven ( 5 on board , all rescued alive ) , man - overboard calls from Shaman ( recovered dead ) and Saga ( greenhorn Kevin Davis , rescued alive ) , and the constant threat of cold water and freezing spray . Beers did the voiceover narration for both series . Discovery picked up the show and ordered an 8 - episode season to premiere in 2005 . Beers turned the narration duties over to fellow Discovery Channel voice artist Mike Rowe , allowing Beers to continue working on new show development through his production company , Original Productions . Specials ( edit ) After the Catch ( edit ) See also : List of After The Catch episodes After the Catch is a roundtable documentary - style television mini-series that follows the captains from Deadliest Catch when they 're not fishing . The captains and crew members swap stories about the experiences and sights while fishing the Bering Sea . The spin - off series is produced in partnership with Original Productions and Silent Crow Arts . The first season aired in 2007 , filmed at the Lockspot Cafe , a bar in Seattle 's Ballard neighborhood , hosted by Deadliest Catch narrator Mike Rowe . After the Catch II aired in 2008 , filmed at Pratty 's Bar in Gloucester , Massachusetts and hosted by Rowe . The third season , titled After the Catch III , aired in 2009 and was filmed at RTs Longboard Bar and Grill in San Diego with Cash Cab 's Ben Bailey hosting . After the Catch IV aired in 2010 , and was filmed at the Blue Nile bar in New Orleans , with Rowe returning as host . The After the Catch miniseries was one of Discovery Channel 's highest rated miniseries in 2007 and spawned several additional after - the - series type follow - up documentaries such as Everest : After the Climb , the 2007 follow - up to Everest : Beyond the Limit . After the Catch VI was the last season of the post-fishing mini-series . Responding in part to a challenge - in - jest made late in the season by Mike Rowe to the Captains to host a show of their own , the format for Season 9 was changed to run throughout the season 's air dates . ( See The Bait below . ) The Bait ( edit ) See also : List of The Bait episodes The Bait is a `` pregame show '' roundtable documentary - style television mini-series that previews select episodes of Deadliest Catch since season 9 , filmed in Dutch Harbor , and hosted by Sig Hansen , Johnathan and Andy Hillstrand , and Keith Colburn , with narration by Deadliest Catch narrator Mike Rowe . The captains swap stories about the off - season and hints on what the viewers can expect in that night 's episode , with previews of the upcoming season in the king crab and opilio crab kickoffs . Regular features include `` The Hot Seat '' ( interview focused on one Captain or deckhand ) and questions from celebrity fans of the show . The spin - off series is produced in partnership with Original Productions and Silent Crow Arts . The first episode , `` Opening Day : King Crab '' , aired on April 16 , 2013 . On deck ( edit ) See also : List of On Deck episodes On Deck is an expanded episode of Deadliest Catch featuring previously unaired footage , production notes , facts , and on occasion , social media comments . On Deck debuted April 23 , 2013 , and paralleled Season 9 . Decked ( edit ) See also : List of Decked episodes Decked is a rebroadcast episode of Deadliest Catch featuring webcam CatchChat with one or more Captains between episode segments . MythBusters crabtastic special ( edit ) A 2013 episode of MythBusters featured Johnathan Hillstrand and Junior Campbell traveling to M5 Industries in San Francisco to help bust three myths related to crab fishing : that someone can get caught in a pot 's rope as it is dumped and be dragged to the bottom ( plausible ) , that 20 - minute naps every 6 hours can double effectiveness over a 30 - hour shift ( confirmed ) and that crab pots are impervious to explosives ( busted ) . How it 's made Deadliest Catch edition ( edit ) The Discovery / Science documentary program How It 's Made showed the production of oceanographic buoys , sushi , rubber boots and industrial wire ropes in this episode featuring items used in or connected with crab fishing ( although sushi seemed an odd choice ) . None of the captains , crew members or vessels appeared in the program . Books ( edit ) In April 2008 , Andy and Johnathan Hillstrand , co-captains of the Time Bandit , with Malcolm MacPherson , released a book titled Time Bandit : Two Brothers , the Bering Sea , and One of the World 's Deadliest Jobs ( ISBN 978 - 0345503725 ) on their experiences as crab fishermen . Also in April 2008 , Discovery Channel released the book Deadliest Catch : Desperate Hours ( ISBN 978 - 0696239427 ) . Edited by Larry Erikson , the book contains true stories of life and death at sea , as related by the captains and deckhands featured on the series . In December 2009 , Travis Arket , deckhand of the North American , released a book titled Deadliest Waters : Bering Sea Photography ( ISBN 978 - 1935359210 ) . This book is the first photography collection to be published about Bering Sea crab fishing , and includes many people from Deadliest Catch . In March 2010 , Sig Hansen , captain of the Northwestern , released the book North by Northwestern : A Seafaring Family on Deadly Alaskan Waters ( ISBN 978 - 0312591144 ) , co-written with author Mark Sundeen . The book details the Hansen family 's history and that of Norwegian Americans in the fishing industry of the Pacific Northwest . In April 2013 , Josh and Jake Harris released the book Captain Phil Harris : The Legendary Crab Fisherman , Our Hero , Our Dad ( ISBN 978 - 1451666045 ) , co-written with best - selling author Steve Springer and Blake Chavez . The book details the hard and fast life , and death of the hard - working Cornelia Marie crab fisherman , who was described as always openhearted and infectiously friendly , a devoted friend , a loving father , a steadfast captain , and a hero to audiences across America and around the world . Video Games ( edit ) In February 2008 , Sig Hansen and Liquid Dragon Studios announced the upcoming release of a video game for Xbox 360 and PC inspired by the Deadliest Catch series entitled Deadliest Catch : Alaskan Storm . Liquid Dragon designers spent time with the Hansens on the Northwestern in the safety of Dutch Harbor and out on the Bering Sea to give them a sense of the real conditions that needed to be duplicated in the game . The game itself features the Northwestern , Cornelia Marie , and Sea Star as crab boats that can be chosen by the player , along with the Bering Star and the Shellfish . On June 17 , 2008 , the game was released in stores around North America . A second game , titled Deadliest Catch : Sea of Chaos , was announced in June 2010 and released in November 2010 . It is developed by DoubleTap Games and published by Crave Entertainment . A mobile game developed by Tapinator , Inc. named Deadliest Catch : Seas of Fury , launched on July 13 , 2015 . Spin - off ( edit ) Discovery Communications created a spin - off called Deadliest Catch : Dungeon Cove , which premiered on the Discovery Channel on September 13 , 2016 . The series follows the lives of crab fisherman working off the coast of Newport , Oregon . See also ( edit ) Flying Wild Alaska Gold Rush ( TV series ) Great Lake Warriors Ice Pilots Ice Road Truckers Lobster Wars Lobstermen : Jeopardy at Sea Swords : Life On the Line Trawlermen Whale Wars Wicked Tuna References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Deadliest Catch ' Returns in April for 13th Season -- Details ! '' , yahoo.com , 13 March 2017 ( accessed 19 March 2017 ) Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( 21 June 2007 ) . `` Shock And Awe : The stars of the edutainment shows Survivorman , Deadliest Catch , and Dirty Jobs share jaw - dropping tales from their brave work '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ D Discovery Communications . `` Discovery Channel : : TV Listings : : Deadliest Catch '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Andersen , Asbjoern ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` This is how the dramatic sound of Discovery 's ' Deadliest Catch ' is created '' . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sig and Edgar Hansen on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on YouTube , aired April 27 , 2007 ; retrieved September 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Belloni , Matthew ( 2010 - 09 - 28 ) . `` ' Deadliest Catch ' stars quit the show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Fleeman , Mike ( 2010 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Captains Returning to Deadliest Catch after Dispute '' . People . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Kate ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Deadliest Catch : Thom Beers talks Jake , Josh , and Phil Harris family drama '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bresciani , Pompo . `` Jazz Funeral '' . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fatalities in the commercial fishing industry in Alaska '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Crab - Fishing 101 '' . Discovery.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ess , Charlie . `` Flood of Russian kings negates price gains expected with rationalization '' . National Fisherman . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Amy ( December 2005 ) . `` Alaska 's Crab Fishery : Big Money Days are Gone '' . Alaska Fish and Wildlife News . Alaska Department of Fish and Game , Division of Wildlife Conservation . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' Deadliest Catch ' : Fight Breaks Out Between Dane And Freddie On The Wizard ( VIDEO ) '' . 26 June 2013 -- via Huff Post . Jump up ^ `` Vinnie James blog '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Capt . Phil Harris of TV 's ' Deadliest Catch ' dies after stroke '' . CNN.com . February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Deadliest Catch ' Captain Phil Harris dies '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Medred , Craig ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Rescue pulls 22 off disabled fishing vessel adrift in Bering Sea off Alaska '' . AlaskaDispatch . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` COAST GUARD MOURNS PASSING OF SHIPMATE '' ( Press release ) . United States Coast Guard . 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bernton , Hal ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Alaska Ranger survivors recall jarring ice collisions '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ USCGalaska.com Archived September 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fishing Vessel American Star Rescue '' . United States Coast Guard . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard crews medivac injured fisherman near St. Paul , Alaska '' . United States Coast Guard . March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Style of Crab Fishery on the Horizon ; U.S. Coast Guard Warns Fishermen Against Overloading '' . United States Coast Guard . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mayday call in the Aleutians , Coast Guard responding '' ( Press release ) . United States Coast Guard . 2009 - 02 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Update : Coast Guard saves Icy Mist fishermen in hurricane force winds '' ( Press release ) . United States Coast Guard . 2009 - 02 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Recovers 4 Survivors From Missing Fishing Vessel , 3 Deceased , Search Continues for 4 '' ( Press release ) . United States Coast Guard . 2008 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` * Update * 2 missing fisherman recovered , Search continues for 2 '' ( Press release ) . United States Coast Guard . 2008 - 10 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Suspends Search for Missing Katmai Fishermen '' ( Press release ) . United States Coast Guard . 2008 - 10 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska 's Worst All - Time Shipping Losses '' . Minerals Management Service . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` COAST GUARD MEDIVACS INJURED WOMAN NEAR COLD BAY , ALASKA '' ( Press release ) . United States Coast Guard . 2014 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Total viewership numbers are stated in commercials for season 4 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , T.L. ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` The rest of Deadliest Catch season devoted to Captain Phil Harris '' . Show Tracker via Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` A Large Audience for ' Catch ' Episode About Captain 's Stroke '' . Media Decoder via The New York Times . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Maria Elena ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Captain Phil Harris 's final ' Deadliest Catch ' episode sets records '' . Show Tracker via Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of the 2007 Primetime Emmy Awards nominations '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ' Games of Thrones ' top creative arts Emmy winner '' . The Denver Post . Associated Press . September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Emmy Nominations : Complete List of Nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` Life and Death on the Bering Sea , Deadliest Catch Alaskan Storm for Xbox 360 and PC '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Greenwave. 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Deadliest Catch Alaskan Storm official website '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bush , Eric ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Crave Announces the Deadliest Catch : Sea of Chaos Game '' . PlanetXBox360.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lazarides , Tasos ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Upcoming ' Deadliest Catch ' Game Promises to Throw you into the Icy Alaskan Seas '' . Touch Arcade . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deadliest Catch ( series ) . 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what kind of crab are caught on deadliest catch
[ "The series follows life on \"the vast Bering Sea\" aboard various crab fishing boats during two of the crab fishing seasons, the October king crab season and the January opilio crab (C. opilio; often referred to as \"snow crab\" or \"opies\") season. The show emphasizes the dangers on deck to the fishermen (and the Discovery Channel camera crews recording their work) as crews duck heavy crab pots swinging into position, maneuver hundreds of pounds of crab across a deck strewn with hazards (i. e., holding tank hatches, uneven surfaces, maintenance access plates, wet decks), and lean over the rails to position pots for launch or retrieval as galeforce winds and high waves constantly lash the deck. The series also documents the dangers of being on a boat in the Bering Sea, in the midst of some of the coldest and stormiest waters on earth, where even a minor problem may become complex or even catastrophic with the nearest port often hundreds of miles away.", "The series follows life on \"the vast Bering Sea\" aboard various crab fishing boats during two of the crab fishing seasons, the October king crab season and the January opilio crab (C. opilio; often referred to as \"snow crab\" or \"opies\") season. The show emphasizes the dangers on deck to the fishermen (and the Discovery Channel camera crews recording their work) as crews duck heavy crab pots swinging into position, maneuver hundreds of pounds of crab across a deck strewn with hazards (i. e., holding tank hatches, uneven surfaces, maintenance access plates, wet decks), and lean over the rails to position pots for launch or retrieval as galeforce winds and high waves constantly lash the deck. The series also documents the dangers of being on a boat in the Bering Sea, in the midst of some of the coldest and stormiest waters on earth, where even a minor problem may become complex or even catastrophic with the nearest port often hundreds of miles away." ]
[ "king crab", "opilio crab" ]
3908579749690938707
God helps those who help themselves
God helps those who help themselves - wikipedia God helps those who help themselves Jump to : navigation , search The phrase `` God helps those who help themselves '' is a popular motto that emphasizes the importance of self - initiative and agency . The expression is still famous around the globe and used to inspire people for self help , here is one example sentence in English : `` You better start preparing for the test because God helps those who help themselves . '' The phrase originated in ancient Greece and may originally have been proverbial . It is illustrated by two of Aesop 's Fables and a similar sentiment is found in ancient Greek drama . Although it has been commonly attributed to Benjamin Franklin , the modern English wording appears earlier in Algernon Sidney 's work . The phrase is often mistaken as a scriptural quote , though it is not stated verbatim in the Bible . Some Christians have criticized the expression as being contrary to the Bible 's message of God 's grace . A variant of the phrase can also be found in the Quran ( 13 : 11 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 1.1 Islamic texts 1.2 Other historic uses 2 Prevalence and assessment 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origin ( edit ) An illustration of the fable by Walter Crane in Baby 's Own Aesop ( 1887 ) The sentiment appears in ancient Greek tragedies of which only fragments now remain . In his Philoctetes ( c. 409 BC ) , Sophocles wrote , `` No good e'er comes of leisure purposeless ; And heaven ne'er helps the men who will not act . '' And in the Hippolytus ( 428BC ) of Euripides appears the speech , `` Try first thyself , and after call in God ; For to the worker God himself lends aid . '' A similar version of this saying `` God himself helps those who dare '' better translated as `` divinity helps those who dare '' `` audentes deus ipse iuuat '' comes from Ovid , Metamorphoses , 10.586 . The phrase is spoken by Hippomenes when contemplating whether to enter a foot race against Atalanta for her hand in marriage . If Hippomenes were to lose , however , he would be killed . Hippomenes decides to challenge Atalanta to a race and , with the aid of Venus , Hippomense was able to win the race . The same concept is found in the fable of Hercules and the Wagoner , first recorded by Babrius in the 1st century AD . In it , a wagon falls into a ravine , or in later versions becomes mired , but when its driver appeals to Hercules for help , he is told to get to work himself . Aesop is also credited with a similar fable about a man who calls on the goddess Athena for help when his ship is wrecked and is advised to try swimming first . It has been conjectured that both stories were created to illustrate an already existing proverb . The French author Jean de La Fontaine also adapted the first of these fables as Le chartier embourbé ( Fables VI. 18 ) and draws the moral Aide - toi , le ciel t'aidera . ( Help yourself and Heaven will help you too ) . A little earlier , George Herbert had included `` Help thyself , and God will help thee '' in his proverb collection , Jacula Prudentum ( 1651 ) . But it was the English political theorist Algernon Sidney who originated the now familiar wording , `` God helps those who help themselves '' , apparently the first exact rendering of the phrase . Benjamin Franklin later used it in his Poor Richard 's Almanack ( 1736 ) and has been widely quoted . Islamic texts ( edit ) A passage with similar sentiments can be found in the Quran , Indeed Allah will not change the conditions of a population until they change what is in themselves . Qur'an 13 : 11 It has a different meaning in that it implies that helping oneself is a prerequisite for expecting the help of God . Trust in God But Tie Your Camel is an Arab proverb with a similar meaning . It is also one of the reported sayings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . According to Tirmidhi , one day Mohammed noticed a Bedouin leaving his camel without tying it . He asked the Bedouin , `` Why do n't you tie down your camel ? '' The Bedouin answered , `` I placed my trust in Allah . '' At that , Mohammed said , `` Tie your camel and place your trust in Allah . '' Other historic uses ( edit ) The French society Aide - toi , le ciel t'aidera ( Help yourself and Heaven will help you too ) played an important role in bringing about the July Revolution of 1830 in France . The Canadian society Aide - toi , le Ciel t'aidera is credited with introducing the celebration of Saint - Jean - Baptiste Day for French Canadians , and was founded by Louis - Victor Sicotte . Aide - toi et Dieu t'aidera ( Help yourself , and God will help you ) was the motto on the ship 's wheel of the famous UK - built Confederate sea raider CSS Alabama , captained by Raphael Semmes during the American Civil War . Prevalence and assessment ( edit ) The phrase is often quoted to emphasize the importance of taking initiative . There is also a relationship to the Parable of the Faithful Servant , and the Parable of the Ten Virgins , which has a similar eschatological theme : be prepared for the day of reckoning . The argument has been made that this is a non-Biblical concept despite scriptural authorities including those cited above . The Concept as Biblical ( disputed ) : All statements in this article as to the Biblical vs. non-Biblical nature of this proposition should be considered both in light of these scriptural authorities and potential for bias in counter-argument ( See below , i.e. O'Reilly v. Colbert , Barna 's claims re : Americans ' `` unfamiliarity with the Bible '' given that these scriptures clearly suggest an ethic of self - reliance ) . Colossians 3 : 23 - Whatever you do , work at it with all your heart , as working for the Lord , not for men . Deuteronomy 28 : 8 - The LORD will send a blessing on your barns and on everything you put your hand to . Proverbs 6 : 10 - 12 - A little sleep , a little slumber , a little folding of the hands to rest -- and poverty will come on you like a bandit and scarcity like an armed man . Proverbs 12 : 11 - He who works his land will have abundant food , but he who chases fantasies lacks judgment . Proverbs 12 : 24 - Diligent hands will rule , but laziness ends in slave labor . Proverbs 13 : 4 - The sluggard craves and gets nothing , but the desires of the diligent are fully satisfied . Matthew 5 : 3 - 4 - God blesses those who realize their need for him ; and who mourn will be comforted . I Timothy 5 : 8 - If anyone does not provide for his relatives , and especially for his immediate family , he has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever . NOTE : Reliance upon God is not mentioned , but may or may not be implied . The Concept as Non-Biblical ( disputed ) : The beliefs of Americans regarding this phrase and the Bible has been studied by Christian demographer and pollster George Barna of The Barna Group . To the statement `` The Bible teaches that God helps those who help themselves '' ; 53 % of Americans agree strongly , 22 % agree somewhat , 7 % disagree somewhat , 14 % disagree strongly , and 5 % stated they do n't know . Of `` born - again '' Christians 68 % agreed , and 81 % of non `` born - again '' Christians agreed with the statement . In a February 2000 poll , 53 % strongly agreed and 22 % agreed somewhat that the Bible teaches the phrase . Of the 14 questions asked , this was the least biblical response , according to Barna . A poll in the late 1990s showed the majority ( 81 % ) believe the concept is taught by the Bible , another stating 82 % . Despite being of non-Biblical origin , the phrase topped a poll of the most widely known Bible verses . Seventy - five percent of American teenagers said they believed that it was the central message of the Bible . Barna critiques this as evidence of Americans ' unfamiliarity with the Bible and believes that the statement actually conflicts with the doctrine of Grace in Christianity . It `` suggests a spiritual self - reliance inconsistent with Christianity '' according to David Kinnaman , vice president of the Barna Research Group . Christian minister Erwin Lutzer argues there is some support for this saying in the Bible ( 2 Thessalonians 3 : 10 , James 4 : 8 ) , however much more often God helps those who can not help themselves , which is what grace is about ( the parable of the Pharisee and the Publican , Ephesians 2 : 4 -- 5 , Romans 4 : 4 -- 5 ) . The statement is often criticised as espousing Semi-Pelagian model of salvation , which most Christians denounce as heresy . The bottom line then is there is debated Biblical support for the modified expression : God helps those who helps themselves to the extent that their motive aligns with His divine Will . Otherwise , it 's just a person helping themselves , without a reference of whether a god sanctions it or not as being His Will . In popular culture ( edit ) The phrase has featured in United States popular culture . In a `` Jaywalking '' sketch on The Tonight Show , comedian host Jay Leno asked random people on the street to name one of the Ten Commandments . The most popular response given was `` God helps those who help themselves . '' Political commentator Bill O'Reilly employed the phrase , in responding to Jim McDermott who argued , `` This is Christmas time . We talk about Good Samaritans , the poor , the little baby Jesus in the cradle and all this stuff . And then we say to the unemployed we wo n't give you a check to feed your family . That 's simply wrong . '' O'Reilly argued for a more selective approach to unemployment benefits , and the importance of individual responsibility , concluding `` while Jesus promoted charity at the highest level , he was not self - destructive . The Lord helps those who help themselves . Does he not ? '' Political comedian Stephen Colbert parodied him in response , concluding in character , `` if this is going to be a Christian nation that does n't help the poor , either we 've got to pretend that Jesus was just as selfish as we are , or we 've got to acknowledge that he commanded us to love the poor and serve the needy without condition ; and then admit that we just do n't want to do it . '' The phrase is also discussed in the 2007 video game Assassin 's Creed . In one pickpocket mission , two civilians discuss the wrongful attribution of the phrase to the Bible and ultimately decide that its origin is unimportant . This phrase is also mentioned in the 2016 anime `` 91 Days '' . See also ( edit ) Opium of the people Trust in God and keep your powder dry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ God helps those who help themselves . TheIdioms.com - Online Idioms Dictionary Jump up ^ `` God helps those who help themselves - is it in the Bible ? '' . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quran - Surat Ar - Ra ` d . Sahih translation '' . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Quran Surah Ar - Ra 'd ( Verse 11 ) Jump up ^ As translated by E.H. Plumptre in Sophocles : Tragedies and Fragments volume 2 , p165 , fragment 288 . Also fragment 302 states , `` Chance never helps the men who do not work . '' Jump up ^ Fragment 435 , from Bartlett 1955 ( ? ) Jump up ^ `` ATALANTA '' . Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ For other versions see the Aesopica site Jump up ^ `` '' The Shipwrecked Man and Athena `` , Gibbs translation '' . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Francisco Rodríguez Adrados , History of the Graeco - latin Fable vol. 3 , p. 43 Jump up ^ See Elizur Wright 's translation online Jump up ^ George Herbert , Jacula Prudentum , 1651 , proverb 533 Jump up ^ Algernon Sidney , Discourses Concerning Government , 1698 , chapter 2 section 23 ( reprint ) Jump up ^ Wikiquote Jump up ^ https://quran.com/13:11 Jump up ^ `` as recorded at muxlim.com '' . Mohamed 2.0 : Disruption Manifesto . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilman , D.C. ; Peck , H.T. ; Colby , F.M. , eds. ( 1905 ) . `` Aide - toi et le ciel t'aidera '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1 ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Dodd , Mead . Jump up ^ George Barna and Mark Hatch , Boiling Point : How Coming Cultural Shifts will Change Your Life . Regal Books , 2001 , p90 . From a survey taken somewhere between 1997 and 2000 ( see p205 , point 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Americans ' Bible Knowledge is in the Ballpark , But Often Off Base '' , Barna Research Online , 12 July 2000 . As cited in Marvin Hunt , `` Americans ' Bible Knowledge ... Off Base '' Jump up ^ Barna poll in 1997 and 1998 , as cited on websites . Additionally , `` Researcher Predicts Mounting Challenges to Christian Church '' , Barna Update 16 April 2001 , describes it as a majority Jump up ^ George Barna , The Second Coming of the Church , Nashville : Word , 1998 , p21 -- 22 ; as cited in Michael S. Horton , `` Are Churches Secularizing America ? '' Jump up ^ George Barna , Growing True Disciples : New Strategies for Producing Genuine Followers of Christ . The Doubleday Religious Publishing Group , 2001 . As cited online Jump up ^ Barna Research Online , `` Discipleship Insights Revealed in New Book by George Barna , '' 28 November 2000 . As cited in Michael J. Vlach , `` Crisis in America 's Churches : Bible Knowledge at All - Time Low '' Jump up ^ Barna poll in 1997 , according to one website ; c. 2006 according to another ; and Barna , `` The Bible , '' 2000 , according to another Jump up ^ Bill Broadway , article in Lexington Herald - Leader , 2 September 2000 ; as cited in ESC , `` Re : `` God helps those who help themselves . '' `` , `` The Phrase Finder '' website , 31 October 2002 Jump up ^ Erwin W. Lutzer , Ten Lies About God . Nashville , TN : Word , 2000 . Chapter 10 , `` God Helps Those Who Help Themselves '' , p173 -- 185 Jump up ^ Christian History Project . Darkness Descends : A.D. 350 to 565 , the Fall of the Western Roman Empire . Jump up ^ Roger Olson , The Mosaic of Christian Belief , Downer 's Grove : InterVarsity Press , 2002 , Chap. 12 Jump up ^ Cited in Woodrow M. Kroll , Taking Back the Good Book : How America Forgot the Bible and Why It Matters to You , Crossway Books , 2007 . Chapter `` Five Decades of Decline '' , posted on Worldview Weekend Jump up ^ Bill O'Reilly , `` Should n't We Keep Christ in Unemployment ? '' . The Washington Examiner , 12 December 2010 Jump up ^ `` Jesus is a Liberal Democrat '' , The Colbert Report , 16 December 2010 External links ( edit ) Look up god helps those who help themselves in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Hercules and the Wagoner Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_helps_those_who_help_themselves&oldid=822443000 '' Categories : Motivation Proverbs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Use dmy dates from September 2013 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 11 : 53 . About Wikipedia
where does the phrase god helps those who help themselves come from
[ "The sentiment appears in ancient Greek tragedies of which only fragments now remain. In his Philoctetes (c.409 BC), Sophocles wrote, \"No good e'er comes of leisure purposeless; And heaven ne’er helps the men who will not act.\"[5] And in the Hippolytus (428BC) of Euripides appears the speech, \"Try first thyself, and after call in God; For to the worker God himself lends aid.\"[6][dubious – discuss]" ]
[ "ancient Greek tragedies" ]
-3161195413034330671
National Minimum Drinking Age Act
National minimum drinking age act - wikipedia National minimum drinking age act This article is about the US federal law . For other meanings , see legal drinking age . National Minimum Drinking Age Act Long title An Act to encourage a uniform minimum drinking age of 21 ; to combat drugged driving , improve law enforcement and provide incentives to the states to reduce drunk driving . Acronyms ( colloquial ) NMDAA Nicknames National Minimum Drinking Age act of 1984 Enacted by the 98th United States Congress Effective July 17 , 1984 34 years ago Citations Public law 98 - 363 Statutes at Large 98 Stat. 435 aka 98 Stat. 437 Codification Titles amended 23 U.S.C. : Highways U.S.C. sections created 23 U.S.C. ch. 1 § 158 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 4616 by Glenn M. Anderson ( D -- CA ) on January 24 , 1984 Committee consideration by House Public Works and Transportation Passed the House on April 30 , 1984 ( passed voice vote ) Passed the Senate on June 26 , 1984 ( 81 - 16 , in lieu of S. Amdt. 3334 ) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on June 27 , 1984 ( agreed unanimous consent ) Signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on July 17 , 1984 The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 ( 23 U.S.C. § 158 ) was passed by the United States Congress on July 17 , 1984 . It was a controversial bill that punished every state that allowed persons below 21 years to purchase and publicly possess alcoholic beverages by reducing its annual federal highway apportionment by 10 percent . The law was later amended , lowering the penalty to 8 percent from fiscal year 2012 and beyond . Despite its name , this act did not outlaw the consumption of alcoholic beverages by those under 21 years of age , just its purchase . However , Alabama , Indiana , Kansas , Michigan , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , and Vermont , and the District of Columbia extended the law into an outright ban . The minimum purchase and drinking ages is a state law , and most states still permit `` underage '' consumption of alcohol in some circumstances . In some states , no restriction on private consumption is made , while in other states , consumption is only allowed in specific locations , in the presence of consenting and supervising family members , as in the states of Colorado , Maryland , Montana , New York , Texas , West Virginia , Washington , Wisconsin , and Wyoming . The act also does not seek to criminalize alcohol consumption during religious occasions ( e.g. communion wines , Kiddush ) . The act was expressly upheld as constitutional in 1987 by the United States Supreme Court in South Dakota v. Dole . Contents 1 History 2 Application on college campuses 3 Effects 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Legislation concerning the legal minimum drinking age in the United States can be traced back to the days of Prohibition . In 1920 , the 18th amendment to the U.S. Constitution declared it illegal to manufacture , transport , or sell intoxicating liquors . This was repealed with the passing of the 21st Amendment in 1933 , which was followed by the adoption of minimum legal drinking age policies in all states , with most states electing a minimum legal drinking age ( MLDA ) of 21 . Between 1970 and 1975 , 29 states lowered the MLDA from 21 to 18 , 19 , or 20 . This was primarily due to the passing of the 26th Amendment , which lowered the required voting age from 21 to 18 . During the 1960s , both Congress and the state legislatures came under increasing pressure to lower the minimum voting age from 21 to 18 . This was in large part due to the Vietnam War , in which many young men who were ineligible to vote ( or legally drink ) were conscripted to fight in the war , thus lacking any means to influence the people sending them off to risk their lives . `` Old enough to fight , old enough to vote , '' was a common slogan used by proponents of lowering the voting age . The slogan traced its roots to World War II , when President Franklin D. Roosevelt lowered the military draft age to 18 . With the lowering of the voting age to 18 , the minimum legal drinking age ( MLDA ) was similarly lowered under the notion that by being able to vote ( and for males , be subject to being involuntarily drafted into the enlisted ranks of the military ) , one should also be able to legally consume alcoholic beverages . However , these changes were soon followed by studies showing an increase in motor vehicle fatalities attributable to the decreased MLDA . In response to these findings , many states raised the minimum legal drinking age to 19 ( and sometimes to 20 or 21 ) . In 1984 , the National Minimum Legal Drinking Act , written by Senator Frank Lautenberg ( D - NJ ) and influenced by Mothers Against Drunk Driving ( MADD ) , required all states to enforce a minimum legal drinking age of 21 or else risk losing 10 % of all federal highway construction funds . As the MLDA was still left to the discretion of the state , the act did not violate the 21st amendment which reserved the right to regulate alcohol for all responsibilities not specifically appointed to the federal government to the states . However , as the act controlled the distribution of anywhere from $8 million to $99 million , depending on the size of the state , the act gave a strong incentive for states to change the drinking age to 21 . By 1995 , all 50 states , two permanently inhabited territories , and D.C. were in compliance , but Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands ( and Guam until 2010 ) remained at 18 despite them losing 10 % of federal highway funding . Professor of law Tim Jost noted that the Roberts Court ruling in NFIB v. Sebelius , though upholding South Dakota v. Dole , had serious implications for future laws that incentivize state action . The Court expressly distinguished South Dakota v. Dole , the drinking age case , because only a small portion of highway funds were at risk ... There will certainly be future litigation when other federal programs are changed and all of the funding for the existing program is at risk , however . Constitutional lawyer Adam Winkler disagrees saying The health care decision on Medicaid is likely to be limited to its facts ... Where a state 's budget is truly dependent on federal dollars to survive , then conditional spending offers will be called into question . The health care decision does n't purport to call into question any previous conditional spending law . And its not likely to have much impact because there 's no clear majority opinion establishing new limits . The Conservative Party of New York opposed the passage of the law in 1984 . In 2001 , according to the same article , New York State Assembly member Félix Ortiz introduced a bill that would lower the drinking age back to 18 . He cited unfairness and difficulty with enforcement as his motivations . In 1998 , the National Youth Rights Association was founded , in part , to seek to lower the drinking age back to 18 . In 2004 , the president of Vermont 's Middlebury College , John McCardell , Jr. wrote in The New York Times that `` the 21 - year - old drinking age is bad social policy and terrible law '' that has made the college drinking problem far worse . Groups that oppose the 21 minimum include Choose Responsibility , the Amethyst Initiative , and Students for Sensible Drug Policy . Mothers Against Drunk Driving supports the 21 law and has been the main opponent to lowering it back to 18 . A key cluster of philosophical opposition to the minimum lies in the natural human need for education and experience ; young adults do not receive the opportunity to educate themselves and drink responsibly before the age of 21 . A related line of thought emphasizes the importance of individual rights and freedoms . Another cluster comes from pragmatism , emphasizing the reality that young people are unlikely to stop drinking , and point to statistics on underage drinking as a reason to institute a lower drinking age , which would provide the opportunity to help `` young people learn to make healthy and responsible choices '' . Social environmental theories are also cited ; making alcohol a forbidden fruit may encourage more dangerous drinking than would occur if the drinking age were lowered . With a lower drinking age , young people would have access to `` publicly moderated drinking environments '' , rather than `` model their behavior after the excessive consumption typical of private student parties '' , though the perception of excessive drinking on college campuses is often overstated . When brewing magnate Pete Coors raised the drinking age as a campaign issue during the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Colorado , Republican leaders praised his stand on states ' rights but distanced themselves from apparent self - interest . Application on college campuses ( edit ) College campuses across the nation continue to struggle with issues of underage drinking , despite the nationwide MLDA of 21 . The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ( NIAAA ) took special interest in this issue , and compiled a list of recommendations for colleges to implement in order to combat underage drinking on campus . However , few schools have actually implemented these recommendations , and according to a recent study , most of the intervention programs currently in place on college campuses have proven ineffective . Underage drinking is nearly impossible to prevent on college campuses because access to alcoholic beverages is extremely easy . Though it is not the only factor that contributes to student drinking , liquor 's contraband status seems to imbue it with mystique . As a result , use and abuse of liquor is seen as sophisticated and is expected . Of the colleges surveyed , 98 % offered alcohol education programs to their students . Only 50 % of surveyed colleges offered intervention programs , 33 % coordinated efforts with the surrounding community to monitor illegal alcohol sales , 15 % confirmed that surrounding establishments offered responsible beverage service training , and 7 % restricted the number of alcohol outlets within the community . Special services for `` problem drinkers '' were available at 67 % of the surveyed schools ; 22 % of the schools referred problem drinkers to off - campus resources , and 11 % offered no intervention program whatsoever . 34 % of the surveyed schools were located in communities which actively instituted compliance checks , but 60 % of these checks occurred without university involvement . One fifth of surveyed schools were all together unaware of the NIAAA 's recommendations . Many factors may explain colleges ' failure to implement the NIAAA 's recommendations to control underage drinking on campus : a lack of university funding , a lack of time , a perceived lack of authority or jurisdiction within the community , or even a lack of interest on the part of the university , many universities even see the program as a waste of resources . Whatever the reasons may be , a multitude of options are available should colleges choose to institute programs to decrease instances of underage drinking on campus . These options include , but are not limited to , alcohol education programs , social norms campaigns , substance - free housing , individual interventions , parental notification policies , disciplinary procedures for alcohol - related violations , and amnesty policies to protect the health and safety of students . Effects ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2015 ) Several studies , including a 2011 review , were found to disprove the idea that raising the drinking age to 21 actually saved lives in the long run . For example , Miron and Tetelbaum ( 2009 ) found that when the federally coerced and non-coerced states were separated out , any lifesaving effect is no longer statistically or practically significant in the coerced states , and even in the voluntary - adopting states the effect does not seem to last beyond the first year or two . They also find that the 21 drinking age appears to have only a minor impact on teen drinking . There is also some evidence that traffic deaths were merely shifted from the 18 - 20 age group to the 21 - 24 age group rather than averted . Additionally , Canada , Australia , the UK , and several other nations saw similar or faster declines in traffic fatalities than the USA did since the early 1980s despite not raising their drinking ages to 21 . Thus , the magnitude of any public health and safety benefits of the 21 drinking age , at least relative to a legal drinking age of 18 , remains unclear . See also ( edit ) Age of majority Differences in drinking laws Legal age Legal drinking age U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state Youth rights Smoking age References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Law signed to lift drinking age '' . Spokesman - Review . Spokane , Washington . ( New York Times ) . July 18 , 1984 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Reagan signs drinking age into law '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . Idaho . Associated Press . July 18 , 1984 . p. 1A . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Ronald Reagan : ' Remarks on Signing a National Minimum Drinking Age Bill , ' July 17 , 1984 '' . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ Title 23 of the United States Code , Highways . ( PDF file , see Section 158 ) ^ Jump up to : Toomey , Traci L. ; Nelson , Toben F. ; Lenk , Kathleen M. ( 2009 ) . `` The age - 21 minimum legal drinking age : a case study linking past and current debates '' . Addiction. 104 ( 12 ) : 1958 -- 965 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2009. 02742. x . PMID 19922564 . Jump up ^ http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/07/drinking-age-supreme-court-health-care.php Jump up ^ http://legallyliterate.com/federal-law-21-minimum-drinking-age/ Jump up ^ Lovett , Kenneth . `` LET KIDS START DRINKING AT 18 : BROOKLYN POL '' . New York Post , May 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The New York Times > Opinion > Op - Ed Contributor : What Your College President Did n't Tell You Jump up ^ Carpenter , Christopher ; Dobkin , Carlos ( 2011 ) . `` The Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Public Health '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 25 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 56 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 25.2. 133 . PMC 3182479 . PMID 21595328 . Jump up ^ Ruth C. Engs Forbidden Fruit . Vermont Quarterly , Winter 1999 : 25 & 47 , 1999 . ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Rasul , Jawaid W. ; Rommel , Robert G. ; Jacquez , Geoffrey M. ; Fitzpatrick , Ben G. ; Ackleh , Azmy S. ; Simonsen , Neal ; Scribner , Richard A. ( 2011 ) . `` Heavy Episodic Drinking on College Campuses : Does Changing the Legal Drinking Age Make a Difference ? '' . Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs . 72 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 23 . doi : 10.15288 / jsad. 2011.72. 15 . PMC 3001676 . Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/jun/24/20040624-121757-9276r/?page=all Jump up ^ http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6089481/ns/politics-tom_curry/t/pivotal-colo-race-focuses-teen-drinking/ ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Toben F. ; Toomey , Traci L. ; Lenk , Kathleen M. ; Erickson , Darin J. ; Winters , Ken C. ( 2010 ) . `` Implementation of NIAAA College Drinking Task Force Recommendations : How Are Colleges Doing 6 Years Later ? '' . Alcoholism : Clinical and Experimental Research . 34 ( 10 ) : 1687 -- 1693 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1530 - 0277.2010. 01268. x . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael Clay and Margaret D Smith . `` Treat Students As Adults : Set The Drinking Age At 18 , Not 21 . '' 2009 . ebscohost.com . Web . 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.shsu.edu/~dpg006/politicaleconomy.pdf EVIDENCE AND EVALUATION : THE NATIONAL MINIMUM DRINKING AGE ACT OF 1984 , Darren Grant , Sam Houston State University , 2011 Jump up ^ Males , Mike ( 2008 ) . `` Should California Reconsider Its Legal Drinking Age ? '' ( PDF ) . Californian Journal of Health Promotion. 6 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Miron , J ; Tetelbaum , E ( 2009 ) . `` Does the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives ? '' . Economic Inquiry. 47 : 317 -- 336 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1465 - 7295.2008. 00179. x . ^ Jump up to : Asch , Peter ; Levy , David ( 1990 ) . `` Young Driver Fatalities : The Roles of Drinking Age and Drinking Experience '' . Southern Economic Journal . 57 ( 2 ) : 512 -- 520 . doi : 10.2307 / 1060627 . JSTOR 1060627 . Jump up ^ Miron , J ; Tetelbaum , E ( 2009 ) . `` Does the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives ? '' . Economic Inquiry. 47 : 317 -- 336 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1465 - 7295.2008. 00179. x . Jump up ^ http://www.youthrights.org/issues/drinking-age/frequently-asked-questions/ Frequently Asked Questions , National Youth Rights Association Jump up ^ Dee , Thomas ; Evans , William ( 2001 ) . `` Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety '' ( PDF ) . American Economic Review . 91 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 96 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 91.2. 91 . Jump up ^ https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/FewerYoungDrivers/iv__what_caused.htm#g.%20canadian Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol - Impaired Drivers , NHTSA , DOT HS 809 348 FINAL REPORT External links ( edit ) Carpenter , Christopher ; Dobkin , Carlos ( 2011 ) . `` The Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Public Health '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 25 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 56 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 25.2. 133 . PMC 3182479 . PMID 21595328 . MLDA - 21 - dates enacted by state - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration State Profiles of Underage Drinking Laws - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Policy Information System ( APIS ) Stahl , Lesley ( February 22 , 2009 ) . `` Drinking Age Debate '' . 60 Minutes . CBS News . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Minimum_Drinking_Age_Act&oldid=854486477 '' Categories : 1984 in law 98th United States Congress United States federal controlled substances legislation United States federal transportation legislation Alcohol law in the United States Minimum ages Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 18 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
when was the national minimum drinking age act passed
[ "The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 (23 U.S.C. § 158) was passed by the United States Congress on July 17, 1984.[1][2][3] It was a controversial bill that punished every state that allowed persons below 21 years to purchase and publicly possess alcoholic beverages by reducing its annual federal highway apportionment by 10 percent. The law was later amended, lowering the penalty to 8 percent from fiscal year 2012 and beyond.[4]\n" ]
[ "July 17, 1984" ]
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Emily Davison
Emily Davison - wikipedia Emily Davison Jump to : navigation , search Emily Davison , c. 1910 -- 1912 Emily Wilding Davison ( 11 October 1872 -- 8 June 1913 ) was a suffragette who fought for votes for women in the United Kingdom in the early twentieth century . A member of the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) and a militant fighter for her cause , she was arrested on nine occasions , went on hunger strike seven times and was force fed on forty nine occasions . She died after being hit by King George V 's horse Anmer at the 1913 Epsom Derby after she had walked onto the track during the race . Davison grew up in a middle class family , and studied at Royal Holloway College , London and St Hugh 's College , Oxford before taking jobs as a teacher and governess . She joined the WSPU in November 1906 and became an officer of the organisation and a chief steward during marches . She soon became known in the organisation for her daring militant action ; her tactics included breaking windows , throwing stones , setting fire to postboxes and , on three occasions , hiding overnight in the Palace of Westminster -- including on the night of the 1911 census . Her funeral on 14 June 1913 was organised by the union . A procession of 5,000 suffragettes and their supporters accompanied her coffin and 50,000 people lined the route through London ; her coffin was then taken by train to the family plot in Morpeth , Northumberland . Not only a staunch feminist and passionate Christian , Davison also considered that socialism was a moral and political force for good . Much of her life has been interpreted through the manner of her death . She gave no prior explanation for what she planned to do at the Derby and the uncertainty of her motives and intentions has affected how she has been judged by history . Several theories have been put forward , including accident , suicide , or an attempt to pin a suffragette banner to the king 's horse ; none has ever been proved . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and education 1.2 Activism 1.3 Fatal injury at the Epsom Derby 1.4 Funeral 2 Approach and analysis 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 Notes and references 5.1 Notes 5.2 References 5.3 Sources 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life and education ( edit ) Davison in 1908 Emily Wilding Davison was born at Roxburgh House , Greenwich in south - east London on 11 October 1872 . Her parents were Charles Davison , a retired merchant , and Margaret , née Caisley , both of Morpeth , Northumberland . At the time of his marriage to Margaret in 1868 , Charles was 45 and she was 19 . Emily was the third of four children born to the couple , although her younger sister died of diphtheria in 1880 at the age of six . The marriage to Margaret was Charles 's second ; his first marriage produced nine children before the death of his wife in 1866 . The family moved to Sawbridgeworth , Hertfordshire while Davison was still a baby ; until the age of 11 she was educated at home . When her parents moved the family back to London she went to a day school , then spent a year studying in Dunkirk , France . When she was 13 she attended Kensington High School and later won a bursary to Royal Holloway College in 1891 to study literature . Her father died in early 1893 and she was forced to end her studies because her mother could not afford the fees of £ 20 a term . On leaving Holloway , Davison became a live - in governess , and continued studying in the evenings . She saved enough money to enrol at St Hugh 's College , Oxford for one term in order to sit her finals ; she achieved first - class honours in English , but could not graduate as degrees from Oxford were closed to women . She worked briefly at a church school in Edgbaston between 1895 and 1896 , but found it difficult and moved to Seabury , a private school in Worthing , where she was more settled ; she left the town in 1898 and became a private tutor and governess to a family in Northamptonshire . In 1902 she began reading for a degree at the University of London ; she graduated with third - class honours in 1908 . Activism ( edit ) Davison joined the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) in November 1906 . Formed in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst , the WSPU brought together those who thought that militant , confrontational tactics were needed to achieve their ultimate goal of women 's suffrage . Davison joined in the WSPU 's campaigning activities , and became an officer of the organisation and a chief steward during marches . In 1908 or 1909 she left her job teaching and dedicated herself full time to the union 's activities . She began taking increasingly confrontational actions , which prompted Sylvia Pankhurst -- the daughter of Emmeline and a full - time member of the WSPU -- to describe her as `` one of the most daring and reckless of the militants '' . In March 1909 she was arrested for the first time , after she had been part of a deputation of 21 women who marched from Caxton Hall to see the prime minister , H.H. Asquith . The march ended in a fracas with police and she was arrested for `` assaulting the police in the execution of their duty '' ; she was sentenced to a month in prison . After her release she wrote to Votes for Women , the WSPU 's newspaper , saying that `` Through my humble work in this noblest of all causes I have come into a fullness of job and an interest in living which I never before experienced . '' A suffragette being force - fed in Holloway prison , c. 1911 In July 1909 Davison was arrested with fellow suffragettes Mary Leigh and Alice Paul after they interrupted a public meeting from which women were barred , held by the Chancellor of the Exchequer , David Lloyd George ; she was sentenced to two months for obstruction . She went on hunger strike and was released after five and a half days , during which time she lost 21 pounds ( 9.5 kg ) ; she stated that she `` felt very weak '' as a result . She was arrested again in September the same year after throwing stones to break windows at a political meeting ; the assembly , which was to protest at the 1909 budget , was only open to men . She was sent to Strangeways prison for two months . She again went on hunger strike and was released after two and a half days . She subsequently wrote to The Manchester Guardian to justify her action of throwing stones as one `` which was meant as a warning to the general public of the personal risk they run in future if they go to Cabinet Ministers ' meetings anywhere '' . She went on to write that this was justified because of the `` unconstitutional action of Cabinet Ministers in addressing ' public meetings ' from which a large section of the public is excluded '' . Davison was arrested again in early October 1909 , while preparing to throw a stone at the cabinet minister Sir Walter Runciman ; she acted in the mistaken belief the car in which he travelled contained Lloyd George . A suffragette colleague -- Constance Lytton -- threw hers first , before the police managed to intervene . Davison was charged with attempted assault , but released ; Lytton was imprisoned for a month . Davison used her court appearances to give speeches ; excerpts and quotes from these were published in the newspapers . Two weeks later she threw stones at Runciman at a political meeting in Radcliffe , Greater Manchester ; she was arrested and sentenced to a week 's hard labour . She again went on hunger strike , but the government had authorised the use of force - feeding on prisoners . The historian Gay Gullickson describes the tactic as `` extremely painful , psychologically harrowing , and raised the possibility of dying in jail from medical error or official misjudgment '' . Davison said that the experience `` will haunt me with its horror all my life , and is almost indescribable ... The torture was barbaric '' . Following the first episode of forced feeding , and to prevent a repeat of the experience , Davison barricaded herself in her cell using her bed and a stool and refused to allow the prison authorities to enter . They broke one of the window panes to the cell and turned a fire hose on her for 15 minutes , while attempting to force the door open . By the time the door was opened , the cell was six inches deep in water . She was taken to the prison hospital where she was warmed by hot water bottles . She was force - fed shortly afterwards and released after eight days . Davison 's treatment prompted the Labour Party MP Keir Hardie to ask a question in the House of Commons about the `` assault committed on a woman prisoner in Strangeways '' ; Davison sued the prison authorities for the use of the hose and , in January 1910 , she was awarded 40 shillings in damages . In April 1910 Davison decided to gain entry to the floor of the House of Commons to ask Asquith about the vote for women . She entered the Palace of Westminster with other members of the public and made her way into the heating system , where she hid overnight . On a trip from her hiding place to find water , she was arrested by a policeman , but not prosecuted . The same month she became an employee of the WSPU and began to write for Votes for Women . A bipartisan group of MPs formed a Conciliation Committee in early 1910 and proposed a Conciliation Bill that would have brought the vote to a million women , as long as they owned property . While the bill was being discussed , the WSPU put in a temporary truce on activity . The bill failed that November after Asquith 's Liberal government reneged on a promise to allow parliamentary time to debate the bill . A WSPU delegation of around 300 women tried to present him with a petition , but were prevented from doing so by an aggressive police response ; the suffragettes , who called the day Black Friday , complained of assault , much of which was sexual in nature . Davison was not one of the 122 people arrested , but was incensed by the treatment of the delegation ; the following day she broke several windows in the Crown Office in parliament . She was arrested and sentenced to a month in prison . She went on hunger strike again and was force - fed for eight days before being released . On the night of the 1911 census , 2 April , Davison hid in a cupboard in St Mary Undercroft , the chapel of the Palace of Westminster . She remained hidden overnight to avoid being entered onto the census ; the attempt was part of a wider suffragette action to avoid being listed by the state . She was found by a cleaner , who reported her presence ; Davison was arrested but not charged . The Clerk of Works at the House of Commons completed a census form to include Davison in the returns . She was included in the census twice , as her landlady also included her as being present at her lodgings . Davison had continually written letters to the press to put forward the WSPU position in a non-violent manner -- she had 12 published in The Manchester Guardian between 1909 and 1911 -- and she undertook a campaign between 1911 and 1913 during which she wrote nearly 200 letters to over 50 newspapers . Several of her letters were published , including about 26 in The Sunday Times between September 1910 and 1912 . Davison in 1912 or 1913 Davison developed the new tactic of setting fire to postboxes in December 1911 . She was arrested for the arson on the postbox outside parliament , and admitted to setting fire to two others . She was sentenced to six months in Holloway Prison . She did not go on hunger strike , but the authorities required that she be force - fed between 29 February and 7 March as they considered her health and appetite to be in decline . In June she and other suffragette inmates barricaded themselves in their cells and went on hunger strike ; the authorities broke down the cell doors and force - fed the strikers . Following the force - feeding , she decided on what she described as a `` desperate protest ... made to put a stop to the hideous torture , which was now our lot '' and jumped from one of the interior balconies of the prison . She later wrote : ... as soon as I got out I climbed on to the railing and threw myself out to the wire - netting , a distance of between 20 and 30 feet . The idea in my mind was `` one big tragedy may save many others '' . I realised that my best means of carrying out my purpose was the iron staircase . When a good moment came , quite deliberately I walked upstairs and threw myself from the top , as I meant , on to the iron staircase . If I had been successful I should undoubtedly have been killed , as it was a clear drop of 30 to 40 feet . But I caught on the edge of the netting . I then threw myself forward on my head with all my might . She cracked two vertebrae and badly injured her head . Shortly afterwards , and despite her injuries , she was again force - fed before being released ten days early . She wrote to The Pall Mall Gazette to explain why she `` attempted commit suicide '' : I did it deliberately and with all my power , because I felt that by nothing but the sacrifice of human life would the nation be brought to realise the horrible torture our women face ! If I had succeeded I am sure that forcible feeding could not in all conscience have been resorted to again . As a result of her action Davison suffered discomfort for the rest of her life . Her arson of postboxes was not authorised by the WSPU leadership and this , with her other actions , led to her falling out of favour with the organisation ; Sylvia Pankhurst later wrote that the WSPU leadership wanted `` to discourage ... ( Davison ) in such tendencies ... She was condemned and ostracized as a self - willed person who persisted in acting upon her own initiative without waiting for official instructions . '' A statement Davison wrote on her release from prison for The Suffragette -- the second official newspaper of the WSPU -- was not published by the union until after her death . In November 1912 Davison was arrested for a final time , after she attacked a Baptist minister with a horsewhip ; she had mistaken the man for Lloyd George . She was sentenced to ten days ' imprisonment and released early after a four - day hunger strike . It was the seventh time she had been on hunger strike , and the forty - ninth time she had been force - fed . Fatal injury at the Epsom Derby ( edit ) Play media Newsreel footage from Pathé News . The events involving Davison occur between 5 : 51 and 6 : 15 . On 4 June 1913 Davison obtained two flags bearing the suffragette colours of violet , white and green from the WSPU offices ; she then travelled by train to Epsom , Surrey , to attend the Derby . She positioned herself at Tattenham Corner , the final bend before the home straight . At this point in the race , with some of the horses having passed her , she ducked under the guard rail and ran onto the course ; she may have held in her hands one of the suffragette flags . She reached up to the reins of Anmer -- King George V 's horse , ridden by Herbert Jones -- and was hit by the animal , which would have been travelling at around 35 miles ( 56 km ) per hour . It took four seconds from the moment she stepped onto the course until the horse hit her . Anmer fell in the collision and partly rolled over his jockey , who had his foot momentarily caught in the stirrup . Davison was knocked to the ground ; some reports say she was kicked in the head by Anmer , but the surgeon who operated on Davison stated that `` I could find no trace of her having been kicked by a horse '' . The event was captured on three news cameras . The return stub of the ticket Davison used on her journey to Epsom Bystanders rushed onto the track and attempted to aid Davison and Jones until both were taken to the nearby Epsom Cottage Hospital . She was operated on two days later , but she never regained consciousness ; while in hospital she received hate mail . She died on 8 June , from a fracture at the base of her skull . Found in Davison 's effects were the two suffragette flags , the return stub of her railway ticket to London , her race card , a ticket to a suffragette dance later that day and a diary with appointments for the following week . The king and Queen Mary were present at the race and made enquiries on the health of both Jones and Davison . The king later recorded in his diary that it was `` a most regrettable and scandalous proceeding '' ; in her journal the queen described Davison as a `` horrid woman '' . Jones suffered a concussion and other injuries ; he spent the evening of the fourth in London , before returning home the following day . He could recall little of the event and stated that `` She seemed to clutch at my horse , and I felt it strike her '' . He recovered sufficiently to race Anmer at Ascot Racecourse two weeks later . The inquest into Davison 's death took place at Epsom on 10 June ; Jones was not among the witnesses as he was not well enough . Davison 's half - brother , Captain Henry Davison , gave evidence about his sister , saying that she was `` a woman of very strong reasoning faculties , and passionately devoted to the women 's movement '' . The coroner decided that , in the absence of any evidence to the contrary , Davison had not committed suicide . The coroner also decided that although she had waited until she could see the horses , `` from the evidence it was clear that the woman did not make for His Majesty 's horse in particular '' . The verdict of the court was : that Miss Emily Wilding Davison died of fracture of the base of the skull , caused by being accidentally knocked down by a horse through wilfully rushing on to the racecourse on Epsom Downs during the progress of the race for the Derby ; death was due to misadventure . Front pages from publications sympathetic to the suffragette cause The Daily Sketch , 9 June 1913 The Suffragette , 13 June 1913 Davison 's purpose in attending the Derby and walking onto the course is unclear . She did not discuss her plans with anyone or leave a note prior to her actions . Several theories have been put forward to explain her motives , including that she intended to cross the track , believing that all horses had passed ; that she wanted to pull down the King 's horse ; that she was trying to attach one of the WSPU flags to a horse ; or that she intended to throw herself in front of one of the horses . The historian Elizabeth Crawford considers that `` subsequent explanations of ... ( Davison 's ) action have created a tangle of fictions , false deductions , hearsay , conjecture , misrepresentation and theory '' . In 2013 a Channel 4 documentary used forensic examiners who digitised the original nitrate film from the three cameras present . The film was digitally cleaned and examined . Their examination suggests that Davison intended to throw a suffragette flag around the neck of a horse or attach it to the horse 's bridle . A flag was gathered from the course ; this was put up for auction and , as at 2017 , it hangs in the Houses of Parliament . Michael Tanner , the horse - racing historian and author of a history of the 1913 Derby , doubts the authenticity of the item . Sotheby 's , the auction house who sold it , describe it as a sash that was `` reputed '' to have been worn by Davison . The seller stated that her father , Richard Pittway Burton , was the Clerk of the Course at Epsom ; Tanner 's search of records shows Burton was listed as a dock labourer two weeks prior to the Derby . The official Clerk of the Course on the day of the Derby was Henry Dorling . When the police listed Davison 's possessions , they itemised the two flags provided by the WSPU , both folded up and pinned to the inside of her jacket . They measured 44.5 by 27 inches ( 113 x 69 cm ) ; the sash displayed at the Houses of Parliament measures 82 by 12 inches ( 210 x 30 cm ) . Tanner considers that Davison 's choice of the king 's horse was `` pure happenstance '' , as her position on the corner would have left her with a limited view . Examination of the newsreels by the forensic team employed by the Channel 4 documentary determined that Davison was closer to the start of the bend than had been previously assumed , and would have had a better view of the oncoming horses . The contemporary news media were largely unsympathetic to Davison , and many publications `` questioned her sanity and characterised her actions as suicidal '' . The Pall Mall Gazette said it had `` pity for the dementia which led an unfortunate woman to seek a grotesque and meaningless kind of ' martyrdom ' `` , while The Daily Express described Davison as `` A well - known malignant suffragette , ... ( who ) has a long record of convictions for complicity in suffragette outrages . '' The journalist for The Daily Telegraph observed that `` Deep in the hearts of every onlooker was a feeling of fierce resentment with the miserable woman '' ; the unnamed writer in The Daily Mirror opined that `` It was quite evident that her condition was serious ; otherwise many of the crowd would have fulfilled their evident desire to lynch her . '' The WSPU were quick to describe her as a martyr , part of a campaign to identify her as such . The Suffragette newspaper marked Davison 's death by issuing a copy showing a female angel with raised arms standing in front of the guard rail of a racecourse . The paper 's editorial stated that `` Davison has proved that there are in the twentieth century people who are willing to lay down their lives for an ideal '' . Religious phraseology was used in the issue to describe her act , including `` Greater love hath no man than this , that he lay down his life for his friends '' , which Gullickson reports as being repeated several times in subsequent discussions of the events . A year after the Derby , The Suffragette included `` The Price of Liberty '' , an essay by Davison . In it , she had written `` To lay down life for friends , that is glorious , selfless , inspiring ! But to re-enact the tragedy of Calvary for generations yet unborn , that is the last consummate sacrifice of the Militant '' . Funeral ( edit ) Part of Davison 's funeral procession in Morpeth , Northumberland On 14 June 1913 Davison 's body was brought up from Epsom to London ; her coffin was inscribed `` Fight on . God will give the victory . '' Five thousand women formed a procession , followed by hundreds of male supporters , that took the body between Victoria and Kings Cross stations ; the procession stopped at St George 's , Bloomsbury for a brief service . The women marched in ranks wearing the suffragette colours of white and purple , which The Manchester Guardian described as having `` something of the deliberate brilliance of a military funeral '' ; 50,000 people lined the route , and Purvis describes the event as `` the last of the great suffragette spectacles '' . Emmeline Pankhurst planned to be part of the procession , but she was arrested on the morning , ostensibly to be returned to prison under the `` Cat and Mouse '' Act ( 1913 ) . The coffin was taken by train to Newcastle upon Tyne with a suffragette guard of honour for the journey ; crowds met the train at its scheduled stops . The coffin remained overnight at the city 's central station before being taken to Morpeth . A procession of about a hundred suffragettes accompanied the coffin from the station to the St. Mary the Virgin church ; it was watched by thousands . Only a small number of the suffragettes entered the churchyard , as the service and internment were private . Her gravestone bears the WSPU slogan `` Deeds not words '' . Approach and analysis ( edit ) Davison towards the end of her life , showing the effects of hunger strikes and force feeding Davison 's death marked a culmination and a turning point of the militant suffragette campaign . The First World War broke out the following year and , on 10 August , the government released all women hunger strikers and declared an amnesty . Emmeline Pankhurst suspended WSPU operations on 13 August . Pankhurst subsequently assisted the government in the recruitment of women for war work . At the end of the war Parliament passed the Representation of the People Act 1918 . Among the changes was the granting of the vote to women over the age of 30 who could pass property qualifications . The legislation added 8.5 million women to the electoral roll ; they constituted 43 % of the electorate . In 1928 the Representation of the People ( Equal Franchise ) Act lowered the voting age for women to 21 to put them on equal terms with male voters . Crawford sees the events at the 1913 Derby as being ones `` through which ... ( Davison 's ) whole life has been interpreted '' , and the uncertainty of her motives and intentions that day has affected how she has been judged by history . Carolyn Collette , a literary critic who has studied Davison 's writing , identifies different motives being ascribed to Davison , including `` uncontrolled impulses '' or a search for martyrdom for women 's suffrage . Collette also sees a more current trend in historians `` to accept what some of her close contemporaries believed : that Davison 's actions that day were deliberate '' and that she attempted to attach the suffragette colours to the king 's horse . Because Davison 's motives are unknown , the question of whether she meant to kill herself is also open to conjecture . Cicely Hale , a suffragette who worked at the WSPU and who knew Davison , described her as `` a fanatic '' who was prepared to die , but did not mean to ; other observers such as Purvis , and Ann Morley and Liz Stanley -- Davison 's biographers -- think Davison did not mean to die . Davison was not only a staunch feminist but a passionate Christian , whose outlook `` invoked both medieval history and faith in God as part of the armor of her militancy '' . Her love of English literature , which she had studied at Oxford , was shown in her identification with Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Knight 's Tale , including being nicknamed `` Faire Emelye '' . Much of Davison 's writing reflected the doctrine of the Christian faith and referred to martyrs , martyrdom and triumphant suffering ; according to Collette , the use of Christian and medieval language and imagery `` directly reflects the politics and rhetoric of the militant suffrage movement '' . Purvis writes that Davison 's committed Anglicanism would have stopped her from committing suicide as it would have meant that she could not be buried in consecrated ground . Davison wrote in `` The Price of Liberty '' about the high cost of devotion to the cause : In the New Testament , the Master reminded His followers that when the merchant had found the Pearl of Great Price , he sold all that he had in order to buy it . That is the parable of Militancy ! It is that which the women warriors are doing to - day . Some are truer warriors than others , but the perfect Amazon is she who will sacrifice all even unto the last , to win the Pearl of Freedom for her sex . Davison held a firm moral conviction that socialism was a moral and political force for good . She attended the annual May Day rallies in Hyde Park and , according to the historian Krista Cowman , `` directly linked her militant suffrage activities with socialism '' . Her London and Morpeth funeral processions contained a heavy socialist presence in appreciation of her support for the cause . Legacy ( edit ) Plaque to Davison at Epsom Downs Racecourse In 1968 a one - act play witten by Joice Worters , Emily , was staged in Northumberland , focusing on the use of violence against the women 's campaign . Davison is the subject of an opera , Emily ( 2013 ) , by the British composer Tim Benjamin , and of `` Emily Davison '' , a song by the American rock singer Greg Kihn . Davison also appears as a supporting character in the 2015 film Suffragette , in which she is portrayed by Natalie Press . Her death and funeral form the climax of the film . In 1991 the Labour MP Tony Benn placed a commemorative plaque inside the cupboard in which Davison had hidden eighty years earlier . In April 2013 a plaque was unveiled at Epsom racecourse to mark the centenary of her death . In January 2017 Royal Holloway announced that its new library would be named after her . The Women 's Library , at the London School of Economics , holds a number of collections related to Davison . They include her personal papers and objects connected to her death . See also ( edit ) List of suffragists and suffragettes Timeline of women 's suffrage Women 's suffrage organisations ' Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ £ 20 in 1892 equates to approximately £ 2,000 in 2017 pounds , according to calculations based on Consumer Price Index measure of inflation . Jump up ^ At the time of Davison 's studies , Holloway was not a constituent school of the University of London and could not award degrees , so her studies were for the qualification of the Oxford Honour School . Jump up ^ Sources differ over the subject of her degree . Some state that she studied modern languages , others that she graduated in classics and mathematics . Jump up ^ Such tactics included vandalism , arson and planting bombs . Jump up ^ Although some sources , including Colmore and Purvis , state that Davison was employed in the Information Department of the union , the journalist Fran Abrams writes that Davison was never a salaried member of WSPU staff , but she was paid for the articles she provided for Votes for Women . Jump up ^ Despite the loss of the Conciliation Bill , the WPSU maintained the truce until May 1911 when a second Conciliation Bill , having passed its Second Reading , was dropped by the government for internal political reasons . The WPSU saw this as a betrayal and resumed their militant activities . Jump up ^ Davison also spent a night in the Palace of Westminster in June 1911 . Jump up ^ Craganour , the bookmakers ' favourite , crossed the finishing line first , but a stewards ' enquiry led to the horse being placed last and the race being awarded to Aboyeur , a 100 / 1 outsider . Jump up ^ One letter , signed `` An Englishman '' , read `` I am glad that you are in hospital . I hope you suffer torture until you die , you idiot ... I should like the opportunity of starving and beating you to a pulp . '' Jump up ^ The presence of a return ticket was seen as evidence that Davison did not mean to commit suicide ; research by Crawford showed that on Derby day , only return tickets were available . Jump up ^ Carolyn Collette , a literary critic who has studied Davison 's writing , observes that there have long been stories of Davison practising at grabbing bridles of horses , but these are all unconfirmed . Jump up ^ The Cat and Mouse Act -- officially the Prisoners ( Temporary Discharge for Ill Health ) Act 1913 -- was introduced by the Liberal government to counter the suffragette tactic of hunger strikes . The act allowed the prisoners to be released on licence as soon as the hunger strike affected their health , then re-arresting them after their recovery to finish their prison sentences . Jump up ^ To be able to vote women had to be householders or the wives of householders , or pay more than £ 5 a year in rent , or be a graduate of a British university . Practically all the property qualifications for men were abolished by the act . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : San Vito 2008 . Jump up ^ Sleight 1988 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Howes 2013 , 410 -- 422 . Jump up ^ Sleight 1988 , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Colmore 1988 , pp. 5 , 9 . Jump up ^ Sleight 1988 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark ( 2016 ) , `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' , MeasuringWorth.com . Jump up ^ Colmore 1988 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Abrams 2003 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Crawford 2003 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Sleight 1988 , pp. 28 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Tanner 2013 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Gullickson 2008 , p. 464 . ^ Jump up to : Purvis 2013a , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Naylor 2011 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Webb 2014 , pp. xiii -- xiv , 60 . Jump up ^ Sleight 1988 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Pankhurst 2013 , Kindle location 6363 . ^ Jump up to : Naylor 2011 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Crawford 2003 , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : A.J.R. 1913 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Davison , Votes for Women , 1909 . Jump up ^ Colmore 1988 , pp. 21 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Gullickson 2008 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Colmore 1988 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Davison , The Manchester Guardian , 1909 . Jump up ^ Bearman 2007 , p. 878 . Jump up ^ Colmore 1988 , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Stanley 1995 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Purvis 2013a , p. 355 . Jump up ^ Collette 2013 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Gullickson 2008 , pp. 468 -- 469 . Jump up ^ Collette 2013 , pp. 133 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Hardie , 1909 . Jump up ^ Colmore 1988 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Sleight 1988 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Wilding Davison found hiding in a ventilation shaft '' . Jump up ^ Colmore 1988 , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Purvis 2013a , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Abrams 2003 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Foot 2005 , pp. 210 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Gullickson 2008 , p. 470 . Jump up ^ Purvis 2002 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Crawford 2003 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Foot 2005 , pp. 211 -- 212 . Jump up ^ Liddington , Crawford & Maund 2011 , pp. 108 , 124 . Jump up ^ `` A Night in Guy Fawkes Cupboard '' , Votes For Women , 1911 . Jump up ^ Collette 2013 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Crawford 2014 , pp. 1006 -- 1007 . Jump up ^ Colmore 1988 , pp. 43 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Davison 1913 , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Cawthorne 2017 . Jump up ^ Davison 1912 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Pankhurst 2013 , 9029 . Jump up ^ Morley & Stanley 1988 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Purvis 2013a , p. 357 . Jump up ^ West 1982 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Colmore 1988 , pp. 56 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Purvis 2013b . ^ Jump up to : Tanner 2013 , pp. 214 -- 215 . ^ Jump up to : Secrets of a Suffragette , 26 May 2013 , Event occurs at 35 : 10 -- 36 : 06 . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Secrets of a Suffragette , 26 May 2013 , Event occurs at 2 : 10 -- 2 : 15 . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , pp. 224 , 243 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Morley & Stanley 1988 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , pp. 284 -- 285 . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Secrets of a Suffragette , 26 May 2013 , Event occurs at 42 : 10 -- 42 : 40 . Jump up ^ Morley & Stanley 1988 , pp. 103 -- 104 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exhibitions : Emily Wilding Davison Centenary '' . ^ Jump up to : Greer 2013 . Jump up ^ Crawford 2014 , pp. 1001 -- 1002 . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , pp. 281 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , pp. 276 -- 277 . Jump up ^ `` Suffragette and the King 's Horse '' , The Manchester Guardian . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , p. 287 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Suffragist Outrage at the Derby '' , The Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Miss Davison 's Death '' , The Manchester Guardian . Jump up ^ Gullickson 2008 , p. 473 . Jump up ^ Brown 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Thorpe 2013 . Jump up ^ Crawford 2014 , p. 1000 . Jump up ^ Collette 2013 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , pp. 344 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , pp. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , pp. 289 -- 290 . ^ Jump up to : Tanner 2013 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Gullickson 2016 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Distracting Derby '' , The Pall Mall Gazette . Jump up ^ `` The Derby of Disasters '' , Daily Express . Jump up ^ `` Woman 's Mad Attack on the King 's Derby Horse '' , The Daily Mirror . ^ Jump up to : Purvis 2013a , p. 358 . ^ Jump up to : Gullickson 2008 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ `` In Honour and Loving Memory of Emily Wilding Davison '' , The Suffragette . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Sacrifice '' , The Suffragette . Jump up ^ Gullickson 2008 , p. 474 . ^ Jump up to : Davison 1914 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ `` The Funeral of Miss Davison '' , The Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Miss Davison 's Funeral '' , The Manchester Guardian . Jump up ^ Sleight 1988 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` 1913 Cat and Mouse Act '' . Jump up ^ `` Miss Davison 's Funeral '' , Votes for Women . Jump up ^ Sleight 1988 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Tanner 2013 , facing p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : Purvis 1995 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Collette 2013 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Pugh 1974 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ `` Archives -- The Suffragettes '' . Jump up ^ Purvis 1995 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ `` Representation of the People Act 1918 '' . Jump up ^ `` Equal Franchise Act 1928 '' . Jump up ^ Purvis 1995 , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Collette 2008 , pp. 223 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Crawford 2003 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Purvis 2013a , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Morley & Stanley 1988 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Gullickson 2016 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Purvis 2013a , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Collette 2012 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Colmore 1988 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Collette 2008 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Purvis 2013c , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Collette 2012 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Morley & Stanley 1988 , pp. 169 -- 170 . ^ Jump up to : Cowman 2002 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Sleight 1988 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Hall 2015 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Blair 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Benn 's Secret Tribute to Suffragette Martyr '' , BBC . Jump up ^ Barnett 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Emblem of women 's emancipation '' , Royal Holloway , University of London . Sources ( edit ) `` 1913 Cat and Mouse Act '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Abrams , Fran ( 2003 ) . Freedom 's Cause . London : Profile Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8619 - 7425 - 9 . A.J.R. , ed. ( 1913 ) . The Suffrage Annual and Women 's Who 's Who . London : S. Paul & Company . OCLC 7550282 . `` Archives -- The Suffragettes '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Balding , Clare ( 26 May 2013 ) . Secrets of a Suffragette ( Television production ) . Channel 4 . Barnett , Emma ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` Centenary of Emily Wilding Davison 's Death Marked with Plaque at Epsom '' . The Daily Telegraph . Bearman , C.J. ( December 2007 ) . `` An Army without Discipline ? Suffragette Militancy and the Budget Crisis of 1909 '' . The Historical Journal . 50 ( 4 ) : 861 -- 889 . JSTOR 20175131 . `` Benn 's Secret Tribute to Suffragette Martyr '' . BBC News . 17 March 1999 . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Blair , Olivia ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` International Women 's Day 2016 : Who was Emily Davison , the suffragette who ran in front of the King 's Horse ? '' . The Independent . Brown , Jonathan ( 24 May 2013 ) . `` Suffragette Emily Davison : The woman who would not be silenced '' . The Independent . Cawthorne , Ellie ( 17 April 2017 ) . `` Emily Davison : the Suffragette Martyr '' . BBC History . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Collette , Carolyn ( 2008 ) . `` '' Faire Emelye `` : Medievalism and the Moral Courage of Emily Wilding Davison '' . The Chaucer Review . 42 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 243 . JSTOR 25094399 . Collette , Carolyn ( September 2012 ) . `` Hidden in Plain Sight : Religion and Medievalism in the British Women 's Suffrage Movement '' . Religion & Literature. 44 ( 3 ) : 169 -- 175 . JSTOR 24397755 . Collette , Carolyn ( 2013 ) . In the Thick of the Fight : The Writing of Emily Wilding Davison , Militant Suffragette . Ann Arbor , MI : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11903 - 5 . Colmore , Gertrude ( 1988 ) ( 1913 ) . `` The Life of Emily Davison '' . In Morley , Ann ; Stanley , Liz . The Life and Death of Emily Wilding Davison . London : The Women 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7043 - 4133 - 3 . Cowman , Krista ( 2002 ) . `` ' Incipient Toryism ' ? The Women 's Social and Political Union and the Independent Labour Party , 1903 -- 14 '' . History Workshop Journal . 53 : 128 -- 148 . JSTOR 4289777 . Crawford , Elizabeth ( 2003 ) . The Women 's Suffrage Movement : A Reference Guide 1866 -- 1928 . London : UCL Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 43402 - 1 . Crawford , Elizabeth ( 2014 ) . `` Emily Wilding Davison : centennial celebrations '' . Women 's History Review . 23 ( 6 ) . doi : 10.1080 / 09612025.2014. 906961 . Davison , Emily ( 11 June 1909 ) . `` Letters '' . Votes for Women . p. 781 . Davison , Emily ( 11 September 1909 ) . `` The ' Real Meaning ' of the White City Disturbances '' . The Manchester Guardian . p. 5 . Davison , Emily ( 19 September 1912 ) . `` ' G.B.S. ' and the Suffragettes '' . The Pall Mall Gazette . p. 4 . Davison , Emily ( 13 June 1913 ) . `` A Year Ago . A Statement by Miss Emily Wilding Davison on her Release From Holloway , June 1912 '' . The Suffragette : 577 . Davison , Emily ( 5 June 1914 ) . `` The Price of Liberty '' . The Suffragette . p. 129 . `` The Derby of Disasters '' . Daily Express . 5 June 1913 . p. 1 . `` The Distracting Derby '' . The Pall Mall Gazette. 5 June 1913 . p. 8 . `` Emblem of women 's emancipation , Emily Wilding Davison celebrated by landmark new Library and Student Services Centre '' . Royal Holloway , University of London . 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . `` Emily Wilding Davison Found Hiding in a Ventilation Shaft '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . `` Equal Franchise Act 1928 '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . `` Exhibitions : Emily Wilding Davison Centenary '' . London School of Economics . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Foot , Paul ( 2005 ) . The Vote : How it Was Won , and How it Was Undermined . London : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 6709 - 1536 - 1 . `` The Funeral of Miss Davison '' . The Times . 13 June 1913 . p. 3 . Greer , Germaine ( 1 June 2013 ) . `` Emily Davison : was she really a suffragette martyr ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Gullickson , Gay L. ( 2008 ) . `` Emily Wilding Davison : Secular Martyr ? '' . Social Research . 75 ( 2 ) : 461 -- 484 . JSTOR 40972072 . Gullickson , Gay L. ( October 2016 ) . `` When Death Became Thinkable : Self - Sacrifice in the Women 's Social and Political Union '' . Journal of Social History : 1 -- 23 . doi : 10.1093 / jsh / shw102 . Cited page numbers from the pdf version Hardie , Keir ( 1 November 1909 ) . `` Use of Water Hose '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . House of Commons . col. 1432 -- 1434 . Hall , Janet ( 23 October 2015 ) . `` Ten things to learn about Morpeth Suffragette Emily Davison '' . Northumberland Gazette . p. 4 . `` In Honour and Loving Memory of Emily Wilding Davison '' . The Suffragette. 13 June 1913 . p. 1 . Howes , Maureen ( 2013 ) . Emily Wilding Davison : A Suffragette 's Family Album ( Kindle ed . ) . Stroud , Glos : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 9802 - 7 . Liddington , Jill ; Crawford , Elizabeth ; Maund , E.A. ( Spring 2011 ) . `` ' Women Do Not Count , Neither Shall They Be Counted ' : Suffrage , Citizenship and the Battle for the 1911 Census '' . History Workshop Journal ( 17 ) : 98 -- 127 . ISSN 4130 - 6813 . `` Miss Davison 's Death : Inquest and Verdict '' . The Manchester Guardian . 11 June 1913 . p. 9 . `` Miss Davison 's Funeral : Impressive London Procession '' . The Manchester Guardian . 16 June 1913 . p. 9 . `` Miss Davison 's Funeral '' . Votes for Women . 20 June 1913 . p. 553 . Morley , Ann ; Stanley , Liz ( 1988 ) . The Life and Death of Emily Wilding Davison . London : The Women 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7043 - 4133 - 3 . Naylor , Fay ( 2011 ) . `` Emily Wilding Davison : Martyr or Firebrand ? '' ( PDF ) . Higher Magazine . Royal Holloway , University of London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . `` A Night in Guy Fawkes Cupboard '' . Votes For Women . 7 April 1911 . p. 441 . Pankhurst , Sylvia ( 2013 ) ( 1931 ) . The Suffragette Movement : An Intimate Account of Persons and Ideals ( Kindle ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Wharton Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4465 - 1043 - 8 . Pugh , Martin D. ( 1974 ) . `` Politicians and the Woman 's Vote 1914 -- 1918 '' . History . 59 ( 197 ) : 358 -- 374 . Purvis , June ( March 1995 ) . `` '' Deeds , Not Words `` : The Daily Lives of Militant Suffragettes in Edwardian Britain '' . Women 's Studies International Forum ,. 18 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 101 . doi : 10.1016 / 0277 - 5395 ( 94 ) 00064 - 6 . Purvis , June ( 2002 ) . Emmeline Pankhurst : A Biography . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23978 - 3 . Purvis , June ( 2013a ) . `` Remembering Emily Wilding Davison ( 1872 -- 1913 ) '' . Women 's History Review . 22 ( 3 ) : 353 -- 362 . doi : 10.1080 / 09612025.2013. 781405 . Purvis , June ( 2013b ) . `` The 1913 Death of Emily Wilding Davison was a Key Moment in the Ongoing Struggle for Gender Equality in the UK '' . Democratic Audit . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Purvis , June ( June 2013c ) . `` The Suffragette Martyr '' . History . 14 ( 6 ) : 46 -- 49 . `` Representation of the People Act 1918 '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . San Vito , Vera Di Campli ( 2008 ) . `` Davison , Emily Wilding ( 1872 -- 1913 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 37346 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Sleight , John ( 1988 ) . One - way Ticket to Epsom : Journalist 's Enquiry into the Heroic Story of Emily Wilding Davison . Morpeth , Northumberland : Bridge Studios . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9512 - 6302 - 0 . Stanley , Liz ( 1995 ) . The Auto / biographical I : The Theory and Practice of Feminist Auto / biography . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4649 - 0 . `` Suffragette and the King 's Horse : Interview with the Jockey '' . The Manchester Guardian . 6 June 1913 . p. 9 . `` The Suffragist Outrage at the Derby '' . The Times . 11 June 1913 . p. 15 . `` The Supreme Sacrifice '' . The Suffragette. 13 June 1913 . pp. 578 -- 579 . Tanner , Michael ( 2013 ) . The Suffragette Derby . London : The Robson Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8495 - 4518 - 1 . Thorpe , Vanessa ( 26 May 2013 ) . `` Truth Behind the Death of Suffragette Emily Davison is Finally Revealed '' . The Observer . Webb , Simon ( 2014 ) . The Suffragette Bombers : Britain 's Forgotten Terrorists . Barnsley , S Yorks : Pen and Sword . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78340 - 064 - 5 . West , Rebecca ( 1982 ) . The Young Rebecca : Writings of Rebecca West , 1911 -- 17 . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 79458 - 4 . `` Woman 's Mad Attack on the King 's Derby Horse '' . The Daily Mirror. 5 June 1913 . p. 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emily Davison . An exhibit on Emily Davison , London School of Economics . The original Pathé footage of Emily Davison running out of the crowds at the Derby `` Emily Wilding Davison '' . Find a Grave. 11 April 2005 . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . BBC profile Archives of Emily Davison at the Women 's Library at the Library of the London School of Economics VIAF : 67267004 LCCN : nr88009435 GND : 119036916 IATH : w6n87ncx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emily_Davison&oldid=798707857 '' Categories : 1872 births 1913 deaths Alumni of Royal Holloway , University of London Alumni of St Hugh 's College , Oxford British feminists British schoolteachers British suffragists English suffragists Burials in Northumberland Deaths by horse - riding accident Filmed accidental deaths People from Blackheath , London People from Northumberland Women of the Victorian era Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 EngvarB from June 2017 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 09 : 50 . 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who threw themselves in front of a horse
[ "Emily Wilding Davison (11 October 1872 – 8 June 1913) was a suffragette who fought for votes for women in the United Kingdom in the early twentieth century. A member of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) and a militant fighter for her cause, she was arrested on nine occasions, went on hunger strike seven times and was force fed on forty nine occasions. She died after being hit by King George V's horse Anmer at the 1913 Epsom Derby after she had walked onto the track during the race." ]
[ "Emily Wilding Davison" ]
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Rocky Marciano
Rocky Marciano - wikipedia Rocky Marciano Not to be confused with Roc Marciano or Rocky Graziano . Rocky Marciano Statistics Real name Rocco Francis Marchegiano Nickname ( s ) The Brockton Blockbuster The Rock from Brockton Weight ( s ) Heavyweight Height 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ( 179 cm ) Reach 68 in ( 173 cm ) Nationality American ( 1923 - 09 - 01 ) September 1 , 1923 Brockton , Massachusetts , U.S. August 31 , 1969 ( 1969 - 08 - 31 ) ( aged 45 ) Near Newton , Iowa , U.S. Stance Orthodox Boxing record Total fights 49 Wins 49 Wins by KO 43 Losses 0 Rocco Francis Marchegiano ( September 1 , 1923 -- August 31 , 1969 ) , best known as Rocky Marciano ( / mɑːrsiˈɑːnoʊ / ) , was an American professional boxer who competed from 1947 to 1955 . He held the world heavyweight title from 1952 to 1956 , and is the only world heavyweight champion in professional boxing history to retire undefeated . His six title defenses were against Jersey Joe Walcott , Roland La Starza , Ezzard Charles ( twice ) , Don Cockell and Archie Moore . Known for his relentless fighting style , formidable punching power , stamina and exceptionally durable chin , Marciano has been included by boxing historians in lists of the greatest boxers of all time , and is currently ranked by BoxRec as the 16th greatest heavyweight boxer in history . His knockout - to - win percentage of 87.76 remains one of the highest in heavyweight boxing history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Amateur career 3 Professional career 3.1 Marciano vs. La Starza 3.2 Subsequent bouts 3.3 Championship fights 4 Life after boxing 5 Death 6 Fighting style 7 Legacy 8 Professional boxing record 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Early life Marciano was born and raised on the south side of Brockton , Massachusetts , to Pierino Marchegiano and Pasqualina Picciuto . Both of his parents were emigrants from Italy . His father was from Ripa Teatina , Abruzzo , while his mother was from San Bartolomeo in Galdo , Campania . Rocky had two brothers , Louis ( aka Sonny ) and Peter , and three sisters , Alice , Concetta and Elizabeth . When he was about 18 months old , Marciano contracted pneumonia , from which he almost died . In his youth , he played baseball with Sonny and David Rooslet ( a neighborhood friend of Marciano 's ) , worked out on homemade weightlifting equipment ( later in his life , Marciano was also a client of Charles Atlas ) and used a stuffed mailbag that hung from a tree in his back yard as a heavy bag . He attended Brockton High School , where he played both baseball and football . However , he was cut from the school baseball team because he had joined a church league , violating a school rule forbidding players from joining other teams . He dropped out of school after finishing tenth grade . Marciano then worked as a chute man on delivery trucks for the Brockton Ice and Coal Company . He also worked as a ditchdigger , railroad layer and shoemaker . Rocky was also a resident of Hanson , Massachusetts ; the house he lived in still stands on Main Street . In March 1943 , Marciano was drafted into the United States Army for a term of two years . Stationed in Swansea , Wales , he helped ferry supplies across the English Channel to Normandy . After the war ended , he completed his service in March 1946 at Fort Lewis , Washington . Amateur career Marciano 's amateur record has been stated as 8 -- 4 , while other sources claim 9 -- 4 . While awaiting discharge , Marciano represented the Army and won the 1946 Amateur Armed Forces boxing tournament . His amateur career was briefly interrupted on March 17 , 1947 , when Marciano stepped into the ring as a professional competitor at the Valley Arena Gardens of Holyoke , Massachusetts , being billed as `` Rocky Mackianno of Westover Field '' . That night , he knocked out local fighter Lee Epperson in three rounds . In an unusual move , Marciano returned to the amateur ranks and fought in the Golden Gloves All - East Championship Tournament in March 1948 . He was controversially beaten by Coley Wallace . He continued to fight as an amateur throughout the spring and competed in the AAU Olympic tryouts in the Boston Garden . There , he knocked out George McInnis , but hurt his hands during the bout and was forced to withdraw from the tournament . That was his last amateur bout . In late March 1947 , Marciano and several friends traveled to Fayetteville , North Carolina , to try out for the Fayetteville Cubs , a farm team for the Chicago Cubs baseball team . Marciano lasted three weeks before being cut . After failing to find a spot on another team , he returned to Brockton and began boxing training with longtime friend Allie Colombo . Al Weill and Chick Wergeles served as his managers and Charley Goldman as his trainer and teacher . Professional career Although he had one professional fight ( against Lee Epperson ) on his record , Marciano began fighting permanently as a professional boxer on July 12 , 1948 . That night , he notched a win over Harry Bilizarian ( 3 -- 6 -- 0 ) . He won his first 16 bouts by knockout , all before the fifth round and nine before the first round was over . Don Mogard ( 17 -- 9 -- 1 ) became the first boxer to last the distance ( full 10 rounds scheduled ) with `` The Rock '' , but Marciano won by unanimous decision . Early in his career , he changed the spelling of his last name Marchegiano . The ring announcer in Providence , Rhode Island , could n't pronounce Marchegiano , so Marciano 's handler , Al Weill , suggested they create a pseudonym . The first suggestion was Rocky Mack , which Marciano rejected . He decided to go with the more Italian - sounding `` Marciano '' . Marciano won three more fights by knockout and then he met Ted Lowry ( 58 -- 48 -- 9 ) . Marciano kept his winning streak alive , beating Lowry by unanimous decision . Four more knockout wins then followed , including a five - rounder on December 19 , 1949 , with Phil Muscato ( 56 -- 20 -- 0 ) , an experienced heavyweight from Buffalo , New York , being the first `` name fighter '' Marciano faced . Three weeks after that fight , Marciano beat Carmine Vingo ( 16 -- 1 -- 0 ) by a sixth - round knockout in New York that almost killed Vingo . Marciano vs. La Starza On March 24 , 1950 , Marciano fought Roland La Starza , winning by split decision . La Starza may have come closer than any other boxer to defeating Marciano as a professional . The scoring for the bout was 5 -- 4 , 4 -- 5 , and 5 -- 5 . Marciano won on a supplemental point system used by New York and Massachusetts at that time . The scoring system did not award an extra point for a knockdown and Marciano scored a knockdown in the fight . Referee Watson decided the bout , scoring it for Marciano . Both boxers were undefeated before the fight , with La Starza 's record at 37 -- 0 . Subsequent bouts Marciano scored three more knockouts in a row before a rematch with Lowry ( 61 -- 56 -- 10 ) , Marciano again winning by unanimous decision . After that , he scored four more knockouts and , after a decision over Red Applegate ( 11 -- 14 -- 2 ) in late April 1951 , he was showcased on national television for the first time , knocking out Rex Layne ( 34 -- 1 -- 2 ) in six rounds on July 12 , 1951 . On October 27 , 1951 , the 28 - year - old Marciano took on the 37 - year - old Joe Louis . Coming into the bout , Marciano was a 61⁄2 - to - 5 underdog . Marciano upset Louis in the latter 's last career bout . After four more wins , including victories over 35 - year - old Lee Savold ( 96 -- 37 -- 3 ) and Harry Matthews ( 81 -- 3 -- 5 ) , Marciano received a shot at the world title . Championship fights Marciano , 29 , faced the World Heavyweight Champion , 38 - year - old Jersey Joe Walcott , in Philadelphia on September 23 , 1952 . Walcott dropped Marciano in the first round and steadily built a points lead . In the 13th , Walcott used his trademark feint to set up his right hand , but Marciano 's `` Suzie Q '' landed first , a powerful right hook causing Walcott to slump to his knees with his arm draped over the ropes . He lay motionless long after he had been counted out and Marciano became the new World Heavyweight Champion . At the time of the stoppage , Walcott was leading on all scorecards 8 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , and 7 -- 4 . His first defense came a year later - a rematch against Walcott , 39 , who this time was knocked out in the first round . Next , it was Roland La Starza 's turn to challenge Marciano . After building a small lead on the judges ' scorecards all the way through the middle rounds , Marciano won the rematch by a technical knockout in the 11th round . Then came two consecutive bouts against former World Heavyweight Champion and light heavyweight legend Ezzard Charles , 33 , who became the only man to ever last 15 rounds against Marciano . Marciano won the first fight on points and the second by an eighth - round knockout . Then , Marciano met British and European Champion Don Cockell . Marciano knocked him out in the ninth round . Marciano 's last title bout was against 38 - year - old Archie Moore , on September 21 , 1955 . The bout was originally scheduled for September 20 , but because of hurricane warnings , it had to be delayed a day . Marciano was knocked down for a four - count in the second round , but recovered and retained his title with a knockout in round nine . Marciano announced his retirement on April 27 , 1956 , aged 32 . He finished his career at 49 -- 0 . Life after boxing Marciano considered a comeback in 1959 when Ingemar Johansson won the Heavyweight Championship from Floyd Patterson on June 26 , 1959 . After only a month of training in nearly four years , Marciano decided against it and never seriously considered a comeback again . After his retirement , Marciano entered the world of television , first appearing in the Combat ! episode `` Masquerade '' and then hosting a weekly boxing show on TV in 1961 . For a brief period , he worked as a troubleshooting referee in wrestling ( Marciano was a good wrestler in high school ) . He continued as a referee and boxing commentator in boxing matches for many years . He was also active in business as a partner and vice president of Papa Luigi Spaghetti Dens , a San Francisco - based franchise company formed by Joe Kearns and James Braly . He built a custom home at 641 NW 24 Street in Wilton Manors , Florida , a suburb of Fort Lauderdale . The house still stands today . In late July 1969 , shortly before his death , Marciano participated in the filming of the fantasy The Superfight : Marciano vs. Ali . The two boxers were filmed sparring , then the film was edited to match a computer simulation of a hypothetical fight between them , each in their prime . It aired on January 20 , 1970 , with one version having Marciano winning and the second version having Ali winning . Death Main article : 1969 Newton Cessna 172 crash On August 31 , 1969 ( the eve of his 46th birthday ) , Marciano was a passenger in a small private plane , a Cessna 172 heading to Des Moines , Iowa . It was nighttime and bad weather had set in . The pilot , Glenn Belz , had 231 total hours of flying time , 35 of them at night and had no instrument rating . Belz tried to land the plane at a small airfield outside Newton , Iowa but the aircraft hit a tree two miles short of the runway . Flying with Marciano in the back seat was Frankie Farrell , 28 , the oldest son of Lew Farrell , a former boxer who had known Marciano since childhood . Marciano , Belz and Farrell were killed on impact . The National Transportation Safety Board report said , `` The pilot attempted an operation exceeding his experience and ability level , continued visual flight rules under adverse weather conditions and experienced spatial disorientation in the last moments of the flight . '' Marciano was on his way to give a speech to support his friend 's son and there was a surprise birthday celebration waiting for him . He had hoped to return in the early morning for his 46th birthday celebration with his wife . He was coming from a dinner in Chicago at STP CEO Andy Granatelli 's home . Marciano is interred in a crypt at Forest Lawn Memorial Cemetery in Fort Lauderdale , Florida . His wife Barbara Marciano died five years later at the age of 46 due to lung cancer , and is entombed next to him . Fighting style Marciano is commonly remembered as a swarmer due to his use of constant pressure in the ring , but he has also been called a slugger and a brawler ; he was essentially all three . A late starter in the sport with little training and a short amateur career , he lacked the skills and finesse of most heavyweight champions , but he made up for it with brute force and raw power . Early in his career , he was notorious for his punching power , with 11 first - round knockouts to his credit . As the opposition got better , Marciano relied on his incredible stamina , relentlessness , and ability to fight rough and swarm on the inside to get him through fights just as much as his power . He sometimes went entire fights being pummeled by opponents such as Jersey Joe Walcott , Ezzard Charles , and Archie Moore , but came on strong as his opponent faded . He was also noted for hitting his opposition on their arms while they were blocking . Although this did not score points , over the rounds , it made their arms numb and essentially useless . Rocky faced criticism over his career for poor foot movement and for taking too many shots : he used weaving , but was often caught coming in . This , however , did not matter because he was able to take the shots . He is known for having one of the best chins in boxing history , being knocked down just twice in his entire career , both times more to do with poor balancing rather than being dazed . Legacy Rocky Marciano was the inspiration for the name , iconography and fighting style of the title character Rocky Balboa from Sylvester Stallone 's Rocky movie series . The character Rocky dreams of becoming like his idol Rocky Marciano and later in the series even gives his son a valuable possession ( a boxing glove necklace made from a cuff link ) given to him by his trainer Mickey , who had received it from Marciano . In 1971 , Nat Fleischer , perhaps boxing 's most famous historian and also editor and founder of The Ring , named Marciano as the 10th all - time greatest heavyweight champion . Fleischer wrote that Marciano was `` crude , wild swinging , awkward and missed heavily . In his bout with light heavyweight champion Archie Moore , for example , he missed almost two - thirds of the 50 - odd punches he threw when he had Archie against the ropes , a perfect target for the kill . '' John Durant , author of The Heavyweight Champions , wrote in 1971 ( pg. 123 ) `` Critics do not rate Rocky with the great ones , like Jeffries , Johnson , Dempsey , Tunney and Louis . He never faced top fighters like they did . It was not Rocky 's fault , of course , that there was a lack of talent when he was boxing . He fought them all and that is what a champion is supposed to do . '' In December 1962 , a The Ring poll of 40 boxing experts had Jack Dempsey rated the number - one heavyweight of all time , with Joe Louis second , Jack Johnson third and Marciano seventh . Two boxing historians , Herb Goldman and Charley Rose , and John McCallum 's Survey of Old Timers ( survey of a group of historians and writers ) , rated Marciano at number seven , number eight and number nine of best heavyweights of all time , respectively . In 1998 , The Ring named Marciano as the sixth greatest heavyweight champion ever . In 2002 , The Ring placed Marciano at number 12 on the list of the 80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years . In 2003 , The Ring rated Marciano number 14 on the list of 100 greatest punchers of all time . In 2005 , Marciano was named the fifth - greatest heavyweight of all time by the International Boxing Research Organization . A 1977 ranking by The Ring listed Marciano as the greatest Italian American fighter . In 2007 , on ESPN. com 's list of the 50 Greatest Boxers of All Time , Marciano was ranked number 14 . Marciano holds the record with heavyweight Brian Nielsen for the longest undefeated streak by a heavyweight. . He also holds the record for being the only world heavyweight champion to go undefeated throughout his career . Willie Pep , a featherweight , had a perfect 62 -- 0 record before he was defeated once , followed by a 72 -- 0 -- 1 undefeated streak . Packey McFarland was a lightweight ( fighting between 1904 and 1915 ) who lost his first fight and then won his next 98 , though he never won the lightweight title . Heavyweight champion Gene Tunney never suffered a defeat at heavyweight and retired as champion , only losing one career fight at light heavyweight . Apart from Marciano , only a few boxers have retired as undefeated world champions throughout history . As of 2017 , only Michael Loewe , Pichit Sitbangprachan , Harry Simon , Sven Ottke , Joe Calzaghe , Edwin Valero and Floyd Mayweather Jr. retired with perfect records , neither defeats nor draws . Yet , most of those fighters had asterisks next to their unbeaten records . Simon ended his career due to a prison sentence . Valero committed suicide while still an active champion . Ottke won countless dubious decisions and Loewe 's career ended due to injury . Only the records of Calzaghe and Mayweather have been able to escape much controversy , with the latter retiring at 50 -- 0 and as the only boxer to surpass Marciano 's 49 -- 0 record . Marciano has the highest knockout percentage of any heavyweight champion in history ( over the period of a career ) with 87.76 % . In his professional career , he was only knocked down twice . The first occurred in his first championship against Jersey Joe Walcott , 38 , and the second occurred against 38 year - old Archie Moore . On the bootleg tapes of the Beatles in session in 1965 recording `` Think For Yourself '' , John Lennon can be heard reflecting and joking about a meeting he had with Marciano , in which Marciano talked about Joe Louis . Marciano 's punch was tested and it was featured in the December 1963 issue of Boxing Illustrated : `` Marciano 's knockout blow packs more explosive energy than an armor - piercing bullet and represents as much energy as would be required to spot lift 1000 pounds one foot off the ground . '' Marciano was named fighter of the year by The Ring three times . His three championship fights between 1952 and 1954 were named fights of the year by the magazine . Marciano won the Sugar Ray Robinson Award in 1952 . In 2006 , an ESPN poll voted Marciano 's 1952 championship bout against Walcott as the greatest knockout ever . Marciano also received the Hickok Belt for top professional athlete of the year in 1952 . In 1955 , he was voted the second-most important American athlete of the year . Marciano is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame and the World Boxing Hall of Fame . Marciano had two children , a daughter Mary Anne ( born 1952 ) who died on June 3 , 2011 , of complications from a respiratory illness and a son Rocco Kevin ( born 1968 ) . Mary Anne had several run ins with the law in Florida in the 1980s and 1990s , getting arrested and charged with assault and armed robbery after previously serving jail time for cocaine possession . A bronze statue of Marciano was planned for a 2009 completion date in his hometown of Brockton , Massachusetts , as a gift to the city by the World Boxing Council . The artist , Mario Rendon , head of the Instituto Universitario de las Bellas Artes in Colima , Mexico , was selected to sculpt the statue . After years of delays in the planning stages , the groundbreaking for the statue was held on April 1 , 2012 , on the grounds of Brockton High School . The statue was officially unveiled on September 23 , 2012 , which was the 60th anniversary of Marciano winning the world heavyweight title . A bronze statue of Marciano was also erected in Ripa Teatina , Italy , to celebrate the birthplace of Marciano 's father . Professional boxing record Professional record summary hide 49 fights 49 wins 0 losses By knockout 43 0 By decision 6 0 No . Result Record Opponent Type Round , time Date Location Notes 49 Win 49 -- 0 Archie Moore KO 9 ( 15 ) , 1 : 19 Sep 21 , 1955 Yankee Stadium , New York City , New York , U.S. Retained The Ring and world heavyweight titles 48 Win 48 -- 0 Don Cockell TKO 9 ( 15 ) , 0 : 54 May 16 , 1955 Kezar Stadium , San Francisco , California , U.S. Retained The Ring and world heavyweight titles 47 Win 47 -- 0 Ezzard Charles KO 8 ( 15 ) , 2 : 36 Sep 17 , 1954 Yankee Stadium , New York City , New York , U.S. Retained The Ring and world heavyweight titles 46 Win 46 -- 0 Ezzard Charles UD 15 Jun 17 , 1954 Yankee Stadium , New York City , New York , U.S. Retained The Ring and world heavyweight titles 45 Win 45 -- 0 Roland La Starza TKO 11 ( 15 ) Sep 24 , 1953 Polo Grounds , New York City , New York , U.S. Retained The Ring and world heavyweight titles 44 Win 44 -- 0 Jersey Joe Walcott KO 1 ( 15 ) , 2 : 25 May 15 , 1953 Chicago Stadium , Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Retained The Ring and world heavyweight titles 43 Win 43 -- 0 Jersey Joe Walcott KO 13 ( 15 ) , 0 : 43 Sep 23 , 1952 Municipal Stadium , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , U.S. Won The Ring and world heavyweight titles 42 Win 42 -- 0 Harry Matthews KO 2 ( 10 ) , 2 : 04 Jul 28 , 1952 Yankee Stadium , New York City , New York , U.S. 41 Win 41 -- 0 Bernie Reynolds KO 3 ( 10 ) , 2 : 21 May 12 , 1952 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 40 Win 40 -- 0 Gino Buonvino KO 2 ( 10 ) , 1 : 35 Apr 21 , 1952 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 39 Win 39 -- 0 Lee Savold RTD 6 ( 10 ) , 3 : 00 Feb 13 , 1952 Convention Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , U.S. 38 Win 38 -- 0 Joe Louis TKO 8 ( 10 ) Oct 26 , 1951 Madison Square Garden , New York City , New York , U.S. 37 Win 37 -- 0 Freddie Beshore KO 4 ( 10 ) , 0 : 50 Aug 27 , 1951 Boston Garden , Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. 36 Win 36 -- 0 Rex Layne KO 6 ( 10 ) , 0 : 35 Jul 12 , 1951 Madison Square Garden , New York City , New York , U.S. 35 Win 35 -- 0 Willis Applegate UD 10 Apr 30 , 1951 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 34 Win 34 -- 0 Art Henri TKO 9 ( 10 ) , 2 : 51 Mar 26 , 1951 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 33 Win 33 -- 0 Harold Mitchell TKO 2 ( 10 ) , 2 : 45 Mar 20 , 1951 Auditorium , Hartford , Connecticut , U.S. 32 Win 32 -- 0 Keene Simmons TKO 8 ( 10 ) , 2 : 54 Jan 29 , 1951 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 31 Win 31 -- 0 Bill Wilson TKO 1 ( 10 ) , 1 : 50 Dec 18 , 1950 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 30 Win 30 -- 0 Ted Lowry UD 10 Nov 13 , 1950 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 29 Win 29 -- 0 Johnny Shkor TKO 6 ( 10 ) , 1 : 28 Sep 18 , 1950 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 28 Win 28 -- 0 Gino Buonvino TKO 10 ( 10 ) , 0 : 25 Jul 10 , 1950 Braves Field , Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. 27 Win 27 -- 0 Eldridge Eatman TKO 3 ( 10 ) Jun 5 , 1950 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 26 Win 26 -- 0 Roland La Starza SD 10 Mar 24 , 1950 Madison Square Garden , New York City , New York , U.S. 25 Win 25 -- 0 Carmine Vingo KO 6 ( 10 ) , 1 : 46 Dec 30 , 1949 Madison Square Garden , New York City , New York , U.S. 24 Win 24 -- 0 Phil Muscato TKO 5 ( 10 ) , 1 : 15 Dec 19 , 1949 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 23 Win 23 -- 0 Pat Richards TKO 2 ( 8 ) , 0 : 39 Dec 2 , 1949 Madison Square Garden , New York City , New York , U.S. 22 Win 22 -- 0 Joe Dominic KO 2 ( 10 ) , 2 : 26 Nov 7 , 1949 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 21 Win 21 -- 0 Ted Lowry UD 10 Oct 10 , 1949 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 20 Win 20 -- 0 Tommy DiGiorgio KO 4 ( 10 ) , 2 : 04 Sep 26 , 1949 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 19 Win 19 -- 0 Pete Louthis KO 3 ( 10 ) Aug 16 , 1949 New Page Arena , New Bedford , Massachusetts , U.S. 18 Win 18 -- 0 Harry Haft KO 3 ( 10 ) , 2 : 21 Jul 18 , 1949 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 17 Win 17 -- 0 Don Mogard UD 10 May 23 , 1949 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 16 Win 16 -- 0 Jimmy Evans TKO 3 ( 10 ) May 2 , 1949 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 15 Win 15 -- 0 Jimmy Walls KO 3 ( 10 ) , 2 : 44 Apr 11 , 1949 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 14 Win 14 -- 0 Artie Donato KO 1 ( 10 ) , 0 : 33 Mar 28 , 1949 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 13 Win 13 -- 0 Johnny Pretzie TKO 5 ( 10 ) , 1 : 46 Mar 21 , 1949 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 12 Win 12 -- 0 Gilley Ferron TKO 2 ( 6 ) , 2 : 21 Dec 14 , 1948 Convention Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , U.S. 11 Win 11 -- 0 James Patrick Connolly TKO 1 ( 8 ) , 1 : 57 Nov 29 , 1948 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 10 Win 10 -- 0 Bob Jefferson TKO 2 ( 6 ) , 2 : 30 Oct 4 , 1948 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 9 Win 9 -- 0 Gilbert Cardone KO 1 ( 4 ) , 0 : 36 Sep 30 , 1948 Uline Arena , Washington , D.C. , U.S. 8 Win 8 -- 0 Bill Hardeman KO 1 ( 6 ) Sep 20 , 1948 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 7 Win 7 -- 0 Humphrey Jackson KO 1 ( 6 ) , 1 : 08 Sep 13 , 1948 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 6 Win 6 -- 0 Jimmy Weeks TKO 1 ( 6 ) , 2 : 50 Aug 30 , 1948 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. 5 Win 5 -- 0 Eddie Ross KO 1 ( 6 ) , 1 : 03 Aug 23 , 1948 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. Win 4 -- 0 Bobby Quinn KO 3 ( 4 ) , 0 : 22 Aug 9 , 1948 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. Win 3 -- 0 John Edwards KO 1 ( 4 ) , 1 : 19 Jul 19 , 1948 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. Win 2 -- 0 Harry Bilzerian TKO 1 ( 4 ) Jul 12 , 1948 Auditorium , Providence , Rhode Island , U.S. Win 1 -- 0 Lee Epperson KO 3 ( 4 ) , 0 : 42 Mar 17 , 1947 Valley Arena Gardens , Holyoke , Massachusetts , U.S. See also Biography portal Boxing portal Massachusetts portal List of heavyweight boxing champions List of undisputed boxing champions List of lineal boxing world champions List of The Ring world champions Notes Jump up ^ Sources vary on his height , with some listing him as 5 ft 101⁄4 in . Jump up ^ When rescuers reached the crashed aircraft , they saw Marciano 's body still strapped in a seat . Upon hearing what had happened , people in boxing remembered what was said about Stanley Ketchel after Ketchel had been shot dead : `` Start counting ten over him . He 'll get up . '' References ^ Jump up to : Staff ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` The secrets behind the legend of Rocky Marciano '' . Boxing News . Newsquest . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Larry . `` Marciano glorified boxing '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bert Randolph Sugar & Teddy Atlas The Ultimate Book of Boxing Lists Running Press , ISBN 0762441674 ESPN.com , ALL - TIME GREATEST BOXERS James B. Roberts & Alexander G. Skutt The Boxing Register : International Boxing Hall of Fame Official Record Book , McBooks Press , ISBN 9781590131213 The Mike Casey Archive The Cyber Boxing Zone Russell Sullivan Rocky Marciano : The Rock of His Times , Illinois Press , ISBN 9780252027635 International Boxing Research Organization heavyweight - rankings International Boxing Hall Of Fame IBHOF Modern Inductees , Rocky Marciano Jump up ^ Boxrec all time p4p rankings Jump up ^ `` Charles Atlas : Muscle Man '' by Jonathan Black , Smithsonian magazine , August 2009 . Jump up ^ Skehan , p. 32 Jump up ^ Skehan , p. 39 Jump up ^ Skehan , p. 73 Jump up ^ `` Rocky Marciano 's Most Complete , True Amateur Record : 9 -- 4 ( 8 KO 's ) '' . encyclopediasupreme.org . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Paul and Tommy Hubert on Arena Card '' . Springfield Union . Springfield , Mass . March 17 , 1947 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Russell ( 2002 ) . `` Holyoke '' . Rocky Marciano : The Rock of His Times . Urbana and Chicago : University of Illinois Press . pp. 9 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Skehan , p. 69 Jump up ^ Skehan , p. 70 Jump up ^ Skehan , p. 66 Jump up ^ Ed Fitzgerald ( January 1953 ) . `` Rocky Marciano -- The Blockbuster from Brockton '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 23 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . thesportgallery.com Jump up ^ Rocky Marchiano KO 's Joe Louis . Eugene Register - Guard -- October 26 , 1951 Jump up ^ Will Hammock ( 2010 - 06 - 05 ) . `` The Champ : County to honor legendary boxer Charles today . '' Gwinnett Daily Post Jump up ^ Mullan ( 1996 ) . Boxing : The Definitive Illustrated Guide to World Boxing . London , England : Carlton Books . p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 7858 - 0641 - 5 . Jump up ^ Skehan , p. 257 Jump up ^ Fights and Flights ... The Crash of Rocky Marciano 's Cessna . Check-six.com ( 1969 - 08 - 31 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Marciano '' . www.check-six.com . ^ Jump up to : Ken Jones and Chris Smith ( 1990 ) . Boxing The Champions . The Crowood Press . p. 51 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Thirty Fifth Anniversary Of The Death Of Rocky Marciano . Eastsideboxing.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rocky Marciano raised money for the fight against Muscular Dystrophy . ( Archive ) -- Boxing Forum . Boxingscene.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/MarcianoCessna.htm Jump up ^ Nat Fleischer ( September 1971 ) . `` CLAY AN ALL - TIME TOP 10 ? DEFINITELY NO ! '' . The Ring Online . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Heavyweight lists from 3 historical heavyweights. in Boxing History Forum . Boxinguniverse.yuku.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Rankings '' . International Boxing Research Organization . March 2005 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ A picture of Marciano 's punch test at Kolumbus.fi . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ A further picture of Marciano 's punch test at Kolumbus.fi . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Papadopoulos , Maria . `` Daughter of Brockton boxer Rocky Marciano dies at 58 '' . Jump up ^ `` Marciano ` s Daughter Hit In Losing Fights Drug Conviction Latest Blow For Woman Who Blames Herself '' . Jump up ^ Papadopoulos , Maria . ( 2008 - 07 - 10 ) Where to put Rocky ? -- Brockton , MA -- The Enterprise . Enterprisenews.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Papadopoulos , Maria . ( 2010 - 11 - 18 ) Brockton 's Rocky Marciano Statue Committee wants meeting with World Boxing Council -- Taunton , MA -- The Taunton Daily Gazette . Tauntongazette.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Brockton breaks ground for Rocky Marciano statue -- Brockton , MA -- The Enterprise . Enterprisenews.com ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Marciano Statue '' . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Marciano '' . www.italyheritage.com . Bibliography Skehan , Everett M. ( 1977 ) . Rocky Marciano : Biography of a First Son . Boston , Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 25356 - X . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rocky Marciano Professional boxing record for Rocky Marciano from BoxRec Rocky Marciano - CBZ Profile Amateur boxing record for Rocky Marciano from BoxArec Rocky Marciano on IMDb Brockton pays tribute to Allie Colombo , Marciano 's friend and trainer at The Enterprise Rocky Marciano statue at the City of Brockton Marciano 's mother `` Lina '' on You Bet Your Life with a cameo by Marciano Marciano himself on You Bet Your Life the following week FBI Records : The Vault - Rocky Marciano at fbi.gov Sporting positions World boxing titles Preceded by Jersey Joe Walcott The Ring heavyweight champion September 23 , 1952 -- April 27 , 1956 Retired Vacant Title next held by Floyd Patterson World heavyweight champion September 23 , 1952 -- April 27 , 1956 Retired Records Preceded by Max Baer Age 50 Youngest world heavyweight champion to have died Age 45 August 31 , 1969 -- December 30 , 1970 Succeeded by Sonny Liston c. age 38 The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year 1928 : Tunney 1929 : Loughran 1930 : Schmeling 1931 : Loughran 1932 : Sharkey 1933 : No award 1934 : Canzoneri & Ross 1935 : Ross 1936 : Louis 1937 : Armstrong 1938 : Louis 1939 : Louis 1940 : Conn 1941 : Louis 1942 : Robinson 1943 : Apostoli 1944 : Jack 1945 : Pep 1946 : Zale 1947 : Lesnevich 1948 : Williams 1949 : Charles 1950 : Charles 1951 : Robinson 1952 : Marciano 1953 : Olson 1954 : Marciano 1955 : Marciano 1956 : Patterson 1957 : Basilio 1958 : Johansson 1959 : Johansson 1960 : Patterson 1961 : Brown 1962 : Tiger 1963 : Clay 1964 : Griffith 1965 : Tiger 1966 : Ali 1967 : Frazier 1968 : Benvenuti 1969 : Nápoles 1970 : Frazier 1971 : Frazier 1972 : Ali & Monzón 1973 : Foreman 1974 : Ali 1975 : Ali 1976 : Foreman 1977 : Zárate 1978 : Ali 1979 : Leonard 1980 : Hearns 1981 : Leonard & Sánchez 1982 : Holmes 1983 : Hagler 1984 : Hearns 1985 : Hagler & Curry 1986 : Tyson 1987 : Holyfield 1988 : Tyson 1989 : Whitaker 1990 : Chávez 1991 : Toney 1992 : Bowe 1993 : Carbajal 1994 : Jones Jr . 1995 : De La Hoya 1996 : Holyfield 1997 : Holyfield 1998 : Mayweather Jr . 1999 : Ayala 2000 : Trinidad 2001 : Hopkins 2002 : Forrest 2003 : Toney 2004 : Johnson 2005 : Hatton 2006 : Pacquiao 2007 : Mayweather Jr . 2008 : Pacquiao 2009 : Pacquiao 2010 : Martínez 2011 : Ward 2012 : Márquez 2013 : Stevenson 2014 : Kovalev 2015 : Fury 2016 : Frampton 2017 : Lomachenko Sugar Ray Robinson Award 1938 : Dempsey 1939 : Conn 1940 : Armstrong 1941 : Louis 1942 : Ross 1943 : Boxers of the Armed Forces 1944 : B. Leonard 1945 : Walker 1946 : Zale 1947 : Lesnevich 1948 : Williams 1949 : Charles 1950 : Robinson 1951 : Walcott 1952 : Marciano 1953 : Gavilán 1954 : Olson 1955 : Basilio 1956 : Patterson 1957 : Basilio 1958 : Moore 1959 : Johansson 1960 : Patterson 1961 : Fullmer 1962 : Tiger 1963 : Griffith 1964 : Pastrano 1965 : Ali 1966 : Tiger 1967 : Ortiz 1968 : Foster 1969 : Frazier 1970 : Buchanan 1971 : Frazier 1972 : Monzón 1973 : Foreman 1974 : Ali 1975 : Ali & Frazier 1976 : Davis Jr. , S.R. Leonard , Randolph , L. Spinks & M. Spinks 1977 : Norton 1978 : Holmes 1979 : S.R. Leonard 1980 : Hearns 1981 : S.R. Leonard 1982 : Pryor 1983 : Hagler 1984 : Hearns 1985 : Hagler 1986 : Tyson 1987 : Chávez 1988 : Tyson 1989 : Whitaker 1990 : Holyfield 1991 : Toney 1992 : Bowe 1993 : Whitaker 1994 : Foreman 1995 : De La Hoya 1996 : Holyfield 1997 : Holyfield 1998 : Mosley 1999 : Lewis 2000 : Trinidad 2001 : Hopkins 2002 : Forrest 2003 : Toney 2004 : Johnson 2005 : Hatton 2006 : Pacquiao 2007 : Mayweather Jr . 2008 : Pacquiao 2009 : Pacquiao 2010 : Martínez 2011 : Ward 2012 : Donaire 2013 : Mayweather Jr . 2014 : Crawford 2015 : Mayweather Jr . 2016 : Frampton 2017 : Lomachenko Hickok Belt winners 1950 : Phil Rizzuto 1951 : Allie Reynolds 1952 : Rocky Marciano 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Otto Graham 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Carmen Basilio 1958 : Bob Turley 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Jim Brown 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Joe Namath 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Brooks Robinson 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Steve Carlton 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Ken Stabler 1977 -- 2011 not awarded 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : Michael Phelps 2017 : José Altuve BNE : XX1354742 GND : 124280412 ISNI : 0000 0000 4927 1769 LCCN : nr98013190 NARA : 10586687 SNAC : w6870dn6 VIAF : 47690358 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Marciano&oldid=850341266 '' Categories : 1923 births 1969 deaths Boxers from Massachusetts Accidental deaths in Iowa American boxers of Italian descent American military personnel of World War II Heavyweight boxers International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Sportspeople from Brockton , Massachusetts American Roman Catholics Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States World heavyweight boxing champions Undefeated world boxing champions Rocky ( film series ) American people of Abruzzian descent People of Campanian descent American male boxers Rocky Marciano The Ring magazine champions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 BoxRec template with ID different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 07 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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who is the only professional boxer to end his career undefeated with a record of 49-0
[ "Rocco Francis Marchegiano (September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969), best known as Rocky Marciano (/mɑːrsiˈɑːnoʊ/), was an American professional boxer who competed from 1947 to 1955. He held the world heavyweight title from 1952 to 1956, and is the only world heavyweight champion in professional boxing history to retire undefeated.[2] His six title defenses were against Jersey Joe Walcott, Roland La Starza, Ezzard Charles (twice), Don Cockell and Archie Moore.\n" ]
[ "Rocco Francis Marchegiano" ]
5196371789219810685
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 - wikipedia Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2017 film . For the second volume of the comic book series , see Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2008 team ) . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by James Gunn Produced by Kevin Feige Written by James Gunn Based on Guardians of the Galaxy by Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Starring Chris Pratt Zoe Saldana Dave Bautista Vin Diesel Bradley Cooper Michael Rooker Karen Gillan Pom Klementieff Elizabeth Debicki Chris Sullivan Sean Gunn Sylvester Stallone Kurt Russell Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Henry Braham Edited by Fred Raskin Craig Wood Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) ( Tokyo ) May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) ( United States ) Running time 136 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 million Box office $863.5 million Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2014 's Guardians of the Galaxy and the fifteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is written and directed by James Gunn and stars an ensemble cast featuring Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , Bradley Cooper , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Pom Klementieff , Elizabeth Debicki , Chris Sullivan , Sean Gunn , Sylvester Stallone , and Kurt Russell . In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , the Guardians travel throughout the cosmos as they help Peter Quill learn more about his mysterious parentage . The film was officially announced at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con International before the theatrical release of the first film , along with Gunn 's return from the first film , with the title of the sequel revealed a year later in June 2015 . The film began principal photography in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , with many crew changes from the first film due to other commitments . Filming concluded in June 2016 . Gunn chose to set the sequel shortly after the first film to explore the characters ' new roles as the Guardians , and to follow the storyline of Quill 's father established throughout the first film -- Russell was confirmed in that role in July 2016 , portraying Ego , a departure from Quill 's comic father . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10 , 2017 and was released in the United States on May 5 , 2017 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . It grossed $864 million worldwide , making it the sixth highest - grossing film of 2017 , while also outgrossing its predecessor which had grossed $773 million . The film received generally positive reviews , particularly for its visuals , soundtrack and cast , though critics deemed it not as `` fresh '' as the original . A sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 , is being developed , with Gunn returning to write and direct , and is scheduled to be released in 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Writing 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 2014 , Peter Quill , Gamora , Drax , Rocket , and Baby Groot are renowned as the Guardians of the Galaxy . Ayesha , leader of the Sovereign race , has the Guardians protect valuable batteries from an inter-dimensional monster in exchange for Gamora 's estranged sister Nebula , who was caught attempting to steal the batteries . After Rocket steals some for himself , the Sovereign attacks the Guardians ' ship with a fleet of drones . These are destroyed by a mysterious figure , and the Guardians crash - land on a nearby planet . There this figure reveals himself as Quill 's father , Ego , and invites Quill , Gamora , and Drax to his home planet . Rocket and Groot remain behind to repair the ship and guard Nebula . Ayesha hires Yondu Udonta and his crew , who have been exiled from the greater Ravager community for child trafficking , to recapture the Guardians . They capture Rocket , but when Yondu hesitates to turn over Quill , whom he raised , his lieutenant Taserface leads a mutiny with help from Nebula . Taserface imprisons Rocket and Yondu aboard Yondu 's ship and executes Yondu 's loyalists . Nebula leaves to find and kill Gamora , whom she blames for the torture inflicted on her by their father , Thanos . While imprisoned , Rocket and Yondu bond . Groot and Kraglin , a remaining Yondu loyalist , free Rocket and Yondu , and they destroy the ship and its crew as they escape , though not before Taserface warns the Sovereign . Ego , a god - like Celestial that manipulated the matter around its consciousness to form this `` home '' planet , explains that it projected a humanoid guise to travel the universe and discover a purpose , eventually falling in love with Quill 's mother Meredith . Ego hired Yondu to collect the young Quill after Meredith 's death , but the boy was never delivered and Ego has been searching for him ever since . He teaches Quill to manipulate Celestial power . Nebula arrives at Ego 's planet and tries to kill Gamora , but the pair reach an uneasy alliance when they discover caverns filled with skeletal remains . Ego reveals to Quill that in his travels he planted seedlings on thousands of worlds which can terraform them into new extensions of himself , but they can only be activated by the power of two Celestials . To that end , he impregnated countless women and hired Yondu to collect the children , but killed them all when they failed to access the Celestial power . Under Ego 's influence , Quill helps him activate the seedlings , which begin to consume every world , but Quill fights back when Ego reveals that he killed Meredith due to the distraction she posed . Mantis , Ego 's naive empath servant , grows close to Drax and warns him of Ego 's plan . Gamora and Nebula also learn of the plan as Rocket , Yondu , Groot and Kraglin arrive . As they come under attack from the Sovereign 's dromes , the reunited Guardians find Ego 's brain at the planet 's core . Rocket makes a bomb using the stolen batteries , which Groot plants on the brain . Quill fights Ego with his newfound Celestial powers to distract him long enough for the other Guardians and Mantis to escape . The bomb then explodes , killing Ego and disintegrating the planet . Yondu sacrifices himself to save Quill , who realizes that the reason Yondu kept him was to spare him from the fate of Ego 's other progeny , and that Yondu was Quill 's true `` daddy '' . Having reconciled with Gamora , Nebula still chooses to leave and attempt to kill Thanos by herself . The Guardians hold a funeral for Yondu , which is attended by dozens of Ravager ships , acknowledging Yondu 's sacrifice and accepting him as a Ravager again . In a series of mid - and post-credit scenes , Kraglin takes up Yondu 's telekinetic arrow and control - fin ; Ravager leader Stakar Ogord reunites with his ex-teammates ; Groot starts growing back to normal size , exhibiting typical teenage behavior in the process ; Ayesha creates a new artificial being with whom she plans to destroy the Guardians , naming him Adam ; and a group of uninterested Watchers abandon their informant , who is discussing several experiences on Earth . Cast ( edit ) ( L : R ) Rooker , Pratt , Saldana , Gillan , Klementieff , Bautista , Debicki , and Russell promoting the film at the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - Celestial leader of the Guardians of the Galaxy who was abducted from Earth as a child and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . Pratt said Quill is now famous throughout `` the galaxy for having saved so many people ... He feels like he 's part of this group , a leader of this group . He 's a little more responsible and trying to stay out of trouble , but not necessarily doing the best job . '' Pratt stated that working on the film forced him to come to terms with the death of his own father . Pratt returns as part of a multi-film contract with Marvel . Wyatt Oleff once again portrays a young Quill . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : A member of the Guardians and an orphan from an alien world who seeks redemption for her past crimes . She was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin . Saldana described Gamora 's role in the team as `` the voice of reason '' , saying , `` She 's surrounded by all these dudes who are so stupid half the time , '' and added that she is the `` Mom '' of the team , saying that she is `` just a meticulous , detailed , professional individual . '' Regarding Gamora 's relationship with Nebula , Saldana described it as `` volatile '' and added , `` we 're starting somewhere very crazy but appropriate given where we had ended things off in the first '' film . Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A member of the Guardians and highly skilled warrior in search for vengeance against Thanos for his family 's slaughter . Bautista waited for the final version of the script to not take `` away from the magic '' , which he felt happened when he read early drafts of for the first film . He added that `` was n't crazy about my part ( in Vol. 2 , initially ) . It went a different direction than what I thought they were going to go with Drax , '' noting he did not `` think Drax was that significant in the film '' . The part `` clicked '' for Bautista after the table read with the other cast . Bautista called Drax `` more funny , driven '' than in the first film , and having `` a sense of innocence and heartbreak about him '' , despite `` most people 's first perception of Drax ( that ) he 's just a big , muscly brute '' . Bautista 's makeup took only 90 minutes to apply , down from four hours for the first film . He would have to sit in a sauna at the end of the day to get the makeup off , after his makeup test found it too `` abrasive '' . Vin Diesel as Baby Groot : A member of the Guardians who is a tree - like humanoid and the accomplice of Rocket . The character began growing from a sapling at the end of the first film with the intention of being fully grown by the sequel , but writer / director James Gunn eventually decided to keep him as `` Baby Groot '' ; this contributed to Gunn 's setting of the film only a few months after the first . Baby Groot does not have any of his previous memories , having to `` start all over , so to speak . So we 're going to see this goofy , adorable , baby Groot ( just ) kinda learning as he goes . '' Prop master Russell Bobbitt created a 1 : 1 scale model of the 10 - inch ( 25 cm ) Baby Groot for filming , to use as a lighting reference and sometimes as a puppet for the actors to interact with . As Groot only communicates with the phrase `` I am Groot '' in different inflections , Gunn created a `` Groot Version '' of the script for himself and Diesel , which contains each of Groot 's lines in English . Diesel used a higher register of his voice for Baby Groot , which was pitched up by seven to nine semitones depending on the take . He also delivered lines slowly to avoid any time stretching issues . Diesel recorded Groot 's voice for sixteen foreign - language releases of the film ( up from six in the first film ) . Sean Gunn provided on - set reference for adolescent Groot in the post-credit sequence . Bradley Cooper as Rocket : A member of the Guardians who is a genetically modified raccoon bounty hunter and mercenary , who is also a master of weapons and military tactics . Sean Gunn once again served as the stand - in for the character during filming , with Cooper 's performance also referenced . Sean Gunn said that `` Rocket has the same sort of crisis of faith ( that he had in the first film ) about whether or not he belongs in this family '' , with James Gunn adding , `` this is really about Rocket ... accepting his place within a group of people , which probably seemed like a good idea for two seconds when they were kind of getting along and saving the planet , and now 's it 's like , he 's just not very comfortable with the idea '' . Feige stated that the relationship between Rocket and Groot has changed , saying , `` Groot was Rocket 's protector in the first movie , ( and now ) Rocket is Groot 's protector . '' Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta : A blue - skinned buccaneer who is the leader of the Ravagers , a fatherly figure to Quill , and member of the Guardians . Yondu has a larger head fin in the film , to look closer to his comic counterpart , and Rooker worked with the prosthetic department to add gaps to his prosthetic teeth , `` just like real teeth '' , to aid him in whistling as the character . Rooker explained that , for the sequel , Gunn `` wanted people to experience more in - depth what Yondu was thinking and how he 's feeling -- a more serious Yondu . '' Rooker noted the complex relationship between Yondu and Quill where `` we do n't agree on things ... they are constantly at each other 's throats ( but ) Yondu truly cares about this kid . '' Gunn refused to ( end the film with Yondu 's death ) for a long time ... But , at the end of the day , I knew that 's where it needed to go ... This is a story about a father 's love for his son , his ultimate love , so much love that he sacrifices himself for that , and that 's what Yondu is . He is 100 percent Peter Quill 's father '' despite Ego being Quill 's biological father . Before the release of Vol. 2 , Rooker spent time on the set of Avengers : Infinity War to counteract rumors that he was not in that film because of his death in this one . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings , and a reluctant member of the Guardians . Gillan stated the film would further explore the sisterly relationship between Nebula and Gamora , including their backstory `` and what happened to these two girls growing up and actually how awful it was for them and how it 's ruined their relationship '' , adding `` we 're ( also ) going to start to see how much pain ( Thanos ) actually caused ( Nebula ) ... we really start to see the emotional crack in her character '' . While Gillan had to shave her head for the first film , she only had to shave half of her head for the sequel , taking away the underneath part and leaving the top . Gillan 's makeup took two and a half hours to apply , down from five hours for the first film . Pom Klementieff as Mantis : A member of the Guardians with empathic powers who lives with Ego . Executive producer Jonathan Schwartz said the character `` has never really experienced social interaction '' , and learns about `` social intricacies '' from the other Guardians . Klementieff added , `` She was really lonely and by herself , so it 's a completely new thing to meet these people and to discover new things '' , comparing this to a child making awkward mistakes in social situations . Mantis and Drax have an `` interesting '' relationship in the film due to both being `` complete odd balls '' . Steve Englehart , Mantis 's co-creator , was disappointed with the character 's portrayal , saying , `` That character has nothing to do with Mantis ... I really do n't know why you would take a character who is as distinctive as Mantis is and do a completely different character and still call her Mantis . '' Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha : The golden High Priestess and the leader of the Sovereign people , a genetically engineered race who are `` gold and perfect and wanting to be physically and mentally impeccable . '' Gunn was `` very specific '' when writing the character , and after casting director Sarah Finn suggested Debicki , Gunn `` knew right away that she was the one '' . Gunn highlighted the actress 's beauty and 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) height . Debicki wore platform shoes to increase her height to 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) . Chris Sullivan as Taserface : The leader of a mutinous group of the Ravagers . Gunn originally posted a photo of the comic book character on his social media after landing Guardians of the Galaxy , calling him `` the dumbest character of all time '' and saying he would never feature the character in a film . After eventually deciding to use the character in the sequel , Gunn felt the character had given himself the name Taserface and is `` a real dumbass '' . Sullivan 's makeup took two - and - a-half to three - and - a-half hours to apply each day . Sean Gunn as Kraglin : Yondu 's second - in - command in the Ravagers . Kraglin has an expanded role compared to the previous film -- Sean Gunn explained , `` In the first film he did a lot of just saying yes and being at Yondu 's side , but in this movie things take a little bit of a different turn as Kraglin has a little bit of a crisis of conscience and has to decide whether he 's going to stick with Yondu or join forces with the growing faction of mutineers . '' Sylvester Stallone as Stakar Ogord : A high - ranking Ravager who has a history with Yondu . Stallone called his character 's relationship with Yondu `` pretty intense and it 's kind of a father / son type of thing '' . For Stakar 's acceptance of Yondu as a Ravager at the end of the film , Gunn asked Stallone to channel the `` That 'll do pig '' line from the film Babe . Gunn described Stakar as `` very important to the Marvel Universe '' , and said that `` it 's our plan to see more of Stallone '' in future MCU films , though he was not sure then if that would include Vol. 3 . Kurt Russell as Ego : An ancient Celestial who is Quill 's father . Pratt was the first to suggest to Gunn that he consider Russell for the role ; he portrays an avatar of Ego who is more traditionally seen in the comics in his `` Living Planet '' form . Russell appreciated why he was wanted for the role after seeing Pratt 's performance in the first film , feeling `` That 's my kinda guy . I know where that kind of goof comes from . '' He added , `` I bring the right things ( from previous roles ) ... I connected the dots from some of the things I 've done in the past . '' Ego replaces Quill 's original comic father of J'son , and was allowed to be used in the film after 20th Century Fox reached a deal with Marvel Studios to return the film rights of Ego for changing the power set of Negasonic Teenage Warhead , whom Fox wanted to use in Deadpool ( 2016 ) . Gunn originally thought Marvel held the rights to the character , and stated that , had the deal with Fox not been made , there was `` no back up plan , and it would ( have been ) nearly impossible to just drop another character in , '' given the extensive work done surrounding the character . For the film 's opening sequence , set in 1980 Missouri , Aaron Schwartz served as facial reference for the young Ego . Additionally , reprising their roles from the first film are Laura Haddock as Meredith Quill , Gregg Henry as her father , Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck , and canine actor Fred as Cosmo . Members of Yondu 's Ravager crew appearing in the film include Evan Jones as Retch , Jimmy Urine as Half - Nut , Stephen Blackehart as Brahl , Steve Agee as Gef , Mike Escamilla as Scrote , Joe Fria as Oblo , Terence Rosemore as Narblik , and Tommy Flanagan as Tullk , as well as Charred Walls of the Damned drummer and Howard Stern Show personality Richard Christy in a cameo appearance . Many of these actors are close friends with Gunn . The other members of Stakar and Yondu 's old team , based on the comic 's original incarnation of the Guardians of the Galaxy , include Michael Rosenbaum as Martinex , Ving Rhames as Charlie - 27 , and Michelle Yeoh as Stakar 's female counterpart Aleta Ogord . Also included in the team are the CG characters Krugarr and Mainframe , with the latter voiced , in an uncredited cameo , by Miley Cyrus . Rosenbaum had previously auditioned to play Peter Quill in Vol. 1 . Gunn cast Yeoh because of his love of 1990s Hong Kong films , and Cyrus after admiring `` the tone of her voice '' while watching her as a judge on The Voice . He added that the team would return in future MCU films alongside Stallone 's Stakar . Stan Lee appears as an informant to the Watchers , discussing previous adventures that include his cameos in other MCU films ; he specifically mentions his time as a FedEx delivery man , referring to Lee 's cameo in Captain America : Civil War . This acknowledged the fan theory that Lee may be portraying the same character in all his cameos , with Gunn noting that `` people thought Stan Lee is ( Uatu the Watcher ) and that all of these cameos are part of him being a Watcher . So , Stan Lee as a guy who is working for the Watchers was something that I thought was fun for the MCU . '' Feige added that Lee `` clearly exists , you know , above and apart from the reality of all the films . So the notion that he could be sitting there on a cosmic pit stop during the jump gate sequence in Guardians ... really says , so wait a minute , he 's this same character who 's popped up in all these films ? '' Lee filmed several different versions of the scene , including an alternative where he references his role in Deadpool , which would have been the first acknowledgment of the X-Men film series by an MCU film . Gunn later admitted that the Civil War reference is a continuity error , given Vol. 2 is set before the events of Civil War , saying , `` I screwed up ; I was n't thinking . But I 'm going to say that probably Stan Lee used the guise of a Fed Ex guy more than one time . '' David Hasselhoff makes a cameo appearance as himself , when Ego shape - shifts to his likeness , while Rob Zombie once again has a Ravager voice cameo . Footage of Jeff Goldblum dancing as the Grandmaster from the set of Thor : Ragnarok is used briefly during the end credits , with Feige explaining that Marvel `` thought it would be fun to put it in there '' and hint at the connection between that character and the Collector , who appeared in the first Guardians film . Ben Browder , the star of the series Farscape which Gunn is a big fan of , cameos as a Sovereign Admiral . Jim Gunn Sr. and Leota Gunn , parents of James and Sean Gunn , also make cameo appearances in the film . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` There are general ideas for what the sequel is and where it goes and who 's involved and what happens and what we find out about our characters . So it 's very general and that could change ... but I know a lot about who these characters are and where they came from and where they 're going . I 'm excited by the possibility of creating a sequel because we had to do a lot of setup in ( the first ) movie and with a sequel we do n't have to do that setup which will make it so much easier for me . '' -- James Gunn , writer and director of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , on the state of the sequel in August 2014 In May 2014 , Disney CEO Bob Iger talked about the future of Guardians of the Galaxy , saying , `` We believe it has strong franchise potential . '' He added that their goal was to create `` another Avengers '' . Director and co-screenwriter James Gunn said he would like to return for a sequel , and was contractually obligated to if asked . The next month , producer Kevin Feige said there are `` places we can take ( the franchise ) and we have ideas of where we 'd like to go '' based on the wide array of characters , worlds and storylines from the comics . In July 2014 , Guardians of the Galaxy co-screenwriter Nicole Perlman confirmed a sequel , saying it was `` going to happen '' due to the positive internal response to the first film at Disney , and that Gunn would write and direct . At San Diego Comic - Con International soon after , the sequel was given a release date of July 28 , 2017 . Gunn had begun work on the film within a month , and said there would be at least one more Guardian from the comics appearing in the film . In October , Gunn confirmed that all five original Guardians and other characters from the original film would return , and the release date was moved up to May 5 , 2017 . In the following months , Michael Rooker said he would return for the sequel as Yondu , and was looking forward to exploring new areas of the character ; Chris Pratt , who played Peter Quill / Star - Lord in the first film , confirmed the sequel would be one of his next projects ; and Bradley Cooper expressed interest and excitement when asked if he would return as Rocket for the sequel . Vin Diesel also confirmed he would return as Groot . In March 2015 , Gunn revealed that filming would take place in Atlanta , Georgia with `` major crew changes '' from the first film , and that his brother , Sean Gunn , would return as Kraglin alongside Karen Gillan as Nebula . He also discussed his relationship with Marvel , explained that the company `` let me go and do my thing , and I truly listen to their notes and ideas . I 've never been told to put in any character or plot element at all ... When they trust you they give you a wide berth ... we just fit . '' In May , Gunn said the sequel would feature fewer characters than the first film , and that he had planned to introduce two major new characters in the script -- Mantis and Adam Warlock . Talks had begun with an actor Gunn had in mind to portray Mantis , while he had decided to remove Warlock due to the film `` getting too busy '' , explaining , `` one of the main things with Guardians of the Galaxy is not to add a bunch of characters , not to make it bigger in that way but to go deeper with the characters ... and getting to know them more emotionally ... everything is just getting too sprawling and too crazy for me in these superhero comic book movies . '' Gunn added , `` I adored what we had done with him . I think we did something really creative and unique with Adam Warlock . But it was one character too many and I did n't want to lose Mantis and Mantis was more organically part of the movie anyway . '' He noted that Warlock could appear in future Guardians films , and is considered `` a pretty important part '' of the cosmic side of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The character 's future introduction is hinted at in one of the film 's mid-credits scenes . Gunn noted that Marvel gave him `` some blowback '' for including the Warlock teaser because they felt fans would believe the character would be appearing in Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel , which was not the case . By including the scene , Gunn promised Marvel he would use his social media presence to clarify for fans that the character would not be seen in either Avengers film . Writing ( edit ) After the film 's announcement , Gunn said he knew `` a lot of where I want to go ( in the sequel ) '' , having written the backstory of Peter Quill , his father , and his history with Yondu during the making of the first film with the intention of exploring them in a future film . Gunn wanted to give the sequel a different structure from the first film , since `` one of the reasons people like Guardians is because it 's fresh and different , so the second one will be fresh and different from the first one . '' Before starting on the script , Gunn hoped to further explore Drax the Destroyer , Nebula , Kraglin , and the Collector , and expand on Xandarian , Kree , Krylorian , and Ravager culture . He also hoped to introduce more female characters in the sequel , though wanted to avoid including `` earthlings '' such as Carol Danvers , as well as Novas Richard Rider or Sam Alexander , saying , `` I think Quill being the only earthling is important . That serves the entire movie - going audience and not just the handful of Nova ( and Carol Danvers ) fans . '' Feige said exploring Quill 's father `` would certainly be part of a next Guardians adventure ... I think there 's a reason we seeded it at the very end of the ( first ) film like that . '' Gunn also stated that he wanted to make sure `` Yondu 's place in everything made sense '' in regards to his relationship to Quill and his father , and also revealed Quill 's father would not be J'son as in the comics . Gunn `` was less confident ( Marvel ) was going to buy in on Baby Groot than '' including Ego the Living Planet , since `` adult Groot was the most popular character from the first film and I did n't think they 'd want to risk a good thing . '' However , by changing Groot , Gunn felt it `` opened the film up '' creatively , allowing Gunn to bring out `` new aspects of our other characters . '' Gunn said Thanos would only appear in the sequel `` if he helps our story and he will not show up at all if not . Thanos is not the most important thing in Guardians 2 , that 's for damn sure . There 's the Guardians themselves and other threats the Guardians are going to be facing that are not Thanos . '' Feige later confirmed that Thanos would not appear in the sequel , as he was being saved for a `` grander '' return . When asked about how the film would connect with the other Phase Three films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , Gunn said , `` I do n't feel beholden to that stuff at all . I think it 's really about the Guardians and what they are doing . '' Gunn set the film two - to - three months after the first film , `` because he felt the group are just such fragile egos and he did n't think this story could start years later . '' Major planets visited in the film include Sovereign , Berhart and Contraxia . Feige also stated two or three other worlds would be seen , as well as `` a little bit of Earth in this film , but it 's not these characters going to Earth . '' In December 2014 , Gunn revealed the story for the film was written , saying , `` It 's ( still ) constantly shifting , but I feel like it 's pretty strong . I 'm excited about it . '' By early February 2015 , Gunn was `` a few short weeks '' away from submitting a full story treatment to Marvel , and said that when he first presented his idea for the sequel to the company they thought it was `` risky '' . He described it as `` not really based on anything '' from the comics , being mainly an original story . Gunn later referred to the full treatment as a `` scriptment '' , `` a 70 - page combination of a script and a treatment and it goes through every beat of the movie '' . By April , he was preparing to write the screenplay , and in May he was hoping to complete the script before he began work on The Belko Experiment in June 2015 . Pre-production ( edit ) Gunn promoting Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International . On June 2 , 2015 , Gunn announced on social media that he had completed the first draft of the screenplay , and that the film 's title would not simply be Guardians of the Galaxy 2 . The same week , he confirmed the return of Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , and Cooper as Gamora , Drax , and Rocket , respectively . At the end of the month , Gunn announced the film 's title as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , saying he `` came up with a LOT of titles for Vol. 2 . But because ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is already so wordy , it seemed strange to add another bunch of words after it . I liked Vol. 2 the best , so that 's what I stuck on the cover of the screenplay -- and , fortunately , ( Marvel ) liked it . '' In September 2015 , Gunn said in a Facebook post that he wanted to use Sneepers , an alien race that first appeared in Marvel Comics in 1964 , as background characters in the film , but was advised against it by Marvel 's legal department because the name was too similar to snípur , the Icelandic word for clitoris . The Marvel legal department later cleared the use of Sneepers in the film , in part because of all the media coverage Gunn 's initial post received . At the end of the month , Feige stated casting announcements would be made `` over the next few months before the end of the year '' , and by the end of October , Pom Klementieff was cast as Mantis . Also , Matthew McConaughey was offered the role of the film 's antagonist , but had passed on it in favor of The Dark Tower . McConaughey felt he would have been `` an amendment '' in Vol. 2 in `` a colorful part ( made ) for another big - name actor . '' In December , Gunn said that he was corresponding with John C. Reilly about him reprising his role as Nova Corpsman Rhomann Dey , while Kurt Russell entered early talks to play Quill 's father . After the death of David Bowie , Gunn said that there were discussions for Bowie to appear in the film as a member of Yondu 's original crew . Gunn also stated that he had completed the final draft of the script . Benicio del Toro , who portrayed the Collector in the first film , expressed interest in portraying the character again , despite Marvel not contacting him about the sequel ; Gunn explained that the Collector `` just did n't fit '' into Vol. 2 . In early February , comedian Steve Agee was revealed to be in the film . Prop master Russell Bobbitt had difficulty finding the cassette decks that had been used in the first film , and all of the Sony Walkman headsets they sourced for the sequel were broken . Sony also did not have any headsets available for filming , while three pairs Bobbitt found on eBay cost around $1,800 and were not the exact model . Bobbitt eventually created six from scratch for Vol. 2 . Other props he created for the film included two sets of blasters for Quill , with removable blaster cartridges , and `` steampunk - looking weapons and belts '' for the Ravagers ; Bobbitt explained that four different weapons were designed for the latter group , and then 15 -- 20 versions of those were produced to be used by the various Ravager actors ( there could be up to 85 -- 95 Ravagers per scene ) . For their belts , the props team cut the leather themselves rather than buying existing belts , and then parts from different electronic devices such as radios and cell phones were glued together to make each belt `` a unique piece of art '' . The prop department also made edible props for certain scenes : a prop of a stinkbug - inspired insect was made from chocolate and injected with black honey so it could be eaten on screen and `` when he bit down the honey poured out of his mouth '' ; similarly , a `` yarrow root '' was designed based on enlarged images of pollen , and then created with non-dairy white chocolate to be eaten onscreen . Filming ( edit ) Pre-shooting began on February 11 , 2016 , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , under the working title Level Up , with Henry Braham serving as cinematographer and Scott Chambliss as production designer . Gunn noted that many of the crew from the first film , such as cinematographer Ben Davis and production designer Charles Wood , signed on to work on Doctor Strange , and due to a late change in production schedule for that film , were unable to work on Vol. 2 . Principal photography began on February 17 , with Marvel confirming that Russell had joined the cast , and revealing that Elizabeth Debicki and Chris Sullivan had also been cast , all in undisclosed roles . The production used all 18 stages at Pinewood Atlanta , an increase in stage space from what was used for the first film . Gunn said the sequel required more sets than the first and `` our sets are very large , even though a lot of the film is CGI . I like to have as many practical sets as we can and make the environments as real as possible so it balances out the CGI elements . '' Despite this , Gunn noted that there were less locations featured in the sequel , with the focus instead on being more specific and detailed with the fewer places shown . Sets constructed for the film included : several for the Sovereign planet , for which Chambliss used a `` 1950s pulp fiction variation on 1930s art deco design aesthetic '' ; the Ravager 's main ship in the film , the Eclector , which was constructed in sections to provide a complete 360 - degree view of the ship as well as the ability to move sections around and portray different areas of the ship ; and the Iron Lotus establishment on the `` pleasure planet '' of Contraxia , which Chambliss wanted to feel like it had been put together from `` a whole yard of repurposed junk where old spaceships are cast away and industrial materials that are n't of use anymore are just left to rot '' , creating a `` kind of neon jungle in its own way and covered in ice and snow . '' Interiors for other ships were also constructed , to limit the amount of blue screen the actors had to interact with ; this includes the cockpit of Quill 's ship that had been built for the first film before being stored in London which was transported to Atlanta for the sequel . Vol. 2 was the first film to be shot with an 8K resolution camera , the Red Weapon 8K . Gunn had wanted to use a different camera than the Alexa 65 that had been used for several other Marvel films , because he found it to be a `` very big and heavy camera '' . He wanted a camera that could deliver equivalent image quality to the Alexa 65 , and tested multiple options . He eventually met with Red , whom he had a positive experience with working on The Legend of Tarzan , and they introduced him to an early prototype for the Weapon 8K . He , Gunn , and Marvel decided to use the camera in September 2015 , when only that single prototype existed , and spent months working with Red to get the camera ready for filming . For the sequence where Rocket and Yondu escape from the Ravagers , a Phantom Camera was used to film scenes up to 2000 frames per second , with the footage able to be moved from slow - motion to high - speed within a single shot . Each shot using the camera had to be carefully set up and choreographed . Additional scenes were also shot in IMAX and its aspect ratio . Braham filmed almost 85 percent of the film using a stabilizing technology he had contributed to called Stabileye , which he called `` a handheld dolly '' which allowed `` a spontaneity to the way the camera moves that is different and that felt appropriate for this movie . '' For filming the cockpits of spaceships , Braham surrounded the practical sets with video panels and other light sources that he could use to create realistic lighting no matter the environment outside the ship . Exteriors of the ships were filmed with the camera on a technocrane , but any shots inside the cockpits again used the Stabileye which is `` so small that you can get it in there next to the actors '' . In April , Gunn stated that Reilly would not be part of the film , and that Glenn Close would be filming scenes to reprise her role of Nova Prime Irani Rael from the first film , though it was unclear whether they would make it to the final cut of the sequel . He added that there were many other characters he could not include in the film due to rights issues , as 20th Century Fox `` owns so many awesome cosmic villains and minor characters that I 'd love to play around with '' such as Annihilus and Kang the Conqueror . When filming Stan Lee 's cameo , Gunn also filmed two other cameos with Lee including one for Doctor Strange , to limit the amount of travel Lee had to do . Additional filming for Vol. 2 took place in Cartersville , Georgia , a state park north of Portland , Oregon , and in St. Charles , Missouri . The Georgia International Convention Center served as additional soundstage space after pre-production on Spider - Man : Homecoming began at several Pinewood Atlanta soundstages . Principal photography wrapped on June 16 , 2016 . Post-production ( edit ) At San Diego Comic - Con 2016 , Russell and Debicki were revealed to be playing Ego , Quill 's father , and Ayesha , respectively . Sylvester Stallone was also revealed to be in the film , with his role later revealed as Stakar Ogord . Gunn also introduced multiple actors who were playing Ravager characters , since the Ravagers have a larger presence in the film . On the decision to reveal Russell as Ego and Quill 's father when he did , Gunn felt that since `` people were going to figure it out eventually ... it was better that we took the reins in our own hands '' and make the reveal . Gunn also felt that this would move the focus of audiences from wanting to discov er who Quill 's father is to `` the story and the relationship that these characters have '' . In August 2016 , Gunn confirmed the film would feature a post-credits scene , later stating there would be five in total , with four mid-credits scenes and one post-credits . Gunn also planned a sixth scene , where the Ravager Gef is found `` mortally wounded '' on the ship , but `` it ended up being a little confusing . '' In November , Gillan revealed that the film was undergoing reshoots . That February , it was reported that the film had scored a perfect 100 in test screenings , the highest for any Marvel Studios film . The Hollywood Reporter noted this score could not necessarily be compared to any non-Marvel movies due to Marvel 's specific testing process that selects its audience `` from a more select pool of recruits , what it terms ' friends and families screenings ' '' . In March 2017 , Gunn revealed that Michael Rosenbaum would appear in the film , and that Gunn would provide reference for Baby Groot 's dancing `` in a much bigger way ( than the first film ) . I actually had to do like a full day 's worth of dancing to get Groot 's dance down this time . Last time it was me in front of an iPhone , and this time it 's me dancing on a huge soundstage and shooting it from five different angles . '' Fred Raskin and Craig Wood returned from the first film to serve as editors . On scenes that were cut from the film , Gunn said Nathan Fillion , who had had a voice cameo in the first film , was going to appear as Simon Williams in a sequence that would have shown several movie posters for films starring Williams , including films in which he portrays Arkon and Tony Stark . Gunn chose Williams for Fillion 's cameo because he wanted Fillion to have a bigger role in the MCU at some point and so did n't want to give him a role that could prevent him from taking a more substantial one later . Gunn still considered Fillion 's cameo canon to the MCU , despite it being cut . He also confirmed that Close 's scenes had been cut from the film , because it felt like he `` was trying to cram Nova Prime into the second movie as opposed to having it happen organically . '' Visual effects ( edit ) Ego 's planet ( above ) was designed to be `` highly geometric '' and made extensive use of fractals , including Apollonian gaskets ( below ) . Visual effects for the film were created by Framestore , Weta Digital , Trixter , Method Studios , Animal Logic , Scanline VFX , Lola VFX , Luma , and Cantina Creative . Previsualization was done by The Third Floor . Framestore created 620 shots for the film , Weta Digital created 530 , Method Studios more than 500 , and Animal Logic created 147 . Framestore once again created Rocket and Groot , with Method Studios , Weta Digital and Trixter also working on Rocket . Framestore rebuilt Rocket `` from the ground up '' for Vol. 2 , giving him an updated fur simulation , new facial shapes and phonemes , as well as a new eye rig , which came from a rig used for the character Gnarlack from Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . Trixter 's work on Rocket included when he sets off a trap for the Ravagers , additionally working on the sequence when Rocket , Yondu and Kraglin jump across space . Other work from Framestore included creatures , spaceships , Ayesha 's lair , the space chase , the Eclector scenes , and the adolescent Groot post-credit scene . Framestore also created the film 's opening sequence . Despite appearing as a single shot , it ultimately was composed of 11 different visual effect shots . Gunn provided reference video for Baby Groot 's dancing in the sequence . Framestore animation supervisor Arsland Elver noted that the majority of the opening sequence includes CGI and digital doubles , with three moments ( Quill falling on the ground near Baby Groot , Gamora talking to Baby Groot , and Drax rolling behind Baby Groot ) actually photography . As with the first film , Sarofsky created the typography for the opening , using the same style from Guardians of the Galaxy for consistency , `` this time in rusty gold and glowing blue neon '' . Executive Creative Director Erin Sarofsky noted the challenge of placing the credits while the sequence was being refined by Framestore . Sarofsky proposed several different options for the credits , including having `` a little hovering character that projected a hologram up on the screen '' , but Gunn did not want another character in the sequence to deal with . A simpler 2D option was used instead . Sarofsky also worked on the end credits , the first time for the company , integrating the actual credits from company Exceptional Minds with designs inspired by old music album art , taking albums and scanning them for their old textures and scratches . The destruction of the Ravager ship the Eclector was handled by Weta Digital . Weta Digital also handled Ego during his fight with Quill , utilizing a digital double of Russell for many of their shots . Weta also needed to create a digital double for David Hasselhoff for the moment when Ego shifts into Hasselhoff 's guise . Guy Williams , Weta 's visual effects supervisor , said , `` We tried morphing to a live action Hoff -- but it did not hold up as well . The Kurt version looked better than the Hoff version , ... and while we had built a very detailed Kurt digi - double , - we did n't want to go to the same level on the Hoff for just two shots . But in the end we did have to do a partial build digi - double of the Hoff . The reason we did the Kurt digi - double in the first place was to make sure all the effects stuck correctly to the body ... so we went with the approach of a full digi - double , the hair , the side of the face everything on Kurt . For the Hoff , we got pretty close , but it is not quite as detailed as for Kurt . '' Additional work by Weta included the inside of Ego 's planet , known as the Planet Hollow , which was inspired by the fractal art of Hal Tenny , who Gunn hired to help design Ego 's environment . Gunn added that there are `` over a trillion polygons on Ego 's planet , '' calling it `` the biggest visual effect of all time . There 's nothing even close to it . '' Animal Logic and Method Studios also worked on the various parts of Ego 's planet , with Animal Logic focusing on Ego 's cathedral , and Method on the arrival sequence and Baby Groot 's `` not that button '' sequence in the Planet Hollow . Animal Logic 's work for Ego 's cathedral was also based on fractal art . The team at Animal Logic were initially brought on to the film to work on the story vignettes that were used to explain the backstory , which started as oil paintings before evolving to falling sand , and eventually the final plastic sculptures that were used . Method also created the film 's final sequence for Yondu 's funeral . To make Rocket shedding a tear convincing , Method used in - house footage of Animation Supervisor Keith Roberts `` performing the scene for reference , studying the macro facial movements like minor eye darts or blinks , in addition to what was filmed on set and in the sound booth by '' Cooper . Additional work included the scenes on the planet Berhart . Lola VFX worked on de-aging Russell , having previously done similar work in other MCU films ; they also added to various characters , including Nebula . To achieve the younger Ego , Lola referenced Russell 's performance in Used Cars , as `` he had a lot of the ( facial ) action '' the visual effects artists were looking for . They also used a younger stand in , Aaron Schwartz , since he had `` big broad jaw , chin , and most importantly the way the laugh lines move ( d ) and crease ( d ) as he talk ( ed ) '' , similar to Russell 's . Laura Haddock , reprising her role from the first film of Meredith Quill in the sequence , was also slightly de-aged to play the younger version of that character . Luma worked on the Sovereign people and their world , and Adam Warlock 's cocoon . Music ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( soundtrack ) By August 2014 , Gunn had `` some ideas listed , but nothing for sure '' in terms of songs to include in Quill 's Awesome Mix Vol. 2 mixtape , for which he felt `` a little pressure for the soundtrack because so many people loved ( the first film 's soundtrack ) and we went platinum and all that other stuff . But I feel like the soundtrack in the second one is better . '' By June 2015 , Gunn had chosen all of the songs and built them into the script , calling Awesome Mix Vol. 2 `` more diverse '' than the first one , with `` some really incredibly famous songs and then some songs that people have never heard . '' Tyler Bates had returned to score the film by August 2015 . As with Guardians of the Galaxy , Bates wrote some of the score first so Gunn could film to the music , as opposed to Bates scoring to the film . Recording for the score began in January 2017 at Abbey Road Studios . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 : Awesome Mix Volume 2 , along with the film score album composed by Bates , were released on April 21 , 2017 . A cassette version of Awesome Mix Volume 2 was released on June 23 , 2017 , while a deluxe edition vinyl LP featuring both Awesome Mix Volume 2 and Bates ' score was released on August 11 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , California . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 made its world premiere in Tokyo on April 10 , 2017 , and its Hollywood premiere on April 19 at the Dolby Theatre . The film began its international release on April 25 , in Australia , New Zealand , and Italy , alongside a total of 37 markets in its first weekend , with 176 IMAX screens in 35 of those markets . Its North American release on May 5 took place in 4,347 theaters , of which over 3,800 were in 3D , 388 in IMAX and IMAX 3D , 588 premium large - format , and 194 D - Box locations . The film 's opening in China was in 400 IMAX theaters , the largest ever for the country . On May 4 , 2017 , 550 theaters in the United States had a special RealD Guardians of the Galaxy double feature event before preview screenings of Vol. 2 . Guests who attended received an exclusive mini poster and a set of souvenir collectible buttons . Vol. 2 was originally intended to be released on July 28 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) In June 2016 , Marvel announced plans for an expanded merchandising program for the film from the original , with Groot playing a central role . Gunn ensured the film 's female characters received more representation in the merchandise than in the first . Paul Gitter , senior VP of licensing at Disney Consumer Products , said they intended to build Guardians of the Galaxy into a tentpole franchise . Partners in the campaign included Hasbro , Lego , Funko , LB Kids , GEICO , Ford Motor Company , Go - Gurt , Hanes , Synchrony Bank , Dairy Queen , M&M 's , Screenvision , Sprint Corporation and Wrigley Company . Additionally , Marvel partnered with Doritos for their Rock Out Loud campaign to create a custom `` limited - edition series of Doritos bags featuring a built - in cassette tape deck - inspired player that plays '' Awesome Mix Vol. 2 and can be recharged . The custom bags were available to purchase on Amazon.com , with Doritos also hosting Rock Out Loud pop - up recording booths in New York and Los Angeles where fans could sing the songs from Awesome Mix Vol. 2 and have the opportunity to win various prizes , including the custom bags , concert tickets , and free bags of Doritos . '' In July 2016 , Gunn , Pratt and other members of the cast attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the film , showing footage and revealing additional character information . On October 19 , a `` sneak peek '' teaser was released ahead of the first full teaser trailer . Ethan Anderton of / Film felt the teaser was strong , despite not showing any of the new characters or relying on Baby Groot , while The A.V. Club 's Esther Zuckerman called it `` an immediate crowd - pleaser '' . According to media - measurement firm comScore and its PreAct service , the teaser was the top trailer for the week it released , generating 108,000 new social media conversations . In early December , before Gunn revealed the first teaser trailer at Comic Con Experience 2016 , he said that finding scenes and moments to showcase in the trailer without revealing too much of the film resulted in hard choices , since `` people really go through every single little shot and try to figure out what the movie 's about . And there 's a lot of mysteries in Guardians 2 . '' Describing the teaser trailer , Jacob Hall of / Film felt , `` It 's telling that this trailer can get away without actually selling the plot of the movie . Audiences did n't fall in love with the first Guardians of the Galaxy because they were entranced by yet another Marvel Studios movie built around a villain who gets his hands on an Infinity Stone ... the bulk of this trailer is dedicated to this group bouncing off one another , which is the real star attraction . '' The teaser trailer had 81 million views in 24 hours , becoming the second-most viewed teaser behind Beauty and the Beast and largest Marvel Studios teaser ever . Additionally , Sweet 's `` Fox on the Run '' reached number one on the iTunes Rock Chart after featuring in the teaser . A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LI . Germain Lussier for io9 called it `` hilarious '' , while Anderton said it was `` one hell of a '' Super Bowl spot , `` one that probably overshadows the game itself for people like me ... There 's plenty of badass cosmic action , the humor we all love , a stellar soundtrack , and some great new footage from the sequel . '' The spot generated the most Twitter conversation volume during the game with 47,800 conversations , according to comScore , who measured the volume of trailers that aired during the game from the time it aired through the end of the game . The film also topped a Fandango survey of fans ' favorite film trailer during the Super Bowl . An additional trailer debuted on February 28 , 2017 , on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . Haleigh Foutch at Collider.com felt the trailer added `` hype '' to the film , and was `` just an all - around wonderful trailer , lit up with the wacky humor and irreverent charm that made the first film such a hit , with an extra dose of visual splendor . '' Pratt and Saldana appeared at the 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards , where they debuted an exclusive clip . In mid-July , Marvel created a 1980s - inspired infomercial and an 800 number to promote the film 's home media release . Home media ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on August 8 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on August 22 . The Ultra HD Blu - ray version is the first Disney home media release in 4K resolution . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes ; audio commentary ; deleted scenes ; a blooper reel ; and a music video for the song `` Guardians Inferno '' . The digital release also exclusively features the breakdown of three scenes , from their initial ideas to their completed versions , and a behind - the - scenes look at the Disney California Adventure ride Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! The 1970s - style music video for `` Guardians Inferno '' was directed by David Yarovesky , and features Hasselhoff alongside James Gunn , Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Klementieff , Gillan , Rooker , and Sean Gunn . Stan Lee and Guillermo Rodriguez also make cameo appearances in the video . The digital release of the film had the most digital downloads and largest opening week of any Marvel Studios film . The physical releases in its first week of sale were the top home media release , selling `` nearly three times as many discs as the rest of the top 10 sellers combined '' , according to NPD VideoScan data . The Blu - ray version accounted for 83 % of the sales , with 10 % of total sales coming from the Ultra HD Blu - ray version . In its second week , the film was once again the top home media release . As well , in the United Kingdom where it was also the top film , total sales of Vol. 2 were more than the other films in the top 40 combined . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 grossed $389.8 million in the United States and Canada , and $473.7 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $863.5 million . The film had earlier surpassed the first film 's gross ( $773 million ) by Memorial Day weekend with $783.3 million worldwide , and became the fifth - highest - grossing MCU film a week later . Since tickets went on sale on April 24 , 2017 , the film was the number one seller on Fandango , and surpassed the advance sales of Avengers : Age of Ultron in the similar time frame . Over 80 % of sales on MovieTickets.com were for the film ahead of its release . Vol. 2 earned $146.5 million in its opening weekend , with IMAX contributing $13 million . The $17 million that came from Thursday night previews was the highest preview amount of 2017 . The film had previously been projected to earn upwards of $160 million in its opening weekend , with Deadline.com predicting that the film could reach the $179 million debut of Captain America : Civil War . It remained at number one in its second weekend , and fell to second in its third , behind Alien : Covenant . Vol. 2 remained at number two in its fourth weekend , this time behind Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales , and crossed $337.6 million , surpassing the domestic gross of the first film . By its fifth weekend , the film fell to fourth , and in its next , fell to fifth . Vol. 2 continued to remain in the top 10 for two more weeks , placing ninth in its seventh weekend , and tenth in its eighth weekend . Outside of the United States and Canada , the film earned $106 million in its first weekend from 37 markets , becoming the top film in all markets except Portugal , Turkey and Vietnam . IMAX contributed $5 million to the opening weekend gross . The film also outperformed the first film 's opening weekend in all markets except Belgium . In its second weekend , it opened as the top film in South Korea , China , and Russia . It was the highest opening for an MCU film in Austria , the second - highest MCU opening in Australia ( $11.8 million ) , the Netherlands ( $500,000 ) , Germany ( $9.3 million ) , and the United Kingdom ( $16.9 million ) , and was the third - highest in New Zealand ( $400,000 ) , Italy ( $1.4 million ) , and Russia ( $11.6 million ) . The New Zealand and Netherlands openings were also the highest of 2017 for the countries , while Germany and the United Kingdom 's were the second - highest for 2017 . South Korea had the biggest opening day of 2017 ( $3.3 million ) , the biggest May opening day , the third - highest opening day for an MCU film , and the second - best opening weekend of 2017 ( $13.3 million ) . The opening - weekend gross surpassed the entire earnings from the first film in the country . Ukraine had the second - largest opening ever , while in Puerto Rico , the film was the largest IMAX opening . By its third weekend , multiple markets saw their gross for Vol. 2 surpass the total gross from the first film , followed by China a week later . Its fifth weekend saw Vol. 2 's gross in other markets ( $451.1 million ) surpass the international gross of the first film ( $440 million ) . The film 's three biggest markets in total earnings were : China ( $99.3 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $51.3 million ) , and Germany ( $28 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 82 % , based on 319 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 's action - packed plot , dazzling visuals , and irreverent humor add up to a sequel that 's almost as fun -- if not quite as thrillingly fresh -- as its predecessor . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 67 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Owen Gleiberman of Variety called the film `` an extravagant and witty follow - up , made with the same friendly virtuosic dazzle ... and just obligatory enough to be too much of a good thing . '' He cautioned that `` this time you can sense just how hard ( Gunn ) is working to entertain you . Maybe a little too hard . '' Mike Ryan at Uproxx noted the continued sense of humor and tone from the first film , and appreciated Gunn 's difference in overall structure in the sequel ( which he compared to The Empire Strikes Back ) . Ryan was positive of the cast , particularly Rooker in his expanded role as `` the heart '' of the film . Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers called the film a `` blast '' and gave it three stars out of four , praising the film for its tone and fun , soundtrack , and characters . He noted that `` Vol. 2 ca n't match the sneak - attack surprise of its predecessor ... ( but ) the followup , while taking on some CGI bloat and sequel slickness , has n't lost its love for inspired lunacy . Chicago Sun - Times 's Richard Roeper also gave the film three stars , writing , `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is n't quite as much fun , not quite as clever , not quite as fresh as the original -- but it still packs a bright and shiny and sweet punch . '' Roeper continued that `` even with all the silliness and all the snarkiness , the Guardians can put a lump in your throat '' , and praised the cast , especially Rooker , with `` one of the best roles in the movie '' . At The Hollywood Reporter , Todd McCarthy said `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 plays like a second ride on a roller - coaster that was a real kick the first time around but feels very been - there / done - that now . '' Mara Reinstein of Us Weekly gave the film two - and - a-half stars out of four , feeling `` excited audiences desperate for escapism ( will ) lap up the film 's inherent joyfulness '' , but Gunn `` has doubled down on all his once - nifty novelties . Strip them away and what remains is a bloated semi-mess . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times was positive of the film 's soundtrack and cast , especially Russell , but felt Gunn was trying too hard to re-capture the magic of the first film , and the increased scope of effects and action becomes weary . Turan concluded , `` There are enough reminders of the first Guardians to make the sequel an acceptable experience , ( but it 's ) less like itself and more like a standard Marvel production . '' Manohla Dargis at The New York Times said the film `` certainly has its attractions , but most of them are visual rather than narrative . '' She also felt Gunn was trying too hard , and found many elements of the sequel to be too serious even with Russell balancing that with a much - needed `` unforced looseness '' . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci - Fi Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Won Choice Sci - Fi - Movie Actor Chris Pratt Won Choice Sci - Fi - Movie Actress Zoe Saldana Won Choice Movie Ship Chris Pratt and Zoe Saldana Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Nominated Sequel ( edit ) In November 2014 , when Gunn said he had the `` basic story '' for Vol. 2 while working on the first film , he also said he had ideas for a potential third film . Despite this , Gunn was unsure in June 2015 if he would be involved with a third Guardians film , saying it would depend on his feelings after making Vol. 2 . In April 2016 , Feige said the future MCU films are `` still a big chess board for 2020 and beyond , but certainly I would say Guardians 3 is ( one film that 's ) up there . I do n't know what exactly the order will be . '' In March 2017 , Gunn stated there would be a third film `` for sure . We 're trying to figure it out , '' also adding , `` There are no specific plans for Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . But we know unless something goes horribly -- which is always possible , you never know -- I think that Marvel would want to make another movie . '' He also reiterated he was still unsure if he would be involved with the film , and that he would figure out his involvement and his next project `` over the next couple of weeks . '' The following month , Gunn announced he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . Klementieff is expected to reprise her role as Mantis . Vol. 3 is scheduled to be released in 2020 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gunn said this sequence with an adolescent Groot is set `` years after '' the ending of the film , with the character appearing in the same state in Avengers : Infinity War . Jump up ^ Identified offscreen as Adam Warlock , who director James Gunn initially planned to feature prominently in the film . The character is hinted at in this mid-credits scene to set up a future appearance in the MCU . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Gerrad ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn explains Groot 's age difference in Guardians 2 vs. Infinity War footage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Brandon ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Post-Credits Scenes Explained '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Adam Warlock Was Originally a Major Character in ' Guardians Vol. 2 ' ; Will Be in ' Guardians 3 ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Hollywood Reporter ( December 17 , 2014 ) . Guardians of the Galaxy 's Chris Pratt & James Gunn 's Risky Film : Rule Breakers . YouTube . Event occurs at 2 : 30 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 ′ Has Fewer Characters , One New '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Footage Recap : Baby Groot , Human Ego & So Much More ( Comic - Con 2016 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt : ' Jennifer Lawrence acts like Adele sings ' '' . GQ . November 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt on Heartbreak , ' Delivery Man ' And Gearing Up For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dyce , Andrew ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy 2 : Every Easter Egg You Missed '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Sneak peek : ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' aims for bigger , better sci - fi '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nemiroff , Perri ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : 40 Things We Learned from Our Set Visit '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vejvoda , Jim ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 : Zoe Saldana on Gamora , Nebula And Thanos '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Dave Bautista Says James Gunn Making Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Different '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` I Am Not Drax : Bautista Did Heavy Lifting to Find His GotG Character '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dave Bautista on ' Bushwick ' , ' Blade Runner 2049 ' , and ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alex ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Vin Diesel Tells Us About His Marvel Movie Future '' . MTV . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` What James Gunn Told Us on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 Set '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( @ JamesGunn ) ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` No . He has no memories of adult Groot . '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` How Groot Will Be Different in Guardians of the Galaxy 2 , According To Vin Diesel '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : Everything We Learned While on Set -- Page 3 '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Dwight ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn Teases ' Groot Version ' of Guardians Vol. 2 Script '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Vin Diesel Aimed High to Voice Baby Groot in ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Real Clear Life . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 ' Star Vin Diesel Teases `` Goofy , Adorable '' Baby Groot `` . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Seymour , Mike ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` The fractal nature of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Fxguide . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Guardians of the Galaxy Assemble in a Rehearsal Photo '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Awesome , Amy ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Rocket Racoon Has A Crisis of Faith in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Joseph ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Actor Michael Rooker Talks Yondu And The Future of Guardians Of The Galaxy ! '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` New Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Concept Art Released ! First Look at Mantis ! '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC : Marvel Studios Reveals Latest Phase 3 Secrets '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gwaltney , Javy ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Star Michael Rooker Chats About Playing Yondu , Call of Duty , and Mary Poppins '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn and Michael Rooker Discuss The Fate of Yondu In ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Is Michael Rooker in ' Avengers : Infinity War ' or Not ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evry , Mark ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` James Gunn Says Marvel Will be Absent from Comic - Con '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Gillan Says `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' Fleshes Out Gamora & Nebula 's Relationship `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzales , Umberto ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Karen Gillan on ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel : ' I Shaved Half My Head This Time ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lincoln , Ross ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Compton 's Neil Brown Jr . Signs on For ' Sand Castle ' ; Pom Klementieff Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : White , Brett ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn Confirms Mantis For `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 : Meet new alien Mantis in sequel concept art '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shiac , Kieran ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 got Mantis all wrong , says character creator '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Marvel.com . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Gets a New Logo at Comic - Con 2016 '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marston , George ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Star - Lord 's Father Revealed ... James Gunn Explains in Detail '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals Why Taserface Is in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us star Chris Sullivan on his unrecognizable Guardians 2 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ridgely , Charlie ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Kraglin Has An Expanded Role in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Peters , Megan ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone 's Mystery Role in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Rob ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` 58 Things We Learned from James Gunn 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Commentary '' . Film School Rejects . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Carolla ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn and Vinnie Tortorich '' . The Adam Carolla Show ( Podcast ) . Event occurs at 1 : 00 : 38 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 -- via Entertainment Weekly Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell , Mark ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' character has a big future in the MCU '' . The Whig . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ De Semlyen , Phil ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn on Kurt Russell 's role in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` What Kurt Russell Told Us on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 Set '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Reynolds And Paul Wernick Talk ' Deadpool ' Sequel and the Surprising Link To ' Guardians 2 ' '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Director James Gunn on Fox , Marvel Character Swap Deal '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We Kicked Off The Holiday Season With Aaron Schwartz -- He Plays Young Kurt Russell In ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . The Con Guy . November 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` There are two fun cameos in the credits of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 to keep an eye out for '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Huw ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` The 11 best Easter eggs in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bramesco , Charles ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Funny Man Steve Agee on Board for ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 ' '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Derisz , Ricky ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Ravagers Could Be A Much Bigger Threat In ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 ' : Meet The Team To Find Out Why '' . Movie Pilot . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Guardians of Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Adds ' Sons of Anarchy 's ' Tommy Flanagan '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( @ JamesGunn ) ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Two of the best actors ( & Ravagers ) I 've ever worked with -- @ SullivanTweet ( Taserface ) & @ TommyFlanagan ( Tullk ) . '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Christy , Richard ( @ cwotd ) ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Halloween came early on the set of # GotGVol2 & it was a freakin blast ! Thank U @ JamesGunn # DownThere @ Guardians is out now & it RULES ! ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Vary , Adam B. ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Not Only Is Miley Cyrus in Marvel 's Next Movie , But She May Be Coming Back For Another One '' . BuzzFeed . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burton , Byron ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Michael Rosenbaum on ' Guardians 2 ' and His Wild Friendship With Carrie Fisher '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Feige & James Gunn Explain Stallone 's Secret MCU Team '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Libbey , Dirk ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Mistake James Gunn Admits He Left in Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Nearly Included A Deadpool Movie Reference '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbeater , Alex ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Feige Endorses Stan Lee MCU Cameo Fan Theory '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Adrienne ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy 2 : Rob Zombie Confirms Involvement '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Why That Thor : Ragnarok Character Shows Up In The Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 End Credits '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` # GotGPicoftheDay One of my favorite # scifi shows of all time was # Farscape . So when I ran into the show 's star , Ben Browder , a couple of years ago at the Saturn Awards , I asked him if he 'd make a cameo in # guardiansofthegalaxy . He thankfully agreed and can be seen as the Sovereign Admiral with Ayesha . He 's a great guy . Here we are chatting Farscape # behindthescenes . # movies # movie # gotg # gotgvol2 '' . Instagram . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lovece , Frank ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn says ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' a family affair '' . Newsday . New York City / Long Island . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Additional on May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Current State of the Sequel '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Drops 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Stills , Is Already Thinking Franchise '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Disney CEO Bob Iger : Marvel Is ' Just Getting Started ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Q&A Highlights : James Gunn 's Influences , the Soundtrack , the Sequel , Avengers Crossovers , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige updates on Guardians of the Galaxy , Thanos , Ant - Man , TV shows and Doctor Strange '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Will Write , Direct ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel ( Video ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn to Write , Direct ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` SDCC 2014 : Marvel Studios Panel Ant - Man Villain Revealed , Thanos Appears , GotG 2 Release Date '' . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pirshafiey , Nicole ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Director James Gunn 's Twitter Q&A With E ! '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Begins ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 , ' Thanks Cast & Crew '' . Firstshowing.net . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Noonan , Kevin ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Talks ' Guardians ' Sequel , VFX , Crossovers '' . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Announces Black Panther , Captain Marvel , Inhumans , Avengers : Infinity War Films , Cap & Thor 3 Subtitles '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Rooker 's Ready To Return For `` Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Setoodah , Ramin ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Q&A : Bradley Cooper on ' American Sniper , ' Packing on 40 Pounds and Turning 40 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kaye , Ben ( March 8 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's What We Learned From James Gunn 's Impromptu Facebook Q&A '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` James Gunn Has Already Begun Casting For ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 ′ '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : Everything We Learned While on Set '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' director James Gunn on deleted scenes , ' Infinity War , ' and Groot at every age '' . Yahoo ! UK . August 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Madison , Charles ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 -- the promise of Nebula , Yondu and Peter Quill 's father '' . Film Divider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suskind , Alex ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Director James Gunn on How He Chose the Music in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is n't weird ( and the sequel he 'd like to make ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Valentine , Evan ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James and Sean Gunn Talk Spinoffs , Stan Lee 's Original Cameo , Female Superheroes , the Status of Thunderbolts , and More at Dragon Con '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( November 27 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy 2 : James Gunn Does n't Want To Use Nova ' Right Now ' '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Head Kevin Feige : Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 Will Answer Guardians ' Big Question '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy 2 director says Baby Groot was a ' creative change , ' not a marketing ploy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Do n't Expect to See Much of the Mad Titan Thanos in ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris ( February 2016 ) . `` Set Phase 3 To Stun '' . Empire . United Kingdom : Bauer Media Group . p. 21 . Guardians of the Galaxy : Vol. 2 ( April 28 , 2017 ) ... One thing it wo n't have , though , is Josh Brolin 's Thanos , the Big Bad of the MCU , who was formally introduced in the first movie . `` I would n't look too hard in that movie for Thanos , '' confirms Feige . So far , though , a being so apparently powerful he could wear the Avengers ' heads for hats has been curiously unthreatening , preferring to sit in space on what looks like a floating portapotty . Will that change ? `` Are you asking if he 's going to do more than sit in a chair and smirk ? '' laughs Feige . `` Oh , yes . The next time we see Thanos he will not be messing around . It will be , ' Oh , that 's why they 've been teasing this villain for five years ! ' '' Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 ′ Leads To More Cosmic Movies , Not ' Avengers 3 ′ '' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Marston , George ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 's Space Dinosaur Has A Name , Post-Credits Scene Confirmed '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Has More Than 12 % Of A `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' Sequel Plan `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 ′ Story Treatment Is Complete '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy 2 Story : Marvel Thinks James Gunn 's Sequel Idea Was `` Risky '' `` . / Film . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( @ JamesGunn ) ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Phew . 1st draft # GotG2 . # NoSpoilers # NotEventheTitle pic.twitter.com/Yd6mhpgLNe '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel Gets Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` James Gunn Confirms Title Of `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' Sequel `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` James Gunn Ca n't Use A Marvel Alien Spieces in Guardian of the Galaxy 2 For Very Unusual Reason '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` James Gunn Will Sneak This Alien Species into Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Sneeper update . A couple weeks back I told you how the Marvel legal department advised against using Sneeper as an alien species in Guardians of the Galaxy because the word is `` similar to the word meaning ' clitoris ' in Icelandic . '' Let it be known that I was n't protesting this decision , I just thought it was funny , so I shared it . But the Marvel legal folks are sweet people and , after all of the online articles about me not being able to use the term Sneeper , they came back and told me that maybe it 's not that big a deal after all : Sneeper is cleared for use . So keep an eye out for at least one Sneeper somewhere in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Jump up ^ Gerding , Stephen ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Feige & Latcham Say `` Infinity War '' Leads to the End of the Avengers -- As We Know Them `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : Newcomer Pom Klementieff Cast in Mystery Role '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebello , Stephen ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Matthew McConaughey Talks ' Gold , ' Unbranding and New Twists in a Singular Career '' . Playboy . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` James Gunn Pushes For More Gamora Merchandise , Talks `` Guardians Vol 2 '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Kurt Russell Eyed to Play Chris Pratt 's Father in ' Guardians of Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Every , Max ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn Says David Bowie Was Under Consideration for Guardians 2 '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy director wanted David Bowie to play a member of Yondu 's crew '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Final Draft ' Of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Script Done '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Do n't Expect the Collector in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis , Catrina ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy 2 Wo n't Star Benicio Del Toro Or John C. Reilly '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Today was our first day of the ' pre-shoot . ' Next week is official 1st day of photography . Look for something then ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` James Gunn Offers Update on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Film to Shoot on RED 's 8K Vista Vision Camera is ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 ' '' . No Film School . January 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ben and many others signed on to Dr. Strange . At first we thought they 'd be able to do both movies , but Dr. Strange pushed five months , meaning I lost a whole chunk of my crew . Love Henry though . '' . Facebook . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mulcahey , Matt ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` DP Henry Braham on Shooting Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 with the First Weapon 8K Vista Vision Full Frame Camera '' . Filmmaker Magazine . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamen , Matt ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 will be first film shot in 8K '' . Wired UK . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Inside All the Moving Parts of Guardians of the Galaxy 2 's Escape From the Elector . Vulture . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn comments on directing Stan Lee Marvel cameos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy 2 Easter Eggs and Set Video Revealed ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Rob ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` 58 Things We Learned from James Gunn 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Commentary '' . Film School Rejects . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` And that 's a wrap on # GoTGVol2 . WHEW . So much gratitude to my wonderful cast and crew . Thank you all . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy 's James Gunn Explains The Reveal of Peter Quill 's Father '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy 2 Has 5 Post-Credits Scenes ( Updated ) '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Any comment ? I like them , I suppose . Do you mean do I choose them . Yes , all of the Guardians mid and post credit scenes are written in the script and directed by me . '' . Facebook . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' director decodes all five end - credits scenes ( SPOILERS ! ) '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ karengillan ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy reshoots today ! So excited to be back with the gang ! # easiestreshootsever # causethemovieisalreadyinsanelygood '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Scores Extremely Rare 100 in Test Screening ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Director James Gunn On Easter Eggs , Dancing Baby Groot And More '' . Fandango . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn Explains Nathan Fillion 's Cut Wonder Man Cameo '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Mike ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 ' Casts Nathan Fillion as Wonder Man '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion Was Cut From Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 -- But His Role is Still Canon '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn Facebook post '' . Facebook . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . So as we rush toward the finish line of # GotGVol2 I want to take a beat and express my appreciation for all the amazing artists and technicians at Framestore , Weta Digital , TRIXTER , Method Studios , Animal Logic , Scanline VFX , Lola , Luma , Cantina Creative , and our in - house VFX professionals who are making this movie something truly special . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` How They Animated Baby Groot in That Epic Opening To ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : A Digital Kurt Russell and Other VFX Tricks Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Landekic , Lola ; Perkins , Will ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Art of the Title . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Trevor ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Weta Digital Confronts the Monstrous Ego of ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Animation World Network . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seymour , Mike ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of Kurt : Young Kurt Russell & Ego Suppression '' . Fxguide . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nugent , John ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 : See Three Exclusive New Images '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crossan , Ashley ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director James Gunn Says Sequel 's Soundtrack ' Is Better ' Than the First '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Soundtrack Is More Diverse According To James Gunn '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cabin , Chris ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 ′ : Tyler Bates Will Return to Score Sequel '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dolloff , Matt ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn to Live Stream Guardians of the Galaxy 2 Scoring Session '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hiatt , Brian ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Score Album Details '' . Film Music Reporter. April 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Ben ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack coming to vinyl and cassette '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chandra , Jessica ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` 8 Weird And Wonderful Things That Happened at The ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Tokyo Premiere '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Jami ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 world premiere live '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 ' Rockets To $22.3 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 ' Blasts Off With $106 M -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Vol. 2 ' Soars To $145 M Weekend Opening After $51 M+ Super Saturday -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' , ' Captain America : Civil War ' , and More Get IMAX Releases '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Branches Out With $431.5 M Global ; ' Fast & Furious ' Franchise Cruises Past $5 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' To Blast Off Summer With $140 M - $160 M Domestic Opening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Baby Groot Drives Ford And Geico Spots In $80 M Promo Campaign '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Toys Will Include More Women , Says James Gunn '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Grows Merchandise Rollout With a ' Much Stronger Focus ' on Groot ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Gail ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Doritos & Marvel Partner for ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Promotion : Exclusive '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Coming To Comic - Con , Chris Pratt Wraps Filming '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Teaser Trailer Is Hooked on a Feeling Again '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Baby Groot kills with cuteness in the first Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 trailer '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 ' Trailer Gets Fans Hooked With Social Media Buzz '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slead , Evan ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 reveals Star - Lord 's ' deepest , darkest secret ' and lots of Baby Groot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 Trailer To Debut Tomorrow '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ames Gunn on Trailer Pressures and Nearly Shelving the First ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Teaser '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Trailer : Marvel 's Universe - Saving A-Holes Are Back '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 teaser trailer is Marvel 's biggest yet '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Look Out ! The Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Super Bowl Spot is Here '' . io9 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Super Bowl Spot : An Awesome Mix of Badass Cosmic Action '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Super Bowl Spot Is All The Talk on Twitter : PreAct 's Most Buzzed About Movies '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Trailer Reveals Kurt Russell 's Ego the Living Planet '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sadlier , Allison ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Pratt Gets Slimed at the Kids ' Choice Awards After Going Power Mad in the Control Room '' . Hollywood Life . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Rocks a 1980s Infomercial '' . Newsarama . July 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Comes Home in August '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macy , Seth ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Which Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Blu - Ray Should You Buy ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katzmeier , David ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 2 ' could be Disney 's first 4K Blu - ray '' . CNET . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapp , JD ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : James Gunn Shares Retro ' Inferno ' Music Video ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn Posts New ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Music Video With David Hasselhoff '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dolloff , Matt ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy 2 is Marvel 's Most Successful Digital Launch '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Soars to No. 1 Debut on Home Video Sales Charts '' . Home Media Magazine . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Claims Second Week as Top Disc Seller '' . Home Media Magazine . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Many thanks to our friends in the UK this week , who bought more copies of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 on Blu - Ray and DVD this week than they did all copies of all other titles in the top 40 combined ! And at # 2 on the charts ? The Vol. 1 / Vol. 2 double pack . Anyway , THANKS ! '' . Facebook . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates ' $209 M Overseas Start And $271.4 M Global Take Push Disney Franchise Past $4 B Mark '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Lassos $122.5 M Offshore , $223 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Beating ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' In Advance Ticket Sales '' . Deadline.com ' . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Zaps $10 M on Monday -- Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 ' : $100 M Offshore Bow in the Mix ? -- International Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Hits Tracking : $150 M Opening Within Reach '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mothers ' Day Halo : Amy Schumer - Goldie Hawn 's ' Snatched ' Sees 25 % Surge ; ' Guardians ' Lords Over ' King Arthur ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Alien : Covenant ' Lost Its Bite At The B.O. With $36 M+ Opening , − 29 % From ' Prometheus ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Pirates ' & ' Baywatch ' Are Casualties of Summer Franchise Fatigue at the Domestic B.O. -- Monday AM '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors & Stomps On ' Iron Man ' With $100.5 M Debut -- Sunday AM Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Whops Tom Cruise 's ' The Mummy ' Back to the Stone Ages -- Sunday AM Postmortem '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is 3rd Best For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez on Me ' Solid -- Sunday AM Postmortem '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $68 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' Steps On ' Cars 3 ' In 2nd - Place Fight -- Monday AM '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 ' Heads into 2nd Frame With $167 M at Overseas Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Alien : Covenant ' Chomps $40 M Bow ; ' Guardians 2 ' Crosses $630 M WW ; ' Dangal ' Soars In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Alien : Covenant ' Adds $30 M In 2nd Frame ; ' Dangal ' Pins $100 M+ In China ; ' Guardians 2 ' At $733 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : We Really Missed These A-Holes '' . Uproxx.com . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Review : Marvel Space Opera 's Sequel Is a Blast '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' brings the funny and the feels '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reinstein , Mara ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Review : Chris Pratt 's Sequel Is n't Quite Out of this World '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Review ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' has that familiar feeling , maybe too much of it '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Wants That Loving Feeling '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kiang , Jessica ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : James Gunn Talks ' Guardians 2 , ' Small Vs Big Budgets And Being `` Betrayed '' By ' Lost ' `` . Indiewire . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Parts 1 and 2 Will Be Very Different Movies '' . io9 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tharpe , Frazier ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director James Gunn Teases The Guardians ' `` Integral Part '' In ' Infinity War ' `` . Complex . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polowy , Kevin ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn Explains What He Really Meant About ' Guardians of the Galaxy : Vol. 3 ' '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 3 ' : James Gunn Returning to Write and Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Please wish @ pomin8r a happy birthday '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . I 'm looking forward to spending the next couple of years hanging out with both her and Mantis while making Vol. 3 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 Coming in 2020 , According To Gunn '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Official website Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 on IMDb Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 at AllMovie Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! 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The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher Hulu Runaways Freeform Cloak & Dagger Unaired pilot Most Wanted Other Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Book Category Portal Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Ant - Man Ant - Man Ant - Man and the Wasp Avengers The Avengers Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Infinity War Untitled Avengers film production Blade Blade Blade II Blade : Trinity Captain America Captain America ( serial ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger Captain America : The Winter Soldier Captain America : Civil War Daredevil Daredevil Elektra Deadpool Deadpool Deadpool 2 Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four ( 1994 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Hulk Hulk The Incredible Hulk Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Punisher The Punisher ( 1989 ) The Punisher ( 2004 ) Punisher : War Zone Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse X-Men : Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Red Sonja Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther The New Mutants Venom Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed James Gunn Films written and directed Slither ( 2006 ) Super ( 2010 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) Films written Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) The Specials ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) LolliLove ( 2004 ) The Belko Experiment ( 2017 ) TV and web series created The Tromaville Cafe ( 1997 -- 2000 ) James Gunn 's PG Porn ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Other All I Need to Know about Filmmaking I Learned from the Toxic Avenger Lollipop Chainsaw Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal VIAF : 373149294499880522098 LCCN : no2017049427 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_Vol._2&oldid=807886057 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s science fiction films 2010s superhero films 2017 3D films Action comedy films American action films American comedy films American action comedy films American films American science fiction action films American comedy science fiction films American space adventure films American sequel films Films directed by James Gunn Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring Howard the Duck Films set in 1980 Films set in 2014 Films set in Missouri Films set on fictional planets Films shot at Pinewood Atlanta Studios Films shot in Atlanta Film scores by Tyler Bates Guardians of the Galaxy films IMAX films Marvel Cinematic Universe films Performance capture in film Screenplays by James Gunn Superhero comedy films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from September 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 17 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does gotg 2 come out in canada
[ "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 made its world premiere in Tokyo on April 10, 2017,[160] and its Hollywood premiere on April 19 at the Dolby Theatre.[161] The film began its international release on April 25, in Australia, New Zealand, and Italy,[162] alongside a total of 37 markets in its first weekend, with 176 IMAX screens in 35 of those markets.[163] Its North American release on May 5 took place in 4,347 theaters, of which over 3,800 were in 3D,[164] 388 in IMAX and IMAX 3D,[164][165] 588 premium large-format, and 194 D-Box locations.[164] The film's opening in China was in 400 IMAX theaters, the largest ever for the country.[166] On May 4, 2017, 550 theaters in the United States had a special RealD Guardians of the Galaxy double feature event before preview screenings of Vol. 2. Guests who attended received an exclusive mini poster and a set of souvenir collectible buttons.[167] Vol. 2 was originally intended to be released on July 28, 2017.[84]" ]
[ "May 5" ]
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An Officer and a Gentleman (musical)
An Officer and a Gentleman ( musical ) - Wikipedia An Officer and a Gentleman ( musical ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An Officer and a Gentleman The Musical UK artwork Music Various Lyrics Various Book Douglas Day Stewart Sharleen Cooper Cohen Basis 1982 film An Officer and a Gentleman Premiere May 18 , 2012 : Lyric Theatre in Sydney , Australia Productions 2012 Sydney 2016 Silkeborg 2018 UK tour An Officer and a Gentleman , The Musical is a stage musical based on the original movie , written by Douglas Day Stewart . It had its world premiere May 18 , 2012 at the Lyric Theatre in Sydney , Australia . The musical closed six weeks later on July 1 . It was co-produced by John Frost and Sharleen Cooper Cohen . The book was written by Douglas Day Stewart and Sharleen Cooper Cohen and the score was written by Ken Hirsch and Robin Lerner . It was directed by Simon Phillips . It starred Ben Mingay as Zack Mayo and Amanda Harrison as Paula Pokrifki . A new version of the musical will make its premiere at Curve in Leicester , England in April 2018 before touring the UK . It will be directed by Nikolai Foster and use songs from the film 's soundtrack such as `` Up Where We Belong '' , `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' , `` Toy Soldiers '' , `` Alone '' , `` Do n't Cry Outloud '' and `` Material Girl '' , opposed to the musical 's original score by Hirsch and Lerner . Contents 1 Reception 2 Cast and characters 3 Recordings 4 Awards and nominations 5 References Reception ( edit ) The Sydney production received mixed reviews . In response to a highly negative review in The Australian , calling the show a `` bloodless facsimile '' of the film , author Stewart published a rebuttal defending the production and attacking the critics for their `` eclectic , overly intellectual point of view '' . When the show 's closing was announced , producer John Frost told a reporter that an American tour was still a possibility , after revisions were made to the show . The show was nominated for five Helpmann Awards including `` Best Musical 2012 '' . Bert LaBonte won for `` Best Supporting Actor '' . Cast and characters ( edit ) Character Original Australia Cast Original UK Tour Cast Zack Mayo Ben Mingay Jonny Fines Paula Pokrifki Amanda Harrison Emma Williams Sid Worley Alex Rathgeber Ian McIntosh Lynette Pomeroy Kate Kendall Jessica Daley Sgt . Emil Foley Bert LaBonté Ray Shell Byron Mayo Bartholomew John Darren Bennett Esther Pokrifki Tara Morice Rachel Stanley Ramon Guiterrez Josh Piterman Taniya Seegar Zahra Newman Charlie Redding Josef Brown Amy Cantrowitz Sheridan Harbridge Young Zack Mayo Michael Kilbane Oliver Wright Otis Pavlovic George Cartwright Recordings ( edit ) A promotional disc of five songs was released including `` Up Where We Belong '' , performed by Ben Mingay , Amanda Harrison , Kate Kendall and Alex Rathgeber , and `` If You Believe In Love '' , sung by Amanda Harrison . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2012 Helpmann Awards Best Musical Sharleen Cooper Cohen , John Frost Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Simon Phillips Nominated Best Choreography in a Musical Andrew Hallsworth Nominated Best Female Actor in a Musical Amanda Harrison Nominated Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Bert LaBonte Won Theatre People Pro Choice Best Actress Amanda Harrison Nominated Best Supporting Actor Bert LaBonte Nominated Best Supporting Actor Alex Rathgeber Nominated Best Director Simon Phillips Nominated New Musical Sharleen Cooper Cohen , John Frost Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adam Fulton , `` Show wo n't go on : musical fails to deliver on world premiere fanfare '' , The Australian , June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` An Officer and A Gentleman Musical Cast Announced '' . Stage Whispers . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : New musical adaptation of An Officer and a Gentleman to open in Leicester '' . WhatsOnStage.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Review Roundup : An Officer and a Gentleman in Sydney '' , BroadwayWorld.com , May 20 , 2012 ( summary and links to other reviews ) . Jump up ^ David Ng , `` ' An Officer and a Gentleman ' writer hits back at critic '' , Los Angeles Times , May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bid to save sinking musical An Officer And A Gentleman '' . The Daily Telegraph . 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` An Officer and a Gentleman The Musical : Songs for Download '' . Stage Whispers . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Helpmann Award Nominees 2012 '' . live Performance Australia . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon Parris ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` Theatre People Pro Choice 2012 Winners Announced ! '' . Theatre People . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to An Officer and a Gentleman : The Musical . This musical theatre related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Officer_and_a_Gentleman_(musical)&oldid=864355486 '' Categories : 2012 musicals Musicals based on films Musical theatre stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages with timeline metadata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 17 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
songs from the musical an officer and a gentleman
[ "A new version of the musical will make its premiere at Curve in Leicester, England in April 2018 before touring the UK. It will be directed by Nikolai Foster and use songs from the film's soundtrack such as \"Up Where We Belong\", \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\", \"Toy Soldiers\", \"Alone\", \"Don't Cry Outloud\" and \"Material Girl\", opposed to the musical's original score by Hirsch and Lerner.[3]\n", "A new version of the musical will make its premiere at Curve in Leicester, England in April 2018 before touring the UK. It will be directed by Nikolai Foster and use songs from the film's soundtrack such as \"Up Where We Belong\", \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\", \"Toy Soldiers\", \"Alone\", \"Don't Cry Outloud\" and \"Material Girl\", opposed to the musical's original score by Hirsch and Lerner.[3]\n", "A new version of the musical will make its premiere at Curve in Leicester, England in April 2018 before touring the UK. It will be directed by Nikolai Foster and use songs from the film's soundtrack such as \"Up Where We Belong\", \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\", \"Toy Soldiers\", \"Alone\", \"Don't Cry Outloud\" and \"Material Girl\", opposed to the musical's original score by Hirsch and Lerner.[3]\n", "A new version of the musical will make its premiere at Curve in Leicester, England in April 2018 before touring the UK. It will be directed by Nikolai Foster and use songs from the film's soundtrack such as \"Up Where We Belong\", \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\", \"Toy Soldiers\", \"Alone\", \"Don't Cry Outloud\" and \"Material Girl\", opposed to the musical's original score by Hirsch and Lerner.[3]\n", "A new version of the musical will make its premiere at Curve in Leicester, England in April 2018 before touring the UK. It will be directed by Nikolai Foster and use songs from the film's soundtrack such as \"Up Where We Belong\", \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\", \"Toy Soldiers\", \"Alone\", \"Don't Cry Outloud\" and \"Material Girl\", opposed to the musical's original score by Hirsch and Lerner.[3]\n", "A new version of the musical will make its premiere at Curve in Leicester, England in April 2018 before touring the UK. It will be directed by Nikolai Foster and use songs from the film's soundtrack such as \"Up Where We Belong\", \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\", \"Toy Soldiers\", \"Alone\", \"Don't Cry Outloud\" and \"Material Girl\", opposed to the musical's original score by Hirsch and Lerner.[3]\n" ]
[ "\"Up Where We Belong\"", "\"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\"", "\"Toy Soldiers\"", "\"Alone\"", "\"Don't Cry Outloud\"", "\"Material Girl\"" ]
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Lymph duct
Lymph duct - Wikipedia Lymph duct Jump to : navigation , search Lymph duct The thoracic and right lymphatic duct Details Drains to Subclavian veins Latin Ductus lymphaticus Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A lymph duct is a great lymphatic vessel that empties lymph into one of the subclavian veins . There are two lymph ducts in the body -- the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct . The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right upper limb , right side of thorax and right halves of head and neck . The thoracic duct drains lymph into the circulatory system at the left brachiocephalic vein between the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins . See also ( edit ) Lymphatic system Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct Lymphatic vessels Nodal Lymph capillary Lymphatic vessel Other Lymph trunk Lymph Lymphangion This article related to the lymphatic system is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lymph_duct&oldid=651636084 '' Categories : Lymphatic system Lymphatic system stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 March 2015 , at 14 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the right lymphatic duct receives lymph from
[ "A lymph duct is a great lymphatic vessel that empties lymph into one of the subclavian veins. There are two lymph ducts in the body—the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right upper limb, right side of thorax and right halves of head and neck. The thoracic duct drains lymph into the circulatory system at the left brachiocephalic vein between the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins." ]
[ "the right upper limb, right side of thorax and right halves of head and neck" ]
-1965325223149581222
White House Chief of Staff
White House chief of staff - wikipedia White House chief of staff Jump to : navigation , search White House Chief of Staff Incumbent John F. Kelly since July 31 , 2017 Executive Office of the President White House Office Reports to The President Appointer The President Formation 1946 ( Assistant to the President ) 1961 ( White House Chief of Staff ) First holder John R. Steelman Website The White House The White House Chief of Staff has traditionally been the highest - ranking employee of the White House . The chief of staff 's position is a modern successor to the earlier role of the president 's private secretary . The role was formalized as the Assistant to the President in 1946 and acquired its current name in 1961 . The Chief of Staff is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the President ; it does not require Senate confirmation . John F. Kelly is the current Chief of Staff , succeeding Reince Priebus on July 31 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Role 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) The duties of the White House chief of staff vary greatly from one administration to another and , in fact , there is no legal requirement that the president even fill the position . However , since at least 1979 , all presidents have found the need for a chief of staff , who typically oversees the actions of the White House staff , manages the president 's schedule , and decides who is allowed to meet with the president . Because of these duties , the chief of staff has at various times been labeled `` The Gatekeeper '' , or `` the power behind the throne '' . Originally , the duties now performed by the chief of staff belonged to the president 's private secretary and were fulfilled by crucial confidants and advisers such as George B. Cortelyou , Joseph Tumulty , and Louis McHenry Howe to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , and Franklin Roosevelt , respectively . The private secretary served as the president 's de facto chief aide in a role that combined personal and professional assignments of highly delicate and demanding natures , requiring great skill and discretion . The job of gatekeeper and overseeing the president 's schedule was separately delegated to the appointments secretary , as with FDR 's aide Edwin `` Pa '' Watson . From 1933 to 1939 , as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government 's policies and powers in response to the Great Depression , Roosevelt relied on his `` Brain Trust '' of top advisers . Although working directly for the president , they were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments , from whence they drew their salaries since the White House lacked statutory or budgetary authority to create new staff positions . It was not until 1939 , during Franklin D. Roosevelt 's second term in office , that the foundations of the modern White House staff were created using a formal structure . Roosevelt was able to get Congress to approve the creation of the Executive Office of the President , which would report directly to the president . During World War II , Roosevelt created the position of `` Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief '' for his principal military adviser , William D. Leahy . In 1946 , in response to the rapid growth of the U.S. government 's executive branch , the position of `` Assistant to the President of the United States '' was established . Charged with the affairs of the White House , it was the immediate predecessor to the modern chief of staff . It was in 1953 , under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower , that the president 's preeminent assistant was designated the `` White House Chief of Staff '' . Assistant to the president became a rank generally shared by the chief of staff with such senior aides as deputy chiefs of staff , the White House counsel , the White House press secretary , and others . This new system did not catch on immediately . Democrats Kennedy and Johnson still relied on their appointments secretaries instead , and it was not until the Nixon administration that the chief of staff took over maintenance of the President 's schedule . This concentration of power in the Nixon and Ford White House ( whose last chief of staff was Dick Cheney ) led presidential candidate Jimmy Carter to campaign in 1976 with the promise that he would not appoint a chief of staff . And indeed , for the first two and a half years of his presidency , he appointed no one to the post . The average tenure for a White House chief of staff is a little more than 18 months . John R. Steelman , under Harry S. Truman , was the last chief of staff to serve for an entire presidential administration . ( Andrew Card and Denis McDonough each served at least one entire presidential term of office under Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama , respectively ) . Steelman also holds the record for longest - serving chief of staff ( six years ) . Most White House chiefs of staff are former politicians , and many continue their political careers in other senior roles . Lyndon Johnson 's chief of staff W. Marvin Watson became postmaster general later in LBJ 's term . Richard Nixon 's Chief of Staff Alexander Haig became secretary of state under Ronald Reagan . Cheney later became a Congressman for Wyoming , secretary of defense under George H.W. Bush and vice president in the George W. Bush administration . Donald Rumsfeld was another chief of staff for Ford and subsequently served as secretary of defense both in the Ford administration and decades later , also in the George W. Bush administration . Rahm Emanuel left the House of Representatives to become Barack Obama 's chief of staff and subsequently became mayor of Chicago . Jack Lew , President Obama 's fourth chief of staff , was later appointed Secretary of the Treasury . Role ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chief of Staff Jack Watson ( 1980 -- 81 ) meets with President Carter . Chris Whipple , author of The Gatekeepers : How the White House Chiefs of Staff Define Every Presidency , loosely describes the role of a White House chief of staff through his interview with former President Barack Obama : `` During the last days of his presidency , Barack Obama observed : ' One of the things I 've learned is that the big breakthroughs are typically the result of a lot of grunt work -- just a whole lot of blocking and tackling . ' Grunt work is what chiefs of staff do . '' The responsibilities of the chief of staff are both managerial and advisory and can include the following : Select key White House staff and supervise them ; Structure the White House staff system ; Control the flow of people into the Oval Office ; Manage the flow of information ; Protect the interests of the president ; Negotiate with Congress , other members of the executive branch , and extra-governmental political groups to implement the president 's agenda ; and Advise the president on various issues , including telling the president what he does not want to hear . Richard Nixon 's first chief of staff , H.R. Haldeman , garnered a reputation in Washington for the iron hand he wielded in the position -- famously referring to himself as `` the president 's son - of - a-bitch '' , he was a rigid gatekeeper who would frequently meet with administration officials in place of the president , then report himself to Nixon on the officials ' talking points . Journalist Bob Woodward , in his books All the President 's Men and The Secret Man , wrote that many of his sources , including the famous Deep Throat , displayed a genuine fear of Haldeman . In popular culture ( edit ) In the 1993 film Dave , Frank Langella plays White House Chief of Staff Bob Alexander . In the NBC television drama The West Wing ( 1999 -- 2006 ) , the role of White House Chief of Staff was held by Leo McGarry ( John Spencer ) , and later by C.J. Cregg ( Allison Janney ) in the Bartlet Administration and by Josh Lyman ( Bradley Whitford ) in the Santos Administration . In the 1995 movie The American President , White House Chief of Staff A.J. McInerney in the Shepherd Administration was played by Martin Sheen , who later went on to play President Jed Bartlet in The West Wing , created and largely written by The American President screenwriter Aaron Sorkin . Jeff Perry portrayed White House Chief of Staff Cyrus Beene in the ABC drama Scandal . Portia de Rossi portrayed White House Chief of Staff Elizabeth North in the same series following the firing of Cyrus Beene by President Grant in the Season 4 finale . Darby Stanchfield portrays Abby Whelan , President Fitzgerald Grant 's chief of staff until the end of his presidency after being asked to fire Cyrus . Kerry Washington stars in the series as Olivia Pope , and now acts as Mellie Grant 's current chief of staff . In House of Cards , Michael Kelly portrays Underwood 's presidential chief of staff , Doug Stamper , who was also his vice presidential chief of staff . Sakina Jaffrey portrayed previous President Garrett Walker 's Chief of Staff , Linda Vasquez . In the HBO television comedy Veep , Kevin Dunn plays the role of the White House Chief of Staff Ben Cafferty . Anna Chlumsky portrayed President Selina Meyer 's Chief of Staff . In the Fox television series 24 , several people have played the role of White House Chief of Staff : Jude Ciccolella as Mike Novick , D.B. Woodside as Wayne Palmer , John Allen Nelson as Walt Cummings , Peter MacNicol as Tom Lennox , Bob Gunton as Ethan Kanin , Sprague Grayden as Olivia Taylor , Chris Diamantopoulos as Rob Weiss , and most recently Tate Donovan as Mark Boudreau in 24 : Live Another Day . In the CBS television series Madam Secretary , the White House Chief of Staff , Russell Jackson , is played by Željko Ivanek . In the ABC television series Designated Survivor , Adan Canto plays White House Chief of Staff Aaron Shore , who assumes the position of chief of staff under newly sworn in President Tom Kirkman , who ascends from his former position of Secretary of Housing and Urban Development , after President Richmond , the vice president and cabinet are killed during a terrorist attack at the State of the Union address . Shore is later replaced by Emily Rhodes ( Italia Ricci ) as Chief of Staff and subsequently becomes National Security Advisor . In Tom Clancy 's Ryanverse , Arnie Van Damm is White House Chief of Staff to three presidents , Fowler , Durling and Ryan . See also ( edit ) List of White House Chiefs of Staff White House Deputy Chief of Staff Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trump names Gen. John Kelly as chief of staff , Priebus out '' . Politico . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Quarters '' . Time . 1934 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` An Appointment '' . Time . 1923 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Jordan , Carter 's Right Hand , Dies at 63 '' . The New York Times . 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Presidency and the Political System '' . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Whipple , Chris . ( 2017 ) . The Gatekeepers : How the White House Chiefs of Staff Define Every Presidency . New York : Crown Publishing Group . Jump up ^ Woodward , Bob , and Bernstein , Carl . ( 1974 ) All the President 's Men . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 21781 - 5 Jump up ^ Woodward , Bob . ( 2005 ) . The Secret Man . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 8715 - 0 White House Chiefs of Staff Steelman Adams Persons Watson Jones Haldeman Haig Rumsfeld Cheney Jordan Watson J. Baker Regan H. Baker Duberstein Sununu Skinner J. Baker McLarty Panetta Bowles Podesta Card Bolten Emanuel Daley Lew McDonough Priebus Kelly Executive Office of the United States President Executive Office of the President Advisory Boards ( Council for Community Solutions , Global Development Council , Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders , President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology , President 's Intelligence Advisory Board , President 's Management Advisory Board ) Council of Economic Advisers Council on Environmental Quality Digital Service Executive Residence ( Committee for the Preservation of the White House , Office of the Curator , Office of the Chief Usher , Office of the Chief Floral Designer , Office of the Executive Chef , Graphics and Calligraphy Office ) National Security Council ( Deputies Committee , Homeland Security Council ) Office of Administration ( Office of Mail and Messenger Operations , Office of the Chief Financial Officer , Office of the Chief Administrative Officer ) Office of Management and Budget ( Office of the Chief Performance Officer , Office of E-Government and Information Technology , Office of Federal Financial Management , Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs ) Office of National Drug Control Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy ( Office of the Chief Technology Officer ) Office of the Trade Representative Office of the Vice President ( Office of the Chief of Staff ) Military Office ( Communications Agency , Medical Unit , Presidential Food Service , Transportation Agency ) White House Office Office of Cabinet Affairs Office of the Chief of Staff ( Office of Senior Advisors ) Office of Communications ( Office of Media Affairs , Office of Research , Office of the Press Secretary , Office of Speechwriting ) Office of the Counselor Office of Digital Strategy Domestic Policy Council ( Office of Faith - Based and Neighborhood Partnerships , Office of National AIDS Policy , Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation , Rural Council ) Office of the First Lady ( Office of the Social Secretary ) Office of the National Security Advisor ( Homeland Security Advisor ) Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Management and Administration ( White House Operations , White House Personnel , Visitors Office ) National Economic Council National Trade Council Oval Office Operations ( Personal Secretary ) Office of Political Affairs Presidential Innovation Fellows Office of Presidential Personnel Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs ( Council on Women and Girls , Jewish Liaison , Office of Urban Affairs ) Office of Scheduling and Advance Office of the Staff Secretary ( Office of the Executive Clerk , Office of Presidential Correspondence , Office of Records Management ) Office of the White House Counsel White House Fellows White House Office American Innovation Cabinet Affairs Chief of Staff Communications Counselor First Lady Executive Chef Floral Designer Social Secretary Intergovernmental Affairs Legislative Affairs Management and Administration Oval Office Operations Political Affairs Presidential Personnel Public Liaison Press Secretary Scheduling and Advance Senior Advisor Staff Secretary Trade and Manufacturing Policy White House Counsel White House Fellows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_House_Chief_of_Staff&oldid=814147074 '' Categories : United States presidential advisors White House Office Executive Office of the President of the United States Cabinet of the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 03 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who takes care of the president's schedule
[ "The duties of the White House chief of staff vary greatly from one administration to another and, in fact, there is no legal requirement that the president even fill the position. However, since at least 1979, all presidents have found the need for a chief of staff, who typically oversees the actions of the White House staff, manages the president's schedule, and decides who is allowed to meet with the president. Because of these duties, the chief of staff has at various times been labeled \"The Gatekeeper\", or \"the power behind the throne\".[citation needed]" ]
[ "White House chief of staff" ]
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I Like the Sound of That
I Like the Sound of That - wikipedia I Like the Sound of That Jump to : navigation , search `` I Like the Sound of That '' Single by Rascal Flatts from the album Rewind Released August 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 31 ) Format Digital download Genre Country pop Length 3 : 29 Label Big Machine Songwriter ( s ) Jesse Frasure Shay Mooney Meghan Trainor Producer ( s ) Rascal Flatts Rascal Flatts singles chronology `` Riot '' ( 2014 ) `` I Like the Sound of That '' ( 2015 ) `` Yours If You Want It '' ( 2017 ) `` Riot '' ( 2014 ) `` I Like the Sound of That '' ( 2015 ) `` Yours If You Want It '' ( 2017 ) `` I Like the Sound of That '' is a song by American country music group Rascal Flatts . It was released in August 2015 as the fourth and final single from their album Rewind . The song was written by Jesse Frasure along with American singer Meghan Trainor and Shay Mooney of the American country music duo Dan + Shay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Charts 5.1 Year end charts 6 References Content ( edit ) The song `` lists a number of noises everyone is familiar with , but uses each as a symbol . In the first verse it 's the morning shower , the coffee pot and a door locking . All these mean the main character will be spending a few hours apart from his lover . '' Critical reception ( edit ) An uncredited review from Taste of Country was favorable , saying that `` a young lover 's song that relies on an older couple to recall those early days when eight hours at work seemed like eight years away from a familiar pair of lips. ... ' I Like the Sound of That ' recalls the days of the band 's biggest hits . Once again they make love sound easy . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) The song first entered the Billboard 's Country Airplay chart at No. 40 on chart dated October 10 , 2015 , and entered the Hot Country Songs chart at No. 45 a week later . For the week ending April 30 , 2016 , the song reached number - one on the Country Airplay chart , becoming the trio 's thirteenth number - one hit , and their first since `` Banjo '' in 2012 . The song has sold 362,000 copies in the US as of August 2016 . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Kenny Jackson and John Stephens and premiered in December 2015 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 71 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 52 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 8 Year end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 8 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 33 Preceded by `` You Should Be Here '' by Cole Swindell Billboard Country Airplay number - one single April 30 , 2016 Succeeded by `` Confession '' by Florida Georgia Line References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vinson , Christina ( 31 August 2015 ) . `` Rascal Flatts Reveal Hooky ' I Like the Sound of That ' as Newest Single ( LISTEN ) '' . The Boot . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rewind '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rascal Flatts , ' I Like the Sound of That ' ( Listen ) Read More : Rascal Flatts , ' I Like the Sound of That ' ( Listen ) '' . Taste of Country . 19 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay '' . Billboard . October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . October 10 , 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Jim Asker ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dierks Bentley and Rascal Flatts Like the Sound of No. 1 on Country Charts '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Chart : August 2 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Rascal Flatts Release New Music Video for `` I Like the Sound of That '' `` . 104.9 NASH Icon . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rascal Flatts -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Rascal Flatts . Jump up ^ `` Rascal Flatts -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Country for Rascal Flatts . Jump up ^ `` Rascal Flatts -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Rascal Flatts . Jump up ^ `` Rascal Flatts -- Chart history '' Billboard Country Airplay for Rascal Flatts . Jump up ^ `` Rascal Flatts -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Rascal Flatts . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ( hide ) Rascal Flatts singles Rascal Flatts `` Prayin ' for Daylight '' `` This Everyday Love '' `` While You Loved Me '' `` I 'm Movin ' On '' Melt `` These Days '' `` Love You Out Loud '' `` I Melt '' `` Mayberry '' Feels Like Today `` Feels Like Today '' `` Bless the Broken Road '' `` Fast Cars and Freedom '' `` Skin ( Sarabeth ) '' Me and My Gang `` What Hurts the Most '' `` Me and My Gang '' `` My Wish '' `` Stand '' Still Feels Good `` Take Me There '' `` Winner at a Losing Game '' `` Every Day '' `` Bob That Head '' `` Here '' Unstoppable `` Here Comes Goodbye '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Why '' `` Unstoppable '' Nothing Like This `` Why Wait '' `` I Wo n't Let Go '' `` Easy '' ( with Natasha Bedingfield ) Changed `` Banjo '' `` Come Wake Me Up '' `` Changed '' Rewind `` Rewind '' `` Payback '' `` Riot '' `` I Like the Sound of That '' Back to Us `` Yours If You Want It '' `` Back to Us '' Other songs `` Life Is a Highway '' `` That Should Be Me '' ( with Justin Bieber ) `` Words I Could n't Say '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Like_the_Sound_of_That&oldid=778697955 '' Categories : 2014 songs 2015 singles Rascal Flatts songs Big Machine Records singles Billboard Country Airplay number - one singles Songs written by Jesse Frasure Songs written by Meghan Trainor Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2017 , at 18 : 37 . About Wikipedia
who wrote the song i like the sound of that
[ "\"I Like the Sound of That\" is a song by American country music group Rascal Flatts. It was released in August 2015 as the fourth and final single from their album Rewind. The song was written by Jesse Frasure along with American singer Meghan Trainor and Shay Mooney of the American country music duo Dan + Shay.[1]", "\"I Like the Sound of That\" is a song by American country music group Rascal Flatts. It was released in August 2015 as the fourth and final single from their album Rewind. The song was written by Jesse Frasure along with American singer Meghan Trainor and Shay Mooney of the American country music duo Dan + Shay.[1]", "\"I Like the Sound of That\" is a song by American country music group Rascal Flatts. It was released in August 2015 as the fourth and final single from their album Rewind. The song was written by Jesse Frasure along with American singer Meghan Trainor and Shay Mooney of the American country music duo Dan + Shay.[1]" ]
[ "Jesse Frasure", "Meghan Trainor", "Shay Mooney" ]
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Absolute difference
Absolute difference - Wikipedia Absolute difference Jump to : navigation , search Showing the absolute difference of real numbers x and y as the distance between them on the real line . The absolute difference of two real numbers x , y is given by x − y , the absolute value of their difference . It describes the distance on the real line between the points corresponding to x and y . It is a special case of the L distance for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and is the standard metric used for both the set of rational numbers Q and their completion , the set of real numbers R . As with any metric , the metric properties hold : x − y ≥ 0 , since absolute value is always non-negative . x − y = 0 if and only if x = y . x − y = y − x ( symmetry or commutativity ) . x − z ≤ x − y + y − z ( triangle inequality ) ; in the case of the absolute difference , equality holds if and only if x ≤ y ≤ z . By contrast , simple subtraction is not non-negative or commutative , but it does obey the second and fourth properties above , since x − y = 0 if and only if x = y , and x − z = ( x − y ) + ( y − z ) . The absolute difference is used to define other quantities including the relative difference , the L norm used in taxicab geometry , and graceful labelings in graph theory . When it is desirable to avoid the absolute value function -- for example because it is expensive to compute , or because its derivative is not continuous -- it can sometimes be eliminated by the identity x − y < z − w if and only if ( x − y ) < ( z − w ) . This follows since x − y = ( x − y ) and squaring is monotonic on the nonnegative reals . See also ( edit ) Absolute deviation References ( edit ) Weisstein , Eric W. `` Absolute Difference '' . MathWorld . This algebra - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Absolute_difference&oldid=748599984 '' Categories : Real numbers Algebra stubs Talk About Wikipedia Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2016 , at 02 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the difference of the absolute value of two numbers
[ "The absolute difference of two real numbers x, y is given by |x − y|, the absolute value of their difference. It describes the distance on the real line between the points corresponding to x and y. It is a special case of the Lp distance for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and is the standard metric used for both the set of rational numbers Q and their completion, the set of real numbers R." ]
[ "absolute difference" ]
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Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate - wikipedia Carbohydrate This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Lactose is a disaccharide found in animal milk . It consists of a molecule of D - galactose and a molecule of D - glucose bonded by beta - 1 - 4 glycosidic linkage . It has a formula of C H O . A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon ( C ) , hydrogen ( H ) and oxygen ( O ) atoms , usually with a hydrogen -- oxygen atom ratio of 2 : 1 ( as in water ) ; in other words , with the empirical formula C ( H O ) ( where m could be different from n ) . This formula holds true for monosaccharides . Some exceptions exist ; for example , deoxyribose , a sugar component of DNA , has the empirical formula C H O. Carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon ; structurally it is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones . The term is most common in biochemistry , where it is a synonym of ' saccharide ' , a group that includes sugars , starch , and cellulose . The saccharides are divided into four chemical groups : monosaccharides , disaccharides , oligosaccharides , and polysaccharides . Monosaccharides and disaccharides , the smallest ( lower molecular weight ) carbohydrates , are commonly referred to as sugars . The word saccharide comes from the Greek word σάκχαρον ( sákkharon ) , meaning `` sugar '' . While the scientific nomenclature of carbohydrates is complex , the names of the monosaccharides and disaccharides very often end in the suffix - ose . For example , grape sugar is the monosaccharide glucose , cane sugar is the disaccharide sucrose , and milk sugar is the disaccharide lactose . Carbohydrates perform numerous roles in living organisms . Polysaccharides serve for the storage of energy ( e.g. starch and glycogen ) and as structural components ( e.g. cellulose in plants and chitin in arthropods ) . The 5 - carbon monosaccharide ribose is an important component of coenzymes ( e.g. ATP , FAD and NAD ) and the backbone of the genetic molecule known as RNA . The related deoxyribose is a component of DNA . Saccharides and their derivatives include many other important biomolecules that play key roles in the immune system , fertilization , preventing pathogenesis , blood clotting , and development . In food science and in many informal contexts , the term carbohydrate often means any food that is particularly rich in the complex carbohydrate starch ( such as cereals , bread and pasta ) or simple carbohydrates , such as sugar ( found in candy , jams , and desserts ) . Often in lists of nutritional information , such as the USDA National Nutrient Database , the term `` carbohydrate '' ( or `` carbohydrate by difference '' ) is used for everything other than water , protein , fat , ash , and ethanol . This will include chemical compounds such as acetic or lactic acid , which are not normally considered carbohydrates . It also includes dietary fiber which is a carbohydrate but which does not contribute much in the way of food energy ( calories ) , even though it is often included in the calculation of total food energy just as though it were a sugar . Carbohydrates are found in a wide variety of foods . The important sources are cereals ( wheat , maize , rice ) , potatoes , sugarcane , fruits , table sugar ( sucrose ) , bread , milk , etc . Starch and sugar are the important carbohydrates in our diet . Starch is abundant in potatoes , maize , rice and other cereals . Sugar appears in our diet mainly as sucrose ( table sugar ) , which is added to drinks and many prepared foods such as jam , biscuits and cakes , and glucose and fructose which occur naturally in many fruits and some vegetables . Glycogen is a carbohydrate found in the liver and muscles ( as animal source ) . Cellulose in the cell wall of all plant tissue is a carbohydrate . It is important in our diet as fibre which helps to maintain a healthy digestive system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Division 3 Monosaccharides 3.1 Classification of monosaccharides 3.2 Ring - straight chain isomerism 3.3 Use in living organisms 4 Disaccharides 5 Nutrition 5.1 Classification 6 Metabolism 6.1 Catabolism 7 Carbohydrate chemistry 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Structure ( edit ) Formerly the name `` carbohydrate '' was used in chemistry for any compound with the formula C ( H O ) . Following this definition , some chemists considered formaldehyde ( CH O ) to be the simplest carbohydrate , while others claimed that title for glycolaldehyde . Today , the term is generally understood in the biochemistry sense , which excludes compounds with only one or two carbons and includes many biological carbohydrates which deviate from this formula . For example , while the above representative formulas would seem to capture the commonly known carbohydrates , ubiquitous and abundant carbohydrates often deviate from this . For example , carbohydrates often display chemical groups such as : N - acetyl ( e.g. chitin ) , sulphate ( e.g. glycosaminoglycans ) , carboxylic acid ( e.g. sialic acid ) and deoxy modifications ( e.g. fucose and sialic acid ) . Natural saccharides are generally built of simple carbohydrates called monosaccharides with general formula ( CH O ) where n is three or more . A typical monosaccharide has the structure H -- ( CHOH ) ( C = O ) -- ( CHOH ) -- H , that is , an aldehyde or ketone with many hydroxyl groups added , usually one on each carbon atom that is not part of the aldehyde or ketone functional group . Examples of monosaccharides are glucose , fructose , and glyceraldehydes . However , some biological substances commonly called `` monosaccharides '' do not conform to this formula ( e.g. uronic acids and deoxy - sugars such as fucose ) and there are many chemicals that do conform to this formula but are not considered to be monosaccharides ( e.g. formaldehyde CH O and inositol ( CH O ) ) . The open - chain form of a monosaccharide often coexists with a closed ring form where the aldehyde / ketone carbonyl group carbon ( C = O ) and hydroxyl group ( -- OH ) react forming a hemiacetal with a new C -- O -- C bridge . Monosaccharides can be linked together into what are called polysaccharides ( or oligosaccharides ) in a large variety of ways . Many carbohydrates contain one or more modified monosaccharide units that have had one or more groups replaced or removed . For example , deoxyribose , a component of DNA , is a modified version of ribose ; chitin is composed of repeating units of N - acetyl glucosamine , a nitrogen - containing form of glucose . Division ( edit ) Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes , ketones , alcohols , acids , their simple derivatives and their polymers having linkages of the acetal type . They may be classified according to their degree of polymerization and may be divided initially into three principal groups , namely sugars , oligosaccharides and polysaccharides The major dietary carbohydrates Class ( DP * ) Subgroup Components Sugars ( 1 -- 2 ) Monosaccharides Glucose , galactose , fructose , xylose Disaccharides Sucrose , lactose , maltose , trehalose Polyols Sorbitol , mannitol Oligosaccharides ( 3 -- 9 ) Malto - oligosaccharides Maltodextrins Other oligosaccharides Raffinose , stachyose , fructo - oligosaccharides Polysaccharides ( > 9 ) Starch Amylose , amylopectin , modified starches Non-starch polysaccharides Cellulose , hemicellulose , pectins , hydrocolloids DP * = Degree of polymerization Monosaccharides ( edit ) Main article : Monosaccharide D - glucose is an aldohexose with the formula ( C H O ) . The red atoms highlight the aldehyde group and the blue atoms highlight the asymmetric center furthest from the aldehyde ; because this - OH is on the right of the Fischer projection , this is a D sugar . Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates in that they can not be hydrolyzed to smaller carbohydrates . They are aldehydes or ketones with two or more hydroxyl groups . The general chemical formula of an unmodified monosaccharide is ( C H O ) , literally a `` carbon hydrate '' . Monosaccharides are important fuel molecules as well as building blocks for nucleic acids . The smallest monosaccharides , for which n = 3 , are dihydroxyacetone and D - and L - glyceraldehydes . Classification of monosaccharides ( edit ) The α and β anomers of glucose . Note the position of the hydroxyl group ( red or green ) on the anomeric carbon relative to the CH OH group bound to carbon 5 : they either have identical absolute configurations ( R , R or S , S ) ( α ) , or opposite absolute configurations ( R , S or S , R ) ( β ) . Monosaccharides are classified according to three different characteristics : the placement of its carbonyl group , the number of carbon atoms it contains , and its chiral handedness . If the carbonyl group is an aldehyde , the monosaccharide is an aldose ; if the carbonyl group is a ketone , the monosaccharide is a ketose . Monosaccharides with three carbon atoms are called trioses , those with four are called tetroses , five are called pentoses , six are hexoses , and so on . These two systems of classification are often combined . For example , glucose is an aldohexose ( a six - carbon aldehyde ) , ribose is an aldopentose ( a five - carbon aldehyde ) , and fructose is a ketohexose ( a six - carbon ketone ) . Each carbon atom bearing a hydroxyl group ( - OH ) , with the exception of the first and last carbons , are asymmetric , making them stereo centers with two possible configurations each ( R or S ) . Because of this asymmetry , a number of isomers may exist for any given monosaccharide formula . Using Le Bel - va n't Hoff rule , the aldohexose D - glucose , for example , has the formula ( C H O ) , of which four of its six carbons atoms are stereogenic , making D - glucose one of 2 = 16 possible stereoisomers . In the case of glyceraldehydes , an aldotriose , there is one pair of possible stereoisomers , which are enantiomers and epimers. 1 , 3 - dihydroxyacetone , the ketose corresponding to the aldose glyceraldehydes , is a symmetric molecule with no stereo centers . The assignment of D or L is made according to the orientation of the asymmetric carbon furthest from the carbonyl group : in a standard Fischer projection if the hydroxyl group is on the right the molecule is a D sugar , otherwise it is an L sugar . The `` D - '' and `` L - '' prefixes should not be confused with `` d - '' or `` l - '' , which indicate the direction that the sugar rotates plane polarized light . This usage of `` d - '' and `` l - '' is no longer followed in carbohydrate chemistry . Ring - straight chain isomerism ( edit ) Glucose can exist in both a straight - chain and ring form . The aldehyde or ketone group of a straight - chain monosaccharide will react reversibly with a hydroxyl group on a different carbon atom to form a hemiacetal or hemiketal , forming a heterocyclic ring with an oxygen bridge between two carbon atoms . Rings with five and six atoms are called furanose and pyranose forms , respectively , and exist in equilibrium with the straight - chain form . During the conversion from straight - chain form to the cyclic form , the carbon atom containing the carbonyl oxygen , called the anomeric carbon , becomes a stereogenic center with two possible configurations : The oxygen atom may take a position either above or below the plane of the ring . The resulting possible pair of stereoisomers is called anomers . In the α anomer , the - OH substituent on the anomeric carbon rests on the opposite side ( trans ) of the ring from the CH OH side branch . The alternative form , in which the CH OH substituent and the anomeric hydroxyl are on the same side ( cis ) of the plane of the ring , is called the β anomer . Use in living organisms ( edit ) Monosaccharides are the major source of fuel for metabolism , being used both as an energy source ( glucose being the most important in nature ) and in biosynthesis . When monosaccharides are not immediately needed by many cells they are often converted to more space - efficient forms , often polysaccharides . In many animals , including humans , this storage form is glycogen , especially in liver and muscle cells . In plants , starch is used for the same purpose . The most abundant carbohydrate , cellulose , is a structural component of the cell wall of plants and many forms of algae . Ribose is a component of RNA . Deoxyribose is a component of DNA . Lyxose is a component of lyxoflavin found in the human heart . Ribulose and xylulose occur in the pentose phosphate pathway . Galactose , a component of milk sugar lactose , is found in galactolipids in plant cell membranes and in glycoproteins in many tissues . Mannose occurs in human metabolism , especially in the glycosylation of certain proteins . Fructose , or fruit sugar , is found in many plants and in humans , it is metabolized in the liver , absorbed directly into the intestines during digestion , and found in semen . Trehalose , a major sugar of insects , is rapidly hydrolyzed into two glucose molecules to support continuous flight . Disaccharides ( edit ) Sucrose , also known as table sugar , is a common disaccharide . It is composed of two monosaccharides : D - glucose ( left ) and D - fructose ( right ) . Main article : Disaccharide Two joined monosaccharides are called a disaccharide and these are the simplest polysaccharides . Examples include sucrose and lactose . They are composed of two monosaccharide units bound together by a covalent bond known as a glycosidic linkage formed via a dehydration reaction , resulting in the loss of a hydrogen atom from one monosaccharide and a hydroxyl group from the other . The formula of unmodified disaccharides is C H O. Although there are numerous kinds of disaccharides , a handful of disaccharides are particularly notable . Sucrose , pictured to the right , is the most abundant disaccharide , and the main form in which carbohydrates are transported in plants . It is composed of one D - glucose molecule and one D - fructose molecule . The systematic name for sucrose , O - α - D - glucopyranosyl - ( 1 → 2 ) - D - fructofuranoside , indicates four things : Its monosaccharides : glucose and fructose Their ring types : glucose is a pyranose and fructose is a furanose How they are linked together : the oxygen on carbon number 1 ( C1 ) of α - D - glucose is linked to the C2 of D - fructose . The - oside suffix indicates that the anomeric carbon of both monosaccharides participates in the glycosidic bond . Lactose , a disaccharide composed of one D - galactose molecule and one D - glucose molecule , occurs naturally in mammalian milk . The systematic name for lactose is O - β - D - galactopyranosyl - ( 1 → 4 ) - D - glucopyranose . Other notable disaccharides include maltose ( two D - glucoses linked α - 1 , 4 ) and cellulobiose ( two D - glucoses linked β - 1 , 4 ) . Disaccharides can be classified into two types : reducing and non-reducing disaccharides . If the functional group is present in bonding with another sugar unit , it is called a reducing disaccharide or biose . Nutrition ( edit ) This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( June 2015 ) Grain products : rich sources of carbohydrates Carbohydrate consumed in food yields 3.87 calories of energy per gram for simple sugars , and 3.57 to 4.12 calories per gram for complex carbohydrate in most other foods . Relatively high levels of carbohydrate are associated with processed foods or refined foods made from plants , including sweets , cookies and candy , table sugar , honey , soft drinks , breads and crackers , jams and fruit products , pastas and breakfast cereals . Lower amounts of carbohydrate are usually associated with unrefined foods , including beans , tubers , rice , and unrefined fruit . Animal - based foods generally have the lowest carbohydrate levels , although milk does contain a high proportion of lactose . Carbohydrates are a common source of energy in living organisms ; however , no carbohydrate is an essential nutrient in humans . Humans are able to obtain all of their energy requirement from protein and fats , though the potential for some negative health effects of extreme carbohydrate restriction remains , as the issue has not been studied extensively yet . However , in the case of dietary fiber -- indigestible carbohydrates which are not a source of energy -- inadequate intake can lead to significant increases in mortality . Following a diet consisting of very low amounts of daily carbohydrate for several days will usually result in higher levels of blood ketone bodies than an isocaloric diet with similar protein content . This relatively high level of ketone bodies is commonly known as ketosis and is very often confused with the potentially fatal condition often seen in type 1 diabetics known as diabetic ketoacidosis . Somebody suffering ketoacidosis will have much higher levels of blood ketone bodies along with high blood sugar , dehydration and electrolyte imbalance . Long - chain fatty acids can not cross the blood -- brain barrier , but the liver can break these down to produce ketones . However , the medium - chain fatty acids octanoic and heptanoic acids can cross the barrier and be used by the brain , which normally relies upon glucose for its energy . Gluconeogenesis allows humans to synthesize some glucose from specific amino acids : from the glycerol backbone in triglycerides and in some cases from fatty acids . Organisms typically can not metabolize all types of carbohydrate to yield energy . Glucose is a nearly universal and accessible source of energy . Many organisms also have the ability to metabolize other monosaccharides and disaccharides but glucose is often metabolized first . In Escherichia coli , for example , the lac operon will express enzymes for the digestion of lactose when it is present , but if both lactose and glucose are present the lac operon is repressed , resulting in the glucose being used first ( see : Diauxie ) . Polysaccharides are also common sources of energy . Many organisms can easily break down starches into glucose ; most organisms , however , can not metabolize cellulose or other polysaccharides like chitin and arabinoxylans . These carbohydrate types can be metabolized by some bacteria and protists . Ruminants and termites , for example , use microorganisms to process cellulose . Even though these complex carbohydrates are not very digestible , they represent an important dietary element for humans , called dietary fiber . Fiber enhances digestion , among other benefits . Based on the effects on risk of heart disease and obesity in otherwise healthy middle - aged adults , the Institute of Medicine recommends that American and Canadian adults get between 45 -- 65 % of dietary energy from whole - grain carbohydrates . The Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization jointly recommend that national dietary guidelines set a goal of 55 -- 75 % of total energy from carbohydrates , but only 10 % directly from sugars ( their term for simple carbohydrates ) . Classification ( edit ) Nutritionists often refer to carbohydrates as either simple or complex . However , the exact distinction between these groups can be ambiguous . The term complex carbohydrate was first used in the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs publication Dietary Goals for the United States ( 1977 ) where it was intended to distinguish sugars from other carbohydrates ( which were perceived to be nutritionally superior ) . However , the report put `` fruit , vegetables and whole - grains '' in the complex carbohydrate column , despite the fact that these may contain sugars as well as polysaccharides . This confusion persists as today some nutritionists use the term complex carbohydrate to refer to any sort of digestible saccharide present in a whole food , where fiber , vitamins and minerals are also found ( as opposed to processed carbohydrates , which provide energy but few other nutrients ) . The standard usage , however , is to classify carbohydrates chemically : simple if they are sugars ( monosaccharides and disaccharides ) and complex if they are polysaccharides ( or oligosaccharides ) . In any case , the simple vs. complex chemical distinction has little value for determining the nutritional quality of carbohydrates . Some simple carbohydrates ( e.g. fructose ) raise blood glucose slowly , while some complex carbohydrates ( starches ) , especially if processed , raise blood sugar rapidly . The speed of digestion is determined by a variety of factors including which other nutrients are consumed with the carbohydrate , how the food is prepared , individual differences in metabolism , and the chemistry of the carbohydrate . The USDA 's Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 call for moderate - to high - carbohydrate consumption from a balanced diet that includes six one - ounce servings of grain foods each day , at least half from whole grain sources and the rest from enriched . The glycemic index ( GI ) and glycemic load concepts have been developed to characterize food behavior during human digestion . They rank carbohydrate - rich foods based on the rapidity and magnitude of their effect on blood glucose levels . Glycemic index is a measure of how quickly food glucose is absorbed , while glycemic load is a measure of the total absorbable glucose in foods . The insulin index is a similar , more recent classification method that ranks foods based on their effects on blood insulin levels , which are caused by glucose ( or starch ) and some amino acids in food . Metabolism ( edit ) Main article : Carbohydrate metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the formation , breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms . The most important carbohydrate is glucose , a simple sugar ( monosaccharide ) that is metabolized by nearly all known organisms . Glucose and other carbohydrates are part of a wide variety of metabolic pathways across species : plants synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis storing the absorbed energy internally , often in the form of starch or lipids . Plant components are consumed by animals and fungi , and used as fuel for cellular respiration . Oxidation of one gram of carbohydrate yields approximately 4 kcal of energy , while the oxidation of one gram of lipids yields about 9 kcal . Energy obtained from metabolism ( e.g. , oxidation of glucose ) is usually stored temporarily within cells in the form of ATP . Organisms capable of aerobic respiration metabolize glucose and oxygen to release energy with carbon dioxide and water as byproducts . Catabolism ( edit ) Catabolism is the metabolic reaction which cells undergo to extract energy . There are two major metabolic pathways of monosaccharide catabolism : glycolysis and the citric acid cycle . In glycolysis , oligo / polysaccharides are cleaved first to smaller monosaccharides by enzymes called glycoside hydrolases . The monosaccharide units can then enter into monosaccharide catabolism . In some cases , as with humans , not all carbohydrate types are usable as the digestive and metabolic enzymes necessary are not present . Carbohydrate chemistry ( edit ) Carbohydrate chemistry is a large and economically important branch of organic chemistry . Some of the main organic reactions that involve carbohydrates are : Carbohydrate acetalisation Cyanohydrin reaction Lobry de Bruyn -- van Ekenstein transformation Amadori rearrangement Nef reaction Wohl degradation Koenigs -- Knorr reaction Carbohydrate digestion See also ( edit ) Bioplastic Fermentation Gluconeogenesis Glycobiology Glycoinformatics Glycolipid Glycome Glycomics Glycoprotein Glycosyl Low - carbohydrate diet Macromolecule No - carbohydrate diet Nutrition Pentose phosphate pathway Photosynthesis Resistant starch Saccharic acid Carbohydrate NMR References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Western Kentucky University ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` WKU BIO 113 Carbohydrates '' . wku.edu . Jump up ^ Eldra Pearl Solomon ; Linda R. Berg ; Diana W. Martin ( 2004 ) . Biology . Cengage Learning . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0534278281 -- via google.books.com . Jump up ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology ( 2011 ) . `` Material Measurement Library D - erythro - Pentose , 2 - deoxy - '' . nist.gov . Jump up ^ Long Island University ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` The Chemistry of Carbohydrates '' ( PDF ) . brooklyn.liu.edu . Jump up ^ Purdue University ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Carbohydrates : The Monosaccharides '' . purdue.edu . Jump up ^ Flitsch , Sabine L. ; Ulijn , Rein V ( 2003 ) . `` Sugars tied to the spot '' . Nature . 421 ( 6920 ) : 219 -- 20 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 219F . PMID 12529622 . doi : 10.1038 / 421219a . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . pp. 52 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ USDA National Nutrient Database , 2015 , p. 13 Jump up ^ USDA National Nutrient Database , 2015 , p. 14 Jump up ^ John Merle Coulter , Charler Reid Barnes , Henry Chandler Cowles ( 1930 ) , A Textbook of Botany for Colleges and Universities '' Jump up ^ Carl A. Burtis , Edward R. Ashwood , Norbert W. Tietz ( 2000 ) , Tietz fundamentals of clinical chemistry Jump up ^ Matthews , C.E. ; K.E. Van Holde ; K.G. Ahern ( 1999 ) Biochemistry . 3rd edition . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 3066 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Carbohydrates in human nutrition -- Chapter 1 -- The role of carbohydrates in nutrition '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . FAO . Jump up ^ Carolyn R Bertozzi . `` Structural Basis of Glycan Diversity -- Essentials of Glycobiology -- NCBI Bookshelf '' . nih.gov . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Brad Williamson ; Robin J. Heyden ( 2006 ) . Biology : Exploring Life . Boston , Massachusetts : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pigman , Ward ; Horton , D. ( 1972 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Stereochemistry of the Monosaccharides '' . In Pigman and Horton . The Carbohydrates : Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol 1A ( 2nd ed . ) . San Diego : Academic Press . pp. 1 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Pigman , Ward ; Anet , E.F.L.J. ( 1972 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Mutarotations and Actions of Acids and Bases '' . In Pigman and Horton . The Carbohydrates : Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol 1A ( 2nd ed . ) . San Diego : Academic Press . pp. 165 -- 194 . Jump up ^ `` lyxoflavin '' . Merriam - Webster . Jump up ^ `` Show Foods '' . usda.gov . Jump up ^ `` CALCULATION OF THE ENERGY CONTENT OF FOODS -- ENERGY CONVERSION FACTORS '' . fao.org . Jump up ^ `` Carbohydrate reference list '' ( PDF ) . www.diabetes.org.uk . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Westman , EC ( 2002 ) . `` Is dietary carbohydrate essential for human nutrition ? '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 75 ( 5 ) : 951 -- 3 ; author reply 953 -- 4 . PMID 11976176 . Jump up ^ Park , Y ; Subar , AF ; Hollenbeck , A ; Schatzkin , A ( 2011 ) . `` Dietary fiber intake and mortality in the NIH - AARP diet and health study '' . Archives of Internal Medicine . 171 ( 12 ) : 1061 -- 8 . PMC 3513325 . PMID 21321288 . doi : 10.1001 / archinternmed. 2011.18 . Jump up ^ `` Ketogenic low - carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low - carbohydrate diets '' ( PDF ) . nutrition.org . Jump up ^ Douglas Ebert . `` Energy Contribution of Octanoate to Intact Rat Brain Metabolism Measured by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy '' . jneurosci.org . Jump up ^ `` Heptanoate as a neural fuel : energetic and neurotransmitter precursors in normal and glucose transporter I - deficient ( G1D ) brain '' . Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow. 33 : 175 -- 182 . doi : 10.1038 / jcbfm. 2012.151 . Jump up ^ `` Integration of Metabolism '' . medbio.info . Jump up ^ Pichon , L ; Huneau , JF ; Fromentin , G ; Tomé , D ( 2006 ) . `` A high - protein , high - fat , carbohydrate - free diet reduces energy intake , hepatic lipogenesis , and adiposity in rats '' . The Journal of Nutrition. 136 ( 5 ) : 1256 -- 60 . PMID 16614413 . Jump up ^ Tighe , P ; Duthie , G ; Vaughan , N ; Brittenden , J ; Simpson , WG ; Duthie , S ; Mutch , W ; Wahle , K ; Horgan , G ; Thies , F. ( 2010 ) . `` Effect of increased consumption of whole - grain foods on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy middle - aged persons : a randomized , controlled trial '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 92 ( 4 ) : 733 -- 40 . PMID 20685951 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 2010.29417 . Jump up ^ Food and Nutrition Board ( 2002 / 2005 ) . Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy , Carbohydrate , Fiber , Fat , Fatty Acids , Cholesterol , Protein and Amino Acids . Washington , D.C. : The National Academies Press . Page 769 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 08537 - 3 . Jump up ^ Joint WHO / FAO expert consultation ( 2003 ) . ( 1 ) ( PDF ) . Geneva : World Health Organization . pp. 55 -- 56 . ISBN 92 - 4 - 120916 - X . Jump up ^ Joint WHO / FAO expert consultation ( 1998 ) , Carbohydrates in human nutrition , chapter 1 . ISBN 92 - 5 - 104114 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carbohydrates '' . The Nutrition Source . Harvard School of Public Health . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , David ; Alexandra L. Jenkins ; Thomas M.S. Woleve ; Lilian H. Thompson ; A. Venkat Rao ( February 1986 ) . `` Simple and Complex Carbohydrates '' . Nutrition Reviews . 44 ( 2 ) : 44 -- 49 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1753 - 4887.1986. tb07585. x . Jump up ^ DHHS and USDA , Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 . Jump up ^ Energetics of Cellular Respiration ( Glucose Metabolism ) Sources ( edit ) `` Compolition of foods raw , processed , prepared '' ( PDF ) . www. ars. usda. giv . September 2015 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carbohydrates . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Carbohydrate Carbohydrates , including interactive models and animations ( Requires MDL Chime ) IUPAC - IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature ( JCBN ) : Carbohydrate Nomenclature Carbohydrates detailed Carbohydrates and Glycosylation -- The Virtual Library of Biochemistry , Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Functional Glycomics Gateway , a collaboration between the Consortium for Functional Glycomics and Nature Publishing Group Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Food chemistry Additives Carbohydrates Coloring Enzymes Essential fatty acids Flavors Fortification Lipids `` Minerals '' ( Chemical elements ) Proteins Vitamins Water Types of carbohydrates General Aldose Ketose Furanose Pyranose Geometry Anomer Cyclohexane conformation Mutarotation Monosaccharides Dioses Aldodiose Glycolaldehyde Trioses Aldotriose Glyceraldehyde Ketotriose Dihydroxyacetone Tetroses Aldotetroses Erythrose Threose Ketotetrose Erythrulose Pentoses Aldopentoses Arabinose Lyxose Ribose Xylose Ketopentoses Ribulose Xylulose Deoxy sugars Deoxyribose Hexoses Aldohexoses Allose Altrose Galactose Glucose Gulose Idose Mannose Talose Ketohexoses Fructose Psicose Sorbose Tagatose Deoxy sugars Fucose Fuculose Rhamnose Heptoses Ketoheptoses Mannoheptulose Sedoheptulose Above 7 Octoses Nonoses Neuraminic acid Multiple Disaccharides Cellobiose Isomaltose Lactose Lactulose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Turanose Trisaccharides Maltotriose Melezitose Raffinose Tetrasaccharides Stachyose Other oligosaccharides Acarbose Fructooligosaccharide ( FOS ) Galactooligosaccharide ( GOS ) Isomaltooligosaccharide ( IMO ) Maltodextrin Mannan - oligosaccharides ( MOS ) Polysaccharides Beta - glucan Oat beta - glucan Lentinan Sizofiran Zymosan Cellulose Chitin Chitosan Dextrin / Dextran Fructose / Fructan Inulin Galactose / Galactan Glucose / Glucan Glycogen Hemicellulose Levan beta 2 → 6 Lignin Mannan Pectin Starch Amylopectin Amylose Xanthan gum LCCN : sh85020080 GND : 4164517 - 0 NDL : 00572696 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbohydrate&oldid=804542640 '' Categories : Carbohydrates Nutrition Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from September 2015 Articles needing POV - check from June 2015 All NPOV disputes Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 18 : 00 . 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list by symbol the types of atoms that can be found in carbohydrates
[ "A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could be different from n).[1] This formula holds true for monosaccharides. Some exceptions exist; for example, deoxyribose, a sugar component of DNA,[2] has the empirical formula C5H10O4.[3] Carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon;[4] structurally it is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.[5]", "A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could be different from n).[1] This formula holds true for monosaccharides. Some exceptions exist; for example, deoxyribose, a sugar component of DNA,[2] has the empirical formula C5H10O4.[3] Carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon;[4] structurally it is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.[5]", "A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could be different from n).[1] This formula holds true for monosaccharides. Some exceptions exist; for example, deoxyribose, a sugar component of DNA,[2] has the empirical formula C5H10O4.[3] Carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon;[4] structurally it is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.[5]" ]
[ "carbon (C)", "hydrogen (H)", "oxygen (O)" ]
6418997349464534035
Climate of Australia
Climate of Australia - Wikipedia Climate of Australia Köppen climate types of Australia . Australia 's climate is governed largely by its size and by the hot , sinking air of the subtropical high pressure belt . This moves north and south with the seasons . But it is variable , with frequent droughts lasting several seasons -- thought to be caused in part by the El Niño - Southern Oscillation . The climate varies widely due to its large geographical size , but by far the largest part of Australia is desert or semi-arid . Only the south - east and south - west corners have a temperate climate and moderately fertile soil . The northern part of the country has a tropical climate , varied between tropical rainforests , grasslands and desert . Because Australia is a small continent , separated from polar regions by the Southern Ocean , it is not subject to the movements of frigid polar air that sweep over the continents in the northern hemisphere during winter . Consequently , its winter is relatively mild , so that there are n't any great contrast between summer and winter temperatures that is present in the northern continents . Yet in many parts of the country , seasonal highs and lows can be considerable : temperatures have ranged from above 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) to well below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . Nonetheless , minimum temperatures are moderated . The El Niño -- Southern Oscillation is associated with seasonal abnormality in many areas in the world . Australia is one of the continents most affected and experiences extensive droughts alongside considerable wet periods . Occasionally a dust storm will blanket a region and there are reports of the occasional tornado . Tropical cyclones , heat waves , bushfires and frosts in the country are also associated with the Southern Oscillation . Rising levels of salinity and desertification in some areas is ravaging the landscape . Climate change in Australia is a highly contentious issue . Temperatures in the country have risen following an increasing trend of global warming between the years of 1910 to 2004 by approximately 0.7 ° C. Overnight minimum temperatures have warmed more rapidly than daytime maximum temperatures in recent years . The late - 20th century warming has been largely attributed to the increased greenhouse effect . According to the Bureau of Meteorology , 80 % of the land has less than 600 mm ( 24 in ) of rainfall per year and 50 % has even less than 300 mm ( 12 in ) . As a whole , Australia has a very low annual average rainfall of 419 mm ( 16 in ) . Contents 1 States and Territories 1.1 Australian Capital Territory 1.2 New South Wales 1.3 Northern Territory 1.4 Queensland 1.5 South Australia 1.6 Tasmania 1.7 Victoria 1.8 Western Australia 2 Precipitation 2.1 Rain 2.2 Snow 3 Temperatures 3.1 Extremes 4 Natural hazards and disasters 4.1 Bushfires 4.2 Flooding 4.3 Global warming 4.4 Drought 4.5 Cyclones 4.6 Blizzards 4.7 Dust storms 5 See also 6 References 7 External links States and territories ( edit ) Australian Capital Territory ( edit ) Light snow on Mount Tennent , which features dry sclerophyll woodlands . Because of its elevation ( 650 m ( 2,130 ft ) ) and distance from the coast , the Australian Capital Territory experiences a continental climate , unlike many other Australian cities whose climates are moderated by the sea . Canberra has relatively mild and wet summers , although hot days occur from time to time . Canberra has cold winters with occasional fog and frequent frosts . Many of the higher mountains in the territory 's south - west are snow - covered for at least part of the winter . Thunderstorms can occur between October and March , and annual rainfall is 623 mm ( 25 in ) , with rainfall highest in spring and summer and lowest in winter . The highest maximum temperature recorded in the ACT was 42.8 ° C ( 109.0 ° F ) at Acton on 11 January 1939 . The lowest minimum temperature was − 14.6 ° C ( 5.7 ° F ) at Gudgenby on 11 July 1971 . New south Wales ( edit ) See also : Climate of Sydney Over half of New South Wales has an arid or semi-arid climate . However , the eastern portion has a temperate climate , ranging from humid subtropical to the Central Coast and most of Sydney , and oceanic to the south coast . The Snowy Mountains region in the south - east falls in the alpine climate or subpolar oceanic climate zone , with cool to cold weather all year around and snowfalls in the winter . Further inland , the climate gets semi-arid and a desert climate towards the western part of the state . Dubbo 's location in a transitional area allows a large temperature variation during the year , with high summer temperatures typical of the Western Plains of state and colder sub-zero temperatures typical of the Central Tablelands in winter . The weather in the southern half of the state is generally warm to hot in summer and cool in the winter . The seasons are more defined in the southern half of the state , especially as one moves inland , towards South West Slopes , Central West and the Riverina region . Rainfall usually peaks in the summer in most of parts of the state . Though , the Riverina region , which is in the southern - central part of the state , bordering Victoria , has drier summers and a winter rainfall peak . The warmest region is the north - west part of the state , where summers are very hot , and winters cooler and drier . The weather in the northeast region of the state , or the North Coast , bordering Queensland , is hot and humid in the summer , with a rainfall peak , and mild in winter with more sunshine , and little seasonal temperature difference . The Northern Tablelands , which are also on the north coast , have relatively mild summers and cold winters , due to their high elevation on the Great Dividing Range . The coldest region is the Snowy Mountains where the snow and frost continues for quite a long period during the winter months . The Blue Mountains , Southern Tablelands and Central Tablelands , which are situated on the Great Dividing Range , have mild to warm summers and cold winters , although not as severe as those in the Snowy Mountains . Furthermore , some areas situated in or around the range , such as Bathurst and Goulburn , among other places , have recorded freezing and / or near - freezing lows virtually in every month of the year , a feat that rarely occurs in many other places of similar latitude and altitude in the northern hemisphere . The highest maximum temperature recorded was 49.8 ° C ( 121.6 ° F ) at Menindee in the state 's west on 10 January 1939 . The lowest minimum temperature was − 23.0 ° C ( − 9.4 ° F ) at Charlotte Pass on 29 June 1994 in the Snowy Mountains . This is also the lowest temperature recorded in the whole of Australia excluding Australian Antarctic Territory . Rainfall varies throughout the state . The far north - west receives the least , less than 180 mm ( 7 in ) annually , while the east receives between 600 to 1,200 mm ( 24 to 47 in ) of rain . City January Max . Temp January Min . Temp July Max . Temp July Min . Temp No . Clear days Annual Rainfall Sydney 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) 104 1,222 mm ( 48 in ) Penrith 31 ° C ( 88 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 103 696 mm ( 27 in ) Wollongong 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) 107 1,346 mm ( 53 in ) Coffs Harbour 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) 122 1,679 mm ( 66 in ) Armidale 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) 106 791 mm ( 31 in ) Orange 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) 1 ° C ( 34 ° F ) 100 898 mm ( 35 in ) Wagga Wagga 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) 124 566 mm ( 22 in ) Broken Hill 33 ° C ( 91 ° F ) 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 137 245 mm ( 10 in ) Northern Territory ( edit ) Monsoonal squall nears Darwin Average monthly maximum temperature in Northern Territory Month Darwin Alice Springs January 31.8 ° C ( 89.2 ° F ) 36.4 ° C ( 97.5 ° F ) February 31.4 ° C ( 88.5 ° F ) 35.1 ° C ( 95.2 ° F ) March 31.9 ° C ( 89.4 ° F ) 32.7 ° C ( 90.9 ° F ) April 32.7 ° C ( 90.9 ° F ) 28.2 ° C ( 82.8 ° F ) May 32.0 ° C ( 89.6 ° F ) 23.0 ° C ( 73.4 ° F ) June 30.6 ° C ( 87.1 ° F ) 19.8 ° C ( 67.6 ° F ) July 30.5 ° C ( 86.9 ° F ) 19.7 ° C ( 67.5 ° F ) August 31.3 ° C ( 88.3 ° F ) 22.5 ° C ( 72.5 ° F ) September 32.5 ° C ( 90.5 ° F ) 27.2 ° C ( 81.0 ° F ) October 33.2 ° C ( 91.8 ° F ) 31.0 ° C ( 87.8 ° F ) November 33.3 ° C ( 91.9 ° F ) 33.6 ° C ( 92.5 ° F ) December 32.6 ° C ( 90.7 ° F ) 35.4 ° C ( 95.7 ° F ) Source : Bureau of Meteorology The Northern Territory has two distinctive climate zones . The northern end , including Darwin , has a tropical savannah climate ( Köppen Aw ) with high humidity and two seasons , the wet ( November to April ) and dry season ( May to October ) . During the dry season nearly every day is warm and sunny , and afternoon humidity averages around 30 % . There is very little rainfall between May and September . In the coolest months of June and July , the daily minimum temperature may dip as low as 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) , but very rarely lower , and frost has never been recorded . The wet season is associated with tropical cyclones and monsoon rains . The majority of rainfall occurs between December and March ( the Southern Hemisphere summer ) , when thunderstorms are common and afternoon relative humidity averages over 70 % during the wettest months . On average more than 1,570 mm ( 62 in ) of rain falls in the north . Thunderstorms can produce spectacular lightning displays . The central region is the desert centre of the country , which includes Alice Springs and Uluru , and is arid or semi-arid with little rain usually falling during the hottest months from October to March . Its seasons are more defined than the northern parts , with summers being very hot , where temperatures often exceed 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) on average and winters relatively cool with average minimum temperatures dipping as low as 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) , with a few frosty nights . Central Australia receives less than 250 mm ( 10 in ) of rain per year . The highest maximum temperature recorded in the territory was 48.3 ° C ( 118.9 ° F ) at Finke on 1 and 2 January 1960 . The lowest minimum temperature was − 7.5 ° C ( 18.5 ° F ) at Alice Springs on 12 July 1976 . Queensland ( edit ) Grassland typical of Queensland and mountain ranges near Proserpine . Because of its size , there is significant variation in climate across the state . Low rainfall and hot summers are typical for the inland west , a monsoonal ' wet ' season in the far north , and warm subtropical conditions along the coastal strip . Inland and in southern ranges cooler temperatures are experienced , especially at nights . The climate of the coastal strip is influenced by warm ocean waters , keeping the region free from extremes of temperature and providing moisture for rainfall . There are five predominant climatic zones in Queensland , based on temperature and humidity : hot humid summer ( far north and coastal ) warm humid summer ( coastal elevated hinterlands and coastal south - east ) hot dry summer , mild winter ( central west ) hot dry summer , cold winter ( southern west ) temperate - warm summer , cold winter ( inland south - east , e.g. Granite Belt ) However , most of the Queensland populace experience two weather seasons : a winter period of rather warm temperatures and minimal rainfall and a sultry summer period of hot , sticky temperatures and higher levels of rainfall . The highest maximum temperature observed in the state is 49.5 ° C ( 121.1 ° F ) at Birdsville on 24 December 1972 . The temperature of 53.1 ° C ( 127.6 ° F ) at Cloncurry on 16 January 1889 is not considered official ; the figure quoted from Birdsville is the next highest , so that record is considered as being official . The lowest minimum temperature is − 10.6 ° C ( 12.9 ° F ) at Stanthorpe on 23 June 1961 and at The Hermitage on 12 July 1965 . City January Max . Temp January Min . Temp July Max . Temp July Min . Temp No . Clear days Annual Rainfall Brisbane 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) 123 1,022 mm ( 40 in ) Gold Coast 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) n / a 1,273 mm ( 50 in ) Mackay 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 123 1,610 mm ( 63 in ) Cairns 31 ° C ( 88 ° F ) 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 90 1,991 mm ( 78 in ) Townsville 31 ° C ( 88 ° F ) 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) 121 1,132 mm ( 45 in ) Toowoomba 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 114 952 mm ( 37 in ) Rockhampton 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) 116 812 mm ( 32 in ) Mount Isa 37 ° C ( 99 ° F ) 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) 175 462 mm ( 18 in ) South Australia ( edit ) See also : Climate of Adelaide Typical desert landscape north of Coober Pedy . The majority of the state has the arid and semi-arid climates . The southern coastal parts of the state have a Mediterranean climate with mild wet winters and hot dry summers . The highest rainfall occurs along the southern coasts and the Mount Lofty Ranges ( with an average annual rainfall of 1,200 millimetres ( 47 in ) in the vicinity of Mount Lofty ) ; the lowest rainfall occurs in the Lake Eyre basin where the average annual totals are less than 150 millimetres ( 6 in ) and possibly even 100 millimetres ( 4 in ) . Most of the rain in the southern districts of the State fall during the winter months when the sub-tropical high - pressure belt is displaced to the north over the Australian continent . South Australia 's mean temperature range is 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) in January and 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) in July . Daily temperatures in parts of the state in January and February can be up to 48 ° C ( 118 ° F ) . The highest maximum temperature was recorded as 50.7 ° C ( 123.3 ° F ) at Oodnadatta on 2 January 1960 , which is the highest official temperature recorded in Australia . The lowest minimum temperature was − 8.0 ° C ( 17.6 ° F ) at Yongala on 20 July 1976 . City January Max . Temp January Min . Temp July Max . Temp July Min . Temp No . Clear days Annual Rainfall Adelaide 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 7 ° C ( 45 ° F ) 87 551 mm ( 22 in ) Mount Gambier 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 40 710 mm ( 28 in ) Whyalla 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 63 267 mm ( 11 in ) Port Augusta 34 ° C ( 93 ° F ) 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 142 218 mm ( 9 in ) Oodnadatta 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) 6 ° C ( 43 ° F ) 182 176 mm ( 7 in ) Tasmania ( edit ) Snow field on top of Ben Lomond , in northeast Tasmania . See also : Climate of Tasmania Tasmania has a cool temperate climate with four seasons . Summer lasts from December to February when the average maximum sea temperature is 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) and inland areas around Launceston reach 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) . Other inland areas are much cooler with Liawenee , located on the Central Plateau , one of the coldest places in Australia with temperatures in February ranging between 4 to 17 ° C ( 39 to 63 ° F ) . Autumn lasts between March and May and experiences changeable weather , where summer weather patterns gradually take on the shape of winter patterns . The highest recorded maximum temperature in Tasmania was 42.2 ° C ( 108.0 ° F ) at Scamander on 30 January 2009 , during the 2009 south - eastern Australia heat wave . Tasmania 's lowest recorded minimum temperature was − 13 ° C ( 8.6 ° F ) on 30 June 1983 , at Butlers Gorge , Shannon and Tarraleah . City January Max . Temp January Min . Temp July Max . Temp July Min . Temp No . Clear days Annual Rainfall Hobart 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 41 615 mm ( 24 in ) Launceston 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) 50 630 mm ( 25 in ) Devonport 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 56 773 mm ( 30 in ) Strahan 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 16 1,544 mm ( 61 in ) Victoria ( edit ) A temperate rainforest in Great Otway National Park , in the southwest region of the state . Average monthly maximum temperature in Victoria Month Melbourne Mildura January 25.8 ° C ( 78.4 ° F ) 32.8 ° C ( 91.0 ° F ) February 25.8 ° C ( 78.4 ° F ) 32.7 ° C ( 90.9 ° F ) March 23.8 ° C ( 74.8 ° F ) 29.3 ° C ( 84.7 ° F ) April 20.2 ° C ( 68.4 ° F ) 24.1 ° C ( 75.4 ° F ) May 16.6 ° C ( 61.9 ° F ) 19.6 ° C ( 67.3 ° F ) June 14.0 ° C ( 57.2 ° F ) 16.0 ° C ( 60.8 ° F ) July 13.4 ° C ( 56.1 ° F ) 15.4 ° C ( 59.7 ° F ) August 14.9 ° C ( 58.8 ° F ) 17.7 ° C ( 63.9 ° F ) September 17.2 ° C ( 63.0 ° F ) 21.1 ° C ( 70.0 ° F ) October 19.6 ° C ( 67.3 ° F ) 25.0 ° C ( 77.0 ° F ) November 21.8 ° C ( 71.2 ° F ) 29.0 ° C ( 84.2 ° F ) December 24.1 ° C ( 75.4 ° F ) 31.7 ° C ( 89.1 ° F ) Source : Bureau of Meteorology Wikimedia Commons has media related to Climate diagrams of Victoria . Victoria has a varied climate despite its small size . It ranges from semi-arid and hot in the north - west , to temperate and cool along the coast . Victoria 's main land feature , the Great Dividing Range , produces a cooler , mountain climate in the centre of the state . Victoria 's southernmost position on the Australian mainland means it is cooler and wetter than other mainland states and territories . The coastal plain south of the Great Dividing Range has Victoria 's mildest climate . Air from the Southern Ocean helps reduce the heat of summer and the cold of winter . Melbourne and other large cities are located in this temperate region . The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria 's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby deserts . Average temperatures top 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) during summer and 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) in winter . Victoria 's highest maximum temperature of 48.8 ° C ( 119.8 ° F ) was recorded in Hopetoun on 7 February 2009 , during the 2009 south - eastern Australia heat wave . A screen temperature of 50.7 ° C ( 123.3 ° F ) was recorded on 7 January 1906 in Mildura . The Victorian Alps in the north - east are the coldest part of Victoria . The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range mountain system extending east - west through the centre of Victoria . Average temperatures are less than 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) in winter and below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) in the highest parts of the ranges . The state 's lowest minimum temperature of − 11.7 ° C ( 10.9 ° F ) was recorded at Omeo on 13 June 1965 , and again at Falls Creek on 3 July 1970 . Victoria is the wettest Australian state after Tasmania . Rainfall in Victoria increases from north to south , with higher averages in areas of high altitude . Median annual rainfall exceeds 1,800 mm ( 71 in ) in some parts of the north - east but is less than 250 mm ( 10 in ) in the Mallee . Rain is heaviest in the Otway Ranges and Gippsland in southern Victoria and in the mountainous north - east . Snow generally falls only in the mountains and hills in the centre of the state . Rain falls most frequently in winter , but summer precipitation is heavier . Rainfall is most reliable in Gippsland and the Western District , making them both leading farming areas . Victoria 's highest recorded daily rainfall was 375 millimetres ( 14.8 in ) at Tanybryn in the Otway Ranges on 22 March 1983 . City January Max . Temp January Min . Temp July Max . Temp July Min . Temp No . Clear days Annual Rainfall Melbourne 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) 6 ° C ( 43 ° F ) 49 648 mm ( 26 in ) Ballarat 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) 55 690 mm ( 27 in ) Bendigo 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) 110 514 mm ( 20 in ) Mildura 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) 132 291 mm ( 11 in ) Shepparton 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) n / a 452 mm ( 18 in ) Bairnsdale 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) 60 650 mm ( 26 in ) Warrnambool 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 6 ° C ( 43 ° F ) 53 743 mm ( 29 in ) Temperature and precipitation for Victoria . Source : Bureau of Meteorology , Department of Primary Industries , Australian Natural Resources Atlas Average January temperatures : Victoria 's north is always hotter than coastal and mountainous areas . Average July temperatures : Victoria 's hills and ranges are coolest during winter . Snow also falls there . Average yearly precipitation : Victoria 's rainfall is concentrated in the mountainous north - east and coast . Western Australia ( edit ) A four - wheel drive in the Gibson Desert Most of Western Australia has a hot arid and semi-arid climate . However , the south - west corner of the state has a Mediterranean climate . The area was originally heavily forested , including large stands of the karri , one of the tallest trees in the world . This agricultural region of Western Australia is in the top nine terrestrial habitats for terrestrial biodiversity , with a higher proportion of endemic species than most other equivalent regions . Due to the offshore Leeuwin Current , the area numbers in the top six regions for marine biodiversity , containing the most southerly coral reefs in the world . Average annual rainfall varies from 300 mm ( 12 in ) at the edge of the Wheatbelt region to 1,400 mm ( 55 in ) in the wettest areas near Northcliffe , the Southwestern most tip of Australia , but in the months of November to March , although rain still falls , evaporation exceeds rainfall and it is generally very dry . Plants must be adapted to this as well as the extreme poverty of all soils . A major reduction in rainfall has been observed , with a greater number of rainfall events in the summer months . The central four fifths of the state is semi-arid or desert and is lightly inhabited with the only significant activity being mining . Annual rainfall averages about 200 to 250 mm ( 8 to 10 in ) , most of which occurs in sporadic torrential falls related to cyclone events in summer months . An exception to this is the northern tropical regions . The Kimberley has an extremely hot monsoonal climate with average annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 1,500 mm ( 20 to 59 in ) , but there is a very long dry season of 7 months from April to November . Eighty - five per cent of the state 's runoff occurs in the Kimberley , but because it occurs in violent floods and because of the insurmountable poverty of the generally shallow soils , the only development has taken place along the Ord River . A chaparral - like bush land in the Mediterranean region of the state . Australia 's tropical / subtropical location and cold waters off the western coast make most of Western Australia a hot desert with aridity a marked feature of a greater part of the continent . These cold waters produce precious little moisture needed on the mainland . A 2005 study by Australian and American researchers investigated the desertification of the interior , and suggested that one explanation was related to human settlers who arrived about 50,000 years ago . Snowfall in the state is rare , and typically only in the Stirling Range near Albany , the southwestern-most point in WA , as it is the only mountain range far enough south and with sufficient elevation . More rarely , snow can fall on the nearby Porongurup Range . Snow outside these areas is a major event ; it usually occurs in hilly areas of south - western Australia . The most widespread low - level snow occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported in the Perth Hills , as far north as Wongan Hills and as far east as Salmon Gums . However , even in the Stirling Range , snowfalls rarely exceed 5 cm ( 2 in ) and rarely settle for more than one day . The highest observed maximum temperature of 50.5 ° C ( 122.9 ° F ) was recorded at Mardie Station on 19 February 1998 . The lowest minimum temperature recorded was − 7.2 ° C ( 19.0 ° F ) at Eyre Bird Observatory on 17 August 2008 . City January Max . Temp January Min . Temp July Max . Temp July Min . Temp No . Clear days Annual Rainfall Perth 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) 131 868 mm ( 34 in ) Albany 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) 45 929 mm ( 37 in ) Kalgoorlie 34 ° C ( 93 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 151 266 mm ( 10 in ) Geraldton 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) 164 441 mm ( 17 in ) Karratha 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) 158 297 mm ( 12 in ) Broome 33 ° C ( 91 ° F ) 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) 182 613 mm ( 24 in ) Precipitation ( edit ) Play media Australia sits far south of the equator and under a strong , migrating zone of high - pressure called the subtropical ridge ; this can lead to some interesting cloud cover . Using an advanced supercomputer climate model called GEOS - 5 , NASA scientists recreated 19 days of changing cloud cover over Australia . Watch the visualization to explore the movement of different systems that formed across the continent . Look for rising cumulus clouds that appear to bubble up over land each day . Rain ( edit ) See also : Wet season More than 80 % of the island has an annual rainfall of less than 600 mm ( 24 in ) ; only Antarctica receives less rainfall than Australia . A place inland near Lake Eyre ( in South Australia ) would only receive 81 mm ( 3 in ) of rain annually . Another place , Troudaninna Bore ( 29 ° 11 ′ 44 '' S 138 ° 59 ′ 28 '' E  /  29.19556 ° S 138.99111 ° E  / - 29.19556 ; 138.99111 , altitude : 46 m ) in South Australia , from 1893 to 1936 , received , in average , 104.9 mm ( 4.13 inches ) of precipitation . From one extreme to another , parts of the far North Queensland coast annually average over 4,000 mm ( 157 in ) , with the Australian annual record being 12,461 mm ( 491 in ) , set at the summit of Mount Bellenden Ker in 2000 . There are four main factors that contribute to the dryness of the Australian landmass : Cold ocean currents off the west coast Low elevation of landforms Dominance of high - pressure systems Shape of the landmass The average annual rainfall in the Australian desert is low , ranging from 81 to 250 mm ( 3 to 10 in ) per year . Thunderstorms are relatively common in the region , with an average of 15 to 20 thunderstorms per annum . Summer daytime temperatures range from 32 to 40 ° C ( 90 to 104 ° F ) . In winter , this falls to 18 to 23 ° C ( 64 to 73 ° F ) . The southern parts of Australia get the usual westerly winds and rain - bearing cold fronts that come when the high pressure systems move towards northern Australia during winter . Cold snaps may bring frosts inland , though temperatures near the coast are mild or near mild all year round . Summers in southern Australia are generally dry and hot with coastal sea breezes . During a lengthy dry spell , hot and dry winds from the interior can cause bushfires in some southern and eastern states , though most commonly Victoria and New South Wales . The tropical areas of northern Australia have a wet summer because of the monsoon . During `` the wet '' , typically October to April , humid north - westerly winds bring showers and thunderstorms . Occasionally , tropical cyclones can bring heavy rainfall to tropical coastal regions , which is also likely to reach further inland . After the monsoonal season , the dry season comes ( `` winter '' ) , which brings mostly clear skies and milder conditions . Rainfall records tend to be concentrated along the east coast of Australia , particularly in tropical north Queensland . The highest 24 ‐ hour rainfall on record in Australia was 907.0 millimetres ( 35.7 in ) in Crohamhurst on 3 February 1893 . The highest monthly rainfall on record was 5,387.0 millimetres ( 212.1 in ) recorded at Mount Bellenden Ker , Queensland in January 1979 . The highest annual rainfall was 12,461.0 millimetres ( 490.6 in ) recorded also at Mount Bellenden Ker in 2000 . Additionally , the location which receives the highest average annual rainfall in Australia is Babinda in Queensland with an annual average of 4,279.4 millimetres ( 168.5 in ) . Low rate of evaporation from this very cool body of water result in little evaporation occurring . Hence , rain clouds are sparsely formed and very rarely do they form long enough for a continuous period of rain to be recorded . Australia 's arid / semi-arid zone extends to this region . The absence of any significant mountain range or area of substantial height above sea level , results in very little rainfall caused by orographic uplift . In the east the Great Dividing Range limits rain moving into inland Australia . Australia has a compact shape , and no significant bodies of water penetrate very far inland . This is important in as much as moist winds are prevented from penetrating inland , so keeping rainfall low . Snow ( edit ) Snow ( a relatively rare occurrence in non-alpine regions of Australia ) blankets the town of Robertson causing the closure of various transport facilities including the Cockatoo Run ( 16 August 1996 ) . In Australia , snow falls frequently on the highlands near the east coast , in the states of Victoria , New South Wales and Tasmania and in the Australian Capital Territory . There is a regular snow season in several areas which have seasonal ski tourism industries , such as Thredbo , Cabramurra , Mount Buller and Perisher Ski Resort , among others . Snow also falls with some regularity on the Great Dividing Range as far north as Stanthorpe , Queensland and in isolated parts of South Australia and Western Australia , but outside these areas , snow is an extremely rare occurrence . Snow has also fallen on Uluru and near Alice Springs on at least one occasion . Snow at sea level is occasionally recorded on mainland Australia , but is more frequent in Tasmania where snowfalls at sea level can occur during the winter months . Snow has been recorded across most of Tasmania , though it is rare on the northern coast at sea level . Snow is rare in the southernmost capitals like Melbourne and Hobart , falling less than once every five years , and in the other capitals it is unknown ( however snow has fallen in the hill suburbs of Perth and Adelaide ) . However , there are extensive , well - developed ski fields in the Great Dividing Range , a few hours ' drive from Melbourne and Sydney . Light snow generally falls every winter in Canberra , however , and other cities that may receive regular seasonal snowfalls include Orange , Oberon , Lithgow and Katoomba in New South Wales . The occasional cold snap , caused by cold air drifting north from Antarctica , can cause significant snowfall in rural areas , as well as major cities such as Hobart , Melbourne 's outer mountain suburbs and Canberra . Such occasions are rare , but have occurred in 1958 , 1965 , 1986 , 2005 and 2015 , the 1965 event causing snow to fall as far north as Eungella , near Mackay in tropical Queensland . Extreme snow events have also produced snow as far north - west as Longreach in Queensland and in the ranges near Alice Springs , and also in lowland towns such as Dubbo and Wagga Wagga in New South Wales . The frequency and intensity of such events have been decreasing significantly over the past 40 years and the most northerly occurrence of snow in this time frame has been the Bunya Mountains in southern Queensland . Temperatures ( edit ) A billabong in the Kakadu National Park . The monsoon climate of northern Australia is hot and humid in summer . The tropical savannah zone of Northern Australia is warm to hot all year round . Summers are hot in most of the country with average January maximum temperatures exceeding 30 ° C over most areas of the mainland , except for those at high elevations though . Winters are warm in the north and cool in the south , with nightly frosts common in inland areas south of the Tropic of Capricorn . Only at the highly elevated areas do wintertime temperatures approach those found in much of Europe or North America , especially the southern parts . Temperatures in Australia have followed an increasing trend between the years of 1910 to 2004 by approximately 0.7 ° C. Overnight minimum temperatures have warmed more rapidly than daytime maximum temperatures . The observed warming has hastened in recent years . The late - 20th - century warming has been largely attributed to the increased greenhouse effect . Temperature differences between winter and summer are minor in the tropical region of Australia . However , they are greatest in the southern inland , with seasonal differences along the coast being moderated by the ocean 's proximity . In July , a more common latitudinal distribution of average maximums is apparent , ranging from 30 ° C near the north coast to below 3 ° C in the mountainous areas of the south - east . Average minimum temperatures in all seasons are highest in northern Australia and near the coastal areas , and are lowest in the elevated areas of the south - east . The highest average January minimum temperatures ( near 27 ° C ) are found near the north - west coast , while in winter they exceed 20 ° C at some coastal locations in northern Australia and on the Torres Strait and Tiwi Islands . In the mountains of New South Wales , it is not unusual to have average low minimum temperatures dipping below 5 ° C in January and -- 5 ° C in July . Comparatively , most inland ( non-mountainous ) areas south of the tropics have average July minimum between 0 and 6 ° C . In the desert , the dry air and clear skies give rather large ranges in temperature between day and night . Ranges of 15 ° C being typical and 20 ° C not quite unusual . Light nighttime frosts in winter occur over much of the southern half of the arid zone , where mean July minimum temperatures are mostly in the 3 to 6 ° C range . Moving north , frosts become increasingly rare , with mean July minimum being around 10 ° C on the northern boundary . The highest maximums in Australia are recorded in two regions , the Pilbara and Gascoyne regions of north - western Western Australia and the area extending from south - western Queensland across South Australia into south - eastern Western Australia . Many locations in this region have recorded temperatures exceeding 48 ° C. In January , average maximum temperatures exceed 35 ° C over a large area of the interior and exceed 40 ° C over areas in the north - west . The highest summer maximums in the Pilbara and Gascoyne average at around 41 ° C ( in some years daily maximums consecutively exceed 40 ° C for several weeks at a time ) . Extremes ( edit ) Marble Bar set a world record of most consecutive days of maximum temperatures above 37.8 ° Celsius ( 100 degrees Fahrenheit ) . The most powerful heatwave in the history of south - eastern Australia occurred in January 1939 . Adelaide ( 46.1 ° C on the 12th ) , Melbourne ( 45.6 ° C on the 13th ) and Sydney ( 45.3 ° C on the 14th ) all had record - high temperatures during this period , as did many other central district areas in New South Wales , Victoria and South Australia . The record number of consecutive days in Melbourne over 40 ° C is five , with Brisbane and Sydney each having two . Heatwaves usually bring by oppressively warm nights , with Oodnadatta , SA recording an Australian record of nine nights above 30 ° C in February 2004 . Another extreme event was a prolonged period of extensive heatwaves known as the Angry Summer in early 2013 . Marble Bar achieved 160 consecutive days above 37.8 ° C ( 100.0 ° F ) in 1923 -- 24 . Nyang had an average maximum of 44.8 ° C for the months of February 1998 and January 2005 , an Australian record . At the other extreme , average January maximums are near 15 ° C on the highest peaks of the south - east ranges and near 20 ° C in much of Tasmania . In most of the desert region during summer , cool days are rare and usually associated with major rain events -- a rather exceptional example occurred in February 1949 , when many areas failed to reach 20 ° C on one or more days , and the maximum at Boulia , western Queensland was at 14.4 ° C , which was 23 ° C below normal . Many other locations in Australia , except those above 500 metres , have extreme maximums between 43 and 48 ° C. Most Tasmanian sites away from the north coast have had extreme maximums between 35 and 40 ° C. The lowest extreme maximums are found along the north coast of Tasmania ( e.g. 29.5 ° C at Low Head ) and at high elevations ( 27.0 ° C at Thredbo ) . While extreme high temperatures are more common inland than they are near the coast , notable extreme maximum have been observed near the coast ; 50.5 ° C at Mardie , 49.1 ° C at Roebourne , Western Australia , 49.4 ° C at Whyalla and 47.9 ° C at Ceduna , South Australia . At lower elevations , most inland places south of the tropics have extreme minimum between -- 3 and -- 7 ° C , and these low temperatures have also occurred in locations within a few kilometres of southern and eastern coasts , such as Sale , Victoria ( -- 5.6 ° C ) , Bega , New South Wales ( -- 8.1 ° C ) , Grove , Tasmania ( -- 7.5 ° C ) and Taree , New South Wales ( -- 5.0 ° C ) . Many locations in this region have recorded -- 10 ° C or lower , including Gudgenby in the Australian Capital Territory ( -- 14.6 ° C ) and Woolbrook , New South Wales ( -- 14.5 ° C ) . In the desert , the lowest extreme minimum occur at high elevations , especially around Alice Springs , where the temperature has fallen as low as - 7.5 ° C . In the tropics , extreme minimum near or below 0 ° C have occurred at many places distant from the coast , as far north as Herberton , Queensland ( -- 5.0 ° C ) . Some locations near tropical coasts , such as Mackay ( -- 0.8 ° C ) , Townsville ( 0.1 ° C ) and Kalumburu , Western Australia ( 0.3 ° C ) have also recorded temperatures near 0 ° C. In contrast , some coastal locations , such as Darwin , have never fallen below 10 ° C , and Thursday Island , in the Torres Strait , has an extreme minimum of 16.1 ° C. The lowest maximum temperature on record in Australia was − 6.9 ° C ( 19.6 ° F ) , recorded on 9 July 1978 at Thredbo Ski Resort in New South Wales . The highest minimum temperature on record was 35.5 ° C ( 95.9 ° F ) , recorded on 24 January 1982 in Arkaroola , South Australia and again on 21 January 2003 in Wittenoom , Western Australia . A list of extremes can be found in the tables below : Absolute temperature ranges Month Maximum temperatures Minimum temperatures ° C ° F location and date ° C ° F location and date January 50.7 123.3 Oodnadatta , South Australia ( 2 January 1960 ) − 7.7 18.1 Thredbo Ski Resort , New South Wales ( 24 January 2000 ) February 50.5 122.9 Mardie , Western Australia ( 19 February 1998 ) − 7.0 19.4 Perisher Ski Resort , New South Wales ( 17 February 1979 ) March 47.8 118.0 Carnarvon , Western Australia ( 6 March 2007 ) / Roebourne , Western Australia ( 4 March 1998 ) − 7.2 19.0 Kiandra , New South Wales ( 25 March 1964 ) / Bullocks Flat , New South Wales ( 31 March 1988 ) April 45.0 113.0 Port Hedland , Western Australia ( 1 April 1948 ) / Marble Bar , Western Australia ( 2 April 1928 ) − 13.0 8.6 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 29 April 2009 ) May 40.6 105.1 Bidyadanga , Western Australia ( 6 May 1990 ) − 13.4 7.9 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 24 May 2008 ) June 37.8 100.0 Wyndham , Western Australia ( 2 June 1962 ) − 23.0 − 9.4 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 29 June 1994 ) July 37.6 99.7 Wyndham , Western Australia ( 19 July 1996 ) − 19.6 − 3.3 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 20 July 2010 ) August 40.0 104.0 Kalumburu , Western Australia ( 27 August 1970 ) − 20.6 − 5.1 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 14 August 1968 ) September 43.1 109.6 Roebuck Bay , Western Australia ( 27 September 2003 ) − 16.7 1.9 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 20 September 1967 ) October 46.9 116.4 Port Hedland , Western Australia ( 22 October 2002 ) − 12.0 10.4 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 29 October 2006 ) November 48.7 119.7 Birdsville , Queensland ( 17 November 1990 ) − 9.4 15.1 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 26 November 1968 ) December 49.5 121.1 Birdsville , Queensland ( 24 December 1972 ) − 9.0 15.8 Thredbo Ski Resort , New South Wales ( 13 December 1976 ) Natural hazards and disasters ( edit ) Bushfires ( edit ) Main article : Bushfires in Australia Climatic factors contribute to Australia 's high incidence of bushfires , particularly during the summer months . Low relative humidity , wind and lack of rain can cause a small fire , either man - made or caused naturally by lightning strikes , to spread rapidly over large distances . Low humidity , the heat of the sun and lack of water cause vegetation to dry out becoming a perfect fuel for the fire . High winds fan the flames , increasing their intensity and the speed and distance at which they can travel . Many of the worst bushfires in eastern Australia , such as the 1983 Ash Wednesday fires , accompany El Niño -- Southern Oscillation events which tend to cause a warm , dry and windy climate . The worst bushfires in Australian history occurred on Black Saturday in February 2009 . The human death toll of the disaster was 173 , and over two thousand homes were lost . Flooding ( edit ) Though Australia is generally dry and arid , a large portion of the country is in the tropics . Rainfall in these areas is extremely heavy . With some are areas recording world - record - breaking rain , such as the mountains which lie to the south west of Cairns . Through La Niña years the eastern seaboard of Australia records above - average rainfall usually creating damaging floods . The 2010 -- 2011 La Niña system has broken many rainfall records in Australia , particularly in the states of Queensland and New South Wales , which have seen extensive flooding which has caused major damage to infrastructure and crops . The central east area of Queensland , an area the size of Germany and France combined , was under water in 2010 -- 11 . The estimated damage bill could reach into the billions . Some places that see heavy monthly ( or yearly ) rainfall include : Darwin , Cairns , Townsville , Rockhampton , Innisfail , Strahan , Queenstown , Thursday Island and Mount Read . Global warming ( edit ) Australian annual average temperature anomaly from 1910 to 2009 with five - year locally weighted ( ' lowess ' ) trend line . Source : Australian Bureau of Meteorology . Main articles : Effects of global warming on Australia and Climate change in Australia According to climate scientists , climate change is predicted by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( CSIRO ) to have significant effects on the climate of and extreme weather events in Australia , increasing temperatures and the likelihood of heat waves . According to the Bureau of Meteorology , Australia 's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.90 ° C ( 1.62 ° F ) above the 1961 -- 90 average , making it the nation 's second - warmest year since high - quality records began in 1910 . Summer in both 2013 and 2014 continued this trend of record - breaking heat -- 2014 was Australia 's third - hottest year on record and 2013 broke national records . In January 2013 , the Bureau of Meteorology altered its weather forecasting chart 's temperature scale to include a range , coloured purple , between 52 ° C and 54 ° C . Coastal communities face risks from sea level rise , albeit over a long period of time based on current estimates of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report . The Gold Coast , being built on sand and with many canal developments , could be considered particularly at risk . Suburbs of Sydney like Drummoyne and Concord on rivers like the Parramatta River face risks of inundation of low - lying areas such as parks ( such as Timbrell Park and Majors Bay Reserve ) reclaimed from mudflats at the heads of bays , or massive expenses in rebuilding seawalls to higher levels . Currently , there are several environmental movements and campaigners advocating for action on climate change . One such campaign is `` The Big Switch '' , Australia 's largest community climate change campaign . New projections for Australia 's changing climate includes : droughts are likely to become more frequent , particularly in the south - west evaporation rates are likely to increase , particularly in the north and east high - fire - danger weather is likely to increase in the south - east sea levels will continue to rise Drought ( edit ) Drought - affected paddock in the New South Wales farming region of the Riverina Main article : Drought in Australia Drought in Australia is defined by rainfall over a three - month period being in the lowest ten per cent of amounts having been recorded for that region in the past . This definition takes into account that low rainfall is a relative term and rainfall deficiencies need to be compared to typical rainfall patterns including seasonal variations . Specifically drought in Australia is defined in relation to a rainfall deficiency of pastoral leases and is determined by decile analysis applied to a certain area . Historical climatic records are now sufficiently reliable to profile climate variability taking into account expectations for regions . State Governments are responsible for declaring a region drought affected and the declaration will take into account factors other than rainfall . Cyclones ( edit ) Cyclone Monica at peak intensity Australia is affected by tropical cyclones which primarily occur between December and April but have developed in November and May , as well . Cyclones over mainland Australia occur on average five to six times each year . The region between Broome and Exmouth are most prone to cyclones . Tropical cyclones are known to bring destructive winds , heavy rain with flooding creating storm surges along the coast , causing inundation in low - lying areas . The strongest Australian region cyclone was Cyclone Monica in 2006 which had wind gusts in excess of 350 km / h ( 220 mph ) . Cyclones can also move inland , decaying to a rain depression , which dump heavy rain in these areas and causing flooding . The worst cyclones of Australia have caused billions of dollars of damage and many deaths . Cyclone Tracy crossed directly over Darwin in 1974 , seventy - one people were killed . Adjusted for inflation it was Australia 's most damaging cyclone . Cyclone Mahina in 1899 brought a storm surge to Far North Queensland reaching 13 metres ( 43 ft ) high , causing 400 deaths and making it the worst natural disaster to befall Australia . Cyclone Larry struck North Queensland and passed over Innisfail in 2006 causing damages estimated at A $1.5 billion but no lives were lost . Cyclone Yasi caused severe flooding and had a total estimated cost of A $3.5 billion making it the second-most costliest cyclone to strike Australia . Blizzards ( edit ) Blizzards are not common in mainland Australia , but occur frequently in the Snowy Mountains in New South Wales and Victoria . When blizzards do occur , they can affect the Tasmanian Highlands and , particularly , Mount Wellington , which towers over the Tasmanian capital Hobart . Blizzards do not affect any major towns or cities , because there are no populated areas located in the mountains except for the ski resort towns of New South Wales and Victoria . Dust storms ( edit ) See also : 2009 Australian dust storm A dust storm or sandstorm , a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions , arises when a gust front passes or when the wind force exceeds the threshold value where loose sand and dust are removed from the dry surface . Particles are transported by saltation and suspension , causing soil erosion from one place and deposition in another . The term sandstorm is used most often in the context of desert sandstorms , especially in the Sahara , when , in addition to fine particles obscuring visibility , a considerable amount of larger sand particles moves closer to the surface . The term dust storm is more likely to be used when finer particles are blown long distances , especially when the dust storm affects urban areas . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Indigenous Australian seasons List of wettest known tropical cyclones in Australia Weather extremes in Australia , an index of extreme Australian weather articles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scientists Trace Extreme Heat in Australia to Climate Change 29 September 2014 NYT Jump up ^ `` State of the Climate 2014 '' . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CSIRO report says Australia getting hotter with more to come '' . ABC Online . 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[email protected]/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/bbd307d0202ca25bca2570de00032610!OpenDocument#CLIMATE%20CHANGE Jump up ^ Climate of Australia Jump up ^ `` Precipitation in Australia '' . Climates and Weather of Australia . Routledge. 1997 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of Canberra Area '' . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics , 2002 Yearbook of Australia . Retrieved 22 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rainfall and Temperature Records : National '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney ( Observatory Hill ) Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Penrith Lakes Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Wollongong Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Coffs Harbour Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Armidale Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Wagga Wagga Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Broken Hill Airport Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Summary statistics Darwin Airport '' . Bureau of Meteorology. 2009 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Summary statistics Alice Springs Airport '' . Bureau of Meteorology. 2009 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 7 : Introduction to the Atmosphere '' . physicalgeography.net . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Australian Government , Bureau of Meteorology - Climate of Queensland Jump up ^ Australian Government , Bureau of Meteorology - Australian climatic zones Jump up ^ `` Brisbane Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Gold CoastClimate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mackay Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cairns Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Townsville Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Towoomba Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Rockhampton Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mt Isa Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Adelaide Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gambier Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Whyalla Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Port Augusta Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Oodnadatta Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of Launceston '' . Australian BOM . Archived from the original on 22 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Hobart Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Launceston Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Devonport Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Strahan Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hopetoun sizzles as Mildura sweats Archived 14 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` City swelters , records tumble in heat '' . The Age . Melbourne . 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ballarat Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bendigo Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mildura Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Shepparton Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bairnsdale Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Warnambool Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of Western Australia '' . Bureau of Meteorology . Archived from the original on 17 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Miller G , Mangan J , Pollard D , Thompson S , Felzer B , et al. ( 2005 ) Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation : Implications for human impact on continental moisture balance . Geology : Vol. 33 , No. 1 pp. 65 -- 68 Jump up ^ Snow in Western Australia : About Snow in WA . Retrieved 4 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Perth Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Albany Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Kalgoorlie Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldton Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Karratha Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Broome Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Loffler , Ernst ; Anneliese Loffler ; A.J. Rose ; Denis Warner ( 1983 ) . Australia : Portrait of a continent . Richmond , Victoria : Hutchinson Group ( Australia ) . pp. 37 -- 39 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 130460 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Rain '' . Climates and Weather of Australia . Routledge. 1997 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia No. 50 - 1964 , page 48 , https://books.google.com/books?id=gHgz-VKdykkC&pg=PA48 Jump up ^ Kuleshow , Y ; de Hoedt , G ; Wright , W ; Brewster , A ( 2002 ) . `` Thunderstorm distribution and frequency in Australia '' ( PDF ) . Australian Meteorological Magazine . 51 ( 3 ) : 148 . ISSN 0004 - 9743 . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rainfall and Temperature Records '' . Climate Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Statistics for Babinda , QL '' . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia - Climate of Our Continent Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100815101407/http://goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au/~jz/travel/aus/climate.html . Archived from the original on 15 August 2010 . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Heavy snow in southern Australia , BBC News , 10 August 2005 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , 5 June 2014 Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[email protected]/46d1bc47ac9d0c7bca256c470025ff87/BBD307D0202CA25BCA2570DE00032610?opendocument Jump up ^ http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.htm Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in July '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Weather and Fire , Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Australian Climate Extremes - Fire , Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Australian fires create ' a holocaust ' - CNN.com '' . CNN . 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ CSIRO 's `` Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early Action to Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions '' `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Australian Climate Statement 2009 '' . Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 was Australia 's third - warmest year : BoM '' . ABC Online . 21 January 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ben Knight ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` Heat wave creates new Australian records '' . 7 : 30 . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Hannam ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` Temperatures off the charts as Australia turns deep purple '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ The Big Switch , Australia 's largest community climate change campaign Jump up ^ New Projections For Australia 's Changing Climate ^ Jump up to : `` Drought '' . Climate Glossary . Bureau of Meteorology. 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tapper , Nigel . & Hurry , Lynn . ( 1993 ) Australia 's Weather Patterns : An Introductory Guide . Pages 51 -- 57 . Dellasta . ISBN 1 - 875627 - 14 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Our Natural Resources at a Glance - Climate '' . Department of Agriculture , Fisheries and Forestry ( Australia ) . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` When is the cyclone season ? '' . Bureau of Meteorology. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` What is the most cyclone - prone region in Australia ? '' . Bureau of Meteorology. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau - Bureau of Meteorology - Surviving Cyclones '' . Bureau of Meteorology. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cyclone Yasi to cost insurers $3.5 bln - forecaster '' . Thomson Reuters. 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's worst natural disasters '' . SBS World News Australia . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Climate of Australia . 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most of australia has one of the what climates
[ "Australia's climate is governed largely by its size and by the hot, sinking air of the subtropical high pressure belt. This moves north and south with the seasons. But it is variable, with frequent droughts lasting several seasons—thought to be caused in part by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. The climate varies widely due to its large geographical size, but by far the largest part of Australia is desert or semi-arid. Only the south-east and south-west corners have a temperate climate and moderately fertile soil. The northern part of the country has a tropical climate, varied between tropical rainforests, grasslands and desert.\n" ]
[ "desert or semi-arid" ]
-2658681480064099140
Conservation of energy
Conservation of energy - wikipedia Conservation of energy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the law of conservation of energy in physics . For sustainable energy resources , see Energy conservation . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Scientifically speaking , conservation of energy can be rigorously proven by the Noether theorem as a consequence of continuous time translation symmetry ; that is , from the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time . A consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that a perpetual motion machine of the first kind can not exist , that is to say , no system without an external energy supply can deliver an unlimited amount of energy to its surroundings . For systems which do not have time translation symmetry , it may not be possible to define conservation of energy . Examples include curved spacetimes in general relativity or time crystals in condensed matter physics . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Mechanical equivalent of heat 1.2 Mass -- energy equivalence 1.3 Conservation of energy in beta decay 2 First law of thermodynamics 3 Noether 's theorem 4 Relativity 5 Quantum theory 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 8.1 Modern accounts 8.2 History of ideas 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gottfried Leibniz In physics , the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system in a given frame of reference remains constant -- it is said to be conserved over time . In other words , this law means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed ; rather , it can only be transformed from one form to another . For instance , chemical energy is converted to kinetic energy when a stick of dynamite explodes . If one adds up all the chemical energy that is expended in the explosion , one will get the exact amount of kinetic energy that is generated . Classically , conservation of energy was distinct from conservation of mass ; however , special relativity showed that mass could be converted to energy and vice versa by E = mc , and science now takes the view that mass -- energy is conserved . Ancient philosophers as far back as Thales of Miletus c. 550 BCE had inklings of the conservation of some underlying substance of which everything is made . However , there is no particular reason to identify this with what we know today as `` mass - energy '' ( for example , Thales thought it was water ) . Empedocles ( 490 -- 430 BCE ) wrote that in his universal system , composed of four roots ( earth , air , water , fire ) , `` nothing comes to be or perishes '' ; instead , these elements suffer continual rearrangement . In 1605 , Simon Stevinus was able to solve a number of problems in statics based on the principle that perpetual motion was impossible . In 1638 , Galileo published his analysis of several situations -- including the celebrated `` interrupted pendulum '' -- which can be described ( in modern language ) as conservatively converting potential energy to kinetic energy and back again . Essentially , he pointed out that the height a moving body rises is equal to the height from which it falls , and used this observation to infer the idea of inertia . The remarkable aspect of this observation is that the height to which a moving body ascends on a frictionless surface does not depend on the shape of the surface . In 1669 , Christian Huygens published his laws of collision . Among the quantities he listed as being invariant before and after the collision of bodies were both the sum of their linear momentums as well as the sum of their kinetic energies . However , the difference between elastic and inelastic collision was not understood at the time . This led to the dispute among later researchers as to which of these conserved quantities was the more fundamental . In his Horologium Oscillatorium , he gave a much clearer statement regarding the height of ascent of a moving body , and connected this idea with the impossibility of a perpetual motion . Huygens ' study of the dynamics of pendulum motion was based on a single principle : that the center of gravity of a heavy object can not lift itself . The fact that kinetic energy is scalar , unlike linear momentum which is a vector , and hence easier to work with did not escape the attention of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz . It was Leibniz during 1676 -- 1689 who first attempted a mathematical formulation of the kind of energy which is connected with motion ( kinetic energy ) . Using Huygens ' work on collision , Leibniz noticed that in many mechanical systems ( of several masses , m each with velocity v ) , ∑ i m i v i 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( i ) m_ ( i ) v_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) was conserved so long as the masses did not interact . He called this quantity the vis viva or living force of the system . The principle represents an accurate statement of the approximate conservation of kinetic energy in situations where there is no friction . Many physicists at that time , such as Newton , held that the conservation of momentum , which holds even in systems with friction , as defined by the momentum : ∑ i m i v i ( \ displaystyle \ , \ ! \ sum _ ( i ) m_ ( i ) v_ ( i ) ) was the conserved vis viva . It was later shown that both quantities are conserved simultaneously , given the proper conditions such as an elastic collision . In 1687 , Isaac Newton published his Principia , which was organized around the concept of force and momentum . However , the researchers were quick to recognize that the principles set out in the book , while fine for point masses , were not sufficient to tackle the motions of rigid and fluid bodies . Some other principles were also required . Daniel Bernoulli The law of conservation of vis viva was championed by the father and son duo , Johann and Daniel Bernoulli . The former enunciated the principle of virtual work as used in statics in its full generality in 1715 , while the later based his Hydrodynamica , published in 1738 , on this single conservation principle . Daniel 's study of loss of vis viva of flowing water led him to formulate the Bernoulli 's principle , which relates the loss to be proportional to the change in hydrodynamic pressure . Daniel also formulated the notion of work and efficiency for hydraulic machines ; and he gave a kinetic theory of gases , and linked the kinetic energy of gas molecules with the temperature of the gas . This focus on the vis viva by the continental physicists eventually led to the discovery of stationarity principles governing mechanics , such as the D'Alembert's principle and Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of mechanics . Émilie du Châtelet ( 1706 -- 1749 ) proposed and tested the hypothesis of the conservation of total energy , as distinct from momentum . Inspired by the theories of Gottfried Leibniz , she repeated and publicized an experiment originally devised by Willem ' s Gravesande in 1722 in which balls were dropped from different heights into a sheet of soft clay . Each ball 's kinetic energy - as indicated by the quantity of material displaced - was shown to be proportional to the square of the velocity . The deformation of the clay was found to be directly proportional to the height the balls were dropped from , equal to the initial potential energy . Earlier workers , including Newton and Voltaire , had all believed that `` energy '' ( so far as they understood the concept at all ) was not distinct from momentum and therefore proportional to velocity . According to this understanding , the deformation of the clay should have been proportional to the square root of the height from which the balls were dropped from . In classical physics the correct formula is E k = 1 2 m v 2 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( k ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mv ^ ( 2 ) ) , where E k ( \ displaystyle E_ ( k ) ) is the kinetic energy of an object , m ( \ displaystyle m ) its mass and v ( \ displaystyle v ) its speed . On this basis , Châtelet proposed that energy must always have the same dimensions in any form , which is necessary to be able to relate it in different forms ( kinetic , potential , heat ... ) . Engineers such as John Smeaton , Peter Ewart , Carl Holtzmann , Gustave - Adolphe Hirn and Marc Seguin recognized that conservation of momentum alone was not adequate for practical calculation and made use of Leibniz 's principle . The principle was also championed by some chemists such as William Hyde Wollaston . Academics such as John Playfair were quick to point out that kinetic energy is clearly not conserved . This is obvious to a modern analysis based on the second law of thermodynamics , but in the 18th and 19th centuries the fate of the lost energy was still unknown . Gradually it came to be suspected that the heat inevitably generated by motion under friction was another form of vis viva . In 1783 , Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre - Simon Laplace reviewed the two competing theories of vis viva and caloric theory . Count Rumford 's 1798 observations of heat generation during the boring of cannons added more weight to the view that mechanical motion could be converted into heat , and ( as importantly ) that the conversion was quantitative and could be predicted ( allowing for a universal conversion constant between kinetic energy and heat ) . Vis viva then started to be known as energy , after the term was first used in that sense by Thomas Young in 1807 . Gaspard - Gustave Coriolis The recalibration of vis viva to 1 2 ∑ i m i v i 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ sum _ ( i ) m_ ( i ) v_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) which can be understood as converting kinetic energy to work , was largely the result of Gaspard - Gustave Coriolis and Jean - Victor Poncelet over the period 1819 -- 1839 . The former called the quantity quantité de travail ( quantity of work ) and the latter , travail mécanique ( mechanical work ) , and both championed its use in engineering calculation . In a paper Über die Natur der Wärme ( German `` On the Nature of Heat / Warmth '' ) , published in the Zeitschrift für Physik in 1837 , Karl Friedrich Mohr gave one of the earliest general statements of the doctrine of the conservation of energy in the words : `` besides the 54 known chemical elements there is in the physical world one agent only , and this is called Kraft ( energy or work ) . It may appear , according to circumstances , as motion , chemical affinity , cohesion , electricity , light and magnetism ; and from any one of these forms it can be transformed into any of the others . '' Mechanical equivalent of heat ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A key stage in the development of the modern conservation principle was the demonstration of the mechanical equivalent of heat . The caloric theory maintained that heat could neither be created nor destroyed , whereas conservation of energy entails the contrary principle that heat and mechanical work are interchangeable . In the middle of the eighteenth century , Mikhail Lomonosov , a Russian scientist , postulated his corpusculo - kinetic theory of heat , which rejected the idea of a caloric . Through the results of empirical studies , Lomonosov came to the conclusion that heat was not transferred through the particles of the caloric fluid . In 1798 , Count Rumford ( Benjamin Thompson ) performed measurements of the frictional heat generated in boring cannons , and developed the idea that heat is a form of kinetic energy ; his measurements refuted caloric theory , but were imprecise enough to leave room for doubt . James Prescott Joule The mechanical equivalence principle was first stated in its modern form by the German surgeon Julius Robert von Mayer in 1842 . Mayer reached his conclusion on a voyage to the Dutch East Indies , where he found that his patients ' blood was a deeper red because they were consuming less oxygen , and therefore less energy , to maintain their body temperature in the hotter climate . He discovered that heat and mechanical work were both forms of energy and in 1845 , after improving his knowledge of physics , he published a monograph that stated a quantitative relationship between them . Joule 's apparatus for measuring the mechanical equivalent of heat . A descending weight attached to a string causes a paddle immersed in water to rotate . Meanwhile , in 1843 , James Prescott Joule independently discovered the mechanical equivalent in a series of experiments . In the most famous , now called the `` Joule apparatus '' , a descending weight attached to a string caused a paddle immersed in water to rotate . He showed that the gravitational potential energy lost by the weight in descending was equal to the internal energy gained by the water through friction with the paddle . Over the period 1840 -- 1843 , similar work was carried out by engineer Ludwig A. Colding , although it was little known outside his native Denmark . Both Joule 's and Mayer 's work suffered from resistance and neglect but it was Joule 's that eventually drew the wider recognition . For the dispute between Joule and Mayer over priority , see Mechanical equivalent of heat : Priority . In 1844 , William Robert Grove postulated a relationship between mechanics , heat , light , electricity and magnetism by treating them all as manifestations of a single `` force '' ( energy in modern terms ) . In 1846 , Grove published his theories in his book The Correlation of Physical Forces . In 1847 , drawing on the earlier work of Joule , Sadi Carnot and Émile Clapeyron , Hermann von Helmholtz arrived at conclusions similar to Grove 's and published his theories in his book Über die Erhaltung der Kraft ( On the Conservation of Force , 1847 ) . The general modern acceptance of the principle stems from this publication . In 1850 , William Rankine first used the phrase the law of the conservation of energy for the principle . In 1877 , Peter Guthrie Tait claimed that the principle originated with Sir Isaac Newton , based on a creative reading of propositions 40 and 41 of the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica . This is now regarded as an example of Whig history . Mass -- energy equivalence ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Mass -- energy equivalence Matter is composed of such things as atoms , electrons , neutrons , and protons . It has intrinsic or rest mass . In the limited range of recognized experience of the nineteenth century it was found that such rest mass is conserved . Einstein 's 1905 theory of special relativity showed that it corresponds to an equivalent amount of rest energy . This means that it can be converted to or from equivalent amounts of other ( non-material ) forms of energy , for example kinetic energy , potential energy , and electromagnetic radiant energy . When this happens , as recognized in twentieth century experience , rest mass is not conserved , unlike the total mass or total energy . All forms of energy contribute to the total mass and total energy . For example , an electron and a positron each have rest mass . They can perish together , converting their combined rest energy into photons having electromagnetic radiant energy , but no rest mass . If this occurs within an isolated system that does not release the photons or their energy into the external surroundings , then neither the total mass nor the total energy of the system will change . The produced electromagnetic radiant energy contributes just as much to the inertia ( and to any weight ) of the system as did the rest mass of the electron and positron before their demise . Likewise , non-material forms of energy can perish into matter , which has rest mass . Thus , conservation of energy ( total , including material or rest energy ) , and conservation of mass ( total , not just rest ) , each still holds as an ( equivalent ) law . In the 18th century these had appeared as two seemingly - distinct laws . Conservation of energy in beta decay ( edit ) Main article : Beta decay § Neutrinos in beta decay The discovery in 1911 that electrons emitted in beta decay have a continuous rather than a discrete spectrum appeared to contradict conservation of energy , under the then - current assumption that beta decay is the simple emission of an electron from a nucleus . This problem was eventually resolved in 1933 by Enrico Fermi who proposed the correct description of beta - decay as the emission of both an electron and an antineutrino , which carries away the apparently missing energy . First law of Thermodynamics ( edit ) Main article : First law of thermodynamics For a closed thermodynamic system , the first law of thermodynamics may be stated as : δ Q = d U + δ W ( \ displaystyle \ delta Q = \ mathrm ( d ) U+ \ delta W ) , or equivalently , d U = δ Q − δ W , ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( d ) U = \ delta Q - \ delta W , ) where δ Q ( \ displaystyle \ delta Q ) is the quantity of energy added to the system by a heating process , δ W ( \ displaystyle \ delta W ) is the quantity of energy lost by the system due to work done by the system on its surroundings and d U ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( d ) U ) is the change in the internal energy of the system . The δ 's before the heat and work terms are used to indicate that they describe an increment of energy which is to be interpreted somewhat differently than the d U ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( d ) U ) increment of internal energy ( see Inexact differential ) . Work and heat refer to kinds of process which add or subtract energy to or from a system , while the internal energy U ( \ displaystyle U ) is a property of a particular state of the system when it is in unchanging thermodynamic equilibrium . Thus the term `` heat energy '' for δ Q ( \ displaystyle \ delta Q ) means `` that amount of energy added as the result of heating '' rather than referring to a particular form of energy . Likewise , the term `` work energy '' for δ W ( \ displaystyle \ delta W ) means `` that amount of energy lost as the result of work '' . Thus one can state the amount of internal energy possessed by a thermodynamic system that one knows is presently in a given state , but one can not tell , just from knowledge of the given present state , how much energy has in the past flowed into or out of the system as a result of its being heated or cooled , nor as the result of work being performed on or by the system . Entropy is a function of the state of a system which tells of limitations of the possibility of conversion of heat into work . For a simple compressible system , the work performed by the system may be written : δ W = P d V , ( \ displaystyle \ delta W = P \ , \ mathrm ( d ) V , ) where P ( \ displaystyle P ) is the pressure and d V ( \ displaystyle dV ) is a small change in the volume of the system , each of which are system variables . In the fictive case in which the process is idealized and infinitely slow , so as to be called quasi-static , and regarded as reversible , the heat being transferred from a source with temperature infinitesimally above the system temperature , then the heat energy may be written δ Q = T d S , ( \ displaystyle \ delta Q = T \ , \ mathrm ( d ) S , ) where T ( \ displaystyle T ) is the temperature and d S ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( d ) S ) is a small change in the entropy of the system . Temperature and entropy are variables of state of a system . If an open system ( in which mass may be exchanged with the environment ) has several walls such that the mass transfer is through rigid walls separate from the heat and work transfers , then the first law may be written : d U = δ Q − δ W + u ′ d M , ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( d ) U = \ delta Q - \ delta W + u ' \ , dM , \ , ) where d M ( \ displaystyle dM ) is the added mass and u ′ ( \ displaystyle u ' ) is the internal energy per unit mass of the added mass , measured in the surroundings before the process . Noether 's theorem ( edit ) Main article : Noether 's theorem The conservation of energy is a common feature in many physical theories . From a mathematical point of view it is understood as a consequence of Noether 's theorem , developed by Emmy Noether in 1915 and first published in 1918 . The theorem states every continuous symmetry of a physical theory has an associated conserved quantity ; if the theory 's symmetry is time invariance then the conserved quantity is called `` energy '' . The energy conservation law is a consequence of the shift symmetry of time ; energy conservation is implied by the empirical fact that the laws of physics do not change with time itself . Philosophically this can be stated as `` nothing depends on time per se '' . In other words , if the physical system is invariant under the continuous symmetry of time translation then its energy ( which is canonical conjugate quantity to time ) is conserved . Conversely , systems which are not invariant under shifts in time ( an example , systems with time dependent potential energy ) do not exhibit conservation of energy -- unless we consider them to exchange energy with another , external system so that the theory of the enlarged system becomes time invariant again . Conservation of energy for finite systems is valid in such physical theories as special relativity and quantum theory ( including QED ) in the flat space - time . Relativity ( edit ) With the discovery of special relativity by Henri Poincaré and Albert Einstein , energy was proposed to be one component of an energy - momentum 4 - vector . Each of the four components ( one of energy and three of momentum ) of this vector is separately conserved across time , in any closed system , as seen from any given inertial reference frame . Also conserved is the vector length ( Minkowski norm ) , which is the rest mass for single particles , and the invariant mass for systems of particles ( where momenta and energy are separately summed before the length is calculated -- see the article on invariant mass ) . The relativistic energy of a single massive particle contains a term related to its rest mass in addition to its kinetic energy of motion . In the limit of zero kinetic energy ( or equivalently in the rest frame ) of a massive particle , or else in the center of momentum frame for objects or systems which retain kinetic energy , the total energy of particle or object ( including internal kinetic energy in systems ) is related to its rest mass or its invariant mass via the famous equation E = m c 2 ( \ displaystyle E = mc ^ ( 2 ) ) . Thus , the rule of conservation of energy over time in special relativity continues to hold , so long as the reference frame of the observer is unchanged . This applies to the total energy of systems , although different observers disagree as to the energy value . Also conserved , and invariant to all observers , is the invariant mass , which is the minimal system mass and energy that can be seen by any observer , and which is defined by the energy -- momentum relation . In general relativity , energy -- momentum conservation is not well - defined except in certain special cases . Energy - momentum is typically expressed with the aid of a stress -- energy -- momentum pseudotensor . However , since pseudotensors are not tensors , they do not transform cleanly between reference frames . If the metric under consideration is static ( that is , does not change with time ) or asymptotically flat ( that is , at an infinite distance away spacetime looks empty ) , then energy conservation holds without major pitfalls . In practice , some metrics such as the Friedmann -- Lemaître -- Robertson -- Walker metric do not satisfy these constraints and energy conservation is not well defined . The theory of general relativity leaves open the question of whether there is a conservation of energy for the entire universe . Quantum theory ( edit ) In quantum mechanics , energy of a quantum system is described by a self - adjoint ( or Hermitian ) operator called the Hamiltonian , which acts on the Hilbert space ( or a space of wave functions ) of the system . If the Hamiltonian is a time - independent operator , emergence probability of the measurement result does not change in time over the evolution of the system . Thus the expectation value of energy is also time independent . The local energy conservation in quantum field theory is ensured by the quantum Noether 's theorem for energy - momentum tensor operator . Note that due to the lack of the ( universal ) time operator in quantum theory , the uncertainty relations for time and energy are not fundamental in contrast to the position - momentum uncertainty principle , and merely holds in specific cases ( see Uncertainty principle ) . Energy at each fixed time can in principle be exactly measured without any trade - off in precision forced by the time - energy uncertainty relations . Thus the conservation of energy in time is a well defined concept even in quantum mechanics . See also ( edit ) Energy quality Energy transformation Eternity of the world Laws of thermodynamics Lagrangian Principles of energetics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Planck , M. ( 1923 / 1927 ) . Treatise on Thermodynamics , third English edition translated by A. Ogg from the seventh German edition , Longmans , Green & Co. , London , page 40 . Jump up ^ Witten , Edward ( 1981 ) . `` A new proof of the positive energy theorem '' ( PDF ) . Communications in Mathematical Physics. 80 ( 3 ) : 381 -- 402 . Bibcode : 1981CMaPh ... 80 ... 381W . doi : 10.1007 / BF01208277 . ISSN 0010 - 3616 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lisa ( 18 January 2012 ) . `` Death - defying time crystal could outlast the universe '' . newscientist.com . New Scientist . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Ron ( 27 February 2012 ) . `` '' Time Crystals '' Could Be a Legitimate Form of Perpetual Motion `` . scientificamerican.com . Scientific American . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Powell , Devin ( 2013 ) . `` Can matter cycle through shapes eternally ? '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2013.13657 . ISSN 1476 - 4687 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gibney , Elizabeth ( 2017 ) . `` The quest to crystallize time '' . Nature . 543 ( 7644 ) : 164 -- 166 . Bibcode : 2017Natur. 543 ... 164G . doi : 10.1038 / 543164a . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Richard Feynman ( 1970 ) . The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol I. Addison Wesley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 02115 - 8 . Jump up ^ Janko , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Empedocles , `` On Nature '' '' ( PDF ) . Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 150 : 1 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Hagengruber , Ruth , editor ( 2011 ) Émilie du Chatelet between Leibniz and Newton . Springer . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 2074 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arianrhod , Robyn ( 2012 ) . Seduced by logic : Émilie du Châtelet , Mary Somerville , and the Newtonian revolution ( US ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 993161 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lavoisier , A.L. & Laplace , P.S. ( 1780 ) `` Memoir on Heat '' , Académie Royale des Sciences pp. 4 -- 355 Jump up ^ von Mayer , J.R. ( 1842 ) `` Remarks on the forces of inorganic nature '' in Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie , 43 , 233 Jump up ^ Mayer , J.R. ( 1845 ) . Die organische Bewegung in ihrem Zusammenhange mit dem Stoffwechsel . Ein Beitrag zur Naturkunde , Dechsler , Heilbronn . Jump up ^ Grove , W.R. ( 1874 ) . The Correlation of Physical Forces ( 6th ed . ) . London : Longmans , Green . Jump up ^ `` On the Conservation of Force '' . Bartleby . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ William John Macquorn Rankine ( 1853 ) `` On the General Law of the Transformation of Energy , '' Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow , vol. 3 , no . 5 , pages 276 - 280 ; reprinted in : ( 1 ) Philosophical Magazine , series 4 , vol. 5 , no . 30 , pages 106 - 117 ( February 1853 ) ; and ( 2 ) W.J. Millar , ed. , Miscellaneous Scientific Papers : by W.J. Macquorn Rankine , ... ( London , England : Charles Griffin and Co. , 1881 ) , part II , pages 203 - 208 : `` The law of the Conservation of Energy is already known -- viz. that the sum of all the energies of the universe , actual and potential , is unchangeable . '' Jump up ^ Hadden , Richard W. ( 1994 ) . On the shoulders of merchants : exchange and the mathematical conception of nature in early modern Europe . SUNY Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2011 - 6 . , Chapter 1 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Jensen , Carsten ( 2000 ) . Controversy and Consensus : Nuclear Beta Decay 1911 - 1934 . Birkhäuser Verlag . ISBN 3 - 7643 - 5313 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brown , Laurie M. ( 1978 ) . `` The idea of the neutrino '' . Physics Today . 31 ( 9 ) : 23 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1978PhT ... 31i ... 23B . doi : 10.1063 / 1.2995181 . Jump up ^ Wilson , F.L. ( 1968 ) . `` Fermi 's Theory of Beta Decay '' . American Journal of Physics. 36 ( 12 ) : 1150 . Bibcode : 1968AmJPh ... 36.1150 W . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1974382 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , D. ( 2009 ) . Introduction to Elementary Particles ( 2nd ed . ) . pp. 314 -- 315 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 40601 - 2 . Jump up ^ Born , M. ( 1949 ) . Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance , Oxford University Press , London , pp. 146 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Michael Weiss and John Baez . `` Is Energy Conserved in General Relativity ? '' . Retrieved 5 Jan 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Modern accounts ( edit ) Goldstein , Martin , and Inge F. , ( 1993 ) . The Refrigerator and the Universe . Harvard Univ . Press . A gentle introduction . Kroemer , Herbert ; Kittel , Charles ( 1980 ) . Thermal Physics ( 2nd ed . ) . W.H. Freeman Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1088 - 9 . Nolan , Peter J. ( 1996 ) . Fundamentals of College Physics , 2nd ed . William C. Brown Publishers . Oxtoby & Nachtrieb ( 1996 ) . Principles of Modern Chemistry , 3rd ed . Saunders College Publishing . Papineau , D. ( 2002 ) . Thinking about Consciousness . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Serway , Raymond A. ; Jewett , John W. ( 2004 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers ( 6th ed . ) . Brooks / Cole . ISBN 0 - 534 - 40842 - 7 . Stenger , Victor J. ( 2000 ) . Timeless Reality . Prometheus Books . Especially chpt. 12 . Nontechnical . Tipler , Paul ( 2004 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers : Mechanics , Oscillations and Waves , Thermodynamics ( 5th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 0809 - 4 . Lanczos , Cornelius ( 1970 ) . The Variational Principles of Mechanics . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 1743 - 6 . History of ideas ( edit ) Brown , T.M. ( 1965 ) . `` Resource letter EEC - 1 on the evolution of energy concepts from Galileo to Helmholtz '' . American Journal of Physics. 33 ( 10 ) : 759 -- 765 . Bibcode : 1965AmJPh ... 33 ... 759B . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1970980 . Cardwell , D.S.L. ( 1971 ) . From Watt to Clausius : The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age . London : Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 435 - 54150 - 1 . Guillen , M. ( 1999 ) . Five Equations That Changed the World . New York : Abacus . ISBN 0 - 349 - 11064 - 6 . Hiebert , E.N. ( 1981 ) . Historical Roots of the Principle of Conservation of Energy . Madison , Wis. : Ayer Co Pub . ISBN 0 - 405 - 13880 - 6 . Kuhn , T.S. ( 1957 ) `` Energy conservation as an example of simultaneous discovery '' , in M. Clagett ( ed . ) Critical Problems in the History of Science pp. 321 -- 56 Sarton , G. ; Joule , J.P. ; Carnot , Sadi ( 1929 ) . `` The discovery of the law of conservation of energy '' . Isis. 13 : 18 -- 49 . doi : 10.1086 / 346430 . Smith , C. ( 1998 ) . The Science of Energy : Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain . London : Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 485 - 11431 - 3 . Mach , E. ( 1872 ) . History and Root of the Principles of the Conservation of Energy . Open Court Pub. Co. , Illinois . Poincaré , H. ( 1905 ) . Science and Hypothesis . Walter Scott Publishing Co. Ltd ; Dover reprint , 1952 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 60221 - 4 . , Chapter 8 , `` Energy and Thermo - dynamics '' External links ( edit ) MISN - 0 - 158 The First Law of Thermodynamics ( PDF file ) by Jerzy Borysowicz for Project PHYSNET . GND : 4152219 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservation_of_energy&oldid=809002422 '' Categories : Energy ( physics ) Laws of thermodynamics Conservation laws History of physics History of ideas Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 15 : 18 . 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who made the law of conservation of energy
[ "Émilie du Châtelet (1706 – 1749) proposed and tested the hypothesis of the conservation of total energy, as distinct from momentum. Inspired by the theories of Gottfried Leibniz, she repeated and publicized an experiment originally devised by Willem 's Gravesande in 1722 in which balls were dropped from different heights into a sheet of soft clay. Each ball's kinetic energy - as indicated by the quantity of material displaced - was shown to be proportional to the square of the velocity. The deformation of the clay was found to be directly proportional to the height the balls were dropped from, equal to the initial potential energy. Earlier workers, including Newton and Voltaire, had all believed that \"energy\" (so far as they understood the concept at all) was not distinct from momentum and therefore proportional to velocity. According to this understanding, the deformation of the clay should have been proportional to the square root of the height from which the balls were dropped from. In classical physics the correct formula is \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n m\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{k}={\\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{k}}\n \n is the kinetic energy of an object, \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n its mass and \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n its speed. On this basis, Châtelet proposed that energy must always have the same dimensions in any form, which is necessary to be able to relate it in different forms (kinetic, potential, heat…).[9][10]" ]
[ "Émilie du Châtelet" ]
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Northern Ireland Assembly
Northern Ireland Assembly - wikipedia Northern Ireland Assembly For earlier bodies of the same name , see Northern Ireland Assembly ( disambiguation ) . Northern Ireland Assembly Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann Norlin Airlan Assemblie Sixth Assembly Type Type Unicameral Leadership Speaker Robin Newton , DUP Since 12 May 2016 Structure Seats 90 Assembly political groups DUP ( 27 ) ( U ) Sinn Féin ( 27 ) ( N ) SDLP ( 12 ) ( N ) UUP ( 10 ) ( U ) Alliance ( 8 ) ( O ) Green ( 2 ) ( O ) PBP ( 1 ) ( O ) TUV ( 1 ) ( U ) Independent ( 2 ) ( U ) Assembly committees 16 ( show ) Executive Office Agriculture , Environment and Rural Affairs Communities Economy Education Finance Health Infrastructure Justice Assembly and Executive Review Committee Audit Committee Business Committee Procedures Committee Public Accounts Committee Standards and Privileges Committee Salary £ 48,000 per year + expenses Elections Assembly last election 2 March 2017 Assembly next election 5 May 2022 or earlier Meeting place The Assembly Chamber in Parliament Buildings Parliament Buildings , Stormont , Belfast Website www.niassembly.gov.uk The Northern Ireland Assembly ( Irish : Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann , Ulster - Scots : Norlin Airlan Assemblie ) is the devolved legislature of Northern Ireland . It has power to legislate in a wide range of areas that are not explicitly reserved to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , and to appoint the Northern Ireland Executive . It sits at Parliament Buildings at Stormont in Belfast . The assembly is currently in a period of non-existence after the assembly collapsed in January 2017 after the late Martin McGuinness ' resignation . Periods of discussion to restore the assembly have failed . The Assembly is a unicameral , democratically elected body comprising 90 members known as Members of the Legislative Assembly ( MLAs ) . Members are elected under the single transferable vote form of proportional representation . In turn , the Assembly selects most of the ministers of the Northern Ireland Executive using the principle of power - sharing under the D'Hondt method to ensure that Northern Ireland 's largest voting blocs , unionists and Irish nationalists , both participate in governing the region . The Assembly 's standing orders allow for certain contentious motions to require a cross-community vote ; in addition to requiring the support of an overall majority of members , such votes must also be supported by a majority within both blocs in order to pass . The Assembly is one of two `` mutually inter-dependent '' institutions created under the 1998 Good Friday Agreement , the other being the North / South Ministerial Council with the Republic of Ireland . The Agreement aimed to end Northern Ireland 's violent 30 - year Troubles . The first Assembly election was held in June 1998 . Disagreements between the main unionist and nationalist parties have stalled the formation of an Executive and the commencement of the Assembly on several occasions , forcing the Northern Ireland Office of the UK Government to suspend the institutions . The longest suspension lasted for the entirety of the Assembly 's second term , from 14 October 2002 until 7 May 2007 , during which time the Assembly 's powers reverted to the Northern Ireland Office . Negotiations during this period of direct rule resulted in the St Andrews Agreement in November 2006 , and following a third election in March 2007 , full power was restored to the devolved institutions on 8 May 2007 . This third Assembly was the first to complete a full term , and saw powers in relation to policing and justice transferred to its second Executive on 12 April 2010 . A breakdown of trust brought down the Assembly and Executive on 26 January 2017 , and a fresh election was held on 2 March . Negotiations mediated by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland missed the three - week deadline provided in law for the formation of an Executive . The passing of an extended legal deadline of 29 June left decisions on funding allocations in the hands of the Northern Ireland Civil Service , and a budget for the ongoing 2017 -- 18 financial year began its passage through the UK Parliament on 13 November . Contents 1 History 1.1 Previous legislatures 1.2 Current assembly and suspensions 1.3 `` The Assembly '' and `` the Transitional Assembly '' 1.3. 1 `` The Assembly established under the Northern Ireland Act 2006 '' 1.3. 2 `` The Transitional Assembly '' 2 Powers and functions 2.1 Transferred matters 2.2 Reserved matters 2.3 Excepted matters 3 Procedure 4 Composition 4.1 Designations 4.2 Executive and Opposition 4.3 Historical participation 4.4 Co-options 5 Organisation 5.1 Statutory ( departmental ) committees 5.2 Standing committees 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Northern Ireland This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Northern Ireland Executive ( show ) Executive Committee First Minister Vacant deputy First Minister Vacant Civil Service Government departments Lowercase `` d '' per here . Assembly ( show ) Speaker Robin Newton MLA Acts Committees Statutory rules Members ( MLA ) Law ( show ) Supreme Court ( UK ) Courts of Northern Ireland Northern Ireland in the UK ( show ) Her Majesty 's Government Northern Ireland Office Secretary of State Rt . Hon . Karen Bradley MP Parliament of the United Kingdom Direct rule Grand Committee Select Committee Elections Current MPs for Westminster Northern Ireland in the EU ( show ) European Parliament elections Constituency Local government ( show ) Administrative divisions Counties Districts Other countries Atlas Good Friday Agreement Strand 1 Northern Ireland Assembly Strand 2 North / South Ministerial Council Strand 3 British -- Irish Council British -- Irish Intergovernmental Conference Additional bodies British -- Irish Parliamentary Assembly North / South Inter-Parliamentary Association North / South Consultative Forum Previous legislatures ( edit ) From 7 June 1921 until 30 March 1972 , the devolved legislature for Northern Ireland was the Parliament of Northern Ireland , which always had an Ulster Unionist Party ( UUP ) majority and always elected a UUP government . The Parliament was suspended on 30 March 1972 and formally abolished in 1973 under the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 . Shortly after this first parliament was abolished , attempts began to restore devolution on a new basis that would see power shared between Irish nationalists and unionists . To this end a new parliament , the Northern Ireland Assembly , was established in 1973 . However , this body was brought down by the Ulster Workers ' Council strike and was abolished in 1974 . In 1982 another Northern Ireland Assembly was established at Stormont , initially as a body to scrutinise the actions of the Secretary of State , the British minister with responsibility for Northern Ireland . It received little support from Irish nationalists and was officially dissolved in 1986 . Current Assembly and suspensions ( edit ) The current incarnation of the Northern Ireland Assembly was first elected on 25 June 1998 and first met on 1 July 1998 . However , it only existed in `` shadow '' form until 2 December 1999 when full powers were devolved to the Assembly . Since then the Assembly has operated intermittently and has been suspended on five occasions : 11 February -- 30 May 2000 10 August 2001 ( 24 - hour suspension ) 22 September 2001 ( 24 - hour suspension ) 14 October 2002 -- 7 May 2007 9 January 2017 -- present Attempts to secure its operation on a permanent basis had been frustrated by disagreements between the two main unionist parties ( the Democratic Unionist Party and the Ulster Unionist Party ) and Sinn Féin , the largest nationalist party . Unionists refused to participate in the Good Friday Agreement 's institutions alongside Sinn Féin until they were assured that the IRA had discontinued its activities , decommissioned its arms and disbanded . The most recent suspension occurred after unionists withdrew from the Northern Ireland Executive after Sinn Féin 's offices at Stormont were raided by the police , who were investigating allegations of intelligence gathering on behalf of the IRA by members of the party 's support staff . The Assembly , already suspended , dissolved on 28 April 2003 as scheduled , but the elections due the following month were postponed by the United Kingdom government and were not held until November that year . On 8 December 2005 , three Belfast men at the centre of the alleged IRA spying incident ( dubbed `` Stormontgate '' ) were acquitted of all charges . The prosecution offered no evidence `` in the public interest '' . Afterwards Denis Donaldson , one of those arrested , said that the charges `` should never have been brought '' as the police action was `` political '' . On 17 December 2005 , Donaldson publicly confirmed that he had been a spy for British intelligence since the early 1980s . Mr Donaldson was killed on 4 April 2006 by the Real IRA . `` The Assembly '' and `` the Transitional Assembly '' ( edit ) `` The Assembly established under the Northern Ireland Act 2006 '' ( edit ) Although the Assembly remained suspended from 2002 until 2007 , the persons elected to it at the 2003 Assembly election were called together on 15 May 2006 under the Northern Ireland Act 2006 to meet in an assembly to be known as `` the Assembly '' ( or fully `` the Assembly established under the Northern Ireland Act 2006 '' ) for the purpose of electing a First Minister and Deputy First Minister and choosing the members of an Executive before 25 November 2006 as a preliminary to the restoration of devolved government . On 23 May 2006 Ian Paisley , leader of the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) refused Sinn Féin 's nomination to be First Minister alongside Sinn Féin 's chief negotiator , Martin McGuinness , as Deputy First Minister . This brought about changes to nominations to First and Deputy First Minister : these are now chosen by larger parties only , while other positions are voted in by sitting MLAs ( under the St Andrew 's Agreement ) . Eileen Bell was appointed by the Secretary of State Peter Hain to be the Speaker of the Assembly , with Francie Molloy and Jim Wells acting as deputies . The Northern Ireland ( St Andrews Agreement ) Act 2006 repealed the Northern Ireland Act 2006 and thus disbanded `` the Assembly '' . `` The Transitional Assembly '' ( edit ) The Northern Ireland ( St Andrews Agreement ) Act 2006 provided for a `` Transitional Assembly '' ( or fully `` the Transitional Assembly established under the Northern Ireland ( St Andrews Agreement ) Act 2006 '' ) to take part in preparations for the restoration of devolved government in Northern Ireland . A person who was a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly was also a member of the Transitional Assembly . Eileen Bell was Speaker of the Transitional Assembly and Francie Molloy and Jim Wells continued as deputies . The Transitional Assembly first met on 24 November 2006 , when the proceedings were suspended due to a bomb threat by loyalist paramilitary Michael Stone . It was dissolved on 30 January 2007 when the election campaign for the current Northern Ireland Assembly started . An election to the then - suspended Northern Ireland Assembly was held on 7 March 2007 . Secretary of State , Peter Hain signed a restoration order on 25 March 2007 allowing for the restoration of devolution at midnight on the following day . The two largest parties following the election , the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) and Sinn Féin , agreed to enter power - sharing government together , and an administration was eventually established on 10 May with Ian Paisley as First Minister and Martin McGuinness as Deputy First Minister . Powers and functions ( edit ) The Assembly has both legislative powers and responsibility for electing the Northern Ireland Executive . The First and deputy First Ministers were initially elected on a cross-community vote , although this was changed in 2006 and they are now appointed as leaders of the largest parties of the largest and second largest Assembly ' block ' ( understood to mean ' Unionist ' , ' Nationalist ' and ' Other ' ) . The Minister of Justice is appointed by cross-community agreement . The seven other ministerial positions are distributed among willing parties roughly proportionate to their share of seats in the Assembly by the D'Hondt method , with ministers chosen by the nominating officers of each party . The Assembly has authority to legislate in a field of competences known as `` transferred matters '' . These matters are not explicitly given in the Northern Ireland Act 1998 . Rather they include any competence not explicitly retained by the Parliament at Westminster . Powers reserved by Westminster are divided into `` excepted matters '' , which it retains indefinitely , and `` reserved matters '' , which may be transferred to the competence of the Northern Ireland Assembly at a future date . A list of transferred , reserved and excepted matters is given below . While the Assembly was in suspension , its legislative powers were exercised by the UK Government , which governs through procedures at Westminster . Laws that would have normally been within the competence of the Assembly were passed by the UK Parliament in the form of Orders - in - Council rather than Acts of the Assembly . Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly as with other subordinate legislatures are subject to judicial review . A law can be struck down if it is found to : exceed the competences of the Assembly ; violate European Union law ; violate the European Convention on Human Rights ; or discriminate against individuals on the grounds of political opinion or religious belief . Transferred matters ( edit ) A transferred matter is defined as `` any matter which is not an excepted or reserved matter '' . There is therefore no full listing of transferred matters but they have been grouped into the responsibilities of the Northern Ireland Executive ministers : Agriculture , Environment and Rural Affairs Communities Economy Education Finance Health Infrastructure Justice First and deputy First Minister Reserved matters ( edit ) Reserved matters are outlined in Schedule 3 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998 : Navigation ( including merchant shipping ) Civil aviation The foreshore , sea bed and subsoil and their natural resources Postal services Import and export controls , external trade National minimum wage Financial services Financial markets Intellectual property Units of measurement Telecommunications , Broadcasting , Internet services The National Lottery Xenotransplantation Surrogacy Human fertilisation and embryology Human genetics Consumer safety in relation to goods Excepted matters ( edit ) Excepted matters are outlined in Schedule 2 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998 : The Crown Parliament International relations Defence Immigration and Nationality Taxation National insurance Elections Currency National security Nuclear energy Outer space Activities in Antarctica Procedure ( edit ) The Assembly has three primary mechanisms to ensure effective power - sharing : in appointing ministers to the Executive ( except for the Minister of Justice ) , the D'Hondt method is followed so that ministerial portfolios are divided among the parties in proportion to their strength in the Assembly . This means that all parties with a significant number of seats are entitled to at least one minister ; certain resolutions must receive `` cross community support '' , or the support of a minimum number of MLAs from both communities , to be passed by the Assembly . Every MLA is officially designated as either nationalist , unionist or other . The election of the Speaker , appointment of the Minister of Justice , any changes to the standing orders and the adoption of certain money bills must all occur with cross-community support . The election of the First and deputy First Ministers previously occurred by parallel consent but the positions are now filled by appointment ; and any vote taken by the Assembly can be made dependent on cross-community support if a petition of concern is presented to the Speaker . A petition of concern may be brought by 30 or more MLAs . In such cases , a vote on proposed legislation will only pass if supported by a weighted majority ( 60 % ) of members voting , including at least 40 % of each of the nationalist and unionist designations present and voting . Effectively this means that , provided enough MLAs from a given community agree , that community ( or a sufficiently large party in that community ) can exercise a veto over the Assembly 's decisions . The purpose is to protect each community from legislation that would favour the other community . The Assembly has the power to call for witnesses and documents , if the relevant responsibility has been transferred to its remit . Proceedings are covered by privilege in defamation law . Composition ( edit ) The Assembly 's composition is laid down in the Northern Ireland Act 1998 . It initially had 108 members ( MLAs ) elected from 18 six - member constituencies on the basis of universal adult suffrage . Under the Assembly Members ( Reduction of Numbers ) Act ( Northern Ireland ) 2016 the number of MLAs per constituency was reduced from 6 to 5 , leaving a total of 90 seats . This took effect at the March 2017 election . The constituencies used are the same as those used for elections to the United Kingdom Parliament at Westminster . With the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies , the number of constituencies will be reduced from 18 to 17 . The changes will result in a decrease of the number of MLAs from 90 to 85 in 2021 . The Northern Ireland Act 1998 provides that , unless the Assembly is dissolved early , elections should occur once every four years on the first Thursday in May , although this is likely to change to bring the Assembly into line with electoral arrangements in other parts of the United Kingdom . The second election to the Assembly was delayed by the UK government until 26 November 2003 . The Assembly is dissolved shortly before the holding of elections on a day chosen by the Secretary of State . After each election the Assembly must meet within eight days . The Assembly can vote to dissolve itself early by a two - thirds majority of the total number of its members . It is also automatically dissolved if it is unable to elect a First Minister and deputy First Minister ( effectively joint first ministers , the only distinction being in the titles ) within six weeks of its first meeting or of those positions becoming vacant . There have been six elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly since 1998 . Designations ( edit ) Each MLA is free to designate themselves as `` nationalist '' , `` unionist '' , or `` other '' , as they see fit , the only requirement being that no member may change their designation more than once during an Assembly session . The system has been criticised by some , in particular the cross-community Alliance Party , as entrenching sectarian divisions . Alliance supports ending the official designation of identity requirement and the taking of important votes on the basis of an ordinary super-majority , as does the largest unionist party , the DUP . Proportion of seats obtained at each election to the Northern Ireland Assembly by those members designated as Unionist , those members designated as Nationalist and those members designated as Other . Executive and opposition ( edit ) Which parties can appoint ministers to the Northern Ireland Executive is determined by a combination of mandatory coalition , the D'Hondt method and cross-community support , depending on the role , as explained above . Coalitions of between three and five parties have governed over the Assembly 's history . The Executive of the Sixth Assembly has yet to be formed . Northern Ireland Executive Portfolio Minister Party Term Executive Ministers First Minister Vacant Vacant deputy First Minister Vacant Vacant Agriculture , Environment and Rural Affairs Vacant Vacant Communities Vacant Vacant Economy Vacant Vacant Education Vacant Vacant Finance Vacant Vacant Health Vacant Vacant Infrastructure Vacant Vacant Justice Vacant Vacant Also attending Executive meetings Junior Minister ( assisting the First Minister ) Vacant Vacant Junior Minister ( assisting the deputy First Minister ) Vacant Vacant Unlike the United Kingdom Parliament and the Oireachtas ( Irish Parliament ) , the Assembly had no provision for an official opposition to hold governing parties to account until legislation was passed in 2016 . A party may now form or join an Assembly Opposition , granting it additional speaking , scrutiny and funding rights , if it was entitled to Ministerial roles under the D'Hondt method and declined them , or if it wins 8 % or more of the seats . This opportunity was qualified for and taken by the UUP and SDLP following the 2016 election . Even within the Executive , however , the parties ( which have collectively held large majorities in the Assembly ) have frequently voted against each other due to political and / or policy differences . Historical participation ( edit ) Alongside independents , a total of 15 parties have held seats in the Assembly since 1998 : Unionist : Ulster Unionist Party Democratic Unionist Party Progressive Unionist Party United Kingdom Independence Party Traditional Unionist Voice NI21 United Unionist Coalition United Kingdom Unionist Party Northern Ireland Unionist Party Nationalist : Social Democratic and Labour Party Sinn Féin Other : Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Green Party in Northern Ireland People Before Profit Alliance Northern Ireland Women 's Coalition The course of the Assembly saw a marked shift in party allegiance among voters . At the 2003 election , the DUP and Sinn Féin displaced the more moderate UUP and SDLP as the largest parties in the unionist and nationalist blocks . The parties only agreed to share power after four years of negotiations and a new election . The DUP , Sinn Féin , SDLP and UUP have remained the largest parties in the Assembly and so far the only ones entitled to ministerial roles in the Executive under the D'Hondt method . However , there has been growing support for parties designated `` Other '' . The centrist Alliance party secured the roles of Speaker from 1998 to 2007 and Minister of Justice from 2010 to 2016 thanks to cross-community support , and has seen an increase in its seat wins from 6 to 8 . While the NI Women 's Coalition disbanded in 2003 , two leftist parties , the Green Party in Northern Ireland and People Before Profit Alliance , won their first seats , in 2007 and 2016 , respectively . A rapidly shifting landscape of smaller unionist parties has also been a feature of the Assembly . In 1999 the UK Unionist Party lost four of its five MLAs , disagreeing over a protest against Sinn Féin . The four formed the NI Unionist Party , which again suffered a split and won no seats in the 2003 election . That election also saw the electoral demise of a loose trio of independently - elected unionists who had united as the United Unionist Coalition . Minor unionist parties flourished again after the 2011 election , which saw the disappearance of the PUP from the Assembly and the election of the TUV , a splinter group from the DUP opposed to the St Andrews Agreement . In 2012 , a suspended UUP member became UKIP 's first MLA , and in 2013 two UUP MLAs resigned to form the progressive NI21 , which later split . Of these only the TUV survived the 2016 and 2017 elections . Disagreements within the Executive precipitated the resignation of the UUP in 2015 , and following the 2016 election they and the SDLP formed the first Assembly Opposition . The row also saw Alliance relinquish its Justice role , joining the Greens , PBPA and TUV in unofficial opposition . Independent unionist Claire Sugden gained the cross-community support needed to take over the Ministry of Justice . An Executive has yet to be formed following the 2017 election , which saw the unionist block lose its Assembly majority for the first time . The usual four largest parties have won enough seats to win ministerial roles under D'Hondt ( the DUP three , Sinn Féin two and the SDLP and UUP one each provided neither of them choose to enter opposition ) . With the reduction in the number of Assembly seats , the 8 % threshold now amounts to eight rather than nine seats , qualifying Alliance to enter official opposition if they choose . The Greens have retained their two seats and the TUV and Claire Sugden their single seats , while People Before Profit now hold only one seat . The table below details changes in members ' allegiances and parties ' seat possessions . Historical composition of the Northern Ireland Assembly Body Date Event Seats Party Speaker Ind . N Ind . O Ind . U UUP ( U ) SDLP ( N ) DUP ( U ) SF ( N ) Alli . ( O ) PUP ( U ) Gre . ( O ) UKIP ( U ) TUV ( U ) PBPA ( O ) NI21 ( U ) UUC ( U ) UKUP ( U ) NIUP ( U ) NIWC ( O ) Vacant 1st Assembly 1998 Jun 25 election 108 0 0 0 28 24 20 18 6 0 5 0 1998 Jul 1 commencement 108 0 0 28 24 20 18 5 0 5 0 1998 Sep 21 party formation 108 0 0 0 28 24 20 18 5 0 5 0 1999 Jan 4 resignation from party 108 0 0 28 24 20 18 5 0 0 1999 Mar 24 party formation 108 0 0 0 28 24 20 18 5 0 0 1999 Dec 1 expulsion from party 108 0 0 28 24 20 18 5 0 0 2001 Nov 9 expulsion from party 108 0 0 27 24 20 18 5 0 0 2002 Apr 1 accession to party 108 0 0 27 24 21 18 5 0 0 2002 Apr 30 accession to party 108 0 0 0 27 24 22 18 5 0 0 2002 Nov 11 resignation from party 108 0 0 27 24 21 18 5 0 0 2003 Apr 1 resignation from party 108 0 27 23 21 18 5 0 0 2003 Oct 18 resignation from party 108 0 27 23 20 18 5 0 0 2nd Assembly 2003 Nov 26 election 108 0 0 0 27 18 30 24 6 0 0 0 0 0 2003 Dec 18 resignation from party 108 0 0 0 24 18 30 24 6 0 0 0 0 0 2004 Jan 5 accession to party 108 0 0 0 24 18 33 24 6 0 0 0 0 0 2005 Jul 4 suspension from party 108 0 0 0 24 18 32 24 6 0 0 0 0 0 2006 Apr 10 speaker appointment 108 0 0 24 18 32 24 5 0 0 0 0 0 2006 Sep 25 death 108 0 0 24 18 32 23 5 0 0 0 0 2007 Jan 15 resignation from party 108 0 24 18 32 22 5 0 0 0 0 2007 Feb 2 resignation from party 108 24 18 32 21 5 0 0 0 0 3rd Assembly 2007 Mar 7 election 108 0 0 0 18 16 36 28 7 0 0 0 0 0 2007 May 8 commencement 108 0 0 18 16 35 28 7 0 0 0 0 0 2007 Nov 29 resignation from party 108 0 18 16 35 27 7 0 0 0 0 0 2010 Mar 31 resignation from party 108 17 16 35 27 7 0 0 0 2010 Apr 12 accession to executive 108 17 16 35 27 7 0 0 0 2010 Jun 3 resignation from party 108 17 16 35 27 7 0 0 0 0 2011 Jan 3 resignation from party 108 16 16 35 27 7 0 0 0 0 4th Assembly 2011 May 5 election 108 0 0 0 16 14 38 29 8 0 0 0 0 0 2011 May 12 commencement 108 0 0 16 14 37 29 8 0 0 0 0 0 2012 Jan 27 suspension from party 108 0 0 15 14 37 29 8 0 0 0 0 0 2012 Oct 4 accession to party 108 0 0 15 14 37 29 8 0 0 0 2013 Feb 14 resignation from party 108 0 0 14 14 37 29 8 0 0 0 2013 Feb 15 resignation from party 108 0 0 13 14 37 29 8 0 0 0 2013 Jun 6 party formation 108 0 0 13 14 37 29 8 0 0 0 2014 Apr 18 independent death 108 0 0 0 13 14 37 29 8 0 0 2014 May 6 independent co-option 108 0 0 13 14 37 29 8 0 0 0 2014 Jul 3 resignation from party 108 0 0 13 14 37 29 8 0 0 0 2014 Oct 13 retirement from speaker & seat 108 0 0 0 13 14 37 29 8 0 0 2014 Oct 20 co-option in party 108 0 0 0 13 14 38 29 8 0 0 0 2015 Jan 12 speaker appointment 108 0 0 13 14 38 28 8 0 0 0 2015 Sep 1 resignation from executive 108 0 0 13 14 38 28 8 0 0 0 5th Assembly 2016 May 5 election 108 0 0 0 16 12 38 28 8 0 0 0 2016 May 12 commencement 108 0 0 1 16 ʘ 12 ʘ 37 28 8 0 0 0 2016 Dec 18 suspension from party 108 0 0 1 , 1 16 ʘ 12 ʘ 36 28 8 0 0 0 6th Assembly 2017 Mar 2 election 90 0 0 0 10 12 28 27 8 0 0 0 2018 May 9 expulsion from party 90 0 0 0 10 12 27 27 8 0 0 0 = Northern Ireland Executive ; ʘ = Assembly Opposition . Parties listed exclude those which have never held seats in the body ; events exclude simple co-options within parties . Full lists of co-options can be viewed on the `` Members of the nth NI Assembly '' pages ( links in first column ) . Co-options ( edit ) See also : Members of the 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , and 6th Northern Ireland Assembly Vacancies between Assembly elections are filled by co-option . A by - election is still available as an option if the nominated person can not take his or her seat but none have been held . The possibility of by - elections or co-options was established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 . In 2001 , the Northern Ireland Office introduced a system of substitutes as the preferred option . Under a further change made in 2009 , a political party leader directly nominates a new MLA if his or her party won that seat at the previous election . Independent MLAs can continue to use substitutes . When Sinn Féin MLA Michael Ferguson died in September 2006 , no substitutes were available . Sinn Féin was allowed to use his vote in the Assembly ( despite his death ) and no by - election was held . His seat remained vacant until the 2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election . The lower house of the Irish Parliament , Dáil Éireann , uses the same single transferable vote system for elections as the Assembly but does allow by - elections to fill vacancies . Organisation ( edit ) The Assembly is chaired by the Speaker and three Deputy Speakers , of whom one is appointed Principal Deputy Speaker . Lord Alderdice served as the first Speaker of the Assembly from July 1998 , but retired in March 2004 to serve as a member of the Independent Monitoring Commission that supervised paramilitary ceasefires . The position is currently held by the DUP MLA Robin Newton . In the Assembly , the Speaker and ten other members constitute a quorum . The Assembly Commission is the body corporate of the Assembly with all that that entails . It looks after the pay and pensions of members directly and through tax - payer funded appointees , and the interests of political parties . The very first bill of the Assembly was to do with members ' pensions and was taken through with minimum ado by a member of the Commission . The Assembly has 9 statutory committees , each of which is charged with scrutinising the activities of a single ministerial department . It also has 6 permanent standing committees and can establish temporary ad hoc committees . The Chairmen and Deputy Chairmen of the committees are chosen by party nominating officers under the d'Hondt system procedure , used to appoint most ministers . Ordinary committee members are not appointed under this procedure but the Standing Orders require that the share of members of each party on a committee should be roughly proportionate to its share of seats in the Assembly . Committees of the Assembly take decisions by a simple majority vote . The following are the current statutory and standing committees of the Assembly : Statutory ( departmental ) committees ( edit ) Agriculture , Environment and Rural Affairs Committee Communities Committee Economy Committee Education Committee Finance Committee Health Committee Infrastructure Committee Justice Committee Committee for the Executive Office Standing committees ( edit ) Assembly and Executive Review Committee Audit Committee Business Committee Procedures Committee Public Accounts Committee Standards and Privileges Committee See also ( edit ) Member of the Legislative Assembly ( Northern Ireland ) List of political parties in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Assembly election , 2017 Members of the 6th Northern Ireland Assembly Scottish Parliament National Assembly for Wales Oireachtas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Comhaontú idir Rialtas na hÉireann agus Rialtas Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann ag Bunú Comhlachtaí Forfheidhmithe '' ( in Irish ) . Oireachtas . Retrieved 8 June 2008 . Jump up ^ After the March 2017 elections , previously 108 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Nicholas . `` The Single Transferable Vote ( STV ) '' . Northern Ireland Elections . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Christine Bell ( 2003 ) , Peace Agreements and Human Rights , Oxford : Oxford University Press , p. 141 , The agreement makes it clear that the North - South Ministerial Council and the Northern Ireland Assembly are ' mutually inter-dependent , and that one can not successfully function without the other ' . This interdependence is constructed so as to ensure that nationalists and unionists can not ' cherrypick ' the aspects of government that they particularly want to implement . Thus , unionists only get the Assembly and devolved power if they operate the cross-border mechanisms , and for nationalists the situation is reversed . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic return for NI Assembly '' . BBC News Online . BBC . 8 May 2007 . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Paisley retires as NI Assembly completes historical first full term '' . BBC News . 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stormont deadline passes without agreement '' . ITV News . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland ( Ministerial Appointments and Regional Rates ) Bill - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Act 2017 receives Royal Assent - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stormont talks extended until Monday '' . ITV News . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power - sharing talks ' to be suspended over summer ' '' . ITV News . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stormont crisis : Civil servant holds purse strings as Northern Ireland faces budget crisis '' . BelfastTelegraph.co.uk . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Westminster to set NI budget amid crisis '' . BBC News . 2017 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Brokenshire orders review as Stormont MLAs receive full salaries '' . BelfastTelegraph.co.uk . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Martina Purdy . `` Stormont conspiracy theories continue '' . News.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Act 2006 ( c. 17 ) '' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Assembly -- Main Page '' . Niassembly.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stone held over Stormont attack '' . BBC News Online . BBC . 24 November 2006 . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Parties face deadline at Stormont '' . BBC News Online . BBC . 26 March 2007 . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Part III , Northern Ireland Act 1998 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Section 21A , Northern Ireland Act 1998 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Section 4 ( 1 ) , Part I , Northern Ireland Act 1998 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 25 June 1998 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Act 1998 , Schedule 3 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 25 June 1998 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Act 1998 , Schedule 2 '' . Legislation.gov.uk. 25 June 1998 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ McEvoy , Joanne ( 2006 ) . `` The institutional design of executive formation in Northern Ireland '' . Regional & Federal Studies . 16 ( 4 ) : 447 -- 464 . doi : 10.1080 / 13597560600989037 . Jump up ^ `` Section 39 , Northern Ireland Act 1998 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Section 41 , Northern Ireland Act 1998 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Section 42 , Northern Ireland Act 1998 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Section 44 , Northern Ireland Act 1998 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Section 50 , Northern Ireland Act 1998 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assembly Members ( Reduction of Numbers ) Act ( Northern Ireland ) 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` Stormont election : How results are calculated and reported '' . 23 February 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ Section 33 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998 Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . Boundary Commission for Northern Ireland . Archived from the original on 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ http://dev.mydup.com/images/uploads/publications/DUPStormontWorkBetter.pdf Jump up ^ `` Assembly and Executive Reform ( Assembly Opposition ) Bill '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Assembly and Executive Reform ( Assembly Opposition ) Act ( Northern Ireland ) 2016 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NI21 to offer opposition : Basil McCrea and John McCallister '' . BBC News . ^ Jump up to : `` John McCallister confirms NI21 exit '' . BBC News . ^ Jump up to : `` UUP votes to withdraw from government over Provisional IRA claims '' . Belfast Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Executive ministers named : Independent Sugden named Justice Minister - DUP and Sinn Fein choose ministries '' . Belfast Telegraph . Jump up ^ McClafferty , Enda ( 4 March 2017 ) . `` Assembly election ' a brutal result for unionism ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Assembly , [email protected] , Information Office , Northern Ireland ( 12 January 1999 ) . `` D'Hondt , Northern Ireland Assembly '' . archive.niassembly.gov.uk . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Office , Northern Ireland Assembly Information . `` The Northern Ireland Assembly - Chronology '' . archive.niassembly.gov.uk . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` View registration - The Electoral Commission '' . search.electoralcommission.org.uk . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Kelly 's contribution to local politics in South Derry acknowledged '' . www.sinnfein.ie . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Article 7 , Northern Ireland Assembly ( Elections ) Order 2001 '' . Legislation.gov.uk. 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Section 35 , Northern Ireland Act 1998 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Article 6 , Northern Ireland Assembly ( Elections ) Order 2001 '' . Legislation.gov.uk. 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Article 6 , Northern Ireland Assembly ( Elections ) ( Amendment ) Order 2009 '' . Legislation.gov.uk. 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deceased MLA 's vote still counts '' . BBC Northern Ireland News . 16 November 2006 . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 17 , Northern Ireland ( St Andrews Agreement ) Act 2006 '' . Legislation.gov.uk. 26 March 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website The St Andrews ' Agreement The latest attempt to restore devolution to Northern Ireland . Northern Ireland Act 1998 -- Full text . Standing Orders of the Northern Ireland Assembly -- HTML and PDF versions available on the Northern Ireland Assembly . Northern Ireland Assembly awards outsourcing contract , brayleinobroadskill.co.uk ; accessed 14 May 2016 . website . Northern Ireland Assembly Assembly Speaker Assembly Commission Acts Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) Parliament Buildings Committees Executive Office Agriculture , Environment and Rural Affairs Communities Economy Education Finance Health Infrastructure Constituencies Belfast East Belfast North Belfast South Belfast West East Antrim East Londonderry Fermanagh and South Tyrone Foyle Lagan Valley Mid Ulster Newry and Armagh North Antrim North Down South Antrim South Down Strangford Upper Bann West Tyrone Parties Current : Alliance Democratic Unionist Green People Before Profit Alliance Sinn Féin Social Democratic and Labour Traditional Unionist Voice Ulster Unionist Elections 1998 2003 2007 2011 2016 2017 Members 1st Assembly ( 1998 -- 03 ) 2nd Assembly ( 2006 -- 07 ) 3rd Assembly ( 2007 -- 11 ) 4th Assembly ( 2011 -- 16 ) 5th Assembly ( 2016 -- 17 ) 6th Assembly ( 2017 -- ) Procedure Cross-community vote See also Good Friday Agreement St Andrews Agreement Leaders of political parties in the United Kingdom House of Commons Theresa May ( Conservatives ) Jeremy Corbyn ( Labour ) Ian Blackford ( SNP ) Sir Vince Cable ( Liberal Democrats ) Nigel Dodds ( DUP ) Liz Saville Roberts ( Plaid Cymru ) Caroline Lucas ( Green ) Scottish Parliament Nicola Sturgeon ( SNP ) Ruth Davidson ( Scottish Conservatives ) Richard Leonard ( Scottish Labour ) Willie Rennie ( Scottish Liberal Democrats ) Patrick Harvie and Maggie Chapman ( Scottish Green ) National Assembly for Wales Carwyn Jones ( Welsh Labour ) Andrew R.T. Davies ( Welsh Conservatives ) Leanne Wood ( Plaid Cymru ) Neil Hamilton ( UK Independence Party ) Kirsty Williams ( Welsh Liberal Democrats ) Northern Ireland Assembly Arlene Foster ( DUP ) Michelle O'Neill ( Sinn Féin ) Robin Swann ( UUP ) Colum Eastwood ( SDLP ) Naomi Long ( Alliance ) Steven Agnew ( Green NI ) Gerry Carroll ( PBP ) Jim Allister ( TUV ) Minor parties Gerard Batten ( UK Independence Party ) Robin Tilbrook ( English Democrats ) Steve Radford ( Liberal ) Dick Cole ( Mebyon Kernow ) Alex Ashman ( National Health Action ) Alan Dunlop ( NI Conservatives ) Howling Laud Hope ( Official Monster Raving Loony Party ) Billy Hutchinson ( Progressive Unionist Party ) Arthur Scargill ( Socialist Labour ) Dave Nellist ( TUSC ) Portal : Politics List of political parties in the United Kingdom Politics of the United Kingdom Legislatures of the United Kingdom and dependencies European Union European Union legislative procedure Commission Parliament Council of the European Union national parliaments United Kingdom National Parliament of the United Kingdom House of Commons House of Lords Devolved Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Dependent territories Crown dependencies Bailiwick of Guernsey dependencies : Alderney Sark Jersey Isle of Man House of Keys Legislative Council Overseas Territories Anguilla Bermuda House of Assembly Senate British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Turks and Caicos Islands Miscellaneous Commonwealth Parliamentary Association European Union law applies in the United Kingdom and Gibraltar . Following the invokation of Article 50 , the United Kingdom is set to leave the European Union . A Great Repeal Bill has been proposed to incorporate all current European laws into British law . `` Bailiwick - wide '' legislature passed in the States of Guernsey applies not only in Guernsey , but also in Alderney and Sark , with the consent of their governments . Devolution in the United Kingdom Devolved areas National level Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Regional level ( in England ) Combined authorities Directly elected mayoralties Greater London Authority Referendums English mayoral referendums London , 1998 2012 North East England Northern Ireland 1998 Scotland 1979 1997 Wales 1979 1997 2011 Heads of devolved governments Metro mayors Directly elected mayors London ( Mayor ) Northern Ireland ( FM and dFM ) Scotland ( FM ) Wales ( FM ) Devolved legislatures Northern Ireland Assembly National Assembly for Wales Scottish Parliament Devolved administrations Northern Ireland Executive Scottish Government Welsh Government Organisations and laws of the legislatures and governments of the UK and the devolved areas Commissions ( UK Parliament ) Kilbrandon Commission Holtham Commission Silk Commission McKay Commission Commissions ( devolved legislatures ) National Assembly for Wales Richard Commission Holtham Commission Scottish Parliament Calman Commission Smith Commission Referendum & Devolution acts Greater London Authority ( Referendum ) Act 1998 Greater London Authority Acts 1999 2007 Northern Ireland Acts 1998 2006 Referendums ( Scotland & Wales ) Act 1997 Wales Acts 1998 2006 2014 2017 Scotland Acts 1998 2012 2016 Select committees Northern Ireland Affairs Scottish Affairs Welsh Affairs Grand committees Legislative Grand Committee Northern Ireland Scottish Welsh Departments and Territorial Offices ( MOJ ) Cabinet Office - Devolution Secretariat Ministry of Justice - Devolution Directorate - General Office of the Advocate General for Scotland Northern Ireland Office Scotland Office Wales Office Elections London Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Related articles Current Agreements / Treaties Anglo - Irish Treaty Good Friday Agreement Budget Barnett formula Block grant Constitution of the United Kingdom Reserved and excepted matters West Lothian question Proposals Cornwall Cornish Assembly Cornish Constitutional Convention Mebyon Kernow Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament Devolved English parliament Campaign for an English Parliament Northern England Campaign for the North Yorkshire Party Other parts of Southern England Wessex Regionalist Party Scotland Full fiscal autonomy Historical Administrations of England English Regional Assemblies , 1998 - 2010 Administrations of London London County Council Greater London Council Administrations of Northern Ireland 1922 -- 72 Legislatures of Northern Ireland 1922 -- 72 1973 -- 74 1982 -- 86 Northern Ireland - related legislation of the UK Parliament Ireland , 1886 Ireland , 1893 Ireland , 1914 Ireland , 1920 Irish Free State , 1922 Northern Ireland , 1974 Irish Home Rule movement Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Scotland Act 1978 Scottish Office Sunningdale Agreement Wales Act 1978 Welsh Office 1 . Rejected referendums are italicised . The others were fully or partially approved . 2 . There is no law - making body for any regionally devolved area . 3 . Administrations of regionally devolved areas are omitted . GND : 10022106 - 3 ISNI : 0000 0001 0740 5711 VIAF : 131864976 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_Assembly&oldid=855174304 '' Categories : Northern Ireland Assembly The Troubles ( Northern Ireland ) 1973 establishments in Northern Ireland 1974 disestablishments in Northern Ireland 1982 establishments in Northern Ireland 1986 disestablishments in Northern Ireland 1998 establishments in Northern Ireland Politics of Northern Ireland History of Belfast Parliaments by country Unicameral legislatures Hidden categories : CS1 Irish - language sources ( ga ) Use dmy dates from August 2017 EngvarB from January 2017 Articles containing Irish - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 12 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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where does the northern ireland assembly meets in
[ "The Northern Ireland Assembly (Irish: Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann,[1] Ulster-Scots: Norlin Airlan Assemblie) is the devolved legislature of Northern Ireland. It has power to legislate in a wide range of areas that are not explicitly reserved to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and to appoint the Northern Ireland Executive. It sits at Parliament Buildings at Stormont in Belfast. The assembly is currently in a period of non-existence after the assembly collapsed in January 2017 after the late Martin McGuinness' resignation. Periods of discussion to restore the assembly have failed.\n" ]
[ "at Parliament Buildings at Stormont in Belfast." ]
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Last of the Summer Wine (series 3)
Last of the Summer Wine ( series 3 ) - wikipedia Last of the Summer Wine ( series 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search Last of the Summer Wine Series 3 Last of the Summer Wine Series 3 & 4 DVD Country of origin UK No. of episodes 7 Release Original network BBC1 Original release 27 October -- 24 December 1976 Season chronology ← Previous Next → Last of the Summer Wine 's third series originally aired on BBC1 between 27 October 1976 and 24 December 1976 . All episodes from this series were written by Roy Clarke and produced by Sydney Lotterby Five episodes were directed by Sydney Lotterby but two , the two parter , `` The Great Boarding House Bathroom Caper '' and `` Cheering Up Gordon '' , were directed by Ray Butt . Although none of the episodes from series 3 made it into the top ten programmes of the week on their initial screening , a repeat showing of the final episode , `` Isometrics and After , '' attracted 15 million viewers during a repeat screening in spring 1977 . Also notable was the inclusion for the first time of a two - part episode consisting of `` The Great Boarding House Bathroom Caper '' and `` Cheering Up Gordon , '' both featuring guest appearances by Philip Jackson as Compo 's nephew , Gordon . Blake Butler reprises his role from the first series as the librarian , Mr. Wainwright , before departing the show again at the end of the year . The most notable change this season , however , was the addition of Brian Wilde as the new third - man of the trio , Foggy Dewhurst , an ex-military sign painter . Wilde would play this role twice : between 1976 and 1985 and then again from 1990 until 1997 , when he was forced to leave due to health problems . The third series was released on DVD in region 2 as a combined box set with series 4 on 26 July 2004 . A box set featuring just series 3 was released for region 1 on 11 March 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Outline 2 First appearances 3 Last appearances 4 List of episodes 5 DVD release 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Outline ( edit ) The trio in this series consisted of : Actor Role Bill Owen Compo Peter Sallis Clegg Brian Wilde Foggy First appearances ( edit ) Foggy ( 1976 - 1985 , 1990 - 1997 ) Gordon Simmonite ( 1976 ) ( Only made a few appearances in this series ) Miss Moody ( 1976 ) ( Only series this character appeared in ) Big Malcolm Simmonite ( Only series this character appeared in ) Last appearances ( edit ) Mr Wainwright ( 1973 , 1976 ) List of episodes ( edit ) No . No. in series Title Directed by Original airdate Prod . code Disc 15 `` The Man from Oswestry '' Sydney Lotterby 27 October 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 27 ) LLCG491B Compo is depressed following Blamire 's departure . He and Clegg soon receive a letter from Blamire , however , asking them to help one of their old classmates he ran into , Foggy Dewhurst . Compo and Clegg meet Foggy at the bus station and help him with his luggage . Afterwards , they go to the pub and Foggy ends up in a fight with Big Malcolm whilst defending his regimental scarf . 16 `` Mending Stuart 's Leg '' Sydney Lotterby 3 November 1976 ( 1976 - 11 - 03 ) LLCG492W After being thrown out of the library by Mr. Wainwright , the trio go to the café to find Sid is in trouble with Ivy for not fixing the slates on the roof . Foggy takes charge , attaching a rope to Compo and the other end to Sid 's van to pull Compo up . Sid , however , loses control of the van , leaving Compo hanging from the roof . 17 `` The Great Boarding House Bathroom Caper '' Ray Butt 10 November 1976 ( 1976 - 11 - 10 ) LLCG493P In the first part of a two - part episode , the trio , along with Sid and Ivy , crowd in Compo 's nephew , Gordon 's , van for a trip to Scarborough for the weekend . At their boarding house , Compo seems to be obsessively washing his feet . However , he has discovered Nora is staying in the same house and Compo is attempting to catch sight of her undressed . At bedtime , Foggy investigates a strange noise to discover Compo has brought his ferrets with him . 18 `` Cheering Up Gordon '' Ray Butt 17 November 1976 ( 1976 - 11 - 17 ) LLCG494J In the conclusion to the two - parter , the trio get kicked out of a church after Compo 's ferrets get loose . On the beach , Foggy decides Gordon needs to be cheered up . After a ride on a donkey does n't work , Compo agrees to teach Gordon how to pick up women if Gordon teaches him how to fish . Disaster ensues when the fishing line wraps around a beach buggy and Compo picks up some women which frighten the trio . 19 5 `` The Kink in Foggy 's Niblick '' Sydney Lotterby 24 November 1976 ( 1976 - 11 - 24 ) LLCG497R After a game of football , Foggy experiences a great pain and says his real forte is playing golf , although he admits he has not played since 1939 . Compo and Clegg goad him and he challenges Sid to a game . Foggy 's clubs , however , have warped and he can not actually hit the ball . Foggy 's game goes on so long they have to finish by gaslight . Meanwhile , Compo discovers the club pays for found balls and undercuts their prices . 20 6 `` Going to Gordon 's Wedding '' Sydney Lotterby 1 December 1976 ( 1976 - 12 - 01 ) LLCG495D The trio go to Gordon 's wedding and Compo buys him an alarm clock as a wedding present . At the church , Foggy tries to photograph the occasion while Compo has problems with his buttonhole . After throwing his flower on the floor , the best man slips on it , breaking his leg and sending him to hospital . Compo is appointed the new best man but soon discovers the ring has gone to hospital with his predecessor . The trio recover it in time for Compo 's alarm clock to go off during the ceremony . 21 7 `` Isometrics and After '' Sydney Lotterby 8 December 1976 ( 1976 - 12 - 08 ) LLC1391W Deciding that the three of them are unfit , Foggy instructs Clegg and Compo in a method of exercise called `` isometrics . '' Their first lesson is to lift a table off the floor by one leg . The trio try the exercise on the tables in the library , only to discover the tables are bolted to the floor . After they actually manage to lift one , they are thrown out and jog towards the café , until Foggy decides they should try horseback riding . Once on , however , they discover they are unable to stop the horses . DVD release ( edit ) The box set for series 3 and 4 was released by Universal Playback in July 2004 . The Complete Series 3 & 4 Set Details 15 episodes 3 - disc set Language : English Release Date Region 2 26 July 2004 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 170 -- 172 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 164 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 102 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 62 -- 65 ^ Jump up to : Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 170 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 169 -- 170 Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , p. 172 Jump up ^ `` Last of the Summer Wine Series 3 & 4 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . References ( edit ) Bright , Morris ; Robert Ross ( 2000 ) . Last of the Summer Wine : The Finest Vintage . London : BBC Worldwide Ltd . ISBN 0 - 563 - 55151 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Last of the Summer Wine Series 3 at TV.com Series 3 at the Internet Movie Database ( hide ) Last of the Summer Wine Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Characters Nora Batty Norman Clegg Compo Simmonite See also First of the Summer Wine Home video releases `` Of Funerals and Fish '' `` There Goes the Groom '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_of_the_Summer_Wine_(series_3)&oldid=798789708 '' Categories : Last of the Summer Wine series 1976 British television seasons Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 20 : 47 . About Wikipedia
who played gordon in last of the summer wine
[ "Although none of the episodes from series 3 made it into the top ten programmes of the week on their initial screening, a repeat showing of the final episode, \"Isometrics and After,\" attracted 15 million viewers during a repeat screening in spring 1977.[3] Also notable was the inclusion for the first time of a two-part episode consisting of \"The Great Boarding House Bathroom Caper\" and \"Cheering Up Gordon,\"[4] both featuring guest appearances by Philip Jackson as Compo's nephew, Gordon.[5]" ]
[ "Philip Jackson" ]
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NBA post-season records
NBA post-season Records - wikipedia NBA post-season Records For NBA regular season records , see NBA regular season records . For NBA All - Star Game records , see NBA All - Star Game records . This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA post-season in major categories recognized by the league , including those set by teams and individuals in single games , series , and careers . The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation , the Basketball Association of America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Playoff records 1.1 Game 1.2 Series 1.3 Career 1.4 Franchise 2 Rookie and age - related records 3 NBA Finals records 3.1 Game 3.2 Series 3.3 Career 4 Franchise 4.1 Playoffs 4.2 NBA Finals 5 Other records 6 Awards 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References Playoff Records ( edit ) Game ( edit ) Most minutes in a game 67 by Red Rocha and Paul Seymour , Syracuse Nationals at Boston Celtics on March 21 , 1953 ( 4 OT ) Most points in a playoff game 63 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls at Boston Celtics on April 20 , 1986 ( 2 OT ) Most points in a half 39 by Sleepy Floyd , Golden State Warriors vs. Los Angeles Lakers on May 10 , 1987 ( 2nd ) Most points in a quarter 29 by Sleepy Floyd , Golden State Warriors vs. Los Angeles Lakers on May 10 , 1987 ( 4th ) Most points in an overtime period 17 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors vs. Portland Trail Blazers on May 9 , 2016 Note : this exceeds the regular season record of 16 by Gilbert Arenas Most field goals made in a game 24 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors vs. Syracuse Nationals on March 14 , 1960 24 by John Havlicek , Boston Celtics vs. Atlanta Hawks on April 1 , 1973 24 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls vs. Cleveland Cavaliers on May 1 , 1988 Most field goals made in a game , no misses 12 by Larry McNeill , Kansas City -- Omaha Kings vs. Chicago Bulls on April 13 , 1975 12 by Nenê , Houston Rockets vs. Oklahoma City Thunder on April 23 , 2017 Most field goals attempted in a game 48 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors vs. Syracuse Nationals on March 22 , 1962 48 by Rick Barry , San Francisco Warriors vs. Philadelphia 76ers on April 18 , 1967 Most field goals missed in a game 26 by Rick Barry , San Francisco Warriors vs. Philadelphia 76ers on April 18 , 1967 26 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls vs. Miami Heat , May 26 , 1997 26 by Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder vs. Dallas Mavericks , April 18 , 2016 26 by Russell Westbrook , Oklahoma City Thunder vs. Houston Rockets , April 19 , 2017 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 14 by Chick Reiser , Baltimore Bullets at Philadelphia Warriors on April 10 , 1948 14 by Dennis Johnson , Seattle SuperSonics vs. Washington Bullets on June 7 , 1978 Most field goals made in a half 16 by Dave Bing , Detroit Pistons vs. Boston Celtics on April 1 , 1968 Most field goals attempted in a half 25 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors vs. Syracuse Nationals on March 22 , 1962 25 by Elgin Baylor , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Boston Celtics on April 14 , 1962 25 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls vs. Cleveland Cavaliers on May 1 , 1988 Most field goals made in a quarter 12 by Sleepy Floyd , Golden State Warriors vs. Los Angeles Lakers on May 10 , 1987 Most field goals attempted in a quarter 18 by Russell Westbrook , Oklahoma City Thunder vs. Houston Rockets on April 19 , 2017 Most consecutive field goals made in a quarter 12 by Sleepy Floyd , Golden State Warriors vs. Los Angeles Lakers on May 10 , 1987 Most consecutive field goals made in a game 13 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls vs. Los Angeles Lakers on June 5 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 11 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors at Oklahoma City Thunder on May 28 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game , no misses 7 by Robert Horry , Los Angeles Lakers at Utah Jazz on May 6 , 1997 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 18 by Ray Allen , Boston Celtics at Chicago Bulls on April 30 , 2009 ( 3 OT ) 18 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors at New Orleans Pelicans on April 23 , 2015 ( OT ) 18 by Damian Lillard , Portland Trail Blazers vs Golden State Warriors on May 9 , 2016 18 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors at Oklahoma City Thunder on May 28 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 8 by Vince Carter , Toronto Raptors vs. Philadelphia 76ers on May 11 , 2001 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 11 by Gary Payton , Seattle SuperSonics vs. Houston Rockets on May 4 , 1996 11 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers vs. San Antonio Spurs on May 13 , 2003 Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 6 by Antoine Walker , Boston Celtics at Philadelphia 76ers on April 28 , 2002 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made in a half 8 by Vince Carter , Toronto Raptors vs. Philadelphia 76ers on May 11 , 2001 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made in a game 8 by Vince Carter , Toronto Raptors vs. Philadelphia 76ers on May 11 , 2001 8 by Chris Paul , Los Angeles Clippers at Oklahoma City Thunder on May 5 , 2014 . Most free throws made in a game 30 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics vs. Syracuse Nationals on March 21 , 1953 ( 4 OT ) ( 30 / 32 ) Note : this exceeds the regular season record of 28 by Wilt Chamberlain and Adrian Dantley Most free throws made in a game , no misses 24 by Dirk Nowitzki , Dallas Mavericks vs. Oklahoma City Thunder on May 17 , 2011 Shaq holds the Playoff records for free throws attempted in a quarter & game . Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Indiana Pacers on June 9 , 2000 ( 18 / 39 ) Most free throws made in a half 19 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Golden State Warriors on May 8 , 1991 19 by Karl Malone , Utah Jazz vs. Portland Trail Blazers on May 9 , 1991 19 by Charles Barkley , Phoenix Suns vs. Seattle SuperSonics on June 5 , 1993 19 by Dirk Nowitzki , Dallas Mavericks vs. Oklahoma City Thunder on May 17 , 2011 Most free throws attempted in a half 28 by DeAndre Jordan , Los Angeles Clippers vs. Houston Rockets on May 10 , 2015 ( 10 / 28 ) Most free throws made in a quarter 13 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls vs. Detroit Pistons on May 21 , 1991 13 by Dirk Nowitzki , Dallas Mavericks vs. Portland Trail Blazers on April 16 , 2011 13 by Dirk Nowitzki , Dallas Mavericks vs. Oklahoma City Thunder on May 17 , 2011 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 25 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Portland Trail Blazers on May 20 , 2000 Most rebounds in a game 41 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers vs. Boston Celtics on April 5 , 1967 Most rebounds in a half 26 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers vs. San Francisco Warriors on April 16 , 1967 Most rebounds in a quarter 19 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics vs. Los Angeles Lakers on April 18 , 1962 Note : this exceeds the regular season record of 18 by Nate Thurmond Most offensive rebounds in a game 15 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets vs. Washington Bullets on April 21 , 1977 ( OT ) Most Defensive rebounds in a game 20 by Dave Cowens , Boston Celtics at Houston Rockets on April 22 , 1975 20 by Dave Cowens , Boston Celtics at Philadelphia 76ers on May 1 , 1977 20 by Bill Walton , Portland Trail Blazers at Philadelphia 76ers , June 3 , 1977 20 by Bill Walton , Portland Trail Blazers vs. Philadelphia 76ers , June 5 , 1977 20 by Kevin Garnett , Minnesota Timberwolves vs. Denver Nuggets on April 21 , 2004 20 by Kevin Garnett , Minnesota Timberwolves vs. Sacramento Kings on May 19 , 2004 20 by Tim Duncan , San Antonio Spurs vs. Los Angeles Lakers on May 14 , 2002 20 by Tim Duncan , San Antonio Spurs vs. Phoenix Suns on April 25 , 2003 Most assists in a game 24 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Phoenix Suns on May 15 , 1984 24 by John Stockton , Utah Jazz vs. Los Angeles Lakers on May 17 , 1988 Most assists in a half 15 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Portland Trail Blazers on May 3 , 1985 15 by Doc Rivers , Atlanta Hawks vs. Boston Celtics on May 16 , 1988 15 by Steve Nash , Phoenix Suns vs. Los Angeles Lakers on April 29 , 2007 Most assists in a quarter 11 by John Stockton , Utah Jazz vs. San Antonio Spurs on May 5 , 1994 Most steals in a game 10 by Allen Iverson , Philadelphia 76ers vs. Orlando Magic on May 13 , 1999 Most blocks in a game 10 by Mark Eaton , Utah Jazz vs. Houston Rockets on April 26 , 1985 10 by Hakeem Olajuwon , Houston Rockets vs. Los Angeles Lakers on April 29 , 1990 10 by Andrew Bynum , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Denver Nuggets on April 29 , 2012 Most turnovers in a game 12 by James Harden , Houston Rockets vs. Golden State Warriors on May 27 , 2015 40 - point scoring duos 45 by Elgin Baylor and 41 by Jerry West , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Detroit Pistons on March 29 , 1962 42 by Sleepy Floyd and 41 by Hakeem Olajuwon , Houston Rockets vs. Dallas Mavericks on April 30 , 1988 41 by Clyde Drexler and 40 by Hakeem Olajuwon , Houston Rockets vs. Utah Jazz on May 5 , 1995 40 by Reggie Miller and Jalen Rose , Indiana Pacers vs. Philadelphia 76ers on May 6 , 2000 41 by LeBron James and Kyrie Irving , Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Golden State Warriors on June 13 , 2016 47 by Anthony Davis and 41 by Jrue Holiday , New Orleans Pelicans vs. Portland Trail Blazers on April 21 , 2018 Series ( edit ) Highest points per game average 46.3 by Jerry West , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) , 1965 3 - game series Most points - 135 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) , 1992 ( 45.0 ppg ) Most field goals made - 53 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) , 1992 Most field goals attempted - 104 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) , 1960 Most 3 - point field goals made - 14 by John Starks , New York Knicks ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 1996 Most 3 - point field goals attempted - 35 by Reggie Miller , Indiana Pacers ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) , 1999 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage ( min . 6 attempts ) - 85.7 % by Muggsy Bogues , 1997 ( 6 / 7 ) Most free throws made - 43 by Kevin Johnson , Phoenix Suns ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) , 1989 Most free throws attempted - 47 by Dolph Schayes , Syracuse Nationals ( vs. Boston Celtics ) , 1959 Highest free throw percentage ( min . 15 attempts ) - 100 % by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Washington Bullets ) , 1997 ( 15 / 15 ) Most rebounds - 84 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) , 1957 ( 28.0 rpg ) Most offensive rebounds - 28 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) , 1982 Most assists - 48 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) , 1986 ( 16.0 apg ) Most steals - 13 by Clyde Drexler , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Dallas Mavericks ) , 1990 ; Hersey Hawkins , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) , 1991 ( 4.3 spg ) Most blocks - 18 by Manute Bol , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Utah Jazz ) , 1989 ( 6.0 bpg ) 4 - game series Most points - 150 by Hakeem Olajuwon , Houston Rockets ( vs. Dallas Mavericks ) , 1988 ( 37.5 ppg ) Most field goals made - 65 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Milwaukee Bucks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) , 1974 Most field goals attempted - 123 by Tracy McGrady , Orlando Magic ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) , 2001 Most 3 - point field goals made - 22 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 2018 Most 3 - point field goals attempted - 53 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 2018 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage ( min . 8 attempts ) - 81.8 % by Bob Hansen , Utah Jazz ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) , 1988 Most free throws made - 51 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) , 2001 Most free throws attempted - 68 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. New Jersey Nets ) , 2002 Most rebounds - 118 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) , 1959 ( 29.5 rpg ) Most offensive rebounds - 27 by Moses Malone , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 1983 Most assists - 57 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Phoenix Suns ) , 1989 ( 14.3 apg ) Most steals - 17 by Lionel Hollins , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 1977 ( 4.25 spg ) Most blocks - 23 by Hakeem Olajuwon , Houston Rockets ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 1990 ( 5.75 bpg ) 5 - game series Most points - 226 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 1988 ( 45.2 ppg ) Most field goals made - 86 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) , 1990 Most field goals attempted - 162 by Allen Iverson , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 2001 Most 3 - point field goals made - 27 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Houston Rockets ) , 2015 Most 3 - point field goals attempted - 55 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Houston Rockets ) , 2015 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage ( min . 10 attempts ) - 80.0 % by Byron Scott , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) , 1991 Most free throws made - 62 by Oscar Robertson , Cincinnati Royals ( vs. Philadelphia Warriors ) , 1964 Most free throws attempted - 79 by Karl Malone , Utah Jazz ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) , 1992 Most rebounds - 160 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) , 1967 ( 32.0 rpg ) Most offensive rebounds - 36 by Larry Smith , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 1987 Most assists - 85 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) , 1985 ( 17.0 apg ) Most steals - 21 by Micheal Ray Richardson , New Jersey Nets ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) , 1984 ; Baron Davis , Charlotte Hornets ( vs. New Jersey Nets ) , 2002 ( 4.2 spg ) Most blocks - 31 by Dikembe Mutombo , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) , 1994 ( 6.2 bpg ) 6 - game series Tim Duncan holds the record for blocks in a 6 - game series . Most points - 278 by Jerry West , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) , 1965 ( 46.3 ppg ) Most field goals made - 101 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Phoenix Suns ) , 1993 Most field goals attempted - 235 by Rick Barry , San Francisco Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) , 1967 Most 3 - point field goals made - 26 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) , 2015 Most 3 - point field goals attempted - 52 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) , 2015 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage ( min . 12 attempts ) - 66.7 % by Danny Ainge , Phoenix Suns ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) , 1993 Most free throws made - 86 by Jerry West , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) , 1965 Most free throws attempted - 97 by Dwyane Wade , Miami Heat ( vs. Dallas Mavericks ) , 2006 Most rebounds - 171 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. San Francisco Warriors ) , 1967 ( 28.5 rpg ) Most offensive rebounds - 46 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Boston Celtics ) , 1981 Most assists - 90 by Johnny Moore , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 1983 ( 15.0 apg ) Most steals - 19 by Rick Barry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) , 1975 ( 3.17 spg ) Most blocks - 32 by Tim Duncan , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. New Jersey Nets ) , 2003 ( 5.33 bpg ) 7 - game series Most points - 284 by Elgin Baylor , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) , 1962 ( 40.6 ppg ) Most field goals made - 113 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. St. Louis Hawks ) , 1964 Most field goals attempted - 235 by Elgin Baylor , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) , 1962 Most 3 - point field goals made - 32 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Oklahoma City Thunder ) , 2016 & Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted - 80 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 2016 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage ( min . 12 attempts ) - 61.1 % by Brian Shaw , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) , 2000 ( 11 / 18 ) Most free throws made - 83 by Dolph Schayes , Syracuse Nationals ( vs. Boston Celtics ) , 1959 Most free throws attempted - 100 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) , 1986 Most rebounds - 220 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) , 1965 ( 31.4 rpg ) Most offensive rebounds - 45 by Wes Unseld , Washington Bullets ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) , 1979 ; Dikembe Mutombo , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) , 2001 Most assists - 115 by John Stockton , Utah Jazz ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 1988 ( 16.4 apg ) Most steals - 28 by John Stockton , Utah Jazz ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 1988 ( 4.0 spg ) Most blocks - 38 by Dikembe Mutombo , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Utah Jazz ) , 1994 ( 5.43 bpg ) Career ( edit ) Records through the 2018 playoffs . Most games 259 by Derek Fisher Most minutes 10,049 by Lebron James Most minutes per game 47.24 by Wilt Chamberlain Most points 6,911 by LeBron James Highest points per game average ( min . 25 games ) 33.5 by Michael Jordan ( 179 games ) Most 50 - point games 8 by Michael Jordan Most 40 - point games 38 by Michael Jordan Most 30 - point games 110 by LeBron James Most 20 - point games 214 by LeBron James Most 10 - point games 237 by Tim Duncan 237 by LeBron James Only player to score 15 + points in every game ( min . 25 games ) Michael Jordan ( 179 games ) Only player to record consecutive 50 - point games Michael Jordan scored 50 and 55 points in Games 1 and 2 of the 1988 Eastern Conference First Round ( Chicago Bulls vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) . Most consecutive 45 - point games 3 by Michael Jordan ( May 9 -- 13 , 1990 ) Most consecutive 40 - point games 6 by Jerry West ( April 3 -- 13 , 1965 ) Most consecutive 30 - point games 11 by Elgin Baylor ( March 27 - April 18 , 1962 ) Most consecutive 20 - point games 60 by Michael Jordan ( June 2 , 1989 -- May 11 , 1993 ) Most consecutive 15 - point games 179 by Michael Jordan . This streak entails every playoff game of Jordan 's career . Most consecutive 10 - point games 179 by Michael Jordan . This streak entails every playoff game of Jordan 's career . Most field goals made 2,457 by LeBron James Most field goals attempted 5,006 by LeBron James Highest field goal percentage ( min . 300 attempts ) 59.1 % by Dwight Howard ( 582 / 905 ) Most field goals missed 2,528 by LeBron James Most 2 - point field goals made 2,356 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most 2 - point field goals attempted 4,418 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest 2 - point field goal percentage ( min . 300 attempts ) 59.26 % by Dwight Howard ( 582 / 902 ) Most 3 - point field goals made 385 by Ray Allen Most 3 - point field goals attempted 1116 by LeBron James Highest 3 - point field goal percentage ( NBA Rate Statistic Requirement is min . 55 attempts ) 50 % by Bob Hansen ( 38 / 76 ) Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made 90 by Stephen Curry ( 12 in 2013 ; 7 in 2014 ; 21 in 2015 ; 18 in 2016 ; 17 in 2017 ; 15 in 2018 ) ( active ) . Highest True Shooting Percentage ( takes into consideration points scored from three pointers , field goals and free - throws to get a measure of points scored each shooting attempt , formula is Points / ( 2 * ( FG Attempts + 0.44 * FT Attempts ) ) ) 62.33 % by Cedric Maxwell Highest Effective Field Goal Percentage ( Similar to FG % , but adds an additional parameter . This parameter adjusts for the fact that 3 - point field goals are worth 50 percent more than 2 - point field goals . Formula is eFG % = ( FGM + ( 0.5 x 3PTM ) ) / FGA ) 59.5 % by Danny Green Most free throws made 1,627 by LeBron James . Most free throws attempted 2,317 by Shaquille O'Neal Highest free throw percentage ( NBA Rate Statistic Requirement is min . 125 attempts ) 94.39 % by Mark Price ( 202 / 214 ) Most consecutive free throws made 56 by Bill Sharman , 1958 -- 59 Playoffs Most rebounds 4,104 by Bill Russell Highest rebounds per game average ( min . 25 games ) 24.9 by Bill Russell Highest total rebound percentage ( Rebound % , an estimate of the percentage of missed shots a player rebounded while he was on the floor . ) 21.95 % Dwight Howard Most offensive rebounds 866 by Shaquille O'Neal Highest offensive rebound percentage 15.05 % Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds 2,053 by Tim Duncan Highest defensive rebound percentage 30.84 % Dwight Howard Most Double - doubles 164 by Tim Duncan Most Triple - doubles 30 by Magic Johnson Most assists 2,346 by Magic Johnson Highest assists per game average ( min . 25 games ) 12.35 by Magic Johnson Highest assist percentage ( Assist % , an estimate of the percentage of teammate field goals a player assisted while he was on the floor . ) 47.79 % John Stockton Most steals 419 by LeBron James . Highest steals per game average ( NBA Rate Statistic Requirement is min . 125 steals ) 2.36 by Chris Paul ( 125 steals / 53 games ) Highest steal percentage ( Steal % , an estimate of the percentage of opponent possessions that end with a steal by the player while he was on the floor . ) 3.76 % Charlie Ward Most blocks 557 by Tim Duncan Highest blocks per game average ( min . 25 games ) 3.3 by Hakeem Olajuwon ( 472 / 145 ) Highest Block percentage ( Block % , an estimate of the percentage of opponent two - point field goal attempts blocked by the player while he was on the floor . ) 7.91 % Greg Ostertag Most turnovers 866 by LeBron James . Most Personal Fouls 797 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest Player Efficiency Rating ( measuring a player 's per - minute performance , while adjusting for pace ) 28.60 by Michael Jordan Highest Offensive Rating ( for players it is points produced per 100 possessions ) 122 by Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson . Highest Defensive Rating ( for players and teams it is points allowed per 100 possessions . ) 92.29 Ben Wallace Franchise ( edit ) Largest fourth quarter comebacks 29 points - The Los Angeles Lakers overcame a 29 - point deficit to beat the Seattle SuperSonics on May 14 , 1989 . 27 points - The Los Angeles Clippers overcame a 27 - point deficit to beat the Memphis Grizzlies on the road on April 29 , 2012 with less than 2 minutes left in the 3rd quarter . Rookie and age - related Records ( edit ) In 2006 , the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions . Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA , making some age - related records harder to break . Youngest / Oldest player to play a playoff game Youngest : Andrew Bynum is the youngest player to play in a playoff game , he logged a total of 1 minute and 52 seconds and missed one shot in the game for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Phoenix Suns at the age of 18 years , 191 days on May 6 , 2006 . Oldest : Robert Parish is the oldest player to play in a playoff game , he logged about 8 minutes , grabbed 2 rebounds and missed all three shots in the game for the Chicago Bulls against the Atlanta Hawks at the age of 43 years , 254 days on May 11 , 1997 . Youngest / Oldest player to start in a playoff game Youngest : Thaddeus Young is the youngest player to start in a playoff game , he logged a total of 22 minutes and 18 seconds , scored 10 points , grabbed 3 rebounds , and 2 steals in the game for the Philadelphia 76ers against the Detroit Pistons at the age of 19 years , 304 days on April 20 , 2008 . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to start in a playoff game , he logged about 29 minutes , scored 7 points , grabbed 3 rebounds and had 3 assists in the game for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Detroit Pistons at the age of 42 years , 58 days on June 13 , 1989 , game 4 of the 1989 NBA Finals . Youngest / Oldest player to score in a playoff game Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to score in a playoff game , he had a total of 22 points in the game for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Portland Trail Blazers at the age of 18 years , 250 days on April 30 , 1997 . Oldest : Robert Parish is the oldest player to score in a playoff game , he had a total of 2 points in the game for the Chicago Bulls against the Atlanta Hawks at the age of 43 years , 251 days on May 8 , 1997 . Youngest / Oldest player to score a 3 - pointer in a playoff game Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to hit a 3 - pointer in a playoff game , he had a total of 2 3 - pointers in the game for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Portland Trail Blazers at the age of 18 years , 250 days on April 30 , 1997 . Oldest : Kevin Willis is the oldest player to hit a 3 - pointer in a playoff game , he had a total of 1 3 - pointer in the game for the San Antonio Spurs against the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 40 years , 241 days on May 5 , 2005 . Youngest / Oldest player to log a double - double in a playoff game Youngest : Carmelo Anthony is the youngest player to log a double - double in a playoff game , he had a total of 24 points and 10 rebounds in the game for the Denver Nuggets against the Minnesota Timberwolves at the age of 19 years , 331 days on April 24 , 2004 . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to log a double - double in a playoff game , he had a total of 24 points and 13 rebounds in the game for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Detroit Pistons at the age of 42 years , 56 days on June 11 , 1989 , game 3 of the 1989 NBA Finals . Youngest / Oldest player to log a triple - double in a playoff game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to log a triple - double in a playoff game , he had a total of 32 points , 11 rebounds and 11 assists in the game for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Washington Wizards at the age of 21 years , 113 days on April 22 , 2006 . Oldest : John Stockton is the oldest player to log a triple - double in a playoff game , he had a total of 12 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists in the game for the Utah Jazz against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 39 years , 33 days on April 28 , 2001 . NBA Finals Records ( edit ) Game ( edit ) Most minutes played in a game 62 by Kevin Johnson , Phoenix Suns ( at Chicago Bulls ) on June 13 , 1993 ( 3 OT ) Most minutes played in a game without a turnover 59 by Dan Majerle , Phoenix Suns ( at Chicago Bulls ) on June 13 , 1993 ( 3 OT ) Most points in a game 61 by Elgin Baylor , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Boston Celtics ) on April 14 , 1962 Most points in a half 35 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on June 3 , 1992 Most points in a quarter 25 by Isiah Thomas , Detroit Pistons ( at Los Angeles Lakers ) on June 19 , 1988 Most field goals made in a game 22 by Elgin Baylor , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Boston Celtics ) on April 14 , 1962 22 by Rick Barry , San Francisco Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 18 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game 48 by Rick Barry , San Francisco Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 18 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 14 by Dennis Johnson , Seattle SuperSonics ( vs. Washington Bullets ) on June 7 , 1978 Most field goals made in a half 14 by Isiah Thomas , Detroit Pistons ( at Los Angeles Lakers ) on June 19 , 1988 14 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on June 3 , 1992 14 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Phoenix Suns ) on June 16 , 1993 Most field goals attempted in a half 25 by Elgin Baylor , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Boston Celtics ) on April 14 , 1962 Most field goals made in a quarter 11 by Isiah Thomas , Detroit Pistons ( at Los Angeles Lakers ) on June 19 , 1988 Most consecutive field goals made 13 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on June 5 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 9 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) on June 3 , 2018 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 17 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) on June 3 , 2018 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 7 by Ray Allen , Boston Celtics ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on June 6 , 2010 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 10 by John Starks , New York Knicks ( vs. Houston Rockets ) on June 22 , 1994 Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 5 by Kenny Smith , Houston Rockets ( at Orlando Magic ) on June 7 , 1995 ( OT ) 5 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) on June 3 , 2018 Dwyane Wade holds the Finals record for free throws made in a game with 21 . Most 4 - point plays made in a game 2 by Ray Allen , Miami Heat ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on June 16 , 2013 Most free throws made in a game 21 by Dwyane Wade , Miami ( vs. Dallas Mavericks ) on June 18 , 2006 ( OT ) Most free throws made in a game , no misses 15 by Terry Porter , Portland Trail Blazers ( at Detroit Pistons ) on June 7 , 1990 Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on June 9 , 2000 ( 18 / 39 ) Most free throws made in a half 13 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on June 9 , 2000 Most free throws attempted in a half 22 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on June 9 , 2000 Most free throws made in a quarter 10 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) on June 4 , 2017 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 16 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on June 9 , 2000 Most rebounds in a game 40 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. St. Louis Hawks ) on March 29 , 1960 40 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on April 18 , 1962 ( OT ) Most rebounds in a half 26 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. San Francisco Warriors ) on April 16 , 1967 Most rebounds in a quarter 19 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on April 18 , 1962 Most offensive rebounds in a game 11 by Elvin Hayes , Washington Bullets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on May 27 , 1979 11 by Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on June 7 , 1996 11 by Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on June 16 , 1996 Most defensive rebounds in a game 20 by Bill Walton , Portland Trail Blazers at Philadelphia 76ers , June 3 , 1977 20 by Bill Walton , Portland Trail Blazers vs. Philadelphia 76ers , June 5 , 1977 Most steals in a game 7 by Robert Horry , Houston Rockets ( at Orlando Magic ) on June 9 , 1995 Most blocks in a game 9 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on June 11 , 2009 Most assists in a game 21 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on June 3 , 1984 Most assists in a half 14 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on June 19 , 1988 Most assists in a quarter 8 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. St. Louis Hawks ) on April 9 , 1957 8 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on June 3 , 1984 8 by Robert Reid , Houston Rockets ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on June 5 , 1986 8 by Michael Cooper and Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on June 4 , 1987 8 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Detroit Pistons ) on June 16 , 1988 8 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on June 19 , 1988 8 by John Stockton , Utah Jazz ( at Chicago Bulls ) on June 10 , 1998 Most turnovers in a game 10 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on May 14 , 1980 40 - point scoring duos 41 by LeBron James and Kyrie Irving , Cleveland Cavaliers ( at Golden State Warriors ) on June 13 , 2016 Most points in a game without a turnover 41 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on June 19 , 2000 Triple - double by opposing players in the same game Stephen Curry ( 32 points , 11 assists and 10 rebounds ) , Golden State Warriors and LeBron James ( 29 points , 14 assists and 11 rebounds ) , Cleveland Cavaliers at Golden State Warriors on June 4 , 2017 Most points by a duo in a loss 77 by LeBron James ( 39 ) and Kyrie Irving ( 38 ) , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on June 7 , 2017 Four players score at least 30 points in a game Hakeem Olajuwon ( 34 ) , Sam Cassell ( 31 ) , Houston Rockets and Shaquille O'Neal ( 33 ) , Penny Hardaway ( 32 ) , Orlando Magic on June 9 , 1995 LeBron James ( 39 ) , Kyrie Irving ( 38 ) , Cleveland Cavaliers and Kevin Durant ( 31 ) , Klay Thompson ( 30 ) , Golden State Warriors on June 7 , 2017 Pair of 30 - point scorers on the same team in consecutive games Jerry West ( 40 ) , Elgin Baylor ( 36 ) , Los Angeles Lakers on April 8 , 1962 and Elgin Baylor ( 39 ) , Jerry West ( 36 ) , Los Angeles Lakers on April 10 , 1962 Kevin Durant ( 33 ) , Stephen Curry ( 32 ) , Golden State Warriors on June 4 , 2017 and Kevin Durant ( 31 ) , Klay Thompson ( 30 ) , Golden State Warriors on June 7 , 2017 LeBron James ( 39 ) , Kyrie Irving ( 38 ) , Cleveland Cavaliers on June 7 , 2017 and Kyrie Irving ( 40 ) , LeBron James ( 31 ) , Cleveland Cavaliers on June 9 , 2017 Series ( edit ) Most points per game in an NBA Championship series 41.0 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Phoenix Suns ) , 1993 Triple - double per game average in the NBA Finals LeBron James : 33.6 points , 12.0 rebounds , and 10.0 assists , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) , 2017 Only players to score at least 30 points in every game Elgin Baylor , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) , 1962 ( 7 games ) Rick Barry , San Francisco Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) , 1967 ( 6 games ) Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Phoenix Suns ) , 1993 ( 6 games ) Hakeem Olajuwon , Houston Rockets ( vs. Orlando Magic ) , 1995 ( 4 games ) Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) , 2000 ( 6 games ) Kevin Durant , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 2017 ( 5 games ) 4 - game series Most points - 145 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. New Jersey Nets ) , 2002 ( 36.3 ppg ) Most field goals made - 56 by Hakeem Olajuwon , Houston Rockets ( vs. Orlando Magic ) , 1995 Most field goals attempted - 116 by Hakeem Olajuwon , Houston Rockets ( vs. Orlando Magic ) , 1995 Most 3 - point field goals made - 22 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 2018 Most 3 - point field goals attempted - 53 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 2018 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage - 66.7 % by Derek Fisher , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. New Jersey Nets ) , 2002 Most rebounds - 118 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) , 1959 ( 29.5 rpg ) Most offensive rebounds - 27 by Moses Malone , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 1983 Most assists - 51 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) , 1959 ( 12.8 apg ) Most steals - 14 by Rick Barry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Washington Bullets ) , 1975 ( 3.5 spg ) 5 - game series Most points - 178 by Allen Iverson , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 2001 ( 35.6 ppg ) Most field goals made - 66 by Allen Iverson , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 2001 Most field goals attempted - 162 by Allen Iverson , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 2001 Most 3 - point field goals made - 19 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals attempted - 49 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 2017 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage - 68.8 % by Isiah Thomas , Detroit Pistons ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) , 1990 Highest free throw percentage - 100 % by Bill Laimbeer , Detroit Pistons ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) , 1990 , and Vlade Divac , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) , 1991 Most rebounds - 144 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. St. Louis Hawks ) , 1961 ( 28.8 rpg ) Most offensive rebounds - 31 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) , 2001 Most assists - 62 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) , 1991 ( 12.4 apg ) Most steals - 14 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 1991 ( 2.8 spg ) Most blocks - 20 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 2009 ( 4 bpg ) 6 - game series Most points - 246 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Phoenix Suns ) , 1993 ( 41.0 ppg ) Most field goals made - 101 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Phoenix Suns ) , 1993 Most field goals attempted - 235 by Rick Barry , San Francisco Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) , 1967 Most 3 - point field goals made - 25 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 2015 Most 3 - point field goals attempted - 65 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 2015 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage - 66.7 % by Danny Ainge , Phoenix Suns ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) , 1993 Highest free throw percentage - 97.8 % by Reggie Miller , Indiana Pacers ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 2000 ; Dirk Nowitzki , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Miami Heat ) , 2011 Most rebounds - 171 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. San Francisco Warriors ) , 1967 ( 28.5 rpg ) Most offensive rebounds - 46 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Boston Celtics ) , 1981 Most assists - 84 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) , 1985 ( 14.0 apg ) Most steals - 16 by Julius Erving , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) , 1977 ; Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) , 1980 ; Larry Bird , Boston Celtics ( vs. Houston Rockets ) , 1986 ; and Dwyane Wade , Miami Heat ( vs. Dallas Mavericks ) , 2006 ( 2.67 spg ) Most blocks - 32 by Tim Duncan , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. New Jersey Nets ) , 2003 ( 5.33 bpg ) 7 - game series Most points - 284 by Elgin Baylor , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) , 1962 ( 40.6 ppg ) Most field goals made - 101 by Elgin Baylor , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) , 1962 Most field goals attempted - 235 by Elgin Baylor , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) , 1962 Most 3 - point field goals made - 32 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted - 80 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) , 2016 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage - 55 % by Danny Green , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Miami Heat ) , 2013 Highest free throw percentage - 95.9 % by Bill Sharman , Boston Celtics ( vs. St. Louis Hawks ) , 1957 ( 30 / 31 ) Most rebounds - 189 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 1962 ( 27.0 rpg ) Most assists - 95 by Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) , 1984 ( 13.6 apg ) Most steals - 20 by Isiah Thomas , Detroit Pistons ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) , 1988 ( 2.86 spg ) Most blocks - 30 by Patrick Ewing , New York Knicks ( vs. Houston Rockets ) , 1994 ( 4.29 bpg ) Career ( edit ) Most points 1,679 by Jerry West Highest points per game average ( min . 10 games ) 36.3 by Rick Barry ( 10 games ) Most field goals made 612 by Jerry West Most field goals attempted 1,333 by Jerry West ( 45.91 % ) Most 3 - point field goals made 98 by Stephen Curry Most 3 - point field goals attempted 244 by LeBron James Highest 3 - point field goal percentage ( min . 40 attempts ) 52.5 % by Derek Fisher ( 31 / 59 ) Most free throws made 455 by Jerry West Most free throws attempted 551 by Jerry West ( 82.58 % ) Highest free throw percentage ( min . 100 attempts ) 93.1 % by Dirk Nowitzki ( 94 / 101 ) Most 40 point games 10 by Jerry West Most 30 point games 33 by Jerry West Most 20 point games 49 by Jerry West Most consecutive 40 point games 4 by Michael Jordan ( June 11 -- 18 , 1993 ) Most consecutive 30 point games 13 by Elgin Baylor ( April 9 , 1959 - April 21 , 1963 ) Most consecutive 20 point games 35 by Michael Jordan ( June 2 , 1991 - June 14 , 1998 ) . This streak entails every Finals game of Jordan 's career . Only player to score 20 + points in all games ( min . 15 games ) Michael Jordan ( 35 games ) Most rebounds 1,718 by Bill Russell Highest rebounds per game average ( min . 10 games ) 24.6 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 35 games ) Most offensive rebounds 124 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most defensive rebounds 395 by LeBron James Most assists 584 by Magic Johnson Highest assists per game average ( min . 10 games ) 11.7 by Magic Johnson ( 50 games ) Most steals 102 by Magic Johnson Most blocks 116 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most turnovers 190 by Magic Johnson Most games played 70 by Bill Russell Most personal fouls 225 by Bill Russell Most triple - doubles 10 by LeBron James Franchise ( edit ) Bill Russell and Red Auerbach were key figures in the Boston Celtics ' eight straight NBA titles and 10 straight NBA Finals appearances in the 1950s and 1960s . Most titles won 17 by the Boston Celtics Most Finals appearances 31 by the Los Angeles Lakers Most Consecutive NBA titles 8 by the Boston Celtics ( 1959 -- 66 ) Most Consecutive NBA Finals appearances 10 by the Boston Celtics ( 1957 -- 66 ) Best NBA Finals series record 6 -- 0 by the Chicago Bulls Most NBA Finals appearances without a title 2 by the Phoenix Suns ( 1976 , 1993 ) 2 by the Utah Jazz ( 1997 , 1998 ) 2 by the New Jersey Nets ( 2002 , 2003 ) 2 by the Orlando Magic ( 1995 , 2009 ) Most Playoff appearances without a Finals appearance 20 by the Denver Nuggets Most Playoff appearances without a title 28 by the Phoenix Suns Most consecutive Playoff appearances overall 22 by the Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers , ( 1950 -- 71 ) Most consecutive Playoff appearances in one city 21 by the Portland Trail Blazers , ( 1983 -- 2003 ) 21 by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1998 -- present ) Longest active streak of playoff appearances 21 by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1998 -- present ) Fewest Playoff appearances 6 by the New Orleans Pelicans Most seasons without a Playoff appearance 35 by the Golden State Warriors Most consecutive seasons without a Playoff appearance 15 by the Los Angeles Clippers ( 1977 -- 91 ) Fewest seasons without a Playoff appearance 4 by the San Antonio Spurs ( Joined NBA in 1976 ) Best home record ( Playoffs ) 39 -- 7 by the Chicago Bulls at the United Center Highest playoff winning percentage 0.941 by the Golden State Warriors ( 16 - 1 ) in 2017 Undefeated in playoffs at home 9 - 0 by the Golden State Warriors in 2017 Playoffs ( edit ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 25 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Atlanta Hawks , Game 2 , on May 4 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 18 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Atlanta Hawks , Game 2 in the first half , on May 4 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 10 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Atlanta Hawks , Game 2 in the second quarter , on May 4 , 2016 Largest margin of points in a half * 41 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs Boston Celtics on May 19 , 2017 Largest margin of victory in a game * 58 by the Minneapolis Lakers vs. St. Louis Hawks on March 19 , 1956 58 by the Denver Nuggets vs. New Orleans Hornets on April 27 , 2009 Most consecutive wins 15 by the Golden State Warriors from April 16 , 2017 to June 9 , 2017 . Largest average point differential + 14.5 PPG by the Milwaukee Bucks in 1971 Most double - digit wins in a single postseason 12 each , by the Miami Heat in 2013 ; by the San Antonio Spurs in 2014 ; by the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2016 ; by the Golden State Warriors in 2017 . Most consecutive road wins to being postseason 8 by the Los Angeles Lakers in 2001 Most points in a game 157 by the Boston Celtics ( vs. New York Knicks ) on April 28 , 1990 Most points in a half 86 by the Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on June 9 , 2017 NBA Finals ( edit ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 24 by the Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) Game 4 on June 9 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 13 by the Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) Game 4 on June 9 , 2017 ( 1st Half ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 9 by the Golden State Warriors ( at Cleveland Cavaliers ) Game 3 on June 7 , 2017 ( 1st ) Largest margin of victory in a game 42 by the Chicago Bulls ( vs. Utah Jazz ) on June 7 , 1998 Largest average point differential , series + 15.0 PPG by the Golden State Warriors in 2018 Fewest points in a game 54 by the Utah Jazz ( at Chicago Bulls ) on June 7 , 1998 Highest field goal percentage in a half 75.8 % by the San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Miami Heat ) Game 3 on June 10 , 2014 ( 1st half ) Highest field goal percentage in a game 63 % by the Orlando Magic ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) Game 3 on June 9 , 2009 Only team to win series after facing a 3 -- 1 series deficit Cleveland Cavaliers , 2016 NBA Finals Fewest turnovers in a game 4 by the Detroit Pistons ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on June 16 , 2005 4 by the San Antonio Spurs ( at Miami Heat ) on June 6 , 2013 4 by the Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) on June 1 , 2017 Largest turnover differential in a game - 16 by the Golden State Warriors ( vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ) on June 1 , 2017 Most points in a game 148 by the Boston Celtics ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on May 27 , 1985 Most points in a half 86 by the Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) Game 4 on June 9 , 2017 ( 1st Half ) Most points in a quarter 49 by the Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) Game 4 on June 9 , 2017 ( 1st ) Other Records ( edit ) Most NBA titles won by a player 11 by Bill Russell Most consecutive NBA Finals appearances by a player 10 by Bill Russell ( 1957 -- 66 ) Best record for NBA Finals series outcomes 8 -- 0 by K.C. Jones 8 -- 0 by Satch Sanders 8 -- 0 by John Havlicek Only players to win an Olympic gold medal , NCAA title , and NBA title Clyde Lovellette -- Olympics , 1952 ; NCAA , 1952 ; NBA , 1954 , 1963 -- 64 Bill Russell -- Olympics , 1956 ; NCAA , 1955 -- 56 ; NBA , 1957 , 1959 -- 66 , 1968 -- 69 K.C. Jones -- Olympics , 1956 ; NCAA , 1955 -- 56 ; NBA , 1959 -- 66 Jerry Lucas -- Olympics , 1960 ; NCAA , 1960 ; NBA , 1973 Quinn Buckner -- Olympics , 1976 ; NCAA , 1976 ; NBA , 1984 Michael Jordan -- Olympics , 1984 , 1992 ; NCAA , 1982 ; NBA , 1991 -- 93 , 1996 -- 98 Magic Johnson -- Olympics , 1992 ; NCAA , 1979 ; NBA , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 -- 88 Only players to win an Olympic gold medal , EuroLeague / European Champions Cup , and NBA title Manu Ginóbili and Bill Bradley are the only players to win an Olympic gold medal , EuroLeague / European Champions Cup , and NBA title . Bill Bradley -- Olympics , 1964 ; European Champions Cup , 1966 ; NBA , 1970 , 1973 Manu Ginóbili -- Olympics , 2004 ; Euroleague , 2001 ; NBA , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 Only 8th seeded teams to advance in Playoffs 5 - game format The Denver Nuggets eliminated the Seattle SuperSonics 3 -- 2 in the First Round in the 1994 NBA Playoffs . The New York Knicks eliminated the Miami Heat 3 -- 2 in the First Round in the 1999 NBA Playoffs ( lockout shortened season ) . In addition , New York became the only 8th seed to reach the NBA Finals , but lost in 5 to the San Antonio Spurs . 7 - game format The Golden State Warriors eliminated the Dallas Mavericks 4 -- 2 in the First Round in the 2007 NBA Playoffs . The Memphis Grizzlies eliminated the San Antonio Spurs 4 -- 2 in the First Round in the 2011 NBA Playoffs . The Philadelphia 76ers eliminated the Chicago Bulls 4 -- 2 in the First Round in the 2012 NBA Playoffs ( lockout shortened season ) . Awards ( edit ) Most Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Awards * 6 by Michael Jordan Most Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Awards wins in a row * 3 by Michael Jordan ( twice ) and Shaquille O'Neal . * This award has only been given since the 1968 - 69 season . See also ( edit ) List of NBA players with most championships List of National Basketball Association players with 50 or more points in a playoff game Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA Individual Post-Season Records for Points '' . ^ Jump up to : https://www.basketball-reference.com/boxscores/pbp/200105110TOR.html Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/games/20140505/LACOKC/gameinfo.html?ls=pot Jump up ^ `` Thunder ca n't stop Dirk Nowitzki as Mavs seize 1 - 0 lead '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers take 1 - 0 lead behind Kobe Bryant 's 31 , Andrew Bynum 's 10 - block triple - double '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . April 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/boxscores/201505270GSW.html Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Games '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Minutes Per Game '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` N.B.A. Playoffs ; Jordan Scores 55 In Bulls ' Triumph '' . The New York Times . May 2 , 1988 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Field Goal Pct '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Field Goals Missed '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for 2 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for 2 - Pt Field Goal Attempts '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for 2 - PT Field Goal Pct '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for 3 - Pt Field Goal Attempts '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rate Statistic Requirements '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for 3 - Pt Field Goal Pct '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for True Shooting Pct '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Effective Field Goal Pct '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Free Throw Pct '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Total Rebound Pct '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Offensive Rebound Pct '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Defensive Rebounds '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Defensive Rebound Pct '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Assist Pct '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records for Steals Per Game '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Steal Pct '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Playoff Leaders and Records for Blocks '' . Basketball Reference.com . June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Block Pct '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Turnovers '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Personal Fouls '' . Basketball Reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Offensive Rating '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records for Defensive Rating '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Playoffs : Deep Down , Lakers Knew They Could : L.A. , Losing by 29 , Runs to 97 - 95 Win '' . latimes.com . LA Times . May 15 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers rally from 27 down to stun Grizzlies in Game 1 ; Caron Butler breaks hand '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . April 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Single Game Finals Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Single Game Finals Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goal Attempts '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Gamenotes '' ( PDF ) . NBA.com. 17 June 2013 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers rally in OT for commanding 3 - 1 series lead '' . espn.com . June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Brian ( 2011 ) . `` Finals 2011 : Game 6 Notebook '' . nba.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Career Finals Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Career Finals Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kreismer , Jeff . Heldt , Steve , ed . The Basketball Almanac . Saddle River , NJ : Red Letter Press . ISBN 0 - 940462 - 59 - 1 . Jump up ^ Berkman , Seth ( June 19 , 2016 ) , `` N.B.A. Finals Legend or Loser ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who has scored the most points in nba finals
[ "Most points - 284 by Elgin Baylor, Los Angeles Lakers (vs. Boston Celtics), 1962 (40.6 ppg)" ]
[ "Elgin Baylor" ]
-5250321565060661954
Impeachment of Warren Hastings
Impeachment of Warren Hastings - wikipedia Impeachment of Warren Hastings Jump to : navigation , search Warren Hastings in 1768 The impeachment of Warren Hastings was a failed attempt between 1788 and 1795 to impeach the first Governor - General of India in the Parliament of Great Britain . Hastings was accused of misconduct during his time in Calcutta particularly relating to mismanagement and personal corruption . The prosecution was led by Edmund Burke and became a wider debate about the role of the East India Company and the expanding empire in India . The trial did not sit continuously and the case dragged on for seven years . When the eventual verdict was given Hastings was overwhelmingly acquitted . It has been described as `` probably the British Isles ' most famous , certainly the longest , political trial '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Appointment 1.2 Disputes and war 1.3 First attacks 1.4 Return to Britain 2 Impeachment 2.1 Opening 2.2 Public opinion changes 2.3 Verdict 3 Aftermath 4 Footnotes 5 Bibliography Background ( edit ) Appointment ( edit ) Born in 1732 , Warren Hastings spent much of his adult life in India after first travelling out as a clerk of the East India Company in 1750 . Hastings developed a reputation as an `` Indian '' who sought to use traditional Indian methods of governance to run British India rather than the policy of importing European - style law , government and culture favoured by many of his colleagues and representatives of other colonial powers in India . After working his way through the ranks of the Company he was appointed in 1773 as Governor General , a new position that had been created by the North government in order to improve the running of British India . The old structure of rule had come under strain as the Company 's holdings had expanded in recent decades from isolated trading posts to large swathes of territory and population . The powers of the Governor General were balanced out by the establishment of a Calcutta Council which had the authority to veto his decisions . Hastings spent much of his time in office marshalling his own supporters on the Council in an effort to avoid being outvoted . Disputes and war ( edit ) Main article : Second Mysore War Hastings ' initial accuser Sir Philip Francis Hastings soon ran into opposition on the Council . His principal enemy was the Irish - born politician Philip Francis . Francis developed a strong dislike of Hastings and was convinced that the Governor General 's policies were self - serving and destructive . This was a belief shared with some other members of the Council whom he was able to influence . Francis and Hastings ' personal rivalry continued for many years and led to a duel between them in 1780 in which Francis was wounded , but not killed . Francis returned to Britain in 1781 and began raising questions about Hastings ' conduct . He found support from many leading opposition Whigs . In 1780 Hyder Ali , the ruler of Mysore , went to war with the company after British forces captured the French - controlled port of Mahé . Taking advantage of Britain 's involvement in the American War of Independence and the support of French forces Hyder went on the offensive and enjoyed success during the opening stages of the war , inflicting a serious defeat at the Battle of Pollilur and at one point threatening Madras itself with capture . The Commander in Chief Eyre Coote went south with reinforcements and defeated Hyder 's army in a series of battles which helped to steady the position in the Carnatic . Hyder was unable to secure victory and the war ended in a stalemate . It was halted by the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784 which largely restored the status quo ante bellum . Even so , the British position in India had been severely threatened . The war shook public confidence and raised questions about the supposed mismanagement by the Company 's agents in India . It proved to be a catalyst for the growing campaign in London against Hastings which gathered strength during the ensuing years . First attacks ( edit ) The Company had already gone through scandals in the 1760s and 1770s and the wealthy nabobs who returned to Britain from India were widely unpopular . Against this backdrop the criticisms circulated by Francis and others provoked a general consensus that the 1773 India Act had n't been sufficient to rein in the alleged excesses . The Indian question again became a contentious political issue . The Fox -- North Coalition fell from power after it attempted to bring in a radical East India Bill in 1783 . The following year the new government of William Pitt passed an India Act of 1784 which established a Board of Control and which finally stabilised the governance of India . Hastings was personally attacked by Charles James Fox during the presentation of his India Bill . When Pitt introduced his Bill he failed to mention Hastings at all , seen as expressing a lack of confidence , and made wide - ranging criticisms of the Company . He suggested that recent wars in India had been ruinous and unnecessary . Hastings was particularly upset by this , as he was an admirer of Pitt . By now , Hastings wished to resign and return home unless the role of Governor General was given greater freedom to exercise power -- which was unlikely to be granted him . He handed over to an Acting Governor General , John MacPherson until a permanent replacement was appointed . Return to Britain ( edit ) The MP Edmund Burke led the prosecution of Hastings . Hastings sailed for home on 6 February and reached Britain in June 1785 . During the voyage he wrote a defence of his conduct The State of Bengal and presented it to Henry Dundas . Hastings anticipated he would face attacks in parliament and the press but expected them to be short - lived and to fall away once he was there in person to defend himself . Initially this proved to be the case as he enjoyed an audience with King George III and a unanimous vote of thanks by the directors of the East India Company . Hastings even hoped to be awarded an Irish peerage . However , in Parliament Edmund Burke announced he `` would at a future date make a motion respecting the conduct of a gentleman just returned from India '' . In early 1786 Burke began his first move by raising questions over Hastings ' role in the Maratha War . The attacks on Hastings were largely made by opposition Whigs hoping to embarrass the government of William Pitt . Pitt and other government ministers such as Dundas defended Hastings and suggested that he had saved the British Empire in Asia . Philip Francis made eleven specific charges against Hastings , and others later followed . They covered various subjects such as the Rohilla War , execution of Nanda - Kumar and Hastings ' treatment of the Rajas of Benares . Pitt broadly defended Hastings , but declared his punishment of the Rajah had been excessive . In the wake of this an anti-Hastings motion was passed in the Commons 119 -- 79 . Encouraged by Pitt 's failure to adequately support Hastings , his opponents pressed on with their campaign . The situation quickly deteriorated for Hastings . It soon became clear that he was heading towards an impeachment . Hastings recruited Edward Law , 1st Baron Ellenborough to act in his defence . On 21 May 1787 Hastings was arrested by the Serjeant - at - Arms and taken to the House of Lords to hear the charges against him . Hastings was to be prosecuted in the House of Lords by an Impeachment Committee . Impeachment was a relatively rare process of prosecuting those in high public office . Previous figures who had faced such trials included the Duke of Buckingham , a favourite of James I , and the Earl of Strafford , whose impeachment failed ( but was followed up by a legislative bill of attainder that resulted in Strafford 's execution ) . Impeachment ( edit ) Opening ( edit ) Hastings ' trial began on 13 February 1788 and took place in Westminster Hall with members of the House of Commons seated to his right and the Lords to his left and a large audience of spectators , including royalty , in the boxes and public galleries . The proceedings began with a lengthy address by Edmund Burke , who took four days to cover all the charges against Hastings . Burke took the proceedings very seriously but , we have it from Macaulay , for many spectators the trial resembled a social event . Hastings himself remarked that `` for the first half hour , I looked up to the orator in a reverie of wonder , and during that time I felt myself the most culpable man on earth . '' Hastings was granted bail in spite of Burke 's suggestion that he might flee the country with the wealth he had allegedly stolen from India . Further speeches were made over the coming weeks by other leading Whigs such as Richard Brinsley Sheridan and Charles James Fox . In total there were nineteen members of the Impeachment Committee . Public opinion changes ( edit ) The testimony of Lord Cornwallis , Hastings ' successor as Governor General , was a major boost to his defence . In spite of the early excitement about the trial public interest in it began to wane as it dragged on over months and years . Other major events dominated the news particularly once the French Revolution began in 1789 . Sheridan now complained he was `` heartily tired of the Hastings trial '' despite being one of its instigators . As the trial progressed , public attitudes about Hastings also began to shift . Hastings had initially been overwhelmingly portrayed as guilty in the popular press , but doubts were increasingly raised . Increased support for Hastings may have been a result of declining perceptions of his accusers . In a cartoon James Gillray portrayed Hastings as the `` Saviour of India '' being assaulted by bandits resembling Burke and Fox . A major lift for the defence came with the testimony on 9 April 1794 of Lord Cornwallis who had recently returned from India , where he succeeded Hastings as Governor General . Cornwallis rejected the accusations that Hastings ' actions had damaged Britain 's reputation and observed that Hastings was universally popular with the inhabitants . When asked if he had `` found any just cause to impeach the character of Mr Hastings ? '' he replied `` never '' . A further blow for the prosecution came with the evidence of William Larkins the former Accountant General of Bengal . They had rested their hopes on his revealing widespread corruption but he denied that Hastings had amassed any illicit money and made a defence of his conduct . Various other figures came forwards as character witnesses to support Hastings . Burke 's reply to the defence lasted nine days from late May to mid-June 1794 . Verdict ( edit ) On 23 April 1795 the Lord Chancellor Lord Loughborough oversaw the delivery of the verdict . A third of the Lords who had attended the trial 's opening had since died and only twenty - nine of the others had sat through enough of the evidence to be permitted to pronounce judgement . Loughborough asked each of the peers sixteen questions relating to individual charges . On most charges he was unanimously found not guilty . On three questions five or six peers gave guilty verdicts , but Hastings was still comfortably cleared by majority vote . This overwhelming verdict had been expected for some time and caused little surprise . Burke , who had invested a large amount of time and energy into the prosecution , was frustrated by the ultimate failure of the impeachment . He had warned the Lords that it would be `` to the perpetual infamy '' of the House if they voted to acquit and remained convinced of Hastings ' guilt until his death in 1797 . Aftermath ( edit ) Westminster Hall where the trial took place Hastings was financially ruined by the impeachment and was left with debts of £ 70,000 . Unlike many other Indian officials he had not amassed a large fortune while in India and he had to fund his legal defence , which had cost an estimated £ 71,000 , out of his own funds . His defence lawyer was Richard Shaw ( e ) who built his mansion Casino House in Herne Hill at least in part from the proceeds , employing John Nash and Humphry Repton as landscape designer ( responsible for the water garden the remnants of which survive as Sunray Gardens in 2012 ) . Meanwhile , Hastings appealed to the British government for financial assistance and was eventually compensated by the East India Company with a loan of £ 50,000 and a pension of £ 4,000 a year . Although this did not solve all his financial worries , Hastings was ultimately able to fulfill his lifelong ambition of purchasing the family 's traditional estate of Daylesford in Gloucestershire which had been lost in a previous generation . Hastings held no further public office , but was regarded as an expert on Indian matters and was asked to give evidence to parliament on the subject in 1812 . After he had finished giving his testimony , the members all stood up in an almost unprecedented act for anyone other than the royal family . Hastings ' successors as Governor General , beginning with Lord Cornwallis , were granted the much wider powers that Hastings had sought while in Calcutta . Pitt 's India Act served to move much of the supervisory role for India away from the East India Company directors and officials in Leadenhall Street to a new political Board of Control based in London . The overwhelming failure to secure a conviction , and the stream of testimony that came out of India praising him have led commentators to ask why Hastings , who appeared to many observers to have given dedicated service to the company and to have curbed its worst excess , ended up being prosecuted in the first place . A number of factors may have played a part , including partisan politics , although Pitt joined the opposition in supporting the Impeachment . There has been particular focus on the role played by Pitt -- particularly his sudden withdrawal of outright support for Hastings in 1786 which galvanised the opposition into pursuing the case . It is possible that Pitt believed `` he ran the very genuine risk of being accused by the opposition of shielding a notorious criminal from justice , for political reasons '' . Henry Dundas was himself later impeached in 1806 and acquitted in the final ever impeachment in Britain . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 207 ) Jump up ^ ( Peter Whiteley 1996 , p. 103 -- 114 ) Jump up ^ ( Robert Harvey 1998 , p. 380 ) Jump up ^ ( Peter Whiteley 1996 , p. 217 -- 218 ) Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 193 ) Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 194 -- 195 ) Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 196 -- 198 ) Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 198 -- 199 ) Jump up ^ ( Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall 1889 , p. 180 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 201 ) Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 201 -- 202 ) Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 202 -- 203 ) Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 204 ) Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 204 -- 205 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 210 ) Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 205 ) Jump up ^ ( James L. Newell 2006 , p. 137 ) ^ Jump up to : The World 's Famous Orations . Ireland ( 1775 -- 1902 ) . `` III . At the Trial of Warren Hastings '' Edmund Burke ( 1729 -- 97 ) ^ Jump up to : Garrard & Newell p. 138 Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 214 ) Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 212 ) Jump up ^ ( Mary Wickwire 1980 , p. 183 ) Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 212 -- 214 ) Jump up ^ archive.org : `` The speeches of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke on the impeachment of Warren Hastings : to which is added a selection of Burke 's epistolary correspondence '' ( 1890 ed . G. Bell , London ) ^ Jump up to : ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 215 ) Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 214 -- 215 ) Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 ) Jump up ^ `` Casino House '' . The Dulwich Society . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( James L. Newell 2006 , p. 138 ) Jump up ^ ( Patrick Turnbull 1975 , p. 206 ) Bibliography ( edit ) John Garrard ; James L. Newell ( 17 March 2006 ) . Scandals in Past and Contemporary Politics . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6551 - 4 . Robert Harvey ( 1998 ) . Clive : The Life and Death of a British Emperor . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 26569 - 4 . Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall ( 1889 ) . Warren Hastings . Macmillan and Company . Patrick Turnbull ( September 1975 ) . Warren Hastings . New English Library . Peter Whiteley ( 1996 ) . Lord North : The Prime Minister Who Lost America . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 145 - 3 . Franklin B. Wickwire ; Mary Wickwire ( April 1980 ) . Cornwallis , the imperial years . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1387 - 4 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impeachment_of_Warren_Hastings&oldid=786771214 '' Categories : Trials of political people 1788 in Great Britain 1795 in Great Britain Impeachment Trials in Great Britain Parliament of Great Britain Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 June 2017 , at 14 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was impeached in england for acts committed as governor general of india
[ "The impeachment of Warren Hastings was a failed attempt between 1788 and 1795 to impeach the first Governor-General of India in the Parliament of Great Britain. Hastings was accused of misconduct during his time in Calcutta particularly relating to mismanagement and personal corruption. The prosecution was led by Edmund Burke and became a wider debate about the role of the East India Company and the expanding empire in India." ]
[ "Warren Hastings" ]
-820436203442206141
Smallville
Smallville - Wikipedia Smallville Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the TV series . For the fictional town , see Smallville ( comics ) . Smallville Genre Superhero fiction Drama Action Based on Superman by Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster Developed by Alfred Gough Miles Millar Starring see below Opening theme `` Save Me '' by Remy Zero Composer ( s ) Mark Snow ( 2001 -- 07 ) Louis Febre ( 2007 -- 11 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 218 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Alfred Gough Miles Millar Michael Tollin Brian Robbins Joe Davola Ken Horton Greg Beeman James Marshall Todd Slavkin Darren Swimmer Kelly Souders Brian Peterson Tom Welling Location ( s ) British Columbia , Canada Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Tollin / Robbins Productions Warner Bros. Television DC Comics Millar Gough Ink Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The WB ( 2001 -- 06 ) The CW ( 2006 -- 11 ) Original release October 16 , 2001 -- May 13 , 2011 Website web.archive.org/web/20110721210945/http : / / www.cwtv.com/shows/smallville , % 20http://www.cwtv.com/shows/smallville Smallville is an American television series developed by writer - producers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar , based on the DC Comics character Superman created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster . The series , initially broadcast by The WB , premiered on October 16 , 2001 . After Smallville 's fifth season , The WB and UPN merged to form The CW , the series ' later United States broadcaster . Smallville , which ended its tenth and final season on May 13 , 2011 , follows Clark Kent ( Tom Welling ) in the fictional town of Smallville , Kansas , before he becomes known as Superman . The first four seasons focus on Clark and his friends in high school . After season five Smallville ventures into adult settings , eventually focusing on his career at the Daily Planet and introducing other DC comic - book superheroes and villains . Before the series ' production , Bruce Wayne , chronicling the young protagonist 's journey toward Batman , was proposed first . Although that series failed to generate interest , it inspired Smallville . Series developers Gough and Millar pitched their `` no tights , no flights '' rule to the president of Warner Bros. Television , reducing Superman to the bare essentials and examining what led Clark Kent to become the Man of Steel . After seven seasons with the show , Gough and Millar departed with little explanation . Smallville was primarily filmed in and around Vancouver , British Columbia , with local businesses and buildings substituting for Smallville locations . Most of the music for the first six seasons was composed by Mark Snow , who incorporated elements of John Williams ' musical score from the Superman film series . In season seven , Louis Febre ( who worked with Snow from the beginning ) became the series ' primary composer . Smallville was generally positively received when it began . Former Superman star Christopher Reeve expressed approval for the series , making two guest appearances before his death . The pilot episode set a ratings record for a WB debut , with 8.4 million viewers . Over ten seasons the series averaged about 4.34 million viewers per episode , with season two the highest - rated at 6.3 million . By the end of its run , Smallville passed Stargate SG - 1 as the longest - running North American science - fiction series . Since its first season , the series received accolades ranging from Emmys to Teen Choice Awards . Smallville spawned a series of young - adult novels , a DC Comics bimonthly comic book , soundtrack recordings and series - related merchandise . All ten seasons are available on DVD in regions 1 , 2 and 4 . In April 2012 , it continued in comic - book form with a storyline resuming shortly after the series finale , and ended in November 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Crew changes 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Broadcasting 4.1 Reception 4.2 Nielsen rankings 4.3 Accolades 5 Other media 5.1 Literature 5.1. 1 Young adult novels 5.1. 2 Comic books 5.1. 3 Smallville Season Eleven 5.1. 3.1 Main series 5.1. 3.2 Interlude series 5.2 Chloe Chronicles 5.3 Promotional tie - ins 5.4 Spin - offs 6 Home video 7 Merchandise 8 References 9 External links Series overview ( edit ) Main article : List of Smallville episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 21 October 16 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 16 ) May 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 21 ) The WB 23 September 24 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) 22 October 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 01 ) May 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 19 ) 22 September 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 18 ) 5 22 September 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 29 ) May 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 11 ) 6 22 September 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 17 ) The CW 7 20 September 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) May 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 15 ) 8 22 September 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 9 21 September 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 14 ) 10 22 September 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 13 ) The regular cast is introduced in season one , with storylines involving a villain deriving power from kryptonite exposure . The one - episode villains were a plot device developed by Gough and Millar . Smallville 's first season primarily dealt with Clark Kent 's coming to terms with his alien origin and the revelation that his arrival on Earth was connected to the death of Lana Lang 's parents . After the first season the series had fewer villain - of - the - week episodes , focusing instead on individual - character story arcs and exploring Clark 's origins . Major storylines include Clark 's discovery of his Kryptonian heritage and Lex Luthor 's escalating conflict with his father , Lionel . The disembodied voice of Clark 's father , Jor - El , is introduced ; he communicates to Clark through his spaceship , setting the stage for plots involving his role in fulfilling Clark 's earthly destiny . In a fourth - season arc Clark , instructed by Jor - El , searches for three Kryptonian stones which contain the knowledge of the universe and form his Fortress of Solitude . Clark battles Brainiac in his attempts to release the Kryptonian criminal General Zod , and must capture ( or destroy ) other escaped Phantom Zone criminals . His cousin Kara arrives , and Lex Luthor discovers Clark 's secret . The eighth season introduces Davis Bloome ( Smallville 's version of Doomsday ) , and Tess Mercer replaces the departing Lex Luthor . Justin Hartley becomes a series regular as Oliver Queen ( Green Arrow ) after being a recurring guest in season six . In the ninth season Major Zod ( Callum Blue ) and other members of Zod 's military group are revived ( without their Kryptonian powers ) by Tess Mercer , and their efforts to regain their powers are the season 's central conflict . The final season revolves around Clark 's attempts to lose his doubts and fears and become the hero he is meant to be , while confronting his biggest challenges : the coming of Darkseid and the return of Lex Luthor . Cast ( edit ) Main article : Characters of Smallville Although Welling initially refused to audition for the role of Clark Kent , he changed his mind after reading the script for the pilot episode . Tom Welling plays Clark Kent , a young man with superhuman abilities who tries to find his place in life after discovering that he is an alien and uses his powers to help those in danger . Clark 's season - one problems include his inability to share his secret and his desire for a normal life . After months of scouting , Welling was cast as Clark . Although David Nutter had to convince his manager that the role would not hurt the actor 's film career to persuade Welling to read the pilot script , after reading the script Welling agreed to audition . Kristin Kreuk plays Lana Lang , the girl next door . Grieving the loss of her parents , she has empathy for everyone and feels connected to Clark . Kreuk was the first to be cast , after Nutter saw an audition tape the actress had sent . Although she left the series after the seventh season , she returned for five episodes in season eight as a guest star . Michael Rosenbaum plays Lex Luthor , a billionaire 's son sent to Smallville to run the local fertilizer plant . After Clark saves his life , they become fast friends . As the series progresses , Lex 's friendship with Clark crumbles until they consider themselves enemies . The role was difficult to cast ; Michael Rosenbaum auditioned twice and , feeling that he did not take his first audition seriously enough , outlined a two - and - a-half - page scene indicating where to be funny , charismatic or menacing . His second audition went so well that he was hired . Rosenbaum left the show after seven seasons , reprising his role for the series finale . Allison Mack plays Chloe Sullivan , one of Clark 's best friends , who is in love with him ( although her feelings are not reciprocated ) . Editor of the school newspaper , her journalistic curiosity and desire to `` expose falsehoods '' and `` know the truth '' create tension with her friends ( especially when she investigates Clark 's past ) . After learning about Smallville from casting director Dee Dee Bradley , Mack considered auditioning for Lana Lang but auditioned twice for Chloe Sullivan . The character was created just for the series , and was intended to have an `` ethnic background '' before Mack was hired . She has since appeared in the comic book . Sam Jones III plays Pete Ross , another best friend of Clark 's and the first person to whom Clark voluntarily tells his secret . Although he is in love with Chloe , he does not admit it because of the Clark - Lana - Chloe love triangle already in place . Ross was written out of the series at the end of season three , but made a guest appearance in season seven . Jones was the last of the series regulars to be cast , with Gough and Millar seeing him four days before they began filming the pilot . In the comics Ross is Caucasian , but the producers chose to cast Jones ( who is African - American ) . Annette O'Toole plays Martha Kent , Clark 's adoptive mother . She and her husband , Jonathan , give Clark wise advice about coping with his increasing abilities . In season five Martha takes a state - senate seat , and in season six she leaves the show . Although Cynthia Ettinger was originally cast as Martha Kent , during filming everyone ( including Ettinger ) realized that she was not right for the part . O'Toole was committed to the television series The Huntress when Ettinger filmed the original pilot . Around the time the creators wanted to recast Martha Kent when The Huntress was canceled , allowing O'Toole to join the cast . The actress had played Lana Lang in Superman III . John Schneider plays Jonathan Kent , Clark 's adoptive father , who goes to great lengths to protect his son 's secret ; according to Schneider , Jonathan is `` perfectly willing to go to jail , or worse , to protect his son . '' Schneider was written out of the show in the series ' 100th episode , with Jonathan dying of a heart attack on the night of his election victory . Millar and Gough wanted a recognizable face for Smallville ; they were happy to cast Schneider as Jonathan because he was known as Bo Duke from The Dukes of Hazzard , which Gough saw as adding to the belief that Schneider could have grown up running a farm . Eric Johnson plays Whitney Fordman , Lana 's boyfriend in season one , who becomes jealous of Clark and Lana 's budding friendship and hazes him . He reconciles with Clark before joining the Marines and going to Afghanistan . Although Whitney was written out of the show in the first - season finale , he made cameo appearances in the season - two episode `` Visage '' ( where it is disclosed that he was killed in action ) and the season - four episode `` Façade '' ( during a flashback to Clark 's freshman year of high school ) . Johnson , who auditioned for Lex and Clark before he was cast as Whitney , was pleased that the writers gave his character a hero 's exit . John Glover plays Lionel Luthor , Lex 's father . Lionel is responsible for the Kents ' adoption of Clark without legal ramifications or questions about his origins . Glover tried to make Lionel seem to try to `` toughen ( Lex ) up '' , and saw the character as a rich , powerful businessman who was disappointed in his son . Lionel was created for Smallville to parallel the Kents and as an `` experiment in extreme parenting . '' A recurring first - season guest , Glover became a series regular from seasons two to seven until Lionel was murdered by Lex near the end of the seventh season . Lionel returns in a parallel - universe version , also portrayed by Glover , during the final season in a recurring role . Jensen Ackles plays Jason Teague , Lana 's love interest , in season four . He follows Lana to Smallville from Paris , taking a job as the school 's assistant football coach , but is fired when their relationship comes to light . By the end of the season , it is disclosed that he was working with his mother to track the three Kryptonian stones of knowledge . Before he was cast as Jason , Ackles was second in line for the role of Clark Kent . Although he received top billing for season four and was contracted for season five , he was written out of the show in the season - four finale because of his commitment to Supernatural . Erica Durance was cast as Lois Lane days before fourth - season filming began , and her appearance was initially restricted by the film division of Warner Bros. Studios . Erica Durance plays Lois Lane , Chloe 's cousin who comes to Smallville to investigate Chloe 's supposed death and stays with the Kents . Durance , a recurring guest in season four , became a series regular . The producers wanted to bring Lois Lane to the series , and Chloe 's supposed death in the season - three finale provided the opportunity . Durance was cast three days before filming began ; although she could initially appear in only four episodes , according to the film division of Warner Bros. , after negotiations her character was cleared for more appearances . Aaron Ashmore plays Jimmy Olsen , Chloe 's photographer boyfriend who works at the Daily Planet . Ashmore , a recurring guest in season six , became a regular cast member in season seven . He called his casting a welcome surprise : `` I auditioned for ( the role ) and I put myself on tape . I had n't heard anything , and a couple of weeks later , all of the sudden ( sic ) , I got the call saying , ' You 're going to Vancouver to start shooting Smallville . ' It 's a dream come true , really . '' After three seasons on the series ( two as a regular ) , Ashmore 's character was killed off . Although Ashmore 's Jimmy Olsen was murdered , he said his character was not the `` real '' Jimmy Olsen , his real name revealed to be Henry James Olsen . Jimmy 's younger brother , who appears briefly in the season - eight finale , is intended to be the Jimmy who works with Clark and Lois . Ashmore returns as the younger Jimmy in the series finale . Laura Vandervoort plays Kara , Clark 's Kryptonian cousin . Sent to look after Kal - El ( Clark ) , she was in suspended animation for eighteen years . When the dam confining Kara 's ship broke in the season - six finale , `` Phantom '' , she was set free . She has Clark 's abilities , including flight . At the end of the seventh season , Kara was trapped in the Phantom Zone . Although Vandervoort did not return regularly for the eighth season , she had guest appearances to wrap up her storyline in season eight 's `` Bloodline '' and season ten 's `` Supergirl '' and `` Prophecy '' . Justin Hartley plays Oliver Queen ( Green Arrow ) , the CEO of Queen Industries and leader of a small group of superheroes . Hartley , a recurring guest in the sixth and seventh seasons , became a series regular in season eight and was the producers ' first choice to play Oliver Queen . He was designed to shake up Clark and Lois in season six and to give Clark an alternate view of how to fight crime . Samuel Witwer plays Davis Bloome in season eight . A `` charismatic '' paramedic struggling with inner darkness , Davis Bloome is Smallville 's version of Doomsday ( the only character to kill Superman ) . Davis would come to resemble his comic - book counterpart over the course of the season . Brian Peterson said that with Michael Rosenbaum 's departure , the new executive producers were looking for a villain `` as great as Lex '' and Doomsday fit the bill . Cassidy Freeman plays Tess Mercer , Lex 's handpicked successor as LuthorCorp CEO in season eight . Her name is an homage to two Superman characters , Eve Teschmacher and Mercy Graves . Freeman described her character as `` fierce '' , `` fun '' , and `` intelligent '' , with finding Lex her primary season - eight goal . Tess believes that Clark will be able to help her . In the season - ten episode `` Abandoned '' , it is disclosed that her birth name is Lutessa Lena Luthor and she is Lionel 's illegitimate daughter . Callum Blue plays Zod , an early version of the criminal from Krypton who was sent to the Phantom Zone prison . His character is first mentioned in season five , when Brainiac uses Lex 's body as a vessel for Zod 's spirit , and he appears in a Kryptonian sphere in the season - eight finale . Smallville 's executive producers called this incarnation `` Major Zod '' ( as opposed to the typical `` General Zod '' ) , and in season nine `` the venomous side of Zod rises because he experiences a few key betrayals with our beloved characters '' . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Tollin / Robbins Productions originally wanted to do a series about a young Bruce Wayne , but the feature - film division of Warner Bros. decided to develop an origin movie for Batman and did not want to compete with a television series . In 2000 Tollin / Robbins approached Peter Roth , president of Warner Bros. Television , about developing a series on a young Superman . That year , Alfred Gough and Miles Millar developed a pilot based on the film Eraser . After watching the pilot , Roth approached Gough and Millar about developing a pilot about a young Superman ; the two made a `` no tights , no flights '' rule that Clark would not fly or wear the Superman suit during the series . Chloe Sullivan ( Allison Mack ) was created for the series . Gough and Millar wanted to strip Superman to his `` bare essence '' , exploring why Clark Kent became the Man of Steel . They felt that because they were not comic - book fans or familiar with the universe , they would have an unbiased approach to the series . Gough and Millar learned about the characters , researching the comics and choosing what they liked . They pitched their idea to The WB and Fox on the same day . A bidding war between the networks followed , with The WB committing to thirteen episodes . Although Roth , Gough and Millar knew the show would be action - oriented , they wanted to reach 7th Heaven 's `` middle America iconography '' . To create atmosphere , the team decided the meteor shower bringing Clark to Earth would be the ironic foundation of the show . The primary source of his life on Earth and the super-powered beings Clark must fight , it would take away the parents of the girl he loves and start Lex Luthor down a dark path . Roth appreciated Clark 's conflict in dealing with the fact that his arrival caused so much pain . The creators also had to address why Lex Luthor would socialize with young people . They created a loneliness in the character which they felt would drive him to reach out to the teenagers , a loneliness echoed in Clark and Lana . Gough and Millar wanted a parallel to the Kents and created Lionel Luthor , Lex 's father , whom they saw as conducting an `` experiment in extreme parenting . '' They wanted a younger Kent couple , to be involved in Clark 's life and help him on his journey . Chloe Sullivan ( another character created for the series ) was considered the `` outsider '' the show needed to ensure that someone would notice the strange happenings in Smallville rather than a `` precursor to Lois Lane '' . Smallville has been described by Warner Bros. as a from - the - roots reinterpretation of Superman mythology . Since the November 2004 reacquisition of Superboy by the Siegel family , a copyright infringement dispute has arisen over ownership of the fictional town of Smallville and a claimed similarity between Superboy and Smallville 's Clark Kent . According to the Siegel heirs , `` Smallville is part of the Superboy copyright '' ( which they hold ) . Crew changes ( edit ) On April 3 , 2008 , after seven seasons with the series , Gough and Millar announced that they were leaving Smallville . The developers thanked the cast and crew for their work , acknowledging that they never stopped fighting for what they saw as `` their vision '' of the show . A reason for their departure was not provided . Gough and Millar were replaced as showrunners by Todd Slavkin , Darren Swimmer , Kelly Souders and Brian Peterson . All began writing for the series at the start of the second season , and were executive producers by the seventh season . On February 6 , 2009 , after one season , the L.A. Times confirmed that Swimmer and Slavkin would take over the new CW series Melrose Place and not return for Smallville 's ninth season ; Souders and Peterson would continue as showrunners . On July 24 , 2009 , it was reported Tom Welling was a co-executive producer of the series . On March 26 , 2010 , The Hollywood Reporter disclosed that Millar , Gough and co-producer Tollin / Robins Productions filed a lawsuit against Warner Bros. and The CW charging that Hollywood 's `` vertical integration '' cost Millar and Gough millions of dollars . The suit claimed that Warner Bros. failed to `` maximize profits '' in marketing Smallville , misrepresented production costs and sold the show to foreign markets at `` well below the value of the series '' , not specifying the amount of compensation sought by the plaintiffs . In a May 20 , 2010 press release from The CW , Tom Welling was appointed an executive producer for Smallville 's tenth season . Filming ( edit ) The series was produced at BB Studios in Burnaby , British Columbia . Although production was initially planned for Australia , Vancouver had more of a `` Middle America landscape '' . The city provided a site for the Kent farm , doubled for Metropolis , provided a cheaper shooting location and was in the Los Angeles time zone . Smallville 's Main Street is a combination of two locations in the town of Merritt and Cloverdale . Cloverdale welcome sign Vancouver Technical School doubled as the exterior for Smallville High , since the school had the `` mid-American largess '' wanted by the filmmakers and was in keeping with Millar 's idea that Smallville should be the epitome of `` Smalltown , USA '' . Templeton Secondary School was used for Smallville High 's interior . During season one , the production team repainted most of Templeton in Smallville High 's red and yellow and distributed large Smallville High Crows logos ; so much of the school was painted that it adopted red and yellow as its school colors . The students became accustomed to the film crew ( which had to shoot when school was in session ) , and when a class was dismissed the crew stepped aside so the students could move the equipment to get to their lockers for the next class . The Kent farm is a working farm in Aldergrove . Owned by the Anderlinis , the crew painted their home yellow for the show . Exterior shots of Luthor Mansion were filmed at Hatley Castle in Victoria . The interiors were filmed at Shannon Mews in Vancouver , also the set for the Dark Angel pilot and the film Along Came a Spider . Clova Cinema , in Cloverdale was used for exteriors of the Talon , Smallville 's coffeehouse . The story is told from Clark 's point of view , so color schemes and camera selection illustrate how he interprets his environment . When he is safe at home , the colors are `` warm and gentle '' earth tones and the camera movement is `` very gentle '' . When Clark is keeping his secret and not in danger , the lighting is more neutral and the camera more mobile . When danger is present , the lighting becomes colder and the camera is handheld to allow for more `` extreme angles '' . In Metropolis `` clean , hard - lined architecture '' predominates , with blues , purples and reflective metals the dominant scheme . The same concept is used for the characters ; Lex usually has a `` glass , steel background '' , and Lionel has a white or `` clinical blue '' background . Lex typically wears black , grey and `` cool tones '' ( purples and blues ) . Clark is represented by red , yellow and blue , similar to the traditional Superman costume , and `` All - American '' red , white and blue . From season two onward , Entity FX produced all of the visual effects for Smallville , including the view of the Metropolis skyline . Music ( edit ) Composer Mark Snow worked with producer Ken Horton to create Smallville 's score . Snow composed music as he watched the picture , and tweaked his performance when he reviewed his initial recordings . He then sent the music to the producers , who sent it back for recomposition if needed . Individual episodes have their own soundtrack , comprising one ( or more ) songs . Jennifer Pyken and Madonna Wade - Reed of Daisy Music looked for songs for the soundtrack . Their choices were discussed by the producers , who decided which songs they wanted and secured their rights . Although Snow said it initially seemed odd to combine two types of music on a `` typical action - adventure '' television show , `` the producers seem to like the contrast of the modern songs and the traditional , orchestral approach to the score '' . I get a locked picture on a videotape which syncs up with all my gear in the studio . I write the music , finish it up , mix it up , send it through the airwaves on the internet , and the music editor puts it in . They call up usually and say , ' Thank you , well done . ' Sometimes they call and say , `` Thank you , not so well done -- can you change this or that ? '' I say `` Sure , '' make the changes and send it back . -- Mark Snow , on composing music for each episode The main Smallville theme was not composed by Snow , although he composed opening themes for other shows ( including The X-Files ) . The series ' opening music is `` Save Me '' by Remy Zero. Snow composed the closing - credits music , which was intended as Smallville 's theme . During the first two seasons , the closing - credits music was a potential theme for the series ( before `` Save Me '' was selected ) ; it was more `` heroic '' and `` in - your - face '' . Snow was told during season two that the closing credits needed new music , since the show had evolved and the existing music was no longer suitable , and he created a new , toned - down score with a more `` melodic '' sound . Snow has also reworked music from the previous Superman films . John Williams ' musical score for the Krypton sequence in the opening credits of Superman was used in season two 's `` Rosetta '' ( which featured a guest appearance by Christopher Reeve ) and several times in the season - two finale . To save money Snow recorded his version of Williams ' score , since using the original version would have required the team to pay Williams ' orchestra . In an interview with Randall Larson on May 23 , 2008 Snow said that he would not be returning to Smallville , citing the joint workload of Smallville and Ghost Whisperer , but would return for Ghost Whisperer . Reminiscing about his work on the show , Snow said that much of the music had not changed during the series and agreed with Larson that it was `` more ( about ) maintaining the heroic concept and the mythology than progressing through specific changes '' . Louis Febre , who worked closely with Snow from the beginning , became the sole composer for Smallville in season seven . Febre said that since he began composing for Smallville there was a shift to `` thematic development '' in the score , paralleling the characters ' growth : `` As Clark grew emotionally and intellectually more complex , I found a need to comment musically on his growth , and as he drew closer to his Superman persona , it became obvious that a ' Superman ' theme would be required . '' The creative team had a number of opportunities to try different music to enhance an episode 's storyline . Pyken and Wade - Reed chose and coordinated music on the show when Snow and Febre 's scores were not used . In season three 's `` Slumber '' , producer Ken Horton wondered if they could get a band to provide music for the entire episode . During a breakfast meeting with the music department of Warner Bros. R.E.M. was suggested , and Pyken and Wade - Reed immediately saw an opportunity to connect the episode 's featured band with its story ( which revolved around REM sleep ) . That season , Al Gough wanted to use Johnny Cash 's cover of the Nine Inch Nails song `` Hurt '' for the final scene of `` Shattered '' ( when Lionel Luthor looks at Lex through a one - way mirror at Belle Reve sanitarium ) as soon as he read the episode 's script . Cash died while Wade - Reed was trying to obtain the rights for the song and his heirs , believing that the song 's use in the episode would honor his memory , gave Smallville the rights . For season three 's `` Resurrection '' and `` Memoria '' , songs were chosen as symbolism for the characters . In `` Resurrection '' , The Rapture 's `` Infatuation '' was used during a scene with Lex and Lana to symbolize the question , `` Are we ever going to figure out what these two people think of each other ? '' For `` Memoria '' Gough wanted to use Evanescence 's `` My Immortal '' for the episode 's final scene , telling Wade - Reed that he saw the song as being about mothers . In that scene Clark tells Martha that his first childhood memory was of his mother , Lara . Season three 's `` Velocity '' provided the music editors with the opportunity to use hip - hop , rarely used in the series . The episode , similar to The Fast and the Furious , focused on Pete . Wade - Reed heard of British hip - hop artist Dizzee Rascal , and was the first person in the United States to secure the rights to Rascal 's album . Greg Beeman directs episodes , and sometimes scenes , with particular songs in mind . For `` Vortex '' in season two , he used Coldplay 's `` In My Place '' for the final scene . In the season - two finale `` Exodus '' , Beeman directed the scene where Lana shows up at the Kent barn before Lex 's wedding to Matthew Good 's `` Weapon '' . The lyrics speak of an angel and devil `` by my side '' , and Beeman timed specific shots to the song 's lyrics . Broadcasting ( edit ) Smallville premiered at 9 : 00 pm on Tuesday , October 16 , 2001 on The WB . For the next five seasons the series aired on The WB , moving from Tuesday at 9 : 00 pm to Wednesday at 8 : 00 pm and eventually to Thursday at 8 : 00 pm . In 2006 , before the start of Smallville 's sixth season , it was announced The WB and UPN would merge into The CW and the network reported that the series would continue in its lineup . During its seventh season , the series aired in Canada a day earlier than it did in the United States . On May 21 , 2009 it was announced that Smallville 's ninth season would move to Friday at 8 : 00 pm , considered the `` death slot '' for television programs . By the end of its tenth season it was the longest - running science - fiction TV show in the United States , breaking the record held by Stargate SG - 1 . Syndication rights became available in 2011 , and TNT began airing episodes on October 3 , 2011 . Smallville began streaming on Hulu on October 1 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Smallville set a WB record as its highest - rated series debut , with 8.4 million viewers tuned in for the pilot . Its premiere set a WB record for adults aged 18 -- 34 and finished first among viewers aged 12 -- 34 , with Warner Bros. president Jordan Levin crediting the series with invigorating the network 's Tuesday - night lineup . Smallville appeared on the cover of Entertainment Weekly as one of five new shows to watch . After its first season , the series was sixth on the Parents Television Council 's 10 - best list of broadcast programs . Levin , acknowledging early concerns that Smallville had become a villain of the week series , said that season two would introduce `` smaller mini-arcs over three to four episodes '' and become less of a `` serialized show '' . According to Gough , although each succeeding season relied more on season - long story arcs , an occasional villain - of - the - week story was necessary . The villain - of - the - week stories were more harshly criticized by fans of the Superman mythology , but Gough wanted to please them and The WB 's general audience ( teenagers who preferred villain - of - the - week stories over episodes focusing on the Superman mythology ) . Christopher Reeve , star of the Superman films , expressed his approval of the show : I was a little bit skeptical when I heard about ( Smallville ) at first , but I must say the writing , the acting , and the special effects are quite remarkable . In 1977 , a big stunt scene would have taken us a week to film -- it 's pretty impressive what they are able to do with computers and effects technology today on a weekly TV show . It gives it a lot more production value and inventiveness than I thought I was going to see when I first heard about the series . I think the show is doing a really good job following the mythology , and Tom is doing a good job following the tradition . According to MTV 's Karl Heitmueller , Smallville 's Clark Kent was a better representation of the original material and remained `` true to the heart of the story '' by showing Clark 's selflessness and his struggle between his desires and his obligations . However , Heitmueller wrote that the series would have a difficult time addressing why no one in Smallville ( including Lex Luthor ) recognized Clark when he put on the suit . TV Guide 's Michael Schneider called it one of the best examples of a superhero adaptation for television , but Christopher Hooton of Metro wrote that Smallville was a story which did not need to be told : `` No - one bothered to follow Bruce Wayne 's tedious years spent manufacturing microchips before he became Batman , so why must we endure a decade of flannel shirt - wearing Clark Kent bucking hay ? '' Nielsen Rankings ( edit ) A table of season rankings , based on average total estimated viewers per episode , of Smallville on The WB and The CW follows . `` Rank '' is the series ' ratings compared to other prime time TV series . Season Timeslot ( ET / PT ) Network Premiered Ended Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere Viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) 1 ( 2001 -- 02 ) Tuesday 9 / 8C The WB October 16 , 2001 8.40 May 21 , 2002 6.00 115 5.90 2 ( 2002 -- 03 ) September 24 , 2002 8.70 May 20 , 2003 7.50 113 6.30 3 ( 2003 -- 04 ) Wednesday 8 / 7C October 1 , 2003 6.80 May 19 , 2004 5.92 141 4.96 4 ( 2004 -- 05 ) September 22 , 2004 6.07 May 18 , 2005 5.47 124 4.40 5 ( 2005 -- 06 ) Thursday 8 / 7C September 29 , 2005 5.90 May 11 , 2006 4.85 117 4.70 6 ( 2006 -- 07 ) The CW September 28 , 2006 4.96 May 17 , 2007 4.14 125 4.10 7 ( 2007 -- 08 ) September 27 , 2007 5.18 May 15 , 2008 3.85 175 3.77 8 ( 2008 -- 09 ) September 18 , 2008 4.34 May 14 , 2009 3.13 152 3.74 9 ( 2009 -- 10 ) Friday 8 / 7C September 25 , 2009 2.58 May 14 , 2010 2.45 129 2.38 10 ( 2010 -- 11 ) September 24 , 2010 2.98 May 13 , 2011 3.02 131 3.19 Accolades ( edit ) During its ten seasons , Smallville won awards ranging from Emmys to Teen Choice Awards . In 2002 , the series won an Emmy for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series for its pilot episode . Four years later , it received an Emmy for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series for the fifth - season episode `` Arrival '' . In 2008 , Smallville again won an Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Emmy for season seven 's `` Bizarro '' . Smallville has received a number of Leo Awards . Make - up artist Natalie Cosco won two Leo Awards for Best Make - Up : for her work in the fourth - season episode `` Scare '' and in the sixth season 's `` Hydro '' and `` Wither '' . At the 2006 Leo Awards , Barry Donlevy won Best Cinematography in a Dramatic Series for his work on the fourth - season episode `` Spirit '' and David Wilson won Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series for `` Sacred '' . Smallville 's sixth season won a Best Dramatic Series Leo . James Marshall won Best Direction for `` Zod '' , Caroline Cranstoun won Best Costume Design for her work on `` Arrow '' and James Philpott won Best Production Design for `` Justice '' . In 2008 , Smallville won Leos for Best Dramatic Series and Best Cinematography . The visual - effects team was recognized for its work on the pilot with a 2002 Best Visual Effects Leo , and received 2004 VES Awards for Outstanding Compositing in a Televised Program , Music Video or Commercial for the second season 's `` Accelerate '' and Outstanding Matte Painting in a Televised Program , Music Video , or Commercial for `` Insurgence '' . In 2002 the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers honored composer Mark Snow and Remy Zero , who provided the opening song `` Save Me '' , for their contributions to the series ; the award was given to individuals who wrote the theme ( or underscore ) for the highest - rated television series in 2001 for their network . The American Society of Cinematographers awarded David Moxness for the sixth season 's `` Arrow '' , giving Glen Winter the same award the following year for his work on `` Noir '' . Series regulars have also won awards ; in 2001 , Michael Rosenbaum won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor , and Tom Welling won a Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout TV Star -- Male in 2002 . Allison Mack won the Teen Choice Best Sidekick award in 2006 and 2007 , and in 2009 Welling received the Choice TV Actor Action Adventure award . Other Media ( edit ) Smallville has generated other media and spinoffs , from young - adult novels and comic books to Internet - based mini-episodes with characters from the series . It influenced the British TV series , Merlin . Literature ( edit ) Two series of novels have been published since Smallville 's second season . A series of eight young - adult novels was published by Aspect Publishing from October 2002 to March 2004 , and a second series of ten young - adult novels was published by Little , Brown Young Readers from October 2002 to April 2004 . A bimonthly comic - book series , which often tied into the series , was also published . Young adult novels ( edit ) Three novels were published on October 1 , 2002 : one by Aspect and two by Little , Brown Young Readers . The Aspect novel ( Smallville : Strange Visitors ) was written by Roger Stern , with Clark and his friends trying to uncover the truth about two religious con men who set up shop in Smallville and use kryptonite in their spiritual seminars to rob the townspeople . Little , Brown Young Readers first published Arrival by Michael Teitelbaum , chronicling the series ' pilot . The second novel ( See No Evil , by series writers Cherie Bennett and Jeff Gottesfeld ) follows Dawn Mills , a young actress who wants to attend Juilliard . Dawn , who can become invisible , wants to get revenge on the people who have been talking behind her back but is stopped by Clark . See No Evil was one of the original storylines for season one 's `` Shimmer '' . On November 1 , 2002 Aspect published Alan Grant 's Smallville : Dragon , about an ex-convict who assumes the abilities and appearance of a dragon after he is exposed to kryptonite in a cave ; the mutation drives him to try to kill everyone who testified against him . In the novel , Clark is hypnotized into believing that he is a normal teenager with no special abilities . A month after the publication of Grant 's novel Bennett and Gottesfeld wrote Little , Brown Young Readers ' Flight , about a young girl ( Tia ) who Clark discovers has wings . He and his friends believe that Tia is being abused by her father , and teach her to overcome her fear of flying so she can find her mother . Flight ( like See No Evil ) was a planned episode , but the crew was uncertain that they could get the flying effects right and the idea was scrapped . Nancy Holder wrote the third novel in the Aspect series . Published on January 1 , 2003 , Hauntings follows Clark and his friends as they investigate a ghostly presence in a Smallville house . Little , Brown Young Readers then published Animal Rage by David and Bobby Weiss , about animal - rights activist Heather Fox ( who can change into any animal she touches ) . Heather uses this ability to harm people who hurt animals until Clark discovers it and stops her . Aspect published Dean Wesley Smith 's Whodunit , in which Clark , Chloe , Lana and Pete investigate the murder of a boy and his sister while Lex tries to decide whether to ransom his kidnapped father or try rescuing Lionel himself . Little , Brown Young Readers published the next two books in April and June 2003 . The first , Speed , was written by Cherie Bennett and Jeff Gottesfeld . The second , Buried Secrets , was written by Suzan Colon . In Speed , a boy uses an hourglass his father gave him for his birthday to stop time and commit hate crimes without being caught . Clark stops him before he disrupts a local multicultural festival . In Buried Secrets Clark and Lex fall in love with a mind - reading substitute Spanish teacher , jeopardizing their friendship . On September 9 , 2004 Aspect published Diana G. Gallagher 's Shadows , about a girl and her father who move to Smallville ; the father creates murderous monsters . Jonathan Kent assumes that the deaths are related to LuthorCorp , creating tension with his son . Clark discovers the truth to prove Lex 's innocence , stopping the creatures before they can kill again . Colon returned to write Runaway , in which Clark runs away to the city and lives with other homeless teenagers ; he falls in love with one of the girls before returning home . In Smallville : Silence by Nancy Holder , the characters investigate zombies in town . Little , Brown Young Readers published its eighth book , Greed , by Bennett and Gottesfeld in which Clark and his friends take summer jobs as counselors at a camp for disadvantaged youths . When a boy falls into Crater Lake , he develops the ability to foretell the future and Lionel tries to exploit this . Pete also tries to exploit Clark 's abilities by tricking him into playing in a basketball game and betting on the outcome . Alan Grant returned to write Curse , about a gravedigger who unleashes a 150 - year - old curse onto Smallville and Clark 's attempts to put things right . On February 1 , 2004 Little , Brown Young Readers published Suzan Colon 's Temptation , where Clark uses red kryptonite in an attempt to impress Lana and Chloe when they are infatuated with a French exchange student . Aspect published its final novel on March 1 , 2004 . Written by Devin K. Grayson , City follows Clark and Lex on a trip to Metropolis . In the city , they are caught between the Japanese mafia and a secret agent who thinks he has found an alien . In Little , Brown Young Readers ' final novel , `` Sparks '' by Cherie Bennett and Jeff Gottesfeld , Chloe is hit by kryptonite sparks from a fireworks display . The sparks make Chloe the desire of every man , but when they wear off an admirer kidnaps her and she is rescued by Clark . Comic Books ( edit ) Smallville 's first venture into comics was `` Elemental '' , a one - off story by Gough and Millar which appeared in TV Guide during the series ' first season and set in that period . Before the start of season two , DC Comics published a one - off comic based on the series . Entitled Smallville : The Comic , it has two stories . The first , `` Raptor '' by Mark Verheiden and Roy Martinez , is about an abused boy who mutates into a raptor ( thanks to kryptonite ) and tries to get revenge on the Luthor family . Michael Green and John Paul Leon wrote `` Exile and The Kingdom '' , with insight into why Lex remains in Smallville after his father offers him a position in Metropolis at the end of season one . DC Comics then began publishing a bimonthly comic with stories about Smallville characters . Writer and script coordinator Clint Carpenter called the comic - book line a companion to the series rather than a non-canonical version . According to Carpenter , the comic - book line expands on events in the series ( such as season - ending cliffhangers ) and gives `` additional depth '' to characters with limited screen time on the series or whose storylines needed additional explanation . Carpenter was not the first person asked to oversee the comic ; Mark Verheiden , who co-wrote the one - off comic , was originally intended to be in charge of the bimonthly series . Verheiden 's commitment to the TV series kept him from working on the comic books , so he asked Carpenter if he would take them on . Although the comic - book series was intended to expand on the TV series , there was an occasional continuity overlap because of differences in production schedule between the comic and the series . In one instance , the comic book showed Clark robbing an ATM and the season - three premiere showed him robbing multiple ATMs . The comic - book series tied into the TV series , the Chloe Chronicles webisodes and Smallville - related webpages , with cast and crew interviews and information on the episodes ' production . The comic - book series ended in January 2005 , with no comics published until the Season Eleven series debut . # Title Publisher Year ISBN Reprints Smallville DC Comics ISBN 9781401202040 Collects ( show ) The reprinted material is , in whole or in part , from : Smallville : The Comics # 1 ( November 2002 ) and Smallville # 1 -- 4 ( March -- November 2003 ) Credits and full notes ( show ) Writer ( s ) Clint Carpenter Michael Green Mark Verheiden Penciller ( s ) Thomas Denrenick Tom Derenick Renato Guedes John Paul Leon Kilian Plunkett John Van Fleet Note : The full title of all volumes listed here start with `` Smallville : `` . Smallville season Eleven ( edit ) The first digital issue of a Smallville Season Eleven comic book was released on April 13 , 2012 ; the first print issue was published on May 2 , 2012 . In the comic book ( written by Smallville executive story editor Bryan Q. Miller ) , set six months after Darkseid 's attack , Clark no longer fights crime as `` The Blur '' but as `` Superman '' . Although Clark is generally accepted by the public , some distrust him ( including Lex Luthor , despite his memory loss after his encounter with Tess Mercer ) . TV Guide reported that `` Detective '' , a new series of adventures paralleling the TV series and the comic series ' second arc , would be published digitally on the title 's off - week beginning January 4 , 2013 . A new arc , `` Effigy '' , would feature a team - up of recurring character John Jones and Batman . DC Comics cancelled the series after nineteen issues at the end of the `` Olympus '' story arc , with the rest of the season - eleven story continuing as miniseries under the Season Eleven banner . On March 11 , 2015 , DC Comics ended the Smallville Season Eleven with story arc `` Continuity '' , which serves as the finale of the television franchise . Main series ( edit ) # Title Publisher Year ISBN Reprints Guardian DC Comics 2013 ISBN 9781401238247 Collects ( show ) The reprinted material is , in whole or in part , from : Smallville Season Eleven # 1 -- 4 ( May 2012 -- August 2012 ) * * Digital releases ( April 2012 -- July 2012 ) Credits and full notes ( show ) Writer ( s ) Bryan Q. Miller Penciller ( s ) Pere Perez Ryan Benjamin Gary Frank Cat Staggs Saleem Crawford Joel Benjamin Six months after Darkseid 's defeat , Clark enjoys the general acceptance from the public . Lex Luthor makes plans to destroy Superman , despite having lost all of his memories . In addition , Lex encounters his half - sister , Tess Mercer , and a visitor from a parallel Earth arrives to warn Clark about a `` Crisis '' . Detective DC Comics 2013 ISBN 9781401240943 Collects ( show ) The reprinted material is , in whole or in part , from : Smallville Season Eleven # 5 -- 8 ( September 2012 -- December 2012 ) * * Digital releases ( August 2012 -- November 2012 ) Credits and full notes ( show ) Writer ( s ) Bryan Q. Miller Penciller ( s ) Chris Cross Marc Deering Jamal Igle Mico Suayan Gotham City 's heroic duo , Batman and Nightwing , arrive into Metropolis to locate Thomas and Martha Wayne 's killer , Joe Chill . They eventually team - up with Clark and his friends to battle against the Intergang , Oswald Loomis , and Victor Fries . Additionally , Chloe reveals a secret to Oliver , and Lex learns why Tess erased his memories . Haunted DC Comics 2013 ISBN 9781401242916 Collects ( show ) The reprinted material is , in whole or in part , from : Smallville Season Eleven # 9 -- 12 ( January 2013 -- April 2013 ) * * Digital releases ( December 2012 -- March 2013 ) Credits and full notes ( show ) Writer ( s ) Bryan Q. Miller Penciller ( s ) Jorge Jimenez Pere Perez Cat Staggs Scott Kolins Bart Allen returns and meets with the Justice Society of America Jay Garrick . Lex is determined to learn Tess 's secrets regarding Superman and his allies , and Chloe learns about her deceased parallel universe counterpart . This is chronologically parallel to the interlude story arc Effigy . Argo DC Comics 2014 ISBN 9781401246372 Collects ( show ) The reprinted material is , in whole or in part , from : Smallville Season Eleven # 13 -- 15 , Smallville Season Eleven Special # 2 ( May 2013 -- July 2013 ) Credits and full notes ( show ) Writer ( s ) Bryan Q. Miller Penciller ( s ) Daniel HDR Pete Woods Clark and Michael Jon Carter ( Booster Gold ) travel to the 31st century to team - up with the Legion of Super-Heroes trying to stop war between Earth and a shocking enemy , Kara ! This is chronologically parallel to the interlude story arc Valkyrie . 5 Olympus DC Comics 2014 ISBN 9781401250768 Collects ( show ) The reprinted material is , in whole or in part , from : Smallville Season Eleven # 16 -- 19 ( August 2013 -- November 2013 ) Credits and full notes ( show ) Writer ( s ) Bryan Q. Miller Penciller ( s ) Jorge Jimenez Cat Staggs Twenty years ago , a young Steve Trevor washed up on the island of Themyscira and met the Amazon princess Diana . Now , Diana and Trevor finds the latter 's mother disappears , and their search for her leading them face - to - face with Clark . This is chronologically parallel to the story arc Hollow . The main series ended after # 19 , and the rest of Season Eleven continues though mini-series . Note : The full title of all volumes listed here start with `` Smallville Season 11 : `` . Interlude series ( edit ) # Title Publisher Year ISBN Reprints Effigy DC Comics 2013 Collects ( show ) The reprinted material is , in whole or in part , from : Smallville : Season 11 Special -- Chapter 28 : Effigy , Part 1 ( Digital Release January 4 , 2013 ) Smallville : Season 11 Special - Chapter 32 : Effigy , Part 2 ( Digital Release February 1 , 2013 ) Smallville : Season 11 Special - Chapter 36 : Effigy , Part 3 ( Digital Release March 1 , 2013 ) Smallville : Season 11 Special -- Chapter 37 : Effigy , Part 4 ( Digital Release March 8 , 2013 ) Credits and full notes ( show ) Writer ( s ) Bryan Q. Miller Penciller ( s ) Jorge Jimenez Cat Staggs After an attack from a White Martian has left Barbara Gordon injured , John Jones arrives and offers Bruce Wayne his assistance on the investigation . This is chronologically parallel to the story arc Haunted . Valkyrie DC Comics 2013 Collects ( show ) The reprinted material is , in whole or in part , from : Smallville : Season 11 -- Chapter 41 : Valkyrie , Part 1 ( Digital Release April 5 , 2013 ) Smallville : Season 11 -- Chapter 45 : Valkyrie , Part 2 ( Digital Release May 3 , 2013 ) Smallville : Season 11 -- Chapter 46 : Valkyrie , Part 3 ( Digital Release May 10 , 2013 ) Smallville : Season 11 -- Chapter 50 : Valkyrie , Part 4 ( Digital Release June 7 , 2013 ) Credits and full notes ( show ) Writer ( s ) Bryan Q. Miller As Clark travels to the 31st century with Michael Carter ( Booster Gold ) to avert a future war , Lois meets Lana at Cameroon . This is chronologically parallel to the story arc Argo . Hollow DC Comics 2013 Collects ( show ) The reprinted material is , in whole or in part , from : Credits and full notes ( show ) Writer ( s ) Bryan Q. Miller Penciller ( s ) Jorge Jimenez Beni Lobel Tess finds herself that she must make a choice : should she initiate her revenge on Lex for her death , or to become the hero everyone believe her to be ? Note : The full title of all volumes listed here start with `` Smallville Season 11 Specials : `` . Chloe Chronicles ( edit ) Allison Mack 's character , Chloe Sullivan , has starred in two promotional tie - in series : Smallville : Chloe Chronicles , and Vengeance Chronicles . Two volumes of Chloe Chronicles totaled eleven mini-episodes . In the first volume Chloe investigated events leading to the death of Earl Jenkins , who held Chloe and her friends hostage at the LuthorCorp plant in the first - season episode `` Jitters '' . It aired from April 29 to May 20 , 2003 to AOL subscribers . After the first volume received positive responses from viewers , the second volume was created as a continuation with Sam Jones III as Pete Ross . This volume used the Smallville comic books as a secondary tie - in to the series . Viewers could watch Smallville , Chloe 's Chronicles and finish with the Smallville comic book , which would provide an `` enhanced backstory to the online segments '' . The later series , Vengeance Chronicles , is a spinoff of the fifth - season episode `` Vengeance '' . In this series Chloe joins a costumed vigilante , whom she calls the `` Angel of Vengeance '' , to expose Lex Luthor 's Level 33.1 experiments on meteor - infected people . The idea for an online show about Chloe originated with Mark Warshaw , who ran the show 's website and was in charge of the DVDs . The series intended to wrap up `` unfinished business '' from the television show . Although Smallville : Chloe Chronicles began on AOL , it made its way to the United Kingdom 's Channel 4 website . According to Lisa Gregorian , senior vice president for television of Warner Bros. Marketing Services , `` Our goal is to create companion programming that offers new and exciting ways to engage the audience , just as music videos did for record promotion . '' Allison Mack described the show as `` very Nancy Drew and mysterious '' : `` I think it 's a bit more like The X-Files or NYPD Blue . The Chronicles are like a detective story , with Chloe following clues and interviewing people , going from spot to spot , figuring things out . '' The scripts were written by Brice Tidwell ; Mack was given script approval for the series , allowing her to review and make changes to the script . Warshaw communicated with Gough and Millar to expand Smallville stories in Chloe 's Chronicles . Promotional tie - ins ( edit ) For the season - three premiere , the Smallville producers teamed up with Verizon to enable its registered users to view plot updates ( as Daily Planet press releases ) , quizzes and games related to the show with Verizon product placement . Smallville Legends : The Oliver Queen Chronicles , a six - episode CGI series chronicling the early life of Oliver Queen , was released in a promotional tie - in with Sprint . According to Warner Bros. Television Group executive vice-president of worldwide marketing Lisa Gregorian , the promotional tie - ins got fans more connected to the show . On April 19 , 2007 a tie - in with Toyota promoting the Yaris featured an online comic strip , Smallville Legends : Justice & Doom , as an interstitial program during new Smallville episodes . The interactive comic was based on the `` Justice '' episode , which follows Oliver Queen , Bart Allen , Victor Stone and Arthur Curry ( the initial members of the `` Justice League '' in Smallville ) as they seek to destroy LuthorCorp 's secret experimental labs . The online series allowed viewers to investigate with the fictional team to win prizes . Stephan Nilson wrote all five episodes , working with a team of artists on the illustrations . Nilson received the plot for each comic episode as Smallville 's production crew was filming its current television episode . Artist Steve Scott drew comic - book panels which were sent to Motherland , a consulting group . Motherland reviewed the drawings , telling Scott which images to draw on a separate overlay ; this allowed objects to be moved in and out of a frame . In 2008 The CW joined the manufacturers of Stride gum to give viewers an opportunity to create their own Smallville digital comic , Smallville : Visions . The writers and producers developed the comic 's beginning and end , allowing viewers to provide the middle . The CW began its tie - in campaign with the March 13 , 2008 episode `` Hero '' , where Pete develops superhuman elasticity after chewing kryptonite - infused Stride gum . On The CW 's website , viewers voted on one of two options ( each adding four pages to the comic ) every Tuesday and Thursday until the campaign ended on April 7 . In season seven Smallville again worked with Sprint , bringing its customers `` mobisodes '' entitled Smallville Legends : Kara and the Chronicles of Krypton with Clark 's cousin Kara . Spin - offs ( edit ) Gough and Millar developed an Aquaman pilot for The WB , with Justin Hartley as Aquaman ( Arthur Curry ) . As work progressed on the Smallville season - five episode `` Aqua '' , although the episode was not intended as a backdoor pilot for an Aquaman spin - off the character was seen as having potential for his own series . Alan Ritchson was not considered for the role in the new series , because Gough and Millar did not consider it a Smallville spin - off . Gough said in November 2005 , `` ( The series ) is going to be a different version of the ' Aquaman ' legend '' and suggested a crossover with Smallville at some point . Although the pilot was given a good chance of being picked up , when The WB and UPN merged into The CW the new network passed on the show . During the sixth season there was talk of spinning off the Green Arrow into his own series , but Hartley refused to talk about the possibility of a spin - off because of his role on Smallville . The actor felt it his duty to respect what the show had accomplished in five seasons , and not `` steal the spotlight '' because there was `` talk '' of a spin - off after his two appearances . According to Hartley , `` talking '' was as far as the spin - off idea ever got . Home Video ( edit ) Seasons one through ten have been released on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . Seasons five and six were also released in the now - obsolete HD DVD format on November 28 , 2006 and September 18 , 2007 , respectively . Seasons six , seven , eight , nine and ten have been released for Blu - ray . The DVD releases include deleted scenes , behind - the - scenes featurettes and commentary by cast and crew members on selected episodes . The promotional tie - ins Chloe Chronicles and Vengeance Chronicles accompanied the season two , three and five box sets . Other special features include interactive functionality ( such as a tour of Smallville ) , a comic book and DVD - ROM material . Complete Season Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 1st September 23 , 2003 October 13 , 2003 December 3 , 2003 2nd May 18 , 2004 September 17 , 2004 January 1 , 2005 3rd November 16 , 2004 April 18 , 2005 July 13 , 2005 4th September 13 , 2005 October 10 , 2005 November 11 , 2006 5th September 12 , 2006 August 28 , 2006 April 4 , 2007 6th September 18 , 2007 October 22 , 2007 March 5 , 2008 7th September 9 , 2008 October 13 , 2008 March 3 , 2009 8th August 25 , 2009 October 12 , 2009 March 31 , 2010 9th September 7 , 2010 October 25 , 2010 June 22 , 2011 10th November 29 , 2011 October 17 , 2011 April 4 , 2012 Complete series November 29 , 2011 October 17 , 2011 August 1 , 2012 Season Smallville Blu - ray releases Region A Region B United States Canada United Kingdom Australia 6th September 18 , 2007 October 9 , 2007 October 13 , 2008 March 3 , 2009 7th September 9 , 2008 October 13 , 2008 March 3 , 2009 8th August 25 , 2009 October 12 , 2009 March 31 , 2010 9th September 7 , 2010 October 25 , 2010 June 22 , 2011 10th November 29 , 2011 October 17 , 2011 April 4 , 2012 Merchandise ( edit ) Since Smallville began airing , a variety of merchandise connected with the series has been produced . Two soundtrack albums of songs from the show have been released . On February 25 , 2003 Smallville : The Talon Mix , with a group of artists who licensed their music for the show , was issued . Smallville : The Metropolis Mix , with another group of artists , was released on November 8 , 2005 . In addition to the soundtracks , action figures , T - shirts , hats and posters have been produced . In December 2002 autographed Smallville merchandise was listed for auction on eBay , with the proceeds going to charity . In 2003 , Titan Magazines began publishing a monthly Smallville magazine with cast and crew interviews , information on Smallville merchandise and photos . The 34th and final issue was published in November 2009 . Titan Books published companion volumes for each season with cast and crew interviews , episode descriptions and behind - the - scenes photos . On September 1 , 2004 , the company published its first companion for the series . Written by Paul Simpson , the book has sixteen pages of color photos of the cast . On March 1 , 2005 Titan Books published its season - two companion , also written by Simpson , which details the series ' special effects . Titan published the third - season companion on September 1 , the last written by Simpson . He described the episodes ' plots , discussing the neglect of the Martha Kent character and the failure of the Adam Knight storyline . Titan Books released the fourth - season companion by Craig Byrne , who wrote the subsequent companion books , on September 4 , 2007 . It contains interviews with the cast and crew and color photos of the production . Titan published the season - five companion on December 26 , 2007 . The season - six companion , with an introduction by Justin Hartley , was published on March 25 , 2008 . The season - seven companion ( Titan 's last ) has a foreword by Laura Vandervoort , a reflection on the `` Smallville phenomenon '' and a discussion of Gough and Millar 's departure . In 2010 , the Smallville Roleplaying Game was released by Margaret Weis Productions using its Cortex Plus System . Using the series ' season - nine setting , it includes rules for earlier seasons . Two supplements , the High School Yearbook and the Watchtower Report , were produced . Players can play the characters from Smallville , or create their own spin - off of the series . On May 15 , 2013 Ultimate Smallville Soundtrack , a five - CD box set with 100 songs from the series ' 10 seasons , was released by Vicious Records with all profits benefiting the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : David Lambert ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` The Complete Series on DVD : Timeframe , Packaging , New Extras and Answer to ' Why Not On Blu - ray ? ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Darren Sumner ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Smallville bows this week -- with Stargate 's world record '' . GateWorld . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pilot '' commentary by Al Gough , Miles Millar and David Nutter ( DVD ) . Warner Bros. Television . 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Paul ( 2004 ) . Smallville : The Official Companion Season 1 . London : Titan Books . pp. 8 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84023 - 795 - 5 . Jump up ^ D.J. Nock ( November 25 , 2004 ) . `` Smallville : The Complete Second Season '' . DVD Times . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Al Gough , Miles Millar ( writers ) & James Marshall ( director ) ( February 25 , 2003 ) . `` Rosetta '' . Smallville . Season 2 . Episode 17 . The WB . Jump up ^ Kenneth Biller ( writer ) & Terrence O'Hara ( director ) ( May 13 , 2003 ) . `` Calling '' . Smallville . Season 2 . Episode 22 . 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The CW . ^ Jump up to : Kristin Dos Santos ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` Smallville Season Eight : Look Who 's In ! '' . Eonline . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelly Souders , Brian Peterson ( writers ) & Kevin Fair ( director ) ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Savior '' . Smallville . Season 9 . Episode 1 . The CW . Jump up ^ Al Septien , Turi Meye , Brian Peterson , Kelly Souders ( writers ) , Kevin Fair & Greg Beeman ( directors ) ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Finale '' . Smallville . Season 10 . Episode 21 / 22 . The CW . Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul , ( Season 1 Companion ) , pp. 112 -- 115 Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul , ( Season 1 Companion ) , pp. 116 -- 119 ^ Jump up to : Rob Salem ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Shaking things up in Smallville '' . Toronto : The Star . Retrieved May 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : ' CSI ' Sex Shocker ! Lana Back to ' Smallville ' ! Gay Panic at ' Grey 's ' ! ' 24 ' Villain 's Alive ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Paul , ( Season 1 Companion ) , pp. 20 -- 23 Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul , ( Season 1 Companion ) , pp. 120 -- 123 Jump up ^ Kristin Dos Santos ( May 1 , 2008 ) . `` Breaking : Michael Rosenbaum Has Left Smallville '' . Eonline . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich and Michael Ausiello ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Smallville Exclusive ! Michael Rosenbaum Back for Series Finale : ' I 'm Doing It For the Fans ' '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Matthew Okumura ( writer ) & Bill Gereghty ( director ) ( February 18 , 2003 ) . `` Fever '' . Smallville . Season 2 . Episode 16 . The WB . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Paul , ( Season 1 Companion ) , pp. 128 -- 131 ^ Jump up to : Alfred Gough , Miles Millar ( writers ) & Greg Beeman ( director ) ( November 5 , 2002 ) . `` Lineage '' . Smallville . Season 2 . Episode 7 . The WB . 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Retrieved July 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul , ( Season 1 Companion ) , pp. 140 -- 143 Jump up ^ Kelly Souders , Brian Peterson ( writers ) & Greg Beeman ( director ) ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` Reckoning '' . Smallville . Season 5 . Episode 12 . The WB . Jump up ^ Philip Levens , Alfred Gough ( writers ) & Greg Beeman ( director ) ( May 21 , 2002 ) . `` Tempest '' . Smallville . Season 1 . Episode 21 . The WB . Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul , ( Season 1 Companion ) , pp. 132 -- 135 Jump up ^ Jennifer Squires Biller ( August 20 , 2007 ) . `` Interview with Flash Gordon 's Eric Johnson '' . Tube Talk . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul , ( Season 1 Companion ) , pg. 144 Jump up ^ Don Whitehead , Holly Henderson ( writers ) & Ken Horton ( director ) ( April 17 , 2008 ) . `` Descent '' . Smallville . Season 7 . Episode 16 . The CW . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Luthor Returning to Smallville '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kelly Souders , Brian Peterson ( writers ) & Greg Beeman ( director ) ( September 29 , 2004 ) . `` Gone '' . Smallville . Season 4 . Episode 2 . The WB . Jump up ^ Brian Peterson , Kelly Souders ( writers ) & James Marshall ( director ) ( May 11 , 2005 ) . `` Forever '' . Smallville . Season 4 . Episode 21 . The WB . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( September 4 , 2007 ) . Smallville : The Official Companion Season 4 . Titan Books . p. 124 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 957 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ileane Rudolph ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` Up Close With Supernatural 's Jensen Ackles : Part 1 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig , ( Season 4 Companion ) pp. 138 -- 141 Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( August 2 , 2006 ) . `` IGN : IGN Interview : Aaron Ashmore on Becoming Smallville 's Jimmy Olsen '' . IGN . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Find out why ' Smallville ' killed off a character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rich Sands ( June 11 , 2007 ) . `` Exclusive : Supergirl Soars Into Smallville '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` Smallville Exclusive : Kara 's Future Is Up , Up in the Air '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Caroline Dries ( writer ) & Michael Rohl ( director ) ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Bloodline '' . Smallville . Season 8 . Episode 8 . The CW . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig , ( Season 6 Companion ) pp. 136 -- 139 ^ Jump up to : `` Doomsday actor named for ' Smallville ' season eight '' . Comics2Film . June 20 , 2008 . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Craig Byrne . `` Roundtable interview with Sam Witwer '' . Kryptonsite . Retrieved August 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Craig Byrne . `` Roundtable interview with executive producers Kelly Souders and Brian Peterson ( part 1 ) '' . Kryptonsite . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Catwoman 2 , Punisher : War Zone , Transformers 2 : July 30 Comic Reel '' . Comic Book Resources . July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Craig Byrne . `` Roundtable interview with Cassidy Freeman '' . Kryptonsite . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( Nov 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' Smallville ' recap : ' Abandoned ' : Teri Hatcher , as Lois ' mom , upstaged by Julian Sands , Helen Slater , and Lindsay Hartley '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville Casting News : Callum Blue Has Zod Complex '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rich Sands ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Smallville 's Zod Complex '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barry Garron ( October 15 , 2001 ) . `` Smallville '' . MichaelRosenbaum.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metamorphosis '' commentary by Al Gough and Miles Millar ( DVD ) . Warner Bros. Television . 2002 . Jump up ^ Brian Cronin ( August 2 , 2006 ) . `` Superboy Copyright FAQ '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred Gough and Miles Millar Exit Smallville '' . SuperHeroHype.com. April 3 , 2008 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Denise Martin ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` ' Smallville ' producers set to helm ' Melrose Place ' reboot '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WBTV Press Release '' . TheWB.com . July 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ; Matthew Belloni ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' Smallville ' producers claim Warner Bros. self - dealing cost them millions '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Announces 2010 -- 2011 Schedule '' . CWtv.com . May 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` School Highlights ; -- School Profile '' . vsb.bc.ca . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2007 . Retrieved October 19 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Paul , ( Season 3 Companion ) , pg. 69 Jump up ^ `` Cloverdale Filming Including Smallville '' . Cloverdale Business Improvement Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Al Gough , Miles Millar , Greg Beeman , Kent Horton , and Michael Rosenbaum . `` Memoria '' commentary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Warner Bros. Television . Jump up ^ `` ' Smallville ' : Visual effects gurus who made Clark super '' . Hero Complex . May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Paul , ( Season 1 Companion ) , pp. 154 -- 155 ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Paul , pp. 102 -- 115 Jump up ^ Randall Larson ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Interview : Mark Snow on X-Files : I Want To Believe '' . BuySoundTrax.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dan Pulliam ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` Louis Febre Exclusive Interview '' . Smallville PH . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul ( March 2004 ) . Smallville : The Official Companion Season 2 . London : Titan Books . pp. 62 -- 65 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 947 - 6 . Jump up ^ Paul Simpson ( September 2005 ) . Smallville Season 3 Companion . London : Titan Books . pp. 26 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84023 - 952 - 2 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul , ( Season 3 Companion ) pp. 46 -- 49 Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul , ( Season 3 Companion ) , pp. 70 -- 73 Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul , ( Season 3 Companion ) , pp. 100 -- 111 Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul , ( Season 3 Companion ) pp. 62 -- 65 Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul , ( Season 2 Companion ) , pg. 16 Jump up ^ Rob Owen ( November 29 , 2001 ) . `` Tuned In : It 's time to revisit the season 's new shows '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville Episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jessica Seid ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` ' Gilmore Girls ' meet ' Smackdown ' : CW Network to combine WB , UPN in CBS - Warner venture beginning in September . '' . CNN Money . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bill Harris . `` Vandervoort takes off on ' Smallville ' '' . Sun Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Breaking : CW renews ' Smallville , ' ' Gossip Girl , ' ' One Tree Hill , ' ' Supernatural , ' and ' 90210 ' '' . ew.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2009 schedule '' . TVbythenumbers . May 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville will break Stargate SG - 1 's world record '' . GateWorld . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pavan -- SitcomsOnline.com ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` TNT Fall 2011 Schedule Has Smallville ; Nick at Nite Removes Summer Marathons Early -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . Blog.sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hulu -- What 's Coming and Going in October '' . Jump up ^ Seth Gunderson ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` Smallville , Kansas . The biggest little town you 've ever seen . '' . The Trades . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rob Allstetter ( December 21 , 2001 ) . `` Mass o ' Media : Smallville gets a full season '' . Comics Buyer 's Guide ( 1466 ) : 14 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast TV may test limits on sex , language '' . Baptist Press . August 26 , 2002 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rob Owen ( January 16 , 2002 ) . `` Tuned In : UPN got ' Buffy , ' but WB gets ratings '' . Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul , ( Season 3 Companion ) pp. 38 -- 41 Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul , pp. 78 -- 81 Jump up ^ Karl Heimueller ( June 27 , 2006 ) . `` The ' Superman ' Fanboy Dilemma , Part 5 : What If ' Returns ' Is ( Gasp ) Kraptonite ? '' . MTV . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael . `` TV 's New Heroes '' , TV Guide , July 11 , 2011 , pages 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Christopher Hooton ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Smallville limps toward the finish line '' . Metro . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gunderson , Seth ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` Smallville , Kansas . The biggest little town you 've ever seen . '' . The Trades . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Episode List : Smallville -- Season 1 '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How did your favorite show rate ? ( 2001 -- 02 ) '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WB is getting its mojo back '' . Medialifemagazine.com . September 26 , 2002 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Episode List : Smallville -- Season 2 '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2002 -- 03 Ratings '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Episode List : Smallville -- Season 3 '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 25 , 2004 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2003 -- 04 Ratings '' . ABC Medianet . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 -- 05 Primetime Wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 4 , 2005 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 3 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 -- 07 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , September 15 -- 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2008 . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , May 11 -- 17 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CW Premiere Plan Features Tree Hill Time Swap , Smallville Delay '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Dollhouse Premiere 18 -- 49 Rating Increases To A 1.5 Via DVR ; Hopeful or Futile ? '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Paul Millar ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` 2.5 m watch ' Smallville ' season finale '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The CW announces return dates for ' Gossip Girl ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Smallville , ' and more ! '' . ausiellofiles.ew.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Finals : Supernatural Up ; Dateline Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' Smallville ' Wraps Its Ten - Year Run With a Two - Hour Series Finale Event on Friday , May 13 on The CW '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2It.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' CSI : NY , ' ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Friday Night Lights , ' and ' Kitchen Nightmares Adjusted Up , No Adjustments To ' Smallville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Full 2010 -- 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Tops DVR Ratings Gain For The 2010 -- 11 Season ; ' Fringe ' Has Biggest % Increase By DVR '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CNN 's 2002 Emmy Winners '' . CNN . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Primetime Emmy Winners '' . Emmys.org . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 2006 Creative Arts Emmy winners press release '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Emmys.org . August 19 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Emmy Winners '' ( PDF ) . Emmys.tv . September 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved September 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Leo Awards '' . LeoAwards.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 Leo Awards '' . LeoAwards.com . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Leo Awards '' . LeoAwards.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Leo Awards '' . LeoAwards.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Leo Awards '' . LeoAwards.com . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Visual Effects Society Awards '' . VESAwards.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2008 . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 ASCAP Awards '' . ASCAP . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Retrieved May 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Previous ASC Award Winners '' . Alternative Film Guide . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Television Awards '' . Saturn Awards . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved May 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Teen Choice Awards '' . All Your TV . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved May 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Teen Choice Award Winners '' . Fox . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Teen Choice Award Winners '' . Fox . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Teen Choice Awards , Nominees , Winners , TV Schedule '' . ChiFF.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark Sweney ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` Merlin : BBC cues up TV and cinema ads '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roger Stern ( October 1 , 2002 ) . Smallville : Strange Visitors . Aspect . p. 304 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 61213 - 8 . Jump up ^ Michael Teitelbaum ( October 1 , 2002 ) . Smallville : Arrival . Little , Brown Young Readers . p. 180 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 17359 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cherie Bennett & Jeff Gottesfeld ( October 1 , 2002 ) . Smallville : See No Evil. Little , Brown Young Readers . p. 180 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 17301 - 0 . Jump up ^ Smallville No. 10 , pg. 37 , ASIN B001DF5N62 Jump up ^ Alan Grand ( November 1 , 2002 ) . Smallville : Dragon . Aspect . p. 256 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 61214 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cherie Bennett & Jeff Gottesfeld ( December 1 , 2002 ) . Smallville : Flight . Little , Brown Young Readers . p. 180 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 17468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Smallville No. 10 , pg. 38 , ASIN B001DF5N62 Jump up ^ Nancy Holder ( January 1 , 2003 ) . Smallville : Hauntings . Aspect . p. 288 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 61215 - 4 . Jump up ^ David Weiss & Bobby Weiss ( February 1 , 2003 ) . Smallville : Animal Rage. Little , Brown Young Readers . p. 176 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 17421 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dean Wesley Smith ( March 1 , 2003 ) . Smallville : Whodunnit . Aspect . p. 240 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 61216 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cherie Bennett & Jeff Gottesfeld ( April 16 , 2003 ) . Smallville : Speed . Little , Brown Young Readers . p. 208 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 16816 - 5 . Jump up ^ Suzan Colon ( June 1 , 2003 ) . Smallville : Buried Secrets . Little , Brown Young Readers . p. 208 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 16848 - 3 . Jump up ^ Diana G. Gallagher ( September 1 , 2003 ) . Smallville : Shadows . Aspect . p. 272 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 61360 - 6 . Jump up ^ Suzan Colon ( October 1 , 2003 ) . Smallville : Runaway . Little , Brown Young Readers . p. 208 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 73476 - 4 . Jump up ^ Nancy Holder ( November 1 , 2003 ) . Smallville : Silence . Aspect . p. 320 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 61359 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cherie Bennett & Jeff Gottesfeld ( December 1 , 2003 ) . Smallville : Greed . Little , Brown Young Readers . p. 176 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 73477 - 2 . Jump up ^ Alan Grant ( January 1 , 2004 ) . Smallville : Curse . Aspect . p. 288 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 61361 - 4 . Jump up ^ Suzan Colon ( February 1 , 2004 ) . Smallville : Temptation . Little , Brown Young Readers . p. 192 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 73478 - 0 . Jump up ^ Devin K. Grayson ( March 1 , 2004 ) . Smallville : City . Aspect . p. 272 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 61362 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cherie Bennett ( April 1 , 2004 ) . Smallville : Sparks. Little , Brown Young Readers . p. 176 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 73479 - 9 . Jump up ^ Smallville : Elemental . TV Guide ( Radnor , Pennsylvania ) . December 8 , 2001 , ( TV Guide presents a special feature from DC Comics ) , Gemstar - TV Guide International 27 . ^ Jump up to : R.J. Carter ( October 28 , 2002 ) . `` Comic Book Review : Smallville : The Comic '' . The Trades . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Arune Singh ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` Somebody Save Me : Clint Carpenter talks ' Smallville , ' the TV show and the comic '' . Comic Book Reviews . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` America Online Offers Exclusive Access To Series Of New Online Adventures Tied To The WB 's Hit Series ' Smallville ' '' . Time Warner . April 14 , 2004 . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ R.J. Carter ( March 22 , 2003 ) . `` Comic Book Review : Smallville ( ongoing series ) # 1 '' . The Trades . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brandy Phillips . `` Announcing Smallville Season 11 '' . DCcomics.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smallville Season 11 vol. 1 # 1 ( April 2012 ) Jump up ^ Rich Sands ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Smallville Season 11 Comic Book Features Impulse and Expands its Universe '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ Rich Sands ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Smallville Comic Book Changes Format , Heads for a Crisis '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Q. Miller and Cat Staggs Say So Long to Smallville '' . DC Comics . DC Comics . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SMALLVILLE SEASON 11 : CONTINUITY # 4 '' . DC Comics . DC Comics . Jump up ^ `` SMALLVILLE SEASON 11 SPECIAL # 3 '' . DC Comics . ^ Jump up to : `` America Online has teamed up with Warner Bros. Television and The WB Television Network to produce new mini-dramas to publicise Smallville . '' . BBC . April 29 , 2003 . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jonah Weiland ( April 14 , 2004 ) . `` AOL New online adventures tied to `` Smallville '' hit AOL '' ( Press release ) . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alfred Gough & Miles Millar ( 2006 ) . Smallville : Vengeance Chronicles Promo Webisodes ( DVD ) . Warner Bros. Video , Inc . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Paul , ( Season 2 Companion ) pp. 154 -- 155 Jump up ^ Nat Ives ( September 12 , 2003 ) . `` The Media Business : Advertising -- Addenda ; Verizon and WB Join for Promotion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carly Mayberry ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` CW , Sprint animate ' Smallville ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John Consoli ( April 19 , 2007 ) . `` WB , CW , Toyota Pact for Marketing Campaign '' . Media Week . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brian Warmoth ( April 24 , 2007 ) . `` Faster Than a Speeding Panel '' . Wizard Universe . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Smallville Stride Comic Adventure Sweepstakes '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The CW , Warner Bros. Television Group , and Stride Gum offer fans the opportunity to create their own Smallville digital comic book '' . The Futon Critic . March 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ T.L. Stanley ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` Sprint , CW Mobilize Supergirl for Mobisodes '' . Media Week . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2008 . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville Legends : Kara and the Chronicles of Krypton '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Josef Adalian ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` WB dives into ' Aquaman ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The WB Makes Aquaman Official '' . superherohype.com . November 13 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Josef Adalian ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` WB dives into ' Aquaman ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Craig Byrne ( January 19 , 2006 ) . `` KryptonSite 100th episode interview with Alfred Gough '' . KryptonSite . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Aquaman consigned to the depths '' . The Stare . May 22 , 2006 . Retrieved May 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pilots not taking off for soap stars this fall '' . Jamaica - Gleaner . June 3 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved May 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Andrew Wallenstein ( April 12 , 2006 ) . `` 2006 -- 07 pilots '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2007 . Retrieved May 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( March 2008 ) . Smallville : The Official Companion Season 6 . London : Titan Books . pp. 136 -- 138 . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 656 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Season Five ( HD - DVD ) '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Season Six ( HD - DVD ) '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DVD extras noted on the back of each season 's box . Jump up ^ `` Season 1 ( Region 1 ) '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 1 ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon France . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Season 1 ( Region 4 ) '' . JB HI - FI online . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Season 2 ( Region 1 ) '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 2 ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon France . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Season 2 ( Region 4 ) '' . JB HI - FI online . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 3 ( Region 1 ) '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 3 ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon France . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Season 3 ( Region 4 ) '' . JB HI - FI online . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 ( Region 1 ) '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon France . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 ( Region 4 ) '' . JB HI - FI online . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 5 ( Region 1 ) '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 5 ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon France . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Season 5 ( Region 4 ) '' . Ezydvd . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David Lambert ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` Smallville ; -- Clark 's secret is out : 6th Season Street date , costs , and extras ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 6 ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Season 6 ( Region 4 ) '' . Ezydvd . Retrieved October 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David Lambert ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` Smallville ; -- Release Date , Package Art & Extras for 7th Season DVDs and Blu - ray Discs ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville season 7 ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon.uk . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 7 ( Region 4 ) '' . Ezydvd . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David Lambert ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` DVD & Blu - ray Official 8th Season Announcement : Extras , 3D Box Art & August Date '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Official 8th Season ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon.uk . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete 8th Season ( 6 Disc Set ) '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved February 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : David Lambert ( June 17 , 2010 ) . `` Final ( Earlier ! ) Release Date and Extras for The Complete 9th Season on DVD and Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville Complete Ninth Season DVD ( Region 2 ) '' . amazon.uk . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete 9th Season ( 6 Disc Set ) '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : David Lambert . `` Finalized Date , Bonus Items , Packaging for the Complete Series and The 10th Season Sets '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville Complete Tenth Season DVD ( Region 2 ) '' . amazon.uk . Jump up ^ `` Smallville : The Final Season '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- Season 1 -- 10 Complete ( DVD ) '' . amazon.uk . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete Collection Seasons 1 -- 10 DVD '' . dvdorchard . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete Sixth Season -- Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville : Season 6 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.ca . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) ( 2006 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete 6th Season ( 4 Disc Set ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . ezydvd . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete Seventh Season -- Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete Seventh Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete 7th Season ( 3 Disc Set ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . ezydvd . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete Eighth Season -- Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete Eighth Season ( Blu - ray ) ( 2009 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete 8th Season ( 4 Disc Set ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . ezydvd . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete Ninth Season ( Blu - ray ) ( 2010 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete 9th Season ( 6 Disc Set ) '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete Tenth Season ( Blu - ray ) ( 2011 ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Smallville : The Final Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville : The Talon Mix '' . Amazon . Retrieved October 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville : The Metropolis Mix '' . Amazon . Retrieved October 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gerry Appel ( March 21 , 2003 ) . `` Kryptonite Chronicles : ' Smallville ' soars for Superman fans '' . BSU Daily News . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Donna Petrozzello ( December 20 , 2002 ) . `` Inner Tube '' . Daily News . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Smallville Magazine webpage '' . Titan Magazines . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville : The Official Companion Season 1 release date '' . Amazon . ISBN 1840237953 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Geoff Willmetts ( November 1 , 2004 ) . `` Smallville Season One : The Official Companion by Paul Simpson review '' . SF Crowsnest.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville : The Official Companion Season 2 release date '' . Amazon . ISBN 1840239476 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Geoff Willmetts ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` Smallville Season Two : The Official Companion by Paul Simpson review '' . SF Crowsnest.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville : The Official Companion Season 3 release date '' . Amazon . ISBN 1840239522 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Geoff Willmetts ( January 1 , 2006 ) . `` Smallville Season Three : The Official Companion by Paul Simpson review '' . SF Crowsnest.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville : The Official Companion Season 4 release date '' . Amazon . ISBN 1840239573 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Geoff Willmetts ( August 1 , 2007 ) . `` Smallville Season Four : The Official Companion by Craig Byrne review '' . SF Crowsnest.com . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville : The Official Companion Season 5 release date '' . Amazon . ISBN 1845765427 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Smallville : The Official Companion Season 6 release date '' . Amazon . ISBN 1845766563 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Craig Byrne ( 2008 ) . Smallville : The Official Companion Season 7 . London : Titan Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84576 - 715 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville RPG Product Page '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Various -- Ultimate Smallville Soundtrack '' . Discogs . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Smallville Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smallville . Official Official website Official MySpace page Town of Smallville , Kansas Miscellaneous Smallville on IMDb Smallville at TV.com Smallville : Chloe Chronicles on IMDb KryptonSite Smallville Wiki at Wikia.com -- A Smallville wiki encyclopedia . 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Superman Returns Enemies & Allies Video games Superman ( 1979 ) Superman : The Game ( 1985 ) Superman ( NES , 1987 ) Superman ( arcade , 1988 ) The Man of Steel ( 1989 ) Superman ( 1992 ) The Man of Steel ( 1993 ) The Death and Return of Superman Superman ( 1997 ) The New Adventures Shadow of Apokolips The Man of Steel ( Xbox , 2002 ) Countdown to Apokolips Superman Returns Superman Returns : Fortress of Solitude DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Infinite Crisis Music `` Jimmy Olsen 's Blues '' ( Spin Doctors ' song , 1991 ) `` Kryptonite '' ( 3 Doors Down song , 2000 ) `` Save Me '' ( Remy Zero song , 2001 ) `` Superman ( It 's Not Easy ) '' ( Five For Fighting song , 2001 ) Illinois ( Sufjan Stevens album , 2005 ) Parodies Captain Caveman ( The Flintstone Comedy Show segment ) Mighty Mouse My Hero ( UK TV series ) Stupor Duck `` Superduperman '' Super-Rabbit Underdog ( TV series ) Super Grover ( Sesame Street ) Documentaries Look , Up in the Sky : The Amazing Story of Superman The Death of `` Superman Lives '' : What Happened ? Stage It 's a Bird ... It 's a Plane ... It 's Superman Toys Lego Superman Advertisement The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman ( 2004 ) Related articles Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation Hollywoodland `` Lucy and Superman '' ( I Love Lucy episode , 1957 ) Kryptonite `` Man of Steel , Woman of Kleenex '' National Comics Publications v. 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It 's Superman Legends of the Superheroes See also Arrowverse Television in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal VIAF : 185623883 LCCN : n2002047051 GND : 4789537 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smallville&oldid=800185899 '' Categories : Smallville 2000s American television series 2001 American television series debuts 2010s American television series 2011 American television series endings Alien invasions in television English - language television programs American fantasy television series Suspense television series Green Arrow in other media American high school television series Justice League television series Serial drama television series Superman television series Teen dramas Television programs based on DC Comics Television series by Warner Bros. 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who played superman in the tv series smallville
[ "Smallville is an American television series developed by writer-producers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar, based on the DC Comics character Superman created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. The series, initially broadcast by The WB, premiered on October 16, 2001. After Smallville's fifth season, The WB and UPN merged to form The CW, the series' later United States broadcaster. Smallville, which ended its tenth and final season on May 13, 2011, follows Clark Kent (Tom Welling) in the fictional town of Smallville, Kansas, before he becomes known as Superman. The first four seasons focus on Clark and his friends in high school. After season five Smallville ventures into adult settings, eventually focusing on his career at the Daily Planet and introducing other DC comic-book superheroes and villains." ]
[ "Tom Welling" ]
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Full House (season 2)
Full house ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Full house ( season 2 ) Full House ( season 2 ) Season 2 DVD cover Starring John Stamos Bob Saget Dave Coulier Candace Cameron Jodie Sweetin Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network ABC Original release October 14 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 14 ) -- May 5 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 05 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 List of Full House episodes Season Two of the family sitcom Full House originally aired on ABC between October 14 , 1988 and May 5 , 1989 . From this season onward , Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen are credited in the opening credits . Contents 1 Plot 2 Main cast 3 Episodes 4 DVD Release 5 See also 6 References Plot ( edit ) In season two , Danny is fired from his job as a sportscaster and instead is promoted to a higher position as the host of a morning talk show titled Wake Up San Francisco , earning him a co-host named Rebecca Donaldson ( Lori Loughlin ) and Jesse 's potential love interest . Meanwhile , Jesse and Joey become best friends ( much to Danny 's jealousy ) and start doing advertising jingles together . Main cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Full House characters John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis Bob Saget as Danny Tanner Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone Candace Cameron as D.J. Tanner Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen as Michelle Tanner Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Full House episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 23 `` Cutting It Close '' Joel Zwick Jeff Franklin October 14 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 14 ) While Stephanie is playing a pretend game of `` hairdresser '' with Jesse , she unintentionally chops off a chunk of Jesse 's hair , so Jesse has to go to Alejandro , his actual hairdresser , to repair the damage . On his way back home , Jesse fails to see a road sign that says `` severe tire damage '' . As a result , Jesse accidentally wrecks the motorcycle , and is treated for two broken arms . Stephanie blames herself for this , and the way Jesse is acting in the wake of the accident only makes Stephanie feel worse . 24 `` Tanner vs. Gibbler '' John Bowab Lenny Ripps October 21 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 21 ) It is Kimmy 's 12th birthday , and D.J. has planned a surprise birthday party for Kimmy . When Stephanie slips up and mentions the party to Kimmy , Kimmy decides to bring her new friends Nina and Melissa , two older girls , to the party with her . Upon arriving , all Nina and Melissa want to do is invite a bunch of friends over to trash the house , so when D.J. kicks Nina and Melissa out , Kimmy abandons the party and goes to the mall with Nina and Melissa , and this starts a feud between D.J. and Kimmy . With help from Jesse and Joey , D.J. and Kimmy end their feud , as Kimmy realizes that D.J. does n't want her to forget who her real friends are . Meanwhile , Danny is removed from his job as a sportscaster at the TV station , because the station needs a new pair of co-hosts for their morning show Wake Up , San Francisco . Danny is named as one of the hosts while his co-host is Rebecca `` Becky '' Donaldson , who moved to San Francisco from her hometown of Valentine , Nebraska . 25 `` It 's Not My Job '' Joel Zwick Jeff Franklin October 28 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 28 ) Jesse has made his first sale of an advertising jingle . As a result , Jesse tells his father , Nick Katsopolis , that he wants to leave the pest exterminator business that is run by Nick , and Nick is severely disappointed by this -- so disappointed , that Nick loses his temper with Jesse and says that he is out of the family . Jesse and his mother Irene manage to talk some sense into Nick , who realizes that Jesse has a dream about making it in the music business , and Nick and Jesse work things out . Meanwhile , Stephanie is afraid to go to the dentist to get a tooth filled , and she is even more nervous when she is actually sitting in the examination chair . Joey helps her beat her fear . 26 `` D.J. 's Very First Horse '' Lee Shalatt Bob Fraser & Rob Dames November 4 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 04 ) As Danny and Becky shoot an episode of Wake Up , San Francisco at a local stable ( complete with Danny milking an actual goat ) , D.J. bonds immediately with Rocket , a sweet and gentle horse who appears to be in need of a loving owner . Aware that her father would not accept this kind of family pet , D.J. joins forces with Kimmy to secretly earn the money and purchase Rocket . All is going well until Kimmy is unable to pay her share of the money at the last minute , and as D.J. 's buries herself deeper in the lies , she soon ends up in a heap of trouble with her father after Jesse and Joey 's attempt to keep Danny from seeing the horse backfires . 27 5 `` Jingle Hell '' Peter Baldwin Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler November 11 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 11 ) When Jesse starts suffering from writer 's block , Joey becomes an unlikely source for inspiration as Jesse prepares his latest commercial jingle . Upon realizing that he and Joey could work quite well together , Jesse convinces his buddy to become his partner in the advertising business , which works just fine until Joey alienates Jesse by making a foolish decision . Back at home , D.J. and Stephanie 's sisterly squabbles create excess noise in the Tanner household , and Danny devotes his time to potty training Michelle . 28 6 `` Beach Boy Bingo '' Steve Zuckerman Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler November 18 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 18 ) Danny is elated when the Beach Boys are slated to appear on his talk show , and with a musical group as timeless as this one , it is not difficult for the entire Tanner household to get in the spirit . Everyone is disappointed to learn that the guys must cancel their guest visit , but when D.J. participates in a radio telephone contest , she is suddenly the lucky winner of a couple Beach Boys concert tickets . Unfortunately , with five eager family members and only one extra ticket , the stress of choosing someone may be too much for her to handle , so D.J. gives up her ticket and tells Jesse and Danny to go . Both won ` t accept it , and neither will D.J. . So while they 're arguing about who will go to the concert , Stephanie answers the phone and it turns out to be one of the Beach Boys , who invite the entire family to appear onstage with them , which they happily accept . 29 7 `` Joey Gets Tough '' Jeff Franklin Lenny Ripps November 25 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 25 ) While Danny and Jesse are out , Joey is left in charge of the girls . D.J. and Stephanie want to stay up late so they can watch a Tiffany concert on TV . When Danny comes home and sees that they are up late watching the concert , Danny tells Joey that whenever Joey is at home alone with the girls , he needs to make them follow the rules of the house , so on the next day , D.J. arrives home from karate class an hour late without telling Joey that she was with friends , practicing for an upcoming karate tournament , and Joey wrongfully grounds D.J. for the weekend when the tournament is scheduled to take place . D.J. becomes furious , angrily reminds Joey that he 's not her father , and then storms off to the bedroom that she and Stephanie occupy . But the next day , she becomes even angrier when Danny and the rest of her family sides with Joey . Later , Joey explains that after her karate class during the hour when he did n't know where D.J. was , he was scared to death . D.J. agrees that she should have called and told Joey that she was going to arrive home later than usual , and Joey agrees to let D.J. compete in the karate tournament , but she is still grounded the next weekend . Meanwhile , Jesse and The Rippers are scheduled to appear on Wake Up , San Francisco , where their appearance is messed up by Danny 's boss , Mr. Strowbridge , who wants Danny to sing instead of Jesse . 30 8 `` Triple Date '' Peter Baldwin Jeff Franklin December 9 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 09 ) Danny has a new girlfriend named Denise , and he invites Denise and her two friends Zoey and Cheryl for dinner so they both can get a nice meal . It turns out that Denise is a woman that Jesse once dated , that even named her dog after him , and this has Danny wondering if there could possibly be a woman in San Francisco that Jesse has n't dated . Zoey does n't like Joey 's jokes , but Joey and Cheryl get along with each other just fine . Danny is depressed because Denise is still hung up on Jesse and she ca n't get her mind off of him because she thinks she and Jesse have an opportunity to get back together , until a talk with Jesse finally has Denise coming to her senses . Meanwhile , Stephanie causes D.J. to accidentally drop Danny 's wedding ring down the drain in the sink . With a little work , Zoey and the guys help D.J. and Stephanie get the ring back , though their bathroom is flooded . 31 9 `` Our Very First Christmas Show '' John Bowab Kim Weiskopf December 16 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 16 ) The family is on a flight to Colorado to spend Christmas with some relatives , and this is a trip that Danny has spent months planning -- but on the way to Colorado , a blizzard forces an emergency landing at an unfamiliar airport . The family is forced to spend Christmas in the baggage claim room , where everyone thinks Christmas is ruined this time around . Among the things that happen here are : Jesse 's father Nick tries to get Jesse to kiss Becky under a mistletoe , D.J. is upset that the gifts that the family brought along on the flight with them are missing , and Michelle is afraid of Lionel ( Sorrell Booke ) , a man who made her cry on the airplane because of his toupee . Jesse , becoming ever so frustrated by everyone 's sour attitudes , speaks to the people in the baggage claim room about the real meaning of Christmas . Then Santa Claus shows up and shows the family where the missing gifts are , and it turns out that Lionel is Santa Claus . 32 10 `` Middle Age Crazy '' Peter Baldwin Lawrence E. Hartstein & Richard H. Rossner January 6 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 06 ) Stephanie knows it is not easy being the middle child . The way things are going , Stephanie thinks that D.J. and Michelle are getting all of the attention . Jesse and Joey are working on a jingle until they start helping D.J. with a science project , after they ignored Stephanie 's request for them to watch her break a hula - hoop record . Danny is trying to videotape Michelle for Wake Up , San Francisco , ignoring Stephanie 's request for him to watch her break the hula - hoop record that she wanted Jesse and Joey to watch her break . Stephanie has had enough , and she believes that the only way she 'll get out of this situation is if she is not living at home anymore , so she decides that she wants to marry her friend Harry . Then the guys come to their senses and realize how bad they 've made Stephanie feel . 33 11 `` A Little Romance '' John Bowab Bob Fraser & Rob Dames January 13 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 13 ) After working hard to organize a charity benefit , Becky has only one thing left to do - find a few eligible bachelors who will agree to be auctioned off as dates for the event . Luckily , there are three men right in the Tanner house who just might be persuaded to participate ! The evening is a success and even manages to run relatively smoothly -- that is , until Jesse 's extreme popularity with the ladies prompts a surprising reaction from Becky . Meanwhile , for a 6th - grade girl , there is perhaps nothing more exciting than having a boyfriend for the first time , but when D.J. earns the affections of handsome classmate Michael Montfort , she may also be headed for the inevitable pain of heartbreak . Guest Star : Jonathan Brandis as Michael Montfort 34 12 `` Fogged In '' Joel Zwick Kim Weiskopf January 20 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 20 ) Jesse and Joey have been up all night working on their latest jingle , which is for `` Casa De Pancakes '' . When D.J. and Kimmy unknowingly erase the jingle from the tape it was recorded on by recording their version of `` The Loco - Motion '' on what they thought was a blank tape , Jesse loses his temper and yells at D.J. and Kimmy . Upon realizing his mistake , Jesse buys D.J. a drum set as an apology . Later , Jesse 's father Nick shows up and tells Jesse that he and Jesse 's mother Irene have been arguing , and Irene told Nick to go stay with Jesse for the time being , but the thick fog outside has forced Irene to stay at the Tanner house as well . The fog is also preventing a disappointed Joey and his girlfriend Cheryl from going on a skiing trip . Later , Jesse helps Nick and Irene patch things up , and this makes Jesse realize that he should have talked to D.J. about yelling at her and Kimmy for erasing the tape instead of trying to buy her forgiveness by buying the drum set for her . Danny allows D.J. to keep the drum set , but tells her `` the sticks have got to go ! '' . 35 13 `` Working Mothers '' Peter Baldwin Jeff Franklin February 3 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 03 ) It was obvious from the beginning that Jesse and Joey had a special knack as advertising partners , but they are forced to work extra hard when their boss demands a sharp , intelligent commercial idea that , if they are successful , could land them full - time jobs . Danny takes on more responsibility with the kids as Jesse and Joey devote increasing amounts of time to this important task , and when their boss approaches them once again with an exciting offer , there 's more at stake than they originally anticipated . 36 14 `` Little Shop of Sweaters '' Peter Baldwin Lenny Ripps February 10 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 10 ) When the three Tanner girls receive Valentine 's Day presents from the guys , nobody is more excited than D.J. , who receives a beautiful new sweater . When a little mishap at school tears it to shreds , D.J. races to the mall with Stephanie and Kimmy for a quick replacement , only to discover that her savings do not quite match the item 's expensive price . Desperate to help her sister , Stephanie takes the `` Buy Now , Pay Later '' concept a bit too literally and walks right out of the store with the unpaid sweater . Fearful about the prospect of going to jail , D.J. and Stephanie come out with the truth , while Jesse plans to get serious with Becky . 37 15 `` Pal Joey '' John Bowab Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler February 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 17 ) A little over a year and a half ago , when Jesse and Joey moved into the house , Jesse and Joey did not exactly get along with each other very well at the beginning , but since then , they have become good friends . However , it 's making Danny feel left out because lately , Joey has been taking Danny for granted . When Danny confronts Joey , they remember the day they became friends back in the 5th grade on February 23 , 1968 , when they protected each other from a bully named Sheldon . When Danny and Joey head to the school where this happened 21 years ago , they unearth the pledge they signed , which was a pledge to always be friends . Joey apologizes for taking their friendship for granted , and then he and Danny call Jesse to the school so Jesse can add his name to the pledge . Meanwhile , Stephanie 's friend Harry has a crush on D.J. , leading Stephanie to accuse D.J. of stealing her friend . 38 16 `` Baby Love '' Peter Baldwin Jeff Franklin February 24 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 24 ) Rebecca 's family is visiting from Valentine , Nebraska . Michelle falls for Howie , her nephew , but she is heartbroken and refuses to sleep when it is time for Howie to go home . Jesse helps to cheer her up . Meanwhile , Stephanie has a hard night after watching The Wolf Man with D.J. and Kimmy . 39 17 `` El Problema Grande de D.J. '' Bill Foster Bob Fraser & Rob Dames March 10 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 10 ) D.J. 's report card is filled with A 's , but a shocking D in Spanish is enough to send Danny to her foreign language instructor for a little conference . Pressed on by D.J. to get the grade changed , Danny finds himself in a difficult situation when Senorita Mosley apparently has the hots for him . Then when they are at D.J. 's house tutoring D.J. , they start kissing the exact time D.J. 's whole class come in through the kitchen door . An embarrassed D.J. storms up to her room in anger and frustration . Meanwhile , when Jesse and Joey 's boss needs an adorable toddler to shoot a marshmallow commercial , they know the perfect kid to fit the bill : little sweet Michelle . Jesse and Joey are ecstatic when they hear that Michelle will be able to do the commercial . But when Jesse overfeeds her with marshmallows as practice , she no longer wants to eat marshmallows when it comes time for the commercial . 40 18 `` Goodbye Mr. Bear '' Jack Shea Kim Weiskopf and Jeff Franklin March 24 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 24 ) It is annual spring cleaning time , which has become one of Danny 's favorite times of the year . During the course of things , Jesse learns what `` little cause , big effect '' means when he accidentally breaks a drawer handle in the kitchen , and ends up having to renovate the kitchen 's entire network of cabinets and drawers because the broken handle 's design has been discontinued . So he buys all new ones . But then the screws are too big and he has to drill bigger holes for them to fit . Unfortunately , it cracks the drawers and he gets a new design that does n't go very well with the cabinet design that is in the kitchen , so Jesse buys cabinets that match . Meanwhile , Stephanie is frantic . It seems that Mr. Bear , the stuffed toy that the girls ' mother , Pam Tanner , gave Stephanie on the day Pam brought newborn Michelle home from the hospital , is missing . Subconsciously , Stephanie does not want to lose Mr. Bear because it was a gift from Pam , and it reminds Stephanie of her . The family helps Stephanie look for Mr. Bear , but to no avail . Stephanie then suspects that Joey may have unintentionally given Mr. Bear away , but it turns out that Michelle has known where Mr. Bear is all along , because Michelle had hidden Mr. Bear . As the family is remembering Pam by watching home movies of Pam arriving home from the hospital with baby Michelle two years ago . 41 19 `` Blast from the Past '' Tom Rickard Lenny Ripps April 7 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 07 ) In college , Joey had a girlfriend named Patty Fogerty , who ended up leaving him for a guy named Michael Winchester . This left Joey devastated , because he wanted to marry Patty and spend the rest of his life with her . Now , years later , Patty tracks down Joey 's bedroom phone number and calls him . Joey invites Patty over to the house , and Danny does not like this one bit , because he does not want to see Joey once again get hurt by Patty , who explains that she left Joey for Michael Winchester because she wanted more romance in her life and while she thought Joey was funny , she did not think Joey was serious about settling down and having a real relationship . Realizing things have changed , Joey and Patty decide to start their relationship over completely clean . Meanwhile , Kimmy uses Stephanie and D.J. as guinea pigs for a magic trick involving a pair of magician 's handcuffs that belong to Kimmy 's brother Garth , who is in Las Vegas . Kimmy does the trick and D.J. and Stephanie are now cuffed to each other , and Kimmy realizes she does not know how to do the trick that is needed to remove them . An even bigger problem is that Garth has the key that unlocks the cuffs . But in the end , it turns out that Jesse knows how to unlock the cuffs because he had some when he was a kid . 42 20 `` I 'm There for You , Babe '' Jack Shea Kim Weiskopf April 14 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 14 ) It is Jesse 's 26th birthday , and it seems that everyone is trying to pull him in every direction at the same time . He is scheduled to coach D.J. and Kimmy 's soccer team in a game at 3 : 30pm , he and Joey are doing a jingle for a credit dentist commercial , Danny schedules Jesse to perform at the Smash Club in front of music critic Sam Battersby , Stephanie needs Jesse to bake 100 of his special cookies for a school bake sale , and Michelle needs Jesse to fix her jack - in - the - box toy . Jesse coaches the soccer team to a win , then Rebecca shows up at the house and asks Jesse to go with her to the wedding of her aunt 's former son - in - law tomorrow , then Danny asks Jesse to fix his car . Jesse thinks he can handle it all , until he and the family go to the Smash Club and Jesse discovers that the Rippers are at another club because they ended up booked for two gigs on the same night . So Jesse is forced to use the family as his makeshift band mates because he has always wanted to perform in front of Sam Battersby . Jesse realizes that all of the things he has obligated himself to on this day are too much , and the family agrees , deciding to give Jesse a much needed break from it all . 43 21 `` Luck Be a Lady '' ( Part 1 ) Bill Foster Story by : Bob Fraser & Rob Dames Teleplay by : Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler April 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 28 ) The family goes to Lake Tahoe , where Danny and Becky will be doing a special episode of Wake Up , San Francisco . Joey gets lucky on a slot machine winning $100,000 , but does not get the money because a videotape shows D.J. pulling the machine 's lever then ducking back to the other side of a red velvet rope dividing the slot machine 's from the table where Stephanie and D.J. were while an unsuspecting Joey 's back is turned . Joey did not know it was D.J. or Stephanie who pulled the lever , so of course he is surprised . Jesse is jealous because Becky ca n't get her mind off of movie star Todd Masters ( Steve Bond ) , who is scheduled to be a guest on the special episode of Wake Up , San Francisco . Jesse makes it his mission to make Becky just as jealous so that Becky will know how she is making Jesse feel , and then they have an argument in their hotel room . When they calm down , Jesse asks Becky to marry him , and Becky accepts the proposal . 44 22 `` Luck Be a Lady '' ( Part 2 ) Bill Foster Story by : Bob Fraser & Rob Dames Teleplay by : Lawrence E. Hartstein & Richard H. Rossner May 5 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 05 ) Jesse and Becky want to get married as soon as possible -- in one hour , without telling anyone until the wedding is over , but what they do not know is that D.J. and Stephanie have decided to play detective and investigate Jesse and Rebecca . With a little work , D.J. and Stephanie discover Becky and Jesse 's plans to get married , and they tell Danny and Joey about it . Danny and Joey try to talk Jesse out of going through with the wedding so suddenly , but Jesse wo n't listen . During the ceremony , before they can be pronounced husband and wife , Becky gets cold feet and leaves Jesse at the altar , devastating Jesse . Later , after Jesse tells Becky how much she hurt him by leaving him at the altar , Becky apologizes and explains that there are a lot of things to think about and talk about before they can plan a wedding . DVD release ( edit ) The Four Disc DVD was released December 6 , 2005 . See also ( edit ) List of Full House episodes References ( edit ) General references `` Full House on ABC '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . `` Full House : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Full House Characters Michelle Tanner Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Fuller House episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Full_House_(season_2)&oldid=849267225 '' Categories : 1988 American television seasons 1989 American television seasons Full House seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Add links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 19 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
what season does becky come to full house
[ "In season two, Danny is fired from his job as a sportscaster and instead is promoted to a higher position as the host of a morning talk show titled Wake Up San Francisco, earning him a co-host named Rebecca Donaldson (Lori Loughlin) and Jesse's potential love interest. Meanwhile, Jesse and Joey become best friends (much to Danny's jealousy) and start doing advertising jingles together.\n" ]
[ "season two" ]
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List of band name etymologies
List of band name etymologies - wikipedia List of band name etymologies This is a list of band names , with their name origins explained and referenced with reliable sources . This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Contents J O Q U V X Y Z Bibliography See also References # ( Edit ) 3 Doors Down -- 3 Doors Down started out with drummer / vocalist Brad Arnold , bassist Todd Harrell and guitarist Matt Roberts . As the band decided to tour outside of their hometown of Escatawpa , Mississippi and into Foley , Alabama , they came up with their official name as they saw a building with a sign with most of its letters fallen off , reading `` Doors Down . '' Since at the time they started out with 3 band members the name stuck and called themselves 3 Doors Down . 311 -- 311 is an Omaha , Nebraska , police code for indecent exposure . One rainy day , 311 bassist P - Nut and some friends went skinny dipping in a public pool . They were apprehended by police . One of P - Nut 's friends , Jim Watson , was arrested , cuffed ( naked ) , and taken home to his parents . He was issued a citation for a code 311 ( indecent exposure ) . The band found the incident amusing , so they based their name on it . 10cc -- By his own account , Jonathan King chose the name for the band after signing them to his record label UK Records , after having a dream in which he was standing in front of the Hammersmith Odeon in London where the boarding read `` 10cc The Best Band in the World '' . A widely repeated claim , disputed by King , but confirmed in a 1988 interview by Lol Creme and also on the webpage of Graham Gouldman 's current line - up , is that the band name represented a volume of semen that was more than the average amount ejaculated by men ( `` cc '' being an abbreviation of cubic centimetre ) , thus emphasising their potency or prowess . The 1975 -- Lead singer Matthew Healy said in an interview that he came up with the name after discovering an old art journal from a beatnik , with one of the dates listed as `` June 1st , the 1975 '' . Healy said that he thought the placement of `` the '' in a recorded date was intriguing , and decided to use it as the name for the band . a-ha -- The origin of the name `` a-ha '' comes from a title that member Pål Waaktaar contemplated giving to a song . Morten Harket was looking through Waaktaar 's notebook and came across the name `` a-ha '' . He liked it and said , `` That 's a great name . That 's what we should call ourselves '' . After checking dictionaries in several languages , they found out that a-ha was an international way of expressing recognition , with positive connotations . It was short , easy to say , and unusual . A-Teens -- The ' A ' stands for ABBA since they started as a cover band for the group ; their name was originally ABBA - Teens but was changed upon the request from Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson to avoid confusion . The group later did other songs , such as `` Upside Down '' . ABBA -- a palindromic acronym from the initials of the first names of the band members : Agnetha Fältskog , Björn Ulvaeus , Benny Andersson and Anni - Frid Lyngstad . AC / DC -- Malcolm and Angus Young developed the idea for the band 's name after their sister seeing `` AC / DC '' on an electric sewing machine , '' why not AC / DC `` . Ace of Base -- The band 's first studio was in the basement of a car repair shop , and they considered themselves to be the `` masters '' of the studio . `` Ace of Base '' was derived from `` masters of the basement '' . A Day to Remember -- A former member 's ex-girlfriend used the term and the name stuck . Adiemus -- Creator Karl Jenkins invented the word , unaware at the time that it means `` We will draw near '' in Latin . Aerosmith -- Name invented by the band 's drummer Joey Kramer Aiden -- after a character from the 2002 film The Ring . Air Supply -- Five years before the band 's signing , Graham Russell saw the name in a dream . AKB48 -- After Tokyo 's area Akihabara ( colloquially shortened to Akiba ) , a mecca for electronics shopping and geeks . The group was formed as theater - based , to perform at its own theater at Akihabara on a daily basis , so that fans could always go and see them live . It still performs there every day , although , after the group 's popularity went up , tickets started being distributed only via an online lottery . Alexisonfire -- from contortionist stripper , Alexis Fire , which nearly resulted in a lawsuit from the stripper 's representatives . Alice Cooper -- Alice Cooper was a band before frontman Vincent Furnier started a solo career under the same name . Allegedly , Alice Cooper was the name of a spirit members of the band came in contact with through a ouija , though Furnier has also claimed that he wanted their name to contrast with their sound , and Alice Cooper sounds like somebody 's grandmother . Alice in Chains -- The name was taken from lead singer Layne Staley 's previous group , the glam metal band Alice N ' Chains . Staley shed some light on the subject in a Rolling Stone article in 1992 : `` The name came from a side project of my old group ( Alice N ' Chains ) . We were going to have this band that dressed up in drag and played heavy metal as a joke . '' Alice N ' Chains ' bassist Johnny Bacolas explained the name in the 2011 book Everybody Loves Our Town : A History of Grunge . Bacolas and Russ Klatt ( the lead singer of Slaughter Haus 5 ) , were at a party in North Seattle talking about backstage passes . One of the passes said `` Welcome to Wonderland '' , and they started talking about that being an Alice in Wonderland - type thing , until Klatt started saying , `` What about Alice in Chains ? Put her in bondage and stuff like that . '' Bacolas thought the name `` Alice in Chains '' was cool and brought it up to his Sleze bandmates and everyone liked it , so they changed the name of the band . Since three of the members had very Christian mothers , they thought spelling it `` Alice N ' Chains '' made it not sound a bondage name . After Staley left Alice N ' Chains , he contacted his former bandmates and asked for permission to use the name with his new band with guitarist Jerry Cantrell . The All - American Rejects -- The `` All - Americans '' and `` the Rejects '' , both suggested to the band as names , were merged . All Time Low -- When in high school , members Alex Gaskarth , Jack Barakat , Rian Dawson , and Zack Merrick made a list of possible band names , one of which being `` All Time Low '' . The name came from New Found Glory 's song , `` Head On Collision '' . Alt - J -- The spoken form of the band ∆ , alt + j is the keyboard shortcut used to type ∆ on a Mac computer . ∆ is a symbol used to show change in mathematical equations . Amber Run -- Originally known as Amber , the band changed their name to avoid confusion with a German musician of the same name . Amon Amarth -- Named after `` Mount Doom '' , in Tolkien 's Elvish speech . Anamanaguchi -- The name came about from a member in one of Peter Berkman 's former bands pronouncing gibberish in the style of Jabba the Hutt ; The band has also explained it as coming from the members ' internships at Armani ( Berkman and James DeVito ) , Prada ( Ary Warnaar ) , and Gucci ( Luke Silas ) while studying fashion at Parsons School of Design . Anberlin -- Band member Stephen Christian has offered the explanations that he planned naming his first daughter Anberlin and that the name was a modification of the phrase `` and Berlin '' from a list of cities Christian wanted to visit . The one story that Christian asserts is true , however , is that he heard the word in the background noise of the Radiohead song `` Everything in Its Right Place '' . ... And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead -- Initially claimed to be a line in a Mayan ritual chant , though lead singer Conrad Keely has since admitted the story was a joke . Animals as Leaders -- Inspired by the 1992 novel Ishmael by Daniel Quinn , guitarist Tosin Abasi coined the name as a reminder that `` we 're all essentially animals '' . Abasi went into further depth by saying , `` The name is kind of like , a lot of what we do is completely removed from the fact that we 're all essentially animals . We have a niche on the planet and we have a role in sustainable sort of ecology . But we 've gone against our natural calling . The name is acknowledging that we do have more of a natural role on the planet . It 's also like , who would follow an animal to do anything ? I think of the name as being both nonsensical and really literal . '' Apulanta -- Means `` fertiliser '' in Finnish . Invented as a joke when the band had to come up with a `` punk '' sounding name . Arcade Fire -- Based on a story that singer Win Butler heard as a kid . He was told that an arcade in Exeter had burnt down , killing many youths . Arctic Monkeys -- The name was made up by the guitarist , Jamie Cook , while at school . Art of Noise -- After the 1913 manifesto called The Art of Noises by Italian Futurist Luigi Russolo . As I Lay Dying -- After the 1930 novel As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner . Ash -- The band chose the first short word they liked in the dictionary , as stated in the CD booklet of Intergalactic Sonic 7 `` s . Asking Alexandria -- According to band member Danny Worsnop , the name was taken from Alexander the Great . Atreyu -- After a character in 1979 novel The NeverEnding Story and the 1984 movie of the same name . Audioslave -- According to lead guitarist Tom Morello , the name supposedly came to singer Chris Cornell in a vision . Auto - Icon -- Derived from the term Auto - Iconization first attributed to Jermey Bentham , Utility and Democracy : The Political Thought of Jeremy Bentham . Auto - Icon Started as a one - man project in Los Angeles in 1999 with the end of the century and Y2K looming , it seemed to founding member J. Hébert any one could call themselves an `` Icon '' . Automatic Pilot -- From psychiatric testimony characterizing Dan White 's state of mind while killing George Moscone and Harvey Milk . The Avalanches - taken from the 1960s surf rock band of the same name . Avenged Sevenfold -- taken from the Book of Genesis - from the passage `` If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold , Truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold . '' A Wilhelm Scream -- The Wilhelm scream is a frequently - used film and television stock sound effect first used in 1951 for the film Distant Drums . The band were previously named ' Koen ' and then ' Smackin Isaiah ' before finally settling on the current appellation . The B - 52 's -- From the name of a beehive hairstyle , itself named for the Boeing B - 52 Stratofortress . Babymetal -- According to Kobametal ( the band 's producer ) , the name came to him by revelation ( as a `` divine message '' ) . It is a play on the words `` heavy metal '' . Bachman -- Turner Overdrive -- A combination of band members ' last names and the magazine Overdrive . The band 's name had previously been `` Bachman - Turner '' . All band members agreed that Bachman - Turner Overdrive sounded cooler . Backstreet Boys -- After a flea market in Orlando , Florida . Bad Religion -- Bad Religion 's Greg Graffin on their name : `` You have to remember that we were fifteen - year - old punks - we wanted to piss people off . Anything that might make parents , teachers , and people with authority bristle was up for discussion . We also wanted a name that would suggest a great logo for stickers and T - shirts . Many of the names were compelling but too repulsive . Smegma , Vaginal Discharge , and Head Cheese might make for great logos but were quickly rejected as not representative of our songs . We played around with a lot of names involving the word `` bad '' - Bad Family Planning , Bad Politics . When we hot ( sic ) on Bad Religion , it seemed perfect . That year , 1980 , was a time of rising prominence for televangelists like Jimmy Swaggart , Pat Robertson , and Jim Bakker . The year before , Jerry Falwell had founded the Moral Majority , which was having a powerful influence on the presidential election between Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan . Religion was a hot topic , and those TV preachers seemed like a good target to us , though we did n't think they could possibly last for more than a few years . We knew that most people were so defensive about their religious ideas that they would be highly offended by our name - a major plus ! And then Brett came up with a logo that represented our philosophical stance . We felt complete . '' Badfinger -- Originally called `` The Iveys '' after a street in Swansea , Wales . Once the band was signed to Apple Records by The Beatles the band took the opportunity to change their name . The name `` Badfinger '' was derived from `` Bad Finger Boogie , '' the working title of The Beatles ' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' . The Band -- They were originally known as The Hawks , after their original lead singer Ronnie Hawkins . While working with Bob Dylan in the 1960s , they decided to change their name , but were unable to agree on a new name . They finally decided to simply call themselves `` The Band '' after being derisively referred to as `` the band '' by critics of Dylan 's new electric direction on the 1966 tour . Bananarama -- A pormanteau of the children 's TV series The Banana Splits and the Roxy Music song Pyjamarama . Barenaked Ladies -- Two members -- Steven Page and Ed Robertson were bored at a Bob Dylan concert and turned to amusing each other , pretending they were rock critics , inventing histories and comments about the Dylan band . They also made up various fictional band names , one of which was `` Barenaked Ladies '' . On another front , Robertson had agreed to perform with his cover band in a battle of the bands at Nathan Phillips Square for the Second Harvest food bank . The band broke up and he forgot about the gig . When he received a phone call a week before the show , asking him to confirm the gig , he improvised that the name of the band had changed to `` Barenaked Ladies '' , recalling the name from the Dylan concert . He then called Page and asked if he wanted to do the gig ; Page reportedly could not believe Robertson had given that name . The two played the show on October 1 , 1988 , They arranged three rehearsals and missed them all . The two played the show on October 1 , 1988 , but instead of competing , they played while the other bands set up , playing every song they could think of that they both knew . The show went well and the pair continued performing and started writing songs together . Bastille -- The name of the band derives from Bastille Day -- an event celebrated on lead singer Dan Smith 's birthday , July 14 . Bauhaus -- Originally named `` Bauhaus 1919 '' after the German Bauhaus art movement , and shortened to `` Bauhaus '' in 1979 . Beastie Boys -- Has the backronym `` Boys Entering Anarchistic States Towards Inner Excellence '' The Beatles -- The Crickets were cited as an inspiration for the name . Additionally , the misspelling of `` beetles '' was a play on words , describing the `` beat '' of the band . The Beautiful South -- The Beautiful South were an English alternative rock group formed at the end of the 1980s by two former members of Hull group The Housemartins , Paul Heaton and Dave Hemingway . Heaton explained at the time that the name was partly a sarcastic reflection of his own dislike of southern England , and partly an attempt to force macho men to utter the word ' beautiful ' . Belle & Sebastian -- From Belle et Sébastien , a children 's book by French writer Cécile Aubry . Between the Buried and Me -- The band name was derived from a phrase in Counting Crows ' song `` Ghost Train '' Biffy Clyro -- There are many rumours of the origin of Biffy Clyro 's name . These are that one time lead singer , Simon Neil bought a Cliff Richard pen therefore it was a Cliffy Biro . They then changed this to Biffy Clyro . Another theory is that ' Biffy Clyro ' were a Welsh tribe . The third rumour is that Biffy Clyro was a former player of the band 's football team , Ayr United . They have never confirmed any of these . Big Drill Car -- The band members have claimed in interviews that their name was inspired by the movie Journey to the Center of the Earth . Billy Talent -- After a character in the film Hard Core Logo ( although the name in the film and the book by Michael Turner it was adapted from is spelled `` Billy Tallent '' ) . The Birthday Massacre -- When the band formed in 1999 , they were known as Imagica . This name was inspired from the fantasy novel Imajica ( 1991 ) by Clive Barker . In 2002 , they changed the name to The Birthday Massacre after one of their earlier songs in order to avoid confusion with another group . The song `` The Birthday Massacre '' was then renamed to `` Happy Birthday '' . According to their vocalist Chibi : `` It kind of works well for the music that we 're making . Sort of contrasty , you know ? Birthday , and massacre . Light , and dark . Cute , and evil '' . The Black Crowes -- The group originally called themselves Mr. Crowe 's Garden , after a favorite children 's book . They performed under that name until they signed with Def American Records in 1989 . They renamed themselves in response to the suggestion of a producer . Black Flag -- Suggested by guitarist Greg Ginn 's brother , Raymond Pettibone , because `` if a white flag means surrender , a black flag means anarchy . '' The Black Keys -- When the duo grew up in Akron , Ohio , a schizophrenic man residing in a halfway house used to call their homes to ask for crayons , Diet Coke and cigarettes . His messages would always end with him saying `` ... do n't be a black key . Do n't be a b - flat . '' Black Rebel Motorcycle Club -- The film The Wild One featured two motorcycle gangs : The Beetles , led by Lee Marvin 's character , and Black Rebels Motorcycle Club , led by Marlon Brando 's character . In a reference to the story that The Beatles took their name from one motorcycle gang , Peter Hayes , guitarist , and bassist Robert Levon Been , originally named their band `` The Other Gang '' , but switched to Black Rebel Motorcycle Club when The Other Gang did n't catch on . Black Sabbath -- Originally known as Earth , the group wanted to change their name as another group had the same name . The group saw a local cinema playing a film titled Black Sabbath and marvelled that people paid money to be frightened . Blind Melon -- Bass player Brad Smith 's father used this term to refer to some hippies who lived in a commune near his house . Blink - 182 -- The `` Blink '' was thought up by Tom DeLonge when the band consisted of DeLonge , Mark Hoppus , and their friend Scott Raynor ( Before `` Blink '' called themselves Duck Tape ) . They were forced to change it because an Irish electronica artist was already using that name , so they added `` 182 '' to the end . Blondie -- A nickname given to frontwoman Debbie Harry by truck drivers who catcalled `` Hey , Blondie '' to Harry as they drove by . Blue October -- The front man of Blue October , Justin Furstenfeld , spent a brief stint in a mental hospital in October 1997 . Furstenfeld stated that afterwards he wrote songs to keep depression away which led to the forming of the band . Blur -- The band had been known as `` Seymour '' until they were signed to Food Records in 1990 . The label disliked the band name and suggested the group select a new one from a provided list , from which `` Blur '' was eventually selected . Boards of Canada -- Named in tribute to the National Film Board of Canada . The brothers spent part of their youth growing up in Canada , and credit the Film Boards ' documentaries as a source of inspiration for their sound . The Boomtown Rats -- As revealed in his autobiography , ' Bound for Glory ' , this was the name of Woody Guthrie 's boyhood gang , named after his home town , Oklahoma City , known as ' Boomtown ' during the oil boom . Bon Jovi -- An alternate spelling of Jon Bon Jovi 's last name `` Bongiovi '' , following the example of the other famous two - word bands such as Van Halen , as suggested by Pamela Maher . Bonzo Dog Doo - Dah Band -- A combination of Bonzo the dog and the Dada art movement . Boyz II Men -- Originally known as Unique Attraction , they were renamed after a song by New Edition . Brainerd -- Original guitarist , Knife , named the band after his hometown , ( Brainerd , Minnesota ) . Breaking Benjamin -- During a live performance , frontman Benjamin Burnley accidentally knocked a microphone over , causing it to crack once it hit the ground . The microphone 's owner appeared on stage to say `` I 'd like to thank Benjamin for breaking my f * cking microphone . '' Bring Me the Horizon -- From a line said by Captain Jack Sparrow in Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , `` Now ... bring me that horizon '' . Burzum -- Means `` darkness '' in Tolkien 's black speech . Butthole Surfers -- The band , who previously changed their name at every gig , was performing an earlier version of 1984 's `` Butthole Surfer '' when the announcer forgot the band 's name and used the title of the song instead . They were forced to keep this name after the performance hit fame . Buzzcocks - The band took their name from a Time Out review of the 1976 T.V. show Rock Follies with the headline `` It 's the Buzz , Cock ! '' ( Cock was slang for `` mate '' . ) The band members liked the subversiveness of it . Cake -- Rather than referring to the foodstuff , the name is meant to be `` like when something insidiously becomes a part of your life ... ( we ) mean it more as something that cakes onto your shoe and is just sort of there until you get rid of it '' . Cansei de Ser Sexy -- Portuguese for `` tired of being sexy '' , an alleged quote of Beyoncé Knowles , one of the largest musical influences upon this Brazilian band . Carach Angren -- From Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings , named after a pass in Mordor ( Carach Angren means `` Iron Jaws '' in Elvish ) . Cheap Trick -- inspired by the band 's attendance of a Slade concert , where bassist Tom Petersson commented that the band used `` every cheap trick in the book '' as part of their act . Childish Gambino -- Donald Glover used a Wu - Tang Clan name generator in his sophomore year of college at NYU ; inputting his real name and coming up with Childish Gambino . Children of Bodom -- After being told by Spinefarm Records that the band 's name had to change ( the group was initially signed on to another label under the name Inearthed ) , the group looked through a local phone book to search for inspiration , coming across Lake Bodom . The band , like most of Finland , was already aware of the unsolved triple murder which occurred at the lake , claiming the lives of three camping teenagers . The band believed they had found an impacting name with an interesting story behind it , and so chose the name Children of Bodom . Many of their songs have also been named after the murders , such as `` Lake Bodom '' , `` Silent Night , Bodom Night '' , `` Children of Bodom '' and `` Bodom After Midnight '' . Chevelle -- Named after the car . Chvrches -- Pronounced `` churches , '' the band decided on the spelling to distinguish themselves in internet searches . Cirith Ungol -- Named after the `` Pass of the Spider '' in Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . Coldplay -- The band were called `` Starfish '' originally and a friend 's group was called `` Coldplay '' . When they did not want the name anymore , `` Starfish '' asked if they could use it instead . The original Coldplay took the name from a book of collected poems called Child 's Reflections : Cold Play . Crass -- A reference to the David Bowie song `` Ziggy Stardust '' ( specifically the line `` The kids was just crass '' ) . Creed -- Originally known as Naked Toddler , the band changed its name to Creed at bassist Brian Marshall 's suggestion , after a band he had previously played for called Mattox Creed . Creedence Clearwater Revival -- The band took the three elements from , firstly , Tom Fogerty 's friend Credence Newball ( to whose first name Credence they added an extra ' e ' , making it resemble a faith or creed ) ; secondly , `` clear water '' from a TV commercial for Olympia beer ; and finally `` revival '' , which spoke to the four members ' renewed commitment to their band . Crime -- The band was originally The Space Invaders who looked glam , but played primitive original material in the garage . They turned to a JV look and shortened the name to The Invaders . Tony Greene , who published a short lived SF punk zine No Exit convinced them to change their name to Crime . Crush 40 -- Lead singer Johnny Gioeli explained to Gareth Spriggs ( aka Fastest Thing Alive ) at Summer of Sonic ' 10 that he never wanted to turn 40 years old , hence the name Crush 40 , because he wanted to `` Crush 40 '' . The name is also a reference to Crush soda , guitarist Jun Senoue 's favorite brand of soft drink . The Cure -- The band 's original name was Easy Cure , which was taken from the name of one of the group 's early songs . The name was later shortened to The Cure because frontman Robert Smith felt the name was too American and `` too hippyish '' . ° C - ute ( Cute ) -- The Japanese girl group was named by its producer Tsunku . According to him and the band 's official website , the English word cute means `` ( little and ) lovely , pretty '' . Wanting to somehow express the girls ' overflowing fervor ( enthusiasm ) , he substituted `` ° C '' for `` C '' . Daft Punk -- In 1992 , being heavily influenced by The Beach Boys , they recorded songs under the name Darlin ' , which was a Beach Boys single off their 1967 album Wild Honey . A negative review in the UK 's Melody Maker described their effort as `` a daft punky thrash '' , which depressed the pair but unwittingly gave them a name for their next project . Dashboard Confessional -- Derived from the line in the band 's song `` The Sharp Hint of New Tears '' which is `` on the way home , this car hears my confessions / I think tonight I 'll take the long way home ... '' . Dead Kennedys -- The name was not meant to insult the assassinated Kennedy brothers , but to quote vocalist Jello Biafra , `` to bring attention to the end of the American Dream '' . Deadmau5 - While conversing with a friend on his computer , the computer abruptly stopped working and shut off . Noticing a faint smell of burning wire and a strange odor coming from the computer , he dismantled it and found a dead mouse inside . Later used the name as a username for various chatrooms . The Decemberists -- The name refers to the Decembrist revolt , an 1825 revolt in Imperial Russia that Colin Meloy views as an attempted communist revolution . Death Cab for Cutie -- named for the song Death Cab for Cutie composed by Vivian Stanshall and Neil Innes and performed by the Bonzo Dog Doo - Dah Band on their 1967 album Gorilla . The song was named for a headline in a tabloid about a woman killed in a taxi accident . Deep Purple -- It was inspired by the song Deep Purple from Mitchell Parish . According to the band , it was one of guitarist Ritchie Blackmore 's grandmother favourite songs . Deftones -- Created by lead guitarist Stephen Carpenter , who wanted to pick `` something that would just stand out but you know , not be all cheese - ball at the same time . '' Carpenter combined the hip hop slang term `` def , '' which was used by artists such as LL Cool J and Public Enemy , with the suffix `` - tones , '' which was a popular suffix among 1950s bands ( e.g. , Dick Dale and the Del - Tones , The Quin - Tones , The Monotones , The Cleftones , and The Harptones ) . Carpenter said the name is intentionally vague to reflect the band 's tendency to not focus on just one style of music . Depeche Mode -- Inspired by a French fashion magazine of the same name . Der Plan -- Inspired by a quote from a book by British author Gordon Rattray Taylor called `` The Biological Timebomb '' , in which he describes the ability to make a plan as what distinguishes human beings from animals . The Devil Wears Prada -- After the novel and comedy / drama movie of the same name . Devo -- Inspired `` from ( the band 's ) concept of ' de-evolution ' -- the idea that instead of continuing to evolve , mankind has actually begun to regress , as evidenced by the dysfunction and herd mentality of American society . '' Dexys Midnight Runners -- From the stimulant Dexedrine . Dio ( band ) -- Was an American heavy metal band formed in 1982 and led by vocalist Ronnie James Dio , after he left Black Sabbath with intentions to form a new band with fellow former Black Sabbath member Vinny Appice , the band 's drummer . The name Dio was chosen because it made sense from a commercial standpoint , as the name was already well known at that time . Dire Straits -- Comes from the band 's financial situation at the time of forming . The Dirty Heads -- The band 's name comes from an occasion where Jared `` Dirty J '' Watson and vocalist / guitarist Dustin `` Duddy B '' Bushnell were stealing a 12 - pack of beer , and someone shouted at them `` Come here you little dirty heads ! '' The Dismemberment Plan -- According to lead singer Travis Morrison , this Washington , DC band 's name was inspired by part of a line in the movie Groundhog Day , in which `` ( t ) here 's a guy who chases after Bill Murray and tries to keep selling him different types of insurance and ' the dismemberment plan ' was one of them . It just stuck . '' DNCE -- Pronounced `` dance '' , which member JinJoo Lee said `` is not a perfect word , but you do n't have to be a perfect dancer to dance in life . '' Don Johnson Big Band -- Named after the actor Don Johnson in the series Miami Vice . The band had to come up with a name to reserve a place for training , so the name `` Don Johnson Big Band '' was invented spontaneously on the spot . The band is not a big band and bears little relation to Don Johnson . The Doors -- The band took its name from Aldous Huxley 's book The Doors of Perception , the title of which was a reference to a William Blake quotation : `` When the doors of perception are cleansed , things will appear to man as they truly are ... infinite . '' Double Dagger -- Founded by two graphic designers , the band took their name from a typographic symbol ( the double dagger ) , which is commonly used for footnotes and citations . Dream Theater -- After a movie house in Monterey , California . The name was suggested by drummer Mike Portnoy 's father , who lived in Monterey . Dropkick Murphys -- After wrestler and alcoholic rehabilitation facility operator John `` Dropkick '' Murphy . Drummer -- All of the band members were drummers for other bands . Duran Duran -- The band played at Birmingham 's Barberella 's nightclub so took their name from the villain of the cult science fiction film Barbarella , Dr. Durand - Durand . Earth , Wind & Fire - Frontman Maurice White 's astrological sign is Sagittarius , which has a primary elemental quality of fire and seasonal qualities of earth and air . E Street Band -- Bruce Springsteen 's band was named after E Street ( E , not East ) in Belmar , New Jersey , because the band used to practice at the E Street home of pianist David Sancious ' mother . Eiffel 65 -- A computer chose the name Eiffel randomly from a group of words the three liked . The number 65 was added mistakenly to an early pressing of their first single , Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) . ELO -- Electric Light Orchestra is an intended pun based not only on electric light ( as in a light bulb as seen on early album covers ) but also using `` electric '' rock instruments combined with a `` light orchestra '' ( orchestras with only a few cellos and violins that were popular in Britain during the 1960s ) . Emarosa -- Previously known as Corsets are Cages , the band made up the current name . Eminem -- Eminem is the phonetic spelling of the former stage name M&M of the Detroit rapper Marshall Mathers , M&M representing his initials . Evanescence -- When asked where they got their name , they responded , `` The dictionary . '' The word `` evanescence '' means `` a disappearance or dissipation , like vapor . '' They apparently disliked their previous name and wanted something better . They also wanted to do some artwork ( with whatever name they chose ) and decided to look under E. They liked the word and definition , likening it to the temporal nature of life . Evergreen Terrace -- Named after 742 Evergreen Terrace , the address of the Simpsons . Exit Ten -- After the motorway junction of the M4 to Reading , which constitutes the band 's ' home ' . The Fall of Troy -- The band reportedly picked their name by `` opening a history textbook and pointing at a random location until ( they ) found a selection they liked '' . Fall Out Boy -- Nameless for their first two shows as a band , at the end of their second show they asked the audience to yell out their ideas for a name . One audience member suggested `` Fallout Boy '' , a reference to the sidekick of comic book superhero Radioactive Man from The Simpsons . The Farm -- Originally thought to be named in tribute to Cantril Farm , a former council estate in Liverpool now known as Stockbridge Village , until frontman Peter Hooton confirmed that it was actually named after a farm outside Maghull where the band used to rehearse . Fastball -- Originally called `` Magneto '' until learning of a Mexican boy band of the same name , they first attempted to use the name `` Magneto USA , '' but were ultimately advised against it . The band eventually settled on `` Fastball '' in reference to a `` baseball - themed porn movie . '' Felt -- Bandleader Lawrence is a fan of the group Television , and chose the name in homage to how Tom Verlaine emphasises the word in the song `` Venus '' . FIDLAR -- While helping two of his friends from Hawaii find a home in Los Angeles , frontman Zac Carper overheard the pair repeating the skater mantra `` FIDLAR '' . When Carper asked what FIDLAR meant , he was told that it was an acronym for `` Fuck It Dog , Life 's A Risk '' . The name stuck when every member of the band , with the exception of guitarist Elvis Keuhn , had the word tattooed on their bodies after a night of heavy drinking . Five Iron Frenzy -- According to former bassist Keith Hoerig , a roommate of the band members would defend himself with a golf club , out of fear that he 'd get attacked , and called it `` putter mayhem '' . Guitarist Scott Kerr noticed that the roommate 's club was a five iron and said , `` No , more like a Five Iron Frenzy . '' Five Finger Death Punch -- From the movie Kill Bill , named after the fictional martial arts move of the same name which after being struck by it and taking three steps your heart will explode . Florence + The Machine -- The name of Florence and the Machine is attributed to front - woman Florence Welch 's teenage collaboration with keyboardist and co-writer Isabella `` Machine '' Summers . Welch and Summers performed together for a time under the names of `` Florence Robot '' and `` Isa Machine '' , respectively . Later , this was shortened to Florence and the Machine as it was felt to be too cumbersome . '' Flying Lotus -- The name comes from his ideal superpower . `` When I was a kid I would always bother people about super heroes and I was like , ' Ok if you could have any superpower in the creation of comic books what would you have , x-ray vision , you could be like invisible , what would you do ? ' I wanted to fly . That 's it . That 's all . '' Foo Fighters -- Adopted from a term used by Allied aircraft pilots in World War II to describe various UFOs or mysterious aerial phenomena . Foster the People -- Originally called `` Foster & the People '' by frontman Mark Foster , but changed when many of his friends misunderstood the name as `` Foster the People '' . In a 2011 interview , Foster also recalled , `` ' Foster the People ' -- that 's like ' Take Care of the People , ' ' Do Something for the People ' ... The first few shows that we played were for charities . It kind of clicked : Foster the People , that 's us . '' Fountains of Wayne -- Member Adam Schlesinger got his driver 's license at the DMV office next to a lawn ornament store ( no longer in business ) in Wayne , NJ called `` Fountains of Wayne '' . `` We just thought it was funny , '' Schlesinger said . The Four Seasons -- Taken from the bowling alley in Union Township , Union County , New Jersey where the band used to audition . Framing Hanley -- Originally known as `` Embers Fade '' , they changed their name to Framing Hanley in 2007 , shortly after one of the member 's fiancée , Ashley Hanley ( who was a photographer - hence the `` Framing '' ) , died . Frankie Goes To Hollywood -- The name Frankie Goes To Hollywood taken from a poster on the wall of an old prison cell where the band used to rehearse . The poster has the headline `` Frankie Goes to Hollywood , '' which referred to Frank Sinatra 's move from Las Vegas to Los Angeles . It was chosen by a friend and local artist , named Ambrose , from strange Liverpool cult group Pink Military . Frente ! -- The Australian band took its name from a Spanish word meaning `` forehead '' or `` front '' . The name originated without the exclamation point at the end ; it was added for their 1991 debut EP release , Whirled . The rationale , as stated by lead vocalist Angie Hart , was while `` ( w ) e do n't write our name like that , but we thought we would on the CD covers because it looks good . '' The Fugs -- `` Fugs '' is a euphemism for the F - word in Norman Mailer 's novel , The Naked and the Dead . Bandmember Tuli Kupferberg is credited with choosing the name . Garbage -- Either lead singer Shirley Manson 's father yelled down to the band at one of their basement practice sessions , `` Play more quietly - you sound like garbage . '' or from a friend of drummer Butch Vig , who said `` This stuff sounds like garbage ! '' Genesis -- Charterhouse School alumnus Jonathan King attended a concert at Charterhouse in 1968 while the band were still in school . King was a songwriter and record producer who had a hit single at the time , `` Everyone 's Gone to the Moon '' . King named the band Genesis ( after previously suggesting the name Gabriel 's Angels after lead singer Peter Gabriel ) , recalling that he had `` thought it was a good name ... it suggested the beginning of a new sound and a new feeling . '' Georgia Wonder -- Georgia Wonder was the stage name of Lulu Hurst , a ' magnetic phenomenon ' whose vaudeville act toured America in the late 19th Century . Stephanie Grant and Julian Moore from the band chose the name after trying to duplicate these powers from an exposé they discovered in a book about the period . Gorgoroth -- Means `` horror '' in Sindarin , one of Tolkien 's constructed languages . Grateful Dead -- The name Grateful Dead was chosen from a dictionary . According to Phil Lesh , in his biography ( pp. 62 ) , `` ... Jerry Garcia picked up an old Britannica World Language Dictionary ... ( and ) ... In that silvery elf - voice he said to me , ' Hey , man , how about the Grateful Dead ? ' '' The definition there was `` the soul of a dead person , or his angel , showing gratitude to someone who , as an act of charity , arranged their burial . '' According to Alan Trist , director of the Grateful Dead 's music publisher company Ice Nine , Garcia found the name in the Funk & Wagnalls Folklore Dictionary , when his finger landed on that phrase while playing a game of `` dictionary '' . In the Garcia biography , Captain Trips , author Sandy Troy states that the band was smoking the psychedelic DMT at the time . The term `` grateful dead '' appears in folktales of a variety of cultures . Green Day -- `` Green day '' is a slang term for spending a day smoking marijuana . Billie Joe Armstrong wrote a song called `` Green Day '' about his first experience with the drug , and it soon replaced `` Sweet Children '' as the band 's name . Guns N ' Roses -- An early incarnation of the band included Tracii Guns whose band was called L.A. Guns . Axl Rose , who had formed Hollywood Rose , combined his band with Tracii 's to form Guns N ' Roses . Hard - Fi -- `` Hard - Fi '' is the name given to the sound produced by Lee `` Scratch '' Perry , a Grammy award - winning reggae and dub artist , at his Black Ark recording studio . Being admirers of Perry 's work , the band decided to name themselves after his distinctive sound . Hawthorne Heights -- From the famous author Nathaniel Hawthorne . Heaven 17 -- From a line in Anthony Burgess ' novel A Clockwork Orange , a fictional band mentioned by a young woman in the record store . HIM -- An acronym for His Infernal Majesty . The Hollies -- After Buddy Holly . Hoobastank -- Derived from a street where Doug Robb 's brother , the vice president of BMW Motorcycles who lives in Germany , called Hooba Street `` or something like that '' . Hootie and the Blowfish -- Lead singer Darius Rucker derived the name from two friends from college . One had an owlish face and was nicknamed `` Hootie '' , while the other had puffy cheeks and was called `` the Blowfish '' . The Hunna -- From the members using the word `` hunna '' in conversations with each other , and `` to influence other people to pick up an instrument , or anything , any passion that they may have , give 100 % . '' Hurriganes -- An intentional misspelling of the word `` hurricanes '' . Remu Aaltonen , the band 's vocalist , spoke no English at the time the band was formed . Hüsker Dü -- Named after Hūsker Dū ? , a Scandinavian memory - based board game that means ( properly spelled as Husker Du ? without the macrons ) `` Do you remember ? '' in Danish and Norwegian . The band chose this after it was shouted out by an audience member at one of their early shows . I Talk to Strangers -- Named after the social movement of the same name , that tackles interpersonal fear culture and prejudice through diversity and openness in London . Iron Maiden -- Steve Harris named the band after the iron maiden torture device as shown in the 1939 film The Man in the Iron Mask . J ( edit ) Jefferson Airplane -- Shortened from Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane , which , according to Jorma Kaukonen , was coined by a friend as a satire of blues pseudonyms such as `` Blind Lemon '' Jefferson . Jethro Tull -- Having trouble getting repeat bookings , the band took to changing their name frequently to continue playing the London club circuit . Band names were often supplied by their booking agents ' staff , one of whom , a history enthusiast , eventually christened them `` Jethro Tull '' after the 18th - century agriculturist . The name stuck because they were using it the first time a club manager liked their show enough to invite them to return . Jimmy Eat World -- `` Jimmy '' is guitarist Tom Linton 's younger brother , who had a weight problem . Lead vocalist Jim Adkins ' younger brother drew a picture on Jimmy 's door of him putting a globe in his mouth , and wrote on it `` Jimmy Eat World . '' It eventually became inspiration for their band name . Joy Division -- In order to avoid confusion with the London punk band Warsaw Pakt , the band renamed themselves from Warsaw to Joy Division in late 1977 , borrowing their new name from the prostitution wing of a Nazi concentration camp mentioned in the 1955 novel The House of Dolls . Kaiser Chiefs -- After the South African Kaizer Chiefs Football Club , the former team of long - serving former Leeds United captain Lucas Radebe . Kasabian -- After Linda Kasabian , a member of the Charles Manson cult ( aka the Manson `` family '' ) famous for serving as his getaway driver . Kassidy -- Inspired by Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid . Keane -- After Cherry Keane , an old woman who used to look after the band members when they were children . The Killers -- From the bass drum of a fictional band in the music video for the New Order song `` Crystal '' . Killswitch Engage -- From an episode of The X-Files . King Crimson -- The band name was coined by lyricist Peter Sinfield as a synonym for Beelzebub , prince of demons . According to Robert Fripp , Beelzebub would be an anglicised form of the Arabic phrase `` B'il Sabab '' , meaning `` the man with an aim '' . Historically and etymologically , a `` crimson king '' was any monarch during whose reign there was civil unrest and copious bloodshed . King Krule -- Originally known as Zoo Kid , he chose the name King Krule from the Elvis Presley film King Creole . KISS -- Peter Criss , the original drummer of KISS and the 3rd member to join KISS , was in a car riding around with Gene Simmons , Paul Stanley and Ace Frehley in New York . All three members knew that Peter used to be in a band named LIPS . They were trying to think of a band name at that time . Paul blurted out , `` How about KISS ? '' Ace Frehley designed the KISS logo in 1973 which is still used today . There was a rumor going around in the early 1980s that it stood for ( K ) ids ( I ) n ( S ) atan 's ( S ) ervice . Klaxons -- Originally known as `` Klaxons ( Not Centaurs ) '' , a quote from Filippo Tommaso Marinetti 's futurism text The Futurist Manifesto . Also in an interview a band member stated Klaxons `` is to toot to be a loud intrusive noise to disrupt '' . KJ - 52 -- Hybrid name of this artist 's first rap name `` KJ '' coupled with the New Testament Miracle of the Feeding of the Multitude , Mark 8 : 1 - 9 & Matthew 15 : 32 - 39 . KMFDM - An initialism for the nonsensical and grammatically incorrect German phrase `` Kein Mehrheit Für Die Mitleid '' , which was intended to translate to `` No pity for the majority '' . Chosen as a motto from words cut of a German newspaper for an exposition for young European artists and afterwards it was initialized as the name of the band . Knife Party -- From the song `` Knife Party '' by Deftones . The name caused consternation at first as it implied that they supported knife crime , although Rob Swire stated that `` ... we 're not advocating any type of knife - related crime any more than Swedish House Mafia were advocating organised crime . '' The La 's - The band was formed in Liverpool , and `` la '' is a well - known Scouse phrase meaning `` lad '' or `` mate '' . Ladytron -- From the song `` Ladytron '' by Roxy Music . Lasgo -- From the Scottish city Glasgow with the first and last letters removed . Led Zeppelin -- The band name `` Led Zeppelin '' refers to the Hindenburg disaster ; and a joke made by Keith Moon and John Entwistle . The two were discussing the idea of forming a band with some prominent young guitarists at the time . Moon and Entwistle suggested that a supergroup containing themselves , Jimmy Page , and Jeff Beck would go down like a `` lead balloon '' , a British idiom for disastrous results . They intentionally misspelled the name to ensure correct pronunciation by announcers . Letters to Cleo -- The name refers to lead singer Kay Hanley 's childhood pen pal Cleo . Lights -- Born Valerie Poxleitner , `` Lights '' stemmed as a shortened nickname for her last name . She legally changed her name to Lights at age 18 . Linkin Park -- Their name came from the lead singer , Chester Bennington , because they had to change their name due to copyright issues , and he drove past Lincoln Park on the way home from band practice . However , the domain `` lincolnpark.com '' was more than they could afford , so they changed the spelling to ' Linkin Park ' . Living Colour -- From the NBC TV slogan `` Broadcasting in Living Color . '' Lord of the Flies -- Band member Alex d'Aquino looked at different band names and saw `` Of Mice of Men '' , so he thought of a great British classic `` Lord of the Flies '' about a group of British boys stuck on an uninhabitable island who try to govern themselves with disastrous results . Lothar and the Hand People -- Band member Richard Willis had a dream in which an enslaved race called the Hand People was saved by a hero named Lothar . Later , well after the name had been chosen , they decided that Lothar was the name of the theremin used by member John Emelin . Lynyrd Skynyrd -- After Leonard Skinner , a gym teacher at Robert E. Lee High School in Jacksonville , Florida who was notorious for strictly enforcing the school 's policy against boys having long hair . Marillion -- The band was originally called Silmarillion , taken from the title of a J.R.R. Tolkien novel . The name was eventually shortened to avoid possible legal problems . Marilyn Manson -- For Marilyn Monroe and Charles Manson . Marshall Tucker Band -- While the band was discussing possible band names one evening in an old warehouse they had rented for rehearsal space , someone noticed that the warehouse 's door key had the name `` Marshall Tucker '' inscribed on it , and suggested they call themselves `` The Marshall Tucker Band , '' not realizing it referred to an actual person . It later came to light that Marshall Tucker , the blind piano tuner , had rented the space before the band , and his name was inscribed on the key. ( 1 ) In his book , Top Pop Singles , 1955 - 2002 , music historian Joel Whitburn attributes `` Marshall Tucker '' to the owner of the band 's rehearsal hall . Matchbox Twenty -- Originally titled `` Matchbox 20 , '' the band took its name from a softball jersey with a `` 20 '' on it and a patch that had `` Matchbox '' written on it . The band altered its name to `` Matchbox Twenty '' after the release of its debut album Yourself or Someone Like You . Mayday Parade -- Members Alex and Jake decided on the name while recording their first EP . McFly -- Guitarist / vocalist / songwriter Tom Fletcher took the name from the film Back to the Future 's main character `` Marty McFly . '' Megadeth -- While Dave Mustaine was traveling back to his home in the Bay Area on a bus after getting kicked out of his former band , Metallica , he would write lyrics on the back of a handbill to pass the time . The handbill itself quoted `` The arsenal of megadeath ca n't be rid no matter what the peace treaties come to , '' which inspired him to use Megadeath as his band name . He later found out `` The Megadeaths '' was the former band name for Pink Floyd and dropped the ' A ' in ' Death ' to keep the name . Metric -- Initially , their name was Mainstream . After releasing an EP titled Mainstream EP , they changed the band 's name to Metric , after a sound that was programmed by the member James Shaw on his keyboard in 1998 . MGMT -- The band was originally called The Management , MGMT is an abbreviation of that . Minus the Bear -- The name comes from an in - joke among the band members , referring to the 1970s television series B.J. and the Bear . `` A friend of the band had gone on a date , '' explained the singer - guitarist Jake Snider , `` and one of us asked him afterwards how the date went . Our friend said , ' You know that TV show from the ' 70s , B.J. and the Bear ? It was like that ... minus the Bear . ' That 's the straight truth . '' Misery Index -- The Baltimore death metal band named themselves after the Misery Index , an economic indicator created by Arthur Okun to measure how each citizen is doing economically . Misfits -- The band was named after a motion picture released in 1961 entitled The Misfits . The Misfits ' skull logo was derived from the villain of the 1946 motion picture The Crimson Ghost . MKTO -- An abbreviation of the member 's first and last names , Malcolm Kelley and Tony Oller . Modest Mouse -- Derives from a passage from the Virginia Woolf story `` The Mark on the Wall , '' which reads , `` ... and very frequent even in the minds of modest , mouse - coloured people ... '' Molly Hatchet -- A 17th - century southern prostitute who allegedly beheaded and / or chopped up her clients . The Moody Blues -- The band were originally named The M&B 5 after the Birmingham brewery Mitchells & Butlers . This was changed and the new name was inspired by a Duke Ellington song named ' Mood Indigo ' . Morgoth -- The principal antagonist in Tolkien 's Silmarillion . Mötley Crüe -- When Mick Mars was playing with his old cover band White Horse he heard someone describing them as `` motley looking crew '' , he instantly took to the phrase and knew that someday he wanted to play in a band by that name . The spelling was eventually changed and umlauts were added . The Mountain Goats -- Taken from the Screamin ' Jay Hawkins song `` Yellow Coat '' , which contains the line `` 50 million bulldogs , 20 mountain goats , all gathered ' round at sundown to see my yellow coat . '' Mumford & Sons -- Originates from the fact that Marcus Mumford was always the most visible member , organizing the band and their performances from their beginnings in West London . Vocalist Ben Lovett indicated that the name was meant to invoke the sense of an `` antiquated family business name '' . Muse -- Front - man Matthew Bellamy , stated that the band 's name was mainly chosen because it looked professional on posters and the like . However , Bellamy has also stated that the name could possibly have stemmed from being raised in a family interested in Ouija and spirits . The bandmates first heard the word when someone in their hometown of Teignmouth , England suggested that the reason for a lot of the town 's populace becoming members of bands was due to a muse hovering over the town . My Chemical Romance -- Bassist Mikey Way , before joining the band , had a job at Barnes & Noble . The name came from Irvine Welsh 's Five Tales of Chemical Romance . Vocalist Gerard Way added the `` My '' to make the name more personal . It is also said to have been inspired from shoegaze band My Bloody Valentine . Ned 's Atomic Dustbin -- Title of an episode of The Goon Show that the mother of vocalist Jonn Penney would read to him . Night Ranger -- Originally formed as Stereo by Jack Blades , Kelly Keagy and Brad Gillis , the band changed the name to simply Ranger after adding keyboardist Alan Fitzgerald and guitarist Jeff Watson . Due to a copyright infringement claim by a country band calling itself The Rangers , the band changed the name to Night Ranger . Nine Inch Nails -- Sole constant member Trent Reznor chose the name because it `` could be abbreviated easily '' and denied the name had any `` literal meaning '' . Nirvana -- Before settling on a permanent name , the band had played under many different names including ' Throat Oyster ' and ' Ted , Ed , Fred ' . Nirvana is a profound concept that comes from the Buddhist belief that one can , through spiritual practices and meditation , transcend the cycle of rebirth and human suffering and ultimately achieve nirvana . Kurt Cobain chose the name and defined it to his bandmates as a word that describes the ' attainment of perfection ' . No Doubt -- Back - flipping original singer John Spence formed an Orange County - based 2 Tone ska group named after his favorite expression , with keyboardist Eric Stefani . After Spence 's death , the name stuck . NOFX -- guitarist Eric Melvin says that he came up with the name , inspired by the broken up punk band `` Negative FX '' . The name is also meant to symbolize the band 's rejection of gimmickry that the band was seeing in music at the time . O ( edit ) Oasis -- Evolved from an earlier band called The Rain , composed of Paul `` Guigsy '' McGuigan ( bass guitar ) , Paul `` Bonehead '' Arthurs ( guitar ) , Tony McCarroll ( drums ) and Chris Hutton ( vocals ) . Unsatisfied with Hutton , Arthurs auditioned acquaintance Liam Gallagher as a replacement . After Gallagher joined the group , the band 's name was changed to Oasis , which was inspired by a place where The Inspiral Carpets played . One of the venues on it was the Oasis Leisure Centre in Swindon . The Offspring -- Band members Dexter Holland and Greg K decided to form a band after attending a Social Distortion concert . The band was called Manic Subsidal , who suddenly changed their name to The Offspring in 1986 . Of Mice & Men -- After the novel by John Steinbeck . Steinbeck himself took the name from a line in the poem `` To A Mouse '' by Robert Burns , which reads `` The best - laid schemes o ' mice an ' men Gang aft agley '' OK Go -- Came from an art teacher of Damian Kulash and Tim Nordwind saying `` OK ... Go ! '' while they were drawing during the Interlochen Arts Camp . One Night Only -- Came about when the band were asked to play a gig ; they did not have a name at the time and so came up with One Night Only , intending for the title to , literally , last for only one night . However , the name stuck and they continued to use it . One Ok Rock -- Comes from `` one o'clock '' , the time that the band used to practice on weekends , but due to the Japanese language making no distinction between R 's and L 's , they changed `` O'CLOCK '' to `` O'CROCK '' ( or `` O'KROCK '' ) , which was then separated to become `` OK ROCK '' . OneRepublic -- Originally called `` Republic '' , the name was changed after Columbia Records mentioned that the name might result in legal action from other , similarly - named bands . Opeth -- Derived from the word `` Opet '' , taken from the Wilbur Smith novel Sunbird . In this novel , Opet is the name of a ( fictional ) Phoenician city in South Africa whose name is translated as `` City of the Moon '' in the book . Panic ! at the Disco -- Lifted from the lyrics of a song called `` Panic , '' by Name Taken : `` Panic at the disco / Sat back and took it so slow . '' Pantera -- Named after guitarist Dimebag Darrell 's car , a De Tomaso Pantera . Paramore -- According to lead singer Hayley Williams , the name `` Paramore '' came from the maiden name of the mother of one of their first bass players . Once the group learned the meaning of the homophone `` paramour '' ( `` secret lover '' ) , they decided to adopt the name , using the Paramore spelling . Paris Match -- Named after The Style Council 's song , `` Paris Match '' . Passion Pit -- The band culled their name from the Variety Slanguage Dictionary , a glossary of Variety 's frequently used slang , which was provided by the Hollywood insider publication to help not - so - savvy readers decipher its content . The magazine used the term to refer to drive - in theatres , because of their privacy and romantic allure for teenagers . Pearl Jam -- The band 's first name was `` Mookie Blaylock '' after the All - Star basketball player , but the name was changed to `` Pearl Jam '' due to trademark concerns . Vocalist Eddie Vedder claimed in an early interview that the name was a reference to his great - grandmother Pearl Brunner . In 2006 guitarist Mike McCready said that bass player Jeff Ament came up with `` Pearl '' and that `` Jam '' was added after seeing Neil Young live . Phoenix -- After the song `` Phoenix '' from Daft Punk 's debut album Homework . It has also been speculated that the band named themselves after actor Joaquin Phoenix , who , like the two main guitar players / brothers , has a scar left over from cleft palate surgery as a child . Pink Floyd -- Playing under multiple names , including `` Tea Set '' , when the band found themselves on the same bill as another band with the same name , Syd Barrett came up with the alternative name The Pink Floyd Sound , after two blues musicians , Pink Anderson and Floyd Council . For a time after this they oscillated between The Tea Set and The Pink Floyd Sound , with the latter name eventually winning out . The Sound was dropped fairly quickly , but the definite article was still used regularly until 1970 . The group 's UK releases during the Syd Barrett era credited them as The Pink Floyd as did their first two U.S. singles. 1969 's More and Ummagumma albums credit the band as Pink Floyd , produced by The Pink Floyd , while 1970 's Atom Heart Mother credits the band as The Pink Floyd , produced by Pink Floyd . David Gilmour is known to have referred to the group as The Pink Floyd as late as 1984 . Pixies -- Selected randomly from a dictionary by guitarist Joey Santiago . The band took a liking to the word 's definition , `` mischievous little elves '' . The name was shortened from the original , `` Pixies In Panoply '' . + 44 -- Pronounced `` plus forty four , '' a reference to the international dialing code of the United Kingdom , where band members Mark Hoppus and Travis Barker first discussed the project . The Pogues -- Originally called Póg mo Thóin - Irish for `` Kiss my arse '' . Shortened to The Pogues after complaints received by the BBC . Porno for Pyros -- Inspired by the Los Angeles riots of 1992 . Portishead -- After the English town of Portishead , Somerset , the hometown of one of the band 's founding members , Geoff Barrow . The Postal Service -- Chosen because of the band 's production method : producer Jimmy Tamborello would mail raw versions to vocalist Ben Gibbard , who would edit them and mail them back through the United States Postal Service . Procol Harum -- From the pedigree name of a Siamese cat that belonged to a friend of Guy Stevens , the band 's manager . The name was Procul Harun , which is Latin for `` Beyond these things '' , but was written down incorrectly by Keith Reid . The band would say in interviews that the cat was a Burmese Blue , though all cats with the name are the Devon Rex breed . The Prodigy -- Bandleader Liam Howlett 's first synthesiser was a Moog Prodigy . Q ( edit ) Queen -- Were originally called Smile . Singer Freddie Mercury came up with the new name for the band , later saying : `` Years ago I thought up the name ' Queen ' ... It 's just a name , but it 's very regal obviously , and it sounds splendid ... It 's a strong name , very universal and immediate . It had a lot of visual potential and was open to all sorts of interpretations . I was certainly aware of gay connotations , but that was just one face of it . '' Queens of the Stone Age -- A name given by Criss Goss , who said the name implied they were `` heavy enough for the boys and sweet enough for the girls '' , while ' Kings of the Stone Age ' was described to be `` too macho '' and lopsided . Queensrÿche -- Were originally called `` The Mob '' . The name is derived from a song on their EP `` Queen of the Reich '' , and is the only known use of the letter Y with an umlaut in English . It was used to soften `` Queensreich '' and not confuse the band with Nazism . Qntal -- In a dream , vocalist Sigrid Hausen saw the letters in flames . Radiohead -- Originally known as `` On a Friday '' , the band was given two weeks after signing to Parlophone to change their name . The band renamed themselves after the 1986 Talking Heads song `` Radio Head '' on the album True Stories , claiming it was the `` least annoying song '' on the album . Rage Against the Machine -- When the band formed in 1991 , they chose the name of a song Zack de la Rocha had written for his old band , Inside Out . Rammstein -- The band was named after the 1988 Ramstein air show disaster . At first , the band had denied this and said that their name was inspired by the giant doorstop type devices found on old gates , called Rammsteine . The extra `` m '' in the band 's name makes it translate literally as `` ramming stone '' . The Ramones -- Paul McCartney used the alias Paul Ramon when booking hotel rooms . So the band decided to use the last name Ramone even though it 's not their surname . R.E.M. -- Vocalist Michael Stipe drew the acronym randomly out of the dictionary . The term refers to the rapid eye movement phase of sleep . Stipe says that is not the reason why the band is named R.E.M. Reel Big Fish -- The band chose this name in favor of `` The Fisher King , '' a reference to the film of the same name , as well as `` Dull Boy Jack , '' a reference to The Shining . The final name was chosen almost arbitrarily , under the notion that it could be changed later . Bassist Matt Wong suggested `` Real Big Fish '' , and Aaron Barrett suggested changing the ' A ' to a second ' E ' . However , the name stuck , much to the chagrin of the band . Relient K -- Named after the car that guitarist Matt Hoopes drove in high school , a Plymouth Reliant K car . The spelling was intentionally altered to avoid a lawsuit . The Replacements -- Originally named the Impediments , the band changed its name to the Replacements following a June 1980 church hall gig in Minneapolis in which they were banned due to disorderly behavior . The Residents -- In 1971 the group sent a reel - to - reel tape to Hal Halverstadt at Warner Brothers . Because the band had not included any name in the return address , the rejection slip was simply addressed to `` The Residents '' . The members of the group then decided that this would be the name they would use , first becoming Residents Unincorporated , then shortening it to the current name . REO Speedwagon -- After Ransom E. Olds 's REO Speed Wagon , which band founder Neal Doughty studied in his transportation history class at the University of Illinois . The Rolling Stones -- From the Muddy Waters song , `` Rollin ' Stone '' . Rush -- The band was in need to quickly find a name for themselves just before a gig , when John Rutsey 's brother suggested : `` Why do n't you call your band Rush ? '' . Russian Circles -- Originally the title of their first piece , which was later called `` Carpe '' . Russian Circles is a drill in hockey . Saving Abel -- From the ancient biblical story of Cain and Abel , about a brother who killed his own brother . Band member Jason Null thought up the band title saying `` I Googled the story of Cain and Abel and found a line about ' there was no saving Abel , ' which just jumped out at me . '' School of Seven Bells -- A mythical South American pickpocket training academy . Seagull Screaming Kiss Her Kiss Her -- After a song by XTC on their album The Big Express . Seether -- Originally Saron Gas . The band was asked to change their name due to Saron Gas being a homophone of sarin gas , a deadly nerve agent . The band changed its name to Seether in honor of Veruca Salt 's song titled , `` Seether '' . Sepultura -- Means `` Grave '' in Portuguese . The name was chosen after co-founder Max Cavalera translated the lyrics to the Motörhead song `` Dancing on Your Grave '' . Sevendust -- After discovering their name Crawlspace was already taken , band bassist Vinnie Hornsby renamed the band after a brand of plant pesticide he found in his grandmother 's garage named Sevin dust . Shai Hulud -- After the gigantic Sandworms of Arrakis from the 1984 science fiction film Dune , based on the Frank Herbert science fiction novel of the same name . Sigue Sigue Sputnik -- The group 's name is a very rough translation of the Russian phrase `` burn , burn Sputnik '' or `` burn , burn , satellite '' and is claimed by the band to be an adaptation of the name of a Russian street gang . The name is also a nod to the band 's anti-conventional rock image ; in a 1986 interview , band founder Tony James remembered reading that , after seeing Sputnik pass over the earth , Little Richard gave up rock and roll . James `` took that as a good omen '' for the band 's name choice . Sigur Rós -- After the little sister of the band 's vocalist , Jón Þór Birgisson ( Jónsi ) , whose name is Sigurrós ( without a space ) . It translates to `` victory rose . '' Simple Minds -- From a line in the David Bowie song Jean Genie Simply Red -- The name `` Simply Red '' came about when the manager of a local venue was confused about the band 's name and Mick Hucknall replied that it was `` Red , simply Red '' . The resulting misnomer was printed on publicity posters as `` Simply Red '' , and the name stuck . Skillet -- Each starting band member was already in a separate band , and all decided to start a side project . Since each other band had a different sound and style to it , the side project was said to be like putting all of those styles in a big skillet to come up with something unique . Skrillex -- Sonny Moore 's old AIM nickname Slipknot -- Drummer Joey Jordison suggested renaming the band from `` Meld '' to `` Slipknot '' after their song that eventually appeared on the band 's demo Mate . Feed . Kill . Repeat . Sloan -- According to band member Jay Ferguson , the band 's name refers to a friend 's nickname . Their friend Jason Larsen was called `` slow one '' by his French - speaking boss , which with the French accent sounded more like `` Sloan . '' The original agreement was that they could name the band after their friend 's nickname as long as he was on the cover of their first album . As a result , it is Larsen who appears on the cover of Sloan 's Peppermint EP . Smashing Pumpkins -- Frontman Billy Corgan had come up with this name as a joke years before the band had ever formed . Whenever people asked if he was in a band , he would tell them it was called Smashing Pumpkins for a laugh . The name stuck after the band formed , despite dissension from fellow band members . Snow -- Darren O'Brien's nickname given to him because he was one of the only white people in an ethnically diverse neighbourhood in Canada . Soilwork -- Chosen by the band to symbolize `` working from the ground up '' . Soundgarden -- The band took their name from a huge pipe sculpture in Seattle 's Sand Point titled `` A Sound Garden '' . The Soup Dragons -- The early 70s animation `` Clangers '' had a character named the Soup Dragon , who would harvest Green Soup from a volcano . Spandau Ballet -- The name was coined after a close friend of the band , the DJ Robert Elms , saw the words Spandau Ballet written on the wall of a lavatory in a Berlin nightclub ; it is a reference to Spandau Prison and the `` ballet '' refers to the jerky movements that prisoners made when they were hanged . Squirrel Nut Zippers -- A peanut and caramel candy from the 1920s . Staind - The band was originally called `` Stain '' . They added the D when they found another group , which then became Kilgore Smudge and Lit , already had the name . Steeleye Span -- John `` Steeleye '' Span is a character in the song `` Horkstow Grange '' Steely Dan -- A dildo in the novel Naked Lunch by William S. Burroughs . Stone Sour -- A cocktail made up of one part whiskey and a splash of orange juice . The group describe their music as one part pure rock adrenaline with a splash of melody . Stryper -- Originally derived from the King James Version of Isaiah 53 : 5 , drummer Robert Sweet created the acronym : Salvation Through Redemption , Yielding Peace , Encouragement , and Righteousness . Sum 41 -- The band started 41 days into the summer . The band was originally a NOFX cover band named Kaspir ; they changed their name to Sum 41 for a Supernova show on September 28 , 1996 . Switchfoot -- A surfing term meaning being able to ride with either foot forward . System of a Down -- Derived from a poem written by the guitarist Daron Malakian , named ' Victims of a Down ' , which was changed to System of a Down to place them closer alphabetically to their idols Slayer . Taking Back Sunday -- A song by Long Island band The Waiting Process who were inspired by their grandmother , Tina , that they should take back Sunday from the Christian people in Long Island . Talking Heads -- Bassist Tina Weymouth explained that `` A friend had found the name in the TV Guide , which explained the term used by TV studios to describe a head - and - shoulder shot of a person talking as ' all content , no action . ' It fit . '' Tangerine Dream -- Edgar Froese in an interview in Let It Rock magazine claimed they named themselves ' after the Beatles line in the song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds ' . Clearly , with English not being his first language , he misheard ' Tangerine Trees ' as ' Tangerine Dreams ' , making them the only band to have named themselves after a misheard Beatles lyric . Tears for Fears -- comes from a line in the book Prisoners of Pain by American psychologist Arthur Janov . It is worth noting that a lot of the band 's early material is influenced by Janov 's writings . Thee Michelle Gun Elephant -- A friend of the band mispronounced the name of The Damned 's album Machine Gun Etiquette . Therapy ? -- The band chose the name because it was a simple word that everyone knows . The reason for the question mark at the end of the name was because when lead singer and guitarist , Andy Cairns was writing out the spines for the cassettes to send off to the record companies , he began writing too far to the left , so to centre the writing and make it look more professional , he added a question mark to the end and it stuck with the band . They Might Be Giants -- The name of a 1971 film , in which George C. Scott plays a man who believes he is Sherlock Holmes . The film 's title is in turn a reference to the literary character Don Quixote , who mistook windmills for giants . The name had previously been used by a ventriloquist friend of the band . Thirty Seconds To Mars -- The name of the band came after a thesis of an ex-professor of Harvard . One of the sub-sections was titled as `` Thirty Seconds To Mars '' and talks about the technological advance that connects with humans and it said that we were literally 30 seconds from Mars . The band on their origins said that that phrase describe their music in a nutshell . Three Dog Night -- From The Three Dog Night Story , 1964 -- 1975 states that vocalist Danny Hutton 's then - girlfriend June Fairchild suggested the name after reading a magazine article about indigenous Australians , in which it was explained that on cold nights they would customarily sleep in a hole in the ground whilst embracing a dingo , a native species of wild dog . On colder nights they would sleep with two dogs and if the night were freezing , it was a `` three dog night '' . Thompson Twins -- From Thomson and Thompson , the bumbling detectives in Hergé 's comic strip series The Adventures of Tintin . TLC -- Acronym for their nicknames T - Boz , Left Eye , and Chilli . Toad the Wet Sprocket -- From a fictional band mentioned in a Monty Python sketch called `` Rock Notes . '' A journalist reports that `` Rex Stardust , lead electric triangle with Toad the Wet Sprocket , has had to have a elbow removed following their recent successful worldwide tour of Finland . '' Tokio Hotel -- After `` Tokio '' , the German spelling of the Japanese city Tokyo , due to the band 's love of the city , and `` Hotel '' due to their constant touring and living in hotels . Toto -- In the early 1980s , band members told the press that the band was named after the dog in The Wizard of Oz . Two Door Cinema Club -- Came about after band member Sam Halliday mispronounced the name of the local cinema , Tudor Cinema , and this stuck . Trap Them -- The band named themselves after the 1977 sexploitation horror film Trap Them And Kill Them , better known as Emanuelle and the Last Cannibals . Twenty One Pilots -- Lead singer Tyler Joseph got the name from studying the play `` All My Sons '' by Arthur Miller in a theatre class . The play is set in World War II , the main character finds that parts to various planes are faulty but lets them fly anyway , resulting in the deaths of 21 pilots . U ( edit ) UB40 -- The UK government 's form number for the Unemployment Benefit Attendance Card , as shown on the band 's debut album Signing Off . Ugly Kid Joe -- A parody of the LA glam band , Pretty Boy Floyd . Undercover Slut -- After the X-rated Wendy Whitebread , Undercover Slut comic book from 1990 . Uriah Heep ( band ) -- Creepy character from the novel David Copperfield by Charles Dickens . U2 -- Bono once said that the band name came from its interactivity with the audience , as in `` you too . '' U2 is also the name of a famous spy plane , as well as the name of the subway line that connected East and West Berlin , on which Zoo Station ( also the name of a song on the album Achtung Baby ) is found . V ( edit ) Vampire Weekend -- Chris Baio explained that the band 's singer , Ezra Koenig , had filmed a low - budget vampire movie with this title two - and - a-half years before the band formed . Van Halen -- The last name of the band 's lead guitarist Eddie Van Halen and drummer Alex Van Halen . Although initially called Mammoth , the band changed its name when it found out Mammoth was already taken by another band . The Velvet Underground -- After a book about sadomasochism by Michael Leigh . Veruca Salt -- After the character from the children 's novel , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . The Villebillies -- From a lyric written by vocalist Derek `` Child '' Monyhan shortly after joining the group . It is a combination of the words Louisville , the band 's hometown and largest urban center in Kentucky ( often locally nicknamed `` The Ville '' ) , and hillbilly , referring to eastern Kentucky 's rural mountain culture . The name references the cross genre nature of the band 's music . Violent Femmes -- According to bassist Brian Ritchie , he came up with the name of the group as a fake band name when one of his bandmates questioned his assertion that his brother was also in a band -- he and percussionist Victor DeLorenzo liked the name , so they used it for themselves . VAST -- The acronym VAST stands for Visual Audio Sensory Theater and is the main creation of singer / songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Jon Crosby Wang Chung -- From Chinese word `` 黃 鐘 '' ( huang chung ) means `` yellow bell '' and the first note in the Chinese classical music scale . Wardruna -- Einar Selvik has stated that the name ' Wardruna ' means ' warden of the runes ' . Weezer -- Lead vocalist Rivers Cuomo needed to come up with a name when the band received a big break to open for Keanu Reeves ' band Dogstar in 1992 . Cuomo quickly nominated Weezer , a nickname given to him when he was a kid by other children who were teasing him about his asthma . Afterwards , the band had a long meeting and kicked around many more names , but nobody could come up with anything better . The Whitlams -- After the 21st Prime Minister of Australia , Gough Whitlam . The Who -- Were originally called The Detours , then changed their name to The Who after a suggestion by guitarist Pete Townshend 's friend Richard Barnes . Their first manager , Pete Meaden , renamed them The High Numbers , and they released one unsuccessful single , `` Zoot Suit '' , under that name . When EMI dropped them , the band sacked Meaden and went back to being called The Who . Another possible reason was because of Townshend 's grandmother , who would always refer to popular bands as `` The Who ? '' , due to her impaired hearing . Widespread Panic -- Due to anxiety problems , lead guitarist Mike Houser used to have the nickname `` Panic '' . One day he came home and announced that he did n't want to be just `` Panic '' , he wanted to be `` Widespread Panic '' . Wilco -- After the CB radio Radiotelephony procedure for `` Will Comply '' , a choice which lead singer & guitarist Jeff Tweedy has called `` fairly ironic for a rock band to name themselves . '' Wild Beasts -- The band took their name the early 20th century art movement Fauvism ( meaning ' wild beasts ' in English ) , pioneered in France by Henri Matisse and André Derain . The band had originally formed under the name ' Fauve ' before changing it to the English translation . The Wombats -- The band members used to jokingly call each other wombats ; when they needed a name for the promotional materials for their first gig , guitarist Dan Haggis suggested `` The Wombats . '' Wu - Tang Clan -- RZA and Ol ' Dirty Bastard adopted the name for the rap group after seeing the Kung fu film Shaolin and Wu Tang , which features a school of warriors trained in Wu - Tang style . X ( edit ) X Japan -- The band added `` Japan '' in order to distinguish from the American punk group X . Xiu Xiu -- From the 1998 Chinese film Xiu Xiu : The Sent Down Girl . XTC - A phonetic spelling of ecstasy , which Andy Partridge claims was inspired by the way actor Jimmy Durante emphasises the word in his song `` I 'm the Guy Who Found the Lost Chord '' from the film This Time for Keeps . The xx - The band 's name was inspired by typing two lower - case x 's together in Microsoft Word . Y ( edit ) The Yardbirds -- Grew out of Keith Relf 's The Metropolitan Blues Quartet . When the band changed members in 1963 , Relf changed the name to The Yardbirds , partly from the nickname of jazz saxophonist Charlie Parker , `` Bird '' , and partly from the American slang for prisoner . Yes -- Group members were searching for an appropriate name but needed a name to play their first gig under . They played their first gig on August 3 under the name Yes , suggested by Peter Banks as being short , positive , direct , and memorable . It was originally intended as a temporary solution until a permanent name could be found . Obviously , the name stuck . Yo La Tengo -- The name is a reference to a story about the 1962 US Major League Baseball expansion team , the New York Mets . Normally when two players chase the same batted fly ball , one yells `` I 've Got It '' and the other then retreats to avoid a collision . But infielder Elio Chacón did n't understand the English term , he and outfielder Richie Ashburn collided a few times while chasing fly balls . Another teammate suggested that Ashburn yell the words in Spanish instead so Chacón would understand . The Spanish for `` I 've Got It '' is `` Yo La Tengo . '' After that Ashburn and Chacón no longer ran into each other . But another teammate , Frank Thomas , did n't understand the Spanish term . So one day while chasing a fly ball , despite hearing Ashburn call out `` Yo La Tengo '' , Howard ran into Ashburn . Young Fathers -- The band was named so because all three members have their fathers ' names . Youth Lagoon -- Inspired by a painting that Trevor Powers described in an early interview as depicting a group of children playing in a giant pool . Z ( edit ) Zox -- From the last name of drummer John Zox . Zao -- Original vocalist Eric Reeder came up with this name , meaning `` alive '' in Greek . ZZ Top -- Billy Gibbons wrote in his autobiography `` Billy F Gibbons : Rock + Roll Gearhead '' that he used to live in an apartment decorated with several concert posters and flyers , including Z.Z. Hill and B.B. King . After playing around with names like Z.Z. King and B.B. Hill he ended up with ZZ Top . See also ( edit ) Lists of etymologies List of bands named after other performers ' songs List of original names of bands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 Doors Down Fun Facts : Questions & Answers '' . www.funtrivia.com . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A '' . 311.com . Jump up ^ `` 10cc '' . Snopes . Snopes.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Origins of Band Names A-E Archived May 9 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Heathen World . Jump up ^ wil gerken ; nathan hendler ; doug floyd ; john banks . `` Music : How Swede It Is ( The Boston Phoenix . 05 - 08 - 00 ) '' . weeklywire.com . Jump up ^ `` ABBA 's biography , page 2 Archived December 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . The Official AC / DC Site . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marchese , David ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Why They 're Called ... A Day to Remember '' . Spin . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adiemus '' . Karl Jenkins . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Inductee Explorer - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame '' . Jump up ^ Apar , Corey . `` Aiden - Biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved November 21 , 2007 . 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Jump up ^ Sisario , Ben ( November 6 , 2004 ) . `` Postal Service Tale : Indie Rock , Snail Mail and Trademark Law '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Guy Stevens '' . procolharum.com . Jump up ^ Pore - Lee - Dunn Productions . `` Procol Harum '' . classicbands.com . Jump up ^ `` ' You 'll see me there , ' said the Cat , and vanished '' . procolharum.com . Jump up ^ Hudson , Noel ( 2008 ) . The Band Name Book . The Boston Mills Press . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55046 - 487 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://www.mercury-and-queen.com/queen.htm Jump up ^ `` MUSIC : Queensryche FAQ '' . Faqs.org . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Echo Location : Qntal 's Medieval Electronica '' The Echoes Blog `` . Echoesblog.wordpress.com . August 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randall , Mac ( 2000 ) . Exit Music : The Radiohead Story . Delta Trade Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 33393 - 1 . p. 55 Jump up ^ `` the complete RATM site '' . musicfanclubs.org . 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' '' , Gettysburg Times , 8 August 1986 , p. 26 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 Jump up ^ `` sigur rós frequently asked questions '' . eight seconds before sunrise , the official sigur rós news source . 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex , Former S.F. Resident , Talks Free Music , the Origin of His Name , and What Movie He 'd Soundtrack '' . SFWeekly. 2011 . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnopp , Jason ( 2001 ) . Slipknot : Inside the Sickness , Behind the Masks . Ebury . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 187933 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Jay ; Murphy , Chris . `` Fan F.A.Q. - Top 10 Questions ( Aug 2000 ) Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Michael ( December 1989 ) . `` Northwest of Hell '' . SPIN . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Noel ( 2008 ) . The Band Name Book . The Boston Mills Press . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55046 - 487 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Noel ( 2008 ) . The Band Name Book . 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The Boston Mills Press . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55046 - 487 - 0 . Jump up ^ Therapy ? Profile ( 1994 ) . YouTube . April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rock formations : categorical answers ... - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ es : 30 Seconds to Mars # Etimolog. C3. ADa Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 557 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904994 - 10 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Toad facts '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tokio Hotel Interview '' . popculturemadness.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mary ( July 11 , 1982 ) . `` Toto 's biggest hit '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Associated Press . p. 29 . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . `` Paich says , ' Jeff remembered the name of the dog in The Wizard of Oz . We were going to put it on the demonstration records and change it later . We just never found another name . ' '' Jump up ^ `` Two Door Cinema Club interview '' . The Line of Best Fit . March 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy from the Heat : David Lee Roth : 9780091874803 : Amazon.com : Books '' . amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : The Velvet Underground ( 9781871592283 ) : Michael Leigh : Books '' . amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Musiqtone : Villebillies - An exclusive interview with Musiqtone '' . musiqtone.com . Jump up ^ Barker , Rayanna . `` A Conversation With Brian Ritchie '' . Rockzone.com . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ VAST Jump up ^ The High Numbers Page Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Archived January 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kot 2004 . p. 89 Jump up ^ Cynthia Bowers ( August 23 , 2009 ) . `` A Summer Song '' , CBS News Sunday Morning Jump up ^ `` A Taste of The Wombats : Indie Rock Band Talks Evolution , Touring - The Emory Wheel '' . June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ^ ab `` The Wu - Tang Clan '' . Hip Hop Galaxy ( July 26 , 2004 ) . Retrieved March 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Neil ( June 18 , 1998 ) . `` The Pop Life : End of a Life , End of an Era '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ashlock , Jesse . `` Xiu Xiu Archived January 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Epitonic.com , October 10 , 2002 . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yardbirds 1963 - 1965 '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Yes Website '' . Jump up ^ `` CB Classic Bands '' . Jump up ^ Brian Cronin ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sports Legend Revealed : Hall of Famer Richie Ashburn indirectly led to the naming of the band Yo La Tengo '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` ZO X '' . Zoxband.com . January 22 , 2007 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zao Interview '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Dolgins , Adam ( 1998 ) . Rock Names : From Abba to ZZ Top : How Rock Bands Got Their Names . Cidermill Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2046 - 9 . Wilson , Dave ( 2005 ) . Rock Formations : Categorical Answers to How Band Names Were Formed . Carol Pub . Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9748483 - 5 - 8 . Froese , Brian ( 2012 ) . `` 3 : `` Is It the End , My Friend ? '' Black Sabbath 's Apocalypse of Horror `` . In Irwin , William . Black Sabbath and Philosophy : Mastering Reality . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 111849380X . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . 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bands with the word kid in the name
[ "Ugly Kid Joe — A parody of the LA glam band, Pretty Boy Floyd." ]
[ "Ugly Kid Joe" ]
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Puppy Dog Pals
Puppy Dog Pals - wikipedia Puppy Dog Pals Jump to : navigation , search Puppy Dog Pals Genre Adventure Musical Slice of life Created by Harland Williams Directed by Scott Bern Trevor Wall Stephanie Arnett Voices of Issac Ryan Brown Harland Williams Jessica DiCicco Sam Lavagnino Tom Kenny Theme music composer Andy Bean Opening theme `` Main Title Theme '' by Andy Bean Ending theme `` Main Title Theme '' ( Instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Andy Bean Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 23 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sean Coyle Richard Marlis Carmen Italia Producer ( s ) Harland Williams Running time 15 minutes Production company ( s ) DQ Entertainment Snowball Studios Wild Canary Animation Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Channel Disney Junior Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) -- present External links Website Puppy Dog Pals ( previously titled Puppy Dog Tails ) is an American computer - animated children 's television series created by Harland Williams . The series debuted on Disney Junior and Disney Channel in the United States on April 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Home media 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Puppy Dog Pals is about brothers Bingo and Rolly , two pug puppies who have fun traveling around their neighborhood and the world when their owner Bob leaves home . They also have a cat sister named Hissy , and a robot dog named Automatic Doggy Robotic Friend or ARF . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bingo ( voiced by Issac Ryan Brown ) is a black pug with a blue collar . He is the leader of the two and is Rolly 's older brother . Rolly ( voiced by Sam Lavagnino ) is a fawn pug with a red collar . He is n't as smart as Bingo , and is very silly . He is Bingo 's younger brother . In `` Bob Loves Mona '' , he starts a bad habit of chewing everything he can find . Bob ( voiced by Harland Williams ) is the owner of Bingo , Rolly , Hissy , and A.R.F. He works as an inventor . Hissy ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) is a sarcastic purple cat . In some episodes , she ends up going along with Bingo and Rolly on their missions . These episodes are : `` A Pyramid Scheme '' , `` Hissy 's Big Day '' , `` Bob Loves Mona '' , `` Puzzling Pugs '' , `` A Seat at the Theatre '' , and `` Return to the Pumpkin Patch '' , She is the first and currently only female character to sing . A.R.F. ( fully known as Auto - Doggy Robotic Friend ; voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a robotic dog that Bob invented . He first appears in the episode `` A.R.F. '' . Later in the series , he is updated by Bob in `` Go , Dog , Go ! '' Recurring ( edit ) Cupcake ( voiced by Jill Talley ) is a pink puppy who does not like Bingo and Rolly . She is the main antagonist of the series . Rufus ( voiced by Leslie David Baker ) is the bulldog with a black collar who is always with Cupcake . He can not speak much except growl and mutter . He has been known to chase Bingo and Rolly multiple times , but in `` Haunted Howl - O - Ween '' , he helped them instead . Captain Dog ( voiced by Patrick Warburton ) is the star of the pups ' favorite television show . Frank Exposition ( voiced by Leslie David Baker ) is a man who is usually seen vacationing with his wife during Bingo and Rolly 's missions . In `` A Pyramid Scheme '' he gets tangled in ribbons , which leads to Bingo and Rolly mistaking him for a mummy . Esther Exposition ( voiced by Cheri Oteri ) is Frank 's wife . In `` Hissy 's Big Day '' , she is shown to have a pet iguana named Iggy who did n't appear again until `` The Great Pug - scape '' . Daisy ( voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown ) is a kind German Shepherd . She first appeared in `` History Mystery '' . She appeared again in `` A Very Pug Christmas '' . Bulworth ( voiced by Huey Lewis ) is the junkyard dog . Hedgie the Hedgehog ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) is a hedgehog who first appeared in `` Winter Wonder Pug '' . The Go - Long Retriever ( voiced by Harland Williams ) is the toy stick and one of Bob 's inventions that Bingo and Rolly tried to get rid of . It does n't say anything other than `` Play fetch with me ! '' Johnathan ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is Bingo and Rolly 's wisecracking seagull friend . Cagey ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is Bingo and Rolly 's guinea pig friend who used to live at the Pet Store , but is now Chloe 's pet . Crumpet ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is the royal Corgi dog . Whaley ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) is the whale that Bingo and Rolly helped jump over the other side of the wall . Dallie ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a dalmatian . Jackie ( voiced by Jill Talley ) is an orange collie with a magenta bandanna . Nelly ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) is a bluebird who appears in `` Polly Wants A Pug '' . She appears again in `` Winter Wonder - Pug '' . Miss Mudge ( voiced by Alanna Ubach ) is Snowflake 's owner . Guard Dog ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a Doberman who is friends with Bulworth . Chloe ( voiced by Emma Shannon ) is a little girl who is Bob 's neighbor . Chloe 's Mom ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is Chloe 's mom . Bob 's Mom ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) is an old lady who appears in three episodes : `` Special Delivery '' , `` Your Royal Pug - Ness '' , and `` A Pug - Tastic Day with Grandma '' . Bizzy the Beaver ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a beaver who lives in the forest . Strider the Sheepdog ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a fast - talking sheep herder who appears in the episodes , `` Counting Sheep '' and `` Rhapsody in Pug '' . Shockero ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a lavender Scotty dog . Bark Knight ( voiced by Gary Anthony Williams ) is Captain Dog 's sidekick . Titus ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a leopard who now owns Hissy 's squeaky toy . Harriet ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a smart African elephant . Barry ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a giraffe who let Bingo , Rolly , and Hissy ride on his head . Quinty Mcsquinty ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is an old basset hound who told Bingo and Rolly the legend of Ol ' Snapper . Ol ' Snapper ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a turtle mistaken as a monster . Baby ( barks provided by Jessica DiCicco ) is a huge Great Dane puppy . Queen Kazoo ( voiced by Alanna Ubach ) is the star of Bob 's favorite play . Baboo ( voiced by Gary Anthony Williams ) is Queen Kazoo 's dog . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Storyboards by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a `` Hawaii Pug - Oh '' Scott Bern Harland Williams Paul Cohen April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 101 1.39 When Bob says he 'd love to feel the sand on his toes , pug puppy brothers Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to Hawaii . 1b `` A.R.F. '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley James Gibson April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 101 1.39 Bob introduces the pups to A.R.F. , a robotic dog that is programmed to clean up their messes . 2a `` The French Toast Connection '' Stephanie Arnett Brendan Duffy Kris Wimberly April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) TBA 1.36 Bingo and Rolly travel to France to get Bob some french toast . 2b `` Take Me Out to the Pug Game '' Scott Bern Sean Coyle Doris Umschaden April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) TBA 1.36 The pugs chase Bob 's prized baseball across the city . 3a `` The Go - Long Retriever '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Kris Wimberly April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 0.99 Bingo and Rolly try to get away from a self - fetching stick that begins chasing them . 3b `` Pot O ' Pugs '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley Doris Umschaden April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 0.99 After Bob says he needs a pot of gold , the pups search for one at the end of a rainbow . 4a `` A Pyramid Scheme '' Trevor Wall Jeff Rothpan Julia Briemle April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 1.05 Bingo and Rolly travel to Egypt to find the missing Great Pyramids . 4b `` Special Delivery '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 1.05 The pugs try to deliver a Mother 's Day card for Bob . 5a `` Design - A-Dog '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Paul Cohen April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) TBA 0.91 Bingo and Rolly accidentally chew Bob 's childhood toy . 5b `` Ice , Ice Puggy '' Trevor Wall Darrin Rose James Gibson April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) TBA 0.91 When Bob runs out of ice , the pugs go to Antarctica to get him some . 6a `` Free Whaley '' Trevor Wall Sean Tweedley Julia Briemle May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 106 1.05 Bingo and Rolly help a baby whale that has been separated from her family . 6b `` Putting It Together '' Stephanie Arnett Brendan Duffy Otis Brayboy May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 106 1.05 The pugs retrace their steps to remember where they buried Bob 's unicycle . 7a `` Hissy 's Big Day '' Trevor Wall Bill Fuller Julia Briemle May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 107 1.05 After Hissy has had a bad morning , Bingo and Rolly try to make her feel better by taking her to their favorite places . 7b `` Go , Dog . Go ! '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 107 1.05 The reprogrammed A.R.F. takes the pugs where they want to go but the pugs learn that the robotic dog is n't programmed to bring them back . 8a `` Pigs and Pugs '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Bill Breneisen & Alfred Gimeno May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 108 1.04 Bob mistakes a mud - covered pig for Rolly and accidentally leaves him behind on the farm . 8b `` Bob Loves Mona '' Scott Bern Joe Ansolabehere ( story ) Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 108 1.04 The pugs travel to the Great Wall of China to search for the missing Mona Lisa . 9a `` Do n't Rain on my Pug - rade '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley Arthur Valencia June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 109 1.59 When Bob ca n't leave his house to watch a parade , the pups enlist a family of ducks to march past the house . 9b `` Their Royal Pug - ness '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 109 1.59 Bingo and Rolly head to England to learn how to treat a queen . 10a `` Scuba - Doggies '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton ( story ) Bob Smiley Rudi Bloss June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 110 1.25 The pups go to The Great Barrier Reef to find Bob 's package that was lost at sea . 10b `` Walking the Bob '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley Bill Breneisen June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 110 1.25 The pups lead a blurry - visioned Bob home . 11a `` Hissy 's Kitty '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Kris Wimberly July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 111 1.21 When Bob brings home a lost kitty , Bingo and Rolly try find her a home . 11b `` Polly Wants a Pug '' Scott Bern Michael Olson & Bob Smiley Julia Briemle & Doris Umschaden July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 111 1.21 While in Florida , Bingo and Rolly search for an old friend of Bob 's . 12a `` Leave it to Beavers '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Julia Briemle July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 112 1.35 Bingo and Rolly try to build a dam to protect their doghouse from a rainstorm . 12b `` Counting Sheep '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Otis Brayboy July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 112 1.35 When Bob says he 'll count sheep to sleep , the pugs herd a flock of sheep into the backyard to help . 13a `` Captain Rolly '' Scott Bern Brian Hall Rudi Bloss July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 113 1.20 The pugs attend the Captain Dog fan party . 13b `` The Coolest Dogs in Town '' Trevor Wall Brian Hall Bill Breneisen July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 113 1.20 A.R.F takes Bingo and Rolly places to get cool . 14a `` Puzzling Pugs '' Stephanie Arnett Harland Williams ( story ) Michael Olson and Harland Williams Ashley Lenz August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) TBA 1.25 Bingo , Rolly , and Hissy find a leopard for Bob 's puzzle after A.R.F tears it up . 14b `` Rhapsody in Pug '' Scott Bern Amy Van Curen Doris Umschaden August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) TBA 1.25 Bingo and Rolly go to a concert . 15a `` The Legend of Ol ' Snapper '' Trevor Wall Sean Coyle Julia Briemle August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) TBA 0.84 Bob 's fishing pole is stolen by a legendary creature . 15b `` Adventures in Puppy - Sitting '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Otis Brayboy August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) TBA 0.84 The pugs are tasked to babysit a big dog that causes trouble around the town . 16a `` Bye Bye , Butterfly '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton & Harland Williams Ed Baker September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) TBA 0.63 Bingo and Rolly help a butterfly find a way back to her family . 16b `` A Seat at the Theatre '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) TBA 0.63 Bingo and Rolly try to take a seat to Bob 's favorite play and try not to wake up Hissy at the same time . 17a `` Return to the Pumpkin Patch '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley ( story ) Amy Van Curen Doris Umschaden October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) TBA 0.97 Bingo , Rolly and Hissy go to a pumpkin patch to find Bingo 's collar after he loses it in the maze . 17b `` Haunted Howl - oween '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen ( story ) Jessica Carleton Ashley Lenz October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) TBA 0.97 Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to find Chloe 's Halloween Costume . 18a `` Close Encounters of a Pug Kind '' Trevor Wall Brian Hall Bill Breneisen October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBA 0.84 The pups go to a gathering of UFO enthusiasts to find someone from space and mistake a lost Chameleon for an alien . 18b `` History Mystery '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen Otis Brayboy October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBA 0.84 When the pups find a doggie toy that is n't theirs , they go on a mission to find its original owner . 19a `` Art for Pug 's Sake '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Kris Wimberly November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) TBA 0.94 The pugs try to hang something of Bob 's at a famous Italian art museum . 19b `` Winter Wonderpug '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley Doris Umschaden November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) TBA 0.94 Bingo and Rolly look for the first snowflake of the season while helping other animals prepare for winter . 20a `` A Very Pug Christmas '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton & Brian Hall ( story ) Roger Dondis December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 125 1.03 On Christmas Eve , Bingo and Rolly help Santa search for Bob 's Christmas present when it goes missing in the sleigh . 20b `` The Latke Kerfuffle '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Bill Breneisen December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 125 1.03 Bingo and Rolly help Bob make latkes for their neighbor Chloe 's Hanukkah party . 21a `` Puggy - ology '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) TBA 0.72 Bingo and Rolly help Bob 's younger sister look for historical items . 21b `` Squirrels Just Wanna Have Fun '' Trevor Wall Jean Ansolabehere Bill Breneisen February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) TBA 0.72 Bingo and Rolly try to catch a squirrel who 's been making noises in their house . 22a `` The Great Pug - scape '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen Kris Wimberly March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) TBA 0.71 After Hissy gets a time out , Bingo and Rolly try to break her out of her punishment . 22b `` Luck of the Pug - ish '' Scott Bern Sean Coyle Kelly James March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) TBA 0.76 The Pugs travel to Ireland in search of a four - leaf clover to bring Bob good luck . 23a `` The Great Shirt Rescue '' Scott Bern Jean Ansolabehere Rudi Bloss March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) TBA 0.84 When Bob loses his lucky shirt , the pugs stage a heist to get it back . 23b `` A Pugtastic Day with Grandma '' Trevor Wall Bill Fuller ( story ) Michael Olson Carole Holliday March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) TBA 0.89 The pugs stay at Bob 's Mom 's house while he goes out of town . Home media ( edit ) Region Title Episode ( s ) Season Running time Released Ref . Going on a Mission ! 6 183 minutes April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Individual in Animation Steve C. Meyers Won Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Allyson Bosch Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Puppy Dog Pals -- Fact Sheet '' . Disney Junior Press . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mercedes Milligan ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Junior Announces ' Vampirina , ' ' Puppy Dog Tails ' '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Puppy Dog Pals ' To Premiere April 14 on Disney Channel '' . Animation World Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puppy Dog Pals '' . Screener / Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Puppy Dog Pals '' . Disney Junior Press . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals &Network Finals : 5.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 6 - 16 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 6 - 23 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 7 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 14 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 28 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( Aug 11 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 8 - 11 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.22. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.13. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.10. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.1. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) USA portal Television portal Puppy Dog Pals on IMDb Puppy Dog Pals on Disney Junior Puppy Dog Pals on WATCH Disney Junior ( hide ) Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Goldie & Bear Mickey and the Roadster Racers Puppy Dog Pals Vampirina Muppet Babies Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. King Duckling PJ Masks Re-running series Rolie Polie Olie Special Agent Oso Handy Manny Henry Hugglemonster Imagination Movers Little Einsteins Jake and the Never Land Pirates Jungle Junction My Friends Tigger & Pooh Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Original short series Minnie 's Bow - Toons Nina Needs to Go ! Small Potatoes Whisker Haven Returning short series Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? Cars Toons Choo Choo Soul Chuggington : Badge Quest Go , Baby ! Handy Manny 's School for Tools Happy Monster Band Tasty Time with ZeFronk Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Shanna 's Show Original future programming Fancy Nancy See also Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! 25 Days of Christmas Disney movies Disney Channel Playhouse Disney Soapnet Disney Television Animation List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puppy_Dog_Pals&oldid=843373796 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2017 American television series debuts American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated fantasy television series Animated duos American children 's animated musical television series American computer - animated television series Disney Junior shows English - language television programs Fictional cats Fictional dogs Preschool education television series American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Magyar Bahasa Melayu Polski Română Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 18 : 49 . 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who does the voice of hissy on puppy dog pals
[ "Hissy (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is a sarcastic purple cat. In some episodes, she ends up going along with Bingo and Rolly on their missions. These episodes are: \"A Pyramid Scheme\", \"Hissy's Big Day\", \"Bob Loves Mona\", \"Puzzling Pugs\", \"A Seat at the Theatre\", and \"Return to the Pumpkin Patch\", She is the first and currently only female character to sing." ]
[ "Jessica DiCicco" ]
-3062236498018661809
State Bank of India
State Bank of India - Wikipedia State Bank of India Jump to : navigation , search State Bank of India State Bank Bhavan at Nariman Point in Mumbai Type Public Traded as NSE : SBIN BSE : 500112 LSE : SBID BSE SENSEX Constituent CNX Nifty Constituent Industry Banking , financial services Founded 2 June 1806 , Bank of Calcutta 27 January 1921 , Imperial Bank of India 1 July 1955 , State Bank of India 2 June 1956 , nationalization Headquarters Mumbai , Maharashtra , India Area served Worldwide Key people Rajnish Kumar ( Chairman ) Products Consumer banking , corporate banking , finance and insurance , investment banking , mortgage loans , private banking , private equity , savings , securities , asset management , wealth management , credit cards Revenue ₹ 210,979 crore ( US $32 billion ) ( 2017 ) Operating income ₹ 50,848 crore ( US $7.8 billion ) ( 2017 ) Net income ₹ 10,484 crore ( US $1.6 billion ) ( 2017 ) Total assets ₹ 3,445,121 crore ( US $530 billion ) ( 2017 ) Total equity ₹ 2.171 trillion ( US $33 billion ) ( 2016 ) Owner Government of India ( 61.23 % ) Number of employees 278,872 ( 2017 ) Website sbi.co.in Footnotes / references State Bank of India ( SBI ) is an Indian multinational , public sector banking and financial services company . It is a government - owned corporation with its headquarters in Mumbai , Maharashtra . On April 1 , 2017 , the State Bank of India , which was India 's largest bank , merged with five of its associate banks ( State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore ) , and with the Bharatiya Mahila Bank . This was the first ever large scale consolidation in the Indian banking industry . With the merger , SBI became one of the 50 largest banks in the world ( balance sheet size of ₹ 33 trillion , 278,000 employees , 420 million customers , and more than 24,000 branches and 59,000 ATMs ) . SBI 's market share was projected to increase to 22 percent from 17 per cent . It has 198 offices in 37 countries ; 301 correspondents in 72 countries . The company is ranked 232nd on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world 's biggest corporations as of 2016 . The bank descends from the Bank of Calcutta , founded in 1806 , via the Imperial Bank of India , making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian subcontinent . The Bank of Madras merged into the other two `` presidency banks '' in British India , the Bank of Calcutta and the Bank of Bombay , to form the Imperial Bank of India , which in turn became the State Bank of India in 1955 . The Government of India took control of the Imperial Bank of India in 1955 , with Reserve Bank of India ( India 's central bank ) taking a 60 % stake , renaming it the State Bank of India . In 2008 , the government took over the stake held by the Reserve Bank of India . The State Bank of India has 20 % market share in deposits and loans among Indian commercial banks . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Operations 2.1 Domestic presence 2.2 International presence 2.3 Former Associate Banks 2.4 Non-banking subsidiaries 2.5 Other SBI service points 3 Listings and shareholding 4 Employees 5 Recent awards and recognition 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Share of the Bank of Bengal , issued 13 May 1876 Seal of Imperial Bank of India The roots of the State Bank of India lie in the first decade of the 19th century , when the Bank of Calcutta later renamed the Bank of Bengal , was established on 2 June 1806 . The Bank of Bengal was one of three Presidency banks , the other two being the Bank of Bombay ( incorporated on 15 April 1840 ) and the Bank of Madras ( incorporated on 1 July 1843 ) . All three Presidency banks were incorporated as joint stock companies and were the result of royal charters . These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency till 1861 when , with the Paper Currency Act , the right was taken over by the Government of India . The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921 , and the re-organised banking entity took as its name Imperial Bank of India . The Imperial Bank of India remained a joint stock company but without Government participation . Pursuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act of 1955 , the Reserve Bank of India , which is India 's central bank , acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India . On 1 July 1955 , the imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India . In 2008 , the Government of India acquired the Reserve Bank of India 's stake in SBI so as to remove any conflict of interest because the RBI is the country 's banking regulatory authority . In 1959 , the government passed the State Bank of India ( Subsidiary Banks ) Act . This made SBI subsidiaries of eight that had belonged to princely states prior to their nationalization and operational takeover between September 1959 and October 1960 , which made eight state banks associates of SBI . This une with the first Five Year Plan , which prioritised the development of rural India . The government integrated these banks into the State Bank of India system to expand its rural outreach . In 1963 SBI merged State Bank of Jaipur ( est. 1943 ) and State Bank of Bikaner ( est. 1944 ) . SBI has acquired local banks in rescues . The first was the Bank of Bihar ( est. 1911 ) , which SBI acquired in 1969 , together with its 28 branches . The next year SBI acquired National Bank of Lahore ( est. 1942 ) , which had 24 branches . Five years later , in 1975 , SBI acquired Krishnaram Baldeo Bank , which had been established in 1916 in Gwalior State , under the patronage of Maharaja Madho Rao Scindia . The bank had been the Dukan Pichadi , a small moneylender , owned by the Maharaja . The new bank 's first manager was Jall N. Broacha , a Parsi . In 1985 , SBI acquired the Bank of Cochin in Kerala , which had 120 branches . SBI was the acquirer as its affiliate , the State Bank of Travancore , already had an extensive network in Kerala . There has been a proposal to merge all the associate banks into SBI to create a `` mega bank '' and streamline the group 's operations . The first step towards unification occurred on 13 August 2008 when State Bank of Saurashtra merged with SBI , reducing the number of associate state banks from seven to six . On 19 June 2009 , the SBI board approved the absorption of State Bank of Indore . SBI holds 98.3 % in State Bank of Indore . ( Individuals who held the shares prior to its takeover by the government hold the balance of 1.7 % . ) The acquisition of State Bank of Indore added 470 branches to SBI 's existing network of branches . Also , following the acquisition , SBI 's total assets will approach ₹ 10 trillion . The total assets of SBI and the State Bank of Indore were ₹ 9,981,190 million as of March 2009 . The process of merging of State Bank of Indore was completed by April 2010 , and the SBI Indore branches started functioning as SBI branches on 26 August 2010 . On 7 October 2013 , Arundhati Bhattacharya became the first woman to be appointed Chairperson of the bank . Mrs. Bhattacharya received an extension of two years of service to merge into SBI the five remaining associated banks . Operations ( edit ) SBI provides a range of banking products through its network of branches in India and overseas , including products aimed at non-resident Indians ( NRIs ) . SBI has 14 regional hubs and 57 Zonal Offices that are located at important cities throughout India . Domestic presence ( edit ) SBI has 18,354 branches in India . In the financial year 2012 -- 13 , its revenue was ₹ 2.005 trillion ( US $31 billion ) , out of which domestic operations contributed to 95.35 % of revenue . Similarly , domestic operations contributed to 88.37 % of total profits for the same financial year . Under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana of financial inclusion launched by Government in August 2014 , SBI held 11,300 camps and opened over 3 million accounts by September , which included 2.1 million accounts in rural areas and 1.57 million accounts in urban areas . International presence ( edit ) The Israeli branch of the State Bank of India located in Ramat Gan As of 2014 -- 15 , the bank had 191 overseas offices spread over 36 countries having the largest presence in foreign markets among Indian banks . SBI operates several foreign subsidiaries or affiliates . In 1989 , SBI established an offshore bank : State Bank of India International ( Mauritius ) Ltd in Mauritius . SBI International ( Mauritius ) Ltd amalgamated with The Indian Ocean International Bank , which has been doing retail banking business in Mauritius since 1979 with the new name , SBI ( Mauritius ) Ltd . Today , SBI ( Mauritius ) Ltd is having fully integrated 14 branches - 13 Retail Branches covering major cities and town of Mauritius , including Rodrigues , and 1 Global Business Branch at Ebene in Mauritius . Apart from Branch Banking , customers also have the convenience of 24x7 ATM Banking at 18 ATMs across the country . Bank also has a 24x7 robust Internet Banking Channel enabling customers to work from their homes and offices . State Bank of India Branch at Jaffna , Sri Lanka SBI Sri Lanka now has three branches located in Colombo , Kandy and Jaffna . The Jaffna branch was opened on 9 September 2013 . SBI Sri Lanka , the oldest bank in Sri Lanka , celebrated its 150th year in Sri Lanka on 1 July 2014 . State Bank of India ( S.B.I. ) Branch at Tsim Sha Tsui , Hong Kong In 1982 , the bank established a subsidiary , State Bank of India , which now has ten branches -- nine branches in the state of California and one in Washington , D.C. The 10th branch was opened in Fremont , California on 28 March 2011 . The other eight branches in California are located in Los Angeles , Artesia , San Jose , Canoga Park , Fresno , San Diego , Tustin and Bakersfield . In Nigeria , SBI operates as INMB Bank . This bank began in 1981 as the Indo -- Nigerian Merchant Bank and received permission in 2002 to commence retail banking . It now has five branches in Nigeria . In Nepal , SBI owns 49 % of SBI Nepal ( State Bank in Nepal ) share with Nepal Government owing the rest and SBI NEPAL has branches throughout the country in each and every city as banking has become the major part of daily life for Nepalese people . In Moscow , SBI owns 60 % of Commercial Bank of India , with Canara Bank owning the rest . In Indonesia , it owns 76 % of PT Bank Indo Monex . The State Bank of India already has a branch in Shanghai and plans to open one in Tianjin . In Kenya , State Bank of India owns 76 % of Giro Commercial Bank , which it acquired for US $ 8 million in October 2005 . In January 2016 , SBI opened its first branch in Seoul , South Korea following the continuous and significant increase in trade due to the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement signed between New Delhi and Seoul in 2009 . Former associate banks ( edit ) Main Branch of SBI in Mumbai SBI acquired the control of seven banks in 1960 . They were the seven regional banks of former Indian princely states . They were renamed , prefixing them with ' State Bank of ' . These seven banks were State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur ( SBBJ ) , State Bank of Hyderabad ( SBH ) , State Bank of Indore ( SBN ) , State Bank of Mysore ( SBM ) , State Bank of Patiala ( SBP ) , State Bank of Saurashtra ( SBS ) and State Bank of Travancore ( SBT ) . All these banks were given the same logo as the parent bank , SBI . The plans for making SBI a mega bank with trillion dollar business by merging the associate banks started in 2008 , and in September the same year , SBS merged with SBI . The very next year , State Bank of Indore ( SBN ) also merged . In the same year , a subsidiary named Bharatiya Mahila Bank was formed . The negotiations for merging of the 6 associate banks ( State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala , State Bank of Travancore and Bharatiya Mahila Bank ) by acquiring their businesses including assets and liabilities with SBI started in 2016 . The merger was approved by the Union Cabinet on 15 June 2016 . The State Bank of India and all its associate banks used the same blue Keyhole logo . The State Bank of India wordmark usually had one standard typeface , but also utilized other typefaces . On 15 February 2017 , the Union Cabinet approved the merger of five associate banks with SBI. What was overlooked , however , were different pension liability provisions and accounting policies for bad loans , based on regional risks . State Bank of India Mumbai LHO The State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore , and Bharatiya Mahila Bank were merged with State Bank of India with effect from 1 April 2017 . Non-banking subsidiaries ( edit ) Apart from its five associate banks ( merged with SBI since April 1 , 2017 ) , SBI also has the following non-banking subsidiaries : SBI Capital Markets Ltd SBI Funds Management Pvt Ltd SBI Factors & Commercial Services Pvt Ltd SBI Cards & Payments Services Pvt. Ltd . ( SBICPSL ) SBI DFHI Ltd SBI Life Insurance Company Limited SBI General Insurance In March 2001 , SBI ( with 74 % of the total capital ) , joined with BNP Paribas ( with 26 % of the remaining capital ) , to form a joint venture life insurance company named SBI Life Insurance company Ltd . In 2004 , SBI DFHI ( Discount and Finance House of India ) was founded with its headquarters in Mumbai . Other SBI service points ( edit ) As of 31 March 2017 , SBI group ( including associate banks ) has 59,291 ATMs . Since November 2017 , SBI also offers an integrated digital banking platform named YONO . Listings and shareholding ( edit ) As on 31 March 2017 , Government of India held around 61.23 % equity shares in SBI . The Life Insurance Corporation of India , itself state - owned , is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with 8.82 % shareholding . Shareholders Shareholding Promoters : Government of India 61.23 % FIIs / GDRs / OCBs / NRIs 11.17 % Banks & Insurance Companies 10.00 % Mutual Funds & UTI 8.29 % Others 9.31 % Total 100.0 % The equity shares of SBI are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange , where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index , and the National Stock Exchange of India , where it is a constituent of the CNX Nifty . Its Global Depository Receipts ( GDRs ) are listed on the London Stock Exchange . Employees ( edit ) State Bank Learning Centre in Machilipatnam SBI is one of the largest employers in the country with 209,567 employees as on 31 March 2017 , out of which there were 23 % female employees and 3,179 ( 1.5 % ) employees with disabilities . On the same date , SBI had 37,875 Scheduled Castes ( 18 % ) , 17,069 Scheduled Tribes ( 8.1 % ) and 39,709 Other Backward Classes ( 18.9 % ) employees . The percentage of Officers , Associates and Sub-staff was 38.6 % , 44.3 % and 16.9 % respectively on the same date . Around 13,000 employees have joined the Bank in FY 2016 - 17 . Each employee contributed a net profit of ₹ 511,000 ( US $7,800 ) during FY 2016 - 17 . Recent awards and recognition ( edit ) SBI was ranked as the top bank in India based on tier 1 capital by The Banker magazine in a 2014 ranking . SBI was ranked 232nd in the Fortune Global 500 rankings of the world 's biggest corporations for the year 2016 . SBI was named the 29th most reputed company in the world according to Forbes 2009 rankings SBI was 50th Most Trusted brand in India as per the Brand Trust Report 2013 , an annual study conducted by Trust Research Advisory , a brand analytics company and subsequently , in the Brand Trust Report 2014 , SBI finished as India 's 19th Most Trusted Brand in India . See also ( edit ) List of largest banks John Mathai YONO , an online banking platform run by SBI References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report ( 2016 - 17 ) of State Bank of India '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India Consolidated Yearly Results , State Bank of India Financial Statement & Accounts '' . www.moneycontrol.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India Yearly Results , State Bank of India Financial Statement & Accounts '' . www.moneycontrol.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` From Imperial Bank to State Bank '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One unified entity '' ( jpg ) . SBI . Jump up ^ SBI website : https://www.sbi.co.in/portal/web/international/international Jump up ^ `` Fortune Global 500 list '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Rajesh . Banking Theory Law N Practice . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . p. 8 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBI accounts for one - fifth of country 's loans '' . Livemint.com. 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Banks ' Association '' . Iba.org.in. 23 April 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Business Standard ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Approvals for State Bank of Indore merger by July : SBI '' . Jump up ^ Economic Times ( 26 August 2010 ) . `` State Bank of Indore branches to become SBI units from Aug 26 : SBI '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Arundhati Bhattacharya , first woman to head SBI '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Fortune ' Global 500 ' 2016 : State Bank of India '' . CNN . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SBI takes lead in opening bank accounts under Jan Dhan Yojana '' . The Economic Times . 11 September 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBI Annual Report 2014 - 15 '' . State Bank of India . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.sbimauritius.com/new/files/about.php Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India set to open second branch in China '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India Acquired 76 % Shareholding in Giro Commercial Bank in 2005 '' . Accessmylibrary.com. 8 October 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Five associate banks to merge with SBI '' . 18 May 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 -- via The Hindu . Jump up ^ Iyer , Aparna ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` SBI merger : India may soon have a global Top 50 bank '' . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SBI merges with 5 associates : New entity set to enter world 's top 50 banks list '' . Mumbai : Financial Express . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ahead of merger with SBI , associate SBT to raise up to Rs 600 crore '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Pension liability provisions and accounting policies for bad loans. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India List of ATM 's and POS '' . Jump up ^ `` Stake in PSBs : LIC holding drops as stress mounts '' . The Indian Express . 2016 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India '' . BSEindia.com . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scripwise Weightages in S&P BSE SENSEX '' . BSE India . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India '' . NSE India . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (. csv ) '' . NSE India . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SBID State Bank of India GDR ( Each Rep 2 SHS INR10 ) '' . London Stock Exchange . 11 October 1996 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The top five banks in India '' . thebanker.com. 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kneale , Klaus ( 6 May 2009 ) . `` World 's Most Reputable Companies : The Rankings '' . Forbes . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brand Mahatma lags behind Sachin , Aamir : Study '' . India Today . 28 January 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Economic Times '' . Jump up ^ `` Brand Trust Report 2014 '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to State Bank of India . Official website Central public sector companies of India Air India Balmer Lawrie Bharat Electronics Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited Bharat Petroleum Bharat Sanchar Nigam BHAVINI Cement Corporation of India Coal India Limited Dredging Corporation of India Limited Electronics Corporation of India Limited Food Corporation of India GAIL Hindustan Aeronautics Limited India Trade Promotion Organisation Indian Oil Corporation Indian Rare Earths Limited Life Insurance Corporation of India Mazagon Dock Limited MECON Limited Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited NTPC Limited Nuclear Power Corporation of India Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Power Grid Corporation of India Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Rural Electrification Corporation Limited State Bank of India Steel Authority of India Uranium Corporation of India Banking in India Reserve bank Reserve Bank of India Public sector banks Allahabad Bank Andhra Bank Bank of Baroda Bank of India Bank of Maharashtra Canara Bank Central Bank of India Corporation Bank Dena Bank IDBI Bank Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank Oriental Bank of Commerce Post Bank of India Punjab & Sind Bank Punjab National Bank State Bank of India Syndicate Bank UCO Bank Union Bank of India United Bank of India Vijaya Bank Private sector banks Axis Bank Bandhan Bank Catholic Syrian Bank City Union Bank DCB Bank Dhanlaxmi Bank Federal Bank HDFC Bank ICICI Bank IDFC Bank IndusInd Bank Jammu & Kashmir Bank Karnataka Bank Karur Vysya Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank Lakshmi Vilas Bank Nainital Bank RBL Bank ( Ratnakar Bank ) South Indian Bank Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited Yes Bank Small finance bank Ujjivan Small Finance Bank Equitas Small Finance Bank AU Small Finance Bank Cooperative banks Buldhana Urban Cosmos Bank Repco Bank Saraswat Bank Shamrao Vithal Co-operative Bank TNSC Bank Rajkot Nagrik Sahakari Bank Foreign banks ABN AMRO Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Antwerp Diamond Bank Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Bank Maybank Indonesia Bank of America Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait Bank of Ceylon The Bank of Tokyo - Mitsubishi UFJ Barclays Citibank India Credit Suisse DBS Bank Deutsche Bank HSBC Rabobank Royal Bank of Scotland Scotiabank Standard Chartered Regional Rural Banks Other Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank Assam Gramin Vikash Bank Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kerala Gramin Bank North Malabar Gramin Bank Pallavan Grama Bank Pandyan Grama Bank Paschim Banga Gramin Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank South Malabar Gramin Bank Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank Vananchal Gramin Bank Uttar Pradesh Allahabad UP Gramin Bank Baroda UP Gramin Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kashi Gomti Samyut Gramin Bank Prathama Bank Purvanchal Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank Payment Bank Airtel Paytm Interbank networks Cirrus NFS PLUS Electronic funds transfers IMPS NEFT RTGS UPI ( VPA ) AEPS Cards MasterCard Debit MasterCard Maestro RuPay Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron Visa payWave Defunct banks Alliance Bank of Simla Arbuthnot & Co Bank of Bombay Bank of Calcutta Bank of Chettinad Bank of Cochin Bank of Hindostan Bank of Madras Bank of Madura Bank of Rajasthan Bank of Thanjavur Bareilley Corporation Bank Bengal Central Bank Bharat Overseas Bank Bharatiya Mahila Bank Centurion Bank of Punjab Chartered Bank of India , Australia and China Commercial Bank of India Dass Bank Exchange Bank of India & Africa Global Trust Bank Grindlays Bank Hindustan Commercial Bank Imperial Bank of India ING Vysya Bank Lakshmi Commercial Bank Lord Krishna Bank Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank Mercantile Bank of India , London and China Miraj State Bank Nath Bank Nedungadi Bank New Bank of India Oriental Bank Corporation Oudh Commercial Bank Palai Central Bank Pandyan Bank Sikkim Bank State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur State Bank of Hyderabad State Bank of Indore State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Patiala State Bank of Saurashtra State Bank of Travancore Times Bank United Industrial Bank United Western Bank Related topics ATM usage fees in India Banks Board Bureau Banking Codes and Standards Board of India Bharat Bill Payment System De-Materialisation ( DEMAT ) Foreign Exchange ( FOREX ) Indian Financial System Code ( IFSC ) List of banks in India National Payments Corporation of India Prepaid Payment Instruments in India Structured Financial Messaging System ( SFMS ) ATM networks BANCS Cashnet CashTree India 1 ATM ( White Label ATM ) Indicash ( White Label ATM ) MITR BSE SENSEX companies of India Airtel Axis Bank Bajaj Auto BHEL Cipla Coal India Dr. Reddy 's Laboratories GAIL HDFC HDFC Bank Hero MotoCorp Hindalco HUL ICICI Bank Infosys ITC L&T Mahindra & Mahindra Maruti Suzuki NTPC ONGC Reliance Industries SBI Sesa Sterlite Sun Pharma Tata Motors Tata Power Tata Steel TCS Wipro CNX Nifty companies of India ACC Ambuja Cements Asian Paints Ltd Axis Bank Bajaj Auto Bank of Baroda BHEL BPCL Bharti Airtel Cairn India Cipla Coal India DLF Dr. Reddy 's Laboratories GAIL Grasim Industries HCL Technologies HDFC HDFC Bank Hero MotoCorp Hindalco Industries HUL Infosys ICICI Bank IDFC IndusInd Bank Ltd . ITC Limited Jindal Steel and Power Kotak Mahindra Bank L&T Lupin Mahindra & Mahindra Maruti Udyog NMDC NTPC ONGC Power Grid Corporation PNB Reliance Industries Sesa Sterlite Limited SBI Sun Pharmaceutical TCS Tata Motors Tata Power Tata Steel Tech Mahindra Ultratech Cement Wipro Zee Entertainment Enterprises State Bank of India Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Bank_of_India&oldid=835703348 '' Categories : Government - owned banks of India Banks based in Mumbai State Bank of India Financial services companies established in 1955 Banks of India Companies nationalised by the Government of India Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies of India Multinational companies headquartered in India 1955 establishments in India Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2016 Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 08 : 17 . 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total number of state bank of india branches
[ "State Bank of India (SBI) is an Indian multinational, public sector banking and financial services company. It is a government-owned corporation with its headquarters in Mumbai, Maharashtra. On April 1, 2017, the State Bank of India, which was India's largest bank, merged with five of its associate banks (State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur, State Bank of Hyderabad, State Bank of Mysore, State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore), and with the Bharatiya Mahila Bank. This was the first ever large scale consolidation in the Indian banking industry. With the merger, SBI became one of the 50 largest banks in the world (balance sheet size of ₹33 trillion, 278,000 employees, 420 million customers, and more than 24,000 branches and 59,000 ATMs). SBI's market share was projected to increase to 22 percent from 17 per cent.[5] It has 198 offices in 37 countries; 301 correspondents in 72 countries.[6] The company is ranked 232nd on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2016.[7]" ]
[ "more than 24,000" ]
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Federal Reserve Board of Governors
Federal Reserve Board of Governors - wikipedia Federal Reserve Board of Governors Jump to : navigation , search Federal Reserve Board of Governors Federal Reserve System headquarters ( Eccles Building ) Headquarters Washington , D.C. Chairperson Janet Yellen The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , commonly known as the Federal Reserve Board , is the main governing body of the Federal Reserve System . It is charged with overseeing the Federal Reserve Banks and with helping implement monetary policy of the United States . Governors are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate for staggered 14 - year terms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Current members 3 Committees 4 List of governors 5 References 6 External links Description ( edit ) By law , the appointments must yield a `` fair representation of the financial , agricultural , industrial , and commercial interests and geographical divisions of the country '' . As stipulated in the Banking Act of 1935 , the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Board are two of seven members of the Board of Governors who are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors . The Board of Governors does not receive funding from Congress , and the terms of the seven members of the Board span multiple presidential and congressional terms . Once a member of the Board of Governors is appointed by the president , he or she functions mostly independently . The Board is required to make an annual report of operations to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives . It also supervises and regulates the operations of the Federal Reserve Banks , and the U.S. banking system in general . Membership is by statute limited in term , and a member that has served for a full 14 year term is not eligible for reappointment . There are numerous occasions where an individual was appointed to serve the remainder of another member 's uncompleted term , and has been reappointed to serve a full 14 - year term . Since `` upon the expiration of their terms of office , members of the Board shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and have qualified '' , it is possible for a member to serve for significantly longer than a full term of 14 years . The law provides for the removal of a member of the Board by the President `` for cause '' . The Chair and Vice Chair of the Board of Governors are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors . They both serve a four - year term and they can be renominated as many times as the President chooses , until their terms on the Board of Governors expire . Current members ( edit ) The current members of the Board of Governors are as follows : Governor Entered office Term expires Janet Yellen ( Chair ) February 3 , 2014 ( as Chair ) October 4 , 2010 ( as Governor ) February 3 , 2018 ( as Chair ) January 31 , 2024 ( as Governor ) Vacant ( Vice Chair ) N / A ( as Vice Chair ) January 31 , 2020 ( as Governor ) Randal Quarles ( Vice Chair for Supervision ) October 13 , 2017 ( as Vice Chair for Supervision ) October 13 , 2017 October 13 , 2021 ( as Vice Chair for Supervision ) January 31 , 2018 ( as Governor ) Jerome Powell May 25 , 2012 June 16 , 2014 ( new term ) January 31 , 2028 Lael Brainard June 16 , 2014 January 31 , 2026 Vacant January 31 , 2022 Vacant January 31 , 2030 * Indicates the date of term expiration for the individual nominated to this vacant position . Committees ( edit ) Committee on Board Affairs Governor Powell , Chairman Vice Chairman Fischer Committee on Consumer and Community Affairs Governor Brainard , Chair Vacant Committee on Economic and Financial Monitoring and Research Vice Chairman Fischer , Chairman Governor Brainard Committee on Financial Stability Vice Chairman Fischer , Chairman Governor Brainard Vacant Committee on Federal Reserve Bank Affairs Governor Powell , Chairman Governor Brainard Committee on Bank Supervision Vacant , Chairman Governor Powell Governor Brainard Subcommittee on Smaller Regional and Community Banking Governor Powell , Chairman Governor Brainard Committee on Payments , Clearing , and Settlement Governor Powell , Chairman Vacant Source : List of governors ( edit ) Board of Governors meeting January 1 , 1922 . Name Bank Begin End Term ( Years ) Notes Frederic A. Delano Chicago 000000001914 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1914 000000001918 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1918 Paul M. Warburg New York 000000001914 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1914 000000001918 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1918 William P.G. Harding Atlanta 000000001914 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1914 000000001922 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1922 8 Chairman ( 1916 - 1922 ) Adolph C. Miller San Francisco 000000001914 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1914 000000001936 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1936 12 Charles S. Hamlin Boston 000000001914 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1914 000000001936 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1936 12 Chairman ( 1914 - 1916 ) Albert Strauss New York 000000001918 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 1918 000000001920 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1920 Henry A. Moehlenpah Chicago 000000001919 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1919 000000001920 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1920 Edmund Platt New York 000000001920 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1920 000000001930 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 1930 10 David C. Wills Cleveland 000000001920 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1920 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1921 John R. Mitchell Minneapolis 000000001921 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1921 000000001923 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1923 Milo D. Campbell Chicago 000000001923 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1923 000000001923 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1923 < 1 Died in office Daniel R. Crissinger Cleveland 000000001923 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1923 000000001927 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1927 Chairman ( 1923 - 1927 ) Edward H. Cunningham Chicago 000000001923 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1923 000000001930 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1930 7 Died in office George R. James St. Louis 000000001923 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1923 000000001936 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1936 13 Roy A. Young Minneapolis 000000001927 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1927 000000001930 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1930 Chairman ( 1927 - 1930 ) Eugene Meyer New York 000000001930 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1930 000000001933 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1933 Chairman ( 1930 - 1933 ) Wayland W. Magee Kansas City 000000001931 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1931 000000001933 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1933 Eugene R. Black Atlanta 000000001933 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1933 000000001934 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1934 Chairman ( 1933 - 1934 ) J.J. Thomas Kansas City 000000001933 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1933 000000001936 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1936 M.S. Szymczak Chicago 000000001933 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1933 000000001961 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1961 28 Marriner S. Eccles San Francisco 000000001934 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1934 000000001951 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1951 17 Chairman ( 1934 - 1948 ) Joseph A. Broderick New York 000000001936 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1936 000000001937 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1937 John K. McKee Cleveland 000000001936 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1936 000000001946 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 1946 10 Ronald Ransom Atlanta 000000001936 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1936 000000001947 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 1947 12 Died in office Ralph W. Morrison Dallas 000000001936 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1936 000000001936 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 1936 < 1 Chester C. Davis Richmond 000000001936 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1936 000000001941 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1941 5 Ernest G. Draper New York 000000001938 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1938 000000001950 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1950 12 Rudolph M. Evans Richmond 000000001942 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1942 000000001954 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 1954 12 James K. Vardaman , Jr . St. Louis 000000001946 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 1946 000000001958 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 1958 12 Lawrence Clayton Boston 000000001947 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1947 000000001949 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 1949 Died in office Thomas B. McCabe Philadelphia 000000001948 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1948 000000001951 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1951 Chairman ( 1948 - 1951 ) Edward L. Norton Atlanta 000000001950 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1950 000000001952 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1952 Oliver S. Powell Minneapolis 000000001950 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1950 000000001952 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1952 William McChesney Martin New York 000000001951 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1951 000000001970 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1970 19 Chairman ( 1951 - 1970 ) A.L. Mills , Jr . San Francisco 000000001952 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1952 000000001965 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1965 13 J.L. Robertson Kansas City 000000001952 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1952 000000001973 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1973 21 C. Canby Balderston Philadelphia 000000001954 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1954 000000001966 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1966 12 Paul E. Miller Minneapolis 000000001954 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 1954 000000001954 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 1954 < 1 Died in office Charles N. Shepardson Dallas 000000001955 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 1955 000000001967 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1967 12 G.H. King , Jr . Atlanta 000000001959 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1959 000000001963 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1963 George W. Mitchell Chicago 000000001961 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1961 000000001976 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1976 14 J. Dewey Daane Richmond 000000001963 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 1963 000000001974 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1974 11 Sherman J. Maisel San Francisco 000000001965 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1965 000000001972 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1972 7 Andrew F. Brimmer Philadelphia 000000001966 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 1966 000000001974 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1974 8 William W. Sherrill Dallas 000000001967 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1967 000000001971 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1971 5 Arthur F. Burns New York 000000001970 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1970 000000001978 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1978 8 Chairman ( 1970 - 1978 ) John E. Sheehan St. Louis 000000001972 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 1972 000000001975 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1975 Jeffrey M. Bucher San Francisco 000000001972 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1972 000000001976 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1976 Robert C. Holland Kansas City 000000001973 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 1973 000000001976 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1976 Henry C. Wallich Boston 000000001974 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1974 000000001986 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1986 12 Philip E. Coldwell Dallas 000000001974 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1974 000000001980 - 02 - 29 - 0000 February 29 , 1980 6 Philip C. Jackson , Jr . Atlanta 000000001975 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1975 000000001978 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 1978 J. Charles Partee Richmond 000000001976 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1976 000000001986 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1986 10 Stephen S. Gardner Philadelphia 000000001976 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1976 000000001978 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1978 Died in office David M. Lilly Minneapolis 000000001976 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1976 000000001978 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1978 G. William Miller San Francisco 000000001978 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1978 000000001979 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1979 Chairman ( 1978 - 1979 ) Nancy H. Teeters Chicago 000000001978 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1978 000000001984 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 1984 6 Emmett J. Rice New York 000000001979 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1979 000000001986 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 1986 8 Frederick H. Schultz Atlanta 000000001979 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 1979 000000001982 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1982 Paul A. Volcker Philadelphia 000000001979 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1979 000000001987 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1987 8 Chairman ( 1979 - 1987 ) Lyle E. Gramley Kansas City 000000001980 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 1980 000000001985 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1985 5 Preston Martin San Francisco 000000001982 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1982 000000001986 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1986 Martha R. Seger Chicago 000000001984 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 1984 000000001991 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1991 7 Manuel H. Johnson Richmond 000000001986 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1986 000000001990 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1990 Wayne D. Angell Kansas City 000000001986 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1986 000000001994 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1994 8 H. Robert Heller San Francisco 000000001986 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 1986 000000001989 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1989 Edward W. Kelley , Jr . Dallas 000000001987 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1987 000000002001 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2001 14 Alan Greenspan New York 000000001987 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1987 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 19 Chairman ( 1987 - 2006 ) John P. LaWare Boston 000000001988 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1988 000000001995 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1995 7 David W. Mullins , Jr . St. Louis 000000001990 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1990 000000001994 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1994 Lawrence B. Lindsey Richmond 000000001991 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1991 000000001997 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1997 5 Susan M. Phillips Chicago 000000001991 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 1991 000000001998 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1998 7 Alan S. Blinder Philadelphia 000000001994 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 1994 000000001996 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1996 Janet Yellen San Francisco 000000001994 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1994 000000001997 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1997 Laurence H. Meyer St. Louis 000000001996 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1996 000000002002 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2002 6 Alice M. Rivlin Philadelphia 000000001996 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1996 000000001999 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 1999 Edward M. Gramlich Richmond 000000001997 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1997 000000002005 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 2005 8 Roger W. Ferguson , Jr . Boston 000000001997 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1997 000000002006 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2006 8 Mark W. Olson Minneapolis 000000002001 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2001 000000002006 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2006 5 Susan S. Bies Chicago 000000002001 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2001 000000002007 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2007 5 Ben S. Bernanke Atlanta 000000002002 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2002 000000002005 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 2005 Donald L. Kohn Kansas City 000000002002 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2002 000000002010 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2010 8 Ben S. Bernanke Atlanta 000000002006 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2006 000000002014 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2014 8 Chairman ( 2006 - 2014 ) Kevin M. Warsh New York 000000002006 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2006 000000002011 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2011 5 Randall S. Kroszner Richmond 000000002006 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2006 000000002009 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2009 Frederic S. Mishkin Boston 000000002006 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 2006 000000002008 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 2008 Elizabeth A. Duke Philadelphia 000000002008 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2008 000000002013 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 2013 5 Daniel Tarullo Boston 000000002009 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2009 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 2017 8 Janet Yellen San Francisco 000000002010 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2010 000000002024 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2024 ( Incumbent ) Chair ( 2014 -- present ) Sarah Bloom Raskin Richmond 000000002010 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2010 000000002014 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2014 Jerome Powell New York 000000002012 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2012 000000002028 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2028 ( Incumbent ) Jeremy C. Stein Chicago 000000002012 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2012 000000002014 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2014 Stanley Fischer New York 000000002014 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2014 000000002017 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2017 Lael Brainard Richmond 000000002014 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2014 000000002026 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2026 ( Incumbent ) Randal Quarles 000000002017 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2017 000000002018 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2018 ( Incumbent ) Vice Chair for Supervision ( 2017 -- present ) Source : References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : See 12 U.S.C. § 241 ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Board of Governors FAQ '' . Federal Reserve . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 247 . ^ Jump up to : See 12 U.S.C. § 242 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Board Members '' . Federalreserve.gov. 2013 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` About the Fed '' on the Federal Reserve Board of Governors website Jump up ^ http://www.federalreservehistory.org/People/DetailView/87 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . ( n.d. ) . Board Members . External links ( edit ) Federal Reserve List of Governors Nomination hearings for Chairmen and Members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Public Statements of Federal Reserve Board Members and Chairmen Minutes of Meetings of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Works by the Board of Governors Federal Reserve System Federal Open Market Committee Chair Governors Federal Reserve Bank Banknotes Federal Reserve Note Federal Reserve Bank Note Reports Beige Book Federal Reserve Statistical Release Monetary Policy Report to the Congress Fedspeak Federal funds Discount window Federal funds Federal funds rate History of Federal Open Market Committee actions Primary dealer History Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors , FRS v. Investment Co . Institute Federal Reserve Act Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act History of central banking in the United States Bank regulation in the United States Federal authorities Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Federal Housing Finance Agency Federal Reserve Board of Governors Financial Stability Oversight Council National Credit Union Administration Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Major federal legislation Independent Treasury Act National Bank Act Federal Reserve Act McFadden Act 1933 Banking Act Glass -- Steagall Act Federal Credit Union Act Bank Holding Company Act Bank Secrecy Act Truth in Lending Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Community Reinvestment Act Electronic Fund Transfer Act Monetary Control Act Depository Institutions Act FIRREA FDICIA Truth in Savings Act Riegle - Neal IBBEA Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act Emergency Economic Stabilization Act Credit CARD Act Dodd - Frank Federal Reserve Board regulations Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks ( Reg A ) Equal Credit Opportunity ( Reg B) Home Mortgage Disclosure ( Reg C ) Reserve Requirements for Depository Institutions ( Reg D ) Electronic Fund Transfer ( Reg E ) Limitations on Interbank Liabilities ( Reg F ) International Banking Operations ( Reg K ) Consumer Leasing ( Reg M ) Loans to Insiders ( Reg O ) Privacy of Consumer Financial Information ( Reg P ) Prohibition Against the Paying of Interest on Demand Deposits ( Reg Q ) Credit by Brokers and Dealers ( Reg T ) Credit by Banks and Persons Other Than Brokers or Dealers for the Purpose of Purchasing or Carrying Margin Stock ( Reg U ) Transactions Between Member Banks and Their Affiliates ( Reg W ) Borrowers of Securities Credit ( Reg X ) Truth in Lending ( Reg Z ) Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices ( Reg AA ) Community Reinvestment ( Reg BB ) Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks ( Reg CC ) Truth in Savings ( Reg DD ) Types of bank charter Credit union Federal savings association Federal savings bank National bank State bank State authorities California Colorado Florida Illinois Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Tennessee Virginia Terms Call report CAEL Rating CAMELS rating system Thrift Financial Report Other topics Banking in the United States Fair debt collection History of central banking in the United States Wildcat banking Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors&oldid=808607795 '' Categories : Federal Reserve System governors 1914 establishments in the United States Financial regulatory authorities of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 23 : 00 . About Wikipedia
who appoints the board of governors of the federal reserve
[ "The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, commonly known as the Federal Reserve Board, is the main governing body of the Federal Reserve System. It is charged with overseeing the Federal Reserve Banks and with helping implement monetary policy of the United States. Governors are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate for staggered 14-year terms.[1][2]" ]
[ "the President of the United States" ]
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List of memory biases
List of memory biases - wikipedia List of memory biases Jump to : navigation , search In psychology and cognitive science , a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory ( either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all , or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled , or both ) , or that alters the content of a reported memory . There are many different types of memory biases , including : Change bias : after an investment of effort in producing change , remembering one 's past performance as more difficult than it actually was . Childhood amnesia : the retention of few memories from before the age of four . Choice - supportive bias : remembering chosen options as having been better than rejected options ( Mather , Shafir & Johnson , 2000 ) Confirmation bias : the tendency to search for , interpret , or recall information in a way that confirms one 's beliefs or hypotheses . Conservatism or Regressive bias : tendency to remember high values and high likelihoods / probabilities / frequencies lower than they actually were and low ones higher than they actually were . Based on the evidence , memories are not extreme enough . Consistency bias : incorrectly remembering one 's past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour . Context effect : that cognition and memory are dependent on context , such that out - of - context memories are more difficult to retrieve than in - context memories ( e.g. , recall time and accuracy for a work - related memory will be lower at home , and vice versa ) . Cryptomnesia : a form of misattribution where a memory is mistaken for imagination , because there is no subjective experience of it being a memory . Egocentric bias : recalling the past in a self - serving manner , e.g. , remembering one 's exam grades as being better than they were , or remembering a caught fish as bigger than it really was . Fading affect bias : a bias in which the emotion associated with unpleasant memories fades more quickly than the emotion associated with positive events . Generation effect ( Self - generation effect ) : that self - generated information is remembered best . For instance , people are better able to recall memories of statements that they have generated than similar statements generated by others . Gender differences in eyewitness memory : the tendency for a witness to remember more details about someone of the same gender . Hindsight bias : the inclination to see past events as being predictable ; also called the `` I - knew - it - all - along '' effect . Humor effect : that humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous ones , which might be explained by the distinctiveness of humor , the increased cognitive processing time to understand the humor , or the emotional arousal caused by the humor . Illusion - of - truth effect : that people are more likely to identify as true statements those they have previously heard ( even if they can not consciously remember having heard them ) , regardless of the actual validity of the statement . In other words , a person is more likely to believe a familiar statement than an unfamiliar one . Illusory correlation : inaccurately seeing a relationship between two events related by coincidence . Lag effect : see spacing effect . Leveling and sharpening : memory distortions introduced by the loss of details in a recollection over time , often concurrent with sharpening or selective recollection of certain details that take on exaggerated significance in relation to the details or aspects of the experience lost through leveling . Both biases may be reinforced over time , and by repeated recollection or re-telling of a memory . Levels - of - processing effect : that different methods of encoding information into memory have different levels of effectiveness ( Craik & Lockhart , 1972 ) . List - length effect : a smaller percentage of items are remembered in a longer list , but as the length of the list increases , the absolute number of items remembered increases as well . Memory inhibition : that being shown some items from a list makes it harder to retrieve the other items ( e.g. , Slamecka , 1968 ) . Misattribution of memory : when information is retained in memory but the source of the memory is forgotten . One of Schacter 's ( 1999 ) seven sins of memory , misattribution was divided into source confusion , cryptomnesia and false recall / false recognition . Misinformation effect : that misinformation affects people 's reports of their own memory . Modality effect : that memory recall is higher for the last items of a list when the list items were received via speech than when they were received via writing . Mood congruent memory bias : the improved recall of information congruent with one 's current mood . Next - in - line effect : that a person in a group has diminished recall for the words of others who spoke immediately before or after this person . Peak - end rule : that people seem to perceive not the sum of an experience but the average of how it was at its peak ( e.g. pleasant or unpleasant ) and how it ended . Persistence : the unwanted recurrence of memories of a traumatic event . Picture superiority effect : that concepts are much more likely to be remembered experientially if they are presented in picture form than if they are presented in word form . Placement bias : tendency to remember ourselves to be better than others at tasks at which we rate ourselves above average ( also Illusory superiority or Better - than - average effect ) and tendency to remember ourselves to be worse than others at tasks at which we rate ourselves below average ( also Worse - than - average effect ) . Positivity effect : that older adults favor positive over negative information in their memories . Primacy effect , Recency effect & Serial position effect : that items near the end of a list are the easiest to recall , followed by the items at the beginning of a list ; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered . Processing difficulty effect . Reminiscence bump : the recalling of more personal events from adolescence and early adulthood than personal events from other lifetime periods ( Rubin , Wetzler & Nebes , 1986 ; Rubin , Rahhal & Poon , 1998 ) . Rosy retrospection : the remembering of the past as having been better than it really was . Saying is Believing effect : Communicating a socially tuned message to an audience can lead to a bias of identifying the tuned message as one 's own thoughts . Self - reference effect : the phenomena that memories encoded with relation to the self are better recalled than similar information encoded otherwise . Self - serving bias : perceiving oneself responsible for desirable outcomes but not responsible for undesirable ones . Source confusion : misattributing the source of a memory , e.g. misremembering that one saw an event personally when actually it was seen on television . Spacing effect : that information is better recalled if exposure to it is repeated over a longer span of time . Stereotypical bias : memory distorted towards stereotypes ( e.g. racial or gender ) , e.g. `` black - sounding '' names being misremembered as names of criminals . Subadditivity effect : the tendency to estimate that the likelihood of a remembered event is less than the sum of its ( more than two ) mutually exclusive components . Suffix effect : the weakening of the recency effect in the case that an item is appended to the list that the subject is not required to recall ( Morton , Crowder & Prussin , 1971 ) . Suggestibility : a form of misattribution where ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory . Telescoping effect : the tendency to displace recent events backward in time and remote events forward in time , so that recent events appear more remote , and remote events , more recent . Testing effect : that frequent testing of material that has been committed to memory improves memory recall . Tip of the tongue : when a subject is able to recall parts of an item , or related information , but is frustratingly unable to recall the whole item . This is thought to be an instance of `` blocking '' where multiple similar memories are being recalled and interfere with each other . Verbatim effect : that the `` gist '' of what someone has said is better remembered than the verbatim wording ( Poppenk , Walia , Joanisse , Danckert , & Köhler , 2006 ) . Von Restorff effect : that an item that sticks out is more likely to be remembered than other items ( von Restorff , 1933 ) . Zeigarnik effect : that uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones . See also ( edit ) Psychology portal Thinking portal Logic portal Cross-race effect Heuristics in judgment and decision making Index of public relations - related articles List of cognitive biases List of common misconceptions List of fallacies Recall bias Stereotype Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schacter , Daniel L. ( 1999 ) . `` The Seven Sins of Memory : Insights From Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience '' . American Psychologist. 54 ( 3 ) : 182 -- 203 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066X. 54.3. 182 . PMID 10199218 . Jump up ^ Attneave , F ( 1953 ) . `` Psychological probability as a function of experienced frequency '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology . 46 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 86 . doi : 10.1037 / h0057955 . PMID 13084849 . Jump up ^ Fischhoff , B. ; Slovic , P. ; Lichtenstein , S. ( 1977 ) . `` Knowing with certainty : The appropriateness of extreme confidence '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance. 3 ( 4 ) : 552 -- 564 . doi : 10.1037 / 0096 - 1523.3. 4.552 . Jump up ^ Walker , W. Richard ; John J. Skowronski ; Charles P. Thompson ( 2003 ) . `` Life Is Pleasant -- and Memory Helps to Keep It That Way ! '' ( PDF ) . Review of General Psychology . Educational Publishing Foundation . 7 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 210 . doi : 10.1037 / 1089 - 2680.7. 2.203 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Fiedler , K ( 1991 ) . `` The tricky nature of skewed frequency tables : An information loss account of distinctiveness - based illusory correlations '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 60 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 36 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.60. 1.24 . Jump up ^ Koriat , A. ; M. Goldsmith ; A. Pansky ( 2000 ) . `` Toward a Psychology of Memory Accuracy '' . Annual Review of Psychology . 51 ( 1 ) : 481 -- 537 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. psych. 51.1. 481 . PMID 10751979 . Jump up ^ Nelson , D.L. ; U.S. Reed ; J.R. Walling ( 1976 ) . `` Pictorial superiority effect '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Learning & Memory . 2 ( 5 ) : 523 -- 528 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.2. 5.523 . Jump up ^ Kruger , J. ; Dunning , D. ( 1999 ) . `` Unskilled and unaware of it : How difficulties in recognizing one 's own incompetence lead to inflated self - assessments '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 77 ( 6 ) : 1121 -- 1134 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.77. 6.1121 . PMID 10626367 . Jump up ^ Kruger , J. ( 1999 ) . Lake Wobegon be gone ! The `` below - average effect '' and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments '' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 ( 2 ) , ^ Jump up to : Martin , G. Neil ; Neil R. Carlson ; William Buskist ( 2007 ) . Psychology ( 3rd ed . ) . Pearson Education . pp. 309 -- 310 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 273 - 71086 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tversky , A. ; Koehler , D.J. ( 1994 ) . `` Support theory : A nonextensional representation of subjective probability '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Review . 101 ( 4 ) : 547 -- 567 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295X. 101.4. 547 . References ( edit ) Greenwald , A ( 1980 ) . `` The Totalitarian Ego : Fabrication and Revision of Personal History '' ( PDF ) . American Psychologist. 35 ( 7 ) : 603 -- 618 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066X. 35.7. 603 . Schacter , D.L. ; Chiao , J.Y. ; Mitchell , J.P. ( 2003 ) . `` The Seven Sins of Memory . Implications for Self '' ( PDF ) . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1001 ( 1 ) : 226 -- 239 . doi : 10.1196 / annals. 1279.012 . PMID 14625363 . Human memory Basic concepts Encoding Storage Recall Attention Consolidation Neuroanatomy Types Sensory Echoic Eidetic Eyewitness Iconic Motor learning Visual Short - term `` The Magical Number Seven , Plus or Minus Two '' Working memory Intermediate Long - term Active recall Autobiographical Explicit Declarative Episodic Semantic Flashbulb Hyperthymesia Implicit Meaningful learning Personal - event Procedural Rote learning Selective retention Tip of the tongue Forgetting Amnesia anterograde childhood post-traumatic psychogenic retrograde transient global Decay theory Forgetting curve Interference theory Memory inhibition Motivated forgetting Repressed memory Retrieval - induced forgetting Selective amnesia Weapon focus Memory errors Confabulation False memory Hindsight bias Imagination inflation List of memory biases Memory conformity Misattribution of memory Misinformation effect Source - monitoring error Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome Research Art of memory Memory and aging Deese -- Roediger -- McDermott paradigm Exceptional memory Indirect tests of memory Lost in the mall technique Memory disorder Memory implantation Methods used to study memory The Seven Sins of Memory Effects of exercise on memory In society Collective memory Cultural memory False memory syndrome Memory and social interactions Memory sport Politics of memory Shas Pollak World Memory Championships Related topics Absent - mindedness Atkinson -- Shiffrin memory model Context - dependent memory Childhood memory Cryptomnesia Effects of alcohol Emotion and memory Exosomatic memory Flashbacks Free recall Involuntary memory Levels - of - processing effect Memory and trauma Memory improvement Metamemory Mnemonic Muscle memory Priming Intertrial Prospective memory Recovered - memory therapy Retrospective memory Sleep and memory State - dependent memory Transactive memory People Robert A. Bjork Stephen J. Ceci Susan Clancy Hermann Ebbinghaus Sigmund Freud Patricia Goldman - Rakic Jonathan Hancock Judith Lewis Herman HM ( patient ) Ivan Izquierdo Marcia K. Johnson Eric Kandel KC ( patient ) Elizabeth Loftus Geoffrey Loftus James McGaugh Paul R. McHugh Eleanor Maguire George Armitage Miller Brenda Milner Lynn Nadel Dominic O'Brien Ben Pridmore Henry L. Roediger III Steven Rose Cosmos Rossellius Daniel Schacter Richard Shiffrin Arthur P. Shimamura Andriy Slyusarchuk Larry Squire Susumu Tonegawa Anne Treisman Endel Tulving Robert Stickgold Clive Wearing Psychology Mind and brain Biases Lists of biases General Memory Cognitive biases Acquiescence Anchoring Attentional Attribution Authority Automation Belief Blind spot Choice - supportive Confirmation Congruence Cultural Distinction Egocentric Emotional Extrinsic incentives Fading affect Correspondence Halo effect Hindsight Horn effect Hostile attribution Impact In - group Mere - exposure effect Negativity Normalcy Omission Optimism Outcome Precision Pro-innovation Response Restraint Self - serving Social comparison Status quo Time - saving Trait ascription Zero - risk In animals Statistical biases Estimator Forecast Healthy user Information Lead time Length time Non-response Omitted - variable Participation Recall Sampling Selection Self - selection Social desirability Spectrum Survivorship Systematic error Systemic Verification Wet Other biases Academic Exponent Funding FUTON Inductive Infrastructure Inherent in education Media in Vietnam War in Norway in South Asia in Sweden in the U.S. of the Arab -- Israeli conflict in 2014 unrest in Ukraine Net Publication Reporting White hat Bias reduction Cognitive bias mitigation Debiasing Heuristics in judgment and decision - making Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_memory_biases&oldid=810146990 '' Categories : Cognitive biases Memory Cognitive science lists Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 16 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
memory associated with recall of events from the past is
[ "In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. There are many different types of memory biases, including:" ]
[ "memory bias" ]
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Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama - wikipedia Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Jump to : navigation , search Golden Globe for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Awarded for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Drama Location United States Presented by Hollywood Foreign Press Association Currently held by Gary Oldman for Darkest Hour ( 2017 ) Website www.goldenglobes.com The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association as a separate category in 1951 . Previously , there was a single award for `` Best Actor in a Motion Picture '' but the splitting allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy . The formal title has varied since its inception . In 2005 , it was officially called : `` Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama '' . As of 2013 , the wording is `` Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama '' . Notes : `` † '' indicates an Academy Award - winning performance . `` ‡ '' indicates an Academy Award - nominated performance that same year . `` § '' indicates a Golden Globe Award - winning performance that was not nominated for an Academy Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners and nominees 1.1 1940s 1.2 1950s 1.3 1960s 1.4 1970s 1.5 1980s 1.6 1990s 1.7 2000s 1.8 2010s 2 Multiple nominations 3 Multiple winners 4 See also 5 References Winners and nominees ( edit ) 1940s ( edit ) Year Actor Character Film 1943 Paul Lukas † Kurt Muller Watch on the Rhine 1944 Alexander Knox ‡ Woodrow Wilson Wilson 1945 Ray Milland † Don Birnam The Lost Weekend 1946 Gregory Peck ‡ Penny Baxter The Yearling 1947 Ronald Colman † Anthony John A Double Life 1948 Laurence Olivier † Hamlet , Prince of Denmark Hamlet 1949 Broderick Crawford † Willie Stark All the King 's Men Richard Todd ‡ Cpl . Lachlan `` Lachie '' MacLachlan The Hasty Heart 1950s ( edit ) Year Actor Character Film 1950 José Ferrer † Cyrano de Bergerac Cyrano de Bergerac Louis Calhern ‡ Oliver Wendell Holmes The Magnificent Yankee James Stewart ‡ Elwood P. Dowd Harvey 1951 Fredric March ‡ Willy Loman Death of a Salesman Kirk Douglas Det . James McLeod Detective Story Arthur Kennedy ‡ Larry Nevins Bright Victory 1952 Gary Cooper † Marshal Will Kane High Noon Ray Milland Allan Fields The Thief Charles Boyer Jacques Bonnard The Happy Time 1953 Spencer Tracy § Clinton Jones The Actress 1954 Marlon Brando † Terry Malloy On the Waterfront 1955 Ernest Borgnine † Marty Piletti Marty 1956 Kirk Douglas ‡ Vincent van Gogh Lust for Life Karl Malden Archie Lee Meighan Baby Doll Gary Cooper Jess Birdwell Friendly Persuasion Burt Lancaster Bill Starbuck The Rainmaker Charlton Heston Moses The Ten Commandments 1957 Alec Guinness † Colonel Nicholson The Bridge on the River Kwai Marlon Brando ‡ Maj . Lloyd `` Ace '' Gruver Sayonara 1958 David Niven † Major Pollock Separate Tables Tony Curtis ‡ John `` Joker '' Jackson The Defiant Ones Robert Donat The Mandarin of Yang Cheng The Inn of the Sixth Happiness Sidney Poitier ‡ Noah Cullen The Defiant Ones Spencer Tracy ‡ Santiago ( The Old Man ) The Old Man and the Sea 1959 Anthony Franciosa § Sam Lawson Career Richard Burton Jimmy Porter Look Back in Anger Charlton Heston † Judah Ben - Hur Ben - Hur Fredric March Jerry Kingsley Middle of the Night Joseph Schildkraut Otto Frank The Diary of Anne Frank 1960s ( edit ) Year Actor Character Film 1960 Burt Lancaster † Elmer Gantry Elmer Gantry Trevor Howard ‡ Walter Morel Sons and Lovers Laurence Olivier Crassus Spartacus Dean Stockwell Paul Morel Sons and Lovers Spencer Tracy ‡ Henry Drummond Inherit the Wind 1961 Maximilian Schell † Hans Rolfe Judgment at Nuremberg Warren Beatty Bud Stamper Splendor in the Grass Maurice Chevalier Pannisse Fanny Paul Newman ‡ Fast Eddie Felson The Hustler Sidney Poitier Walter Lee Younger A Raisin in the Sun 1962 Gregory Peck † Atticus Finch To Kill a Mockingbird Laurence Harvey Wilhelm Grimm / The Cobbler The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm Burt Lancaster ‡ Robert Franklin Stroud Birdman of Alcatraz Jack Lemmon ‡ Joe Clay Days of Wine and Roses James Mason Humbert Humbert Lolita Paul Newman Chance Wayne Sweet Bird of Youth Peter O'Toole ‡ T.E. Lawrence Lawrence of Arabia Anthony Quinn Auda ibu Tayi Lawrence of Arabia 1963 Sidney Poitier † Homer Smith Lilies of the Field Marlon Brando Harrison Carter MacWhite The Ugly American Stathis Giallelis Stavros Topouzoglou America America Rex Harrison ‡ Julius Caesar Cleopatra Steve McQueen Rocky Papasano Love with the Proper Stranger Paul Newman ‡ Hud Bannon Hud Gregory Peck Captain Josiah Newman Captain Newman , M.D. Tom Tryon Stephen Fermoyle The Cardinal 1964 Peter O'Toole ‡ King Henry II Becket Richard Burton ‡ Thomas Becket Becket Anthony Franciosa Juan Luis Rodriguez Rio Conchos Fredric March President Lyman Seven Days in May Anthony Quinn ‡ Alexis Zorba Zorba the Greek 1965 Omar Sharif § Yuri Zhivago Doctor Zhivago Rex Harrison Pope Julius II The Agony and the Ecstasy Sidney Poitier Gordon Ralfe A Patch of Blue Rod Steiger ‡ Sol Nazerman The Pawnbroker Oskar Werner ‡ Willie Schumann Ship of Fools 1966 Paul Scofield † Sir Thomas More A Man for All Seasons Richard Burton ‡ George Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? Michael Caine ‡ Alfie Alfie Steve McQueen ‡ Machinist 's Mate 1st Class Jake Holman The Sand Pebbles Max von Sydow Reverend Abner Hale Hawaii 1967 Rod Steiger † Police Chief Bill Gillespie In the Heat of the Night Alan Bates Gabriel Oak Far from the Madding Crowd Warren Beatty ‡ Clyde Barrow Bonnie and Clyde Paul Newman ‡ Lucas `` Luke '' Jackson Cool Hand Luke Sidney Poitier Detective Virgil Tibbs In the Heat of the Night Spencer Tracy ‡ Matt Drayton Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner 1968 Peter O'Toole ‡ King Henry II The Lion in Winter Alan Arkin ‡ John Singer The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter Alan Bates ‡ Yakov Bok The Fixer Tony Curtis Albert DeSalvo The Boston Strangler Cliff Robertson † Charlie Gordon Charly 1969 John Wayne † Rooster Cogburn True Grit Alan Arkin Abraham `` Popi '' Rodriguez Popi Richard Burton ‡ King Henry VIII Anne of the Thousand Days Dustin Hoffman ‡ Enrico `` Ratso '' Rizzo Midnight Cowboy Jon Voight Joe Buck 1970s ( edit ) Year Actor Character Film 1970 George C. Scott † George S. Patton Patton Melvyn Douglas ‡ Tom Garrison I Never Sang for My Father James Earl Jones ‡ Jack Jefferson The Great White Hope Jack Nicholson ‡ Robert Eroica Dupea Five Easy Pieces Ryan O'Neal ‡ Oliver Barret IV Love Story 1971 Gene Hackman † Detective Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle The French Connection Peter Finch ‡ Daniel Hirsh Sunday Bloody Sunday Malcolm McDowell Alex DeLarge A Clockwork Orange Jack Nicholson Jonathan Fuerst Carnal Knowledge George C. Scott ‡ Dr. Herbert Bock The Hospital 1972 Marlon Brando † Vito Corleone The Godfather Michael Caine ‡ Milo Tindle Sleuth Laurence Olivier ‡ Andrew Wyke Al Pacino ‡ ( nominated for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor ) Michael Corleone The Godfather Jon Voight Ed Deliverance 1973 Al Pacino ‡ Frank Serpico Serpico Robert Blake John Wintergreen Electra Glide in Blue Jack Lemmon † Harry Stoner Save the Tiger Steve McQueen Henri `` Papillon '' Charrière Papillon Jack Nicholson ‡ Signalman 1st Class Billy L. `` Badass '' Buddusky The Last Detail Jack Nicholson ‡ J.J. `` Jake '' Gittes Chinatown James Caan Axel Freed The Gambler Gene Hackman Harry Caul The Conversation Dustin Hoffman ‡ Lenny Bruce Lenny Al Pacino ‡ Michael Corleone The Godfather Part II Jack Nicholson † Randle Patrick `` Mac '' McMurphy One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Gene Hackman Detective Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle French Connection II Al Pacino ‡ Sonny Wortzik Dog Day Afternoon Maximilian Schell ‡ Arthur Goldman The Man in the Glass Booth James Whitmore ‡ Harry S. Truman Give ' em Hell , Harry ! 1976 Peter Finch † Howard Beale Network David Carradine Woody Guthrie Bound for Glory Robert De Niro ‡ Travis Bickle Taxi Driver Dustin Hoffman `` Babe '' Levy Marathon Man Sylvester Stallone ‡ Rocky Balboa Rocky 1977 Richard Burton ‡ Dr. Martin Dysart Equus Marcello Mastroianni ‡ Gabriele A Special Day Al Pacino Bobby Deerfield Bobby Deerfield Gregory Peck Douglas MacArthur MacArthur Henry Winkler Jack Dunne Heroes 1978 Jon Voight † Luke Martin Coming Home Brad Davis Billy Hayes Midnight Express Robert De Niro ‡ Michael Vronsky The Deer Hunter Anthony Hopkins Corky Withers / `` Fats '' Magic Gregory Peck Dr. Josef Mengele The Boys from Brazil 1979 Dustin Hoffman † Ted Kramer Kramer vs. Kramer Jack Lemmon ‡ Jack Godell The China Syndrome Al Pacino ‡ Arthur Kirkland ... And Justice for All Jon Voight Billy Flynn The Champ James Woods Gregory Powell The Onion Field 1980s ( edit ) Year Actor Character Film 1980 Robert De Niro † Jake LaMotta Raging Bull John Hurt ‡ John Merrick The Elephant Man Jack Lemmon ‡ Scottie Templeton Tribute Peter O'Toole ‡ Eli Cross The Stunt Man Donald Sutherland Calvin Jarrett Ordinary People 1981 Henry Fonda † Norman Thayer On Golden Pond Warren Beatty ‡ John Reed Reds Timothy Hutton Brian Moreland Taps Burt Lancaster ‡ Lou Pascal Atlantic City Treat Williams Daniel Ciello Prince of the City 1982 Ben Kingsley † Mahatma Gandhi Gandhi Albert Finney George Dunlap Shoot the Moon Richard Gere Zack Mayo An Officer and a Gentleman Jack Lemmon ‡ Ed Horman Missing Paul Newman ‡ Frank Galvin The Verdict Tom Courtenay ‡ Norman The Dresser Robert Duvall † Mac Sledge Tender Mercies Tom Conti ‡ Gowan McGland Reuben , Reuben Richard Farnsworth Bill Miner The Grey Fox Albert Finney ‡ Sir The Dresser Al Pacino Tony Montana Scarface Eric Roberts Paul Snider Star 80 1984 F. Murray Abraham † Antonio Salieri Amadeus Jeff Bridges ‡ Starman ( `` Scott Hayden '' ) Starman Albert Finney ‡ Geoffrey Firmin Under the Volcano Tom Hulce ‡ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Amadeus Sam Waterston Sydney Schanberg The Killing Fields 1985 Jon Voight ‡ Oscar Manheim Runaway Train Harrison Ford ‡ John Book Witness Gene Hackman Harry MacKenzie Twice in a Lifetime William Hurt † Luis Molina Kiss of the Spider Woman Raúl Juliá Valentin Arregui Kiss of the Spider Woman 1986 Bob Hoskins ‡ George Mona Lisa Harrison Ford Allie Fox The Mosquito Coast Dexter Gordon ‡ Dale Turner Round Midnight William Hurt ‡ James Leeds Children of a Lesser God Jeremy Irons Father Gabriel The Mission Paul Newman † Fast Eddie Felson The Color of Money Michael Douglas † Gordon Gekko Wall Street John Lone Puyi The Last Emperor Jack Nicholson ‡ Francis Phelan Ironweed Nick Nolte Lee Umstetter Weeds Denzel Washington ‡ ( nominated for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor ) Steve Biko Cry Freedom 1988 Dustin Hoffman † Raymond Babbitt Rain Man Gene Hackman ‡ Rupert Anderson Mississippi Burning Tom Hulce Dominick Luciano Dominick and Eugene Edward James Olmos ‡ Jaime Escalante Stand and Deliver Forest Whitaker Charlie Parker Bird 1989 Tom Cruise ‡ Ron Kovic Born on the Fourth of July Daniel Day - Lewis † Christy Brown My Left Foot Jack Lemmon Jake Tremont Dad Al Pacino Frank Keller Sea of Love Robin Williams ‡ John Keating Dead Poets Society 1990s ( edit ) Year Actor Character Film 1990 Jeremy Irons † Claus von Bülow Reversal of Fortune Kevin Costner ‡ Lt. John J. Dunbar / Dances with Wolves Dances with Wolves Richard Harris ‡ Bull McCabe The Field Al Pacino Michael Corleone The Godfather Part III Robin Williams Dr. Malcolm Sayer Awakenings 1991 Nick Nolte ‡ Tom Wingo The Prince of Tides Warren Beatty ‡ Bugsy Siegel Bugsy Kevin Costner Jim Garrison JFK Robert De Niro ‡ Max Cady Cape Fear Anthony Hopkins † Dr. Hannibal Lecter The Silence of the Lambs 1992 Al Pacino † Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade Scent of a Woman Tom Cruise Lt. Daniel Kaffee , USN , JAG Corps A Few Good Men Robert Downey Jr. ‡ Charlie Chaplin Chaplin Jack Nicholson Jimmy Hoffa Hoffa Denzel Washington ‡ Malcolm X Malcolm X 1993 Tom Hanks † Andrew Beckett Philadelphia Daniel Day - Lewis ‡ Gerry Conlon In the Name of the Father Harrison Ford Dr. Richard Kimble The Fugitive Anthony Hopkins ‡ James Stevens The Remains of the Day Liam Neeson ‡ Oskar Schindler Schindler 's List 1994 Tom Hanks † Forrest Gump Forrest Gump Morgan Freeman ‡ Ellis Boyd `` Red '' Redding The Shawshank Redemption Paul Newman ‡ Donald `` Sully '' Sullivan Nobody 's Fool Brad Pitt Tristan Ludlow Legends of the Fall John Travolta ‡ Vincent Vega Pulp Fiction 1995 Nicolas Cage † Ben Sanderson Leaving Las Vegas Richard Dreyfuss ‡ Glenn Holland Mr. Holland 's Opus Anthony Hopkins ‡ Richard Nixon Nixon Ian McKellen King Richard III Richard III Sean Penn ‡ Matthew Poncelet Dead Man Walking Geoffrey Rush † David Helfgott Shine Ralph Fiennes ‡ László de Almásy The English Patient Mel Gibson Tom Mullen Ransom Woody Harrelson ‡ Larry Flynt The People vs. Larry Flynt Liam Neeson Michael Collins Michael Collins 1997 Peter Fonda ‡ Ulee Jackson Ulee 's Gold Matt Damon ‡ Will Hunting Good Will Hunting Daniel Day - Lewis Danny Flynn The Boxer Leonardo DiCaprio Jack Dawson Titanic Djimon Hounsou Joseph Cinqué Amistad 1998 Jim Carrey § Truman Burbank The Truman Show Stephen Fry Oscar Wilde Wilde Tom Hanks ‡ Captain John H. Miller Saving Private Ryan Ian McKellen ‡ James Whale Gods and Monsters Nick Nolte ‡ Wade Whitehouse Affliction 1999 Denzel Washington ‡ Rubin `` Hurricane '' Carter The Hurricane ‡ Russell Crowe ‡ Jeffrey Wigand The Insider Matt Damon Tom Ripley The Talented Mr. Ripley Richard Farnsworth ‡ Alvin Straight The Straight Story Kevin Spacey † Lester Burnham American Beauty 2000s ( edit ) Year Actor Character Film 2000 Tom Hanks ‡ Chuck Noland Cast Away Javier Bardem ‡ Reinaldo Arenas Before Night Falls Russell Crowe † Maximus Decimus Meridius Gladiator Michael Douglas Grady Tripp Wonder Boys Geoffrey Rush ‡ Marquis de Sade Quills 2001 Russell Crowe ‡ John Nash A Beautiful Mind Will Smith ‡ Muhammad Ali Ali Kevin Spacey Quoyle The Shipping News Billy Bob Thornton Ed Crane The Man Who Was n't There Denzel Washington † Detective Alonzo Harris Training Day 2002 Jack Nicholson ‡ Warren R. Schmidt About Schmidt Adrien Brody † Władysław Szpilman The Pianist Michael Caine ‡ Thomas Fowler The Quiet American Daniel Day - Lewis ‡ William `` Bill the Butcher '' Cutting Gangs of New York Leonardo DiCaprio Frank Abagnale , Jr . Catch Me If You Can 2003 Sean Penn † Jimmy Markum Mystic River Russell Crowe Captain Jack Aubrey Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World Tom Cruise Captain Nathan Algren The Last Samurai Ben Kingsley ‡ Massoud Behrani House of Sand and Fog Jude Law ‡ W.P. Inman Cold Mountain Leonardo DiCaprio ‡ Howard Hughes The Aviator Javier Bardem Ramón Sampedro The Sea Inside Don Cheadle ‡ Paul Rusesabagina Hotel Rwanda Johnny Depp ‡ J.M. Barrie Finding Neverland Liam Neeson Alfred Kinsey Kinsey 2005 Philip Seymour Hoffman † Truman Capote Capote Russell Crowe James J. Braddock Cinderella Man Terrence Howard ‡ DJay Hustle & Flow Heath Ledger ‡ Ennis Del Mar Brokeback Mountain David Strathairn ‡ Edward R. Murrow Good Night , and Good Luck 2006 Forest Whitaker † Idi Amin The Last King of Scotland Leonardo DiCaprio ‡ Danny Archer Blood Diamond Leonardo DiCaprio William `` Billy '' Costigan , Jr . The Departed Peter O'Toole ‡ Maurice Russell Venus Will Smith ‡ Chris Gardner The Pursuit of Happyness 2007 Daniel Day - Lewis † Daniel Plainview There Will Be Blood George Clooney ‡ Michael Clayton Michael Clayton James McAvoy Robbie Turner Atonement Viggo Mortensen ‡ Nikolai Luzhin Eastern Promises Denzel Washington Frank Lucas American Gangster 2008 Mickey Rourke ‡ Randy `` The Ram '' Robinson The Wrestler Leonardo DiCaprio Frank Wheeler Revolutionary Road Frank Langella ‡ Richard Nixon Frost / Nixon Sean Penn † Harvey Milk Milk Brad Pitt ‡ Benjamin Button The Curious Case of Benjamin Button 2009 Jeff Bridges † Otis `` Bad '' Blake Crazy Heart George Clooney ‡ Ryan Bingham Up in the Air Colin Firth ‡ George Falconer A Single Man Morgan Freeman ‡ Nelson Mandela Invictus Tobey Maguire Captain Sam Cahill Brothers 2010s ( edit ) Year Actor Character Film Colin Firth † King George VI The King 's Speech Jesse Eisenberg ‡ Mark Zuckerberg The Social Network James Franco ‡ Aron Ralston 127 Hours Ryan Gosling Dean Pereira Blue Valentine Mark Wahlberg Micky Ward The Fighter 2011 George Clooney ‡ Matt King The Descendants Leonardo DiCaprio J. Edgar Hoover J. Edgar Michael Fassbender Brandon Sullivan Shame Ryan Gosling Stephen Meyers The Ides of March Brad Pitt ‡ Billy Beane Moneyball 2012 Daniel Day - Lewis † Abraham Lincoln Lincoln Richard Gere Robert Miller Arbitrage John Hawkes Mark O'Brien The Sessions Joaquin Phoenix ‡ Freddie Quell The Master Denzel Washington ‡ William `` Whip '' Whitaker , Sr . Flight 2013 Matthew McConaughey † Ron Woodroof Dallas Buyers Club Chiwetel Ejiofor ‡ Solomon Northup 12 Years a Slave Idris Elba Nelson Mandela Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom Tom Hanks Captain Richard Phillips Captain Phillips Robert Redford Our Man All Is Lost 2014 Eddie Redmayne † Stephen Hawking The Theory of Everything Steve Carell ‡ John Eleuthère du Pont Foxcatcher Benedict Cumberbatch ‡ Alan Turing The Imitation Game Jake Gyllenhaal Louis `` Lou '' Bloom Nightcrawler David Oyelowo Martin Luther King Jr . Selma 2015 Leonardo DiCaprio † Hugh Glass The Revenant Bryan Cranston ‡ Dalton Trumbo Trumbo Michael Fassbender ‡ Steve Jobs Steve Jobs Eddie Redmayne ‡ Lili Elbe The Danish Girl Will Smith Dr. Bennet Omalu Concussion 2016 Casey Affleck † Lee Chandler Manchester by the Sea Joel Edgerton Richard Loving Loving Andrew Garfield ‡ Desmond T. Doss Hacksaw Ridge Viggo Mortensen ‡ Ben Cash Captain Fantastic Denzel Washington ‡ Troy Maxson Fences 2017 Gary Oldman † Winston Churchill Darkest Hour Timothée Chalamet ‡ Elio Perlman Call Me by Your Name Daniel Day - Lewis ‡ Reynolds Woodcock Phantom Thread Tom Hanks Ben Bradlee The Post Denzel Washington ‡ Roman J. Israel Roman J. Israel , Esq . Multiple nominations ( edit ) 10 nominations Al Pacino 8 nominations Leonardo DiCaprio Jack Nicholson Denzel Washington 7 nominations Daniel Day - Lewis Paul Newman 6 nominations Tom Hanks Jack Lemmon 5 nominations Richard Burton Russell Crowe Gene Hackman Dustin Hoffman Peter O'Toole Gregory Peck Sidney Poitier Jon Voight 4 nominations Warren Beatty Marlon Brando Robert De Niro Anthony Hopkins Burt Lancaster Spencer Tracy 3 nominations Michael Caine George Clooney Tom Cruise Albert Finney Harrison Ford Fredric March Steve McQueen Liam Neeson Nick Nolte Laurence Olivier Sean Penn Brad Pitt George C. Scott Will Smith 2 nominations Alan Arkin Alan Bates Javier Bardem Jeff Bridges Gary Cooper Kevin Costner Tony Curtis Matt Damon Kirk Douglas Michael Douglas Richard Farnsworth Michael Fassbender Peter Finch Colin Firth Henry Fonda Morgan Freeman Richard Gere Ryan Gosling Rex Harrison Charlton Heston Tom Hulce William Hurt Jeremy Irons Ben Kingsley Ian McKellen Ray Milland Viggo Mortensen Anthony Quinn Eddie Redmayne Geoffrey Rush Maximilian Schell Kevin Spacey Rod Steiger Forest Whitaker Robin Williams Multiple winners ( edit ) 3 wins Tom Hanks ( 2 consecutive ) Jack Nicholson ( 2 consecutive ) 2 wins Marlon Brando Daniel Day - Lewis Leonardo DiCaprio Dustin Hoffman Peter O'Toole Al Pacino Gregory Peck Jon Voight See also ( edit ) Academy Award for Best Actor Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes announce TV , film award nominees '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Associated Press . December 22 , 2000 . p. 8B . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Golden Globe Awards Current awards ( Film ) Best Film : Drama Best Film : Musical or Comedy Best Actor : Drama Best Actor : Musical or Comedy Best Actress : Drama Best Actress : Musical or Comedy Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Animated Feature Best Director Best Foreign Language Film Best Original Score Best Original Song Best Screenplay Current awards ( Television ) Best TV Series : Drama Best TV Series : Musical or Comedy Best Miniseries or Television Film Best Actor : Drama Series Best Actor : Musical or Comedy Series Best Actor : Miniseries or TV Film Best Actress : Drama Series Best Actress : Musical or Comedy Series Best Actress : Miniseries or TV Film Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Retired awards New Star of the Year -- Actor New Star of the Year -- Actress Best Documentary Ceremonies List of Golden Globe Award ceremonies : 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ( years are of film release ; ceremonies are following year ) Miscellaneous Cecil B. DeMille Award Golden Globe Ambassador Hollywood Foreign Press Association Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Paul Lukas ( 1943 ) Alexander Knox ( 1944 ) Ray Milland ( 1945 ) Gregory Peck ( 1946 ) Ronald Colman ( 1947 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1948 ) Broderick Crawford ( 1949 ) José Ferrer ( 1950 ) Fredric March ( 1951 ) Gary Cooper ( 1952 ) Spencer Tracy ( 1953 ) Marlon Brando ( 1954 ) Ernest Borgnine ( 1955 ) Kirk Douglas ( 1956 ) Alec Guinness ( 1957 ) David Niven ( 1958 ) Anthony Franciosa ( 1959 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1960 ) Maximilian Schell ( 1961 ) Gregory Peck ( 1962 ) Sidney Poitier ( 1963 ) Peter O'Toole ( 1964 ) Omar Sharif ( 1965 ) Paul Scofield ( 1966 ) Rod Steiger ( 1967 ) Peter O'Toole ( 1968 ) John Wayne ( 1969 ) George C. Scott ( 1970 ) Gene Hackman ( 1971 ) Marlon Brando ( 1972 ) Al Pacino ( 1973 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1974 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1975 ) Peter Finch ( 1976 ) Richard Burton ( 1977 ) Jon Voight ( 1978 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1979 ) Robert De Niro ( 1980 ) Henry Fonda ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Robert Duvall / Tom Courtenay ( 1983 ) F. Murray Abraham ( 1984 ) Jon Voight ( 1985 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1986 ) Michael Douglas ( 1987 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1988 ) Tom Cruise ( 1989 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1990 ) Nick Nolte ( 1991 ) Al Pacino ( 1992 ) Tom Hanks ( 1993 ) Tom Hanks ( 1994 ) Nicolas Cage ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Peter Fonda ( 1997 ) Jim Carrey ( 1998 ) Denzel Washington ( 1999 ) Tom Hanks ( 2000 ) Russell Crowe ( 2001 ) Jack Nicholson ( 2002 ) Sean Penn ( 2003 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2008 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) George Clooney ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2013 ) Eddie Redmayne ( 2014 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Gary Oldman ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_ -- _Motion_Picture_Drama&oldid = 832497179 '' Categories : Golden Globe Awards Film awards for lead actor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 11 : 11 . About Wikipedia
who won the golden globe award for best actor - motion picture drama 2017
[ "\n\nYear\nActor\nCharacter\nFilm\n\n\n2010\nColin Firth †\nKing George VI\nThe King's Speech\n\n\nJesse Eisenberg ‡\nMark Zuckerberg\nThe Social Network\n\n\nJames Franco ‡\nAron Ralston\n127 Hours\n\n\nRyan Gosling\nDean Pereira\nBlue Valentine\n\n\nMark Wahlberg\nMicky Ward\nThe Fighter\n\n\n2011\nGeorge Clooney ‡\nMatt King\nThe Descendants\n\n\nLeonardo DiCaprio\nJ. Edgar Hoover\nJ. Edgar\n\n\nMichael Fassbender\nBrandon Sullivan\nShame\n\n\nRyan Gosling\nStephen Meyers\nThe Ides of March\n\n\nBrad Pitt ‡\nBilly Beane\nMoneyball\n\n\n2012\nDaniel Day-Lewis †\nAbraham Lincoln\nLincoln\n\n\nRichard Gere\nRobert Miller\nArbitrage\n\n\nJohn Hawkes\nMark O'Brien\nThe Sessions\n\n\nJoaquin Phoenix ‡\nFreddie Quell\nThe Master\n\n\nDenzel Washington ‡\nWilliam \"Whip\" Whitaker, Sr.\nFlight\n\n\n2013\nMatthew McConaughey †\nRon Woodroof\nDallas Buyers Club\n\n\nChiwetel Ejiofor ‡\nSolomon Northup\n12 Years a Slave\n\n\nIdris Elba\nNelson Mandela\nMandela: Long Walk to Freedom\n\n\nTom Hanks\nCaptain Richard Phillips\nCaptain Phillips\n\n\nRobert Redford\nOur Man\nAll Is Lost\n\n\n2014\nEddie Redmayne †\nStephen Hawking\nThe Theory of Everything\n\n\nSteve Carell ‡\nJohn Eleuthère du Pont\nFoxcatcher\n\n\nBenedict Cumberbatch ‡\nAlan Turing\nThe Imitation Game\n\n\nJake Gyllenhaal\nLouis \"Lou\" Bloom\nNightcrawler\n\n\nDavid Oyelowo\nMartin Luther King Jr.\nSelma\n\n\n2015\nLeonardo DiCaprio †\nHugh Glass\nThe Revenant\n\n\nBryan Cranston ‡\nDalton Trumbo\nTrumbo\n\n\nMichael Fassbender ‡\nSteve Jobs\nSteve Jobs\n\n\nEddie Redmayne ‡\nLili Elbe\nThe Danish Girl\n\n\nWill Smith\nDr. Bennet Omalu\nConcussion\n\n\n2016\nCasey Affleck †\nLee Chandler\nManchester by the Sea\n\n\nJoel Edgerton\nRichard Loving\nLoving\n\n\nAndrew Garfield ‡\nDesmond T. Doss\nHacksaw Ridge\n\n\nViggo Mortensen ‡\nBen Cash\nCaptain Fantastic\n\n\nDenzel Washington ‡\nTroy Maxson\nFences\n\n\n2017\nGary Oldman †\nWinston Churchill\nDarkest Hour\n\n\nTimothée Chalamet ‡\nElio Perlman\nCall Me by Your Name\n\n\nDaniel Day-Lewis ‡\nReynolds Woodcock\nPhantom Thread\n\n\nTom Hanks\nBen Bradlee\nThe Post\n\n\nDenzel Washington ‡\nRoman J. Israel\nRoman J. Israel, Esq.\n\n" ]
[ "Gary Oldman" ]
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Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Wikipedia Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the franchise . For entries in the franchise , see Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Art by Kevin Eastman Publication information Publisher Mirage Studios First appearance Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 ( May 1984 ) Created by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird In - story information Base ( s ) Manhattan , New York City Member ( s ) Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( often shortened to TMNT or Ninja Turtles ) are four fictional teenaged anthropomorphic turtles named after Italian artists of the Renaissance . They were trained by their anthropomorphic rat sensei in the art of ninjutsu . From their home in the sewers of New York City , they battle petty criminals , evil overlords , mutated creatures , and alien invaders while attempting to remain hidden from society . They were created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird . The characters originated in comic books published by Mirage Studios and expanded into cartoon series , films , video games , toys , and other merchandise . During the peak of the franchise 's popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s , it gained worldwide success and fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Main characters 3 Comics 3.1 Mirage 3.2 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures 3.3 Dreamwave 3.4 IDW 3.5 Manga 3.6 Comic strip 4 Television series 4.1 First animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) 4.2 Original video animation 4.3 Live - action series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 4.4 Second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) 4.5 Third animated series ( 2012 -- 2017 ) 4.6 Fourth animated series ( 2018 ) 5 Feature films 6 Merchandise 6.1 Toys 7 Video games 8 In other media 8.1 Tabletop role playing game 8.2 Food tie - ins 8.3 Concert tour 8.4 At the Disney - MGM Studios theme park 8.5 Parodies 9 Controversies 9.1 Departure from origins 9.2 Teenage Mutant `` Hero '' Turtles 10 Ownership rights 10.1 Television 10.2 Films 10.3 Comic books 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cover of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 ( May 1984 ) The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles first appeared in an American comic book published by Mirage Studios in 1984 in Dover , New Hampshire . The concept arose from a humorous drawing sketched out by Eastman during a casual evening of brainstorming and bad television with Laird . Using money from a tax refund , together with a loan from Eastman 's uncle , the young artists self - published a single - issue comic intended to parody four of the most popular comics of the early 1980s : Marvel Comics ' Daredevil and New Mutants , Dave Sim 's Cerebus , and Frank Miller 's Ronin . The TMNT comic book series has been published in various incarnations by various comic book companies since 1984 . The Turtles started their rise to mainstream success when a licensing agent , Mark Freedman , sought out Eastman and Laird to propose wider merchandising opportunities for the franchise . In 1986 , Dark Horse Miniatures produced a set of 15 - mm ( approximately 0.6 inch ) lead figurines . In January 1987 , Eastman and Laird visited the offices of Playmates Toys , a small California toy company that wanted to expand into the action - figure market . Development was undertaken by a creative team of companies and individuals : Jerry Sachs , advertising agent of Sachs - Finley Agency , brought together the animators at Murakami - Wolf - Swenson headed by Fred Wolf . Wolf and his team combined concepts and ideas with the Playmates marketing crew , headed by Karl Aaronian , vice president ( VP ) of sales Richard Sallis , and VP of Playmates Bill Carlson . Aaronian brought on several designers and concepteur and writer John C. Schulte , and worked out the simple backstory that would live on toy packaging for the entire run of the product and show . Sachs called the high concept pitch `` Green Against Brick '' . The sense of humor was honed with the collaboration of the Murakami - Wolf - Swenson animation firm 's writers . Playmates and their team essentially served as associate producers and contributing writers to the miniseries that was first launched to sell - in the toy action figures . Phrases like `` Heroes in a half shell '' and many of the comical catch phrases and battle cries ( `` Turtle power ! '' ) came from the writing and conceptualization of this creative team . As the series developed , veteran writer Jack Mendelsohn came on board as both a story editor and scriptwriter . David Wise , Michael Charles Hill , and Michael Reaves wrote most of the scripts . The miniseries was repeated three times before it found an audience . Once the product started selling , the show got syndicated and picked up and backed by Group W , which funded the next round of animation . The show then went network , on CBS . Accompanied by the popular Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1987 TV series , and the subsequent action figure line , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles became a mainstream success . At the height of the frenzy , in the late 1980s and early 1990s , the Turtles ' likenesses could be found on a wide range of children 's merchandise , from Pez dispensers to skateboards , breakfast cereal , video games , school supplies , linens , towels , cameras , and toy shaving kits . While the animated TV series , which lasted for 10 seasons until 1996 , was more light - hearted , the comic - book series continued in a much darker and grittier tone . In 1990 , a live - action feature film was released , with the Turtles and Splinter being portrayed by actors in partially animatronic suits created by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The film became one of the most successful independent films and spawned two sequels , as well as inspiring a three - dimensional animated film set in the same continuity , which was released in 2007 under the title TMNT . After the end of the cartoon series , a live - action series in the vein of the films was created in 1997 in conjunction with Saban Entertainment . The series was called Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation and introduced a fifth , female turtle called Venus de Milo . However , the series was largely unsuccessful and was canceled after one season . The property lay dormant until 2003 , when a new animated TV series also entitled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles began to air on Fox Box ( 4Kids TV ) . The series storyline stuck much closer to the original Mirage comic book series , but was still less violent . It lasted for seven seasons and 156 episodes , ending in February 2009 . On October 21 , 2009 , it was announced that cable channel Nickelodeon ( a subsidiary of Viacom ) had purchased all of Mirage 's rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles property . Mirage retains the rights to publish 18 issues a year , though the future involvement of Mirage with the Turtles and the future of Mirage Studios itself is unknown . Nickelodeon has developed a new CGI - animated TMNT television series and partnered with fellow Viacom company Paramount Pictures to bring a new TMNT movie to theaters . The TV show premiered on Nickelodeon on September 29 , 2012 . The live - action film , produced by Platinum Dunes , Nickelodeon Movies , and Paramount Pictures , directed by Jonathan Liebesman , and produced by Michael Bay , was released on August 8 , 2014 . Main characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters Leonardo ( Leo ) -- The tactical , courageous leader and devoted student of his sensei , Leonardo wears a blue mask and wields two katana . As the most conscientious of the four , he often bears the burden of responsibility for his brothers , which commonly leads to conflict with Raphael . Leonardo was named after the Italian polymath , painter , engineer , inventor , writer , anatomist , and sculptor , Leonardo da Vinci . Michelangelo ( Mikey ) -- The most stereotypical teenager of the team , Michelangelo is a free - spirited , relaxed , and often goofy jokester , and known for his love of pizza . Michelangelo wears an orange mask and wields a pair of nunchucks . He provides the comic relief , though he still has an adventurous side . The least mature of the four Turtles , he shows characteristics of a `` surfer '' type and is often depicted with a Southern Californian accent . He is named after the Italian Renaissance painter , sculptor , architect , poet , and engineer , Michelangelo . His name was originally misspelled `` Michaelangelo '' by Peter Laird and Kevin Eastman . Donatello ( Donnie or Don ) -- The scientist , inventor , engineer , and technological genius , Donatello wears a purple mask and wields a bo staff . Donatello is perhaps the least violent turtle , preferring to use his knowledge to solve conflicts , but never hesitates to defend his brothers . He is named after the early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence , Donatello . Raphael ( Raph ) -- The team 's bad boy , Raphael wears a red mask and wields a pair of sai . He has an aggressive nature , and seldom hesitates to throw the first punch . He is often depicted with a very pronounced New York accent . His personality can be fierce and sarcastic , and oftentimes delivers deadpan humor . He is intensely loyal to his brothers and sensei . He is named after the Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance , Raphael . Splinter -- The Turtles ' sensei and adoptive father , Splinter is a Japanese mutant rat that learned the ways of ninjutsu from his owner and master , Hamato Yoshi . In the 1987 TV series , Archie Comics series , and the 2012 TV series , Splinter was Hamato Yoshi mutated into a humanoid rat . In the 2003 TV series , he was Hamato Yoshi 's pet rat . He was mutated from a mysterious ooze from the TCRI building . In the IDW comics , he is Hamato Yoshi reincarnated as a mutated rat . April O'Neil -- A former lab assistant to the mad scientist Baxter Stockman , April is the plucky human companion of the Turtles. April first met the Turtles when they saved her from Baxter 's Mouser robots . She embarks on many of the Turtles ' adventures and aids them by doing the work in public that the Turtles can not . In the 1987 TV series , Archie Comics series , the subsequent three films , and the 2014 film reboot , April was a television news reporter . In the 2007 CGI film ( following the continuity from the original three films ) , Casey Jones and she work for a shipping firm . In the 2012 series , April is a teenager who is rescued by the TMNTs and later given some `` crash courses '' in being a ninja by Splinter . Casey Jones -- A vigilante who wears a hockey mask to protect his identity , Casey Jones has become one of the Turtles ' closest allies , as well as a love interest to April . Casey first encountered the Turtles after having a fight with Raphael . He fights crime with an assortment of sporting goods he carries in a golf bag , such as baseball bats , golf clubs , and hockey sticks . The Shredder -- A villainous ninjutsu master called Oroku Saki , he is the leader of the Foot Clan , an evil ninja clan . In every incarnation of the TMNT franchise , he has been the archenemy of Splinter and the Turtles . The Shredder prefers to use his armor instead of weapons in some versions . Foot Soldiers / Ninjas -- The ninjas of the Foot Clan , working for the Shredder . Karai -- A female high - rank member of the Foot Clan , she has appeared in several different TMNT comics , cartoons , and films , as well as in multiple video games . In some incarnations of the character , she is closely related to Shredder as his adopted daughter or biological granddaughter . In most works , she shares an ambiguous rivalry with Leonardo , which occasionally even borders on romantic interest . Comics ( edit ) Mirage ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( Mirage Studios ) Eastman and Laird 's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles premiered in May 1984 , at a comic book convention held at a local Sheraton Hotel in Portsmouth , New Hampshire . It was published by Mirage Studios in an oversized magazine - style format using black and white artwork on cheap newsprint , limited to a print run of only 3,250 copies . Through a clever media kit that included a press release in Comic Buyer 's Guide # 542 and a full - page ad placed in Comic Buyer 's Guide # 547 , the public 's interest was piqued and thus began the Turtle phenomenon . The small print runs made these early comics and trade magazines instant collector items , and within months , they were trading for over 50 times their cover price . The name `` Mirage Studios '' was chosen because of Eastman and Laird 's lack of a professional art studio at the start of their career , before their creation made them both multimillionaires . Mirage also published a bimonthly companion book entitled Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , featuring art by Ryan Brown and Jim Lawson , which was designed to fill in the gaps of continuity in the TMNT universe . This put the original series and Tales in the same mainstream continuity , and the two are thus canon to each other . The title 's first volume was from 1987 -- 1989 , released in alternating months with the regular Eastman and Laird book . All seven issues of volume one have been collected in trade paperback form twice , and 25 issues of volume two have been collected in trades of five issues each . As the TMNT phenomenon proliferated to other media , Eastman and Laird found themselves administrating an international merchandising juggernaut . However , this prevented the two creators from participating in the day - to - day work of writing and illustrating a monthly comic book . So , many guest artists were invited to showcase their unique talents in the TMNT universe . The breadth of diversity found in the various short stories gave the series a disjointed , anthology - like feel . Fans stuck with the series , and what was originally intended as a one - shot became a continuing series that lasted for 129 issues , spanning four separate volumes ( having 62 , 13 , 23 , and 32 issues in the four distinct volumes ) . In June 1996 , Image Comics took over publishing the title in what is considered `` volume 3 '' of the series . It was a slightly more action - oriented TMNT series and although notable for inflicting major physical changes on the main characters , Peter Laird , co-creator of the TMNT , has said this volume is no longer in canon as he began publishing volume 4 at Mirage Publishing . As an explanation , he offered in the pages of the volume 4 ( issue # 8 ) letter column : `` It just did n't feel right . '' After taking back the series from Image Comics , Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001 , under the simple title TMNT . After the publication of issue number 28 , writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight - month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 TMNT movie . However , after that eight months had passed , Mirage 's official website went on to list the series as in `` indefinite hiatus '' . In January 2008 , Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008 . Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each , and were available through the official TMNT website . Although the purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allows Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity , no new material was released in the next few years . The latest issue of TMNT volume 4 was issue # 32 which came out in print May 4 , 2014 , and online on May 9 , 2014 , almost 4 years after issue # 31 was last released . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles adventures ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures was a comic - book series published from August 1988 to October 1995 by Archie Comics . The initial storylines were close adaptations of the 1987 TV series , but with the fifth issue , Eastman and Laird decided to hand the series over to Mirage Studios employees Ryan Brown and Stephen Murphy , who immediately abandoned the animated series adaptations and took the title in a decidedly different direction with all - new original adventures , including the uniting of several of the series ' recurring characters as a separate team , the Mighty Mutanimals . Dreamwave ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( Dreamwave Productions ) A monthly comic inspired by the 2003 TV series was published by Dreamwave Productions from June to December 2003 . It was written by Peter David and illustrated by LeSean Thomas . In the first four issues , which were the only ones directly adapted from the TV series , the story was told from the perspectives of April , Baxter , Casey , and a pair of New York City police officers . IDW ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( IDW Publishing ) In April 2011 , IDW Publishing announced that they had acquired the license to publish new collections of Mirage storylines and a new ongoing series . The first issue of the new series was released on August 24 , 2011 . Turtles co-creator Kevin Eastman and Tom Waltz write , with Eastman and Dan Duncan handling art chores . Manga ( edit ) The Turtles have appeared in several manga series . Mutant Turtles ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ , Myūtanto Tātoruzu ) is a 15 - issue series by Tsutomu Oyamada , Zuki mora , and Yoshimi Hamada that simply adapted episodes of the original American animated series . Super Turtles ( スーパー タートルズ Sūpā Tātoruzu ) is a three - issue miniseries by Hidemasa Idemitsu , Tetsurō Kawade , and Toshio Kudō that featured the `` TMNT Supermutants '' Turtle toys that were on sale at the time . The first volume of the anime miniseries followed this storyline . Mutant Turtles Gaiden ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ 外伝 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Gaiden ) by Hiroshi Kanno is a reinterpretation of the Turtles story with no connection to the previous manga . Mutant Turtles III ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ 3 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Tsuri ) is Yasuhiko Hachino 's adaptation of the third feature film . Mutant Turtles ' 95 ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ 95 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Kyūjūgo ) is a 1995 series by Ogata Nobu which ran in Comic BomBom . Mutant Turtles ' 96 ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ 96 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Kyūjūroku ) is a continuation of the 1995 series when it continued to run through 1996 . Comic strip ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( comic strip ) A daily comic strip written and illustrated by Dan Berger began in 1990 . It featured an adventure story Monday through Friday and activity puzzles on weekends ( with fan art appearing later ) . The comic strip was published in syndication until its cancellation in December 1996 . At its highest point in popularity , it was published in over 250 newspapers . Television series ( edit ) First animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1987 TV series ) Logo of the 1987 cartoon When little - known Playmates Toys , Inc. was approached about producing a TMNTs action figure line , they were cautious of the risk and requested that a television deal be acquired first . On December 28 , 1987 , the TMNT 's first cartoon series began , starting as a five - part miniseries and becoming a regular Saturday - morning syndicated series on October 1 , 1988 , with 13 more episodes . The series was produced by Murakami - Wolf - Swenson Film Productions , Inc. ( later Fred Wolf Films ) . Mirage Studios does not own the rights to this cartoon series . The show places a much stronger emphasis on humor than the comics do . Here , the Ninja Turtles are portrayed as four wise - cracking , pizza - obsessed superheroes that fight the forces of evil from their sewer hideout , and they make their first appearance in masks color - coded to each turtle , where previously they had all worn red . The cast included new and different characters , such as Bebop and Rocksteady and the Neutrinos . Original characters such as Splinter , Shredder , and the Foot Soldiers stayed true to the comics in appearance and alignment only . Instead of being Hamato Yoshi 's mutated pet rat , Splinter was a mutated Hamato himself . The Foot Soldiers changed from human ninjas to an endless supply of robotic grunts , allowing large numbers of them to be destroyed without anyone dying ( this was a very important decision in terms of the show 's child audience ; excessive violence would have alienated parents of children , the show 's target demographic ) . Krang , one of the series ' most memorable villains , was inspired by the design of the Utrom , a benign alien race from the Mirage comics . The animated Krang , however , was instead an evil warlord from Dimension X . Baxter Stockman , whose race was changed from black to white either due to apprehension toward depicting a villainous African American character in a children 's cartoon or that for Shredder to boss around a black Stockman would be perceived as racist . Either way , Stockman was rewritten as a shy and meek lackey to Shredder , later mutating into an anthropomorphic housefly . During the final two seasons of the show , to combat the rising popularity of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , the lead villain switched to Lord Dregg , an evil alien overlord bent on world conquest by trying to distract the public into believing that the Turtles were the enemy instead of himself . Starting on September 25 , 1989 , the series was expanded to weekdays and it had 47 more episodes for the new season . There were 28 new syndicated episodes for season 4 and only 13 of those episodes aired in 1990 . The `` European Vacation '' episodes were not seen in the United States until USA Network started showing reruns in late 1993 and the `` Awesome Easter '' episodes were not seen until 1991 . These episodes were delayed because of animation or scheduling problems . The turtles are also well known for their use of idiomatic expressions characteristic of the surfer lingo of the time , especially by Michelangelo . Words and phrases included `` bummer '' , `` dude '' , `` bogus '' , `` radical '' , `` far - out '' , `` tubuloso '' , `` bodacious '' , and possibly the most recognized , `` cowabunga '' . On April 21 , 1990 , a drug - prevention television special was broadcast on ABC , NBC , and CBS named Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue that featured some of the most popular cartoons at the time ; representing TMNT was Michelangelo , voiced by Townsend Coleman . Starting on September 8 , 1990 ( with a different opening sequence ) , the show began its run on CBS . The CBS weekend edition ran for a full hour until 1994 , initially airing a few Saturday - exclusive episodes back - to - back . Also , a brief `` Turtle Tips '' segment aired between the two episodes , which served as public - service announcement about the environment or other issues . After 1994 , the show was reduced to just a half - hour and only eight episodes per season were produced , grouped into a `` CBS Action Zone '' block that also featured WildC. A.T.s. and Skeleton Warriors , both of which were canceled after one season ; though TMNTs retained their `` Action Zone '' introduction . The two shows in the block were also produced by Fred Wolf Films . The series ran until November 2 , 1996 , when it aired its final episode . Its enormous popularity gave rise to its numerous imitators , including the Battletoads , Cheetahmen , Wild West C.O.W. - Boys of Moo Mesa , Road Rovers , Street Sharks , Extreme Dinosaurs , and Biker Mice from Mars . Currently , all 193 episodes are available on DVD and VHS . Original video animation ( edit ) Main article : Mutant Turtles : Choujin Densetsu - hen In addition to the American series , a Japan - exclusive two - episode anime original video animation ( OVA ) series was made in 1996 , titled Mutant Turtles : Choujin Densetsu - hen . The OVA is similar in tone to the 1987 TV series and uses the same voices from TV Tokyo 's Japanese dub of the 1987 TV series . The first episode was made to advertise the TMNT Supermutants toys . It featured the Turtles as superheroes , that gained costumes and superpowers with the use of Mutastones , while Shredder , Bebop and Rocksteady gained supervillain powers with the use of a Dark Mutastone . As with the Super Sentai and Power Rangers franchises , the four Turtles could combine to form the giant Turtle Saint . The second episode was created to advertise the Metal Mutants toys in which the characters gain Saint Seiya-esque mystical metal armor that can transform into beasts . Live - action series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Logo of the live - action series Main article : Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation In 1997 -- 1998 , the Turtles starred in a live - action television series called Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation that directly follows the events of the first three movies . A fifth turtle was introduced , a female named Venus de Milo , who was skilled in the mystical arts of the shinobi . The series was intended as a loose continuation of the movie franchise , as Shredder had been defeated and the Ninja Turtles encountered new villains . Other connections to the feature films include the fact that Splinter 's ear was cut , the Foot Soldiers were humans , and the Turtles lived in the abandoned subway station seen in the second and third movies . The Next Mutation Turtles made a guest appearance on Power Rangers in Space . It was canceled after one season of 26 episodes . Second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Logo of the 2003 cartoon Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2003 TV series ) In 2003 , a new TMNT series produced by 4Kids Entertainment began airing on the `` FoxBox '' ( later renamed `` 4Kids TV '' ) programming block . It later moved to `` The CW4Kids '' block . The series was co-produced by Mirage Studios , and Mirage owned one - third of the rights to the series . Mirage 's significant stake in creative control resulted in a cartoon that hews more closely to the original comics , creating a darker and edgier feel than the 1987 cartoon , but still remains lighthearted enough to be considered appropriate for children . This series lasted until 2009 , ending with a feature - length television movie titled Turtles Forever , which was produced in conjunction with the 25th anniversary of the TMNTs franchise and featured the Turtles of the 2003 series teaming up with their counterparts from the 1987 series . 4Kidstv.com featured all the episodes of the series , until September 2010 , when Nickelodeon brought the series and air the series occasionally on Nicktoons and Nickelodeon normally during TMNTs marathons . Third animated series ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Logo of the 2012 cartoon Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) Nickelodeon acquired the global rights to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles from the Mirage Group and 4Kids Entertainment , Inc. and announced a new CGI - animated TMNT television series . The 2012 version is characterized by anime - like iconography and emphasis on mutagen continuing to wreak havoc on the everyday lives of the Turtles and their enemies . The series ran for five seasons . Fourth animated series ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Nickelodeon announced a new 2D animated series based on the franchise titled Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , which will debut in Fall 2018 . Feature films ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( film series ) The Turtles have appeared in six feature films . The first three are live - action features produced in the early 1990s : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Secret of the Ooze ( 1991 ) , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III ( 1993 ) . The Turtles were played by various actors in costumes featuring animatronic heads , initially produced by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The fourth film is a CGI - animated film titled simply TMNT and released in 2007 . A reboot , titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles produced by Platinum Dunes , Nickelodeon Movies , and Paramount Pictures , directed by Jonathan Liebesman , and produced by Michael Bay , was released on August 8 , 2014 . A sequel , Out of the Shadows was released on June 3 , 2016 . Merchandise ( edit ) Among the first licensed products to feature the TMNT was a tabletop role - playing game titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness , published by Palladium Books in 1985 , and featuring original comics and illustrations by Eastman and Laird . The game features a large list of animals , including elephants and sparrows , that are available as mutant player characters . Several more titles were in this genre , including Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures , Truckin ' Turtles , Turtles Go Hollywood , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Guide to the Universe , and Transdimensional Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . In 1986 , Dark Horse Miniatures in Boise , Idaho , produced an attendant set of lead figurines ; unlike later incarnations , the bandannas on the store 's display set were painted all black before the multicolored versions were released to help younger readers distinguish between the four characters other than their weaponry . Palladium allowed the license to lapse in 2000 , in part due to declining sales stemming from the `` kiddification '' of the animated and live - action incarnations to that point . However , Palladium 's publisher , Kevin Siembieda , has indicated a potential willingness to revisit the license given the franchise 's recent moves closer to its roots . Toys ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures During the run of the 1987 TV series , Playmates Toys produced hundreds of TMNT action figures , along with vehicles , playsets , and accessories , becoming one of the top collectibles for children . Staff artists at Northampton , Massachusetts - based Mirage Studios provided conceptual designs for many of the figures , vehicles , and playsets and creator credit can be found in the legal text printed on the back of the toy packaging . In addition , Playmates produced a series of TMNTs / Star Trek crossover figures , due to Playmates holding the Star Trek action - figure license at the time . Playmates employed many design groups to develop looks and styles for the toy line , including Bloom Design , White Design , Pangea , Robinson - Clarke , and McHale Design . The marketing vice president of Playmates , Karl Aaronian , was largely responsible for assembling the talented team of designers and writers , which in turn , helped germinate continued interest in the toy line . Never before in toy history did an action - figure line have such an impact for over two decades , generating billions of dollars in licensing revenue . The series was highly popular in the UK , where in the run - up to Christmas , the Army & Navy Store in London 's Lewisham devoted its entire basement to everything Turtle , including games , videos , costumes , and other items . Playmates continue to produce TMNT action figures based on the 2003 animated series . The 2007 film TMNT also gave Playmates a new source from which to make figures , while National Entertainment Collectibles Association produced a series of high - quality action figures based on character designs from the original Mirage comics . In 2012 , a new toy line and a new classic toy line from Playmates were announced to be released . Video games ( edit ) Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video games The first console video game based on the franchise , titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) by Konami under their `` Ultra Games '' label in 1989 and later ported to home computers and eventually for the Wii on the Virtual Console . Also released by Konami in 1989 was an arcade game , also titled simply Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , later ported to the NES as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Arcade Game , leading to an NES - only sequel , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III : The Manhattan Project , which used the look of the arcade game , as opposed to the first NES game . The next Turtles game , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Turtles in Time , was released in 1991 as an arcade game , and was later ported to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( Super NES ) in 1992 . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : The Hyperstone Heist was also created for the Sega Genesis in the same year , and used many of the art assets from TMNT IV . There was also a trilogy of TMNT video games for the original Game Boy system made by Konami , consisting of : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Fall of the Foot Clan , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : Back from the Sewers , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III : Radical Rescue . As the video game series progressed , and the Ninja Turtles ' popularity began to decline in the mid-1990s , the video games changed direction . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Tournament Fighters was released as a set of one - on - one fighting game similar to the Street Fighter series ; versions were released for the NES , SNES , and Genesis , each a distinct game . Konami also acquired the license to adapt the 2003 TV series into a video game franchise , resulting in a new series of games with 3D gameplay inspired by the old TMNT beat ' em up games , consisting of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2003 video game ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 : Battle Nexus , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 3 : Mutant Nightmare . In 2006 , Ubisoft acquired the rights for TMNT games , beginning with a game based on the 2007 animated feature film , along with a distinct game for the Game Boy Advance similar in style to the Konami arcade games . A beat ' em up game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Arcade Attack was released for the Nintendo DS in 2009 , to coincide with the series ' 25th anniversary . In 2013 , Activision released the downloadable game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows , based on the 2012 TV series and developed by Red Fly Studio for the Xbox Live Arcade , PlayStation Network and Steam . On January 25 , 2016 , Activision and PlatinumGames announced Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Mutants in Manhattan for the PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 , and PC . The game is described as a third - person , team - based brawler . The campaign will be playable either single - player or co-op and will have an original story written by Tom Waltz , IDW comic writer and editor . The art style is based on long time TMNT comic artist Mateus Santolouco . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Legends , a Free to play Role - playing video game has been released by Ludia in summer 2016 for iPhone , iPad , Android , and Kindle Fire . It is based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) . The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles appear as playable characters in the DC Comics fighting game Injustice 2 as a part of the `` Fighter Pack 3 '' downloadable content . In other media ( edit ) Tabletop role playing game ( edit ) In 1985 , Palladium Books published Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness . This was a stand - alone game , as well as acting as an expansion for their game Rifts . The game used many key mechanics from the Palladium system . The game itself is limited to which martial arts are available , but a separate book , Ninjas and Superspies , increased the amount available to a choice of 41 martial arts styles . Examples of animals created are included in the appendices as potential antagonists , including the Terror Bears , Caesers Weasels , and Sparrow Eagles , as well as including stats for the Turtles and other characters . Food tie - ins ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles food tie - ins During the height of their popularity , the Turtles had a number of food tie - ins . Among the most notable of these products was Ninja Turtles Cereal , produced by Ralston - Purina as a kind of `` Chex with TMNT - themed marshmallows '' which also came with a small pouch of Pizza Crunchabungas , pizza - flavored corn snacks in the shape of pizzas ( the commercial starred the Ninja Turtles as Will Vinton - created claymations ) ; Hostess Ninja Turtles Pudding Pies , featuring a green sugar crust and vanilla pudding inside ; and Royal OOZE Gelatin Desserts , distributed by Nabisco under `` Royal Gelatin '' in three different flavors : orange , strawberry , and lime . Shreddies used to give out TMNT toys in their boxes when the cereal advertising was still geared toward children . One example of a TMNT prize was rings featuring a character on the cartoon ( 1992 ) . There was also green Ninja Turtle ice cream with different toppings according to which turtle flavor one ordered . Chef Boyardee also released a canned pasta with the pasta in the shapes of the four turtles . Concert tour ( edit ) To capitalize on the Turtles ' popularity , a concert tour was held in 1990 , premiering at Radio City Music Hall on August 17 . The `` Coming Out of Their Shells '' tour featured live - action turtles playing music as a band ( Donatello , keyboards ; Leonardo , bass guitar ; Raphael , drums and sax ; Michelangelo , guitar ) on stage around a familiar plotline : April O'Neil is kidnapped by the Shredder , and the turtles have to rescue her . The story had a very Bill - n ' - Ted-esque feel , with its theme of the power of rock n ' roll literally defeating the enemy , in the form of the Shredder ( who only rapped about how he hates music ) trying to eliminate all music . A pay - per - view special highlighting the concert was shown , and a studio album was also released . The track listing is as follows : ( show ) Concert tour track list `` Coming Out of Our Shells ! '' `` Sing About It '' `` Tubin ' '' `` Skipping Stones '' `` Pizza Power '' `` Walk Straight '' `` No Treaties '' `` Cowabunga '' `` April Ballad '' `` Count on Us '' Since the tour was sponsored by Pizza Hut in real life , many references are made to their pizza . Empty Pizza Hut boxes are seen onscreen in the `` Behind the Shells '' VHS . As part of a cross-marketing strategy , Pizza Hut restaurants gave away posters , audio cassettes of `` Coming Out of Their Shells '' , and `` Official Tour Guides '' as premiums . The original show of the tour was released on video with a making of video also released . The song `` Pizza Power '' was later used by Konami for the second arcade game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Turtles in Time . At the Disney - MGM Studios theme park ( edit ) On June 30 , 1990 , the TMNT appeared in the `` New York Street '' section of Disney - MGM Studios theme park in Orlando . Emerging from their Turtle Party Wagon , they would `` ninja dance '' across the stage while April performed the theme song to the show . After the main show was done , they posed for pictures and signed autographs . The Turtles also made appearances in Disney 's Very Merry Christmas Parade to sing their own rendition of `` Santa Claus is Coming to Town '' . They also appeared during the Easter parade dancing to their single `` Pizza Power ! '' The Turtles ' live shows and appearances ceased production in 1996 . Parodies ( edit ) Cover of Cracked # 255 , August 1990 Although the TMNT had originated as something of a parody , the comic 's explosive success led to a wave of small - press , black and white comic parodies of TMNT itself , including Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters , Pre-Teen Dirty - Gene Kung Fu Kangaroos , and a host of others . Dark Horse Comics ' Boris the Bear was launched in response to these TMNT clones ; its first issue was titled `` Boris the Bear Slaughters the Teenage Radioactive Black Belt Mutant Ninja Critters '' . Once the Turtles broke into the mainstream , parodies also proliferated in other media , such as in satire magazines Cracked and Mad magazine and numerous TV series of the period . The satirical British television series Spitting Image featured a recurring sketch `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turds '' . Controversies ( edit ) Departure from origins ( edit ) The Turtles engaged in a greater amount of overt violence in the pages of the early Mirage comic book series by Eastman and Laird . As the TMNT were introduced into the mainstream , they were radically redesigned . In issue # 19 of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the creators published an editorial addressing any possible concerns of readers as a result of this . It stated , in part : `` We 've allowed the wacky side to happen , and enjoy it very much . All the while , though , we 've kept the originals very much ours -- forty pages of what we enjoy and want to see in our books , whether it comes from our own hands or from those of the talented people we work with . '' In the film Turtles Forever , the original Mirage Turtles refer to their descendants as `` sell - outs '' , in reference to their colorful accessories ( the originals are conveyed in black and white ) . Teenage Mutant `` Hero '' Turtles ( edit ) The title screen from the TMHT version , altered due to censorship . Upon TMNT 's first arrival in the United Kingdom and Ireland the name was changed to `` Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles '' ( or TMHT , for short ) , since local censorship policies deemed the word ninja to have excessively violent connotations for a children 's program ( in Ireland , however , the first season aired as `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' before the change to `` Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles '' ) . Consequently , everything related to the Turtles ( comic books , video games , toys , etc . ) had to be renamed before being released in these nations , as well as in the German - speaking countries . The lyrics were also changed , such as changing `` Splinter taught them to be ninja teens '' to `` Splinter taught them to be fighting teens '' . The policies also had other effects , such as editing out use of Michelangelo 's nunchaku ( which were at the time banned by James Ferman , chairman of the BBFC , from appearing in films and generally toning down the usage of all the turtles ' weapons . To head this problem off , the showrunners elected to remove Michelangelo 's nunchaku entirely during season three , replacing them with a grappling hook called the `` Turtle Line '' that served as Mikey 's signature weapon for the rest of the show 's run . In Italy , Spain and Portugal , they kept Michelangelo 's nunchaku but the `` TMHT '' logo could be seen in the intro , as it was not edited to reflect the title in each of those translations . In Spain the cartoon was originally aired in regional TV channels and thus had different dubs in addition to Castillian : Galician and Catalan ; in the Galician version , the title As Tartarugas Mutantes ( `` The Mutant Turtles '' ) was used . The Italian and European Portuguese dubs also had few edits . However , when the live - action movie came out in 1990 , the Ninja of the title was kept even in the UK . In time , nunchaku scenes were retained in previously - censored movies such as those of Bruce Lee . The same went for the PAL releases of the early video games , which had Michelangelo 's weapon of choice fully visible and usable . By the time of the 2003 TV series , these censorship policies had been abolished , and no changes have occurred in the content of the show . The name `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' remained unchanged for the 2003 TV series . As a result , in the UK , the 1987 TV series is still called Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles and the 2003 TV series is called Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . In 2009 , Lionsgate Home Entertainment released the 25th Anniversary Collectors Edition on Region 2 DVD in the UK . This 3 - Disc set contains all the episodes of Seasons 1 and 2 and 4 episodes from the final season , as well as a 1 - Disc DVD with the first few episodes of Season 1 . This release features the original , unedited episodes under the `` Ninja Turtles '' title , and also marks the first time the show has been released and left uncensored in the UK . Ownership rights ( edit ) Due to various movie and television deals , the various TMNT films and television series have split between various companies , with Mirage Studios having retained copyright and trademark until October 19 , 2009 , at which point the rights for the entire TMNT franchise were sold by co-creator Peter Laird to Nickelodeon . Television ( edit ) The original animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) was produced by Fred Wolf Films Dublin ( as Murakami Wolf Swenson ( MWS ) and Murakami Wolf Dublin ( MWD ) during earlier seasons ) , and syndicated by Group W . The series itself is owned by Wolf Films , with home entertainment rights residing with Lions Gate Entertainment , and until recently , syndication rights belonged to Nickelodeon 's former corporate sibling CBS Television Distribution . The initial five - part miniseries ( retroactively considered the first season ) was copyrighted by Playmates Toys , although their rights to those episodes were bought out by Fred Wolf Films . Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation was produced by Saban Entertainment , and as of September 2011 , is owned and distributed by Saban Brands . The second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) was a co-production between Mirage Studios and 4Kids Entertainment . Nickelodeon 's October 19 , 2009 buyout of the TMNT franchise included an approximate $9.75 million payment to 4Kids to terminate its right to serve as the merchandise licensing agent prior to the scheduled expiration of the representation agreement in 2012 . Due to the buyout , all future TMNT film and television series rights are owned by Nickelodeon . Nickelodeon also gained the rights to the 2003 series after terminating 4Kids ' contract . Films ( edit ) The first three TMNT live - action films were produced by Golden Harvest , with New Line Cinema ( now a sister company of Warner Bros. Entertainment ) distributing the films in the United States , with 20th Century Fox distributing the second and third films in most other territories . The first two films were copyrighted by the UK - based Northshore Investments . The third film was copyrighted by Clearwater Holdings . The fourth film was produced by Imagi Animation Studios , and released by Warner Bros. Entertainment in association with the Weinstein Company . Michael Bay produced a feature film directed by Jonathan Liebesman simply titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , and was released on August 8 , 2014 . A sequel , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows , was released on June 3 , 2016 , with Megan Fox and Will Arnett reprising their roles and debuting Stephen Amell as Casey Jones . Dave Green replaced Liebesman as the director . Comic Books ( edit ) Initially , Mirage allowed employees and freelancers to retain the rights to characters they created for the TMNT Universe but had never licensed for media and merchandise outside comic books . Eventually , due to the difficulty of keeping track of everyone 's rights , Mirage made TMNT character creators sign retroactive work - for - hire contracts . One creator who did not sign over the rights to his TMNT work was Swamp Thing veteran Rick Veitch . See also ( edit ) Comics portal 1980s portal Table of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles character appearances List of anthropomorphic animal superheroes Ninja in popular culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Heroes in a Half Shell Turn the Big 2 -- 5 '' . The New York Times . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Harvey R. ( April 15 , 1990 ) . `` Just How Powerful Are Those Turtles ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMNT : The Rennaissance ( sic& ) Reptiles Return '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I Was a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle '' . January 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wiater , Stanley ( 1991 ) . The Official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Treasury . Villard Books . ISBN 0679734848 . Jump up ^ Laird , Peter ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` palblog : Musings about the sale '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mirage Group Sells Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles to Nickelodeon '' . Reuters . October 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : TMNT Origin Story , official site . Retrieved November 16 , 2007 . Archived June 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McGill , Douglas C. ( December 25 , 1988 ) . `` DYNAMIC DUO : Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird ; Turning Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Into a Monster '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Ninja Turtles '' . TeenageMutantNinjaTurtles.com . TeenageMutantNinjaTurtles.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IDW Announces New Comic Series Based on the Original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Archived April 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . IDW Publishing April 1 , 2011 Accessed April 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ About the Creators TMNT25.com ( January 2009 ) . Retrieved on 1 -- 31 -- 09 . Archived April 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Simpson , Janice C. ( April 2 , 1990 ) . `` Show Business : Lean , Green and on the Screen '' . Time . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles On TV '' . IGN . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' ( 1987 / I ) -- Trivia IMDB.com ( February 2019 ) . Retrieved on 2 -- 21 -- 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Official TMNT Web Site ! '' . Tmnt25.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles On TV '' . IGN . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TMNT Celebrates 25 Years , III -- Peter Laird '' . Newsarama . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Eileen ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` WonderCon 2011 -- PR : IDW to Publish New Ninja Turtles Series Based on Original Comics '' . toonzone news . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David McCutcheon ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` TMNT Gets a Makeover '' . IGN TV . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eric Goldman ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` New Ninja Turtles TV Series and Film Coming '' . IGN TV . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Rouses SpongeBob , Green Slime , ' Lip Sync Battle ' and Gwen Stefani to Lure Upfront Dollars '' . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon unveils 2017 upfront lineup '' . kidscreen.com . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' sequel set for 2016 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meadows , Chris ( February 19 , 2007 ) . `` Kevin Siembieda Interview , Part 2 '' ( mp3 ) . Space Station Liberty . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lazzareschi , Carla ( December 23 , 1991 ) . `` Rapid - Paced Turtle Sales Starting to Slow Down : Toys : Rival manufacturers see a cooling of the ' Ninja ' fad as a chance to regain a larger share of the market '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Playmates Reveals 2012 ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Action Figures -- ComicsAlliance Comic book culture , news , humor , commentary , and reviews '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft to create video game based on 2007 TMNT movie '' . Starpulse.com . January 11 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 4Kids Entertainment And The Mirage Group Sign Worldwide Video Game Agreement With Ubisoft '' ( PDF ) . 4kidsentertainment.com . January 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Arcade Attack hands - on ign.com Jump up ^ `` Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows announced -- trailer '' . Digitalspy.co.uk . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TMNT - Mutants in Manhattan '' . www.tmntmutantsinmanhattan.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wujcik , Erick ; Laird , Peter ; Eastman , Kevin ( 1988 ) . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness ( Revised ed . ) . Palladium Books . ISBN 0916211142 . OCLC 20101871 . Jump up ^ Wujcik , Erick ( 1990 ) . Ninjas & Superspies ( Rev ed . ) . Palladium Books . ISBN 0916211312 . OCLC 24330062 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( April 13 , 1990 ) . `` ' Turtles ' Tapes Being Served at Burger King '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mutant Merchandise '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 30 , 1990 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Givens , Ron ( August 17 , 1990 ) . `` Music news for August 17 , 1990 -- Prince and the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles made news this week '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( September 28 , 1990 ) . `` Review / Music ; After the Hype , an Elaborate High - Tech Show for the Ninja Turtles Set '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Granberry , Ted ; Churnin , Nancy ( November 30 , 1990 ) . `` Turtles Shell Out Ninja Concert Fun '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shell Schlocked '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 12 , 1990 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rX924HL3pV0&feature=youtu.be&t=18m59s Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles vol. 1 # 19 , March 1989 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Susan ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Television : Who 's winning the battle over kids ' TV ? '' . Washington Post Magazine . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Ninjaturtles.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Peter . `` So Much for a Dark and Twisted ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Movie '' . amazon.imdb.com . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Programming Catalog : Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation '' . MarVista Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cynopsis : Kids ! 09 / 19 / 11 '' . Cynopsis . September 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pickard , Michael ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` MarVista picks up live Turtles '' . C21Media . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Mirage Group Sells Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles to Nickelodeon - 4Kids Entertainment to End Long - Standing Relationship as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Licensing Agent and Production Partner '' ( PDF ) . 4kidsentertainment.com . October 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Kevin Eastman Interview Part I The Comics Journal '' . Tcj.com . January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Eastman , Kevin ( 2002 ) . Kevin Eastman 's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Artobiography . Los Angeles : Heavy Metal . ISBN 1 - 882931 - 85 - 8 . Wiater , Stanley ( 1991 ) . The Official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Treasury . New York : Villard . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73484 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . 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where did the teenage mutant ninja turtles live
[ "The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (often shortened to TMNT or Ninja Turtles) are four fictional teenaged anthropomorphic turtles named after Italian artists of the Renaissance. They were trained by their anthropomorphic rat sensei in the art of ninjutsu. From their home in the sewers of New York City, they battle petty criminals, evil overlords, mutated creatures, and alien invaders while attempting to remain hidden from society. They were created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird." ]
[ "in the sewers of New York City" ]
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Charge of the Light Brigade
Charge of the Light Brigade - wikipedia Charge of the Light Brigade Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the military manoeuvre . For the poem , see The Charge of the Light Brigade ( poem ) . For other uses , see Charge of the Light Brigade ( disambiguation ) . Charge of the Light Brigade Part of Battle of Balaclava , Crimean War The Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava by William Simpson ( 1855 ) , illustrating the Light Brigade 's charge into the `` Valley of Death '' from the Russian perspective . Date 25 October 1854 Location 44 ° 32 ′ 16 '' N 33 ° 37 ′ 27 '' E  /  44.53778 ° N 33.62417 ° E  / 44.53778 ; 33.62417 Result Russian victory Belligerents British Empire French Empire Russian Empire Commanders and leaders James Brudenell , 7th Earl of Cardigan Armand - Octave - Marie d'Allonville Pavel Liprandi Strength About 670 ( Adkin : 668 ; Brighton : `` at least '' 666 ) Unknown Casualties and losses 110 killed 161 wounded Unknown The Charge of the Light Brigade was a charge of British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War . Lord Raglan , overall commander of the British forces , had intended to send the Light Brigade to prevent the Russians from removing captured guns from overrun Turkish positions , a task well - suited to light cavalry . However , there was miscommunication in the chain of command , and the Light Brigade was instead sent on a frontal assault against a different artillery battery , one well - prepared with excellent fields of defensive fire . They reached the battery under withering direct fire and scattered some of the gunners , but they were forced to retreat immediately . Thus , the assault ended with very high British casualties and no decisive gains . The events are best remembered as the subject of Alfred , Lord Tennyson 's narrative poem `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' ( 1854 ) , published just six weeks after the event . Its lines emphasise the valour of the cavalry in bravely carrying out their orders , regardless of the obvious outcome . Blame for the miscommunication has remained controversial , as the original order itself was vague , and the officer who delivered the written orders with some verbal interpretation died in the first minute of the assault . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The Charge 2.1 New information found in 2016 3 Aftermath 4 Survivor postscript 5 Remembrance 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charge of the Light Brigade by Richard Caton Woodville , Jr . The charge was made by the Light Brigade of the British cavalry , which consisted of the 4th and 13th Light Dragoons , 17th Lancers , and the 8th and 11th Hussars , under the command of Major General James Brudenell , 7th Earl of Cardigan . Also present that day was the Heavy Brigade , commanded by Major General James Yorke Scarlett , who was a past Commanding Officer of the 5th Dragoon Guards . The Heavy Brigade was made up of the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards , the 5th Dragoon Guards , the 6th Inniskilling Dragoons and the Scots Greys . The two brigades were the only British cavalry force at the battle . The Light Brigade , as the name suggests , were the British light cavalry force . It mounted light , fast horses which were unarmoured . The men were armed with lances and sabres . Optimized for maximum mobility and speed , they were intended for reconnaissance and skirmishing . They were also ideal for cutting down infantry and artillery units as they attempted to retreat . The Heavy Brigade under James Scarlett was the British heavy cavalry force . It mounted large , heavy chargers . The men were equipped with metal helmets and armed with cavalry swords for close combat . They were intended as the primary British shock force , leading frontal charges in order to break enemy lines . Overall command of the British cavalry resided with Lieutenant General George Bingham , 3rd Earl of Lucan . Cardigan and Lucan were brothers - in - law who disliked each other intensely . Lucan received an order from the army commander Lord Raglan stating : `` Lord Raglan wishes the cavalry to advance rapidly to the front , follow the enemy , and try to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns . Troop horse artillery may accompany . French cavalry is on your left . Immediate . '' Raglan wanted the light cavalry to prevent the Russians from successfully withdrawing the naval guns from the redoubts they had captured on the reverse side of the Causeway Heights , the hill forming the south side of the valley . This was an optimum task for the Light Brigade , as their superior speed would ensure the Russians would be forced to either quickly abandon the cumbersome guns or be cut down en masse while they attempted to flee with them . Raglan could see what was happening from his high vantage point on the west side of the valley . However , the lie of the land around Lucan and the cavalry prevented him from seeing the Russians ' efforts to remove the guns from the redoubts and retreat . The order was drafted by Brigadier Richard Airey and carried by Captain Louis Edward Nolan . Nolan carried the further oral instruction that the cavalry was to attack immediately . When Lucan asked what guns were referred to , Nolan is said to have indicated with a wide sweep of his arm -- not the causeway redoubts -- but the mass of Russian guns in a redoubt at the end of the valley , around a mile away . His reasons for the misdirection are unknown because he was killed in the ensuing battle . In response to the order , Lucan instructed Cardigan to lead his command of about 670 troopers of the Light Brigade straight into the valley between the Fedyukhin Heights and the Causeway Heights . In his poem , `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' ( 1854 ) , Tennyson famously dubbed this hollow `` The Valley of Death '' . The opposing Russian forces were commanded by Pavel Liprandi and included approximately 20 battalions of infantry supported by over 50 artillery pieces . These forces were deployed on both sides and at the opposite end of the valley . Lucan himself was to follow with the Heavy Brigade . Although the Heavy Brigade was better armoured and intended for frontal assaults on infantry positions , neither force was remotely equipped for a frontal assault on a fully dug - in and alerted artillery battery -- much less one with an excellent line of sight over a mile in length and supported on two sides by artillery batteries providing enfilading fire from elevated ground . The semi-suicidal nature of this charge was surely evident to the troopers of the Light Brigade , but if there were any objection to the orders , it was not recorded . The charge The Timeline of the Charge taken from Forgotten Heroes : The Charge of the Light Brigade ( 2007 ) . Contemporary map showing line of the charge -- `` Charge des Anglais '' The charge was from left to right , with the Russian batteries at the extreme right The Light Brigade set off down the valley with Cardigan out in front , riding Ronald , leading the charge . Almost at once Nolan was seen to rush across the front , passing in front of Cardigan . It may be that he then realised the charge was aimed at the wrong target and was attempting to stop or turn the brigade , but he was killed by an artillery shell , and the cavalry continued on its course . Captain Godfrey Morgan ( subsequently 1st Viscount Tredegar ) , who was close by and saw what happened , later recounted : The first shell burst in the air about 100 yards in front of us . The next one dropped in front of Nolan 's horse and exploded on touching the ground . He uttered a wild yell as his horse turned round , and , with his arms extended , the reins dropped on the animal 's neck , he trotted towards us , but in a few yards dropped dead off his horse . I do not imagine that anybody except those in the front line of the 17th Lancers ( 13th Light Dragoons ) saw what had happened . We went on . When we got about two or three hundred yards the battery of the Russian Horse Artillery opened fire . I do not recollect hearing a word from anybody as we gradually broke from a trot to a canter , though the noise of the striking of men and horses by grape and round shot was deafening , while the dust and gravel struck up by the round shot that fell short was almost blinding , and irritated my horse so that I could scarcely hold him at all . But as we came nearer I could see plainly enough , especially when I was about a hundred yards from the guns . I appeared to be riding straight on to the muzzle of one of the guns , and I distinctly saw the gunner apply his fuse . I shut my eyes then , for I thought that settled the question as far as I was concerned . But the shot just missed me and struck the man on my right full in the chest . In another minute I was on the gun and the leading Russian 's grey horse , shot , I suppose , with a pistol by somebody on my right , fell across my horse , dragging it over with him and pinning me in between the gun and himself . A Russian gunner on foot at once covered me with his carbine . He was just within reach of my sword , and I struck him across his neck . The blow did not do much harm , but it disconcerted his aim . At the same time a mounted gunner struck my horse on the forehead with his sabre . Spurring `` Sir Briggs , '' he half jumped , half blundered , over the fallen horses , and then for a short time bolted with me . I only remember finding myself alone among the Russians trying to get out as best I could . This , by some chance , I did , in spite of the attempts of the Russians to cut me down . Despite withering fire from three sides that devastated their force on the ride , the Light Brigade was able to engage the Russian forces at the end of the valley and force them back from the redoubt , but it suffered heavy casualties and was soon forced to retire . The surviving Russian artillerymen returned to their guns and opened fire once again , with grape and canister , indiscriminately at the mêlée of friend and foe before them . Captain Godfrey Morgan continues : When clear again of the guns I saw two or three of my men making their way back , and as the fire from both flanks was still heavy it was a matter of running the gauntlet again . I have not sufficient recollection of minor incidents to describe them , as probably no two men who were in that charge would describe it in the same way . When I was back pretty nearly where we started from I found that I was the senior officer of those not wounded , and , consequently , in command , there being two others , both juniors to me , in the same position -- Lieut . Wombwell and Cornet Cleveland ( afterwards killed at Inkerman ) . Lucan failed to provide any support for Cardigan , and it was speculated that he was motivated by an enmity for his brother - in - law that had lasted some 30 years and had been intensified during the campaign up to that point . The troops of the Heavy Brigade entered the mouth of the valley but did not advance further . Lucan 's subsequent explanation was that he saw no point in having a second brigade mown down , and he was best positioned where he was to render assistance to Light Brigade survivors returning from the charge . The French light cavalry , the Chasseurs d'Afrique , was more effective in that it cleared the Fedyukhin Heights of the two half batteries of guns , two infantry battalions , and Cossacks to ensure the Light Brigade would not be hit by fire from that flank , and it later provided cover for the remaining elements of the Light Brigade as they withdrew . The Chasseurs d'Afrique , led by General d'Allonville , clearing Russian artillery from the Fedyukhin Heights . War correspondent William Russell , who witnessed the battle , declared `` our Light Brigade was annihilated by their own rashness , and by the brutality of a ferocious enemy . '' Cardigan survived the battle . Although stories circulated afterwards that he was not actually present , he led the charge from the front and , never looking back , did not see what was happening to the troops behind him . He reached the Russian guns , took part in the fight , and then returned alone up the valley without bothering to rally or even find out what had happened to the survivors . He afterwards said all he could think about was his rage against Captain Nolan , who he thought had tried to take over the leadership of the charge from him . After riding back up the valley , he considered he had done all that he could and then , with considerable sang - froid , left the field and went on board his yacht in Balaclava harbour , where he ate a champagne dinner . He subsequently described the engagement in a speech delivered at the Mansion House in London that was afterwards quoted in length in the House of Commons : We advanced down a gradual descent of more than three - quarters of a mile , with the batteries vomiting forth upon us shells and shot , round and grape , with one battery on our right flank and another on the left , and all the intermediate ground covered with the Russian riflemen ; so that when we came to within a distance of fifty yards from the mouths of the artillery which had been hurling destruction upon us , we were , in fact , surrounded and encircled by a blaze of fire , in addition to the fire of the riflemen upon our flanks . As we ascended the hill , the oblique fire of the artillery poured upon our rear , so that we had thus a strong fire upon our front , our flank , and our rear . We entered the battery -- we went through the battery -- the two leading regiments cutting down a great number of the Russian gunners in their onset . In the two regiments which I had the honour to lead , every officer , with one exception , was either killed or wounded , or had his horse shot under him or injured . Those regiments proceeded , followed by the second line , consisting of two more regiments of cavalry , which continued to perform the duty of cutting down the Russian gunners . Then came the third line , formed of another regiment , which endeavoured to complete the duty assigned to our brigade . I believe that this was achieved with great success , and the result was that this body , composed of only about 670 men , succeeded in passing through the mass of Russian cavalry of -- as we have since learned -- 5,240 strong ; and having broken through that mass , they went , according to our technical military expression , `` threes about , '' and retired in the same manner , doing as much execution in their course as they possibly could upon the enemy 's cavalry . Upon our returning up the hill which we had descended in the attack , we had to run the same gauntlet and to incur the same risk from the flank fire of the Tirailleur as we had encountered before . Numbers of our men were shot down -- men and horses were killed , and many of the soldiers who had lost their horses were also shot down while endeavouring to escape . But what , my Lord , was the feeling and what the bearing of those brave men who returned to the position . Of each of these regiments there returned but a small detachment , two - thirds of the men engaged having been destroyed ? I think that every man who was engaged in that disastrous affair at Balaklava , and who was fortunate enough to come out of it alive , must feel that it was only by a merciful decree of Almighty Providence that he escaped from the greatest apparent certainty of death which could possibly be conceived . New information found in 2016 A newspaper report on 11 December 2016 revealed another version of what happened : `` More than 160 years on '' ( i.e. after 2014 ) a letter was found in the British Library , written by Lieutenant Frederick Maxse , who was on Lord Raglan 's staff at Balaklava . It said that Lord Raglan had sent an order for the Light Brigade to `` follow the enemy and try to prevent the enemy from carrying away the guns '' ; those guns were some British artillery guns which were at risk . Raglan sent the order via 36 - year - old Captain Louis Nolan ( old drawing of him ) . Nolan , instead of passing on the order verbatim complete as given , passed it on to Lord Lucan orally as `` There , my lord , is your enemy ! There are your guns ! '' , and added the word `` attack '' when Raglan had intended merely a show of force . Nolan 's version of the order and accompanying gesture were misunderstood , causing the disaster described above . Nolan rode with the charge and died in it . Maxse 's letter said that Nolan was annoyed at how little the Light Brigade had done previously and that Nolan was angry against Lord Lucan . Nigel Kingscote ( another of Raglan 's staff officers ) agreed that the fault was Nolan 's , and said that Nolan , if he had lived , would have been `` broke by court martial '' . Aftermath Initial London Gazette dispatches , addressed to the Duke of Newcastle , in which the event was first reported . Raglan blamed Lucan in the dispatch , igniting significant controversy . Officers and men of the 13th Light Dragoons , survivors of the charge , photographed by Roger Fenton The brigade was not completely destroyed , but did suffer terribly , with 118 men killed , 127 wounded , and about 60 taken prisoner . After regrouping , only 195 men were still with horses . The futility of the action and its reckless bravery prompted the French Marshal Pierre Bosquet to state : `` C'est magnifique , mais ce n'est pas la guerre . '' ( `` It is magnificent , but it is not war . '' ) He continued , in a rarely quoted phrase : `` C'est de la folie '' -- `` It is madness . '' The Russian commanders are said to have initially believed that the British soldiers must have been drunk . Somerset Calthorpe , aide - de-camp to Lord Raglan , wrote a letter to a friend three days after the charge . He detailed casualty numbers but did not distinguish between those killed and those taken prisoner : `` Killed and missing . Wounded . 9 Officers 12 14 Sergeants 9 Trumpeters 129 Rank and file 98 156 Total 122 278 casualties ; -- besides 335 horses killed in action , or obliged afterwards to be destroyed from wounds . It has since been ascertained that the Russians made a good many prisoners ; the exact number is not yet known . '' The reputation of the British cavalry was significantly enhanced as a result of the charge , though the same can not be said for their commanders . Slow communications meant that news of the disaster did not reach the British public until three weeks after the action . The British commanders ' dispatches from the front were published in an extraordinary edition of the London Gazette of 12 November 1854 . Raglan blamed Lucan for the charge , claiming that `` from some misconception of the order to advance , the Lieutenant - General ( Lucan ) considered that he was bound to attack at all hazards , and he accordingly ordered Major - General the Earl of Cardigan to move forward with the Light Brigade . '' Lucan was furious at being made a scapegoat : Raglan claimed he should have exercised his discretion , but throughout the campaign up to that date Lucan considered Raglan had allowed him no independence at all and required that his orders be followed to the letter . Cardigan , who had merely obeyed orders , blamed Lucan for giving those orders . He returned home a hero and was promoted to Inspector General of the Cavalry . Grave of Charles Macaulay , former Sergeant 8th KRI Hussars `` One of the Six Hundred '' in Woodhouse Cemetery , Leeds Lucan attempted to publish a letter refuting point by point Raglan 's London Gazette dispatch , but his criticism of his superior was not tolerated , and Lucan was recalled to England in March 1855 . The Charge of the Light Brigade became a subject of considerable controversy and public dispute on his return . He strongly rejected Raglan 's version of events , calling it `` an imputation reflecting seriously on my professional character . '' In an exchange of public correspondence printed in the pages of The Times , Lucan blamed Raglan and his deceased aide - de-camp Captain Nolan , who had been the actual deliverer of the disputed order . Lucan subsequently defended himself with a speech in the House of Lords on 19 March . Lucan evidently escaped blame for the charge , as he was made a member of the Order of the Bath in July of that same year . Although he never again saw active duty , he reached the rank of general in 1865 and was made a field marshal in the year before his death . The charge continues to be studied by modern military historians and students as an example of what can go wrong when accurate military intelligence is lacking and orders are unclear . Prime Minister Winston Churchill , who was a keen military historian and a former cavalryman , insisted on taking time out during the Yalta Conference in 1945 to see the battlefield for himself . One research project used a mathematical model to examine how the charge might have turned out if conducted differently . The analysis suggested that a charge toward the redoubt on the Causeway Heights , as Raglan had apparently intended , would have led to even higher British casualties . By contrast , the charge might have succeeded if the Heavy Brigade had accompanied the Light Brigade along the valley , as Lucan had initially directed . According to Norman Dixon , 19th - century accounts of the charge tended to focus on the bravery and glory of the cavalrymen , much more than the military blunders involved , with the perverse effect that it `` did much to strengthen those very forms of tradition which put such an incapacitating stranglehold on military endeavor for the next eighty or so years , '' i.e. , until after World War I . The fate of the surviving members of the charge was investigated by Edward James Boys , a military historian , who documented their lives from leaving the army to their deaths . His records are described as being the most definitive project of its kind ever undertaken . Edwin Hughes , who died on 14 May 1927 , aged 96 , was the last survivor . Souvenir picture of the 1904 survivors ' reunion In October 1875 , survivors of the charge met at the Alexandra Palace in London to celebrate its 21st anniversary . The celebrations were fully reported in the Illustrated London News of 30 October 1875 , which included the recollections of several of the survivors , including those of Edward Richard Woodham , the Chairman of the Committee that organised the celebration . Tennyson was invited , but could not attend . Lucan , the senior commander surviving , was not present , but attended a separate celebration , held later in the day , with other senior officers at the fashionable Willis 's Rooms , St James 's Square . Reunion dinners were held for a number of years . On 2 August 1890 , trumpeter Martin Leonard Landfried , from the 17th Lancers , who may ( or may not ) have sounded the bugle charge at Balaclava , made a recording on an Edison cylinder that can be heard here , with a bugle which had been used at Waterloo in 1815 . ( Landfried 's name is misspelled as `` Landfrey '' on the Edison cylinder recording ) . In 2004 , on the 150th anniversary of the charge , a commemoration of the event was held at Balaklava . As part of the anniversary , a monument dedicated to the 25,000 British participants of the conflict was unveiled by Prince Michael of Kent . Survivor postscript A survivor , John Penn , who died in Dunbar in 1886 , left a personal account of his military career including the infamous Charge written for a friend . This survives and is held by East Lothian Council Archives . A number of individuals who died during 1916 - 17 were thought to be the ' last ' survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade . Sergeant James A. Mustard of the 17th Lancers , aged 85 , had his funeral with military honours at Twickenham in early February 1916 . In the Abergavenny Chronicle news report published on 11 February it was stated : He was one of thirty - eight men of the 145 of the 17th Lancers that came out of the charge led by Cardigan , and was always of the opinion that no one sounded the charge at all . He was in the battles of Alma and Mackenzie 's Farm , and the storming and taking of Sebastopol , and before leaving for Varna marched with his regiment from Hampton Court to Portsmouth . In The Cambrian News of 30 June 1916 the passing of another ' last ' was noted , Thomas Warr , aged 85 , at Dorchester : At the meeting of the Royal Patriotic Fund Corporation in London last week Mr. Hayes Fisher , M.P. , who presided , said that the last pensioned survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade died on the previous day . His name was Thomas Warr . Finally , without any mention of him being the ' last ' , Sergeant John Smith Parkinson , aged 84 , of Kings Norton , Birmingham , `` a survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava '' , was reported in the Cambria Daily Leader of 13 January 1917 to have died the previous day . Remembrance Main article : The Charge of the Light Brigade ( poem ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Charge of the Light Brigade Alfred , Lord Tennyson , the then Poet Laureate , wrote evocatively about the battle in his poem `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' . Tennyson 's poem , written 2 December 1854 and , published six weeks after the event on 9 December 1854 , in The Examiner , praises the Brigade ( `` When can their glory fade ? O the wild charge they made ! '' ) while trenchantly mourning the appalling futility of the charge ( `` Not tho ' the soldier knew , someone had blunder 'd ... Charging an army , while all the world wonder 'd '' ) . Tennyson wrote the poem inside only a few minutes after reading an account of the battle in The Times , according to his grandson Sir Charles Tennyson . It immediately became hugely popular , and even reached the troops in the Crimea , where it was distributed in pamphlet form . Nearly 36 years later Kipling wrote `` The Last of the Light Brigade '' ( 1890 ) , commemorating a visit by the last 20 survivors to Tennyson ( then aged 80 ) to reproach him gently for not writing a sequel about the way in which England was treating its old soldiers . Some sources treat the poem as an account of a real event , but other commentators class the destitute old soldiers as allegorical , with the visit invented by Kipling to draw attention to the poverty in which the real survivors were living , in the same way that he evoked Tommy Atkins in `` The Absent - Minded Beggar '' ( 1899 ) . See also Back to the Army Again for a poem by Rudyard Kipling about a discharged soldier who re-joins the army under a false name as the only way to get away from long - term unemployment . References Jump up ^ Woodham Smith , Cecil ( 1953 ) . The Reason Why . Constable . p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Correspondent ( 14 November 1854 ) . `` The Cavalry Action at Balaclava 25 October '' . The Times ( 21898 ) . pp. 7 -- 8 . Although unnamed , the correspondent was William Howard Russell Jump up ^ Woodham Smith , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Russell 's report in The Times recorded that just short of 200 men were sick or for other reasons left behind in camp on the day , leaving `` 607 sabres '' to take part in the charge . Jump up ^ Dutton , Roy ( 2007 ) . Forgotten Heroes : The Charge of the Light Brigade . InfoDial Ltd . ISBN 0 - 9556554 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant - Colonel ( later Lieutenant - General ) James Thomas Brudenell , 7th Earl of Cardigan , 11th ( Prince Albert 's Own ) Hussars , 1854 '' , Online Collection National Army Museum , London Jump up ^ Undated issue of Saddle & Bridle ISSN 0036 - 2271 , St Louis , MO , quoted in Ronald , Heroic War Horse of the Charge of the Light Brigade , Muncie , IN : Horse Show Central , retrieved 3 March 2009 Jump up ^ `` Earl Cardigan 's Cavalry Horses '' , The Era , London : Frederick Ledger ( 852 ) , 21 January 1855 ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Godfrey Charles ( 4 November 1897 ) . `` The Charge of the Light Brigade . Lord Tredegar Interviewed '' . Flintshire Observer , Mining Journal and General Advertiser , for the Counties of Flint and Denbigh , 43 ( 1,827 ) . p. 6 , c. 2 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Battles : Charge of the Light Brigade '' . History of war . Jump up ^ Woodham Smith , p. 258 . ^ Jump up to : Woodham Smith , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Sunday Telegraph Sunday 11 December 2016 , p. 12 Jump up ^ `` Letter sheds light on who was to blame for ' blunder ' which sent Light Brigade into the Valley of Death '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 2016 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Raugh , Harold E. ( 2004 ) . The Victorians at War , 1815 -- 1914 : An Encyclopedia of British Military History . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC CLIO . p. 93 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 926 - 0 . Jump up ^ Calthorpe , Somerset John Gough ( 1857 ) . Letters from Headquarters : Or , The Realities of the War in the Crimea , by an Officer on the Staff . London : John Murray . p. 132 . Jump up ^ `` No. 21624 '' . The London Gazette. 12 November 1854 . p. 3456 . Jump up ^ Connors D. ; Armstrong , M.J. & Bonnett , J. ( 2015 ) . `` A counterfactual study of the Charge of the Light Brigade '' . Historical Methods. 48 ( 2 ) : 80 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Norman ( 1976 ) . On the Psychology of Military Incompetence . London : Jonathan Cape . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 01161 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The E.J. Boys Archive online '' . ChargeOfTheLightBrigade.com . Jump up ^ `` Edwin Hughes '' . BBC . 27 July 2009 . Retrieved 24 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Calaclava '' ( PDF ) . Julienco.com . Jump up ^ `` The Officers ' Dinner '' . Illustrated London News . 67 ( 1890 ) : 6 . 30 October 1875 . Jump up ^ Dutton lists them , and the attendees where known Jump up ^ Greenwood , Hilary ( October 2012 ) . `` '' Martin Leonard Landfried `` '' . Shoreham Fort . Friends of Shoreham Fort . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Later Landfried became famous as the man who sounded the charge of the Light Brigade but it is not clear whether this was his responsibility or not . Taking part in the charge were 17 men listed as trumpeters on the muster rolls ... including William Brittain who rode with Lord Cardigan in the Charge . ( ... ) There is much argument about whether the ' charge ' was actually sounded at all ( ... ) William Brittain , it is agreed , sounded the ' walk , trot , gallop ' and he may have sounded the ' charge . ' It may be that one or more of the other trumpeters sounded the charge . Jump up ^ Hilary Greenwood ( 22 June 2004 ) . `` Trumpeter Landfrey 's Charge of the Light Brigade '' . Internet Archive . Internet Archive . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Martin Landfried retired as bandmaster for the 1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers at Shoreham Fort , West Sussex , UK . He left the army in 1865 ( ... ) At the time of his death he was living in Portland Road Hove and his grave is Hove Cemetery . The recording was made and distributed by the Light Brigade Relief Fund . The aim was to benefit the remaining veterans and inform the public about the bad times some of them had fallen on . ( ... ) Researched by Hilary Greenwood , Shoreham Fort historian Jump up ^ `` Remembering Together : Sevastopol In The Crimean War '' . The quarterly magazine of the British Embassy in Kyiv . Archived from the original on 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Name * . `` You searched for '' . John Gray Centre . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Anon. ( 11 February 1916 ) . `` Last Balaclava Hero '' . Abergavenny Chronicle , Monmouthshire Advertiser , Brynmawr , Blaenavon , Tredegar , Abersychan , Crickhowell , Pontypool , Usk , Raglan , Monmouth , Longtown , Pontrilas , Grosmont and Skenfrith Record , 80 . p. 2 , c. 3 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Anon. ( 30 June 1916 ) . `` Brevities '' . The Cambrian News , Merionethshire Standard and Welsh Farmers ' Gazette , ( 2,891 ) . p. 3 , c. 5 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Anon. ( 13 January 1917 ) . `` Too Late For Classification '' . Cambria Daily Leader , ( 13,667 ) . p. 3 , c. 6 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Kipling , Rudyard ( 28 April 1890 ) . `` The Last of the Light Brigade '' . St James 's Gazette . London . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 2 November 1913 ) . `` Last `` Light Brigade '' officer dies ; Kipling poem discovered `` . New York Times . p . SM8 . Retrieved 7 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Brighton , Terry ( 2004 ) . Hell riders : the true story of the charge of the Light Brigade . New York : Henry Holt . pp. 229 -- 34 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7722 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lootens , Tricia ( 2000 ) . `` Victorian poetry and patriotism '' . In Bristow , Joseph . The Cambridge companion to Victorian poetry . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . pp. 269 -- 70 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64115 - 2 . Further reading The Reason Why , Story of the Fatal Charge of the Light Brigade , Cecil Woodham - Smith , Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 139031 - X , first published in 1953 by Constable for the Book Society . Hell Riders : The True Story of the Charge of the Light Brigade , Terry Brighton , Henry Holt and Co , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7722 - 7 , published 2 November 2004 . Forgotten Heroes : The Charge of the Light Brigade , Roy Dutton , InfoDial Ltd. , ISBN 0 - 9556554 - 0 - 4 , published 25 October 2007 . The Charge of the Light Brigade Contemporary eyewitness account from journalist William Howard Russell . Illustrated London News 30 October 1875 , reporting the celebration at Alexandra Palace of the survivors of the Charge and some of their recollections including those of Edward Richard Woodham the Chairman of the Committee that organised the celebration The Charge . The Real Reason Why the Light Brigade was Lost , Mark Adkin , Leo Cooper , London 1996 , ISBN 0 - 85052 - 469 - 5 , ( also : Pimlico , London 2004 , ISBN 1 - 84413 - 734 - 1 ) . `` New Accounts Emerge of Charge of the Light Brigade '' , Jasper Copping , The Telegraph , London , Apr. 20 , 2014 . External links ( 1 ) , Confirmed Chargers : Forgotten Heroes Charge of the Light Brigade Wikisource has original text related to this article : `` The Times '' account of The Charge of the Light Brigade Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charge of the Light Brigade . Charge of the Light Brigade on In Our Time at the BBC . Nationalarchives.gov.uk , The National Archives : Charge of the Light Brigade Eserver.org , The Charge of the Light Brigade by Lord Alfred Tennyson Virginia. eud , A copy of the poem hand - written by Tennyson BBC.co.uk , illustrated history of the Charge of the Light Brigade Loc.gov , Roger Fenton photographs Kipling.org.uk , The Last of the Light Brigade by Rudyard Kipling Plus.com , Casualty list NPR.org , Retelling the Tale of the Light Brigade The monument to the charge in Ukraine at Find a Grave www.archive.org Trumpeter Martin Landfrey ( or Lanfried ) plays the charge he sounded at the Charge of the Light Brigade . He uses a bugle which was previously used by Wellington 's forces at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 . Edison cylinder recording , 2 August 1890 , London . Julienco.com , Illustrated London News Article dated 30 October 1875 about the 21st Anniversary Reunion dinner at Alexandra Palace on 25 October 1875 . ( hide ) Queen 's Royal Hussars Predecessors 1st generation 3rd The King 's Own Hussars ( 1685 -- 1958 ) 7th Queen 's Own Hussars ( 1689 -- 1958 ) 4th Queen 's Own Hussars ( 1685 -- 1958 ) 8th King 's Royal Irish Hussars ( 1693 -- 1958 ) 2nd generation Queen 's Own Hussars ( 1958 -- 1993 ) Queen 's Royal Irish Hussars ( 1958 -- 1993 ) Victoria Cross James Champion Samuel Parkes Clement Walker Heneage George Hollis John Pearson Joseph Ward William Bankes Charles Craufurd Fraser See also Hussar Cavalry regiments of the British Army Armoured regiment Royal Armoured Corps 20th Armoured Infantry Brigade Charge of the Light Brigade The Queen 's Own Hussars Museum Irish in the British Armed Forces Royal Irish Regiment Irish Guards Royal Dragoon Guards North Irish Horse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade&oldid=813417739 '' Categories : 19th - century history of the British Army Crimean War Conflicts in 1854 Cavalry charges October 1854 events Hidden categories : Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from November 2015 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Íslenska עברית Nederlands Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 16 : 23 . 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where did charge of the light brigade take place
[ "In response to the order, Lucan instructed Cardigan to lead his command of about 670 troopers[4] of the Light Brigade straight into the valley between the Fedyukhin Heights and the Causeway Heights. In his poem, \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" (1854), Tennyson famously dubbed this hollow \"The Valley of Death\"." ]
[ "the valley between the Fedyukhin Heights and the Causeway Heights" ]
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Martin Van Buren
Martin Van Buren - wikipedia Martin Van Buren Jump to : navigation , search `` Van Buren '' redirects here . For other uses , see Van Buren ( disambiguation ) . This is a Dutch name ; the family name is Van Buren , not Buren . 8th President of the United States Martin Van Buren Van Buren in retirement circa 1855 8th President of the United States In office March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 Vice President Richard M. Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson Succeeded by William Henry Harrison 8th Vice President of the United States In office March 4 , 1833 -- March 4 , 1837 President Andrew Jackson Preceded by John C. Calhoun Succeeded by Richard M. Johnson United States Minister to the United Kingdom In office August 8 , 1831 -- April 4 , 1832 Nominated by Andrew Jackson Preceded by Louis McLane Succeeded by Aaron Vail ( Acting ) 10th United States Secretary of State In office March 28 , 1829 -- May 23 , 1831 President Andrew Jackson Preceded by Henry Clay Succeeded by Edward Livingston 9th Governor of New York In office January 1 , 1829 -- March 12 , 1829 Lieutenant Enos T. Throop Preceded by Nathaniel Pitcher Succeeded by Enos T. Throop United States Senator from New York In office March 4 , 1821 -- December 20 , 1828 Preceded by Nathan Sanford Succeeded by Charles E. Dudley Attorney General of New York In office February 17 , 1815 -- July 8 , 1819 Governor Daniel D. Tompkins John Tayler ( Acting ) DeWitt Clinton Preceded by Abraham Van Vechten Succeeded by Thomas J. Oakley Member of the New York State Senate In office 1813 -- 1820 Preceded by Edward Philip Livingston Succeeded by John I. Miller Surrogate of Columbia County , New York In office 1808 -- 1813 Preceded by James I. Van Alen Succeeded by James Vanderpoel Personal details Maarten Van Buren ( 1782 - 12 - 05 ) December 5 , 1782 Kinderhook , New York , U.S. July 24 , 1862 ( 1862 - 07 - 24 ) ( aged 79 ) Kinderhook , New York , U.S. Resting place Kinderhook Cemetery Nationality American Political party Democratic - Republican ( 1799 -- 1825 ) Democratic ( 1825 -- 48 ; 1852 -- 62 ) Free Soil ( 1848 -- 52 ) Spouse ( s ) Hannah Hoes ( m . 1807 ; d . 1819 ) Children Abraham , John , Martin Jr. , Smith , and Winfield . Parents Abraham Van Buren Maria Hoes Van Alen Profession Lawyer , politician Signature Nickname ( s ) Old Kinderhook , The Little Magician Martin Van Buren ( December 5 , 1782 -- July 24 , 1862 ) was an American statesman who served as the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 . A founder of the Democratic Party , he served as the ninth Governor of New York , the tenth Secretary of State , and the eighth Vice President . Van Buren won the 1836 presidential election based on the popularity of outgoing President Andrew Jackson and the organizational strength of the Democratic Party . He lost his 1840 reelection bid to Whig Party nominee William Henry Harrison due in part to the poor economic conditions of the Panic of 1837 . Later in his life , Van Buren emerged as an important anti-slavery leader and led the Free Soil ticket in the 1848 presidential election . Van Buren was born in Kinderhook , New York to a family of Dutch Americans . Van Buren was raised speaking Dutch and learned English at school , making him the only U.S. president who spoke English as a second language . Van Buren trained as a lawyer and quickly became involved in politics as a member of the Democratic - Republican Party . He won election to the New York State Senate and became the leader of the Bucktails , the faction of Democratic - Republicans opposed to Governor DeWitt Clinton . Van Buren established a political machine known as the Albany Regency and emerged as the most influential politician in his home state in the 1820s . He was elected to the United States Senate in 1821 , and supported William H. Crawford in the 1824 presidential election . After John Quincy Adams won the 1824 election , Van Buren opposed Adams 's proposals for federally - funded internal improvements and other measures . Van Buren 's major political goal was to re-establish a two - party system with partisan differences based on ideology rather than personalities or sectional differences . With this goal in mind , he supported Jackson 's candidacy against Adams in the 1828 presidential election . To support Jackson 's candidacy , Van Buren ran for Governor of New York . After Jackson took office in 1829 , Van Buren resigned as governor to accept appointment as secretary of state . During Jackson 's eight years as president , Van Buren was a key advisor , and built the organizational structure for the coalescing Democratic Party , particularly in New York . After resigning from his position in order to help resolve the Petticoat affair , Van Buren briefly served as the American ambassador to Britain . At Jackson 's behest , the 1832 Democratic National Convention nominated Van Buren for vice president , and Van Buren took office after the Democratic ticket won the 1832 presidential election . With Jackson 's strong support , Van Buren faced little opposition for the presidential nomination at the 1835 Democratic National Convention , and he defeated several Whig opponents in the 1836 presidential election . Van Buren 's response to the Panic of 1837 centered on his Independent Treasury system , a plan under which the federal government would store its funds in vaults rather than in banks . He also continued Jackson 's policy of Indian removal . In foreign affairs , he maintained peaceful relations with Britain and , seeking to avoid heightened sectional tensions , denied the application of Texas for admission to the Union . In the 1840 election , the Whigs rallied around Harrison 's military record and ridiculed Van Buren as `` Martin Van Ruin , '' and a surge of new voters helped turn Van Buren out of office . Van Buren was the leading candidate for the Democratic nomination in 1844 , but his continued opposition to the annexation of Texas aroused the opposition of Southern Democrats and the party nominated James K. Polk. Van Buren grew increasingly opposed to slavery after he left office , and , motivated additionally by intra-party differences at the state and national level , he agreed to lead a third party ticket in the 1848 presidential election . Though he finished in a distant third nationally , Van Buren 's presence in the race most likely helped Whig nominee Zachary Taylor defeat Democrat Lewis Cass. Van Buren returned to the Democratic fold after the 1848 election , but he supported Abraham Lincoln 's policies during the American Civil War . Van Buren 's health began to fail in 1861 , and he died in July 1862 at age 79 . He has been generally ranked as a below - average U.S. President by historians and political scientists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Early political career 2.1 Albany regency 2.2 Entry into national politics 2.3 1828 elections 3 Jackson administration 3.1 Secretary of State 3.2 Vice-Presidency 3.3 Presidential election of 1836 4 Presidency 1837 -- 1841 4.1 Cabinet 4.2 Panic of 1837 4.3 Indian removal 4.4 Texas 4.5 Britain 4.6 Amistad case 4.7 Judicial appointments 4.8 White House hostess 4.9 Presidential election of 1840 5 Later life 5.1 Election of 1844 5.2 Election of 1848 5.3 Retirement 6 Memorials and popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 Further reading 10.1 Books by Van Buren 10.2 Books about Van Buren 11 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Further information : Family of Martin Van Buren Record of the Kinderhook Dutch Reformed Church ; `` Maarten '' Van Buren baptism December 15 , 1782 Martin Van Buren was born on December 5 , 1782 , in the village of Kinderhook , New York about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Albany on the Hudson River . He was the first president not born a British subject , nor of British ancestry . His father , Abraham Van Buren , was a descendant of Cornelis Maessen of the village of Buurmalsen , Netherlands , who had come to North America in 1631 and purchased a plot of land on Manhattan Island . Abraham Van Buren had been a Patriot during the American Revolution , and he later joined the Democratic - Republican Party . Abraham owned and operated an inn and tavern in Kinderhook and served as Kinderhook 's town clerk for several years . In 1776 , Abraham married Maria Hoes ( or Goes ) Van Alen , the widow of Johannes Van Alen . Like Abraham Van Buren , Maria was of Dutch extraction . With Van Alen , Maria had had three children , including future Congressman James I. Van Alen . After their marriage , Abraham and Maria produced five children , including Martin . Unlike every other president before or since , Van Buren spoke English as a second language , and his primary language in his youth was Dutch . Van Buren received a basic education at the village schoolhouse and briefly studied Latin at the Kinderhook Academy and at Washington Seminary in Claverack . His formal education ended in 1796 , when he began reading law at the office of Peter Silvester and his son Francis , prominent Federalist attorneys in Kinderhook . Van Buren learned early to interact with people from varied ethnic , income , and societal groups , which he would later use to his advantage as a political organizer . Van Buren was small in stature ; as an adult he was 5 feet 6 inches tall , and was often referred to as `` Little Van . '' When he first began his legal studies , he often presented an unkempt appearance in rough , homespun clothing . The Silvesters admonished Van Buren about how crucial a lawyer 's clothing and personal appearance were to the success of his practice . He accepted their advice and patterned his clothing , appearance , bearing and conduct after theirs . Hannah Van Buren Despite his association with the Silvesters and Kinderhook 's strong affiliation with the Federalist Party , Van Buren adopted the Democratic - Republican political leanings of his father . After six years under the Silvesters , the elder Silvester and Democratic - Republican political figure John Peter Van Ness suggested that Van Buren 's political leanings constrained him to complete his education with a Democratic - Republican attorney . Accepting this advice , he spent a final year of apprenticeship in the New York City office of John Van Ness 's brother William P. Van Ness , a political lieutenant of Aaron Burr. Van Ness introduced Van Buren to the intricacies of New York state politics , and Van Buren observed Burr 's battles for control of the state Democratic - Republican party against George Clinton and Robert R. Livingston . In 1803 , after being admitted to the New York bar , Van Buren returned to Kinderhook . Van Buren married Hannah Hoes , his childhood sweetheart and a daughter of his first cousin , on February 21 , 1807 , in Catskill , New York . Like Van Buren , she was raised in a Dutch home ; she spoke primarily Dutch , and spoke English with a distinct accent . The couple had five children , four of whom lived to adulthood : Abraham ( 1807 -- 1873 ) , John ( 1810 -- 1866 ) , Martin , Jr. ( 1812 -- 1855 ) , Winfield Scott ( born and died in 1814 ) , and Smith Thompson ( 1817 -- 1876 ) . Hannah Van Buren contracted tuberculosis and died on February 5 , 1819 , at the age of 35 . Martin Van Buren never remarried . Early political career ( edit ) Upon returning to Kinderhook in 1803 , Van Buren formed a law partnership with his half - brother , James Van Alen , and became financially secure enough to increase his focus on politics . Van Buren had been active in politics from age 18 if not before ; he had attended a Democratic - Republican Party convention in Troy , New York where he worked successfully to secure for John Peter Van Ness the party nomination in a special election for the 6th Congressional District seat . Upon returning to Kinderhook , Van Buren broke with the Burr faction , becoming an ally of both DeWitt Clinton and Daniel D. Tompkins . After the faction led by Clinton and Tompkins dominated the 1807 elections , Van Buren was appointed Surrogate of Columbia County , New York . Seeking to find a better base for his political and legal career , Van Buren and his family moved to the town of Hudson , the seat of Columbia County , in 1808 . Van Buren 's legal practice continued to flourish , and he traveled all over the state to represent various clients . In 1812 , Van Buren won his party 's nomination for a seat in the New York State Senate . Though several Democratic - Republicans , including John Peter Van Ness , joined with the Federalists to oppose his candidacy , Van Buren won election to the state senate in mid-1812 . Later in the year , the United States entered the War of 1812 against Great Britain , while Clinton launched an unsuccessful bid to defeat President James Madison in the 1812 presidential election . After the election , Van Buren became suspicious that Clinton was working with the Federalist Party , and he broke from his former political ally . During the War of 1812 , Van Buren worked with Clinton , Governor Tompkins , and Ambrose Spencer to support the Madison administration 's prosecution of the war . In addition , he was a special judge advocate appointed to serve as a prosecutor of William Hull during Hull 's court - martial following the surrender of Detroit . In the winter of 1814 -- 15 he collaborated with Winfield Scott on ways to reorganize the New York Militia in anticipation of another military campaign , but their work was halted by the end of the war in early 1815 . Van Buren was so favorably impressed by Scott that he named his fourth son after him . Van Buren 's strong support for the war boosted his standing , and in 1815 he was elected to the position of New York Attorney General . Van Buren moved from Hudson to the state capital of Albany , where he established a legal partnership with Benjamin Butler . In 1816 , Van Buren won re-election to the state senate , and he would continue to simultaneously serve as both state senator and as the state 's attorney general . Albany Regency ( edit ) After Tompkins was elected as vice president in the 1816 presidential election , Clinton defeated Van Buren 's preferred candidate , Peter Buell Porter , in the 1817 New York gubernatorial election . Clinton threw his influence behind the construction of the Erie Canal , an ambitious project designed to connect Lake Erie to the Atlantic Ocean . Though many of Van Buren 's allies urged him to block Clinton 's Erie Canal bill , Van Buren believed that the canal would benefit the state . His support for the bill helped it win approval from the New York legislature . Despite his support for the Erie Canal , Van Buren became the leader of anti-Clintonian faction in New York known as the `` Bucktails . '' The Bucktails succeeded in emphasizing party loyalty and used it to capture and control many patronage posts throughout New York . Through his use of patronage , loyal newspapers , and connections with local party officials and leaders , Van Buren established what became known as the `` Albany Regency , '' a political machine that emerged as an important factor in New York politics . The Regency relied on a coalition of small farmers , but also enjoyed support from the Tammany Hall machine in New York City . Though Governor Clinton remained in office until late 1822 , Van Buren emerged as the leader of the state 's Democratic - Republicans after the 1820 elections . Van Buren was a member of the 1820 state constitutional convention , where he favored expanded voting rights , but opposed universal suffrage and tried to maintain property requirements for voting . Entry into National politics ( edit ) Gubernatorial portrait of Martin Van Buren by Daniel Huntington In February 1821 , the state legislature elected Van Buren to represent New York in the United States Senate . Van Buren arrived in Washington during the `` Era of Good Feelings , '' a period in which partisan distinctions at the national level had faded . Van Buren quickly became a prominent figure in Washington , D.C. , befriending Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford , among others . Though not an exceptional orator , Van Buren frequently engaged in debate on the Senate floor , usually after extensively researching the subject at hand . Despite his commitments as a father and state party leader , Van Buren remained closely engaged in his legislative duties , and during his time in the Senate he served as the chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the Senate Judiciary Committee . As he gained renown , Van Buren earned monikers like `` Little Magician '' and `` Sly Fox . '' Van Buren chose to back Crawford over John Quincy Adams , Andrew Jackson , and Henry Clay in the presidential election of 1824 . Crawford shared Van Buren 's affinity for Jeffersonian principles of states ' rights and limited government , and Van Buren believed that Crawford made an ideal leader around which to form a coalition led by leaders from New York , Pennsylvania , and Virginia 's `` Richmond Junto . '' Van Buren 's support for Crawford aroused strong opposition in New York in the form of the People 's party , which drew support from Clintonians , Federalists , and others opposed to Van Buren . Nonetheless , Van Buren helped Crawford win the Democratic - Republican party 's presidential nomination at the February 1824 congressional nominating caucus . The other Democratic - Republican candidates in the race refused to accept the poorly - attended caucus 's decision , and as the Federalist Party had virtually ceased to function as a national party , the 1824 campaign became a competition among four candidates of the same party . Though Crawford suffered a severe stroke that left him in poor helath , Van Buren continued to support his chosen candidate . Van Buren met with Thomas Jefferson in May 1824 an attempt to bolster Crawford 's candidacy , and though he was unsuccessful in gaining a public endorsement for Crawford , he nonetheless cherished the chance to meet with his political hero . The 1824 elections dealt a severe blow to the Albany Regency , as Clinton returned to the governorship with the support of the People 's party . By the time the state legislature convened to choose the state 's presidential electors , results from other states had made it clear that no individual would win a majority of the electoral vote , necessitating a contingent election in the United States House of Representatives . While Adams and Jackson were assured of finishing in the top three , and thus being eligible for selection in the contingent election , New York 's electors would help determine whether Clay or Crawford would finish third . Though most of the state 's electoral votes went to Adams , Crawford won one more electoral vote than Clay in the state , and Clay 's defeat in Louisiana left Crawford in third place . With Crawford still in the running , Van Buren lobbied members of the House to support Crawaford . He hoped to engineer a Crawford victory on the second ballot of the contingent election , but Adams won on the first ballot with the help of Clay and Stephen Van Rensselaer , a Congressman from New York . Despite his close ties with Van Buren , Van Rensselaer cast his vote for Adams , thus giving Adams a narrow majority of New York 's delegation and a victory in the contingent election . After the House contest , Van Buren shrewdly kept out of the controversy which followed , and began looking forward to 1828 . Jackson was angered to see the presidency go to Adams after Adams received fewer popular votes , and Jackson eagerly looked forward to a rematch. Jackson 's supporters accused Adams and Clay of having engaged in a `` corrupt bargain '' in which Clay helped Adams win the contingent election in return for Clay 's appointment as Secretary of State . Always notably courteous in his treatment of opponents , Van Buren showed no bitterness toward either Adams or Clay , and he voted to confirm Clay 's nomination to the cabinet . At the same time , Van Buren opposed the Adams - Clay plans for internal improvements like roads and canals and declined to support U.S. participation in the Congress of Panama . Van Buren considered Adams 's proposals to represent a return to the Hamiltonian economic model favored by Federalists , which he strongly opposed . Despite his opposition to Adams 's public policies , Van Buren was able to easily secure re-election in his own divided home state in 1827 . 1828 elections ( edit ) Van Buren 's overarching goal at the national level was to restore a two - party system with party cleavages based on philosophical differences , and he viewed the old divide between Federalists and Democratic - Republicans as the best state of affairs for the nation . Van Buren believed that these national parties helped ensure that elections were decided on national , rather than sectional or local , issues ; as he put it , `` party attachment in former times furnished a complete antidote for sectional prejudices . '' After the 1824 election , Van Buren was initially somewhat skeptical of Jackson , who had not taken strong positions on most policy issues . Nonetheless , he settled on Jackson as the one candidate who could beat Adams in the 1828 presidential election , and he worked to bring Crawford 's former backers into line behind Jackson . He also forged alliances with other members of Congress opposed to Adams , including Vice President John C. Calhoun , Senator Thomas Hart Benton , and Senator John Randolph . Seeking to solidify his own standing in New York and bolster Jackson 's campaign , Van Buren helped arrange the passage of the Tariff of 1828 , which opponents labeled as the `` Tariff of Abominations . '' The tariff satisfied many who sought protection from foreign competition , but angered Southern cotton interests and New Englanders . Because Van Buren believed that the South would never support Adams , and New England would never support Jackson , he was willing to alienate both regions through passage of the tariff . Meanwhile , Clinton 's death from a heart attack in 1828 dramatically shook up the politics of Van Buren 's home state , while the Anti-Masonic Party emerged as an increasingly important factor . After some initial reluctance , Van Buren chose to run for Governor of New York in the 1828 election . Hoping that a Jackson victory would lead to his own elevation to Secretary of State or Secretary of the Treasury , Van Buren chose Enos T. Throop as his running mate and preferred successor . Van Buren 's candidacy was aided by the split between supporters of Adams , who had adopted the label of National Republicans , and the Anti-Masonic Party . Reflecting his public association with Jackson , Van Buren accepted the gubernatorial nomination on a ticket that called itself `` Jacksonian - Democrat . '' He campaigned on local as well as national issues , emphasizing his opposition to the policies of the Adams administration . Van Buren ran ahead of Jackson , winning the state by 30,000 votes compared to a margin of 5,000 for Jackson . Nationally , Jackson defeated Adams by a wide margin , winning nearly every state outside of New England . After the election , Van Buren resigned from the Senate to start his term as governor , which began on January 1 , 1829 . While his term was short as governor was short , he did manage to pass the Bank Safety Fund Law , an early form of deposit insurance , through the legislature . He also appointed several key supporters , including William L. Marcy and Silas Wright , to important state positions . Jackson administration ( edit ) Secretary of state ( edit ) Further information : Petticoat affair and Presidency of Andrew Jackson Mrs Floride Calhoun , a leader of the `` petticoats '' In February 1829 , Jackson wrote to Van Buren to ask him to become Secretary of State . Van Buren quickly agreed , and he resigned as governor the following month ; his tenure of forty - three days is the shortest amount of time served by any Governor of New York . No serious diplomatic crises arose during Van Buren 's tenure as Secretary of State , but he achieved several notable successes , such as settling long - standing claims against France and winning reparations for property that had been seized during the Napoleonic Wars . He reached an agreement with the British to open trade with the British West Indies colonies and concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that gained American merchants access to the Black Sea . Items on which he did not achieve success included settling the Maine - New Brunswick boundary dispute with Great Britain , gaining settlement of the U.S. claim to the Oregon Country , concluding a commercial treaty with Russia , and persuading Mexico to sell Texas . In addition to his foreign policy duties , Van Buren quickly emerged as an important adviser to Jackson on major domestic issues like the tariff and internal improvements . The Secretary of State was instrumental in convincing Jackson to issue the Maysville Road veto , which both reaffirmed limited government principles and also helped prevent the construction of infrastructure projects that could potentially compete with New York 's Erie Canal . He also became involved in a power struggle with Calhoun over appointments and other issues , including the Petticoat Affair . The Petticoat Affair arose because Peggy Eaton , wife of Secretary of War John H. Eaton , was ostracized by the other cabinet wives due to circumstances surrounding her marriage . Led by Floride Calhoun , wife of Vice President Calhoun , the other cabinet wives refused to pay courtesy calls to the Eatons , receive them as visitors , or invite them to social events . As a widower , Van Buren was unaffected by the position of the cabinet wives . Van Buren at first sought to conciliate the divide in the cabinet , but most of the leading citizens in Washington continued to snub the Eatons. Jackson was personally close to Eaton , and he came to the conclusion that the allegations against Eaton arose from a plot against his administration led by Henry Clay . The Petticoat Affair , combined with a contentious debate over the tariff and Calhoun 's decade - old criticisms of Jackson 's actions in the First Seminole War , contributed to a split between Jackson and Calhoun . As the debate over the tariff and the proposed ability of South Carolina to nullify federal law consumed Washington , Van Buren increasingly emerged as Jackson 's likely successor . The Petticoat affair was finally resolved when Van Buren offered to resign ; in April 1831 , Jackson accepted , and took the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for the resignations of the cabinet members . Postmaster General William T. Barry , who had sided with the Eatons in the Petticoat Affair , was the lone cabinet member to remain in office . The cabinet reorganization removed Calhoun 's allies from the Jackson administration , and Van Buren had a major role in shaping the new cabinet . After leaving office , Van Buren continued to play a part in the Kitchen Cabinet , Jackson 's informal circle of advisers . Vice-presidency ( edit ) In August 1831 Jackson gave Van Buren a recess appointment as the ambassador to Britain , and Van Buren arrived in London in September . He was cordially received , but in February 1832 he learned his nomination had been rejected by the Senate . The rejection of Van Buren was essentially the work of Calhoun . When the vote on Van Buren 's nomination was taken , enough pro-Calhoun Jacksonians refrained from voting to produce a tie , thus giving Calhoun , in his role as presiding officer , the ability to cast the deciding vote against Van Buren . Calhoun was elated , convinced that he had ended Van Buren 's career . `` It will kill him dead , sir , kill him dead . He will never kick , sir , never kick , '' Calhoun exclaimed to a friend . Calhoun 's move backfired ; by making Van Buren appear the victim of petty politics , Calhoun raised Van Buren in both Jackson 's regard and the esteem of others in the Democratic Party . Far from ending Van Buren 's career , Calhoun 's action gave greater impetus to Van Buren 's candidacy for vice president . A painting of Van Buren by Francis Alexander , c. 1830 -- 1840 Seeking to ensure that Van Buren would replace Calhoun as his running mate , Jackson had arranged for a national convention of his supporters . The May 1832 Democratic National Convention subsequently nominated Van Buren to serve as the party 's vice presidential nominee . Van Buren won the nomination over Philip Pendleton Barbour ( Calhoun 's favored candidate ) and Richard Mentor Johnson due to the support of Jackson and the strength of the Albany Regency . Upon Van Buren 's return from Europe in July 1832 , he became involved in the Bank War , a struggle over the re-charter of the Second Bank of the United States . Van Buren had long been distrustful of banks , and he viewed the Bank as an extension of the Hamiltonian economic program , so he supported Jackson 's veto of the Bank 's re-charter . Henry Clay , the presidential nominee of the National Republicans , made the struggle over the Bank the key issue of the presidential election of 1832 . The Jackson - Van Buren ticket won the 1832 election by a landslide , and Van Buren took office as Vice President in March 1833 . During the Nullification Crisis , Van Buren counseled Jackson to pursue a policy of conciliation with South Carolina leaders . He played little direct role in the passage of the Tariff of 1833 , but he quietly hoped that the tariff would help bring an end to the Nullification Crisis , which it did . During his time in office Van Buren continued to be one of Jackson 's primary advisors and confidants , and accompanied Jackson on his tour of the northeastern United States in 1833 . Jackson 's struggle with the Second Bank of the United States continued , as the president sought to remove federal funds from the Bank . Though at first apprehensive of the removal due to congressional support for the Bank , Van Buren eventually came to support Jackson 's policy . He also helped undermine a fledgling alliance between Jackson and Daniel Webster , a senator from Massachusetts who could have potentially threatened Van Buren 's project to create two parties separated by policy differences rather than personalities . During Jackson 's second term , the president 's supporters began to refer to themselves as members of the Democratic Party . Meanwhile , those opposed to Jackson , including Clay 's National Republicans , followers of Calhoun , and many members of the Anti-Masonic Party , coalesced into the Whig Party . Presidential election of 1836 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1836 President Andrew Jackson declined to seek another term in the 1836 presidential election , but he remained influential within the Democratic Party as his second term came to an end . Jackson was determined to help elect Van Buren in 1836 so that the latter could continue the Jackson administration 's policies . With Jackson 's support , Van Buren won the presidential nomination of the 1835 Democratic National Convention without opposition . Two names were put forward for the vice-presidential nomination : Representative Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky , and former senator William Cabell Rives of Virginia . Southern Democrats , and Van Buren himself , strongly preferred Rives. Jackson , on the other hand , strongly preferred Johnson . Again , Jackson 's considerable influence prevailed , and Johnson received the required two - thirds vote after New York Senator Silas Wright prevailed upon non-delegate Edward Rucker to cast the 15 votes of the absent Tennessee delegation in Johnson 's favor . 1836 electoral vote results Van Buren 's competitors in the election of 1836 were three members of the Whig Party , which remained a loose coalition bound by mutual opposition to Jackson 's anti-bank policies . Lacking the party unity or organizational strength to field a single ticket or define a single platform , the Whigs ran several regional candidates in hopes of sending the election to the House of Representatives . The three candidates were : Hugh Lawson White of Tennessee , Daniel Webster of Massachusetts , and William Henry Harrison of Indiana . Besides endorsing internal improvements and a national bank , the Whigs tried to tie Democrats to abolitionism and sectional tension , and attacked Jackson for `` acts of aggression and usurpation of power . '' Southern voters represented the biggest potential impediment in Van Buren 's quest for the presidency , as many were suspicious of a Northern president . Van Buren moved to obtain the support of southerners by assuring them that he opposed abolitionism and supported the maintaining of slavery in states where it had already existed . To demonstrate consistency regarding his opinions on slavery , Van Buren cast the tie - breaking Senate vote in favor of a bill to subject abolitionist mail to state laws , thus ensuring that its circulation would be prohibited in the South . Van Buren personally considered slavery to be immoral , but sanctioned by the Constitution . Van Buren won the election with 764,198 popular votes , 50.9 percent of the total , and 170 electoral votes . Harrison led the Whigs with 73 electoral votes , White receiving 26 , and Webster 14 . Willie Person Mangum received South Carolina 's 11 electoral votes , which were awarded by the state legislature . Van Buren 's victory resulted from a combination of his own attractive political and personal qualities , Jackson 's popularity and endorsement , the organizational power of the Democratic party , and the inability of the Whig Party to muster an effective candidate and campaign . Virginia 's presidential electors voted for Van Buren for president but William Smith for vice president , leaving Johnson one electoral vote short of election . In accordance with the Twelfth Amendment , the Senate elected Johnson vice president in a contingent vote . The election of 1836 marked an important turning point in American political history because of the part it played in establishing the Second Party System . In the early 1830s the political party structure was still changing , rapidly , and factional and personal leaders continued to play a major role in politics . By the end of the campaign of 1836 , the new party system was almost complete , as nearly every faction had been absorbed by either the Democrats or the Whigs . Presidency 1837 -- 1841 ( edit ) Main article : Presidency of Martin Van Buren Cabinet ( edit ) The Van Buren Cabinet Office Name Term President Martin Van Buren 1837 -- 1841 Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of State John Forsyth 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of Treasury Levi Woodbury 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of War Joel R. Poinsett 1837 -- 1841 Attorney General Benjamin Butler 1837 -- 1838 Felix Grundy 1838 -- 1840 Henry D. Gilpin 1840 -- 1841 Postmaster General Amos Kendall 1837 -- 1840 John M. Niles 1840 -- 1841 Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson 1837 -- 1838 James K. Paulding 1838 -- 1841 Van Buren retained much of Jackson 's cabinet and lower - level appointees , as he hoped that the retention of Jackson 's appointees would stop Whig momentum in the South and restore confidence in the Democrats as a party of sectional unity . The cabinet holdovers represented the different regions of the country : Secretary of the Treasury Levi Woodbury came from New England , Attorney General Benjamin F. Butler and Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson hailed from mid-Atlantic states , Secretary of State John Forsyth represented the South , and Postmaster General Amos Kendall of Kentucky represented the West . For the lone open position of Secretary of War , Van Buren first approached William Cabell Rives , who had sought the vice presidency in 1836 . After Rives declined to join the cabinet , Van Buren appointed Joel Roberts Poinsett , a South Carolinian who had opposed secession during the Nullification Crisis. Van Buren 's cabinet choices were criticized by Pennsylvanians such as James Buchanan , who argued that their state deserved a cabinet position , as well as some Democrats who argued that Van Buren should have used his patronage powers to augment his own power . But Van Buren saw value in avoiding contentious patronage battles , and his decision to retain Jackson 's cabinet made it clear that he intended to continue the policies of predecessor . Additionally , Van Buren had helped select Jackson 's cabinet appointees and enjoyed strong working relationships with them . Van Buren held regular formal cabinet meetings and discontinued the informal gatherings of advisers that had attracted so much attention during Jackson 's presidency . He solicited advice from department heads , tolerated open and even frank exchanges between cabinet members , perceiving himself as `` a mediator , and to some extent an umpire between the conflicting opinions '' of his counselors . Such detachment allowed the president to reserve judgment and protect his own prerogative for making final decisions . These open discussions gave cabinet members a sense of participation and made them feel part of a functioning entity , rather than isolated executive agents . Van Buren was closely involved in foreign affairs and matters pertaining to the Treasury Department , but the Post Office , War Department , and Navy Department all had possessed high levels of autonomy under their respective cabinet secretaries . Panic of 1837 ( edit ) The modern balaam and his ass , an 1837 caricature placing the blame for the Panic of 1837 and the perilous state of the banking system on outgoing President Andrew Jackson , shown riding a donkey , while President Martin Van Buren comments approvingly . When Van Buren entered office , the nation 's economic health had taken a turn for the worse and the prosperity of the early 1830s was over . Two months into his presidency , on May 10 , 1837 , some important state banks in New York , running out of hard currency reserves , refused to convert paper money into gold or silver , and other financial institutions throughout the nation quickly followed suit . This financial crisis would become known as the Panic of 1837 . The Panic was followed by a five - year depression in which banks failed and unemployment reached record highs . Van Buren blamed the economic collapse on greedy American and foreign business and financial institutions , as well as the over-extension of credit by U.S. banks . Whig leaders in Congress blamed the Democrats , along with Andrew Jackson 's economic policies , specifically his 1836 Specie Circular . Cries of `` rescind the circular ! '' went up and former President Jackson sent word to Van Buren asking him not to rescind the order , believing that it had to be given enough time to work . Others , like Nicholas Biddle , believed that Jackson 's dismantling of the Bank of the United States was directly responsible for the irresponsible creation of paper money by the state banks which had precipitated this panic . The Panic of 1837 loomed large over the 1838 election cycle , as the carryover effects of the economic downturn led to Whig gains in both the U.S. House and Senate . The state elections in 1837 and 1838 were also disastrous for the Democrats , and the partial economic recovery in 1838 was offset by a second commercial crisis later that year . To deal with the crisis , the Whigs proposed rechartering the national bank . The president countered by proposing the establishment of an independent U.S. treasury , which he contended would take the politics out of the nation 's money supply . Under the plan , the government would hold all of its money balances in the form of gold or silver , and would be restricted from printing paper money at will ; both measures were designed to prevent inflation . The plan would permanently separate the government from private banks by storing government funds in government vaults rather than in private banks . Van Buren announced his proposal in September 1837 , but an alliance of conservative Democrats and Whigs prevented it from becoming law until 1840 . As the debate continued , conservative Democrats like Rives defected to the Whig Party , which itself grew more unified in its opposition to Van Buren . The Whigs would abolish the Independent Treasury system in 1841 , but it was revived in 1846 and remained in place until the passage of the Federal Reserve Act in 1913 . More important for Van Buren 's immediate future , the depression would be a major issue in his upcoming re-election campaign . Indian removal ( edit ) Federal policy under Jackson had sought to move all indigenous peoples to lands west of the Mississippi River , through the Indian Removal Act of 1830 . Continuing this policy , the federal government negotiated 19 treaties with Indian nations in the course of Van Buren 's presidency . An 1835 treaty signed by U.S. government officials and representatives of the Cherokee Nation had established terms under which the entire nation ceded its territory in the southeast and agreed to move west ( to present day Oklahoma ) . In 1838 , Van Buren directed General Winfield Scott to forcibly move all those Cherokee who had not yet complied with the treaty . The Cherokee were herded violently into internment camps , where they were kept for the summer of 1838 . The actual transportation west was delayed by intense heat and drought , but in the fall , the Cherokee were forcibly marched west . Under the treaty , the US was supposed to provide wagons , rations , and even medical doctors . But it did not . During the Cherokee removal , part of the Trail of Tears , some 20,000 people were relocated against their will . A U.S. Marine boat expedition searching the Everglades during the Second Seminole War The administration also contended with the Seminole , who engaged the army in prolonged conflict known as the Second Seminole War . Prior to leaving office , Jackson put General Thomas Jesup in command of all U.S. troops in Florida in order to force Seminole emigration to the West . Forts were established throughout the Indian territory , and mobile columns of soldiers scoured the countryside . Feeling the pressure , many Seminoles , including head chief Micanopy , offered to surrender . The Seminoles slowly gathered for emigration near Tampa , but in June they fled the detention camps , driven off by disease and the presence of slave catchers who were hoping to take Black Seminoles captive . In December 1837 Jesup began a massive offensive , culminating in the Battle of Lake Okeechobee . Following the American victory in the battle , the war entered a new phase , a long war of attrition . During this time , the government realized that it would be almost impossible to drive the remaining Seminoles from Florida , so Van Buren sent General Alexander Macomb to negotiate a peace with the Seminoles . It was the only time in U.S. history that a Native American nation had forced the United States to sue for peace . An agreement was reached allowing the Seminoles to remain in southwest Florida , but the peace was shattered in July 1839 . Fighting was not resolved until 1842 , after Van Buren had left office . Texas ( edit ) Just before leaving office in March 1837 , Andrew Jackson extended diplomatic recognition to the Republic of Texas , which had gained de facto independence from Mexico in the Texas Revolution . By suggesting the prospect of quick annexation , Jackson raised the danger of war with Mexico and heightened sectional tensions at home . New England abolitionists charged that there was a `` slaveholding conspiracy to acquire Texas '' , and Daniel Webster eloquently denounced annexation . Many Southern leaders , meanwhile , strongly desired the expansion of slave - holding territory in the United States . Boldly reversing Jackson 's policies , Van Buren sought peace abroad and harmony at home . He proposed a diplomatic solution to a long - standing financial dispute between American citizens and the Mexican government , rejecting Jackson 's threat to settle it by force . Likewise , when the Texas minister at Washington , D.C. , proposed annexation to the administration in August 1837 , he was told that the proposition could not be entertained . Constitutional scruples and fear of war with Mexico were the reasons given for the rejection , but concern that it would precipitate a clash over the extension of slavery undoubtedly influenced Van Buren and continued to be the chief obstacle to annexation . Northern and Southern Democrats followed an unspoken rule in which Northerners helped quash anti-slavery proposals and Southerners refrained from agitating for the annexation of Texas . Texas withdrew the annexation offer in 1838 . Britain ( edit ) British subjects in Lower Canada ( now Quebec ) and Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) rose in rebellion in 1837 and 1838 , protesting their lack of responsible government . While the initial insurrection in Upper Canada ended quickly ( following the December 1837 Battle of Montgomery 's Tavern ) , many of the rebels fled across the Niagara River into New York , and Canadian leader William Lyon Mackenzie began recruiting volunteers in Buffalo . Mackenzie declared the establishment of the Republic of Canada and put into motion a plan whereby volunteers would invade Upper Canada from Navy Island on the Canadian side of the Niagara River . Several hundred volunteers traveled to Navy Island in the weeks that followed . They procured the steamboat Caroline to deliver supplies to Navy Island from Fort Schlosser . Seeking to deter an imminent invasion , British forces crossed to the American bank of the river in late December 1837 , and they burned and sank the Caroline . In the melee , one American was killed and others were wounded . Considerable sentiment arose within the United States to declare war , and a British ship was burned in revenge . Van Buren , looking to avoid a war with Great Britain , sent General Winfield Scott to the border with large discretionary powers for its protection and its peace . Scott impressed upon American citizens the need for a peaceful resolution to the crisis , and made it clear that the U.S. government would not support adventuresome Americans attacking the British . Also , in early January 1838 , the president proclaimed U.S. neutrality with regard to the Canadian independence issue , a declaration which Congress endorsed by passing a neutrality law designed to discourage the participation of American citizens in foreign conflicts . `` Destruction of the Caroline '' , illustration by John Charles Dent ( 1881 ) During the Canadian rebellions , Charles Duncombe and Robert Nelson helped foment a largely American militia , the Hunters ' Lodge / Frères chasseurs . This militia carried out several attacks in Upper Canada between December 1837 and December 1838 , collectively known as the Patriot War . The administration followed through on its enforcement of the Neutrality Act , encouraged the prosecution of filibusters , and actively deterred U.S. citizens from subversive activities abroad . In the long term , Van Buren 's opposition to the Patriot War contributed to the construction of healthy Anglo -- American and U.S. -- Canadian relations in the 20th century ; it also led , more immediately , to a backlash among citizens regarding the seeming overreach of federal authority , which hurt congressional Democrats in the 1838 midterm elections . A new crisis surfaced in late 1838 , in the disputed territory on the Maine -- New Brunswick frontier , where Americans were settling on long -- disputed land claimed by the United States and Great Britain . Jackson had been willing to drop American claims to the region in return for other concessions , but Maine was unwilling to drop its claims to the disputed territory . For their part , the British considered possession of the area vital to the defense of Canada . Both American and New Brunswick lumberjacks cut timber in the disputed territory during the winter of 1838 -- 39 . On December 29 , New Brunswick lumbermen were spotted cutting down trees on an American estate near the Aroostook River . After American woodcutters rushed to stand guard , a shouting match , known as the Battle of Caribou , ensued . Tensions quickly boiled over into a near war with both Maine and New Brunswick arresting each other 's citizens . The crisis seemed ready to turn into an armed conflict . British troops began to gather along the Saint John River . Governor John Fairfield mobilized the state militia to confront the British in the disputed territory and several forts were constructed . The American press clamored for war ; `` Maine and her soil , or BLOOD ! '' screamed one editorial . `` Let the sword be drawn and the scabbard thrown away ! '' In June , Congress authorized 50,000 troops and a $10 million budget in the event foreign military troops crossed into United States territory . Van Buren was unwilling to go to war over the disputed territory , though he assured Maine that he would respond to any attacks by the British . To settle the crisis , Van Buren met with the British minister to the United States , and Van Buren and the minister agreed to resolve the border issue diplomatically . Van Buren also sent General Scott to the northern border area , both to show military resolve , and more importantly , to lower the tensions . Scott successfully convinced all sides to submit the border issue to arbitration . The border dispute was put to rest a few years later , with the signing of the 1842 Webster -- Ashburton Treaty . Amistad case ( edit ) The Amistad case was a freedom suit that involved international issues and parties , as well as United States law , resulting from the rebellion of Africans on board the Spanish schooner La Amistad in 1839 . Van Buren viewed abolitionism as the greatest threat to the nation 's unity , and he resisted the slightest interference with it in the states where it existed . The Van Buren administration supported the Spanish government 's demand that the ship and its cargo ( including the Africans ) be turned over to them . When a federal district court judge ruled that the Africans were legally free and should be transported home , the administration appealed the case to the Supreme Court . In February 1840 , former President John Quincy Adams argued passionately for the Africans ' right to freedom . Attorney General Henry D. Gilpin presented the government 's case . In March 1841 , the Supreme Court issued its final verdict : the Amistad Africans were free people and should be allowed to return home . The unique nature of the case , people of color testifying in federal court , and being represented by prominent lawyers , heightened public interest in the saga , as did the participation of former president Adams . The Amistad case drew attention to the personal tragedies of slavery and attracted new support for the growing abolition movement in the North . It also transformed the courts into the principal forum for a national debate on the legal foundations of slavery . Judicial appointments ( edit ) Main article : Martin Van Buren judicial appointments Van Buren appointed two Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States : John McKinley -- confirmed September 25 , 1837 Peter Vivian Daniel -- confirmed March 2 , 1841 Van Buren also appointed eight other federal judges , all to United States district courts . White House hostess ( edit ) For the first half of his presidency , Van Buren , who had been a widower for many years , did not have a specific person fill the role of White House hostess at administration social events , but tried to assume such duties himself . When his eldest son Abraham Van Buren married Angelica Singleton in 1838 , he quickly acted to install his daughter - in - law as his hostess . She solicited the advice of her distant relative , Dolley Madison , who had moved back to Washington after her husband 's death , and soon the president 's parties livened up . After the 1839 New Year 's Eve reception , the Boston Post raved : `` ( Angelica Van Buren is a ) lady of rare accomplishments , very modest yet perfectly easy and graceful in her manners and free and vivacious in her conversation ... universally admired . '' As the nation endured a deep economic depression , Angelica van Buren 's receiving style at receptions was influenced by her heavy reading on European court life ( and her naive delight in being received as the Queen of the United States when she visited the royal courts of England and France after her marriage ) . Newspaper coverage of this , in addition to the claim that she intended to re-landscape the White House grounds to resemble the royal gardens of Europe , was used in a political attack on her father - in - law by a Pennsylvania Whig Congressman Charles Ogle . He referred obliquely to her as part of the presidential `` household '' in his famous Gold Spoon Oration . The attack was delivered in Congress and the depiction of the President as living a royal lifestyle was a primary factor in his defeat for re-election . Presidential election of 1840 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1840 1840 electoral vote results Van Buren easily won renomination for a second term at the 1840 Democratic National Convention , but he and his party faced a difficult election in 1840 . Van Buren 's presidency had been a difficult affair , with the U.S. economy mired in a severe downturn , and other divisive issues , such as slavery , western expansion , and tensions with Great Britain , providing opportunities for Van Buren 's political opponents -- including some of his fellow Democrats -- to criticize his actions . Although Van Buren 's renomination was never in doubt , Democratic strategists began to question the wisdom of keeping Johnson on the ticket . Even former president Jackson conceded that Johnson was a liability and insisted on former House Speaker James K. Polk of Tennessee as Van Buren 's new running mate . Van Buren was reluctant to drop Johnson , who was popular with workers and radicals in the North and added military experience to the ticket , which might prove important against likely Whig nominee William Henry `` Rat 's Arse '' Harrison . Rather than re-nominating Johnson , the Democratic convention decided to allow state Democratic Party leaders to select the vice-presidential candidates for their states . Van Buren hoped that the Whigs would nominate Clay for president , which would allow Van Buren to cast the 1840 campaign as a clash between Van Buren 's Independent Treasury system and Clay 's support for a national bank . However , rather than nominating longtime party spokesmen like Clay and Daniel Webster , the 1839 Whig National Convention nominated Harrison , who had served in various governmental positions during his career and had earned notoriety for his military leadership in the Battle of Tippecanoe and the War of 1812 . Whig leaders like William Seward and Thaddeus Stevens believed that Harrison 's war record would effectively counter the popular appeals of the Democratic Party . For vice president , the Whigs nominated former Senator John Tyler of Virginia . Clay was deeply disappointed by his defeat at the convention , but he nonetheless threw his support behind Harrison . Whigs presented Harrison as the antithesis of the president , whom they derided as ineffective , corrupt , and effete . Whigs also depicted Van Buren as an aristocrat living in high style in the White House , while they used images of Harrison in a log cabin sipping cider to convince voters that he was a man of the people . They threw such jabs as `` Van , Van , is a used - up man '' and `` Martin Van Ruin '' and ridiculed him in newspapers and cartoons . Issues of policy were not absent from the campaign ; the Whigs derided the alleged executive overreaches of Jackson and Van Buren , while also calling for a national bank and higher tariffs . Democrats attempted to campaign on the Independent Treasury system , but the onset of deflation undercut these arguments . The enthusiasm for `` Tippecanoe and Tyler Too , '' coupled with the country 's severe economic crisis , made it impossible for Van Buren to win a second term . Harrison won by a popular vote of 1,275,612 to 1,130,033 , and an electoral vote margin of 234 to 60 . An astonishing 80 percent of eligible voters went to the polls on election day . Van Buren actually won more votes than he had in 1836 , but the Whig success in attracting new voters more than canceled out Democratic gains . Additionally , Whigs won majorities for the first time in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . Later Life ( edit ) Election of 1844 ( edit ) On the expiration of his term , Van Buren returned to his estate of Lindenwald in Kinderhook . He continued to closely watch political developments , including the battle between Clay and President Tyler , who took office after Harrison 's death in April 1841 . Though undecided on another presidential run , Van Buren made several moves calculated to maintain his support , including a trip to the South and West during which he met with Jackson , former Speaker of the House James K. Polk , and others . President Tyler , James Buchanan , Levi Woodbury , and others loomed as potential challengers for the 1844 Democratic nomination , but it was Calhoun who posed the most formidable obstacle . Van Buren remained silent on major public issues like the debate over the Tariff of 1842 , hoping to arrange for the appearance of a draft movement for his presidential candidacy . President John Tyler made annexation of Texas his chief foreign policy goal , and many Democrats , particularly in the South , were anxious to quickly complete the annexation of Texas . After an explosion on the USS Princeton killed Secretary of State Abel P. Upshur in February 1844 , Tyler brought Calhoun into his cabinet to direct foreign affairs . Like Tyler , Calhoun pursued the annexation of Texas to upend the presidential race and to extend slavery into new territories . Shortly after taking office , Secretary of State Calhoun negotiated an annexation treaty between the United States and Texas . Van Buren had hoped he would not have to take a public stand on annexation , but as the Texas question came to dominate U.S. politics , he decided to make his views on the issue public . Though he believed that his public acceptance of annexation would likely help him win the 1844 Democratic nomination , Van Buren thought that annexation would inevitably lead to an unjust war with Mexico . In a public letter published shortly after Henry Clay also announced his opposition to the annexation treaty , Van Buren articulated his views on the Texas question . Van Buren 's opposition to immediate annexation cost him the support of many pro-slavery Democrats . In the weeks before the 1844 Democratic National Convention , Van Buren 's supporters anticipated that he would win a majority of the delegates on the first presidential ballot , but would not be able to win the support of the required two - thirds of delegates . Van Buren 's supporters attempted to prevent the adoption of the two - thirds rule , but several Northern delegates joined with Southern delegates in implementing the two - thirds rule for the 1844 convention . Van Buren won 146 of the 266 votes on the first presidential ballot , with only 12 of his votes coming from Southern states . Senator Lewis Cass won much of the remaining vote , and he gradually picked on support on subsequent ballots until the convention adjourned for the day . When the convention reconvened and held another ballot , James K. Polk , who shared many of Van Buren 's views but favored immediate annexation , won 44 votes . On the ninth and final ballot of the convention , Van Buren 's supporters withdrew the former president 's name from consideration , and Polk won the Democratic presidential nomination . Though angered at the way in which his opponents had denied him in the Democratic nomination , Van Buren endorsed Polk in the interest of party unity . He also convinced Silas Wright to run for Governor of New York so that the popular Wright could help boost Polk in the state . Wright narrowly defeated Whig nominee Millard Fillmore in the 1844 gubernatorial election , and Wright 's victory in the state helped Polk narrowly defeat Henry Clay in the 1844 presidential election . After taking office , Polk used George Bancroft as an intermediary to offer Van Buren the ambassadorship to London . Van Buren declined , partly because he was upset with Polk over the treatment the Van Buren delegates had received at the 1844 convention , and partly because he was content in his retirement . Polk also consulted Van Buren in the formation of his cabinet , but offended Van Buren by offering to appoint a New Yorker only to the lesser post of Secretary of War , rather than as Secretary of State or Secretary of the Treasury . Other patronage decisions also angered Van Buren and Wright , and they became permanently alienated from the Polk administration . Election of 1848 ( edit ) 1858 portrait by GPA Healy , on display at the White House Though he had previously helped maintain a balance between the Barnburners and Hunkers , the two factions of the New York Democratic Party , Van Buren moved closer to the Barnburners after the 1844 Democratic National Convention . The split in the state party worsened during the Polk 's presidency , as his administration lavished patronage on the Hunkers . In his retirement , Van Buren also grew increasingly opposed to slavery . As the Mexican -- American War brought the debate over slavery in the territories to the forefront of American politics , Van Buren published an anti-slavery manifesto . In it , he refuted the notion that Congress did not have the power to regulate slavery in the territories , and argued the Founding Fathers had favored the eventual abolition of the slavery . The document , which became known as the `` Barburner Manifesto , '' was edited at Van Buren 's request by John Van Buren and Samuel Tilden , both of whom were leaders of the Barnburner faction . After the publication of the Barnburner Manifesto , many Barnburners urged the former president to seek his old office in the 1848 presidential election . The 1848 Democratic National Convention seated competing Barnburner and Hunker delegations from New York , but the Barnburners walked out of the convention when Lewis Cass , who opposed congressional regulation of slavery in the territories , was nominated on the fourth ballot . In response to the nomination of Cass , the Barnburners began to organize as a third party . At a convention held in June 1848 in Utica , New York , the Barnburners nominated Van Buren for president . Though reluctant to bolt from the Democratic Party , Van Buren accepted the nomination in order to show the power of the anti-slavery movement , help defeat Cass , and weaken the Hunkers . At a convention held in Buffalo , New York in August 1848 , a group of anti-slavery Democrats , Whigs , and members of the abolitionist Liberty Party met in the first national convention of what became known as the Free Soil Party . The convention unanimously nominated Van Buren , and chose Charles Francis Adams as Van Buren 's running mate . In a public message accepting the nomination , Van Buren gave his full support for the Wilmot Proviso , a proposed law that would ban slavery in all territories acquired from Mexico in the Mexican -- American War . Van Buren won no electoral votes , but finished second to Whig nominee Zachary Taylor in New York , taking enough votes from Cass to give the state -- and perhaps the election -- to Taylor . Nationwide , Van Buren won 10.1 % of the popular vote , the strongest showing by a third party presidential nominee up to that point in U.S. history . Retirement ( edit ) Daguerreotype of Martin Van Buren , circa 1855 Van Buren never sought public office again after the 1848 election , but he continued to closely follow national politics . He was deeply troubled by the stirrings of secessionism in the South and welcomed the Compromise of 1850 as a necessary conciliatory measure despite his opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 . Van Buren also worked on a history of American political parties and embarked on a tour of Europe , becoming the first former American head of state to visit Britain . Though still concerned about slavery , Van Buren and his followers returned to the Democratic fold , partly out of the fear that a continuing Democratic split would help the Whig Party . He also attempted to reconcile the Barnburners and the Hunkers , with mixed results . Van Buren supported Franklin Pierce for president in 1852 , and James Buchanan in 1856 , and Stephen A. Douglas in 1860 . Van Buren viewed the fledgling Know Nothing movement with contempt and felt that the anti-slavery Republican Party exacerbated sectional tensions . He considered Chief Justice Roger Taney 's decision in the 1857 case of Dred Scott v. Sandford to be a `` grievous mistake , '' since it overturned the Missouri Compromise . He believed that the Buchanan administration handled the issue of Bleeding Kansas poorly , and saw the Lecompton Constitution as a sop to Southern extremists . After the election of Abraham Lincoln and the secession of several Southern states in 1860 , Van Buren unsuccessfully sought to call a constitutional convention . In April 1861 , former President Pierce wrote to the other living former Presidents and asked them to consider meeting in order to use their stature and influence to propose a negotiated end to the war . Pierce asked Van Buren to use his role as the senior living ex-president to issue a formal call . Van Buren 's reply suggested that Buchanan should be the one to call the meeting , since he was the former president who had served most recently , or that Pierce should issue the call himself if he strongly believed in the merit of his proposal . Neither Buchanan nor Pierce was willing to make Pierce 's proposal public , and nothing more resulted from it . Once the American Civil War began , Van Buren made public his support for the Union . Van Buren 's health began to fail later in 1861 , and he was bedridden with pneumonia during the fall and winter of 1861 -- 62 . He died of bronchial asthma and heart failure at his Lindenwald estate at 2 : 00 a.m. on July 24 , 1862 , at the age of 79 . He is buried in the Kinderhook Reformed Dutch Church Cemetery , as are his wife Hannah , his parents , and his son Martin Van Buren , Jr . Memorials and popular culture ( edit ) Main article : List of memorials to Martin Van Buren Van Buren 's home in Kinderhook , New York , which he called Lindenwald , is now the Martin Van Buren National Historic Site . Counties are named for Van Buren in Michigan , Iowa , Arkansas , and Tennessee . A mountain , a ship , three state parks and numerous towns were named after him . During the 1988 presidential campaign , George H.W. Bush , a Yale University graduate and member of the Skull and Bones secret society , was attempting to become the first incumbent Vice President to win election to the presidency since Van Buren . In the comic strip Doonesbury artist Garry Trudeau depicted members of Skull and Bones as attempting to rob Van Buren 's grave , apparently intending to use the relics in a ritual that would aid Bush in the election . On the television show `` Seinfeld '' , the episode `` The Van Buren Boys '' is about a fictional street gang that admires Van Buren and bases its rituals and symbols on him , including the hand sign of eight fingers pointing up . Eight fingers signifies Van Buren , the eighth President . Van Buren is portrayed by Nigel Hawthorne in the 1997 film Amistad . The film depicts the controversy and legal battle surrounding the status of slaves who in 1839 rebelled against their transporters on La Amistad slave ship . An allusion to Martin Van Buren is made during the one - act play Four Little Words . See also ( edit ) Book : Presidents of the United States ( 1789 -- 1860 ) American election campaigns in the 19th century Charlotte Dupuy , slave who worked for Van Buren at Decatur House , while her suit for freedom against Henry Clay proceeded List of Presidents of the United States List of Presidents of the United States , sortable by previous experience List of Presidents of the United States who owned slaves U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps References ( edit ) Jump up ^ pronunciation ( help info ) ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Life in Brief '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCullough , Noah ( 2006 ) . The Essential Book of Presidential Trivia . Random House . p. 44 . ISBN 9780307432186 . Jump up ^ Cole 1984 , pp. 3 , 9 ; Widmer 2005 , pp. 153 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Roberts , James A. ( 1898 ) . New York in the Revolution as Colony and State . Albany , NY : Brandow Printing Company . p. 109 . 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Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 69 . ISBN 0812207629 . Jump up ^ Lansford , Tom ; Woods , Thomas E. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Exploring American History : From Colonial Times to 1877 . 10 . New York : Marshall Cavendish . p. 1046 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7758 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1984 , pp. 58 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 456 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1984 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1984 , p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Landry , Alysa Landry ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Martin Van Buren : The Force Behind the Trail of Tears '' . Verona , New York : Indian Country Media Network . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sturgis , Amy H. ( 2006 ) . The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal . Greenwood . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0313336584 . Jump up ^ Anderson , William ( 1991 ) . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0820312541 . Jump up ^ `` Trail of Tears '' . history.com . A&E Television Networks . 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Martin van Buren ( 1782 - 1862 ) '' . Albany , New York : New Netherland Institute . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jahoda , Gloria ( 1975 ) . The Trail of Tears : The Story of the American Indian Removals 1813 - 1855 . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston . ISBN 0 - 03 - 014871 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Missall , John ; Missall , Mary Lou ( 2016 ) . `` History of the Seminole Wars '' . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lancaster , Jane F. ( 1994 ) . Removal Aftershock : The Seminoles ' Struggles to Survive in the West , 1836 - 1866 . Knoxville , Tennessee : University of Tennessee Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 845 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hauptman , Laurence M. ( 1999 ) . Conspiracy of Interests : Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press . p. 196 . 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Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robert Budd ( 1890 ) . `` The Patriot War '' . The Detroit Evening News , revised for the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society . pp. 11 -- 12 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nowlan , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Lacroix , Patrick ( 2016 ) . `` Choosing Peace and Order : National Security and Sovereignty in a North American Borderland , 1837 -- 42 '' . The International History Review . 38 ( 5 ) : 943 -- 960 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jennifer ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Side Trips : Fort Fairfield Block House Preserves Era of Conflict in Northern Maine '' . Maine Public . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wilson 1984 , pp. 164 - 166 . Jump up ^ `` 1837 - Aroostook War '' . Historycentral . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sibley , p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Kent Blockhouse '' . National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The High Comedy of the Bloodless Aroostook War '' . Stonington , Maine : New England Historical Society . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1984 , pp. 166 - 167 . Jump up ^ United States v . The Amistad , Findlaw , accessed 30 March 2013 Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren , First Inaugural , March 4 , 1837 AMDOCS : Documents for the Study of American History '' . Vlib.us . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . I must go into the Presidential chair with the inflexible and uncompromising opponent of every attempt on the part of Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia against the wishes of the slaveholding States , and also with a determination equally decided to resist the slightest interference with it in the States where it exists . Jump up ^ Kidder , David S. ; Oppenheim , Noah D. ( 2007 ) . The Intellectual Devotional : American History ; Revive Your Mind , Complete Your Education , and Converse Confidently about Our Nation 's Past . TID Volumes , LLC . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59486 - 744 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Amistad Story '' . Amistad : Seeking Freedom in Connecticut . National Park Service 's National Register of Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Narrative '' . Teaching and Civic Outreach Resources Amistad : The Federal Courts and the Challenge to Slavery -- Historical Background and Documents . Washington , D.C. : Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Judicial Center : Search by Nominating President ; Martin Van Buren '' . Federal Judicial Center . Federal Judicial Center Foundation . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Caroli , Betty Boyd ( 2003 ) . First Ladies . Oxford University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 5 - 16676 - 0 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Van Buren 's Presidential Hostess '' . America 's Story . Library of Congress . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Carl ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` First Ladies Never Married to Presidents : Angelica Van Buren '' . National First Ladies Library . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cole , p. 358 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic National Political Conventions 1832 - 2008 '' . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1984 , pp. 191 -- 195 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Context : Setting the Stage '' . Teaching with Historic Places : Martin Van Buren 's `` Return to the Soil '' ( 39 ) . National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Manweller , Mathew Manweller ( ed . ) . Chronology of the U.S. Presidency. 1 . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 645 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1984 , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1984 , pp. 203 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1984 , pp. 206 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 478 -- 479 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 487 -- 488 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 488 -- 494 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , p. 501 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 504 -- 505 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Robert S. ( March 1955 ) . `` The Democratic National Convention of 1844 '' . Tennessee Historical Quarterly . 14 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 23 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 516 -- 520 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 518 -- 520 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , p. 520 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 520 -- 521 , 525 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 525 -- 527 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 528 -- 529 . Jump up ^ Moore , John Trotwood ; Foster , Austin Powers ( 1923 ) . Tennessee : The Volunteer State , 1769 -- 1923 . S.J. Clarke Publishing Company . p. 422 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 533 -- 534 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 535 -- 538 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , p. 538 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , p. 539 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 539 -- 540 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 541 -- 542 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 547 -- 548 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , p. 548 . Jump up ^ Cole , p. 405 Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 550 -- 556 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 564 -- 565 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 543 -- 544 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 570 -- 571 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Claudine L. ( 2006 ) . The Abolitionist Movement . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33180 - 4 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 567 -- 570 . Jump up ^ Silbey 2002 , pp. 193 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 575 -- 576 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , p. 580 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 581 -- 585 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 585 -- 586 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 587 -- 589 . Jump up ^ Manweller , Mathew ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) . Chronology of the U.S. Presidency in 4 Volumes , Volume 1 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 645 - 4 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 598 -- 602 . Jump up ^ Silbey 2002 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Silbey 2002 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , p. 596 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , p. 605 . ^ Jump up to : Niven 1983 , p. 610 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 604 -- 605 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , pp. 605 -- 606 . Jump up ^ Niven 1983 , p. 607 . Jump up ^ Cole 1984 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Widmer 2005 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , Leslie Whittaker ( 1988 ) . Our Vice-Presidents and Second Ladies . Metuchen , NJ : Scarecrow Press . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Butler , William Allen ( 1862 ) . Martin Van Buren : Lawyer , Statesman and Man . New York , NY : D. Appleton and Company . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Brian & the C - SPAN staff ( 2000 ) . Who 's Buried in Grant 's Tomb ? : A Tour of Presidential Gravesites . Washington , DC : National Cable Satellite Corporation . ISBN 1 - 881846 - 07 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred Years in the Making : Lindenwald Celebrates `` Being Forty and Fabulous '' `` . Martin Van Buren National Historic Site . Washington , DC : National Park Service . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gannett , Henry ( 1905 ) . The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 309 . Jump up ^ Widmer 2005 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Loizeau , Pierre - Marie ( 2008 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Little Magician . Nova Science Publishers . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Van Buren Boys '' . Seinfeld Scripts . SeinfeldScripts.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Spielberg 's `` Amistad '' ( 1997 ) `` . University of Missouri - Kansas City . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Brooke , John L. ( 2010 ) . Columbia Rising : Civil Life on the Upper Hudson from the Revolution to the Age of Jackson . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3323 - 0 . Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04715 - 7 . Howe , Daniel Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : the Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . Oxford , NY : Oxford University Press . Niven , John ( 1983 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Romantic Age of American Politics . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503238 - 3 . Remini , Robert V. ( 1959 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0231022883 . Shepard , Edward M. ( 1899 ) ( 1888 ) . Martin Van Buren ( Kindle ed . ) . Boston , MA : Houghton , Mifflin and Co . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2243 - 1 . OCLC 396967 . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2002 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2243 - 5 . Widmer , Edward L. ( 2005 ) . Martin Van Buren . The American Presidents ( Kindle ed . ) . New York : Times Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6922 - 8 . Wilson , Major L. ( 1984 ) . The Presidency of Martin Van Buren . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0238 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Books by Van Buren ( edit ) These were published posthumously : Van Buren , Martin ( 1867 ) . Van Buren , Abraham ; Van Buren , John , eds . Inquiry into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States . New York : Hurd and Houghton . ISBN 1 - 4181 - 2924 - 0 . Van Buren , Martin ( 1920 ) . Fitzpatrick , John Clement , ed . The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren . Annual Report Of The American Historical Association For The Year 1918 . II . Washington D.C. : Govt . Print . Off . ISBN 0 - 678 - 00531 - 1 . Books about Van Buren ( edit ) Alexander , Holmes ( 1935 ) . The American Talleyrand : Martin Van Buren . Cole , Donald B ( 2004 rpt . ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Curtis , James C. ( 1970 ) . The Fox at Bay : Martin Van Buren and the Presidency , 1837 -- 1841 . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 1214 - 5 . Derthick , Martha ( 13 June 1999 ) . Dilemmas of Scale in America 's Federal Democracy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64039 - 8 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Gammon , Samuel Rhea ( 1922 ) . The Presidential Campaign of 1832 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press . Henretta , James A. ( 2004 ) . `` Martin Van Buren '' . In Brinkley , Alan ; Dyer , Davis . The American Presidency . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 103 -- 114 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 38273 - 9 . Holt , Michael F. ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party : Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505544 - 3 . Lynch , Denis Tilden ( 1929 ) . An Epoch and a Man : Martin Van Buren and His Times . New York : H. Liveright . Schouler , James ( 1889 ) . History of the United States of America : 1831 -- 1847 . Democrats and Whigs. 4 . Washington , D.C. : W.H. Morrison . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2009 ) . Party Over Section : The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848 . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1640 - 4 . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837 -- 1861 . Wiley . pp. 109 -- 154 . ISBN 9781118609293 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMartin Van Burenat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity White House biography United States Congress . `` Martin Van Buren ( id : V000009 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Martin Van Buren : A Resource Guide at the Library of Congress The Papers of Martin Van Buren at Cumberland University American President : Martin Van Buren ( 1782 -- 1862 ) at the Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia Inaugural Address ( March 4 , 1837 ) , at the Miller Center Martin Van Buren National Historic Site ( Lindenwald ) , National Park Service `` Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren '' , from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits , May 3 , 1999 Works by Martin Van Buren at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Martin Van Buren at Internet Archive Works by Martin Van Buren at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Offices and distinctions Legal offices Preceded by Abraham Van Vechten Attorney General of New York 1815 -- 1819 Succeeded by Thomas J. Oakley U.S. Senate Preceded by Nathan Sanford Senator ( Class 1 ) from New York 1821 -- 1828 Served alongside : Rufus King , Nathan Sanford Succeeded by Charles E. Dudley Preceded by William Smith Chairperson of the Senate Judiciary Committee 1823 -- 1828 Succeeded by John Macpherson Berrien Political offices Preceded by Nathaniel Pitcher Governor of New York 1829 Succeeded by Enos T. Throop Preceded by Henry Clay United States Secretary of State 1829 -- 1831 Succeeded by Edward Livingston Preceded by John C. Calhoun Vice President of the United States 1833 -- 1837 Succeeded by Richard Mentor Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson 8th President of the United States 1837 -- 1841 Succeeded by William Henry Harrison Diplomatic posts Preceded by Louis McLane United States Minister to the United Kingdom 1831 -- 1832 Succeeded by Aaron Vail Acting Party political offices Preceded by John C. Calhoun Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1832 Succeeded by Richard Mentor Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson Democratic nominee for President of the United States 1836 , 1840 Succeeded by James K. Polk New political party Free Soil nominee for President of the United States 1848 Succeeded by John P. Hale Honorary titles Preceded by John Quincy Adams Oldest living President of the United States 1848 -- 1862 Succeeded by James Buchanan Articles related to Martin Van Buren Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama Trump Book Category Vice Presidents of the United States ( list ) John Adams ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801 -- 1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805 -- 1812 ) Elbridge Gerry ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Daniel D. Tompkins ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John C. Calhoun ( 1825 -- 1832 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1833 -- 1837 ) Richard M. Johnson ( 1837 -- 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 ) George M. Dallas ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1849 -- 1850 ) William R. King ( 1853 ) John C. Breckinridge ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Hannibal Hamlin ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) Schuyler Colfax ( 1869 -- 1873 ) Henry Wilson ( 1873 -- 1875 ) William A. Wheeler ( 1877 -- 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) Thomas A. Hendricks ( 1885 ) Levi P. Morton ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Adlai Stevenson ( 1893 -- 1897 ) Garret Hobart ( 1897 -- 1899 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) Charles W. Fairbanks ( 1905 -- 1909 ) James S. Sherman ( 1909 -- 1912 ) Thomas R. Marshall ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Charles Curtis ( 1929 -- 1933 ) John Nance Garner ( 1933 -- 1941 ) Henry A. Wallace ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) Alben W. Barkley ( 1949 -- 1953 ) Richard Nixon ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Hubert Humphrey ( 1965 -- 1969 ) Spiro Agnew ( 1969 -- 1973 ) Gerald Ford ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Nelson Rockefeller ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Walter Mondale ( 1977 -- 1981 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1981 -- 1989 ) Dan Quayle ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017 -- present ) List Category Governors and Lieutenant Governors of New York Governors G. Clinton Jay G. Clinton Lewis Tompkins Tayler D. Clinton Yates D. Clinton Pitcher Van Buren Throop Marcy Seward Bouck Wright Young Fish Hunt Seymour Clark King Morgan Seymour Fenton Hoffman J. Adams Dix Tilden Robinson Cornell Cleveland Hill Flower Morton Black T. Roosevelt Odell Higgins Hughes White J. Alden Dix Sulzer Glynn Whitman Smith Miller Smith F. Roosevelt Lehman Poletti Dewey Harriman Rockefeller Wilson Carey M. Cuomo Pataki Spitzer Paterson A. Cuomo Lieutenant Governors Van Cortlandt S. Van Rensselaer J. Van Rensselaer Broome Tayler Clinton Tayler Swift Tayler Root Tallmadge Pitcher P. Livingston Dayan Throop Stebbins Oliver E. Livingston Tracy Bradish Dickinson Gardiner Lester Fish Patterson Church Raymond Selden Campbell Floyd - Jones Alvord Woodford Beach Robinson Dorsheimer Hoskins Hill McCarthy Jones Sheehan Saxton Woodruff Higgins Bruce Raines Chanler White Cobb Conway Glynn Wagner Schoeneck Walker Wood Lusk Lunn Lowman Corning Lehman Bray Poletti Hanley Wallace Hanley Moore Wicks Mahoney DeLuca Wilson Anderson Krupsak Cuomo DelBello Anderson Lundine McCaughey Donohue Paterson Bruno Skelos Smith Espada Ravitch Duffy Hochul Italics indicate acting officeholders United States Senators from New York Class 1 Schuyler Burr Schuyler Hobart North Watson Morris Bailey Armstrong Mitchill German Sanford Van Buren Dudley Tallmadge Dickinson Fish P. King Morgan Fenton Kernan Platt Miller Hiscock Murphy Depew O'Gorman Calder Copeland Mead Ives Keating Kennedy Goodell Buckley Moynihan H. Clinton Gillibrand Class 3 R. King Laurance Armstrong D. Clinton Armstrong Smith R. King Sanford Marcy Wright Foster Dix Seward Harris Conkling Lapham Evarts Hill Platt Root Wadsworth Wagner Dulles Lehman Javits D'Amato Schumer Attorneys General of New York Benson Varick Burr M. Lewis Lawrence J. Hoffman Spencer Woodworth Hildreth Van Vechten Hildreth Emmet Van Vechten M. Van Buren Oakley Talcott Bronson Beardsley Hall Barker J. Van Buren Jordan Chatfield Stow O Hoffman Cushing Tremain Myers Dickinson Cochrane Martindale Champlain Barlow Pratt Fairchild Schoonmaker Ward Sr . Russell O'Brien Tabor Rosendale Hancock Davies Cunneen Mayer Jackson O'Malley Carmody Parsons Woodbury M.E. Lewis Newton Sherman Ottinger Ward Jr . Bennett Goldstein Javits Lefkowitz Abrams Koppell Vacco Spitzer Cuomo Schneiderman Underwood * Acting Attorney General United States Secretaries of State Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781 -- 89 R. Livingston Jay Secretary of State 1789 -- present Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher Albright Powell Rice ( tenure ) Clinton ( tenure ) Kerry ( tenure ) Tillerson Pompeo Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James 's Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1785 -- 1811 John Adams ( 1785 -- 1788 ) Thomas Pinckney ( 1792 -- 1796 ) Rufus King ( 1796 -- 1803 ) James Monroe ( 1803 -- 1807 ) William Pinkney ( 1808 -- 1811 ) Jonathan Russell ( chargé d'affaires ) ( 1811 -- 1812 ) Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1815 -- 1893 John Quincy Adams ( 1815 -- 1817 ) Richard Rush ( 1818 -- 1825 ) Rufus King ( 1825 -- 1826 ) Albert Gallatin ( 1826 -- 1827 ) James Barbour ( 1828 -- 1829 ) Louis McLane ( 1829 -- 1831 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1831 -- 1832 ) Aaron Vail ( chargé d'affaires ) ( 1832 -- 1836 ) Andrew Stevenson ( 1836 -- 1841 ) Edward Everett ( 1841 -- 1845 ) Louis McLane ( 1845 -- 1846 ) George Bancroft ( 1846 -- 1849 ) Abbott Lawrence ( 1849 -- 1852 ) Joseph R. Ingersoll ( 1852 -- 1853 ) James Buchanan ( 1853 -- 1856 ) George M. Dallas ( 1856 -- 1861 ) Charles Adams Sr. ( 1861 -- 1868 ) Reverdy Johnson ( 1868 -- 1869 ) John Lothrop Motley ( 1869 -- 1870 ) Robert C. Schenck ( 1871 -- 1876 ) Edwards Pierrepont ( 1876 -- 1877 ) John Welsh ( 1877 -- 1879 ) James Russell Lowell ( 1880 -- 1885 ) Edward J. Phelps ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Robert Todd Lincoln ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1893 -- present Thomas F. Bayard Sr. ( 1893 -- 1897 ) John Hay ( 1897 -- 1898 ) Joseph Choate ( 1899 -- 1905 ) Whitelaw Reid ( 1905 -- 1912 ) Walter Page ( 1913 - 1918 ) John W. Davis ( 1918 -- 1921 ) George Harvey ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Frank B. Kellogg ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Alanson B. Houghton ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1929 -- 1931 ) Andrew W. Mellon ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Robert Bingham ( 1933 -- 1937 ) Joseph P. Kennedy ( 1938 -- 1940 ) John G. Winant ( 1941 -- 1946 ) W. Averell Harriman ( 1946 ) Lewis W. Douglas ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Walter S. Gifford ( 1950 -- 1953 ) Winthrop W. Aldrich ( 1953 -- 1957 ) John Hay Whitney ( 1957 -- 1961 ) David K.E. Bruce ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Walter H. Annenberg ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Anne Armstrong ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Kingman Brewster Jr. ( 1977 -- 1981 ) John J. Louis Jr. ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Charles H. Price II ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Henry E. Catto Jr. ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Raymond G.H. Seitz ( 1991 -- 1994 ) William J. Crowe ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Philip Lader ( 1997 -- 2001 ) William Stamps Farish III ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Robert H. Tuttle ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Louis Susman ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Matthew Barzun ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Woody Johnson ( 2017 -- ) Chairmen of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Chase Crittenden Burrill Smith Van Buren Berrien Rowan Marcy Wilkins Clayton Grundy Wall Berrien Ashley Butler Bayard Trumbull Wright Edmunds Thurman Edmunds Hoar Pugh Hoar Platt Clark Culberson Nelson Brandegee Cummins Norris Ashurst Van Nuys McCarran Wiley McCarran Langer Kilgore Eastland Kennedy Thurmond Biden Hatch Leahy Hatch Leahy Hatch Specter Leahy Grassley United States Democratic Party Chairpersons of the DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd / Fowler Romer / Grossman Rendell / Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Presidential tickets Jackson / Calhoun Jackson / Van Buren Van Buren / R. Johnson Van Buren / None Polk / Dallas Cass / Butler Pierce / King Buchanan / Breckinridge Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) McClellan / Pendleton Seymour / Blair Greeley / Brown Tilden / Hendricks Hancock / English Cleveland / Hendricks Cleveland / Thurman Cleveland / Stevenson I W. Bryan / Sewall W. Bryan / Stevenson I Parker / H. Davis W. Bryan / Kern Wilson / Marshall ( twice ) Cox / Roosevelt J. Davis / C. Bryan Smith / Robinson Roosevelt / Garner ( twice ) Roosevelt / Wallace Roosevelt / Truman Truman / Barkley Stevenson II / Sparkman Stevenson II / Kefauver Kennedy / L. Johnson L. Johnson / Humphrey Humphrey / Muskie McGovern / ( Eagleton , Shriver ) Carter / Mondale ( twice ) Mondale / Ferraro Dukakis / Bentsen B. Clinton / Gore ( twice ) Gore / Lieberman Kerry / Edwards Obama / Biden ( twice ) H. Clinton / Kaine State / Territorial Parties Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia Guam Puerto Rico Conventions ( List ) 1832 ( Baltimore ) 1835 ( Baltimore ) 1840 ( Baltimore ) 1844 ( Baltimore ) 1848 ( Baltimore ) 1852 ( Baltimore ) 1856 ( Cincinnati ) 1860 ( Baltimore ) 1864 ( Chicago ) 1868 ( New York ) 1872 ( Baltimore ) 1876 ( Saint Louis ) 1880 ( Cincinnati ) 1884 ( Chicago ) 1888 ( Saint Louis ) 1892 ( Chicago ) 1896 ( Chicago ) 1900 ( Kansas City ) 1904 ( Saint Louis ) 1908 ( Denver ) 1912 ( Baltimore ) 1916 ( Saint Louis ) 1920 ( San Francisco ) 1924 ( New York ) 1928 ( Houston ) 1932 ( Chicago ) 1936 ( Philadelphia ) 1940 ( Chicago ) 1944 ( Chicago ) 1948 ( Philadelphia ) 1952 ( Chicago ) 1956 ( Chicago ) 1960 ( Los Angeles ) 1964 ( Atlantic City ) 1968 ( Chicago ) 1972 ( Miami Beach ) 1976 ( New York ) 1980 ( New York ) 1984 ( San Francisco ) 1988 ( Atlanta ) 1992 ( New York ) 1996 ( Chicago ) 2000 ( Los Angeles ) 2004 ( Boston ) 2008 ( Denver ) 2012 ( Charlotte ) 2016 ( Philadelphia ) Affiliated groups Fundraising Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Democratic Governors Association Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee National Conference of Democratic Mayors Sectional College Democrats of America Democrats Abroad National Federation of Democratic Women Stonewall Democrats Stonewall Young Democrats Young Democrats of America High School Democrats of America Related articles History Primaries Debates Party factions Superdelegate 2005 chairmanship election 2017 chairmanship election Liberalism portal ( 1832 ← ) United States presidential election , 1836 ( 1840 → ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee Richard M. Johnson Whig Party Nominees William H. Harrison Hugh L. White Daniel Webster Willie P. Mangum VP nominees Francis Granger John Tyler Other 1836 elections : House Senate ( 1836 ← ) United States presidential election , 1840 ( 1844 → ) Whig Party Convention Nominee William H. Harrison ( campaign ) VP nominee John Tyler Candidates Henry Clay Winfield Scott Democratic Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee None Other 1840 elections : House Senate ( 1840 ← ) United States presidential election , 1844 ( 1848 → ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee James K. Polk VP nominee George M. Dallas Candidates Martin Van Buren James Buchanan Lewis Cass Richard M. Johnson Whig Party Convention Nominee Henry Clay VP nominee Theodore Frelinghuysen Other 1844 elections : House Senate ( 1844 ← ) United States presidential election , 1848 ( 1852 → ) Whig Party Convention Nominee Zachary Taylor VP nominee Millard Fillmore Candidates Henry Clay John M. Clayton Winfield Scott Daniel Webster Democratic Party Convention Nominee Lewis Cass VP nominee William O. Butler Candidates James Buchanan Levi Woodbury Martin Van Buren Free Soil Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee Charles F. Adams Candidates John P. Hale Joshua R. Giddings Other 1848 elections : House Senate Biography portal Government of the United States portal New York portal Politics portal Law portal United States portal BIBSYS : 90116949 BNF : cb119724137 ( data ) GND : 118803824 ISNI : 0000 0000 8150 1034 LCCN : n80057180 NARA : 10581382 NDL : 00526954 NKC : xx0105898 SNAC : w6q34p4z SUDOC : 027747565 US Congress : V000009 VIAF : 69725811 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&oldid=843590253 '' Categories : 1782 births 1862 deaths Presidents of the United States Vice Presidents of the United States 18th - century American people 18th - century Calvinist and Reformed Christians 19th - century American diplomats 19th - century American politicians 19th - century Calvinist and Reformed Christians Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom American members of the Dutch Reformed Church American people of Dutch descent Burials in New York ( state ) Claverack College alumni Deaths from asthma Democratic Party ( United States ) presidential nominees Democratic Party ( United States ) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party Presidents of the United States Democratic Party Vice Presidents of the United States Democratic Party state governors of the United States Democratic - Republican Party United States Senators Governors of New York ( state ) Jackson administration cabinet members New York ( state ) Democratic - Republicans New York ( state ) Democrats New York ( state ) Free Soilers New York ( state ) lawyers New York State Attorneys General New York State Senators People from Kinderhook , New York Reformed Church in America members American slave owners United States Secretaries of State United States Senators from New York ( state ) United States presidential candidates , 1836 United States presidential candidates , 1840 United States presidential candidates , 1844 United States presidential candidates , 1848 United States presidential electors , 1820 United States vice-presidential candidates , 1824 United States vice-presidential candidates , 1832 American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law Van Buren family Martin Van Buren Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with short description Pages using infobox officeholder with ambassador from or minister from Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Bislama Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 105 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 11 . 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8th president of the united states of america
[ "\n\nMartin Van Buren\n\n\n\nVan Buren in retirement circa 1855\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8th President of the United States\n\n\nIn office\nMarch 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841\n\n\nVice President\nRichard M. Johnson\n\n\nPreceded by\nAndrew Jackson\n\n\nSucceeded by\nWilliam Henry Harrison\n\n\n8th Vice President of the United States\n\n\nIn office\nMarch 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837\n\n\nPresident\nAndrew Jackson\n\n\nPreceded by\nJohn C. Calhoun\n\n\nSucceeded by\nRichard M. Johnson\n\n\nUnited States Minister to the United Kingdom\n\n\nIn office\nAugust 8, 1831 – April 4, 1832\n\n\nNominated by\nAndrew Jackson\n\n\nPreceded by\nLouis McLane\n\n\nSucceeded by\nAaron Vail (Acting)\n\n\n10th United States Secretary of State\n\n\nIn office\nMarch 28, 1829 – May 23, 1831\n\n\nPresident\nAndrew Jackson\n\n\nPreceded by\nHenry Clay\n\n\nSucceeded by\nEdward Livingston\n\n\n9th Governor of New York\n\n\nIn office\nJanuary 1, 1829 – March 12, 1829\n\n\nLieutenant\nEnos T. Throop\n\n\nPreceded by\nNathaniel Pitcher\n\n\nSucceeded by\nEnos T. Throop\n\n\nUnited States Senator\nfrom New York\n\n\nIn office\nMarch 4, 1821 – December 20, 1828\n\n\nPreceded by\nNathan Sanford\n\n\nSucceeded by\nCharles E. Dudley\n\n\nAttorney General of New York\n\n\nIn office\nFebruary 17, 1815 – July 8, 1819\n\n\nGovernor\nDaniel D. Tompkins\nJohn Tayler (Acting)\nDeWitt Clinton\n\n\nPreceded by\nAbraham Van Vechten\n\n\nSucceeded by\nThomas J. Oakley\n\n\nMember of the New York State Senate\n\n\nIn office\n1813–1820\n\n\nPreceded by\nEdward Philip Livingston\n\n\nSucceeded by\nJohn I. Miller\n\n\nSurrogate of Columbia County, New York\n\n\nIn office\n1808–1813\n\n\nPreceded by\nJames I. Van Alen\n\n\nSucceeded by\nJames Vanderpoel\n\n\n\n\n\nPersonal details\n\n\nBorn\nMaarten Van Buren[1]\n(1782-12-05)December 5, 1782\nKinderhook, New York, U.S.\n\n\nDied\nJuly 24, 1862(1862-07-24) (aged 79)\nKinderhook, New York, U.S.\n\n\nResting place\nKinderhook Cemetery\n\n\nNationality\nAmerican\n\n\nPolitical party\nDemocratic-Republican (1799–1825)\nDemocratic (1825–48; 1852–62)\nFree Soil (1848–52)\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nHannah Hoes (m. 1807; d. 1819)\n\n\nChildren\nAbraham, John, Martin Jr., Smith,[2] and Winfield.[3]\n\n\nParents\nAbraham Van Buren\nMaria Hoes Van Alen\n\n\nProfession\nLawyer, politician\n\n\nSignature\n\n\n\nNickname(s)\nOld Kinderhook, The Little Magician\n\n" ]
[ "Martin Van Buren" ]
-6320380311538700108
Last Kiss
Last Kiss - wikipedia Last Kiss Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Last Kiss ( disambiguation ) . `` Last Kiss '' Single by Wayne Cochran B - side `` Funny Feeling '' Written by : Joe Carpenter and Milt ( Pete ) Skelton Released 1961 Format Vinyl Recorded 1961 in Athens , Georgia on UGA 's Campus , ( original version ) 1963 in Macon , Georgia ( re-recorded version ) Label Gala ( original version -- 1961 ) King ( re-recorded version -- 1963 ) Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Cochran , Joe Carpenter , Randall Hoyal & Bobby McGlon `` Last Kiss '' is a song released by Wayne Cochran in 1961 on the Gala label . It failed to do well on the charts . Cochran subsequently re-recorded his song for the King label in 1963 . It was later revived by J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers , Pearl Jam and several international artists , including the Canadian group Wednesday , with varying degrees of success . The song was one of several teen tragedy songs from that period . The song 's opening lyrics mirror the opening lyrics of Septimus Winner 's `` Der Deitcher 's Dog '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 The song 's story 2 Original version 3 J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers version 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Wednesday version 5.1 Charts 5.1. 1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Pearl Jam version 6.1 Origin and recording 6.2 Release and reception 6.3 Live performances 6.4 Track listing 6.5 Charts and certifications 6.5. 1 Weekly charts 6.5. 2 Year - end charts 6.5. 3 Certifications 7 Other cover versions 8 References The song 's story ( edit ) The singer borrows his father 's car to take his beloved sweetheart out on a romantic date ( on a rainy night ) . Coming upon a stalled car in the road , the singer swerves to the right to avoid it , losing control and crashing violently in the process . The crash renders both the singer and his girlfriend unconscious . The singer later regains consciousness and finds several people at the scene of the accident , but was still able to find his girlfriend , still lying unconscious . When the singer cradles his girlfriend lovingly in his arms , she regains partial consciousness , smiling and asking the singer to `` hold me , darling , for a little while . '' The singer then gives his sweetheart what would be their `` last romantic kiss '' as she fades into death and enters the afterlife . In the song 's chorus , the singer vows to be a good boy so that he may reunite with his dear sweetheart when his time comes , believing she has made it into Heaven . This song is about Jeanette Clark and J.L. Hancock , who were both 16 years old when their car hit a tractor - trailer on a road in rural Barnesville , Georgia . They were on a date a few days before Christmas in 1962 . A local gas station attendant helping with the recovery of the bodies did not recognize his own daughter . Hancock and Clark 's friend Wayne Cooper , who was riding with them , was killed instantly . Their two other friends , Jewel Emerson and Ed Shockley , survived with serious injuries . Wayne Cochran 's drummer had been dating Jeannette Clark 's sister at the time of the wreck . This was written by Wayne Cochran , who lived on Route 1941 in Georgia , which was about 15 miles away from the crash . It was a busy road , and Cochran saw lots of accidents on it . He was working on a song based on all the crashes he saw , and was about halfway done with it when he heard about the wreck in Barnesville . There was an intense emotional response from the community after the tragedy , and Cochran used those feelings to finish the song , which he dedicated it to Jeanette Clark . ( http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=2323 ) Original version ( edit ) By Wayne Cochran , Joe Carpenter , Randall Hoyal & Bobby McGlon ( 1961 ) In the summer of 1961 , four friends traveled to the University of Georgia in Athens , Georgia , to record a song Wayne Cochran had written , with Joe Carpenter , Randall Hoyal and Bobby McGlon , called `` Last Kiss '' . Wayne Cochran ( vocals ) , Joe Carpenter ( guitar ) , Bobby Rakestraw ( bass ) , and Jerry Reppert ( drums ) recorded the song for the Gala label , a small label based in Vidalia . When the labels for the 45s , Gala # 117 , were printed , the names of co-writers Joe Carpenter , Randall Hoyal and Bobby McGlon were left off . Cochran evidently never asked Gala to change the label , to include the other names ; to this day Cochran is the only one credited with writing `` Last Kiss '' . Cochran would go on to re-record the song for release on Aire Records ( 1962 ) , in a slightly different tempo , with some changes to the lyrics and for re-release on King Records in 1963 . In all , Cochran recorded four versions of the song , the original , Gala # 117 , Boblo Records # 101 , King Records # 5856 , and Aire Records # 150 , released as `` Last Kiss '' b / w `` Edge of the Sea '' , with Cochran sharing vocals with an unnamed male vocalist . The Aire disc was easily the most different version of all , with heavy reverb and a staccato drumbeat . Aire Records , located in Dublin , Georgia , credited the song to Perry Music , as did the Gala recording . The Boblo disc credited `` Last Kiss '' to Macon Music , while the King record cited Boblo - BMI . The Boblo record featured `` Last Kiss II '' b / w `` Hey ! Baby '' ( Boblo 101 - A ) , produced by Bobby Smith , offering another take on the song , with different lyrics , a faster tempo , and different instrumentation . A fifth version of the song was cobbled from the Boblo recording , rechanneled for stereo , on Radical Musik Records , probably around 1973 . The original opens with the sound of a screeching crash , then the drums start , and the bass picks up the beat ; in contrast , the final version sounds like a cross between a pop arrangement and a reggae recording . Cochran loaded 45s in the trunk of his car , taking them along to gigs , to sell to fans , although it did n't help much . Over the course of the four versions , Cochran expanded his ( and his co-writers ' ) concept of the song , seeking a wider audience . Cochran would later go on to Miami , where he found moderate success playing nightclubs , with his band , CC Ryders . Jackie Gleason had Cochran on his television show several times . Cochran went into the ministry , in later years ; he does n't talk about his rock and roll years anymore . A long - running rumor held the song was based on an auto accident that killed 16 - year - old Jeanette Clark , who was on a date with J.L. Hancock , also 16 , in Barnesville , Georgia , on December 22 , 1962 . It was the Saturday before Christmas ; the pair were with a group of friends , riding in a 1954 Chevrolet , driven by Hancock , in heavy traffic . While traveling on U.S. Route 341 , their car hit a tractor trailer carrying a load of logs in rural Barnesville , Georgia ; Clark , Hancock and Wayne Cooper were killed . Two other teens in the car were seriously injured , but survived . However , this tragedy could not be the source of the song , as it had been recorded in the summer of 1961 , more than a year earlier . Ironically , Wayne Cochran lived on Georgia State Route 19 / 41 , when he wrote `` Last Kiss '' , only 15 miles away from the crash site . He re-recorded `` Last Kiss '' , for release on King Records , in 1962 , dedicating it to Clark , a fact which probably explains association of the song with the tragic crash . On September 18 , 1961 , Billboard Music Week printed a review of the song `` Last Kiss '' and gave it three stars but said nothing about the song itself in the review . None of the records charted , failing even to reach the `` Bubbling Under '' level , although the record was a local hit in Georgia , before it disappeared . Billboard had kind words for the B - Side , in its review of `` Last Kiss '' -- giving four stars to the song called `` Funny Feeling '' , on the flip side , written by Joe Carpenter and Milt `` Pete '' Skelton . The reviewer said , `` Blues , chanted in relaxed style , with a funky guitar backing . Derivative but a good job . '' `` Funny Feeling '' did n't make an impression on disc jockeys , either . J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers version ( edit ) `` Last Kiss '' Danish vinyl single Single by J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers from the album Last Kiss B - side `` That 's How Much I Love You '' Released 5 September 1964 Format Vinyl Recorded August 1964 in San Angelo , Texas Accurate Sound Co . Length 2 : 25 Label Josie Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Cochran , Joe Carpenter , Randall Hoyal & Bobby McGlon Producer ( s ) Sonley Roush `` Last Kiss '' came to the attention of record promoter Sonley Roush , a Texas promoter eking out a living , looking for the next big thing . Roush brought the song to a group that he booked around West Texas , the Cavaliers of San Angelo , with the proviso that singer J. Frank Wilson was still with the band . Wilson joined the Cavaliers after his discharge from Goodfellow Air Force Base ( San Angelo , Texas ) in 1962 , but had left for a while , unsure of the future . Credit should be given also to Sid Holmes of San Angelo for founding the original Cavaliers band in c. 1956 . He later discovered J. Frank Wilson in the early sixties and invited him to join the band and did sign him . Holmes , a fine rockabilly guitarist also taught future Cavalier Lewis Elliott to play bass guitar , and he brought Jim Wynne into the band also , to play piano . Sonley Roush , would subsequently split the group to place lead singer Wilson with another musician or two . By this time Holmes had already left the group . Be that as it may , J. Frank Wilson ( vocalist ) , Gene Croyle ( guitar ) , Roland Atkinson ( drums ) , Lewis Elliott ( bass ) , Jim Wynne ( piano ) , Sonley Roush and Ron Newdoll ( studio owner and engineer ) were all at ' Accurate Sound Recording studio ' in San Angelo around 1 : 00 pm in early August , 1964 , when they made the record that would bring them lasting fame . The band worked all afternoon on the song , recording it over and over , with few pauses , for three straight hours , until Roush was satisfied , with take number 64 . The record was first released locally , on Le Cam Records ( # 722 ) , then on Tamara Records ( # 761 ) , becoming a local hit . Eventually released on Josie Records ( # 923 ) , the record became a hit in the Fall of 1964 . Released on September 5 , 1964 , Josie 923 spent 15 weeks on the charts , reaching number 2 on November 7 , spending 15 weeks on the charts , held out of the top spot by `` Baby Love '' , the 2nd number 1 hit for The Supremes , which spent 4 weeks in the top spot . `` Last Kiss '' would spend 8 weeks in the top ten ; the record selling over one million copies , and propelling the resulting album onto the album charts . The Le Cam # 722 - A disc is noted as 2m 14s , while both the Tamara Records # 761 release , and the Josie Records # 923 platter has a time of 2m 25s , an 11 - second difference . J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers had their first commercial success with `` Last Kiss '' . Their cover version reached the Top 10 in October , staying for 8 weeks . It eventually reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts , and also earned the band a gold record . Roush took a reconstituted version of the band , J. Frank Wilson , Gene Croyle , Bobby Wood , Jerome Graham , and Phil Trunzo , on a brutal promotional tour , in support of the record . On a concert trip to Ohio , the band had just left Parksburg , West Virginia , heading to Lima , Ohio , for a performance at the Candy Cane Club . At about 5 : 15 a.m. , Roush apparently fell asleep at the wheel . The car drifted across the centerline and rammed head - on into a trailer truck . Roush was killed instantly , but Wilson , sitting in the front seat , and Bobby Wood ( vocalist / piano ) from Memphis , sitting in the back , suffered serious injuries , including broken ribs and a broken ankle . He went on with the tour , though , taking only a week off . People still remember him coming out on the stage on crutches to sing `` Last Kiss '' and `` Hey , Little One '' . The second accident had an effect on record sales , nevertheless , pushing the song to number 2 ( it had stalled at number 3 ) on the national charts . The Last Kiss album cover shows Wilson kneeling over the young woman portraying the dying girl . Supposedly , first printings of the cover showed blood trickling down the girl 's face , but it was air - brushed out by the record company for fear that alienating parents would limit sales of the album . Wilson would continue to record , unsuccessfully , until 1978 . He died on October 4 , 1991 , due to alcoholism caused by business stresses and pain caused from his injuries in the car wreck . When he died , he was in a nursing home , only 49 years old . Wilson had been cheated out of all the money the record brought in , by his label and manager . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1973 -- 74 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 92 US Cash Box Top 100 74 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 9 Wednesday version ( edit ) `` Last Kiss '' Single by Wednesday from the album Last Kiss B - side `` Without You '' Released 1973 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop Label Ampex Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Cochran , Joe Carpenter , Randall Hoyal & Bobby McGlon Wednesday singles chronology `` Last Kiss '' ( 1973 ) `` Teen Angel '' ( 1974 ) `` Last Kiss '' ( 1973 ) `` Teen Angel '' ( 1974 ) In 1973 , `` Last Kiss '' was covered by the Canadian group Wednesday . Their version reached number two in Canada and number 34 in the United States . It is ranked as the 27th biggest Canadian hit of 1973 . Their version climbed up the charts very slowly , and spent three weeks longer on the American charts than the Cavaliers ' much bigger hit . As a result of the popularity of Wednesday 's rendition , the Cavaliers ' version was re-released ( Virgo 506 ) at the end of 1973 . It reached No. 92 in January 1974 , spending a total of five weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 . The original hit version re-charted five weeks after the version by Wednesday entered the charts . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 -- 74 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 34 US Cash Box Top 100 45 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Canada 27 Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Australia 194 US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 217 Pearl Jam version ( edit ) `` Last Kiss '' Single by Pearl Jam from the album No Boundaries : A Benefit for the Kosovar Refugees B - side `` Soldier of Love '' Released June 8 , 1999 Format CD single , Cassette , vinyl Recorded September 19 , 1998 at Constitution Hall , Washington , D.C. Genre Alternative Rock , Soft Rock Length 3 : 16 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Cochran , Joe Carpenter , Randall Hoyal & Bobby McGlon Pearl Jam singles chronology `` Wishlist '' ( 1998 ) `` Last Kiss '' ( 1999 ) `` Nothing as It Seems '' ( 2000 ) `` Wishlist '' ( 1998 ) `` Last Kiss '' ( 1999 ) `` Nothing as It Seems '' ( 2000 ) `` Last Kiss '' was also covered by the American rock band Pearl Jam for the 1999 charity album No Boundaries : A Benefit for the Kosovar Refugees . It would also appear on the group 's 2003 rarities album Lost Dogs . Origin and recording ( edit ) The idea to cover `` Last Kiss '' came about after vocalist Eddie Vedder found an old record of the song at the Fremont Antique Mall in Seattle , Washington . He convinced the rest of the band to try out the song and it was performed a few times on the band 's 1998 tour . The band eventually recorded the song at a soundcheck at the Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia , Maryland on September 18 , 1998 , and released it as a 1998 fan club Christmas single . The band spent only a couple of thousand dollars mixing the song . Bassist Jeff Ament said , `` It was the most minimalist recording we 've ever done . '' Release and reception ( edit ) In the following year the cover of `` Last Kiss '' began to be played by radio stations and was ultimately put into heavy rotation across the US . By popular demand the cover was released to the public as a single on June 8 , 1999 , with the proceeds going to the aid of refugees of the Kosovo War . The cover also was featured on the 1999 charity compilation album , No Boundaries : A Benefit for the Kosovar Refugees . The song helped earn about $10 million for Kosovo relief . The cover would end up reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 , behind `` If You Had My Love '' by Jennifer Lopez . This remains Pearl Jam 's highest position on the Billboard Hot 100 . It peaked at No. 4 on the Top 40 Mainstream . The song reached No. 5 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and No. 2 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart . The `` Last Kiss '' single has been certified gold by the RIAA . Outside the United States , the single was released commercially in Australia , Austria , Japan , Mexico , South Africa and the United Kingdom . In Canada , the song reached No. 2 on the Canadian Top Singles chart and became the band 's highest charted song in Canada , and later it charted on the Canadian Rock Top 30 chart , where it reached No. 4 and stayed there for two weeks . The song also reached No. 22 on the Canadian Year End Rock Top 50 . `` Last Kiss '' reached the top 50 in the UK and the top 80 in the Netherlands . In Australia , `` Last Kiss '' peaked atop the ARIA Singles Chart for seven weeks , as well as becoming a moderate top 20 success in New Zealand . Christopher John Farley of Time said , `` It 's a spare , morose song with Vedder 's voice warbling lovelorn over a straight - ahead drum beat . Going back to basics has put Pearl Jam back on top . '' Regarding the cover , guitarist Stone Gossard said , `` You can try album after album to write a hit and spend months getting drum sounds and rewriting lyrics , or you can go to a used record store and pick out a single and fall in love with it . '' Pearl Jam included `` Last Kiss '' on the 2003 B - sides and rarities album , Lost Dogs , and on the 2004 greatest hits album , rearviewmirror ( Greatest Hits 1991 -- 2003 ) . The rarities album 's title Lost Dogs may refer to the subject of Winner 's song `` Der Deitcher 's Dog '' , a dog that can not be found , despite its description . Live performances ( edit ) Pearl Jam first performed its cover of `` Last Kiss '' live at the band 's May 7 , 1998 , concert in Seattle , Washington , at ARO. space . Live performances by Pearl Jam of `` Last Kiss '' can be found on various official bootlegs and the Live at the Gorge 05 / 06 box set . Track listing ( edit ) `` Last Kiss '' ( Wayne Cochran ) -- 3 : 15 `` Soldier of Love '' ( Buzz Cason , Tony Moon ) -- 2 : 54 Recorded live on September 19 , 1998 at Constitution Hall in Washington , D.C. Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 6 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Alternative 30 ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 77 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 19 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 42 US Billboard Hot 100 US Modern Rock Tracks US Top 40 Mainstream US Adult Top 40 5 US Mainstream Rock Tracks 5 US Top 40 Tracks 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Rank Australia ARIA Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot 100 23 Canadian RPM Singles Chart 23 Canadian RPM Rock Chart 22 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 800,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Other cover versions ( edit ) The song has a long tradition in Latin American popular music . The most popular version was recorded in 1965 for the Mexican singer Polo , ( ex-member of Los Apson ) with the title of `` El Último Beso '' in Spanish translated by the Mexican TV Director and tennis teacher Omero Gonzalez , this Spanish version has been covered by several bands : Los American 's , Los Johnny Jets , Los 007 , Los Doltons , also singers as Argentine Leo Dan , and the Colombian singers Alci Acosta ( his recording became a hit in Colombia ) and Harold Orozco in 1967 . Mexican singer - songwriter Gloria Trevi released her version of the song in 1990 , peaking at number 36 in the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart . In 2011 , Trent Dabbs recorded a cover of `` Last Kiss '' for the hit television series The Vampire Diaries in Season 2 , episode 18 : `` The Last Dance '' . Meadow Ryann covered this on her debut cover album , Wings . Cœur de Pirate covered the song for the soundtrack of the 2014 season of the Canadian TV show , Trauma . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Best Of ' 99 : Author Of Pearl Jam 's Biggest Hit Has God To Thank '' Archived January 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... VH1.com . July 12 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Forgotten Hits '' . Forgottenhits60s.blogspot.com . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forgotten Hits '' . Forgottenhits.com . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( September 18 , 1961 ) . `` Billboard '' . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Last Kiss '' by J. Frank Wilson And The Cavaliers `` . songfacts.com . Jump up ^ Matthew , Brian . `` Sounds of the 60s '' . BBC Radio 2 . September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` J. Frank Wilson Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Doc Rock . `` The Dead Rock Stars Club 1990 - 1991 '' . Thedeadrockstarsclub.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 11 / 07 / 64 '' . Tropicalglen.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 1 / 12 / 74 '' . Tropicalglen.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1964 / Top 100 Songs of 1964 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Canada , Library and Archives ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . ^ Jump up to : Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . ^ Jump up to : Farley , Christopher John . `` Last Kiss '' . Time . July 19 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan . `` The Pearl Jam Q & A : Lost Dogs '' . Billboard. 2003 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Craig . `` Pearl Jam 's ' Last Kiss ' Becomes Band 's First No. 1 Single '' . Yahoo ! Music . July 1 , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Stout , Gene . `` Pearl Jam 's Ament has smaller fish to fry at festival '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . July 30 , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2003 ) Album notes for Lost Dogs by Pearl Jam , ( CD booklet ) . New York : Sony Music . Jump up ^ `` The Unofficial Pearl Jam FAQ '' . vitalogy.de . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Pearl Jam -- Last Kiss '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Anderman , Joan . `` Wisdom of Pearl '' . The Boston Globe . May 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Songs : `` Last Kiss '' '' Archived May 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... pearljam.com . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Pearl Jam -- Last Kiss '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pearl Jam -- Last Kiss '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 69 , No. 21 , September 13 , 1999 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Rock / Alternative - Volume 69 , No. 16 , August 09 1999 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pearl Jam -- Last Kiss '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Pearl Jam -- Last Kiss '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Chart Log : 1994 - 2006 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pearl Jam Artist Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pearl Jam -- Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 1999 '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999 '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 70 , No. 8 , December 13 , 1999 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Rock / Alternative - Volume 70 , No. 8 , December 13 , 1999 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1999 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1999 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications Inc. 112 ( 4 ) : 63 . January 22 , 2000 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Preceded by `` If You Had My Love '' by Jennifer Lopez Australian ARIA Singles Chart number - one single ( Pearl Jam 's cover version ) August 1 -- September 18 , 1999 Succeeded by `` Mambo No. 5 '' by Lou Bega Nickel Creek Chris Thile Sara Watkins Sean Watkins Mark Schatz Byron House Scott Thile Derek Jones Albums : Little Cowpoke Here to There Nickel Creek This Side Why Should the Fire Die ? Reasons Why : The Very Best A Dotted Line Singles : `` When You Come Back Down '' `` The Lighthouse 's Tale '' `` Reasons Why '' `` This Side '' `` Speak '' `` Smoothie Song '' `` When in Rome '' `` Destination '' Related articles Discography Punch Brothers Works Progress Administration Fiction Family Mutual Admiration Society Watkins Family Hour Pearl Jam Jeff Ament Matt Cameron Stone Gossard Mike McCready Eddie Vedder Additional personnel Boom Gaspar Former members Dave Abbruzzese Matt Chamberlain Jack Irons Dave Krusen Studio albums Ten Vs . Vitalogy No Code Yield Binaural Riot Act Pearl Jam Backspacer Lightning Bolt Live albums Live on Two Legs Official Bootlegs Live at Benaroya Hall Live in NYC 12 / 31 / 92 Live at Easy Street Live at the Gorge 05 / 06 Live at Lollapalooza 2007 Live on Ten Legs Pearl Jam Twenty 9.11. 2011 Toronto , Canada Let 's Play Two Compilations Lost Dogs Rearviewmirror ( Greatest Hits 1991 -- 2003 ) Pearl Jam Twenty Videos Single Video Theory Touring Band 2000 Live at the Showbox Live at the Garden Vote for Change ? 2004 Immagine in Cornice Pearl Jam Twenty Let 's Play Two Singles `` Alive '' `` Even Flow '' `` Jeremy '' `` Oceans '' `` Go '' `` Daughter '' `` Animal '' `` Dissident '' `` Spin the Black Circle '' `` Not for You '' `` Immortality '' `` I Got Id '' `` Who You Are '' `` Hail , Hail '' `` Off He Goes '' `` Given to Fly '' `` Wishlist '' `` Nothing as It Seems '' `` Light Years '' `` I Am Mine '' `` Save You '' `` Love Boat Captain '' `` Man of the Hour '' `` World Wide Suicide '' `` Life Wasted '' `` Gone '' `` The Fixer '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Amongst the Waves '' `` Crown of Thorns '' `` Mind Your Manners '' `` Sirens '' Other songs `` Once '' `` Black '' `` Porch '' `` State of Love and Trust '' `` Breath '' `` Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town '' `` Glorified G '' `` W.M.A. `` Rearviewmirror '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Tremor Christ '' `` Better Man '' `` Nothingman '' `` Corduroy '' `` I Got Id '' `` Red Mosquito '' `` In Hiding '' `` Do the Evolution '' `` Grievance '' `` Thumbing My Way '' `` You Are '' `` 1⁄2 Full '' `` Brother '' Tours Mookie Blaylock 1991 United States Tour 1991 United States Tour Ten Tour Lollapalooza 1992 1993 European and North American Tour Vs. Tour Vitalogy Tour No Code Tour Yield Tour Binaural Tour Riot Act Tour Vote for Change 2005 North American and Latin American Tour 2006 World Tour 2007 European Tour 2008 United States Tour Backspacer Tour Pearl Jam Twenty Tour 2012 Tour Lightning Bolt Tour 2015 Latin America Tour 2016 North America Tour 2018 Tour Related articles Articles Discography Band members Awards and nominations Monkeywrench Records Pearl Jam Radio Bands Green River Soundgarden Bad Radio Mother Love Bone Temple of the Dog Brad Hater Wellwater Conspiracy Hovercraft Mad Season Red Hot Chili Peppers Three Fish The Rockfords RNDM Albums Mirror Ball Bayleaf Into the Wild Tone Ukulele Songs Water on the Road Moonlander Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Kiss&oldid=825881504 '' Categories : 1963 singles 1964 singles 1999 singles Number - one singles in Australia J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers songs Pearl Jam songs Wayne Cochran songs Songs inspired by deaths Teenage tragedy songs Vehicle wreck ballads Epic Records singles 1961 songs King Records ( United States ) singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2016 Use mdy dates from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 23 : 48 . About Wikipedia
who sang the original song the last kiss
[ "\"Last Kiss\" is a song released by Wayne Cochran in 1961 on the Gala label. It failed to do well on the charts.[1] Cochran subsequently re-recorded his song for the King label in 1963. It was later revived by J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers, Pearl Jam and several international artists, including the Canadian group Wednesday, with varying degrees of success. The song was one of several teen tragedy songs from that period. The song's opening lyrics mirror the opening lyrics of Septimus Winner's \"Der Deitcher's Dog\"." ]
[ "Wayne Cochran" ]
-1457018415932687185
Papua New Guinean kina
Papua New Guinean kina - Wikipedia Papua New Guinean kina Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2013 ) Papua New Guinean kina Commemorative K50 Note ISO 4217 Code PGK Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 toea Plural kina toea toea Symbol Banknotes 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 kina Coins 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 toea , 1 kina Demographics User ( s ) Papua New Guinea Issuance Central bank Bank of Papua New Guinea Website www.bankpng.gov.pg Valuation Inflation 1.8 % Source The World Factbook , 2007 est . The kina ( ISO 4217 code : PGK ) is the currency of Papua New Guinea . It is divided into 100 toea . The kina was introduced on 19 April 1975 , replacing the Australian dollar at par . The name kina is derived from Kuanua language of the Tolai region , referring to a callable pearl shell used widely for trading in both the Coastal and Highlands areas of the country . For earlier currencies used in Papua New Guinea , see New Guinean pound and New Guinean mark . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coins 2 Banknotes 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Coins ( edit ) In 1975 , coins were introduced for 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 and 20 toea and 1 kina . The 1 and 2 toea were minted in bronze , with the others in cupronickel . The 1 kina is round and holed in the centre , this denomination was reduced in size starting from 2006 , and the larger coin was demonetised from the 31 December 2008 . 2008 also saw the introduction of a bimetallic 2 kina coin intended to replace the 2 kina note . The withdrawal of the 1 and 2 toea coins also occurred in 2006 and as from the 19 April 2007 are also no longer legal tender . In 1980 , 50 toea coins were introduced but only issued in commemorative form without a standard design . Denomination Circulates since Composition Shape Diameter Edge Obverse Reverse Ring Center 5 Toea Copper - nickel Round 19 , 5 mm Milled Turtle National emblem 10 Toea Copper - nickel - zinc Round 23 , 7 mm Milled Cuscus National emblem 20 Toea Copper - nickel Round 28 , 6 mm Milled Cassowary National emblem 50 Toea 1980 Copper - nickel Heptagonal 30 mm Milled Commemorative National emblem 1 Kina Copper - nickel Round 27 , 5 mm Milled Crocodiles National emblem Banknotes ( edit ) On 19 April 1975 , notes were introduced for 2 , 5 and 10 kina that replaced the Australian dollar at par , so the colour scheme was the same . They circulated along with the dollar until the 1 January 1976 when the dollar ceased to be legal tender . The 20 kina was introduced in 1977 , 50 kina in 1988 , followed by 100 kina in 2005 . All colouration of the individual denominations are the same as current and former Australian decimal currency . Beginning in 1991 , Papua New Guinea 's banknotes have been produced on polymer , although in 2009 the bank issued Kina & Toea Day commemorative notes on paper substrates . A new issue of banknotes has been issued starting with the 50 kina in 1999 , then the 100 kina in 2005 , 2 and 20 kina in 2007 and the 5 and 10 kina in 2008 . This makes all the denominations of the kina issued in polymer . Paper bank note ceased being accepted by the Bank of PNG from the 31 December 2014 , and are no longer legal tender Banknotes of the Papua New Guinean kina ( 1975 issue ) Image Value Obverse Reverse Remarks ( 1 ) 2 kina Bird of Paradise , spear , carved `` hour glass '' drum ( typical for the Highlands and the yearly Goroka Show ) Artifacts White printing on all corners of the note ( 2 ) 5 kina Bird of Paradise , spear , carved `` hour glass '' drum ( typical for the Highlands and the yearly Goroka Show ) Mask White printing on all corners of the note ( 3 ) 10 kina Bird of Paradise , spear , carved `` hour glass '' drum ( typical for the Highlands and the yearly Goroka Show ) Bowl , ring , artifacts Whites printing on all corners of the note ( 4 ) 20 kina Bird of Paradise , spear , carved `` hour glass '' drum ( typical for the Highlands and the yearly Goroka Show ) Boar , conches White corners on all corners of the note Banknotes of the Papua New Guinean kina ( 1981 issue ) Image Value Obverse Reverse Remarks ( 5 ) 2 kina Bird of Paradise , spear , carved `` hour glass '' drum ( typical for the Highlands and the yearly Goroka Show ) Artifacts Full printing on the note except on the watermark area ( 6 ) 5 kina Bird of Paradise , spear , carved `` hour glass '' drum ( typical for the Highlands and the yearly Goroka Show ) Mask Full printing on the note except on the watermark area ( 7 ) 10 kina Bird of Paradise , spear , carved `` hour glass '' drum ( typical for the Highlands and the yearly Goroka Show ) Bowl , ring , artifacts ( 1st version ) : Lighter toned colors used for the full printing of the note except for the watermark area ( 8 ) 10 kina Bird of Paradise , spear , carved `` hour glass '' drum ( typical for the Highlands and the yearly Goroka Show ) Bowl , ring , artifacts ( 2nd version ) : Darker toned colors used for the full printing of the note except for the watermark area ; addition of the registration device on the right side of the note ( 9 ) 20 kina Bird of Paradise , spear , carved `` hour glass '' drum ( typical for the Highlands and the yearly Goroka Show ) Boar , conches Full printing on the note except on the watermark area ( 10 ) 50 kina The Parliament building in Port Moresby Prime Minister Michael Somare Banknotes of the Papua New Guinean kina ( Current issue ) Image Value Obverse Reverse Remarks ( 11 ) 2 kina The Parliament building in Port Moresby Artifacts Printed on polymer and the first two numbers of the serial number give the last two numbers of the year of issue ( 12 ) 5 kina The Parliament building in Port Moresby Mask Printed on polymer and the first two numbers of the serial number give the last two numbers of the year of issue ( 13 ) 10 kina The Parliament building in Port Moresby Bowl , Ring and Artifacts Printed on polymer and the first two numbers of the serial number give the last two numbers of the year of issue ( 14 ) 20 kina The Parliament building in Port Moresby Boar , conches Printed on polymer and the first two numbers of the serial number give the last two numbers of the year of issue ( 15 ) 50 kina The Parliament building in Port Moresby Prime Minister Michael Somare Printed on polymer and the first two numbers of the serial number give the last two numbers of the year of issue ( 16 ) 100 kina The Parliament building in Port Moresby Tanker , airplane , truck , radio tower Printed on polymer and the first two numbers of the serial number give the last two numbers of the year of issue Current PGK exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD SGD From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD SGD From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD SGD From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD SGD From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD SGD See also ( edit ) Economy of Papua New Guinea Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bank of Papua New Guinea . `` Withdrawal of Large Sized K1 Coin from Circulation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bank of Papua New Guinea . `` Notes and coins of Papua New Guinea - Currency '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bank of Papua New Guinea. `` 50 toea coin '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Linzmayer , Owen ( 2012 ) . `` Papua New Guinea '' . The Banknote Book . San Francisco , CA : www.BanknoteNews.com . Jump up ^ `` Banknote World - World Currency & Paper Money Collectors '' . Jump up ^ Papua New Guinea BanknoteNews.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea issues new 2 - and 50 - kina notes '' . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea '' . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea '' . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea '' . Jump up ^ `` Withdrawal of Paper Banknotes '' . References ( edit ) Krause , Chester L. ; Clifford Mishler ( 1991 ) . Standard Catalog of World Coins : 1801 -- 1991 ( 18th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0873411501 . Pick , Albert ( 1994 ) . Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : General Issues . Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer ( editors ) ( 7th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 207 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Currency ( Official Bank of PNG ) Bank of Papua New Guinea PDF Papua New Guinea Paper Money Preceded by : Australian dollar Reason : independence Ratio : at par Currency of Papua New Guinea 19 April 1975 -- Concurrent with : Australian dollar until 1 January 1976 Succeeded by : Current ( hide ) Currencies of Oceania Australia Australian dollar ( Norfolk Island ) Melanesia CFP franc ( New Caledonia ) Fijian dollar Papua New Guinean kina Solomon Islands dollar Vanuatu vatu Micronesia Australian dollar ( Kiribati , Nauru ) Kiribati dollar U.S. dollar ( Guam , Federated States of Micronesia , Marshall Islands , Northern Mariana Islands , Palau , United States Minor Outlying Islands ) Polynesia Australian dollar ( Tuvalu ) CFP franc ( French Polynesia , Wallis and Futuna ) Chilean peso ( Easter Island ) Cook Islands dollar New Zealand dollar ( Cook Islands , Niue , Pitcairn Islands , Tokelau ) Pitcairn Islands dollar Samoan tālā Tongan paʻanga Tuvaluan dollar U.S. dollar ( American Samoa , Hawaii ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papua_New_Guinean_kina&oldid=788135739 '' Categories : ISO 4217 Currencies of Oceania Circulating currencies Currencies of the Commonwealth of Nations Currencies of Papua New Guinea Economy of Papua New Guinea Currency introduced in 1975 Currencies of Asia Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Tok Pisin Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2017 , at 17 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the currency of papua new guinea
[ "The kina (ISO 4217 code: PGK) is the currency of Papua New Guinea. It is divided into 100 toea. The kina was introduced on 19 April 1975, replacing the Australian dollar at par. The name kina is derived from Kuanua language of the Tolai region, referring to a callable pearl shell used widely for trading in both the Coastal and Highlands areas of the country." ]
[ "kina" ]
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Wentworth (TV series)
Wentworth ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Wentworth ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Wentworth Prison '' redirects here . For other uses , see Wentworth ( disambiguation ) . Wentworth Also known as Wentworth Prison Genre Drama Created by Lara Radulovich David Hannam Reg Watson Starring Danielle Cormack Nicole da Silva Pamela Rabe Kate Atkinson Celia Ireland Shareena Clanton Katrina Milosevic Robbie J. Magasiva Aaron C. Jeffery Tammy MacIntosh Kate Jenkinson Socratis Otto Sigrid Thornton Bernard Curry Leeanna Walsman Kris McQuade Catherine McClements Opening theme Instrumental theme ( season 1 ) `` You Do n't Know Me '' by Pleasantville ( season 2 -- present ) Ending theme Closing instrumental theme ( season 1 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Richard Pleasance Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 58 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jo Porter Producer ( s ) Amanda Crittenden ( series producer ) Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia Australia Release Original network SoHo ( 2013 -- 16 ) Showcase ( 2017 -- ) Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release 1 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Prisoner External links Website Wentworth is an Australian television drama program . It was first broadcast on SoHo on 1 May 2013 . The series serves as a contemporary reimagining of Prisoner , which ran on Network Ten from 1979 to 1986 . Lara Radulovich and David Hannam developed Wentworth from Reg Watson 's original concept . The series is set in the modern day and initially focuses on Bea Smith 's ( Danielle Cormack ) early days in prison and her subsequent rise to the top of the prison 's hierarchy . Following Cormack 's departure from the show at the end of the fourth season , the series shifted its focus onto a more ensemble format . For the first three seasons , Wentworth was filmed on purpose - built sets in the suburbs of Clayton , Victoria . Production moved to Newport , Victoria , starting with the fourth season . The show has received a mostly positive reception from critics , and the first episode became the most watched Australian drama series premiere in Foxtel history . The series was picked up by several countries , including New Zealand and the UK , where it has been retitled Wentworth Prison . A sixth season was commissioned by Foxtel on 9 May 2017 , which will premiere on 19 June 2018 . A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018 , before the sixth season premiere , with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Conception 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Streaming 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Accolades 6 Home media 7 Remakes 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Further information : List of Wentworth episodes Wentworth is set in modern - day Australia and focuses on Bea Smith ( Danielle Cormack ) when she first enters prison after being charged with the attempted murder of her husband . Bea is separated from her daughter and sent to Wentworth on remand , where she lives in `` an uncertain limbo '' until she is sentenced . Starting at the bottom of Wentworth 's hierarchy , Bea is forced to learn how to survive in prison . Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 10 1 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 3 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 03 ) SoHo 12 20 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) 5 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 05 ) 12 7 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) 23 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) 12 10 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 26 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) 5 12 4 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 20 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) Showcase Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Wentworth characters Main ( edit ) Nicole da Silva as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Francesca `` Franky '' Doyle Kate Atkinson as Governor Vera Bennett Celia Ireland as Inmate Elizabeth `` Liz '' Birdsworth Robbie J. Magasiva as Deputy Governor Will Jackson Katrina Milosevic as Inmate Sue `` Boomer '' Jenkins ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- ) Pamela Rabe as former Governor and Inmate Joan `` The Freak '' Ferguson ( seasons 2 -- ) Tammy Macintosh as `` Top Dog '' Inmate Karen `` Kaz '' Proctor ( recurring season 3 ; main season 4 -- ) Kate Jenkinson as Inmate Allie Novak ( season 4 -- ) Bernard Curry as Correctional Officer Jake Stewart ( season 4 -- ) Sigrid Thornton as Inmate Sonia Stevens ( special guest season 4 ; main season 5 -- ) Leah Purcell as Rita Connors ( season 6 -- ) Susie Porter as Marie Winter ( season 6 -- ) Rarriwuy Hick as Ruby Mitchell ( season 6 -- ) Catherine McClements as former Governor Meg Jackson ( season 1 ) Kris McQuade as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Jacqueline `` Jacs '' Holt ( season 1 ) Leeanna Walsman as former Governor Erica Davidson ( season 1 ) Aaron Jeffery as former Correctional Officer Matthew `` Fletch '' Fletcher ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Danielle Cormack as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Bea Smith ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Socratis Otto as Inmate Maxine Conway ( recurring seasons 2 -- 3 ; main seasons 4 -- 5 ) Shareena Clanton as former Inmate Doreen `` Dor '' Anderson ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Recurring ( edit ) Ra Chapman as Inmate Kim Chang ( seasons 1 -- ) Jacqueline Brennan as Correctional Officer Linda Miles ( season 1 -- ) Martin Sacks as Board Director new is now acting Governor Derek Channing ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Bessie Holland as Inmate Stella Radic ( seasons 2 -- ) Libby Tanner as Psychologist Bridget Westfall ( seasons 3 -- ) Charli Tjoe as Inmate Tina Mercado ( seasons 3 -- ) Sally - Anne Upton as Inmate Lucy Gambaro ( seasons 3 -- ) Madeleine Jevic as Nurse Lee Radcliffe ( seasons 4 -- ) Sophia Katos as Inmate Mel Barrett ( seasons 4 -- ) Steve Bastoni as Don Kaplan ( seasons 4 -- ) Hunter Page - Lochard as Shayne Butler ( seasons 4 -- ) Daniielle Alexis as Inmate Dana Malouf ( seasons 5 -- ) Zahra Newman as Inmate Iman Farah ( seasons 5 -- ) Louise Harris as Inmate Ronnie Katsis ( season 1 ) Rondah Dam as Inmate Phillipa `` Pip '' Turner ( season 1 ) John Bach as Jacs ' husband Vinnie Holt ( season 1 ) Melitta St Just as Inmate Megan Summers ( season 1 -- 2 ) Steve Le Marquand as Inmate Worker Colin Bates ( season 2 ) Tony Briggs as Correctional Officer Steve Faulkner ( season 2 ) Lynette Curran as Vera 's mother Rita Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Jada Alberts as Inmate Toni Goodes ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Annie Jones as Parole Officer Rachel Sanger ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Katherine Halliday as Inmate Sarah Briggs ( season 2 ) Kathryn Beck as Inmate Sky Pierson ( season 2 ) Reef Ireland as Jacs ' son Brayden Holt ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Benne Harrison as Inmate Rosalind `` Roz '' Jago ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Cassandra Magrath as Journalist Hayley Jovanka ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Kasia Kaczmarek as Inmate Lindsay Coulter ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Miles Paras as Inmate Cindy Lou ( season 3 ) Christen O'Leary as Inmate Kelly Bryant ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Pia Miranda as Inmate Jodie Spiteri ( season 3 ) Jake Ryan as Bea 's husband Harry Smith ( recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ; cameo season 3 ) Ally Fowler as Inmate Simone `` Simmo '' Slater ( recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ; cameo season 3 ) Alex Menglet as Joan 's father Ivan Ferguson ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Edwina Samuels as Inmate Sophie Donaldson ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Scott Parmeter as Correctional Officer Chris Bakula ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Damien Richardson as Detective Michael Mears ( season 3 ) Maggie Naouri as Nurse Rose Atkins ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Georgia Chara as Inmate Jess Warner ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Richard Sutherland as Franky 's father Alan Doyle ( seasons 1 , 4 , 5 ) Georgia Flood as Bea 's daughter Debbie Smith ( seasons 1 -- 2 , cameo season 4 ) Tony Nikolakopoulos as Joan 's hired heavy Nils Jasper ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Katerina Kotsonis as Correctional Officer Brenda Murphy ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Luke McKenzie as Inmate Worker Nash Taylor ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) Marta Kaczmarek as Inmate Marge Nowak ( seasons 2 , 5 ) Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) In March 2012 , it was announced that a contemporary re-imagining of Prisoner had been commissioned by Foxtel . Brian Walsh , the executive director of television at Foxtel , stated that Wentworth would not be a remake of Prisoner , which ran for 692 episodes on Network Ten from 1979 to 1986 . He continued : `` Wentworth will be a dynamic and very confronting drama series , developed and stylised specifically for subscription television audiences . We have told producers to push all boundaries and honestly depict life on the inside as it is in 2012 . '' Lara Radulovich and David Hannam have developed Wentworth from Reg Watson 's original concept . FremantleMedia and director of drama Jo Porter will produce Wentworth . The first episode , and several subsequent episodes , were written by Pete McTighe . Television critic Michael Idato acted as series consultant and Kerry Tucker acted as consultant on authenticity . Porter commented that the series would explore `` the politics of women in a world with few men , and how the experience both challenges and changes them , sometimes for the better . '' Wentworth is set in the modern - day and centres on Bea Smith 's early days in prison . The storylines include a mix of original inmates and staff from Prisoner with characters developed especially for Wentworth . Foxtel told a reporter from The Sydney Morning Herald that the original characters from Prisoner would be a contemporary interpretation in the new series . It was initially reported that none of the original cast from Prisoner would appear in the first season of Wentworth , however Anne Charleston , who had a number of small roles in the original series , made a cameo appearance as Liz Birdsworth 's mother - in - law , also Alex Menglet and Gloria Ajenstat who played Ray Proctor and Tammy Fisher in the original series will have guest roles in the new series . Foxtel revealed that the producers were looking at how they might incorporate the Prisoner theme tune , `` On The Inside '' , into the new series . On 5 June 2013 , it was confirmed that Wentworth had been renewed for a second season . A reporter for the Australian Associated Press said production would begin later in the year , and the season would air in 2014 . Porter stated : `` We have assembled an extraordinary team of writers who ca n't wait to get started on series two . We have so many more stories to tell . '' In January 2014 , it was announced that a third season of Wentworth had been ordered , before the second had aired . In a similar manner , a 12 - episode fourth season was announced before the airing of the third season on 27 February 2015 . It began airing from 10 May 2016 . Cormack confirmed a fifth season had been commissioned on 19 July . The twelve - part series premiered on 4 April 2017 . On 9 May 2017 , Showcase announced that the series has been renewed for a sixth season , which is set to premiere on 19 June 2018 . A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018 , before the sixth season premiere , with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019 . Casting ( edit ) On 4 October 2012 , a reporter for The West Australian revealed that Celia Ireland and Kate Atkinson had joined the cast of Wentworth , while Shareena Clanton would make her acting debut as Doreen Anderson . Danielle Cormack was cast in the role of Beatrice `` Queen Bea '' Smith and she stated `` I am absolutely rapt to be part of the reboot of such an iconic drama . Prisoner left an indelible mark on fans and I really hope that the re-imagining of this series will be just as popular with viewers now as it was back then . '' Actors Robbie Magasiva and Aaron Jeffery play corrections officers in the detention centre . David Knox from TV Tonight revealed that Nicole da Silva , Kris McQuade , Catherine McClements and Leeanna Walsman had also joined the cast . Following the end of the first season , it was revealed that iconic Prisoner character Joan `` The Freak '' Ferguson , a sadistic , lesbian prison officer , would be introduced in the second season . Porter commented `` Prisoner offered up a very rich well of amazing characters to draw upon and the Wentworth writers are very excited about revisiting the character of prison officer Joan ' The Freak ' Ferguson in our second season . '' Erin McWhirter from TV Week reported that former All Saints actress Tammy MacIntosh was one actress rumoured to have been offered the role . On 21 September 2013 , it was confirmed that Pamela Rabe had been cast as `` The Freak '' . McQuade , McClements and Walsman did not reprise their respective roles of Jacs Holt , Meg Jackson and Erica Davidson for the second season . Katrina Milosevic , who portrays Boomer Jenkins , was upgraded to the main cast . Actresses Pia Miranda , Libby Tanner and Tammy MacIntosh joined the cast from the third season as inmate Jodie Spiteri , psychologist Bridget Westfall and vigilante Karen Proctor respectively . Sigrid Thornton , who played Ros Coulson on Prisoner , will be joining the cast for season four . She will not be reprising her former role , but will play another Prisoner based character Sonia Stevens . In November 2015 , Kate Jenkinson and Bernard Curry were announced to be appearing in the show as Allie Novak , an inmate , and Jake Stewart , a correctional officer , respectively . In April 2018 , it was announced that Indigenous Australian actress Leah Purcell had joined the cast as Rita Connors , a role originally played by Glenda Linscott in Prisoner . Also joining the cast were Susie Porter as criminal matriarch Marie Winter , a role originally played by Maggie Millar in Prisoner , and Rarriwuy Hick as young boxer Ruby Mitchell . Filming ( edit ) Foxtel confirmed that Wentworth would not be shot at the original ATV - 10 studios in Nunawading , Victoria where Prisoner was filmed . Wentworth was instead filmed on a purpose built set in the suburb of Clayton . The shoot employed 300 cast and crew . The ten - part season began filming for four months from 10 October 2012 . Wentworth began airing on Foxtel 's SoHo channel from 1 May 2013 . Filming for the second season began on 23 September 2013 and wrapped on 13 February 2014 . The second season began airing on 20 May 2014 . Production for the third season resumed in March and filming was completed in late July . In the same month , it was announced that the property in which Wentworth was filmed had been sold , and the set would be knocked down . A new alternative was being sought and a TV Week reporter commented that it was unclear if the loss of the set would be written into future storylines . The third season began airing on 7 April 2015 . Production on the fourth season began in the second half of 2015 . The fifth season was filmed in Melbourne from August 2016 . On 9 May 2017 , Showcase announced that the series has been renewed for a sixth season , which began filming a week later . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Wentworth has been sold to more than 90 countries . On 2 April 2013 , it was confirmed that TVNZ had signed a deal to broadcast Wentworth in New Zealand . Later that month , it was announced that Wentworth would be broadcast on Channel 5 in the UK . The head of acquisitions for the channel , Kate Keenan , commented `` Wentworth will be a great addition to Channel 5 's drama output this autumn . This compelling cast of female characters packs an emotional punch and will appeal to the Channel 5 viewers who love our range of crime output from dramas to factual series . '' A trailer for the series began airing on the channel and its website in August 2013 and premiered on Channel 5 on 28 August . Channel 5 also re-titled the show , Wentworth Prison . The second season began on Channel 5 on 3 September 2014 and season Three , which commenced broadcast on 22 July 2015 , concluded with a two - hour season finale which consisted of episodes 11 and 12 of the season on 30 September 2015 . Season four of Wentworth premiered on Channel 5 on 27 June 2016 . In July , following declining ratings , the series was moved from its Monday night timeslot on Channel 5 to Tuesday 's on sister channel 5Star . The series premiered in the Republic of Ireland broadcasting as Wentworth on TV3 from June 2014 . Season 2 premiered on TV3 on 15 January 2015 . In Canada the first two seasons broadcast on Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in late 2015 . Although the series has a strong fan base in many countries , Angela Perez of Australia Network News said Foxtel was considering cancelling the show due to audiences viewing new episodes via pirate websites following the Australian premiere . Foxtel stated that the piracy is `` a serious problem in terms of recouping money to help pay for future seasons '' . ABC 1 started broadcasting Wentworth from season 1 in April 2018 . Streaming ( edit ) In December 2014 , Wentworth first premiered on Netflix in the United States and added seasons one and two to its streaming service . In April 2016 the third season was released to US audiences via the platform . Season 4 was released on Netflix in July 2016 . The show features on the `` 50 Best TV Shows on Netflix '' list according to Netflix Life . Seasons one to three are available to view via Amazon Video in the U.S. In the United Kingdom , all five seasons are available for streaming on Amazon Video , while additional services include Google Play and Youtube . In Australia , Foxtel Now provides a catch - up service for the Wentworth , while the series is made available for catch - up viewing via TVNZ OnDemand in New Zealand and My5 in the United Kingdom for a limited time . Reception ( edit ) The show has received critical acclaim throughout its run . Following a screening of the pilot episode for the media in February 2013 , Ben Pobjie from The Age called Wentworth `` a triumph '' . He praised the writing and the cast , saying `` So rarely in Australian TV do we see well - written characters collide with dead - on casting and tense , atmospheric direction as they have here . '' He added that Wentworth is `` a powerful , almost cinematic drama '' with its own identity , that incorporates `` echoes '' of the original Prisoner series . Holly Byrnes , writing for the Herald Sun , quipped `` this brilliant retelling picks up where the pioneering series left off and then takes the kind of shocking plot detours contemporary TV viewers would expect from award - winning US dramas like Breaking Bad or Sons of Anarchy . '' Byrnes also praised the cast 's performances , particularly Cormack . Following its North American debut the critics drew comparisons with US prison dramedy Orange Is the New Black , though Liz Raftery of TV Guide said she believed the show was more gritty and did not `` sugarcoat '' prison life . They branded it `` edge - of - your - seat television '' and singled out Sue ' Boomer ' Jenkins as one of the show 's standout characters and reasons to watch . Margaret Lyons from New York magazine called it a `` ruthlessly dark drama '' similar to Breaking Bad , a comparison which TV Guide 's critics also made . Lyons added that Wentworth 's careful plotting of storylines gave meaningful payoffs and triumphed into making it a `` smart and competent '' series . Gerard O'Donovan from The Daily Telegraph opined that the show has a cast of `` fabulously strong , variably humane female characters . '' They believed it did not try to appeal to `` mainstream tastes '' , adding `` the series sticks more closely to its violent , soapy , sexploitation Prisoner : Cell Block H roots than is strictly necessary in 2016 . '' O'Donovan branded it a rare example of fictional work portraying lesbianism as `` not only normal , but the norm . '' He concluded the show depicts a world in which `` women hold virtually all the power , albeit to no obviously edifying ends . '' Matt Baylis from the Daily Express criticised the show for not being original and having a `` mandatory number of unnecessary scenes '' . They preferred the original series Prisoner and accused Wentworth of being everything the original was not . The first episode of Wentworth attracted 244,000 viewers , making it the most watched Australian drama series premiere in Foxtel history . The UK premiere of the show attracted 1.67 million viewers , a 10.3 % share of the audience for the 10pm time slot . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( Australian ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 8 : 30 pm 10 1 May 2013 0.244 3 July 2013 0.125 2013 0.144 Tuesday 8 : 30 pm 12 20 May 2014 0.075 5 August 2014 0.103 2014 0.084 12 7 April 2015 0.100 23 June 2015 0.113 2015 0.107 12 10 May 2016 0.140 26 July 2016 0.095 2016 0.106 5 12 4 April 2017 0.101 20 June 2017 0.119 2017 0.086 Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipients and nominees Result 2013 Australian Screen Editors Best Editing in a Television Drama Philip Watts Nominated 2014 AACTA Awards Best Guest or Supporting Actress in a Television Drama Kris McQuade Nominated Best Television Drama Series Wentworth -- Jo Porter , Amanda Crittenden Nominated ASTRA Awards Most Outstanding Drama Wentworth Won Most Outstanding New Talent Shareena Clanton Nominated Most Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor Danielle Cormack Nominated Nicole da Silva Won Kris McQuade Nominated Most Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor Aaron Jeffery Nominated Robbie Magasiva Nominated Logie Awards Most Outstanding Drama Series Wentworth Nominated Most Outstanding Actress Danielle Cormack Nominated Most Outstanding Newcomer Shareena Clanton Nominated Equity Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Cast Nominated Australian Screen Editors Best Editing in a Television Drama Ben Joss Nominated 2015 AACTA Awards Best Lead Actress in a Television Drama Pamela Rabe Won Best Television Drama Series Wentworth -- Jo Porter , Amanda Crittenden Nominated ASTRA Awards Most Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor Danielle Cormack Won Celia Ireland Nominated Nicole da Silva Nominated Pamela Rabe Nominated Most Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor Aaron Jeffrey Nominated Robbie Magasiva Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Wentworth Won Australian Directors Guild Awards Best Direction in a TV Drama Series Kevin Carlin for `` Into the Night '' Nominated Australian Writers Guild Awards Best Script for a Television Series Pete McTighe for `` Fear Her '' Nominated Best Script for a Television Series Stuart Page for `` The Governor 's Pleasure '' Won Logie Awards Most Outstanding Drama Series Wentworth Won Most Outstanding Actress Danielle Cormack Won Most Outstanding Actress Nicole da Silva Nominated 2016 AACTA Awards Best Direction in a Television Drama or Comedy Kevin Carlin for `` Seeing Red '' Nominated Best Editing In Television Ben Joss for `` Prisoner '' Won Best Lead Actress in a Television Drama Danielle Cormack Nominated Pamela Rabe Nominated Best Television Drama Series Wentworth -- Pino Amenta and Jo Porter Won Australian Writers Guild Awards Best Script for a Television Series Michael Lucas for `` Plan Bea '' Nominated Best Script for a Television Series Pete McTighe for `` Blood and Fire '' Nominated Logie Awards Most Outstanding Actress Pamela Rabe Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series Wentworth Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Celia Ireland Won 2017 Australian Writers Guild Awards Best Script for a Television Series or Miniseries Pete McTighe for `` Seeing Red '' Nominated Logie Awards Most Outstanding Actress Danielle Cormack Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Nicole da Silva Nominated Best Drama Program Wentworth Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series Wentworth Nominated 2018 Australian Directors ' Guild Awards Best Direction in a TV or SVOD Drama Series Fiona Banks for `` Belly of the Beast '' Pending Home Media ( edit ) In Australia , Wentworth is available on both DVD and Blu - ray formats , where in 2013 the first season was released via Shock Records . The series was however acquired by Roadshow Entertainment in 2014 for distribution of subsequent seasons , and a re-release of the first season in 2016 . Fremantle Home Entertainment initially held the rights for distribution in the United Kingdom , where the series is only available on DVD , and under the `` Wentworth Prison '' title . The first season was made available in a standard set and a Deluxe Edition , for which it included special features ; both the second and third seasons received Deluxe Edition releases , after which , Network distribution acquired ownership of all home media rights for all previous seasons , and were the first company to release the fourth season in the United Kingdom . In the United States , the series commenced releasing on DVD in 2016 in which the first three seasons currently available from Acorn Media . Furthermore , multiple season sets are available on DVD and Blu - ray in Australia and on DVD in the United Kingdom . DVD and Blu - ray sets commenced releasing in Germany from early 2017 . From Season 4 onwards , the series will only receive DVD sets in Germany . Season Episodes Release date Rating Additional Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region B BBFC ACB Standard releases 10 15 November 2016 4 November 2013 18 November 2013 18 MA15+ Features 3 - DVD set ( Region 1 ) 3 - DVD standard set ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD Deluxe Edition ( Region 2 ) 5 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 ( Blu - ray ) Re-released on DVD and Blu - ray -- 28 September 2016 ( Region 4 / B ) 12 7 March 2017 24 November 2014 22 October 2014 18 MA15+ Features 4 - DVD set ( region 1 ) 4 - DVD Deluxe Edition ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 ( Blu - ray ) 12 6 June 2017 12 October 2015 14 October 2015 18 MA15+ Features 4 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 ( Blu - ray ) 12 TBD 24 October 2016 5 October 2016 18 MA15+ Features 4 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 ( Blu - ray ) 5 12 TBD 2 October 2017 4 October 2017 18 MA15+ Features 4 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 ( Blu - ray ) Multiple releases 1 -- 2 22 No release 24 November 2014 22 October 2014 18 MA15+ Features 8 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 9 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 6 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) ( See individual releases for additional information ) 1 -- 3 34 No release 12 October 2015 14 October 2015 18 MA15+ Features 12 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 13 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 9 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) ( See individual releases for additional information ) 1 -- 4 46 No release 24 October 2016 5 October 2016 18 MA15+ Features 16 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 17 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 12 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) ( See individual releases for additional information ) 1 -- 5 58 No release 2 October 2017 4 October 2017 18 MA15+ Features 20 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 21 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 15 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) ( See individual releases for additional information ) Remakes ( edit ) Block B : Under Arrest , a German remake was the first in 2014 which screened on RTL for one season . Celblok H , a Dutch remake of Wentworth for Dutch TV Network , SBS 6 , starring Isa Hoes , Eva van de Wijdeven , Bo Mearten , and Inge Ipenburg , began airing on 3 March 2014 . The series is virtually a scene - for - scene remake of Wentworth , with the exception of character name changes . Four seasons and 46 episodes were produced , and the final episode was broadcast on 27 March 2017 . A Belgian remake of `` Wentworth '' is being made by the Belgian TV channel Vier . Filming is scheduled to start in July 2016 , release is planned for 2018 . See also ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black , American drama with a similar premise References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gritty New Drama Series ' Wentworth Prison ' set to captivate audiences on TV3 '' . 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cronin , Seanna ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` Behind the razor wire '' . Sunshine Coast Daily . APN News & Media . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Wentworth spoiler warning : will The Freak escape being buried alive ? '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sigrid Thornton part of Foxtel 2016 line - up - The West Australian '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) < https://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/entertainment/a/30019499/sigrid-throtn-part-of-foxtel-2016-line-up/ Jump up ^ Sarah Thomas . `` Sigrid Thornton joins Wentworth as part of Foxtel 's home - grown roster for 2016 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 27 July 2016 ) . `` Spoiler : Wentworth has officially killed off the character no one thought they 'd ever kill off '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dallas , Sam ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Foxtel commissions new Prisoner series , titled Wentworth '' . If Magazine . The Intermedia Group . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Val Lehman wants to return to Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Leys , Nick ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` Ten questions for Jo Porter '' . The Australian . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Tucker '' . Australian Speakers Bureau . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prisoner re-make : Your questions answered '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Mike ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Neighbours ' Anne Charleston to guest in Cell Block H remake '' . ATV Today . ATV Network Limited . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Cast Gets Another Year In Jail '' . Australian Associated Press . Local Today . 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Foxtel announces second stretch for Prisoner re-boot Wentworth '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times . 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foxtel and FremantleMedia Australia lock in third season of the hit prison drama '' . FremantleMedia Australia . 28 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Renewed : Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coming soon to Foxtel '' . Foxtel . Archived from the original on 21 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ @ daniellecormack ( 19 July 2016 ) . `` An amazing / insightful trip so far with ChildFundAU and Season 5 wentworth confirmed ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 19 July 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Renewed : Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Season 6 Confirmed '' . Showcase. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New faces to join Wentworth in season six '' . The West Australian . 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth - Production commences on Wentworth Season 7 '' . Showcase. 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top cast locked in '' . The West Australian . Seven West Media . 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Glucina , Rachel ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` Kiwi actress in favourite role '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN News & Media . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Wentworth cast on the inside '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 4 July 2013 ) . `` Who will play The Freak ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Erin ( 20 -- 26 July 2013 ) . `` TV Insider '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 29 ) : 21 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 21 September 2013 ) . `` Pamela Rabe revives ' The Freak ' on Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth series 2 '' ( PDF ) . Screen Australia . 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly . `` The screen death of Alex Cook 's character Lou in Love My Way still holds strong emotions for fans '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aussie icon Sigrid Thornton joins the cast of Went ... - Foxtel Community '' . community.foxtel.com.au . Jump up ^ `` In Production '' . Film Victoria . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pobjie , Ben ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Back on the inside : Prisoner reboot a no - holds - barred triumph '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In production '' . Film Victoria . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 March 2014 ) . `` Returning : Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 August 2014 ) . `` Must - see season finale of Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guerilla - style filming , Wentworth sets and 50th birthday celebrations '' . TV Week . 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth launch date and teaser '' . FremantleMedia Australia . 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Returning : Wentworth '' . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Waller , Ed ( 2 April 2013 ) . `` NZ sale for Prisoner reboot '' . C21Media.net . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffery , Morgan ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` ' Prisoner Cell Block H ' remake ' Wentworth ' to air on Channel 5 in UK '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Doug ( 15 August 2013 ) . `` Channel 5 Wentworth trailer '' . ATV Today UK . ATV Network Limited . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 Start Date Confirmed '' . Channel5.com . June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perez , Angela ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Wentworth Season 5 Cancelled Due to Piracy ? '' . Australia Network News . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Season 4 Available On Netflix , Bea Smith Really Dead '' . 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wentworth Prison ' returns to TV3 with explosive second series '' . tv3.ie . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Wentworth '' . APTN.ca . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Do n't miss the APTN premiere of Wentworth on Sunday , September 13 . Jump up ^ `` ABC to screen Wentworth & Grand Designs Australia '' . 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` Australian Prison Series Wentworth Is the Dark Drama You 've Been Waiting For '' . Vulture . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Dzikowski , Jennifer . `` Is ' Wentworth ' Season 3 on Netflix in the US Yet ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Amazon Video : `` Wentworth Season 1 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth Season 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth Season 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth Season 4 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth Season 5 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Prison '' . Play.google.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Prison '' . Youtube . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Foxtel.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Tvnz.co.nz . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My5 '' . My5.tv . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Foxtel 's Prisoner remake Wentworth makes Underbelly look tame '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ; Gennis , Sadie ( 12 March 2015 ) . `` 9 Reasons You Need to Watch Wentworth on Netflix ASAP '' . TV Guide . ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` Australian Prison Series Wentworth Is the Dark Drama You 've Been Waiting For '' . New York . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Donovan , Gerard . `` Wentworth Prison : the Aussie prison drama better than Orange is the New Black - review '' . The Daily Telegraph . ( Telegraph Media Group ) . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Baylis , Matt ( 28 June 2016 ) . `` Last night 's TV reviewed : The Real Story and Wentworth Prison '' . Daily Express . ( Northern & Shell ) . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hardie , Giles ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` Wentworth breaks out with a bang as Arrow strikes for Nine '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` ' Celebrity MasterChef ' tops Wednesday ratings with 4.40 million '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 3 July 2013 '' . TV Tonight . 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 May 2014 ) . `` Tuesday 20 May 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 August 2014 ) . `` Tuesday 5 August 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Tuesday 7 April 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 23 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 10 May 2016 '' . TVTonight.com.au. 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 26 July 2016 '' . TVTonight.com.au. 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 4 April 2017 '' . 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 20 June 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2013 ASE Award Nominees and Winners were '' . Australian Screen Editors . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` AACTA Awards 2014 : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth dominates 2014 ASTRA Awards '' . FremantleMedia. 12 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Scott ( 21 March 2014 ) . `` ASTRA Awards honour Charlotte Dawson at Sydney ceremony '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Colin ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Nominees for the peer - reviewed categories in the Logie Awards announced '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Equity Ensemble Awards 2014 -- Voting Now Open ! '' . Equity Foundation ( Media , Entertainment and Arts Alliance ) . 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Awards 2014 - Australian Screen Editors '' . Jump up ^ `` 5th AACTA Awards nominees '' ( PDF ) . aacta.org . Retrieved 13 Nov 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Neala ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` George Miller named best director and Max Mad : Fury Road best film at AACTA Awards 2015 '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathon ( 10 February 2015 ) . `` Wentworth and Devil 's Playground dominate nominations for 2015 ASTRA Awards '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Lallo , Michael ( 12 March 2015 ) . `` ASTRA Awards 2015 winners : Wentworth scoops best Australian drama for second year in a row '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 ADG Awards Nominations '' . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AWGIE nominations for FMA '' . FremantleMedia Australia . 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AWGIE win for Wentworth '' . FremantleMedia Australia . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Willis , Charlotte ( 22 March 2015 ) . `` Here 's the full List of 2015 Logies nominations '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 4 May 2015 ) . `` Logies 2015 : Carrie Bickmore claims Gold Logie '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 October 2016 ) . `` AACTA Awards 2016 : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full list of nominees for the 2016 AWGIE Awards '' ( PDF ) . Australian Writers ' Guild. 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Logie nominations announced '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Weir , James ( 9 May 2016 ) . `` Live blog : all the action from the 2016 TV Week Logie Awards '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` AWGIE Awards 2017 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 April 2018 ) . `` Australian Directors ' Guild Awards 2018 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Acornoline.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ DVD Region 2 ( Germany ) : `` Wentworth - Die komplette erste Staffel ( 3 DVDs ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Die komplette zweite Staffel ( 4 DVDs ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Staffel 3 - Nicht Du leitest dieses Gefängis , sondern ich ! ( 4 DVDs ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Die komplette vierte Staffel ( 4 DVDs ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray Region B ( Germany ) : `` Wentworth - Staffel 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Staffel 2 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Staffel 3 - Nicht Du leitest dieses Gefängnis , sondern ich ! ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Region 1 DVD sets : `` Wentworth , Season 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth : Season 1 '' . Acornoline.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth , Season 2 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth : Season 2 '' . Acornoline.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth : Season 3 '' . Acornoline.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth , Season 3 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Region 2 DVD sets : `` Wentworth Prison Season One ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison : Season 1 ( Deluxe Edition ) ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison Season 2 Complete Deluxe ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . `` Wentworth Prison : Season Four ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . `` Wentworth Prison 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison - Season 1 - 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison Seasons 1 - 3 box set ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . `` Wentworth Prison : Season One to Four ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . `` Wentworth Prison : Season One To Five ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Region 4 DVD sets : `` Wentworth : The Complete Season One DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Season 2 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Series 3 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . `` Wentworth Series 4 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . `` Wentworth - Season 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . `` Wentworth Seasons 1 2 Boxset on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . 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when does the new wentworth season come out
[ "A sixth season was commissioned by Foxtel on 9 May 2017, which will premiere on 19 June 2018. A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019." ]
[ "19 June 2018" ]
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Great Wall of China
Great Wall of China - wikipedia Great Wall of China Jump to : navigation , search `` Great Wall '' redirects here . For other uses , see Great Wall ( disambiguation ) . wall along the historical northern borders of China Great Wall of China 萬里 長城 The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling Map of all the wall constructions General information Type Fortification Country China Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ N 117 ° 14 ′ E  /  40.68 ° N 117.23 ° E  / 40.68 ; 117.23 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ N 117 ° 14 ′ E  /  40.68 ° N 117.23 ° E  / 40.68 ; 117.23 Technical details Size 21,196 km ( 13,171 mi ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ( i ) , ( ii ) , ( iii ) , ( iv ) , ( vi ) Reference 438 Inscription 1987 ( 11th Session ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Great Wall of China Simplified Chinese 长城 Traditional Chinese 長城 Literal meaning `` The Long Wall '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chángchéng Wade -- Giles Ch'ang - ch'eng IPA ( ʈʂhǎŋ. ʈʂhə̌ŋ ) Wu Romanization Saon sen Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Cheung sing IPA ( tshœ̏ːŋ. sȅŋ ) Jyutping Coeng sing Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tn̂g - siân Tâi - lô Tn̂g - siânn Alternative Chinese name Simplified Chinese 万里 长城 Traditional Chinese 萬里 長城 Literal meaning `` The 10,000 - li Long Wall '' ( show ) Transcriptions Wu Romanization Vae - li saon - sen Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Maan lei Cheung sing IPA ( màːn. le̬i tshœ̏ːŋ. sȅŋ ) Jyutping Maan - lei coeng - sing Southern Min Tâi - lô Bān - lí tn̂g - siânn The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone , brick , tamped earth , wood , and other materials , generally built along an east - to - west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe with an eye to expansion . Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC ; these , later joined together and made bigger and stronger , are collectively referred to as the Great Wall . Especially famous is the wall built in 220 -- 206 BC by Qin Shi Huang , the first Emperor of China . Little of that wall remains . The Great Wall has been rebuilt , maintained , and enhanced over various dynasties ; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) . Apart from defense , other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls , allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the Silk Road , regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration . Furthermore , the defensive characteristics of the Great Wall were enhanced by the construction of watch towers , troop barracks , garrison stations , signaling capabilities through the means of smoke or fire , and the fact that the path of the Great Wall also served as a transportation corridor . The frontier walls built by different dynasties have multiple courses . Collectively , they stretch from Dandong in the east to Lop Lake in the west , from present - day Sino - Russian border in the north to Qinghai in the south ; along an arc that roughly delineates the edge of Mongolian steppe . A comprehensive archaeological survey , using advanced technologies , has concluded that the walls built by the Ming dynasty measure 8,850 km ( 5,500 mi ) . This is made up of 6,259 km ( 3,889 mi ) sections of actual wall , 359 km ( 223 mi ) of trenches and 2,232 km ( 1,387 mi ) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers . Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measures out to be 21,196 km ( 13,171 mi ) . Today , the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 History 2.1 Early walls 2.2 Ming era 2.3 Foreign accounts 3 Course 4 Characteristics 5 Condition 6 Visibility from space 6.1 From the Moon 6.2 From low Earth orbit 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Names The collection of fortifications known as the Great Wall of China has historically had a number of different names in both Chinese and English . In Chinese histories , the term `` Long Wall ( s ) '' ( 長城 , changcheng ) appears in Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian , where it referred both to the separate great walls built between and north of the Warring States and to the more unified construction of the First Emperor . The Chinese character 城 is a phono - semantic compound of the `` place '' or `` earth '' radical 土 and 成 , whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as * deŋ . It originally referred to the rampart which surrounded traditional Chinese cities and was used by extension for these walls around their respective states ; today , however , it is much more often the Chinese word for `` city '' . The longer Chinese name `` Ten - Thousand Mile Long Wall '' ( 萬里 長城 , Wanli Changcheng ) came from Sima Qian 's description of it in the Records , though he did not name the walls as such . The AD 493 Book of Song quotes the frontier general Tan Daoji referring to `` the long wall of 10,000 miles '' , closer to the modern name , but the name rarely features in pre-modern times otherwise . The traditional Chinese mile ( 里 , lǐ ) was an often irregular distance that was intended to show the length of a standard village and varied with terrain but was usually standardized at distances around a third of an English mile ( 540 m ) . Since China 's metrication in 1930 , it has been exactly equivalent to 500 metres or 1,600 feet , which would make the wall 's name describe a distance of 5,000 km ( 3,100 mi ) . However , this use of `` ten - thousand '' ( wàn ) is figurative in a similar manner to the Greek and English myriad and simply means `` innumerable '' or `` immeasurable '' . Because of the wall 's association with the First Emperor 's supposed tyranny , the Chinese dynasties after Qin usually avoided referring to their own additions to the wall by the name `` Long Wall '' . Instead , various terms were used in medieval records , including `` frontier ( s ) '' ( 塞 , sāi ) , `` rampart ( s ) '' ( 垣 , yuán ) , `` barrier ( s ) '' ( 障 , zhàng ) , `` the outer fortresses '' ( 外 堡 , wàibǎo ) , and `` the border wall ( s ) '' ( t 邊 牆 , s 边 墙 , biānqiáng ) . Poetic and informal names for the wall included `` the Purple Frontier '' ( 紫 塞 , Zǐsāi ) and `` the Earth Dragon '' ( t 土 龍 , s 土 龙 , Tǔlóng ) . Only during the Qing period did `` Long Wall '' become the catch - all term to refer to the many border walls regardless of their location or dynastic origin , equivalent to the English `` Great Wall '' . The current English name evolved from accounts of `` the Chinese wall '' from early modern European travelers . By the 19th century , `` The Great Wall of China '' had become standard in English , French , and German , although other European languages continued to refer to it as `` the Chinese wall . '' History Main article : History of the Great Wall of China Early walls The Great Wall of the Qin The Great Wall of the Han The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall - building by the time of the Spring and Autumn period between the 8th and 5th centuries BC . During this time and the subsequent Warring States period , the states of Qin , Wei , Zhao , Qi , Yan , and Zhongshan all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders . Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears , these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames . King Zheng of Qin conquered the last of his opponents and unified China as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty ( `` Qin Shi Huang '' ) in 221 BC . Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords , he ordered the destruction of the sections of the walls that divided his empire among the former states . To position the empire against the Xiongnu people from the north , however , he ordered the building of new walls to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire 's northern frontier . `` Build and move on '' was a central guiding principle in constructing the wall , implying that the Chinese were not erecting a permanently fixed border . Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult , so builders always tried to use local resources . Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges , while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains . There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin walls . Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries , and very few sections remain today . The human cost of the construction is unknown , but it has been estimated by some authors that hundreds of thousands , if not up to a million , workers died building the Qin wall . Later , the Han , the Sui , and the Northern dynasties all repaired , rebuilt , or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders . The Tang and Song dynasties did not undertake any significant effort in the region . The Liao , Jin , and Yuan dynasties , who ruled Northern China throughout most of the 10th -- 13th centuries , constructed defensive walls in the 12th century but those were located much to the north of the Great Wall as we know it , within China 's province of Inner Mongolia and in Mongolia itself . Ming era The extent of the Ming Empire and its walls Main article : Ming Great Wall The Great Wall concept was revived again under the Ming in the 14th century , and following the Ming army 's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu . The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Mongolian tribes after successive battles , and the long - drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire . The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China . Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert , the wall followed the desert 's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Yellow River . Unlike the earlier fortifications , the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth . Up to 25,000 watchtowers are estimated to have been constructed on the wall . As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years , the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls . Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong . Qi Jiguang between 1567 and 1570 also repaired and reinforced the wall , faced sections of the ram - earth wall with bricks and constructed 1,200 watchtowers from Shanhaiguan Pass to Changping to warn of approaching Mongol raiders . During the 1440s -- 1460s , the Ming also built a so - called `` Liaodong Wall '' . Similar in function to the Great Wall ( whose extension , in a sense , it was ) , but more basic in construction , the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province , protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north . While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall , most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides . Towards the end of the Ming , the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600 . Even after the loss of all of Liaodong , the Ming army held the heavily fortified Shanhai Pass , preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland . The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644 , after Beijing had already fallen to Li Zicheng 's rebels . Before this time , the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid , but this time it was for conquest . The gates at Shanhai Pass were opened on May 25 by the commanding Ming general , Wu Sangui , who formed an alliance with the Manchus , hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing . The Manchus quickly seized Beijing , and eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance , establishing the Qing dynasty rule over all of China . Under Qing rule , China 's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire , so constructions on the Great Wall were discontinued . On the other hand , the so - called Willow Palisade , following a line similar to that of the Ming Liaodong Wall , was constructed by the Qing rulers in Manchuria . Its purpose , however , was not defense but rather migration control . Foreign accounts Part of the Great Wall of China ( April 1853 , X , p. 41 ) The Great Wall in 1907 None of the Europeans who visited Yuan China or Mongolia , such as Marco Polo , Giovanni da Pian del Carpine , William of Rubruck , Giovanni de ' Marignolli and Odoric of Pordenone , mentioned the Great Wall . The North African traveler Ibn Battuta , who also visited China during the Yuan dynasty ca . 1346 , had heard about China 's Great Wall , possibly before he had arrived in China . He wrote that the wall is `` sixty days ' travel '' from Zeitun ( modern Quanzhou ) in his travelogue Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling . He associated it with the legend of the wall mentioned in the Qur'an , which Dhul - Qarnayn ( commonly associated with Alexander the Great ) was said to have erected to protect people near the land of the rising sun from the savages of Gog and Magog . However , Ibn Battuta could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it , suggesting that although there were remnants of the wall at that time , they were n't significant . Soon after Europeans reached Ming China by ship in the early 16th century , accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe , even though no European was to see it for another century . Possibly one of the earliest European descriptions of the wall and of its significance for the defense of the country against the `` Tartars '' ( i.e. Mongols ) , may be the one contained in João de Barros 's 1563 Asia . Other early accounts in Western sources include those of Gaspar da Cruz , Bento de Goes , Matteo Ricci , and Bishop Juan González de Mendoza . In 1559 , in his work `` A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions , '' Gaspar da Cruz offers an early discussion of the Great Wall . Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605 , when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India . Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical , closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall , although later they slid into hyperbole , including the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the Ming Walls were the same ones that were built by the First Emperor in the 3rd century BC . When China opened its borders to foreign merchants and visitors after its defeat in the First and Second Opium Wars , the Great Wall became a main attraction for tourists . The travelogues of the later 19th century further enhanced the reputation and the mythology of the Great Wall , such that in the 20th century , a persistent misconception exists about the Great Wall of China being visible from the Moon or even Mars . Course The main sections of the Great Wall that are still standing today An area of the sections of the Great Wall at Jinshanling Although a formal definition of what constitutes a `` Great Wall '' has not been agreed upon , making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety , the course of the main Great Wall line following Ming constructions can be charted . The Jiayu Pass , located in Gansu province , is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall . Although Han fortifications such as Yumen Pass and the Yang Pass exist further west , the extant walls leading to those passes are difficult to trace . From Jiayu Pass the wall travels discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor and into the deserts of Ningxia , where it enters the western edge of the Yellow River loop at Yinchuan . Here the first major walls erected during the Ming dynasty cuts through the Ordos Desert to the eastern edge of the Yellow River loop . There at Piantou Pass ( t 偏 頭 關 , s 偏 头 关 , Piāntóuguān ) in Xinzhou , Shanxi province , the Great Wall splits in two with the `` Outer Great Wall '' ( t 外 長城 , s 外 长城 , Wài Chǎngchéng ) extending along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province , and the `` inner Great Wall '' ( t 內 長城 , s 內 长城 , Nèi Chǎngchéng ) running southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 km ( 250 mi ) , passing through important passes like the Pingxing Pass and Yanmen Pass before joining the Outer Great Wall at Sihaiye ( 四海 冶 , Sìhǎiyě ) , in Beijing 's Yanqing County . The sections of the Great Wall around Beijing municipality are especially famous : they were frequently renovated and are regularly visited by tourists today . The Badaling Great Wall near Zhangjiakou is the most famous stretch of the Wall , for this is the first section to be opened to the public in the People 's Republic of China , as well as the showpiece stretch for foreign dignitaries . South of Badaling is the Juyong Pass ; when used by the Chinese to protect their land , this section of the wall had many guards to defend China 's capital Beijing . Made of stone and bricks from the hills , this portion of the Great Wall is 7.8 m ( 25 ft 7 in ) high and 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) wide . One of the most striking sections of the Ming Great Wall is where it climbs extremely steep slopes in Jinshanling . There it runs 11 km ( 7 mi ) long , ranges from 5 to 8 m ( 16 ft 5 in to 26 ft 3 in ) in height , and 6 m ( 19 ft 8 in ) across the bottom , narrowing up to 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) across the top . Wangjinglou ( t 望 京 樓 , s 望 京 楼 , Wàngjīng Lóu ) is one of Jinshanling 's 67 watchtowers , 980 m ( 3,220 ft ) above sea level . Southeast of Jinshanling is the Mutianyu Great Wall which winds along lofty , cragged mountains from the southeast to the northwest for 2.25 km ( 1.40 mi ) . It is connected with Juyongguan Pass to the west and Gubeikou to the east . This section was one of the first to be renovated following the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution . At the edge of the Bohai Gulf is Shanhai Pass , considered the traditional end of the Great Wall and the `` First Pass Under Heaven '' . The part of the wall inside Shanhai Pass that meets the sea is named the `` Old Dragon Head '' . 3 km ( 2 mi ) north of Shanhai Pass is Jiaoshan Great Wall ( 焦 山 長城 ) , the site of the first mountain of the Great Wall . 15 km ( 9 mi ) northeast from Shanhaiguan is Jiumenkou ( t 九 門口 , s 九 门口 , Jiǔménkǒu ) , which is the only portion of the wall that was built as a bridge . Beyond Jiumenkou , an offshoot known as the Liaodong Wall continues through Liaoning province and terminates at the Hushan Great Wall , in the city of Dandong near the North Korean border . In 2009 , 180 km of previously unknown sections of the wall concealed by hills , trenches and rivers were discovered with the help of infrared range finders and GPS devices . In March and April 2015 nine sections with a total length of more than 10 km ( 6 mi ) , believed to be part of the Great Wall , were discovered along the border of Ningxia autonomous region and Gansu province . Characteristics The Great Wall at Mutianyu , near Beijing Great Wall of China in tourist season Before the use of bricks , the Great Wall was mainly built from rammed earth , stones , and wood . During the Ming , however , bricks were heavily used in many areas of the wall , as were materials such as tiles , lime , and stone . The size and weight of the bricks made them easier to work with than earth and stone , so construction quickened . Additionally , bricks could bear more weight and endure better than rammed earth . Stone can hold under its own weight better than brick , but is more difficult to use . Consequently , stones cut in rectangular shapes were used for the foundation , inner and outer brims , and gateways of the wall . Battlements line the uppermost portion of the vast majority of the wall , with defensive gaps a little over 30 cm ( 12 in ) tall , and about 23 cm ( 9.1 in ) wide . From the parapets , guards could survey the surrounding land . Communication between the army units along the length of the Great Wall , including the ability to call reinforcements and warn garrisons of enemy movements , was of high importance . Signal towers were built upon hill tops or other high points along the wall for their visibility . Wooden gates could be used as a trap against those going through . Barracks , stables , and armories were built near the wall 's inner surface . Condition A more rural portion of the Great Wall that stretches throughout the mountains , here seen in slight disrepair The Great Wall of China at Badaling While portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated , in many other locations the Wall is in disrepair . Those parts might serve as a village playground or a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads . Sections of the Wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism , while inscribed bricks were pilfered and sold on the market for up to 50 renminbi . Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction . A 2012 report by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage states that 22 % of the Ming Great Wall has disappeared , while 1,961 km ( 1,219 mi ) of wall have vanished . More than 60 km ( 37 mi ) of the wall in Gansu province may disappear in the next 20 years , due to erosion from sandstorms . In some places , the height of the wall has been reduced from more than 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) to less than 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) . Various square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared . Many western sections of the wall are constructed from mud , rather than brick and stone , and thus are more susceptible to erosion . In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete . The work has been much criticized . Visibility from space From the Moon One of the earliest known references to the myth that the Great Wall can be seen from the moon appears in a letter written in 1754 by the English antiquary William Stukeley . Stukeley wrote that , `` This mighty wall of four score miles ( 130 km ) in length is only exceeded by the Chinese Wall , which makes a considerable figure upon the terrestrial globe , and may be discerned at the Moon . '' The claim was also mentioned by Henry Norman in 1895 where he states `` besides its age it enjoys the reputation of being the only work of human hands on the globe visible from the Moon . '' The issue of `` canals '' on Mars was prominent in the late 19th century and may have led to the belief that long , thin objects were visible from space . The claim that the Great Wall is visible from the moon also appears in 1932 's Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! strip and in Richard Halliburton 's 1938 book Second Book of Marvels . The claim that the Great Wall is visible from the moon has been debunked many times , but is still ingrained in popular culture . The wall is a maximum 9.1 m ( 29 ft 10 in ) wide , and is about the same color as the soil surrounding it . Based on the optics of resolving power ( distance versus the width of the iris : a few millimeters for the human eye , meters for large telescopes ) only an object of reasonable contrast to its surroundings which is 110 km ( 70 mi ) or more in diameter ( 1 arc - minute ) would be visible to the unaided eye from the Moon , whose average distance from Earth is 384,393 km ( 238,851 mi ) . The apparent width of the Great Wall from the Moon is the same as that of a human hair viewed from 3 km ( 2 mi ) away . To see the wall from the Moon would require spatial resolution 17,000 times better than normal ( 20 / 20 ) vision . Unsurprisingly , no lunar astronaut has ever claimed to have seen the Great Wall from the Moon . From low earth orbit A satellite image of a section of the Great Wall in northern Shanxi , running diagonally from lower left to upper right and not to be confused with the more prominent river running from upper left to lower right . The region pictured is 12 km × 12 km ( 7 mi × 7 mi ) . A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from low Earth orbit ( an altitude of as little as 160 km ( 100 mi ) ) . NASA claims that it is barely visible , and only under nearly perfect conditions ; it is no more conspicuous than many other man - made objects . Other authors have argued that due to limitations of the optics of the eye and the spacing of photoreceptors on the retina , it is impossible to see the wall with the naked eye , even from low orbit , and would require visual acuity of 20 / 3 ( 7.7 times better than normal ) . Astronaut William Pogue thought he had seen it from Skylab but discovered he was actually looking at the Grand Canal of China near Beijing . He spotted the Great Wall with binoculars , but said that `` it was n't visible to the unaided eye . '' U.S. Senator Jake Garn claimed to be able to see the Great Wall with the naked eye from a space shuttle orbit in the early 1980s , but his claim has been disputed by several U.S. astronauts . Veteran U.S. astronaut Gene Cernan has stated : `` At Earth orbit of 100 to 200 miles ( 160 to 320 km ) high , the Great Wall of China is , indeed , visible to the naked eye . '' Ed Lu , Expedition 7 Science Officer aboard the International Space Station , adds that , `` it 's less visible than a lot of other objects . And you have to know where to look . '' In 2001 , Neil Armstrong stated about the view from Apollo 11 : `` I do not believe that , at least with my eyes , there would be any man - made object that I could see . I have not yet found somebody who has told me they 've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit ... I 've asked various people , particularly Shuttle guys , that have been many orbits around China in the daytime , and the ones I 've talked to did n't see it . '' In October 2003 , Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei stated that he had not been able to see the Great Wall of China . In response , the European Space Agency ( ESA ) issued a press release reporting that from an orbit between 160 and 320 km ( 100 and 200 mi ) , the Great Wall is visible to the naked eye . In an attempt to further clarify things , the ESA published a picture of a part of the `` Great Wall '' photographed from low orbit . However , in a press release a week later , they acknowledged that the `` Great Wall '' in the picture was actually a river . Leroy Chiao , a Chinese - American astronaut , took a photograph from the International Space Station that shows the wall . It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it . Based on the photograph , the China Daily later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from ' space ' with the naked eye , under favorable viewing conditions , if one knows exactly where to look . However , the resolution of a camera can be much higher than the human visual system , and the optics much better , rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye . Gallery `` The First Mound '' -- at Jiayuguan , the western terminus The Great Wall of China at Badaling A portion of the Great Wall of China at Simatai , overlooking the gorge Mutianyu Great Wall , China . This is atop the wall on a section that has not been restored The Old Dragon Head , the Great Wall where it meets the sea in the vicinity of Shanhaiguan See also Defense of the Great Wall Gates of Alexander Great Wall of China hoax Great Wall Marathon Great Wall of Qi Huangya Pass Jiankou List of World Heritage Sites in China Notes Jump up ^ `` China 's Great Wall Found To Measure More Than 20,000 Kilometers '' . Bloomberg . June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The New York Times with introduction by Sam Tanenhaus ( 2011 ) . The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge : A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind . St. Martin 's Press of Macmillan Publishers . p. 1131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 64302 - 7 . Beginning as separate sections of fortification around the 7th century B.C.E and unified during the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century B.C.E , this wall , built of earth and rubble with a facing of brick or stone , runs from east to west across China for over 4,000 miles . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Large parts of the fortification system date from the 7th through the 4th century BC . In the 3rd century BC Shihuangdi ( Qin Shi Huang ) , the first emperor of a united China ( under the Qin dynasty ) , connected a number of existing defensive walls into a single system . Traditionally , the eastern terminus of the wall was considered to be Shanhai Pass ( Shanhaiguan ) in eastern Hebei province along the coast of the Bo Hai ( Gulf of Chihli ) , and the wall 's length -- without its branches and other secondary sections -- was thought to extend for some 6,690 km ( 4,160 mi ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Wall of China ' even longer ' '' . BBC . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . History . April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 650 . Jump up ^ Baxter , William H. & al. ( September 20 , 2014 ) . `` Baxter -- Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction , Version 1.1 '' ( PDF ) . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ See Lovell 2006 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 202 . Tan Daoji 's exact quote : `` So you would destroy your Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li ! '' ( 乃 復 壞 汝 萬里 之 長城 ) Note the use of the particle 之 zhi that differentiates the quote from the modern name . Jump up ^ Byron R. Winborn ( 1994 ) . Wen Bon : a Naval Air Intelligence Officer behind Japanese lines in China . University of North Texas Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929398 - 77 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Weights and Measures Act ( 1929 ) '' . The Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lindesay , William ( 2007 ) . The Great Wall Revisited : From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon 's Head . Beijing : Wuzhou Publishing . p. 21 . ISBN 7 - 5085 - 1032 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 651 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1988 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler 2007 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ 歷代 王朝 修 長城 ( in Chinese ) . Chiculture.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 古代 长城 -- 战争 与 和平 的 纽带 ( in Chinese ) . Newsmth.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 万里 长城 ( in Chinese ) . Newsmth.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burbank , Jane ; Cooper , Frederick ( 2010 ) . Empires in World History : Power and the Politics of Difference . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Slavicek , Mitchell & Matray 2005 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Evans 2006 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defense and Cost of The Great Wall -- page 3 '' . Paul and Bernice Noll 's Window on the World . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coonan , Clifford ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` British researcher discovers piece of Great Wall ' marooned outside China ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 654 ; Haw 2006 , pp. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Karnow 2008 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Szabó , Dávid & Loczy 2010 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Evans 2006 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall at Mutianyu '' . Great Wall of China . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1985 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Part of the Great Wall of China '' . The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering : A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons . Wesleyan Missionary Society . X : 41 . April 1853 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruysbroek , Willem van ( 1900 ) ( 1255 ) . The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World , 1253 -- 55 , as Narrated by Himself , with Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine . Translated from the Latin by William Woodville Rockhill . London : The Hakluyt Society . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Qur'an , XVIII : `` The Cave '' . English translations hosted at Wikisource include Maulana Muhammad Ali 's , E.H. Palmer 's , and the Progressive Muslims Organization 's . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Barros , João de ( 1777 ) ( 1563 ) . Ásia de João de Barros : Dos feitos que os portugueses fizeram no descobrimento dos mares e terras do Oriente . V. Lisbon . 3a Década , pp. 186 -- 204 ( originally Vol. II , Ch . vii ) . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , pp. 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Yule 1866 , p. 579This section is the report of Góis 's travel , as reported by Matteo Ricci in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas ( published 1615 ) , annotated by Henry Yule ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 2 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Lindesay 2008 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` Jiaoshan Great Wall '' . TravelChinaGuide.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jiaoshan Great Wall is located about 3 km ( 2 mi ) from Shanhaiguan ancient city . It is named after Jiaoshan Mountain , which is the highest peak to the north of Shanhai Pass and also the first mountain the Great Wall climbs up after Shanhai Pass . Therefore Jiaoshan Mountain is noted as `` The first mountain of the Great Wall '' . Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall : Liaoning Province '' . Global Times . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China longer than believed as 180 missing miles found '' . The Guardian . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Newly - discovered remains redraw path of Great Wall '' . China Daily . April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Turnbull 2007 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Ford , Peter ( November 30 , 2006 ) . New law to keep China 's Wall looking great . Christian Science Monitor , Asia Pacific section . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Edward ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` China Fears Loss of Great Wall , Brick by Brick '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce G. Doar : The Great Wall of China : Tangible , Intangible and Destructible . China Heritage Newsletter , China Heritage Project , Australian National University Jump up ^ `` China 's Wall becoming less and less Great '' . Reuters . August 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ CNN , Ben Westcott and Serenitie Wang . `` China 's Great Wall covered in cement '' . Jump up ^ The Family Memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley ( 1887 ) Vol. 3 , p. 142 . ( 1754 ) . Jump up ^ Norman , Henry , The Peoples and Politics of the Far East , p. 215 . ( 1895 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall of China , Ripley 's Believe It or Not , 1932 . Jump up ^ Urban Legends.com website . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . `` Can you see the Great Wall of China from the moon or outer space ? '' , Answers.com . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . Cecil Adams , `` Is the Great wall of China the only manmade object byou can see from space ? '' , The Straight Dope . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . Snopes , `` Great wall from space '' , last updated July 21 , 2007 . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . `` Is China 's Great Wall Visible from Space ? '' , Scientific American , February 21 , 2008 . `` ... the wall is only visible from low orbit under a specific set of weather and lighting conditions . And many other structures that are less spectacular from an earthly vantage point -- desert roads , for example -- appear more prominent from an orbital perspective . '' Jump up ^ `` Metro Tescos '' , The Times ( London ) , April 26 , 2010 . Found at The Times website . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : López - Gil 2008 , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Great Wall of China '' . Nasa.gov . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dr. Stephen E. Ambrose ; Dr. Douglas Brinkley ( September 19 , 2001 ) . `` Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Oral History Transcript -- Neil Armstrong '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Markus , Francis . ( April 19 , 2005 ) . Great Wall visible in space photo . BBC News , Asia - Pacific section . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . References Edmonds , Richard Louis ( 1985 ) . Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan : A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy . University of Chicago , Department of Geography ; Research Paper No. 213 . ISBN 0 - 89065 - 118 - 3 . Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 7 . Evans , Thammy ( 2006 ) . Great Wall of China : Beijing & Northern China . Bradt Travel Guide . Bradt Travel Guides . p. 3 . ISBN 1 - 84162 - 158 - 7 . Haw , Stephen G. ( 2006 ) . Marco Polo 's China : a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan . Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia . Psychology Press . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34850 - 1 . Hessler , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` Letter from China : Walking the Wall '' . The New Yorker ( May 21 , 2007 ) : 58 -- 67 . Karnow , Mooney , Paul and Catherine ( 2008 ) . National Geographic Traveler : Beijing . National Geographic Books . p. 192 . ISBN 1 - 4262 - 0231 - 8 . Lindesay , William ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall Revisited : From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon 's Head . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03149 - 4 . López - Gil , Norberto ( 2008 ) . `` Is it Really Possible to See the Great Wall of China from Space with a Naked Eye ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Optometry. 1 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 4 . doi : 10.3921 / joptom. 2008.3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2008 . Lovell , Julia ( 2006 ) . The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC -- AD 2000 . Sydney : Picador Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42241 - 3 . Rojas , Carlos ( 2010 ) . The Great Wall : a cultural history . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04787 - 7 . Slavicek , Louise Chipley ; Mitchell , George J. ; Matray , James I. ( 2005 ) . The Great Wall of China . Infobase Publishing . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 8019 - 6 . Szabó , József ; Dávid , Lóránt ; Loczy , Denes , eds. ( 2010 ) . Anthropogenic Geomorphology : A Guide to Man - made Landforms . Springer . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3057 - 3 . Turnbull , Stephen R ( January 2007 ) . The Great Wall of China 221 BC -- AD 1644 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 004 - 8 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1983 ) . `` The Problem of The Great Wall of China '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . Harvard - Yenching Institute . 43 ( 2 ) : 643 -- 63 . JSTOR 2719110 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1988 ) . `` The Great Wall Myth : Its Origins and Role in Modern China '' . The Yale Journal of Criticism . Johns Hopkins University Press . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 104 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1990 ) . The Great Wall of China : from history to myth . Cambridge England New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42707 - 4 . Yule , Sir Henry , ed. ( 1866 ) . Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China . Issues 36 -- 37 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society . Printed for the Hakluyt society . Further reading Arnold , H.J.P , `` The Great Wall : Is It or Is n't It ? '' Astronomy Now , 1995 . Beckwith , Christopher I. ( 2009 ) : Empires of the Silk Road : A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13589 - 2 . Luo , Zewen , et al. and Baker , David , ed. ( 1981 ) . The Great Wall . Maidenhead : McGraw - Hill Book Company ( UK ) . ISBN 0 - 07 - 070745 - 6 Man , John . ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall . London : Bantam Press . 335 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05574 - 8 . Michaud , Roland and Sabrina ( photographers ) , & Michel Jan , The Great Wall of China . Abbeville Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0736 - 2 Schafer , Edward H. ( 1985 ) The Golden Peaches of Samarkand . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05462 - 2 . Yamashita , Michael ; Lindesay , William ( 2007 ) . The Great Wall -- From Beginning to End . New York : Sterling . 160 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 3160 - 0 . External links Find more aboutGreat Wall of Chinaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity International Friends of the Great Wall -- organization focused on conservation UNESCO World Heritage Centre profile Enthusiast / scholar website ( in Chinese ) Great Wall of China on In Our Time at the BBC . 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when did the great wall became a world heritage site
[ "\n\nGreat Wall of China\n\n\n萬里長城\n\n\n\nThe Great Wall of China at Jinshanling\n\n\n\n\nMap of all the wall constructions\n\n\n\nGeneral information\n\n\nType\nFortification\n\n\nCountry\nChina\n\n\nCoordinates\n40°41′N 117°14′E / 40.68°N 117.23°E / 40.68; 117.23Coordinates: 40°41′N 117°14′E / 40.68°N 117.23°E / 40.68; 117.23\n\n\nTechnical details\n\n\nSize\n21,196 km (13,171 mi)[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nUNESCO World Heritage Site\n\n\nCriteria\nCultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi) \n\n\nReference\n438\n\n\nInscription\n1987 (11th Session)\n\n\n\n[edit on Wikidata]\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "1987" ]
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Rail Budget
Rail budget - Wikipedia Rail budget Jump to : navigation , search Rail Budget of India is the Annual Financial Statement of the state - owned Indian Railways , which handles rail transport in India . It was presented every year by the Minister of Railways , representing the Ministry of Railways , in the Parliament . The Railway Budget was presented every year , a few days before the Union budget of India , till 2016 . The Government on 21 September 2016 approved merger of the Rail and General budgets from next year , ending a 92 - year - old practice of a separate budget for the nation 's largest transporter . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links History ( edit ) Following the recommendation of the Acworth Committee in 1920 - 21 , headed by British railway economist William Acworth The `` Acworth Report '' led to reorganisation of railways , the railway finances were separated from the general government finances in 1921 . After that in 1924 the budget was announced , a practice that continued till 2016 . The first live telecast took place on 24 March 1994 . Lalu Prasad Yadav , who remained Railways Minister from 2004 to May 2009 , presented the railway budget 6 times in a row . In 2009 , under his tenure a ₹ 108 billion ( US $1.7 billion ) budget was passed . In the year 2000 , Mamata Banerjee ( later Chief Minister of West Bengal ) became the first female Railway Minister . In 2002 , she became the first female to present the Railway budget and is the only woman to do so for two different governing coalitions ( NDA and UPA ) . In 2014 budget , Railway Minister D.V. Sadananda Gowda announced the first bullet train and 9 High - Speed Rail routes . The last Railway Budget was presented on 25 February 2016 by Mr. Suresh Prabhu . See also ( edit ) Union budget of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/railway-budget-to-be-merged-with-general-budget-from-2017/article8988441.ece Jump up ^ `` No. 32188 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 11 January 1921 . p. 278 . Jump up ^ Powell Anstey , Vera ( 1952 ) . The Economic Development of India . Ayer Publishing . pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Headrick , Daniel R ( 1988 ) . The tentacles of progress : technology transfer in the age of imperialism , 1850 - 1940 . Oxford University Press . p. 80 . ISBN 9780195051162 . Jump up ^ Debroy , Bibek ( 6 March 2012 ) . `` Railway Budget 2012 : Best time to raise fares is now '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lalu announces some more trains '' . The Hindu . 20 February 2009 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gowda 's announces first bullet train between Mumbai - Ahmedabad '' . Patrika Group . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` After 92 years , Rail Budget is history '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Railway Budget Speech 2010 Press Information Bureau , Govt. of India . Railway Budget , 2012 - 13 Press Information Bureau Railway Budget , 2013 - 14 Press Information Bureau External links ( edit ) Official website of the Ministry of Railways `` Railway Budget Archive ( 1997 - present ) '' . Press Information Bureau . Budgets of India Union 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Railway 2014 2015 2016 Indian Railways Authority Ministry of Railways Railway Board Zones Central Railway East Central Railway East Coast Railway Eastern Railway North Central Railway North Eastern Railway North Western Railway Northeast Frontier Railway Northern Railway South Central Railway South East Central Railway South Eastern Railway South Western Railway Southern Railway West Central Railway Western Railway Konkan Railway Production units Chittaranjan Locomotive Works , Chittaranjan Diesel Locomotive Works , Varanasi Diesel - Loco Modernisation Works , Patiala Integral Coach Factory , Chennai Modern Coach Factory , Raebareli Rail Coach Factory , Kapurthala Rail Wheel Factory , Bengaluru Rail Wheel Plant , Bela Railway depots Diesel Ernakulam Erode Golden Rock Gooty Guntakal Kalyan Mhow Pune Samastipur Ratlam Vatwa Bandra Marshalling Yard Bhagat ki Kothi Abu Road Phulera Kurla Itarsi Tughlakabad Raipur Tondiarpet Kazipet Maula Ali Krishnarajapuram Vishakhapatnam Shakurbasti Ludhiana Lucknow Mughalsarai Jhansi Gwalior Agra Izzatnagar Malda Town Siliguri Howrah Andal Burdwan Jamalpur Patratu Samastipur Kharagpur Bondamunda Bokaro Steel City Neral Electric Ajni Bhusawal Kalyan Angul Visakhapatnam Mughal Sarai Asansol Howrah Jhansi Gonda Ghaziabad Khanalampura Ludhiana Vijayawada Kazipet Lalaguda Bhilai Bokaro Steel City Bondamunda Santragachi Tatanagar Arakkonam Erode Royapuram Itarsi New Katni Tuglakabad Valsad Vadodara Gomoh MEMU Kollam Vadodara Bhilai Rajahmundry Asansol Palakkad EMU Car Shed Mumbai Central Kandivali Virar Rajahmundry Sanpada Kalwa Tambaram Avadi Maula Ali Ghaziabad Gholsapur Barasat Bandel Howrah Sealdah Sonarpur Tikiapara Panskura Kharagpur Kurla Shakurbasti Subsidiaries BWE BSC Braithwaite & Co . 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who presented in parliament the separate rail budget in india
[ "Rail Budget of India is the Annual Financial Statement of the state-owned Indian Railways, which handles rail transport in India. It was presented every year by the Minister of Railways, representing the Ministry of Railways, in the Parliament." ]
[ "the Minister of Railways" ]
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Hypoxemia
Hypoxemia - wikipedia Hypoxemia Jump to : navigation , search Hypoxemia Classification and external resources Specialty Pulmonology ( edit on Wikidata ) Hypoxemia ( or hypoxaemia in British English ) is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood . More specifically , it is oxygen deficiency in arterial blood . Hypoxemia has many causes , often respiratory disorders , and can cause tissue hypoxia as the blood is not supplying enough oxygen to the body . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Causes 3.1 Ventilation 3.1. 1 Respiratory drive 3.1. 2 Physical states 3.1. 3 Environmental oxygen 3.2 Perfusion 3.2. 1 Ventilation - perfusion mismatch 3.2. 2 Shunting 3.3 Exercise 4 Physiology 5 History 6 References Definition ( edit ) Hypoxemia refers to low oxygen in the blood , and the more general term hypoxia is an abnormally low oxygen content in any tissue or organ , or the body as a whole . Hypoxemia can cause hypoxia ( hypoxemic hypoxia ) , but hypoxia can also occur via other mechanisms , such as anemia . Hypoxemia is usually defined in terms of reduced partial pressure of oxygen ( mm Hg ) in arterial blood , but also in terms of reduced content of oxygen ( ml oxygen per dl blood ) or percentage saturation of hemoglobin ( the oxygen binding protein within red blood cells ) with oxygen , which is either found singly or in combination . While there is general agreement that an arterial blood gas measurement which shows that the partial pressure of oxygen is lower than normal constitutes hypoxemia , there is less agreement concerning whether the oxygen content of blood is relevant in determining hypoxemia . This definition would include oxygen carried by hemoglobin . The oxygen content of blood is thus sometimes viewed as a measure of tissue delivery rather than hypoxemia . Just as extreme hypoxia can be called anoxia , extreme hypoxemia can be called anoxemia . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Main article : Hypoxia ( medical ) § Signs and symptoms In an acute context , hypoxemia can cause symptoms such as those in respiratory distress . These include breathlessness , an increased rate of breathing , use of the chest and abdominal muscles to breathe , and lip pursing . Chronic hypoxemia may be compensated or uncompensated . The compensation may cause symptoms to be overlooked initially , however , further disease or a stress such as any increase in oxygen demand may finally unmask the existing hypoxemia . In a compensated state , blood vessels supplying less - ventilated areas of the lung may selectively contract , to redirect the blood to areas of the lungs which are better ventilated . However , in a chronic context , and if the lungs are not well ventilated generally , this mechanism can result in pulmonary hypertension , overloading the right ventricle of the heart and causing cor pulmonale and right sided heart failure . Polycythemia can also occur . In children , chronic hypoxemia may manifest as delayed growth , neurological development and motor development and decreased sleep quality with frequent sleep arousals . Other symptoms of hypoxemia may include cyanosis , digital clubbing , and symptoms that may relate to the cause of the hypoxemia , including cough and hemoptysis . Serious hypoxemia occurs ( 1 ) when the partial pressure of oxygen in blood is less than 60 mm Hg , ( the beginning of the steep portion of the oxygen -- haemoglobin dissociation curve , where a small decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen results in a large decrease in the oxygen content of the blood ) ; or ( 2 ) when hemoglobin oxygen saturation is less than 90 % . Severe hypoxia can lead to respiratory failure Causes ( edit ) Hypoxemia refers to insufficient oxygen in the blood . Thus any cause that influences the rate or volume of air entering the lungs ( ventilation ) or any cause that influences the transfer of air from the lungs to the blood may cause hypoxemia . As well as these respiratory causes , cardiovascular causes such as shunts may also result in hypoxaemia . The most common causes of hypoxemia are ventilation - perfusion mismatch , hypoventilation , and shunts . Ventilation ( edit ) If the alveolar ventilation is insufficient , there will not be enough oxygen delivered to the alveoli for the body 's use . This can cause hypoxemia even if the lungs are normal , as the cause is in the brainstem 's control of ventilation or in the body 's inability to breathe effectively . Respiratory drive ( edit ) Respiration is controlled by centres in the medulla , which influence the rate of breathing and the depth of each breath . This is influenced by the blood level of carbon dioxide , as determined by central and peripheral chemoreceptors located in the central nervous system and carotid and aortic bodies , respectively . Hypoxia occurs when the breathing center does n't function correctly or when the signal is not appropriate : Strokes , epilepsy and cervical neck fractures can all damage the medullary respiratory centres that generates rhythmic impulses and transmit them along the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm , the muscle that is responsible for breathing . A decreased respiratory drive can also be the result of metabolic alkalosis , a state of decreased carbon dioxide in the blood Central sleep apnea . During sleep , the breathing centers of the brain can pause their activity , leading to prolonged periods of apnea with potentially serious consequences . Hyperventilation followed by prolonged breath - holding . This hyperventilation , attempted by some swimmers , reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the lungs . This reduces the urge to breathe . However , it also means that falling blood oxygen levels are not sensed , and can result in hypoxemia . Physical states ( edit ) A variety of conditions that physically limit airflow can lead to hypoxemia . Suffocation , including temporary interruption temporary cessation of breathing as in obstructive sleep apnea , or bedclothes may interfere with breathing in infants , a putative cause of SIDS . Structural deformities of the chest , such as scoliosis and kyphosis , which can restrict breathing and lead to hypoxia . Muscle weakness , which may limit the ability of the diaphragm , the primary muscle for drawing new air into lungs , to function . This may be a result of a congenital disease , such as motor neuron disease , or an acquired condition , such as fatigue in severe cases of COPD . Environmental oxygen ( edit ) Oxygen - Haemoglobin Dissassociation Curve . In conditions where the proportion of oxygen in the air is low , or when the partial pressure of oxygen has decreased , less oxygen is present in the alveoli of the lungs . The alveolar oxygen is transferred to hemoglobin , a carrier protein inside red blood cells , with an efficiency that decreases with the partial pressure of oxygen in the air . Altitude . The external partial pressure of oxygen decreases with altitude , for example in areas of high altitude or when flying . This decrease results in decreased carriage of oxygen by haemoglobin . This is particularly seen as a cause of cerebral hypoxia and mountain sickness in climbers of Mount Everest and other peaks of extreme altitude . For example , at the peak of Mount Everest , the partial pressure of oxygen is just 43 mmHg , whereas at sea level the partial pressure is 150 mmHg . For this reason , cabin pressure in aircraft is maintained at 5,000 to 6,000 feet ( 1500 to 1800 m ) . Diving . Hypoxia in diving can result from sudden surfacing . The partial pressures of gases increases when diving , increases by one ATM every ten metres . This means that a partial pressure of oxygen sufficient to maintain good carriage by haemoglobin is possible at depth , even if it is insufficient at the surface . A diver that remains underwater will slowly consume their oxygen , and when surfacing , the partial pressure of oxygen may be insufficient ( shallow water blackout ) . This may manifest at depth as deep water blackout . Suffocation . Decreased concentration of oxygen in inspired air caused by reduced replacement of oxygen in the breathing mix . Anaesthetics . Low partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs when switching from inhaled anesthesia to atmospheric air , due to the Fink effect , or diffusion hypoxia . Air depleted of oxygen has also proven fatal . In the past , anesthesia machines have malfunctioned , delivering low - oxygen gas mixtures to patients . Additionally , oxygen in a confined space can be consumed if carbon dioxide scrubbers are used without sufficient attention to supplementing the oxygen which has been consumed . Perfusion ( edit ) Ventilation - perfusion mismatch ( edit ) This refers to a disruption in the ventilation / perfusion equilibrium . Oxygen entering the lungs typically diffuses across the alveolar - capillary membrane into blood . However this equilibration does not occur when the alveolus is insufficiently ventilated , and as a consequence the blood exiting that alveolus is relatively hypoxemic . When such blood is added to blood from well ventilated alveoli , the mix has a lower oxygen partial pressure than the alveolar air , and so the A-a difference develops . Examples of states that can cause a ventilation - perfusion mismatch include : Exercise . Whilst modest activity and exercise improves ventilation - perfusion matching , hypoxemia may develop during intense exercise as a result of preexisting lung diseases . During exercise , almost half of the hypoxemia is due to diffusion limitations ( again , on average ) . Aging . An increasingly poor match between ventilation and perfusion is seen with age , as well as a decreased ability to compensate for hypoxic states . Disease that affect the pulmonary interstitum can also result in hypoxia , by affecting the ability of oxygen to diffuse into arteries . An example of these diseases is pulmonary fibrosis , where even at rest a fifth of the hypoxemia is due to diffusion limitations ( on average ) . Diseases that result in acute or chronic respiratory distress can result in hypoxia . These diseases can be acute in onset ( such as obstruction by inhaling something or a pulmonary embolus ) or chronic ( such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ) . Cirrhosis can be complicated by refractory hypoxemia due to high rates of blood flow through the lung , resulting in ventilation - perfusion mismatch . Shunting ( edit ) Shunting refers to blood that bypasses the pulmonary circulation , meaning that the blood does not receive oxygen from the alveoli . In general , a shunt may be within the heart or lungs , and can not be corrected by administering oxygen alone . Shunting may occur in normal states : Anatomic shunting , occurring via the bronchial circulation , which provides blood to the tissues of the lung . Shunting also occurs by the smallest cardiac veins , which empty directly into the left ventricle . Physiological shunts , occur due to the effect of gravity . The highest concentration of blood in the pulmonary circulation occurs in the bases of the pulmonary tree compared to the highest pressure of gas in the apexes of the lungs . Alveoli may not be ventilated in shallow breathing . Shunting may also occur in disease states : Acute lung injury and adult respiratory distress syndrome , which may cause alveolar collapse . This will increase the amount of physiological shunting , and unlike many forms of shunting , can be managed by administering 100 % Oxygen . Pathological shunts such as patent ductus arteriosus , patent foramen ovale , and atrial septal defects or ventricular septal defects . These states are when blood from the right side of the heart moves straight to the left side , without first passing through the lungs . This is known as a right - to - left shunt , which is often congenital in origin . Exercise ( edit ) Exercise - induced arterial hypoxemia occurs during exercise when a trained individual exhibits an arterial oxygen saturation below 93 % . It occurs in fit , healthy individuals of varying ages and genders . Adaptations due to training include an increased cardiac output from cardiac hypertrophy , improved venous return , and metabolic vasodilation of muscles , and an increased VO Max . There must be a corresponding increase in VCO thus a necessity to clear the carbon dioxide to prevent a metabolic acidosis . The hypoxemia occurs in these individuals whereby due to increased pulmonary blood flow : Reduced capillary transit time occurs due to an increased blood flow within the pulmonary capillary . Capillary transit time ( tc ) , at rest is around 0.8 s , allowing plenty of time for the diffusion of oxygen into the circulation and the diffusion of CO out of the circulation . After training , the capillary volume is still the same however cardiac output is increased , resulting in a decreased capillary transit time , reducing to around 0.16 s in trained individuals at maximal work rates . This does not give sufficient time for gas diffusion and results in a hypoxaemia . Intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunts are dormant capillaries within the lungs that become recruited when venous pressures become too high . They are normally located within deadspace area thus the blood passing through does no become oxygenated resulting in a hypoxemia . Physiology. ( edit ) Main article : Hypoxia ( medical ) § Physiological compensation Key to understanding whether the lung is involved in a particular case of hypoxemia is the difference between the alveolar and the arterial oxygen levels ; this A-a difference is often called the A-a gradient and is normally small . The arterial oxygen partial pressure is obtained directly from an arterial blood gas determination . The oxygen contained in the alveolar air can be calculated because it will be directly proportional to its fractional composition in air . Since the airways humidify ( and so dilute ) the inhaled air , the barometric pressure of the atmosphere is reduced by the vapor pressure of water . History ( edit ) The term hypoxemia was originally used to describe low blood oxygen occurring at high altitudes and was defined generally as defective oxygenation of the blood . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pollak , Charles P. ; Thorpy , Michael J. ; Yager , Jan ( 2010 ) . The encyclopedia of sleep and sleep disorders ( 3rd ed . ) . New York , NY . p. 104 . ISBN 9780816068333 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Lawrence ( 1999 ) . All you really need to know to interpret arterial blood gases ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. xxvi . ISBN 978 - 0683306040 . Jump up ^ Eckman , Margaret ( 2010 ) . Professional guide to pathophysiology ( 3rd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 1605477664 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Mason , V. Courtney Broaddus , Thomas R. Martin , Talmadge E. King , Dean E. Schraufnagel , John F. Murray and Jay A. Nadel ( eds . ) ( 2010 ) Murray & Nadel 's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine , 5th ed . Philadelphia : Saunders Elsevier . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 4710 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Alan ; Kanner , Richard ; Crapo , Robert ; Gardner , Reed . ( 1984 ) Clinical Pulmonary Function Testing . A manual of uniform laboratory procedures , 2nd ed . ^ Jump up to : Lorenzo Del Sorbo , Erica L. Martin , V. Marco Ranieri ( 2010 ) `` Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure '' In : Murray & Nadel 's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine , Robert J. Mason , V. Courtney Broaddus , Thomas R. Martin , Talmadge E. King , Dean E. Schraufnagel , John F. Murray and Jay A. Nadel ( eds . ) 5th ed . Philadelphia : Saunders Elsevier . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 4710 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , William C. ; Grande , Christopher M. ; Hoyt , David B. , eds. ( 2007 ) . Critical care . New York : Informa Healthcare . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 2920 - X . ^ Jump up to : Colledge NR , Walker BR , Ralston SH , eds. ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . Jump up ^ Adde , FV ; Alvarez , AE ; Barbisan , BN ; Guimarães , BR ( Jan -- Feb 2013 ) . `` Recommendations for long - term home oxygen therapy in children and adolescents '' . Jornal de pediatria. 89 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 17 . PMID 23544805 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jped. 2013.02. 003 . Jump up ^ Fauci , Anthony S. ; Harrison , T.R. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Harrison 's principles of internal medicine ( 17th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147692 - 8 . Jump up ^ Craig , Albert B. ( Fall 1976 ) . `` Summary of 58 cases of loss of consciousness during underwater swimming and diving '' . Medicine and science in sports . 8 ( 3 ) : 171 -- 5 . PMID 979564 . doi : 10.1249 / 00005768 - 197600830 - 00007 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Baillie ; Alistair Simpson . `` Altitude oxygen calculator '' . Apex ( Altitude Physiology Expeditions ) . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 10 . -- Online interactive oxygen delivery calculator . Jump up ^ West JB , Boyer SJ , Graber DJ , Hackett PH , Maret KH , Milledge JS , Peters RM , Pizzo CJ , Samaja M , Sarnquist FH ( September 1983 ) . `` Maximal exercise at extreme altitudes on Mount Everest '' . Journal of applied physiology : respiratory , environmental and exercise physiology. 55 ( 3 ) : 688 -- 98 . PMID 6415008 . Jump up ^ Grocott , MP ; Martin , DS ; Levett , DZ ; McMorrow , R ; Windsor , J ; Montgomery , HE ; Caudwell Xtreme Everest Research , Group ( Jan 8 , 2009 ) . `` Arterial blood gases and oxygen content in climbers on Mount Everest '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 360 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 9 . PMID 19129527 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa0801581 . Jump up ^ West , John B. ( 2000 ) . `` Human limits for hypoxia : the physiological challenge of climbing Mt . Everest '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 899 : 15 -- 27 . PMID 10863526 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.2000. tb06173. x . Jump up ^ Administrator . `` Airlines are cutting costs -- Are patients with respiratory diseases paying the price ? `` . www.ersnet.org . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Whipp , BJ ; Wasserman , K ( September 1969 ) . `` Alveolar - arterial gas tension differences during graded exercise '' . Journal of applied physiology. 27 ( 3 ) : 361 -- 5 . PMID 5804133 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , SR ( 2006 ) . `` Exercise induced arterial hypoxemia : the role of ventilation - perfusion inequality and pulmonary diffusion limitation '' . Advances in experimental medicine and biology . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 588 : 17 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 34816 - 2 . PMID 17089876 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 0 - 387 - 34817 - 9_3 . ^ Jump up to : Agustí , AG ; Roca , J ; Gea , J ; Wagner , PD ; Xaubet , A ; Rodriguez - Roisin , R ( February 1991 ) . `` Mechanisms of gas - exchange impairment in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis '' . The American review of respiratory disease . 143 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 25 . PMID 1990931 . doi : 10.1164 / ajrccm / 143.2. 219 . Jump up ^ Agusti , AG ; Roca , J ; Rodriguez - Roisin , R ( March 1996 ) . `` Mechanisms of gas exchange impairment in patients with liver cirrhosis '' . Clinics in chest medicine . 17 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 66 . PMID 8665790 . doi : 10.1016 / s0272 - 5231 ( 05 ) 70298 - 7 . Jump up ^ Huang , YC ; Fracica , PJ ; Simonson , SG ; Crapo , JD ; Young , SL ; Welty - Wolf , KE ; Moon , RE ; Piantadosi , CA ( August 1996 ) . `` VA / Q abnormalities during gram negative sepsis '' . Respiration physiology. 105 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 109 -- 21 . PMID 8897657 . doi : 10.1016 / 0034 - 5687 ( 96 ) 00039 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , JA ; Wagner , PD ( December 1999 ) . `` Exercise - induced arterial hypoxemia '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 87 ( 6 ) : 1997 -- 2006 . PMID 10601141 . Jump up ^ Henry Power and Leonard W. Sedgwick ( 1888 ) New Sydenham Society 's Lexicon of Medicine and the Allied Sciences ( Based on Maye 's Lexicon ) . Vol III . London : New Sydenham Society . West , John B. ( 2012 ) . Pulmonary Pathophysiology : The Essentials ( 8th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 0713 - 5 . Anderson , Kenneth N ( 2002 ) . Mosby 's Medical , Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary ( 6th ed . ) . C.V. Mosby . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 01430 - 4 . Dean R. Hess , Neal R. MacIntyre , Shelley C. Mishoe , William F. Galvin , Alexander B. Adams ( 2012 ) Respiratory Care : Principles and Practice . ( eds . ) ( 2nd ed ) . Jones and Bartlet Learning ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 6003 - 8 Jacob Samuel and Cory Frankling , `` Hypoxemia and Hypoxia '' in Jonathan A. Myers , Keith W. Millikan and Theodore J. Saclarides ( eds ) ( 2008 ) Common Surgical Diseases . ( 2nd ed . ) . 391 - 394 ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 75245 - 7 ( hide ) Symptoms and signs relating to the respiratory system ( R04 -- R07 , 786 ) Medical examination and history taking Auscultation Stethoscope Respiratory sounds Stridor Wheeze Crackles Rhonchi Stertor Squawk Pleural friction rub Fremitus Bronchophony Terminal secretions Elicited findings Percussion Pectoriloquy Whispered pectoriloquy Egophony Breathing Rate Apnea Prematurity Dyspnea Hyperventilation Hypoventilation Hyperpnea Tachypnea Hypopnea Bradypnea Pattern Agonal respiration Biot 's respiration Cheyne -- Stokes respiration Kussmaul breathing Ataxic respiration Other Respiratory distress Respiratory arrest Orthopnea / Platypnea Trepopnea Aerophagia Asphyxia Breath holding Mouth breathing Snoring Other Chest pain In children Precordial catch syndrome Pleurisy Clubbing / Hippocratic fingers ( Schamroth 's window test ) Cyanosis Cough Sputum Hemoptysis Epistaxis Silhouette sign Post-nasal drip Hiccup COPD Hoover 's sign asthma Curschmann 's spirals Charcot -- Leyden crystals chronic bronchitis Reid index sarcoidosis Kveim test pulmonary embolism Hampton hump Westermark sign pulmonary edema Kerley lines Hamman 's sign Golden S sign Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypoxemia&oldid=800750023 '' Categories : Physiology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano Polski Português Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 12 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the decreased amount of oxygen in the bloodstream resulting from respiratory insufficiency is called
[ "Hypoxemia (or hypoxaemia in British English) is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood.[1][2] More specifically, it is oxygen deficiency in arterial blood.[3] Hypoxemia has many causes, often respiratory disorders, and can cause tissue hypoxia as the blood is not supplying enough oxygen to the body." ]
[ "Hypoxemia" ]
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Cast Away
Cast Away - wikipedia Cast Away This article is about the 2000 film . For other uses , see Castaway ( disambiguation ) . Cast Away Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Zemeckis Produced by Tom Hanks Jack Rapke Steve Starkey Robert Zemeckis Written by William Broyles , Jr . Starring Tom Hanks Helen Hunt Nick Searcy Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Arthur Schmidt Production company ImageMovers Playtone Distributed by 20th Century Fox ( North America ) DreamWorks Pictures ( International ) Release date December 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 12 - 22 ) Running time 143 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $90 million Box office $429.6 million Cast Away is a 2000 American epic survival film directed and co-produced by Robert Zemeckis and starring Tom Hanks , Helen Hunt , and Nick Searcy . The film depicts a FedEx employee marooned on an uninhabited island after his plane crashes in the South Pacific and his attempts to survive on the island using remnants of his plane 's cargo . The film was released on December 22 , 2000 . It was a critical and commercial success , grossing $429 million worldwide , with Hanks being nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 73rd Academy Awards . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 3.4 FedEx 3.5 Wilson the volleyball 4 Reception 4.1 Accolades 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In December 1995 , Chuck Noland is a time - obsessed systems engineer who travels worldwide resolving productivity problems at FedEx depots . He is in a long - term relationship with Kelly Frears , with whom he lives in Memphis , Tennessee . Although the couple wants to get married , Chuck 's busy schedule interferes with their relationship . A Christmas with relatives is interrupted when Chuck is summoned to resolve a problem in Malaysia . While flying through a violent storm , his plane crashes into the Pacific Ocean . Chuck escapes the sinking plane and is saved by an inflatable life raft , but loses the emergency locator transmitter . He clings to the life raft , loses consciousness , and floats all night before washing up on an island . After he awakens , he explores the island and soon discovers that it is uninhabited . Several FedEx packages from the crashed plane also wash up on the shore , as well as the corpse of one of the pilots , which he buries . He initially tries to signal for rescue and makes an escape attempt with the remnants of his life raft , but can not pass the powerful surf and the coral reefs surrounding the island . He searches for food , water , and shelter , and opens the packages , finding a number of useful items . He leaves one package , which has a pair of angel wings stenciled on it , unopened . During a first attempt to make fire , Chuck receives a deep wound to his hand . In anger and pain , he throws several objects , including a Wilson volleyball from one of the packages . A short time later he draws a face in the bloody hand print on the ball , names it Wilson , and begins talking to it . One night , Chuck calculates that in order for the rescue workers to find the site of the plane crash , they will have to search an area twice the size of Texas , making him doubtful he will ever be found . Four years later , Chuck has adapted to the island 's meager living conditions , having become adept at spearing fish and making fires . He also has regular conversations and arguments with Wilson , his only means of socialization . A large section of a portable toilet washes up on the island ; Chuck uses it as a sail in the construction of a raft . After spending some time building and stocking the raft and deciding when weather conditions will be optimal ( using an analemma he has created in his cave to monitor the time of year ) , he launches , using the sail to overcome the powerful surf . After some time on the ocean , a storm nearly tears his raft apart . The following day , as Chuck sleeps , Wilson becomes untethered and floats away from the raft . Chuck is wakened by the spray of a sounding whale , sees Wilson , and swims after him , but Wilson has gone too far to safely retrieve . Chuck returns to the raft and collapses in tears . Later , a passing cargo ship finds him , drifting . Upon returning to civilization , Chuck learns that he has long been given up for dead ; his family and acquaintances have held a funeral , and Kelly has since married Chuck 's onetime dentist and has a daughter . After reuniting , the pair profess their love for each other but , realizing they could not be together because of her commitment to her new family , they sadly part . Kelly gives Chuck the car they once shared . Some time later , after buying a new volleyball , Chuck travels to Canadian , Texas , to return the unopened FedEx package with the angel wings to its sender , a woman named Bettina Peterson . No one is home , so he leaves the package at the door with a note saying that the package saved his life . He departs and stops at a remote crossroads . A friendly woman passing by in a pickup truck stops to explain where each road leads . As she drives away , Chuck notices the angel wings on the back of her truck are similar to those on the parcel . As Chuck is left standing at the crossroads he looks down each road , then smiles faintly as he looks in the direction of the woman 's truck . Cast ( edit ) Tom Hanks as Chuck Noland Helen Hunt as Kelly Frears Nick Searcy as Stan Jenifer Lewis as Becca Twig Chris Noth as Jerry Lovett Lari White as Bettina Peterson Vince Martin as Albert `` Al '' Miller Geoffrey Blake as Maynard Graham Michael Forest as Jack Jay Acovone as Petrov Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Tom Hanks once stated in an Actor Roundtable with The Hollywood Reporter that `` ... I wanted to examine the concept of four years of hopelessness , in which you have none of the requirements for living -- food , water , shelter , fire and company '' . But it took six years to put together the alliance that would actually examine that . ( Hanks ) only had a third of ( the story ) , and ( screenwriter ) Bill Broyles only had a third of it , ( director ) Bob Zemeckis came along and provided that other third . Hanks also went on to say `` I had that original idea . I was reading an article about FedEx , and I realized that 747s filled with packages fly across the Pacific three times a day . And I just thought , `` What happens if that goes down ? '' Filming ( edit ) The film 's shooting occurred between 1998 and 2000 , but was not shot consecutively . Hanks gained 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) during pre-production , for the purpose of making his transformation more dramatic . After a majority of the film was shot , production was halted for a year so that he could lose the weight and grow his hair and beard to look like he had been living on the island for years . During the year - long hiatus , Zemeckis used the same film crew to make another film , What Lies Beneath . Cast Away was filmed on Monuriki , one of the Mamanuca Islands in Fiji . It is in a subgroup of the Mamanuca archipelago , which is sited off the coast of Viti Levu , Fiji 's largest island . The island became a tourist attraction following the film 's release . After Chuck 's return , it is identified by Kelly as being `` about 600 miles south of the Cook Islands , '' but there is actually no land between the southernmost Cook Islands of Mangaia and Antarctica . The film essentially begins and ends in the same location , on the Arrington Ranch in the Texas Panhandle south of the city of Canadian , Texas . Music ( edit ) The film 's minimal score was composed by Alan Silvestri for which he won a Grammy Award in 2002 . The film 's soundtrack is most notable for its lack of score and creature sound effects ( such as bird song or insect sounds ) while Chuck is on the island , which is intended to reinforce the feeling of isolation . Cast Away contains no original musical score until Chuck escapes the island . However , there is a Russian choral piece heard near the start of the film that was not composed or even recorded by Silvestri , so it does not appear on the film 's soundtrack list . It is a traditional Russian song written by Lev Knipper called `` Oh , My Field '' ( `` Polyushko , Polye '' ) and it is available on various collections of Red Army hymns . The official soundtrack CD is an anthology of musical pieces from all films up to that point directed by Zemeckis and scored by Silvestri . The only track from Cast Away itself is the theme from the end credits . FedEx ( edit ) FedEx provided access to their facilities ( Memphis , Los Angeles , and Moscow ) as well as airplanes , trucks , uniforms , and logistical support . A team of FedEx marketers oversaw production through more than two years of filming . FedEx CEO Fred Smith made an appearance as himself for the scene where Chuck is welcomed back , which was filmed on location at FedEx 's home facilities in Memphis , Tennessee . The idea of a story based on a FedEx plane crashing gave the company `` a heart attack at first , '' but the overall story was seen as positive . FedEx , which paid no money for product placement in the film , saw an increase in brand awareness in Asia and Europe following the film 's release . Wilson the volleyball ( edit ) Wilson the volleyball In the film , Wilson the volleyball serves as Chuck Noland 's personified friend and only companion during the four years that Noland spends alone on a deserted island . Named after the volleyball 's manufacturer , Wilson Sporting Goods , the character was created by screenwriter William Broyles , Jr ... While researching for the film , he consulted with professional survival experts , and then chose to deliberately strand himself for one week on an isolated beach in the Gulf of California , to force himself to search for water and food , and obtain his own shelter . During this time , a volleyball washed up on shore . This was the inspiration for the film 's inanimate companion . From a screenwriting point of view , Wilson also serves to realistically allow dialogue in a one - person - only situation . One of the original volleyball props was sold at auction for $18,500 to the ex-CEO of FedEx Office , Ken May . At the time of the film 's release , Wilson launched its own joint promotion centered on the fact that one of its products was `` co-starring '' with Tom Hanks . Wilson manufactured a volleyball with a reproduction of the bloodied handprint face on one side . It was sold for a limited time during the film 's initial release and continues to be offered on the company 's website . Reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , Cast Away has an approval rating of 90 % based on 154 reviews , with an average rating of 7.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Flawed but fascinating , Cast Away offers an intelligent script , some of Robert Zemeckis ' most mature directing , and a showcase performance from Tom Hanks . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 73 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Cast Away opened in 2,774 theaters in North America and grossed $28,883,406 with an average of $10,412 per theater on its opening weekend . For the four - day Christmas long holiday weekend , it took in a total of $39,852,075 . The film kept performing well and ended up earning $233,632,142 domestically and $196,000,000 internationally for a total of $429,632,142 , well above its production budget of $90 million . Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipients and nominees Result 73rd Academy Awards Best Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Sound Randy Thom , Tom Johnson , Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan Nominated 54th British Academy Film Awards Best Actor Tom Hanks Nominated 6th Critics ' Choice Awards Best Inanimate Object Wilson Won 58th Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Tom Hanks Won 2001 MTV Movie Awards Best Action Sequence Plane crash Nominated Best Kiss Tom Hanks and Helen Hunt Nominated Best Male Performance Tom Hanks Nominated Best On - Screen Duo Tom Hanks and Wilson Nominated 7th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Tom Hanks Nominated In popular culture ( edit ) A FedEx commercial during the 2003 Super Bowl parodied the final scene of the film , in which Chuck returns a package to its sender . In this version , the woman answers the door , and when Chuck asks what was in the box , the woman replies : `` Just a satellite phone , GPS locator , fishing rod , water purifier , and some seeds . Just silly stuff . '' Media executive Lloyd Braun of ABC Studios first suggested the idea of a Cast Away -- type television series at a dinner party in 2003 . Thom Sherman later pitched the idea for Cast Away -- The Series , but never developed the idea . The concept was later developed and pitched with the title Nowhere , which later turned into the ABC show Lost . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cast Away ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Cast Away ' Director Defies Categorizing '' . New York Times . 2000 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Roundtable : Tom Hanks , James Franco and More on `` Predators Everywhere '' and Secrets of `` Legends '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Fiji . Korina Miller , Robyn Jones , Leonardo Pinheiro . Lonely Planet . 2003 . p. 54 . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 134 - 8 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Paul ( August 2007 ) . `` Cast Away and the Texas Panhandle '' ( PDF ) . The Cyclone , Volume XIV , Issue 2 . West Texas Historical Association . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cast Away DVD director 's commentary Jump up ^ `` Cast Away : The Films of Robert Zemeckis and the Music of Alan Silvestri '' . allmusic . Retrieved June 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ` Cast Away ' Delivers Goods For Fedex '' . Chicago Tribune . 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Stranded : Behind - the - Scenes of Cast Away , A comprehensive behind - the - scenes look at Cast Away '' . Stumped Magazine . 2004 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A look at some of the biggest hits in film and TV product placement '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 28 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved November 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Away lets Hanks fend for himself '' . Detroit News . December 22 , 2000 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nate Smith ( January 7 , 2001 ) . `` Cast Away proves great films still exist '' . Daily Gazette . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vanneman , Alan . `` The Volleyball in the Void '' . Bright Lights Film Journal . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hepola , Sarah ( December 29 , 2000 ) . `` Lost at Sea and Back Again '' . The Austin Chronicle . Jump up ^ Natale , Richard ( December 20 , 2000 ) . `` Casting About '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wilson Cast Away Volleyball '' . Wilson Sporting Goods . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Away '' . Rotten Tomatoes . December 22 , 2000 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Away '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 22 - 24 , 2000 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 22 - 25 , 2000 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 73rd Academy Awards ( 2001 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt ( February 26 , 2001 ) . `` ' Gladiator ' Gets 5 British Awards '' . Topeka Capital - Journal . Associated Press . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 6th Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Winners and Nominees '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( January 22 , 2001 ) . `` A ' Gladiator 's ' Triumph ; ' Famous , ' Tom Hanks , Julia Roberts Also Win Golden Globes '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Stephen ( January 31 , 2001 ) . `` SAG might shake up Oscar field '' . The Boston Herald . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Why no matches in the FedEx box ? : FedEx parody commercial makes deliberate decision not to help provide fire to its own castaway '' . CNN . January 27 , 2003 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cast Away '' . Chicago . August 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cast Away . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cast Away Cast Away on IMDb Cast Away at Rotten Tomatoes Cast Away at Metacritic Cast Away at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Robert Zemeckis I Wanna Hold Your Hand ( 1978 ) Used Cars ( 1980 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) Two - Fisted Tales ( 1992 ) Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Contact ( 1997 ) What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) Cast Away ( 2000 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Beowulf ( 2007 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Flight ( 2012 ) The Walk ( 2015 ) Doc Brown Saves the World ( 2015 ) Allied ( 2016 ) Welcome to Marwen ( 2018 ) Tom Hanks Director That Thing You Do ! ( 1996 ) Larry Crowne ( 2011 ) Producer Cast Away ( 2000 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) Connie and Carla ( 2004 ) Magnificent Desolation : Walking on the Moon 3D ( 2005 ) Neil Young : Heart of Gold ( 2006 ) The Ant Bully ( 2006 ) Starter for 10 ( 2006 ) Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) The Great Buck Howard ( 2008 ) City of Ember ( 2008 ) Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 ( 2016 ) The Circle ( 2017 ) Greyhound ( 2019 ) Television From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) Related Filmography Playtone Awards and nominations Colin Hanks Rita Wilson Jim Hanks David S. Pumpkins FedEx Corporation Established 1971 Founder Frederick W. Smith Subsidiaries Express Ground Freight Custom Critical Office Trade Networks Supply Chain Corporate Services TechConnect SmartPost Air hubs Memphis Indianapolis Anchorage Oakland Newark Fort Worth Miami Paris Kansai Guangzhou Cologne Toronto Flight accidents Flight 14 Flight 80 Flight 630 Flight 647 Flight 705 Flight 910 Related Flying Tiger Line American Freightways Asia Airfreight FedEx Institute of Technology KIAC FedEx Field FedEx Forum FedEx Racing Zapmail Cast Away Annual Revenue $50.3 billion USD ( 2016 ) Employees 400,000 ( 2016 ) Stock Symbol FDX Website fedex.com Products Freight Forwarding Services , Logistics Services GND : 7749819 - 7 LCCN : n2003038761 VIAF : 176340687 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cast_Away&oldid=853491861 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s drama films American adventure drama films American films American survival films Films about aviation accidents or incidents Films about castaways Films about solitude Films set in 1995 Films set in 1999 Films set in Moscow Films set in Oceania Films set in Tennessee Films set in Texas Films set on uninhabited islands Films shot in Fiji Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Russia Films shot in Texas Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in Memphis , Tennessee Films set on beaches Films set on islands One - location films One - man films FedEx Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films produced by Tom Hanks Films directed by Robert Zemeckis 20th Century Fox films DreamWorks Pictures films ImageMovers films Playtone films Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kernowek Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 04 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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who did tom hanks work for in castaway
[ "Cast Away is a 2000 American epic survival film directed and co-produced by Robert Zemeckis and starring Tom Hanks, Helen Hunt, and Nick Searcy. The film depicts a FedEx employee marooned on an uninhabited island after his plane crashes in the South Pacific and his attempts to survive on the island using remnants of his plane's cargo.\n" ]
[ "FedEx" ]
-7580641375690397855
Stuck in the Middle (TV series)
Stuck in the Middle ( tv series ) - wikipedia Stuck in the Middle ( tv series ) Stuck in the Middle Genre Comedy Created by Alison Brown Developed by Alison Brown & Linda Videtti Figueiredo Starring Jenna Ortega Ronni Hawk Isaak Presley Ariana Greenblatt Kayla Maisonet Nicolas Bechtel Malachi Barton Cerina Vincent Joe Nieves Theme music composer Shridhar Solanki Sidh Solanki Maria Christensen Opening theme `` Stuck with You '' by Sonus Composer ( s ) Kenneth Burgomaster Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 57 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Linda Videtti Figueiredo Producer ( s ) Cathy A. Cambria David McHugh Matt Flanagan Camera setup Single - camera Running time 21 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) International Donut Fund Productions Horizon Productions Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Original release February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) -- July 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) External links Website Production website Stuck in the Middle is an American comedy television series developed by Alison Brown and Linda Videtti Figueiredo and created by Alison Brown that aired on Disney Channel from February 14 , 2016 to July 23 , 2018 . The series stars Jenna Ortega , Ronni Hawk , Isaak Presley , Ariana Greenblatt , Kayla Maisonet , Nicolas Bechtel , Malachi Barton , Cerina Vincent , and Joe Nieves . In addition to the series ' regular episodes , the series also aired six shorts on December 16 , 2016 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 3.3 Notes 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Set in Massachusetts , in the fictional town of Marshport , the series tells the story of the Diaz family , specifically focusing on Harley , the middle of the seven children . Harley makes her way using her creativity to deal with living in a large family . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Stuck in the Middle episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 17 February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 20 February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 20 December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) July 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jenna Ortega as Harley Diaz , the middle of seven children and a young engineering prodigy . She is the central character in the series and views herself as an inventor . Some of her known inventions are the Conveyor Belt Table , the Slushinator , the Skate Kite , the Pick - Me - Up , and a snow machine . In `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' , it is revealed it is her 13th birthday . A significant feature is that she tends to break the fourth wall to tell the viewers something about the situation . Ronni Hawk as Rachel Diaz ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; special guest , season 3 ) , the oldest of the seven children and Harley 's vain older sister . In `` Stuck with No Rules '' , it is revealed that she is 16 . In the third season episode `` Stuck with Rachel 's Secret '' , Rachel leaves the family to attend college in Paris , France , while interning at a fashion company there . She returns in the series finale to help the family celebrate Harley 's quinceañera . Isaak Presley as Ethan Diaz , Harley 's oldest brother and her partner - in - crime ; she refers to him as her best friend in the family . He is an aspiring musician and filmmaker . In `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' , it is implied that he is the third oldest of the seven , behind Rachel and Georgie . Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , the youngest of the seven children and Harley 's younger sister . She enjoys having tea time with her dolls and sleeps in her indoor dollhouse . In `` Stuck with No Rules '' , it is revealed that Daphne can easily retaliate against anyone who takes things from her without getting her approval first . Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , one of Harley 's older sisters and the second oldest of the seven as implied in `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' . She is a basketball player at her school and does an assortment of other sports . Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , one of Harley 's two younger brothers and Beast 's twin . It is revealed in `` Stuck in the Beast - Day Party '' that Lewie is older than Beast by five minutes . Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz , one of Harley 's two younger brothers and Lewie 's twin . Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz , Harley 's quirky mother who rarely has any alone time from her children and tends to spend it in the most unlikely places . Suzy is the one who usually punishes the kids from grounding them to even putting them on lockdown for higher violations . Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz , Harley 's father who is the proprietor of a marina store called `` Tom 's Bait and Bite '' which sells camping and fishing equipment . While he is a loving and caring father , he does tend to get upset when his kids let him down in any way . Recurring ( edit ) Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , a neighbor of the Diaz family who regularly criticizes Suzy and Tom 's parenting of their children and is often annoyed with the antics of Lewie and Beast . She is a protective mother to her daughter Ellie whom she never lets have any fun as seen in `` Stuck in the Block Party '' . Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Bethany 's daughter and Harley 's best friend who is on the same basketball team as Georgie . In `` Stuck in Harley 's Comet '' , it is revealed that Ellie is afraid of heights , darkness , and birds . In `` Stuck with a Bad Influence '' , Ellie is sent to a boarding school called Radistone Academy by her mother . Brett Pierce as Cuff ( season 1 ) , an irresponsible teenager who is Rachel 's boyfriend and is disliked by Tom . When Cuff works briefly at `` Tom 's Bait and Bite '' in `` Stuck with My Sister 's Boyfriend '' , his real first name is revealed to be Warren . While mainly in the first season , he also appears in the third season episode `` Stuck in a Mysterious Robbery '' , where it confirms that he and Rachel broke up . Joshua Bassett as Aidan ( season 3 ) , Bethany Peters ' nephew and Ellie 's cousin . He is an accomplished lacrosse player and has a tendency to annoy Harley . Aidan is staying with Bethany while his father is away . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Malachi Barton is credited before Nicolas Bechtel in the Stuck in the Middle pilot episode , but Bechtel is later credited before Barton in all subsequent episodes starting with `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' . Production ( edit ) Production on the series began in November 2015 . Disney Channel renewed Stuck in the Middle for a second season on June 15 , 2016 . The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on August 31 , 2017 . On March 30 , 2018 , Disney Channel announced that the series would end after three seasons . Broadcast ( edit ) A preview of Stuck in the Middle aired on Disney Channel on February 14 , 2016 . The series was later released on Watch Disney Channel and Disney Channel on Demand on February 15 , 2016 . The series began airing regularly on March 11 , 2016 . The first season concluded on July 22 , 2016 . The second season premiered on February 3 , 2017 , and concluded on October 27 , 2017 . The third season premiered on December 8 , 2017 , and concluded on July 23 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 17 February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 2.81 July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 2.06 1.60 20 February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 2.13 October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 1.31 1.19 20 December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 1.36 July 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) 0.92 0.95 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref . 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite International Program Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia Favorite International Program Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Argentina Favorite International Program Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nivea Serrao ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the Diaz Family from Disney Channel 's Stuck in the Middle '' . TV Insider . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Channel Orders Latino Family Sitcom Toplined by Jane the Virgin Star '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel 's Stuck in the Middle Renewed for Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Stuck in the Middle , Bunk 'd & Walk the Prank Renewed for Season 3 by Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Stuck in the Middle to End After 3 Seasons on Disney Channel , Star Jenna Ortega Joins ABC Pilot Man of the House '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Linda Ge ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel Sets Premiere Date for Stuck in the Middle '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quick - Witted Tween Uses Her Inventions to Navigate Life in the Comedy Series Stuck in the Middle on a Preview Episode on Disney Channel on Sunday , February 14 , 2016 '' . Corus Entertainment . January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 2.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 12.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominados para los Kids ' Choice Awards México 2017 '' . publimetro.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estos son los nominados para los Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia 2017 '' . 90minutos.co ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estos son todos los nominados a los Kid 's Choice Awards Argentina 2017 '' . mundotkm.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Stuck in the Middle on IMDb Disney Channel original programming Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Big Hero 6 : The Series ( since 2017 ) DuckTales ( since 2018 ) Big City Greens ( since 2018 ) Bug Juice : My Adventures at Camp ( since 2018 ) Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) Take Two with Phineas and Ferb ( 2010 -- 11 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Descendants : Wicked World ( 2015 -- 17 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( 2016 -- 18 ) Stuck in the Middle ( 2016 -- 18 ) Upcoming Go Away , Unicorn ! ( 2018 ) Star Wars Resistance ( 2018 ) Fast Layne ( 2018 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( 2019 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( 2019 ) Amphibia ( 2019 ) The Owl House ( 2019 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuck_in_the_Middle_(TV_series)&oldid=856795503 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2016 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings American teen sitcoms Disney Channel shows English - language television programs Television shows set in Massachusetts Television series about families Television series about siblings Single - camera television sitcoms Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Română Simple English 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 15 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
when did stuck in the middle come out
[ "Stuck in the Middle is an American comedy television series developed by Alison Brown and Linda Videtti Figueiredo and created by Alison Brown that aired on Disney Channel from February 14, 2016 to July 23, 2018. The series stars Jenna Ortega, Ronni Hawk, Isaak Presley, Ariana Greenblatt, Kayla Maisonet, Nicolas Bechtel, Malachi Barton, Cerina Vincent, and Joe Nieves. In addition to the series' regular episodes, the series also aired six shorts on December 16, 2016.\n" ]
[ "February 14, 2016" ]
-6211889995130194648
Train horn
Train horn - wikipedia Train horn Jump to : navigation , search Train horns are made of multiple horn units called chimes which produce different notes ; sounded together they make a chord . The Nathan model M5 pictured is a 5 chime horn . A train horn is a powerful air horn that serves as an audible warning device on electric and Diesel locomotives . The horn 's primary purpose is to alert persons and animals to an oncoming train , especially when approaching a grade crossing . The horn is also used for acknowledging signals given by railroad employees , such as during switching operations . Leslie S3L locomotive horn , once the most common horn in use on North American railroads Contents ( hide ) 1 History and background 2 Operation 2.1 United States 2.2 Germany 2.3 France 2.4 India 2.5 United Kingdom 3 Placement on locomotives 4 Audio samples 5 Manufacturers 5.1 North America 5.1. 1 AirChime , Ltd . 5.1. 2 Buell Air Horns 5.1. 3 Gustin Bacon Mfg. Co . 5.1. 4 Leslie Controls , Inc . 5.1. 5 Prime Manufacturing , Inc . 5.1. 6 Westinghouse Air Brake Co . 5.2 Australia 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History and background ( edit ) Trains move on fixed rails , making them uniquely susceptible to collision . This susceptibility is exacerbated by the enormous weight and inertia of a train , which make it difficult to quickly stop when encountering an obstacle . Also , trains generally do not stop at grade crossings ( level crossings ) , instead relying upon pedestrians and vehicles to clear the tracks when they pass . Therefore , from their beginnings locomotives have been equipped with loud horns or bells to warn vehicles or pedestrians that they are coming . Steam locomotives had steam whistles , operated from steam produced by their boilers . As Diesel locomotives began to replace steam on most railroads during the mid-20th century , it was realized that the new locomotives were unable to utilize the steam whistles then in use . Early internal combustion locomotives were initially fitted with small truck horns or exhaust - powered whistles , but these were found to be unsuitable and hence the air horn design was scaled up and modified for railroad use . Early train horns often were tonally similar to the air horns still heard on road - going trucks today . It was found that this caused some confusion among people who were accustomed to steam locomotives and the sound of their whistles ; when approaching a grade crossing , when some people heard an air horn they expected to see a truck , not a locomotive , and accidents happened . So , locomotive air horns were created that had a much higher , more musical note , tonally much more like a steam whistle . This is why most train horns have a unique sound , different from that of road going trucks , although many switch engines , which did n't see road service ( service on the main lines ) , retained the deeper truck - like horns . Strict regulations specific to each country specify how loud horns must be , and how far in advance of grade crossings and other locations locomotive engineers are required to sound their horns to give adequate time to clear the tracks . Standard signals consisting of different sequences of horn blasts must be given in different circumstances . Due to the encroachment of development , some suburban dwellers have opposed railroad use of the air horn as a trackside warning device . Residents in some communities have attempted to establish quiet zones , in which train crews are instructed not to sound their horns , except in case of emergency . Recent years have seen an increase of horn theft from railroad property . Operation ( edit ) Diagram of a typical locomotive air horn power chamber , showing operation Train horns are operated by compressed air , typically 125 - 140 psi ( 8.6 - 9.6 bar ) , and fed from a locomotive main air reservoir . When the engineer opens the horn valve , air flows through a supply line into the power chamber at the base of the horn ( diagram , right ) . It passes through a narrow opening between a nozzle and a circular diaphragm in the power chamber , then out through the flaring horn bell . The flow of air past the diaphragm causes it to vibrate or oscillate against the nozzle , producing sound . When vibrated by the diaphragm , the column of air in the bell oscillates with standing waves . The length of the bell determines the wavelength of the sound waves , and thus the fundamental frequency ( pitch ) of the note produced by the horn ( measured in hertz ) . The longer the horn bell , the lower the note . North American diesel locomotives manufactured prior to the 1990s utilized an air valve actuated by the engineer through the manipulation of a lever or pull cord . Use of this method made possible a practice known as `` feathering '' , meaning that modulation of the horn 's volume was possible through finer regulation of the air valve . Many locomotives manufactured during the 1990s made use of pushbutton controls . In addition , several North American locomotives incorporated a sequencer pedal built into the cab floor beneath the operators position ; that when depressed , sounded the grade crossing sequence . Locomotives of European origin have featured pushbutton control of air horns since the mid-1960s . Current production locomotives from GE Transportation Systems and Electro - Motive Diesel utilize a lever - actuated solenoid valve . United states ( edit ) Leslie A200 - 156 , a single chime horn used on locomotives in the early days of dieselization On April 27 , 2005 , the Federal Railroad Administration ( FRA ) , which enforces rail safety regulations , published the final rule on the use of locomotive horns at highway - rail grade crossings . Effective June 24 , 2005 , the rule requires that locomotive horns be sounded at all public grade crossings at least 15 seconds , but not more than 20 seconds before entering a crossing . This rule applies when the train speed is below 45 mph ( 70 km / h ) . At 45 mph or above , trains are still required to sound their horn at the designated location ( usually denoted with a whistle post ) . The pattern for blowing the horn remains two long , one short , and one long . This is to be repeated or prolonged as necessary until the lead locomotive fully occupies the crossing . Locomotive engineers retain the authority to vary this pattern as necessary for crossings in close proximity , and are allowed to sound the horn in emergency situations no matter where the location . A ban on sounding locomotive horns in Florida was ordered removed by the FRA after it was shown that the accident rate doubled during the ban . The new ruling preempts any state or local laws regarding the use of the train horn at public crossings . This also provides public authorities the option to maintain and / or establish quiet zones provided certain supplemental or alternative safety measures are in place , and the crossing accident rate meets government standards . The following are the required horn signals listed in the operating rules of most North American railroads , along with their meanings . Signals are illustrated by an `` o '' for short sounds , and `` -- '' for longer sounds . ( Note that these signals and their indications are updated to reflect modern practice . ) Those rules marked with an asterisk ( * ) must be sounded when and / or where applicable . Those signals without an asterisk convey information to employees ; they must be used when voice communication is not available . Rule Sequence Indication 14 ( a ) o Applying air brakes while standing . 14 ( b ) * -- -- Proceeding . Releasing air brakes . This signal is often referred to as `` whistling off , '' despite it being given by an air horn . 14 ( f ) * oo -- Acknowledging a flagman 's stop signal . 14 ( g ) * oo Acknowledging any signal not otherwise provided for . 14 ( h ) * ooo Backing up . 14 ( j ) oooo Calling for signals . 14 ( l ) * -- -- o -- 1 . Trains or engines approaching public highway grade crossings shall sound the horn at least 15 seconds , but no more than 20 seconds before the lead engine enters the crossing . Trains or engines travelling at speeds greater than 45 mph shall begin sounding the horn at or about , but not more than , one - quarter mile ( 1,320 feet ) in advance of the nearest public crossing . Even if the advance warning provided by the horn will be less than 15 seconds in duration . This signal is to be prolonged or repeated until the engine or train occupies the crossing ; or , where multiple crossing are involved , until the last crossing is occupied . 2 . Approaching tunnels , yards , or other points where railroad workers may be at work . 3 . Passing standing trains . 14 ( m ) * o Approaching passenger station . 14 ( o ) o -- Inspect train for a leak in brake pipe system or for brakes sticking . 14 ( p ) * Succession of sounds Warning to people and / or animals . 14 ( q ) * -- o When running against the current of traffic : 1 . Approaching stations , curves , or other points where view may be obscured : and 2 . Approaching passenger or freight trains and when passing freight trains . Exception : Engine horn signals required by rules 14 ( b ) and 14 ( h ) do not apply after momentary stops in continuous switching movements . Germany ( edit ) Horn signals are regulated in the Zp category of the Eisenbahn - Bau - und Betriebsordnung . Their most common use today is when approaching a level crossing that lacks barriers , and for warning purposes . Whistle posts are labeled with the letter `` P '' ( for ' Pfeifen ' ) . Common signals are : Sequence Meaning _ Zp 1 - Generic `` Attention '' signal . o Zp 2 - Tighten handbrakes . oo Zp 3 - Strongly tighten handbrakes . _ _ Zp 4 - Loosen handbrakes ooo ooo ooo Zp 5 - Emergency . Brake immediately . _ o _ Zp 11 - Come . Used to call out for train staff . France ( edit ) Train horns are sounded where a whistle post ( marked with the letter `` S '' for `` siffler '' ) is present . If the whistle post is labelled `` J '' ( meaning `` jour '' ) , the horn is only to be sounded between 0700 and 2000 . Horns must also be sounded when passing an oncoming train , and shortly before reaching the last car of the train . India ( edit ) The IRFCA FAQ lists the following : ' o ' : denotes a short blast on the horn . ' -- ' : denotes a comparatively long blast on the horn . ' -- -- - ' : denotes a longer blast on the horn . ' -- -- -- -- -- ' : denotes a very long blast on the horn . Code ( o ) - Before Starting : Indication to driver of the assisting engine that driver of leading engine is ready to start . Acknowledgement by the driver of the assisting engine . Engine ready to leave yard Engine ready to go to loco yard Light loco or shunter about to move Code ( o ) - On the run : Assistance of other engine not required Acknowledgement by driver of the assisting engine Code ( -- ) Normal departure from station on receipt of clear signal . This is usually followed by another long blast about 10 -- 20 seconds after the first one , after the guard 's all - right signal is received . Beginning of shunting operation ( if shunted rake has passengers in it ) Code ( oo ) Call for guard 's signal Signals not exchanged by guard Signals not exchanged by station staff Code ( -- o ) Guard to release brakes Before starting engine from a midsection / station Main Line clear Code ( ooo ) Guard to apply brakes Train out of control , guard to assist Code ( oo -- ) Sudden loss of brake pressure or vacuum ( perhaps by alarm chain being pulled ) Code ( oooo ) Train can not proceed on account of accident , failure or other cause Protect train in rear Code ( -- -- oo ) Call for guard to come to engine Code ( o -- o ) Token not received Token missed With wrong authority to proceed Passing stop signal at ' on ' on proper authority Code ( -- -- - ) - Before Starting Vacuum recreated on ghat section , remove sprags Passing automatic ' stop ' signal at ' On ' Code ( -- -- - ) - On the run Acknowledgement of guards signal Code ( -- -- -- -- -- ) Approaching level crossing or tunnel area Recall staff protecting train in rear Material train ready to leave Running through a station Approaching a stop signal at ' on ' Detained at stop signal Crossing stop signal at ' on ' after waiting the stipulated time . Code ( -- o -- o ) Alarm chain pulled Insufficient vacuum in engine Guard applies vacuum brakes . Code ( -- -- ) Raise Pantograph ( electric loco only ) Code ( -- o -- ) Lower Pantograph ( electric loco only ) Code ( ooooooooo ) ( Frequently ) Apprehension of danger Danger signal to driver of an approaching train whose path is obstructed Moving in wrong direction on a double line . Also used by EMU motormen to warn passengers on a crowded platform of the approach of a fast train which will not stop at that station United kingdom ( edit ) UK diesel and electric locomotives are usually fitted with two - tone horns , sounded sequentially to distinguish them from the horns used on road vehicles , and , in the past , both tones were routinely used . However , because of noise complaints , new rules were introduced in 2007 : The introduction of a night time quiet period , between 2300 and 0700 when trains will no longer routinely sound their horns at whistle boards ( they will always sound their horns when people are seen on the track ) That where the technology is available , drivers should only use the low tone from the two tone horn at whistle boards . For all new or replacement train horns on trains capable of travelling up to 160 km / ha much lower minimum sound pressure level has been established -- and a maximum sound level has been introduced ( min 101 dB and max 106 dB ) Placement on locomotives ( edit ) As many individuals do with their personal vehicles , railroads order locomotives with different options in order to suit their operating practices . Air horns are no exception , and railroad mechanical forces mount these on locomotives where they are deemed most effective at projecting sound , and for ease of maintenance . Horn mounted on MBTA Commuter Rail control car when in Push Pull Mode Nathan K5LA mounted atop a San Diego Coaster Cab Car Horn mounted in the middle section of the roof on a GE locomotive Typical horn mounting location on European locomotives Low horn mounting location on a European locomotive . The horn is visible above the right side buffer . Audio samples ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Train horns . The following are samples of select air horns as used in North American railroad service : AirChime K5LA ( 329 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Leslie A200 - 156 ( 127 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Leslie S - 3L ( 187 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Leslie S - 5T ( 275 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Nathan M5 ( 277 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Nathan P5 ( 358 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Prime PM - 920 ( 312 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Prime PM - 990 ( 301 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . WABCO E2 ( 243 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . WABCO E2 - B1 ( 274 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Train horn being fitted to a vintage EMD GP30 diesel locomotive at the 2006 Oak Ridge Horn Honk and Collectors Meet Manufacturers ( edit ) North america ( edit ) AirChime , Ltd. ( edit ) AirChime , Ltd. traces their beginnings through the work of Robert Swanson in 1949 . Prior to the early 1950s , locomotives were equipped with air horns that sounded a singular note . Swanson sought to develop an air horn which would mimic the sound of a classic steam whistle . Using ancient Chinese musical theory , Swanson produced the six - note model ' H6 ' . This was impractical for railroad use , due to its relatively large size . Railroad equipment operates over routes restricted by loading gauge , a difference of only a few inches may prohibit that equipment from operating on the line in question . Swanson would later refine his ' H6 ' into the model ' H5 ' . As the numeric designation indicates , the horn sounds a five - note chord . In 1950 , AirChime introduced the ' M ' series , a further improvement on the earlier horns through elimination of unnecessary moving parts . Among the earliest customers of the AirChime ' M ' was the Southern Railway , which sought replacement horns for their motive power . The company announced this program through the placement of a full - page advertisement in the May 25 , 1951 edition of the Washington Times - Herald . Refurbished Nathan - AirChime model P5 Under Swanson 's guidance , AirChime would focus on ease of mass production , low maintenance , and reliability in their air horn design , with the development of the ' P ' ( 1953 ) , and ' K ' ( 1954 ) series AirChime model K3L , shown here in an Auburn University - inspired livery AirChime has been sold to their American licensee , Nathan Manufacturing , Inc. , a division of Micro Precision Group , Inc , in Windham , Connecticut . Buell air horns ( edit ) An air horn manufactured by the American Strombos Co. , used on early locomotives as well as trucks Founded in 1912 as The American Strombos Co. of Philadelphia , PA , Buell sold modified marine horns for rail use . They were often installed on small locomotives , electric interurban equipment . and railcars ( for example the Doodlebugs ) . Buell has recently made available a line of air horns specific for railroad equipment . Gustin Bacon Mfg. Co. ( edit ) The Gustin Bacon Mfg. Co. of Kansas City , MO offered airhorns for use on railroad equipment prior to the Second World War . Leslie Controls , Inc. ( edit ) Leslie Tyfon model A200 - 154 air horn , used on many first - generation diesel locomotives Leslie Controls , Inc. ( originally the Leslie Company of Lyndhurst , New Jersey , later Parsippany , finally relocating to Tampa , Florida in 1985 ) began horn production by obtaining the rights to manufacture the Kockums Mekaniska Verkstad product line of `` Tyfon '' brand airhorns , marketing these for railroad use beginning in the 1930s . Their model A200 series would later grace the rooftops of countless locomotives , such as the legendary Pennsylvania Railroad GG1 , as well as thousands of EMD E and F - units . Leslie eventually introduced their own line of multi-note airhorns , known as the `` Chime - Tone '' series , in direct competition with AirChime . Poor sales of the Chime - Tones ( due to the horns requiring an ample volume of air ) led the Leslie Company to introduce a new line of air horns utilizing interchangeable components while using less air to produce greater sound volume than the earlier `` Tyfon '' series . Developed by Kockums , this horn utilized a back - pressure power chamber design in order to enhance diaphragm oscillation . Known as the `` SuperTyfon '' series , these horns would eventually supplant the `` Tyfon '' in railroad service . Leslie SuperTyfon model S - 5T , regarded by many aficionados as the ' king of horns ' `` SuperTyfon '' horns were offered in single , dual , triple , quad , and five note configurations . Leslie Controls continues to manufacture `` SuperTyfon '' air horns for the railroad industry . Prime Manufacturing , Inc. ( edit ) Prime model PM - 990 locomotive air horn Prime Manufacturing , Inc. had produced locomotive appliances for many years prior to their entry into the air horn market in 1972 . Their line of `` Pneumatic Horns '' was basically a derivative of the Leslie SuperTyfon design ( having taken advantage of a patent expiration at the time ) , though their horns employed heavier castings than equivalents from Leslie , and sounding a somewhat richer timbre as a result . Sales were brisk ( railroads such as Union Pacific and the Burlington Northern were notable customers ) but ultimately disappointing . Finding themselves increasingly unable to compete in a niche market dominated by Leslie Controls and AirChime , Prime ceased air horn production c. 1999 . Westinghouse air brake Co. ( edit ) Westinghouse model E2 - B1 locomotive air horn consisting of three ' singles ' bolted onto a common plate Westinghouse Air Brake Company ( known throughout the 19th and 20th Century as WABCO ) was the first to offer air horns specifically for use with railroad equipment , as early as the 1910s . Their model E2 was recognized by many for the deep , commanding tone it produced . In response to the Leslie multi-note `` Chime - Tone '' series , Westinghouse offered a bracket to which three of their single - note `` honkers '' could be bolted onto , achieving the same result as what the Chime - Tones did for Leslie . Overshadowed later on by Leslie and AirChime , WABCO eventually ceased production of most horns for the North American market . At present , the company is known as Wabtec , Inc. , and continues to offer their line of ' Pneumatic horns ' for the export market . Australia ( edit ) Railways in Australia often utilize the same type of air horns as their North American counterparts . Examples from both the Leslie Co. and AirChime Ltd. can be found there . See also ( edit ) Air horn Hancock air whistle Steam whistle Train whistle Whistle post References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Noise Abatement Society '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Rockland Quiet Zone '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2 crooks out smarted by water after attempting to steal train horn in Tulare '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Railroad Administration '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ 70 FR 21844 , https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2005/04/27/05-8285/use-of-locomotive-horns-at-highway-rail-grade-crossings Jump up ^ 71 FR 47614 , https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2006/08/17/06-6912/use-of-locomotive-horns-at-highway-rail-grade-crossings Jump up ^ http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/details/L02686 Jump up ^ See Hayes v. Union Pacific R. Co. , 141 P. 3d 1073 , 143 Idaho 204 ( 2006 ) . https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17886920228406310755&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5 Jump up ^ `` Locomotive Horn Signals '' . Union Pacific Railroad . Jump up ^ `` www.stellwerke.de - Signalsystem in Deutschland '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 05 . ( German ) Jump up ^ `` Signs , Whistle Codes , Flag and Hand Signals '' , from IRFCA FAQ Jump up ^ http://www.rssb.co.uk/Pages/Train_Horns.aspx Jump up ^ `` Locomotivehorns.info '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Micro Precision Group , Inc '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Buell Air Horns '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie S - 25 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie S - 2B '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie S - 3L '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie SL - 4T '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie S - 5T '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Controls , Inc '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Wabtec , Inc '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Locomotive horns . Five Chime Consultants - online spotters ' guide to diesel locomotive horns in North America LocomotiveHorns.info - guide to collecting diesel locomotive air horns Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train_horn&oldid=816531646 '' Categories : Locomotive parts Railway safety Sound production Collecting Encodings Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 23 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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when are trains required to blow their horns
[ "On April 27, 2005, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), which enforces rail safety regulations, published the final rule on the use of locomotive horns at highway-rail grade crossings.[4][5] Effective June 24, 2005, the rule requires that locomotive horns be sounded at all public grade crossings at least 15 seconds, but not more than 20 seconds before entering a crossing.[6] This rule applies when the train speed is below 45 mph (70 km/h). At 45 mph or above, trains are still required to sound their horn at the designated location (usually denoted with a whistle post)." ]
[ "at all public grade crossings" ]
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Michael Rapaport
Michael Rapaport - wikipedia Michael Rapaport Jump to : navigation , search For the mathematician , see Michael Rapoport . Michael Rapaport Rapaport in 2013 Michael David Rapaport ( 1970 - 03 - 20 ) March 20 , 1970 ( age 47 ) New York City , New York U.S. Residence Brooklyn , New York U.S. Occupation Actor Director Podcast host Comedian Years active 1991 -- present Spouse ( s ) Nichole Beattie ( m . 2000 ; divorce 2007 ) Children Michael David Rapaport ( born March 20 , 1970 ) is an American actor , podcast host , director , and comedian . He has appeared in over sixty films since the early 1990s . His best known television roles include Boston Public , Friends , The War at Home , Prison Break , Justified , and Atypical ( 2017 ) . Some of his notable film roles include True Romance ( 1993 ) , Higher Learning ( 1995 ) , Cop Land ( 1997 ) , Deep Blue Sea ( 1999 ) , The 6th Day ( 2000 ) , Dr. Dolittle 2 ( 2001 ) , Big Fan ( 2009 ) , and The Heat ( 2013 ) . He also directed the documentary Beats , Rhymes & Life : The Travels of a Tribe Called Quest ( 2011 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Music videos 5 Works and publications 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Rapaport was born in New York City , the son of June Brody , a New York radio personality , and David Rapaport , a radio executive who was the general manager of the All - Disco format at New York radio station WKTU Disco 92 . He has a brother named Eric Rapaport and an older half - sister named Claudia Lonow ( née Rapaport ) via his father 's prior marriage . After his parents divorced , Rapaport 's mom married comic Mark Lonow , who owned The Improv with Budd Friedman . Rapaport grew up on the Upper East Side of Manhattan , near 70th and York . His family is from Poland and Russia , and he is Ashkenazi Jewish . The surname Rappaport is of Italian Jewish origin . Rapaport had a hard time in school . He attended Erasmus Hall High School in the 1980s and was eventually expelled from high school , although he went back and graduated from Martin Luther King High School in New York City . Career ( edit ) In 1989 , Rapaport moved to Los Angeles , California when he was 19 years old to try to become a stand - up comic . Rapaport 's stepfather , comic Mark Lonow , who owned The Improv with Budd Friedman , helped him get into the stand - up world . He did that for three years . His first big break into the world of acting was on the TV show , China Beach . Rapaport had a recurring role in My Name is Earl as Frank , a convict Earl reunites with in prison . His character was the reason for many of the things in Earl 's life , such as indirectly giving Earl his trailer and El Camino after a botched robbery with his partner , Paco . He played one of the main characters in the season four of Prison Break as Homeland Security Agent Don Self . In October 2008 , Rapaport announced that he was directing a documentary about hip hop act A Tribe Called Quest . The film , Beats , Rhymes & Life : The Travels of a Tribe Called Quest , was released in 2011 and received mostly positive reviews . Rapaport guest starred in the fifth season of the FX series Justified as villain Daryl Crowe Jr , kingpin of the Crowe family . On February 12 , 2010 , Rapaport participated in the NBA All - Star Weekend 's Celebrity Game and won the MVP for the game for his defense on football player Terrell Owens , the MVP of the last two Celebrity Games , despite scoring just four points and having only a single rebound . On April 17 , 2014 , an ESPN 30 for 30 film he directed premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival . The film was about the 1970s championship - winning New York Knicks led by Earl Monroe , Walt Frazier , and Willis Reed . Players that made it to the premiere included Monroe , Frazier , Phil Jackson , Cazzie Russell , and Dick Barnett . Bill Bradley was not able to attend due to a recent hip replacement surgery . Rapaport is an occasional guest on the Howard Stern Show on Sirius Satellite Radio , especially when he participates in the staff 's fantasy football pool . Rapaport hosts the I Am Rapaport Stereo Podcast on the CBS Local radio network with childhood friend Gerald Moody . Other podcasts that Rapaport has appeared on include The Monday Morning Podcast with Bill Burr , Mailtime and Pardon My Take by Barstool Sports , The Adam Carolla Show , The Fighter and The Kid , Anna Faris is Unqualified , The Bill Simmons Podcast and its predecessor , The BS Report ; The Chive Podcast , WTF with Marc Maron , His & Hers Podcast , Cari Champion 's Podcast , The Joey Boots Show , The Dirty Sports Podcast and more . On June 19 , 2017 , Rapaport announced on Twitter that he would be joining the popular sports satire website Barstool Sports where he will be a cat killing correspondent for the podcast Pardon My Take . Rapaport is currently also a reporter for Fox Sports , covering the BIG3 basketball league formed by Ice Cube . Personal Life ( edit ) In 2000 , Rapaport married writer and producer Nichole Beattie . They have two sons . They have since divorced in 2007 . In 1998 , Rapaport pled guilty to aggravated harassment of ex-girlfriend , actress Lili Taylor . He was spared jail time , but sentenced to mandatory counseling , and a protection order was enforced . In 2005 , Rapaport wrote an article for Jane magazine about having to evict the actress Natasha Lyonne from a property he was renting to her during a period of heavy drug use on her part . The two have since reconciled and remain friends . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1992 Zebrahead Zack 1993 Point of No Return Big Stan 1993 Poetic Justice Dockworker 1993 Money for Nothing Kenny Kozlowski 1993 True Romance Dick Ritchie 1994 The Scout Tommy Lacy 1994 Hand Gun Lenny 1994 The Foot Shooting Party Lizard Short film ( also starring Leonardo DiCaprio ) 1995 Higher Learning Remy 1995 The Basketball Diaries Skinhead 1995 Kiss of Death Ronnie Gannon 1995 Mighty Aphrodite Kevin Beautiful Girls Paul Kirkwood The Pallbearer Brad Schorr 1997 Metro Kevin McCall 1997 Cop Land Murray Babitch 1997 A Brother 's Kiss Stingy 1997 Kicked in the Head Stretch 1998 Palmetto Donnelly 1998 Illtown Dante 1998 Some Girl Neal 1998 The Naked Man Dr. Edward Blis , Jr . 1999 Deep Blue Sea Tom Scoggins 1999 Kiss Toledo Goodbye Kevin Gower 2000 Next Friday Mailman with Tax Notice 2000 Small Time Crooks Denny 2000 The 6th Day Hank Morgan 2000 Men of Honor GM1 Snowhill 2000 Bamboozled Thomas Dunwitty 2000 Chain of Fools Hitman 2000 King of the Jungle Francis 2000 Lucky Numbers Dale 2001 Dr. Dolittle 2 Joey the Raccoon ( voice ) 2002 Paper Soldiers Mike E . 2002 Triggermen Tommy O'Brian 2002 Comic Book Villains Norman Link 2002 29 Palms The Cop 2003 A Good Night to Die August 2003 This Girl 's Life Terry the Car salesman America Brown Daniel Brown Scrambled Eggs Drama Teacher 2005 TOM 51 2005 Hitch Ben 2006 It Aint Easy 2006 Live Free or Die Lt. Putney 2006 Special Les Franken 2006 Push Tommy G 2006 Grilled Bobby 2007 Fugly Jack 2008 Assassination of a High School President Coach Z 2009 Tom Cool 2009 Big Fan Philadelphia Phil 2009 A Day in the Life Detective Grant 2011 Inside Out Jack Small 2011 Beats , Rhymes & Life : The Travels of a Tribe Called Quest Himself Documentary ; also director and interviewer 2012 Should 've Been Romeo Danny 2012 The Baytown Outlaws Lucky 2012 Kiss of the Damned Ben 2013 The Heat Jason Mullins 2013 Once Upon a Time in Queens Bobby DiBianco 2014 My Man Is a Loser Marty 2015 Little Boy James Busbee 2016 A Stand Up Guy Colin 2016 Chuck John Wepner 2016 Sully Pete the Bartender 2016 Middle School : The Worst Years of My Life Animation Voice ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes China Beach Kravits Èpisode : `` One Small Step '' 1992 Murphy Brown Robbie Episode : `` He - Ho , He - Ho , It 's Off to Lamaze We Go '' 1992 Middle Ages Jimmy 2 Episodes 1993 Fresh Prince of Bel Air Mike Episode : `` Where There 's a Will , There 's a Way : Part 1 '' 1993 NYPD Blue Jaime Dileo Episode : `` Brown Appetit '' 1997 Subway Stories Jake Television film ; segment : `` The Listeners '' 1998 E.R. Paul Canterna Episode : `` Of Past Regret and Future Fear '' 1998 Rude Awakening Johnny Episode : `` Naked Again '' 1998 Rescuers : Stories of Courage : Two Families Szarany Television film 1999 Friends Gary 4 Episodes 2001 -- 04 Boston Public Danny Hanson 57 Episodes ( main cast , seasons 2 - 4 ) 2001 Mr. Life Television film 2001 Night Visions Harlow Winton Episode : `` Darkness '' 2003 Chappelle 's Show Popcopy Employee Episode : `` # 1.1 '' Practice , The The Practice Gigi Coley Episodes : `` Comings and Goings '' , `` New Hoods on the Block '' 2005 -- 07 The War at Home Dave Gold 44 Episodes ( main cast ) 2006 MadTV Abraham Lincoln Episode : `` # 11.10 '' 2006 Thugaboo : Sneaker Madness DJ ( voice ) Television film 2007 -- 08 My Name Is Earl Frank Stump 6 Episodes ( recurring cast ) 2008 -- 09 Prison Break Don Self 22 Episodes 2009 -- 10 Accidentally on Purpose Sully 2 Episodes Royal Pains Stanley Episode : `` Big Whoop '' The Line Steve Waxman Television film 2010 -- 13 Pound Puppies Squirt , Squeak ( voice ) 65 Episodes 2012 40 8 Television film 2012 Cops Uncuffed Officer Joseph Tata Television film 2012 -- 13 The Mob Doctor Paul Moretti 7 Episodes ( recurring cast ) 2014 Justified Daryl Crowe Jr . 13 Episodes ( recurring cast ) 2014 Raising Hope Michael Episode : `` Man 's Best Friend '' 2015 Black - ish Jay Simmons Episode : `` Switch Hitting '' 2015 Louie Lenny Episode : `` Cop Story '' 2015 Public Morals Charlie Bullman 10 Episodes ( main cast ) 2015 The Big Bang Theory Kenny Fitzgerald Episode : `` The Helium Insufficiency '' 2016 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Richie Caskey Episode : `` Sheltered Outcasts '' 2016 Dice Bobby the Mooch Episode : `` Six Grand '' 2016 Crisis in Six Scenes Trooper Mike Episode : `` Episode 6 '' 2016 Animals . Erik ( voice ) Episode : `` Rats 2017 The New Edition Story Gary Evans Miniseries ( 1 part ) 2017 The Guest Book Adam 2 Episodes 2017 Atypical Doug 8 Episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Do n't Quit Your Day Job Special Appearance # 2 2001 Grand Theft Auto III Joey Leone 2006 Saints Row Troy Bradshaw 2006 Scarface : The World Is Yours Drug Dealer / Henchman 2008 Saints Row 2 Troy Bradshaw Music videos ( edit ) 1994 : Frank Zappa : Civilization , Phaze III -- Act Two , playing Moon Zappa 's black - acting `` boyfriend '' in skits 1998 : Jay - Z : The City is Mine 2002 : Talib Kweli : Waiting for the DJ -- Cameo 2003 : High & Mighty : The Highlite Zone -- How to Rob an Actor 2003 : Jaylib : McNasty Filth 2004 : Masta Ace : A Long Hot Summer -- Ace 's prison cell mate 2006 : Ludacris : Runaway Love -- Victimizer of `` Lisa , '' the first child depicted in the song 2008 : H O : What Happened ? 2017 : Snoop Dogg : Lavender ( Nightfall remix ) Works and publications ( edit ) Rapaport , Michael ( 2017 ) . This Book Has Balls . New York : Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 501 - 16031 - 8 . OCLC 975365440 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Branch , Kathryn ( 8 July 2011 ) . `` Asked and Answered : Michael Rapaport '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 21 April 1995 ) . `` Kiss of Death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Colbert , Stephen ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` Michael Rapaport Says Jared Kushner Is A Joke '' ( Video ) . The Late Show with Stephen Colbert . ^ Jump up to : Derdeyn , Stuart ( 3 May 2017 ) . `` Q&A : Michael Rapaport loves to talk '' . The Vancouver Sun . Jump up ^ `` Real time with My Brother Professor Eric Rapaport the REAL DICK RITCHIE # TRUEROMANCE # allrapaporteverything @ emily_rapaport '' . michaelrapaport. 29 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Maron , Marc ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` Episode 689 - Michael Rapaport '' . WTF with Marc Maron . Jump up ^ Getlen , Larry ( 31 March 2013 ) . `` ' Parents ' trap '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Takano , Hikari . `` Michael Rapaport Interview '' . Hikari Takano . Jump up ^ `` Hip - Hop Vs. Hebrew ? '' . Jewish Exponent. 21 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Kim ( 13 February 1995 ) . `` Chatter : The Real Skinny '' . People . 43 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ MacMillan , Alissa ( 29 October 2001 ) . `` School 's Cool for Rapaport Now '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Dow , Danica ( 4 October 2008 ) . `` SOHH Exclusive : Nas & Michael Rapaport Team Up for A Tribe Called Quest Doc '' . SOHH.com . Archived from the original on 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Samuel , S. ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` Michael Rapaport On Beats , Rhymes & Life , `` I Really Did n't Want To F * ck This Up '' -- SOHH.com `` . SOHH.com . Jump up ^ Woods , Mecca ; Rapaport , Michael ( 29 April 2011 ) . `` Michael Rapaport Discusses His Film Beats , Rhymes & Life @ Tribeca Film Fest '' ( Video ) . Society HAE ( SHAE ) . Jump up ^ Clancy , Kevin `` KFC '' ; Rapaport , Michael ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` # MAILTIME : Michael Rapaport '' . Mailtime : The Laziest Hour of Your Day by Barstool Sports . Barstool Sports . Archived from the original ( Audio podcast ) on 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz , Dan ; Rapaport , Michael ( 18 May 2016 ) . `` Pardon My Take 5 - 18 With Comedian Michael Rapaport '' ( Audio podcast ) . Pardon My Take . Barstool Sports . Jump up ^ Rapaport , Michael ; Iverson , Allen ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` Michael Rapaport interviews Allen Iverson '' ( Video interview ) . BIG3 on FS1 . Fox Sports . Jump up ^ `` Rapaport 's wife files for legal separation '' . TODAY . Associated Press . 13 May 2004 . Jump up ^ Errico , Marcus ( 19 May 1998 ) . `` Michael Rappaport Sentenced for Harassment '' . E ! Online . Jump up ^ Rush , George ; Molloy , Joanna ; Jones , Baird ( 6 June 1997 ) . `` ' I 'm Not Rapaport 's , ' But Lili 's Ex Persists '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Rosenfeld , Laura ; Cohen , Andy ; de Lesseps , Luann ; Rapaport , Michael ( 19 May 2016 ) . `` Remember That Time Natasha Lyonne Was Michael Rapaport 's Tenant ? '' ( Video ) . Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen ( After Show ) . Bravo TV . Further reading ( edit ) Woods , Mecca ; Rapaport , Michael ( 29 April 2011 ) . `` Michael Rapaport Discusses His Film Beats , Rhymes & Life @ Tribeca Film Fest '' ( Video ) . Society HAE ( SHAE ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michael Rapaport . I Am Rapaport podcast Michael Rapaport on Twitter Michael Rapaport on IMDb Michael Rapaport at the TCM Movie Database VIAF : 85829119 LCCN : no95037076 ISNI : 0000 0001 1681 6133 GND : 142068055 BNF : cb14027830z ( data ) BIBSYS : 2044524 NKC : xx0080200 BNE : XX1294820 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Rapaport&oldid=804759023 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from New York City American people of Polish - Jewish descent American people of Russian - Jewish descent People from Manhattan Jewish American male actors American male film actors American documentary filmmakers American stand - up comedians American male television actors American male video game actors American podcasters Comedians from New York City Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 23 : 44 . 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who played phoebe's boyfriend gary on friends
[ "Michael David Rapaport (born March 20, 1970) is an American actor, podcast host, director, and comedian.[1] He has appeared in over sixty films since the early 1990s. His best known television roles include Boston Public, Friends, The War at Home, Prison Break, Justified, and Atypical (2017). Some of his notable film roles include True Romance (1993), Higher Learning (1995), Cop Land (1997), Deep Blue Sea (1999), The 6th Day (2000), Dr. Dolittle 2 (2001), Big Fan (2009), and The Heat (2013). He also directed the documentary Beats, Rhymes & Life: The Travels of a Tribe Called Quest (2011).[2][3]" ]
[ "Michael David Rapaport" ]
-9220076138309050969
FIFA World Cup hosts
FIFA World Cup hosts - wikipedia FIFA World Cup hosts Jump to : navigation , search Logo of FIFA Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2014 . Dark green : twice ; middle green : once ; light green : planned until 2022 Sixteen countries have been FIFA World Cup hosts in the competition 's twenty tournaments since the inaugural World Cup in 1930 . The organization at first awarded hosting to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The choice of location was controversial in the earliest tournaments , given the three - week boat journey between South America and Europe , the two centers of strength in football at the time . The decision to hold the first cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these , the 1938 FIFA World Cup , in France was controversial , as the South American countries had been led to understand that the World Cup would rotate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the tournament . The first tournament following World War II , held in Brazil in 1950 , had three teams withdraw due to either financial problems or disagreements with the organization . To avoid any future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternation between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Asia . The system evolved so that the host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council ( former Executive Committee ) . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The decision is currently made roughly seven years in advance of the tournament , though the hosts for the 2022 tournament were chosen at the same time as those for the 2018 tournament . Only Mexico , Italy , France , Germany ( West Germany until shortly after the 1990 World Cup ) and Brazil have hosted the event on two occasions . Mexico City 's Estadio Azteca and Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã are the only venues ever to have hosted two FIFA World Cup finals . Only the 2002 FIFA World Cup had more than one host , being split between Japan and South Korea . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of hosts 2 1930 FIFA World Cup 3 1934 FIFA World Cup 4 1938 FIFA World Cup 5 Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946 6 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups 6.1 1949 bid 6.2 1951 bid 7 1958 FIFA World Cup 8 1962 FIFA World Cup 9 1966 FIFA World Cup 10 1970 FIFA World Cup 11 1974 , 1978 , 1982 FIFA World Cups 11.1 1974 results 11.2 1978 results 11.3 1982 results 12 1986 FIFA World Cup 13 1990 FIFA World Cup 14 1994 FIFA World Cup 15 1998 FIFA World Cup 16 2002 FIFA World Cup 17 2006 FIFA World Cup 17.1 Controversy 18 2010 FIFA World Cup 18.1 Controversy 19 2014 FIFA World Cup 20 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups 20.1 Accusations of bribery 21 2026 FIFA World Cup 22 2030 FIFA World Cup 23 2034 FIFA World Cup 24 Total bids by country 25 Host country performances 26 References 27 External links List of hosts ( edit ) Year Host Continent Winner 1930 Uruguay South America Uruguay 1934 Italy Europe Italy 1938 France Europe Italy 1942 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Cancelled due to World War II 1950 Brazil South America Uruguay 1954 Switzerland Europe West Germany 1958 Sweden Europe Brazil 1962 Chile South America Brazil 1966 England Europe England 1970 Mexico North America Brazil West Germany Europe West Germany 1978 Argentina South America Argentina 1982 Spain Europe Italy 1986 Mexico North America Argentina 1990 Italy Europe West Germany 1994 United States North America Brazil 1998 France Europe France 2002 South Korea / Japan Asia Brazil 2006 Germany Europe Italy South Africa Africa Spain 2014 Brazil South America Germany 2018 Russia Europe 2022 Qatar Asia 2026 TBD 2030 TBD 2034 TBD 1930 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Bids : Hungary Italy Netherlands Nigeria Sweden Uruguay Before the FIFA Congress could vote on the first - ever World Cup host , a series of withdrawals led to the election of Uruguay . The Netherlands and Hungary withdrew , followed by Sweden withdrawing in favour of Italy . Then both Italy and Spain withdrew , in favour of the only remaining candidate , Uruguay . The FIFA Congress met in Barcelona , Spain on 18 May 1929 to ratify the decision , and Uruguay was chosen without a vote . Results : Uruguay Italy withdrew Spain withdrew Sweden withdrew Netherlands withdrew Hungary withdrew Notice that the celebration of the first World Cup coincided with the centennial anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay . For that reason , the main stadium built in Montevideo for the World Cup was named Estadio Centenario . 1934 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1934 FIFA World Cup Bids : Italy Sweden Sweden decided to withdraw before the vote , allowing the only remaining candidate Italy to take the hosting job for the 1934 World Cup . The decision was ratified by the FIFA Congress in Stockholm , Sweden and Zürich , Switzerland on 14 May 1932 . The Italian Football Federation accepted the hosting duties on 9 October 1932 . Results : Italy Sweden withdrew 1938 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1938 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina France Germany Without any nations withdrawing their bids before the vote , the FIFA Congress convened in Berlin , Germany on 13 August 1936 to decide the next host of the World Cup . Electing France took only one ballot , as France had more than half of the votes in the first round . Results : France , 19 votes Argentina , 3 votes Germany , 1 vote Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946 ( edit ) Bids for 1942 : Argentina Brazil Germany Cancelled FIFA election of the host due to the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 . Bids for 1946 : none 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 1950 FIFA World Cup and 1954 FIFA World Cup 1949 bid ( edit ) Bid : Brazil Brazil , Argentina , and Germany had official bid for the 1942 World Cup , but the Cup was cancelled after the outbreak of World War II . The 1950 World Cup was originally scheduled for 1949 , but the day after Brazil was selected by the FIFA Congress on 26 July 1946 in Luxembourg City , Luxembourg , the World Cup was rescheduled for 1950 . Result : Brazil 1951 bid ( edit ) Bid : Switzerland The 1951 World Cup hosting duty was decided on 26 July 1946 , the same day that Brazil was selected for the 1949 World Cup , in Luxembourg City . On 27 July , the FIFA Congress pushed back the 5th World Cup finals for three years , deciding it should take place in 1954 . Result : Switzerland 1958 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 1958 FIFA World Cup § Host selection , and 1958 FIFA World Cup Bid : Sweden Argentina , Chile , Mexico , and Sweden expressed interest in hosting the tournament . Swedish delegates lobbied other countries at the FIFA Congress held in Rio de Janeiro around the opening of the 1950 World Cup finals . Sweden was awarded the 1958 tournament unopposed in on 23 June 1950 . Result : Sweden 1962 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina Chile West Germany West Germany withdrew before the vote , which took place in Lisbon , Portugal on 10 June 1956 , leaving two remaining bids . In one round of voting , Chile won over Argentina . Results : Chile , 32 votes Argentina , 11 votes West Germany withdrew 1966 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup Bids : England West Germany Spain Spain withdrew from the bidding prior to voting by the FIFA Congress , held in Rome , Italy on 22 August 1960 . Again , there was only one round of voting , with England defeating West Germany for the hosting position . Results : England , 34 votes West Germany , 27 votes Spain withdrew 1970 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina Australia Colombia Japan Mexico Peru The FIFA Congress convened in Tokyo , Japan on 8 October 1964 . One round of voting saw Mexico win the hosting duties over Argentina . Results : Mexico , 56 votes Argentina , 32 votes Australia withdrew Colombia withdrew Japan withdrew Peru withdrew 1974 , 1978 , 1982 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 1974 FIFA World Cup , 1978 FIFA World Cup , and 1982 FIFA World Cup Three hosts for the 1974 , 1978 , and 1982 World Cups were chosen in London , England on 6 July 1966 by the FIFA Congress . Spain and West Germany , both facing each other in the running for hosting duties for the 1974 and 1982 World Cups , agreed to give one another a hosting job . Germany withdrew from the 1982 bidding process while Spain withdrew from the 1974 bidding process , essentially guaranteeing each a hosting spot . Mexico , who had won the 1970 hosting bid over Argentina just two years prior , agreed to withdraw and let Argentina take the 1978 hosting position . 1974 results ( edit ) West Germany Spain withdrew in exchange for 1982 hosting duties Italy withdrew Netherlands withdrew 1978 results ( edit ) Argentina Colombia withdrew Mexico withdrew , as they had won hosting for World Cup 1970 1982 results ( edit ) Spain West Germany withdrew in exchange for 1974 hosting duties Italy withdrew 1986 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup Bid : Colombia Host voting , handled by the then - FIFA Executive Committee ( or Exco ) , met in Stockholm on 9 June 1974 and ratified the unopposed Colombian bid . Result : Colombia However , Colombia withdrew after being selected to host the World Cup due to financial problems on 5 November 1982 , less than four years before the event was to start . A call for bids was sent out again , and FIFA received intent from three nations : Canada Mexico United States In Zürich on 20 May 1983 , Mexico won the bidding unanimously as voted by the Executive Committee , for the first time in FIFA World Cup bidding history ( except those nations who bid unopposed ) . Results : Mexico unanimous vote United States 0 votes Canada 0 votes 1990 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Bids : Austria England France Greece Iran Italy Soviet Union West Germany Yugoslavia Except Italy and the Soviet Union , all nations withdrew before the vote , which was to be conducted by Exco in Zürich on 19 May 1984 . Once again , only one round of voting was required , as Italy won more votes than the Soviet Union . Results : Italy , 11 votes Soviet Union , 5 votes Austria withdrew England withdrew France withdrew Greece withdrew Iran withdrew West Germany withdrew Yugoslavia withdrew 1994 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup Bids : Brazil Morocco United States Chile Despite having three nations bidding for host duties , voting only took one round . The vote was held in Zürich ( for the third straight time ) on 4 July 1988 . The United States won the bid by receiving a little over half of the votes by the Exco members . Results : United States , 10 votes Morocco , 7 votes Brazil , 2 votes Chile withdrew 1998 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup Bids : England France Germany Morocco Switzerland This vote was held in Zürich for the fourth straight time on 1 July 1992 . Only one round of voting was required to have France assume the hosting job over Morocco . Result : France , 12 votes Morocco , 7 votes Switzerland withdrew England withdrew Germany withdrew 2002 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Bids : South Korea / Japan Mexico On 31 May 1996 , the hosting selection meeting was held in Zürich for the fifth straight time . A joint bid was formed between Japan and South Korea , and the bid was `` voted by acclamation '' , an oral vote without ballots . The first joint bid of the World Cup was approved , edging out Mexico . Results : South Korea / Japan ( joint bid , voted by acclamation ) Mexico The 2002 FIFA World Cup was co-hosted in Asia for the first time by South Korea and Japan ( the final was held in Japan ) . Initially , the two Asian countries were competitors in the bidding process . But just before the vote , they agreed with FIFA to co-host the event . However , the rivalry and distance between them led to organizational and logistical problems . FIFA has said that co-hosting is not likely to happen again , and in 2004 officially stated that its statutes did not allow co-hosting bids . 2006 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup Bids : Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa On 6 July 2000 , the host selection meeting was held for the sixth straight time in Zürich . Brazil withdrew its bid three days before the vote , and the field was narrowed to four . This was the first selection in which more than one vote round was required . Three votes were eventually needed . Germany was at least tied for first in each of the three votes , and ended up defeating South Africa by only one vote after an abstention ( see below ) . Results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Germany 10 11 12 South Africa 6 11 11 England 5 Eliminated Morocco Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 23 24 23 Controversy ( edit ) The controversy over the decision to award the 2006 FIFA World Cup to Germany led to a further change in practice . The final tally was 12 votes to 11 in favour of Germany over the contenders South Africa , who had been favorites to win . New Zealand FIFA member Charlie Dempsey , who was instructed to vote for South Africa by the Oceania Football Confederation , abstained from voting at the last minute . If he had voted for the South African bid , the tally would have been 12 -- 12 , giving the decision to FIFA President Sepp Blatter , who , it was widely believed , would then have voted for South Africa . Dempsey was among eight members of the Executive Committee to receive a fax by editors of the German satirical magazine Titanic on Wednesday , the night before the vote , promising a cuckoo clock and Black Forest ham in exchange for voting for Germany . He argued that the pressure from all sides including `` an attempt to bribe '' him had become too much for him . On 4 August 2000 , consequently , FIFA decided to rotate the hosting of the final tournaments between its constituent confederations . This was until October 2007 , during the selection of the host for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , when they announced that they will no longer continue with their continental rotation policy ( see below ) . 2010 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Bids : Egypt Morocco Nigeria South Africa Tunisia / Libya The first World Cup bidding process under continental rotation ( the process of rotating hosting of the World Cup to each confederation in turn ) was the 2010 FIFA World Cup , the first World Cup to be held in Africa . On 7 July 2001 , during the FIFA Congress in Buenos Aires , a decision was ratified , which was that the rotation will begin in Africa . On 23 September 2002 , FIFA 's Executive Committee confirmed that only African member associations , would be invited to submit bids to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup . In January 2003 , Nigeria entered the bidding process , but withdrew their bid in September . In March 2003 , Sepp Blatter initially said Nigeria 's plan to co host the 2010 FIFA World Cup with four African countries would not work . Nigeria had originally hoped to bid jointly with West African neighbours Benin , Ghana , and Togo . After it was confirmed by FIFA that joint bidding would not be allowed in the future , Libya and Tunisia withdrew both of their bids on 8 May 2004 . On 15 May 2004 in Zürich ( the seventh consecutive time that a host selection has been made there ) , South Africa , after a narrow loss in the 2006 bidding , defeated perennial candidate Morocco to host , 14 votes to 10 . Egypt received no votes . Results Nation Vote Round 1 South Africa 14 Morocco 10 Egypt 0 Tunisia / Libya Withdrew Nigeria Withdrew Total votes 24 Controversy ( edit ) On 28 May 2015 , media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high - ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US $10 million in bribes to then - FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members . On 4 June 2015 , FIFA executive Chuck Blazer , having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities , confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA 's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cups . Blazer stated , `` I and others on the Fifa executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup . '' On 6 June 2015 , The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had received the most votes , but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead . 2014 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 2014 FIFA World Cup bids and 2014 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina Brazil Colombia FIFA continued its continental rotation procedure by earmarking the 2014 World Cup for South America . FIFA initially indicated that it might back out of the rotation concept , but later decided to continue it through the 2014 host decision , after which it was dropped . Colombia had expressed interest in hosting the 2014 World Cup , but withdrew undertaking the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Brazil also expressed interest in hosting the World Cup . CONMEBOL , the South American Football Federation , indicated their preference for Brazil as a host . Brazil was the only nation to submit a formal bid when the official bidding procedure for CONMEBOL member associations was opened in December 2006 , as by that time , Colombia , Chile and Argentina had already withdrawn , and Venezuela was not allowed to bid . Brazil made the first unopposed bid since the initial selection of the 1986 FIFA World Cup ( when Colombia was selected as host , but later withdrew for financial problems ) . The FIFA Executive Committee confirmed it as the host country on 30 October 2007 by a unanimous decision . Result : 2014 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Brazil N / A N / A Argentina Withdrew Colombia Withdrew 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Further information : 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids , 2018 FIFA World Cup , and 2022 FIFA World Cup 2018 Bids : Belgium / Netherlands England Spain / Portugal Russia 2022 Bids : Australia Japan South Korea Qatar United States Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups FIFA announced on 29 October 2007 that it will no longer continue with its continental rotation policy , implemented after the 2006 World Cup host selection . The newest host selection policy is that any country may bid for a World Cup , provided that their continental confederation has not hosted either of the past two World Cups . For the 2018 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from Africa and South America were not allowed . For the 2022 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from South America and Europe were not allowed . Also , FIFA formally allowed joint bids once more ( after they were banned in 2002 ) , due to there being only one organizing committee per joint bid , unlike Korea / Japan , which had two different organizing committees . Countries that announced their interest included Australia , England , Indonesia , Japan , Qatar , Russia , South Korea , United States , the joint bid of Spain and Portugal and the joint bid of Belgium and Netherlands . The hosts for both World Cups were announced by the FIFA Executive Committee on 2 December 2010 . Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup , making it the first time that the World Cup will be hosted in Eastern Europe and making it the biggest country geographically to host the World Cup . Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup , making it the first time a World Cup will be held in the Middle East and the second time in Asia . Also , the decision made it the smallest country geographically to host the World Cup . 2018 Results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Spain / Portugal 7 7 Netherlands / Belgium England Eliminated Total votes 22 22 2022 results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Qatar 11 10 11 14 United States 5 6 8 South Korea 5 5 Eliminated Japan Eliminated Eliminated Australia Eliminated Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 22 22 22 22 Accusations of bribery ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies over the 2022 FIFA World Cup Before the vote , allegations of bribery resulted in the suspension of two FIFA Executive Committee members , reducing the number of voters to 22 . In May 2011 , allegations of corruption within the FIFA senior officials raised questions over the legitimacy of the World Cup being held in Qatar . According to then vice-President Jack Warner , an email has been publicised about the possibility that Qatar ' bought ' the 2022 World Cup through bribery via Mohammed bin Hammam who was president of the Asian Football Confederation at the time . Qatar 's officials in the bid team for 2022 have denied any wrongdoing . A whistleblower , revealed to be Phaedra Almajid , alleged that several African officials were paid $1.5 million by Qatar . She later retracted her claims of bribery , stating she had fabricated them in order to exact revenge on the Qatari bid team for relieving her of her job with them . She also denied being put under any pressure to make her retraction . FIFA confirmed receiving an email from her which stated her retraction . On 1 June 2014 , The Sunday Times claimed to have obtained documents including e-mails , letters and bank transfers which allegedly proved that Bin Hammam had paid more than US $5 million to football officials to support the Qatar bid . Bin Hamman and all those accused of accepting bribes denied the charges More suspicions emerged in March 2014 when it was discovered that Jack Warner , who was made to leave his post as president of CONCACAF in disgrace , and his family were paid almost $2 million from a firm linked to Qatar 's successful campaign . The FBI is investigating Warner and his alleged links to the Qatari bid . 2026 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2026 FIFA World Cup Bids : Canada / USA / Mexico Morocco A CONCACAF bid for the 2026 World Cup is probable , with Canada , USA , and Mexico the most likely nations to bid . Under FIFA rules as of 2016 , the 2026 Cup can not be in either Europe ( UEFA ) or Asia ( AFC ) , leaving an African ( CAF ) bid , a North American ( CONCACAF ) bid , a South American ( CONMEBOL ) bid or an Oceanian ( OFC ) bid as other possible options . In March 2017 , FIFA 's president Gianni Infantino confirmed that `` Europe ( UEFA ) and Asia ( AFC ) are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively . '' The bidding process was originally scheduled to start in 2015 , with the appointment of hosts scheduled for the FIFA Congress on 10 May 2017 in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . On 10 June 2015 , FIFA announced that the bid process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was postponed . However , following the FIFA Council meeting on 10 May 2016 , a new bid schedule was announced for May 2020 as the last in a four - phase process . CONCACAF member federations ( Canada , Mexico , United States ) are favoured to host the 2026 World Cup for the first time since 1994 World Cup . Also , FIFA 's president Infantino will consider the option for triple co-hosting by Canada , Mexico and the United States . On 14 October 2016 , FIFA said it will accept CONCACAF triple tournament - sharing bid by Canada , Mexico and the United States . According to CONCACAF president , Victor Montagliani , there would be a possibility of a joint bid between Canada , United States , and Mexico to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup . On 10 April 2017 , Canada , the United States , and Mexico announced their intention to submit a joint bid to co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup , with three - quarters of the games to be played in the U.S. , including the final . On 11 August 2017 , Morocco has officially announced a bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The host will be announced on June 13 , 2018 at the 69th FIFA Congress in Moscow , Russia . Official 2026 Bids : CONCACAF : Canada / United States / Mexico : Canada -- United States -- Mexico 2026 FIFA World Cup bid CAF : Morocco : Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid 2030 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2030 FIFA World Cup Two early bids for the 2030 FIFA World Cup - the Centennial World Cup - have been proposed . The first bid for the 2030 FIFA World Cup has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Argentine Football Association and Uruguayan Football Association into a proposed joint bid from Uruguay and Argentina . The second bid for the 2030 FIFA World Cup has been a proposed bid by The Football Association of England . Under FIFA rules as of 2017 , the 2030 World Cup can not be held in Asia ( AFC ) because the Asian Football Confederation is excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022 . Also in June 2017 , UEFA 's president Aleksander Čeferin stated that Europe ( UEFA ) will definitely fight for its right to host the 2030 World Cup . The Uruguay -- Argentina bid would coincide with the centennial anniversary of the first FIFA World Cup final , and the bicentennial of the first Constitution of Uruguay . The Uruguay - Argentina bid was officially confirmed on 29 July 2017 . Paraguay is aiming for joining the bid , but this is not confirmed or discarded yet . The efforts for the inclusion of Paraguay in the bid caused discomfort in the Uruguayan Football Association , and Wilmar Valdéz ( AUF president ) accused some insistence of the CONMEBOL although it is not official that Paraguay joins the event . Chile also wants to organize the World Cup with Uruguay and Argentina . A joint bid was announced by the Argentine Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Association on 29 July 2017 . Before Uruguay and Argentina played out a goalless draw in Montevideo , FC Barcelona players Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi promoted the bid with commemorative shirts . On 31 August 2017 , it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host . CONMEBOL , the South American confederation , confirmed the joint three - way bid in September 2017 . English FA vice chairman David Gill has proposed that his country could potentially bid for 2030 , provided that the bidding process is made more transparent . `` England is one of few countries that could stage even a 48 - nation event in its entirety , while Football Association chief executive Martin Glenn made it clear earlier this year bidding for 2030 was an option . '' In June 2017 , UEFA stated that `` it would support a pan-British bid for 2030 or even a single bid from England . '' Moreover , a possible English bid for 2030 was also backed by the German Football Association . It is expected that countries from `` South America ( CONMEBOL ) and Europe ( UEFA ) will likely to be in a bid competition for 2030 . '' The original bid logo for the Uruguay - Argentina World Cup Bid . Confirmed 2030 bids : CONMEBOL : Uruguay / Argentina / Paraguay : Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid Expressed interest in bidding : UEFA : England : England 2030 FIFA World Cup bid 2034 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2034 FIFA World Cup The first bid for the 2034 FIFA World Cup has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . The idea of a combined ASEAN bid had been mooted as early as January 2011 , when the Football Association of Singapore 's then - President , Zainudin Nordin , said in a statement that the proposal had been made at an ASEAN Foreign Ministers meeting . In 2013 , Nordin and Special Olympics Malaysia President , Datuk Mohamed Feisol Hassan , recalled the idea for ASEAN to jointly host a World Cup . Under FIFA rules as of 2017 , the 2030 World Cup can not be held in Asia ( AFC ) as Asian Football Confederation members are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022 . Therefore , the earliest bid by an AFC member could be made for 2034 . Later , Malaysia has withdrawn from involvement but Singapore and other ASEAN countries continued the campaign to submit a joint bid for the World Cup in 2034 . In February 2017 , ASEAN held talks on launching a joint bid during a visit by FIFA chief Gianni Infantino to Yangon , Myanmar . In July 2017 , Joko Driyono , the Vice-President of the Indonesia 's Football Association , during meeting in Vietnam said that Indonesia and Thailand were set to lead a consortium of South - East Asian nations in the bid . Driyono added that due to geographic and infrastructure considerations and the expanded format ( 48 teams ) , at least two or three ASEAN countries combined would be in a position necessary to host matches . In September 2017 , the Football Association of Thailand 's Deputy CEO , Benjamin Tan , at the ASEAN Football Federation ( AFF ) Council meeting , confirmed that his Association has `` put in their interest to bid and co-host '' the 2034 World Cup with Indonesia . On the same occasion , the General Secretary of the AFF , Dato Sri Azzuddin Ahmad , confirmed that Indonesia and Thailand will submit a joint bid . Indonesia is the only Southeast Asian country to have participated in the World Cup . The 1938 World Cup is the Indonesians ' only appearance to date when they were known as the Dutch East Indies . Far from ever having hosting the World Cup , no South - East Asian country ever qualified to the tournament . As of March 2018 , Indonesia is ranked by FIFA at 162nd place and not a single national team from South - East Asia ranks in the FIFA top 100 . China has announced its interest in bidding several times and reports stated `` that China is likely to host the World Cup for the first time in 2034 . '' Expressed interest in bidding : UEFA : Italy ( centenary from the first Italian edition 1934 FIFA World Cup ) AFC : Indonesia and Thailand China Total bids by country ( edit ) World Cup - winning bids are bolded . Planned but not - yet - official bids for 2030 and beyond are not included . Country Bids Years Germany 6 1938 , 1962 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2006 Argentina 5 1938 , 1962 , 1970 , 1978 , 2030 Mexico 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 2002 , 2026 Morocco 1994 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2026 Spain 1930 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2018 Brazil 1950 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 England 1966 , 1990 , 2006 , 2018 United States 1986 , 1994 , 2022 , 2026 Italy 1930 , 1934 , 1990 Japan 1970 , 2002 , 2022 Canada 1986 , 2026 Chile 1962 , 2014 Colombia 1986 , 2014 France 1938 , 1998 Netherlands 1930 , 2018 Russia 1990 , 2018 South Africa 2006 , 2010 South Korea 2002 , 2022 Switzerland 1954 , 1998 Uruguay 1930 , 2030 Australia 2022 Belgium 2018 Egypt Greece 1990 Hungary 1930 Iran 1990 Libya Paraguay 2030 Portugal 2018 Qatar 2022 Sweden 1958 Tunisia ^ Jump up to : Bid by West Germany , which was joined by East Germany in 1990 to form the reunified nation of Germany . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Argentina , Paraguay and Uruguay . ^ Jump up to : Colombia was originally chosen to host the 1986 World Cup , but withdrew from hosting due to economic concerns . After a second bidding , Mexico was selected as the replacement host . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Canada , Mexico and the United States . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Portugal and Spain . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Japan and South Korea . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Belgium and the Netherlands . Jump up ^ Bid by the Soviet Union , which dissolved into multiple countries in 1991 and whose records are inherited by Russia . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Libya and Tunisia . Host country performances ( edit ) Further information : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup It is widely considered that home advantage is common in the World Cup , with the host team usually performing above average . Of the eight countries that have won the tournament , only Brazil and Spain were not champions at home , and both England and France had their only titles as hosts . Further , Sweden got to its only final as hosts of the 1958 tournament , and only the Swedes and Brazilians finished as runner - up in home soil . The host country reached the semi-finals thirteen times in twenty tournaments , and both Chile and South Korea had their only finishes on the top four at home . Only South Africa in 2010 managed to not go past the group stage . # Performance Team Year Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Champion Uruguay 1930 0 0 100 % 15 12 3.8 Champion France 1998 7 6 0 93 % 15 13 1.9 2.1 Champion England 1966 6 5 0 92 % 11 8 1.3 1.8 Champion Italy 1934 5 0 90 % 12 9 1.8 2.4 5 Champion West Germany 7 6 0 86 % 13 9 1.3 1.9 6 Champion Argentina 1978 7 5 79 % 15 9 1.3 2.1 7 Runner - up Brazil 1950 6 75 % 22 6 16 2.7 3.7 8 Runner - up Sweden 1958 6 75 % 12 7 5 0.8 9 Third place Italy 1990 7 6 0 93 % 10 8 1.1 1.4 10 Third place Germany 2006 7 5 79 % 14 6 8 1.1 11 Third place Chile 1962 6 0 67 % 10 8 0.33 1.3 12 Fourth place South Korea 2002 7 57 % 8 6 0.3 1.1 13 Fourth place Brazil 2014 7 57 % 11 14 − 3 − 0.4 1.57 14 Quarter - final Mexico 1986 5 0 80 % 6 0.8 15 Quarter - final Mexico 1970 63 % 6 0.5 1.5 16 Quarter - final Switzerland 1954 0 50 % 11 11 0 0 2.8 17 Quarter - final France 1938 0 50 % 0 0 18 Second round Spain 1982 5 40 % 5 − 1 − 0.2 0.8 19 Round of 16 Japan 2002 63 % 5 0.5 1.25 20 Round of 16 United States 1994 38 % − 1 − 0.3 0.8 21 Group stage South Africa 50 % 5 − 2 − 0.7 Win % → Every draw counted as a half win . Wins on penalty shootouts are counted as draws . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of 1930 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. April 11 , 2002 . Retrieved 13 April 2006 . Jump up ^ France 1938 , FIFA World Cup site . Retrieved on April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Brazil 1950 , FIFA World Cup site . Retrieved on April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM host announcement decision '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Norlin , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : host announcement decision '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Host nation of 2010 FIFA World Cup -- South Africa Archived 12 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . World Cup 2018 Russia Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , FIFA Media Release , May 15 , 2004 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA president Blatter a big loser with Germany getting 2006 World Cup '' by Robert Wagman , SoccerTimes , July 7 , 2000 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` German magazine takes credit for bribery hoax '' , IOL , July 7 , 2000 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa to rotate World Cup '' . 4 August 2000 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Australia can host World Cup , by Matthew Hall , published 18 September 2005 Jump up ^ `` Six African associations announce interest in hosting 2010 FIFA World Cup TM '' . FIFA. 6 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 FIFA World Cup TM : bidding process opens '' . FIFA. 23 October 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria bid for 2010 '' . bbc.co.uk. 6 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria ends World Cup bid '' . bbc.co.uk. 29 September 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa slams Nigeria 's 2010 plan '' . bbc.co.uk. 18 March 2003 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa is shaken by FIFA corruption probe '' , Los Angeles Times , 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Vicki Hodges , Giles Mole , JJ Bull , Luke Brown and Rob Crilly , `` Fifa whistleblower Chuck Blazer - bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups : as it happened '' , The Telegraph , 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ Owen Gibson , Paul Lewis , `` Fifa informant Chuck Blazer : I took bribes over 1998 and 2010 World Cups '' , The Guardian , 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa in crisis : ' Morocco won 2010 World Cup vote - not South Africa ' '' . The Telegraph . London . 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games win inspires bid to host 2018 World Cup '' by John Goodbody , The Times , November 16 , 2005 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC News , Colombia bids for 2014 World Cup , 17 July 2006 Jump up ^ FIFA , Brazil confirms bid -- Colombia withdraws Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , 13 April 2007 Jump up ^ `` Brazil set to host World Cup '' . BBC News . 2003 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Clear declaration to defend the autonomy of sport '' ( Press release ) . FIFA. 6 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 6 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` The end of the rotation policy : the press conference explaining the decision '' . Fifa.com -- News Centre . 29 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa abandons World Cup rotation '' . BBC SPORT. 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter announces what 's to come '' . FIFA. 7 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iberian threat to England 's 2018 World Cup bid '' . ESPNsoccernet. 27 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Drops Out of Race to Host 2018 World Cup '' . BBC . 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Russia and Qatar to host 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups , respectively '' . FIFA. 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Temarii to appeal against suspension '' . ESPN . 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Valcke denies 2022 ' bought ' claim '' . BBC News . 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated , `` Sorry Soccer '' , 23 May 2011 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA tight - lipped over whistleblower '' . Al Jazeera. 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Qatar World Cup whistleblower retracts her claims of Fifa bribes . The Guardian . 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bond , David ( 31 May 2014 ) . `` Qatar World Cup : ' £ 3m payments to officials ' corruption claim '' . BBC News . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Watt , Holly ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2022 investigation : demands to strip Qatar of World Cup '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF president : North America must host 2026 World Cup '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup , lifting Canada 's chances '' . CBC . Associated Press . 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Gastelum , Andrew . `` CONCACAF president is pushing hard to land 2026 World Cup '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Rest for the Curious : Looking Ahead To World Cup 2026 '' . World Cup Blog . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tim Hill in New York ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Trump travel ban could prevent United States hosting World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA.com. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA defers decision on continental rotation for WCup bids '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . 25 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 2026 World Cup bidding process delayed '' . BBC News . 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Statement on 2026 FIFA World Cup bidding '' . FIFA.com. 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Council agrees on four - phase bidding process for 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com. 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA open to 40 - team World Cup , Canada as co-hosts '' . Sportsnet . AP . 6 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 may be co-hosted in North America after FIFA says it will accept tournament - sharing '' . Mirror.co.uk. 2016 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Canada , Mexico 2026 World Cup bid a possibility - CONCACAF chief '' . ESPN.com. 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Mexico and Canada officially launch bid to co-host 2026 World Cup '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Le Maroc dépose officiellement sa candidature pour le Mondial 2026 '' . Le360. 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Congress confirms next steps of the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA open to 40 - team World Cup , Canada as co-hosts '' . Sportsnet.ca. 2016 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Graham Dunbar ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) . `` FIFA president Infantino open to 40 - team World Cup , co-hosts '' . Ca.sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Graham Dunbar ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) . `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco Seeks to Host the 2026 FIFA World Cup bid '' . Morocco world news . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` المغرب يتقدم رسميا بطلب استضافة كأس العالم 2026 - الموقع الرسمي للجامعة الملكية المغربية لكرة القدم '' . www.frmf.ma . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coupe du Monde 2030 : l'Argentine et l'Uruguay confirment leur intérêt '' . Mondial - 2030 ( in French ) . January 2016 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` England 's hopes of hosting 2030 World Cup given boost '' . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA will ' fight ' for Europe 's right to host 2030 World Cup '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Molestia en Uruguay por video de Conmebol ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ ElPais . `` Chile no se rinde con ser sede '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Dudko , James ( 29 July 2017 ) . `` Argentina , Uruguay Announce Bid to Host 2030 FIFA World Cup '' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System . Jump up ^ Gadd , Mick ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Luis Suarez campaign for Uruguay and Argentina 's 2030 World Cup bid before 0 - 0 draw '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Es oficial : Paraguay se suma a la candidatura de Argentina y Uruguay para el Mundial 2030 '' ( It 's official : Paraguay adds itself to the Argentina and Uruguay bid ) ( in Spanish ) . 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sin Messi ni Suárez , así es el primer video promocional para la candidatura del Mundial 2030 '' ( Without Messi and Suarez , here is the first promotional video for the 2030 World Cup bid ) ( in Spanish ) . 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` England could bid for 2030 World Cup , says FA vice-chairman David Gill '' . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McMahon , Bobby . `` Uruguay , Argentina And Paraguay Bid For 2030 FIFA World Cup Finals Will Be Hard To Beat '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England amazingly backed by Germany in World Cup 2030 bid '' . 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : TODAY , ASIA ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` China to Overtake US economy and Host World Cup in 2034 '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ ElPais . `` Valdez : `` La candidatura original es Uruguay - Argentina '' `` . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Barreiro , Ramiro ( 2 September 2017 ) . `` Messi y Suárez apadrinan el Mundial Uruguay Argentina 2030 '' . EL PAÍS . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/football/4901830/england-amazingly-backed-by-germany-in-world-cup-2030-bid/ Jump up ^ `` Singapore Strong ' Host ' Candidate for Joint 2034 World Cup Finals Bid , '' Today , ( 14 November 2017 ) , http://www.todayonline.com/sports/football/singapore-strong-host-candidate-joint-2034-world-cup-finals-bid Jump up ^ `` ASEAN mulling 2034 World Cup bid : Myanmar '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ hermes ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Indonesia ready to lead Asean bid for 2034 World Cup '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Seng Foo , `` Indonesia - Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup , '' ( 23 September 2017 ) , http://www.stadiumastro.com/sports/football/article/indonesia-thailand-to-bid-for-2034-world-cup/59608 ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia - Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup , '' Football Tribe , ( 24 September 2017 ) , http://football-tribe.com/asia/2017/09/24/indonesia-thailand-bid-2034-world-cup/ ^ Jump up to : George Deudley , `` AFF Backs Indonesia - Thailand Bid for 2034 FIFA World Cup , '' SportsPro , ( 26 September 2017 ) , http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/aff-backs-indonesia-thailand-bid-for-2034-fifa-world-cup Jump up ^ `` ASEAN Mulling 2034 World Cup Bid : Myanmar , '' Myanmar Times , ( 12 February 2017 ) , https://www.mmtimes.com/sports/25019-asean-mulling-2034-world-cup-bid-myanmar.html Jump up ^ `` Football : Indonesia to Lead South - East Asian 2034 World Cup Bid , '' Straits Times , ( 5 July 2017 ) , http://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-indonesia-to-lead-southeast-asian-2034-world-cup-bid Jump up ^ George Deudley , `` AFF Backs Indonesia - Thailand Bid for 2034 FIFA World Cup , '' SportsPro , ( 26 September 2017 ) , http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/aff-backs-indonesia-thailand-bid-for-2034-fifa-world-cup Jump up ^ `` Singapore Strong ' Host ' Candidate for Joint 2034 World Cup Finals Bid , '' Today , ( 14 November 2017 ) , http://www.todayonline.com/sports/football/singapore-strong-host-candidate-joint-2034-world-cup-finals-bid Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Ready Leads Regional Bid to Co-Host 2034 World Cup , '' Asian Review , ( 7 July 2017 ) , https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Indonesia-leads-regional-bid-to-co-host-2034-World-Cup Jump up ^ Chris Anderson & David Sally ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` How Big Is Brazil 's Home - Field Advantage at the World Cup ? '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What can econometrics tell us about World Cup performance ? '' ( PDF ) . PricewaterhouseCoopers . May 2010 . pp. 6 -- 7 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Smallwood , John ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Ultimate home field advantage : Host nation luck '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Host Announcement Decision ( PDF ) FIFA World Cup hosts 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : France 1950 : Brazil 1954 : Switzerland 1958 : Sweden 1962 : Chile 1966 : England 1970 : Mexico 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Spain 1986 : Mexico 1990 : Italy 1994 : United States 1998 : France 2002 : South Korea & Japan 2006 : Germany 2010 : South Africa 2014 : Brazil 2018 : Russia 2022 : Qatar FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup bids 1930 Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Uruguay 1934 Italy Sweden 1938 Argentina France Germany 1942 Brazil Germany 1946 None 1950 Brazil 1954 Switzerland 1958 Sweden 1962 Argentina Chile West Germany 1966 England West Germany Spain 1970 Argentina Mexico Italy Netherlands Spain West Germany 1978 Argentina Mexico 1982 Spain West Germany 1986 Canada Colombia Mexico United States 1990 Austria England France Greece Italy Soviet Union West Germany Yugoslavia 1994 Brazil Morocco United States 1998 France Morocco Switzerland 2002 Japan -- South Korea Mexico 2006 Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa Egypt Libya -- Tunisia Morocco Nigeria South Africa 2014 Brazil Colombia 2018 Belgium -- Netherlands England Portugal -- Spain Russia 2022 Australia Japan Qatar South Korea United States 2026 Canada -- Mexico -- United States Morocco 2030 Argentina -- Paraguay -- Uruguay England Notes : Bold entries are those chosen as hosts Event cancelled due to World War II Colombia withdrew after being award event , which was re-awarded to Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_hosts&oldid=842789674 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup bids FIFA World Cup - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 17 : 39 . 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when was the last time the us hosted the world cup
[ "\n\nYear\nHost\nContinent\nWinner\n\n\n1930\n Uruguay\nSouth America\n Uruguay\n\n\n1934\n Italy\nEurope\n Italy\n\n\n1938\n France\nEurope\n Italy\n\n\n1942\nCancelled due to World War II\n\n\n1946\nCancelled due to World War II\n\n\n1950\n Brazil\nSouth America\n Uruguay\n\n\n1954\n Switzerland\nEurope\n West Germany\n\n\n1958\n Sweden\nEurope\n Brazil\n\n\n1962\n Chile\nSouth America\n Brazil\n\n\n1966\n England\nEurope\n England\n\n\n1970\n Mexico\nNorth America\n Brazil\n\n\n1974\n West Germany\nEurope\n West Germany\n\n\n1978\n Argentina\nSouth America\n Argentina\n\n\n1982\n Spain\nEurope\n Italy\n\n\n1986\n Mexico\nNorth America\n Argentina\n\n\n1990\n Italy\nEurope\n West Germany\n\n\n1994\n United States\nNorth America\n Brazil\n\n\n1998\n France\nEurope\n France\n\n\n2002\n South Korea / Japan\nAsia\n Brazil\n\n\n2006\n Germany\nEurope\n Italy\n\n\n2010\n South Africa\nAfrica\n Spain\n\n\n2014\n Brazil\nSouth America\n Germany\n\n\n2018\n Russia\nEurope\n\n\n\n2022\n Qatar\nAsia\n\n\n\n2026\nTBD\n\n\n\n\n2030\nTBD\n\n\n\n\n2034\nTBD\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "1994" ]
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3 Idiots
3 Idiots - Wikipedia 3 Idiots 3 Idiots Theatrical release poster Directed by Rajkumar Hirani Produced by Vidhu Vinod Chopra Screenplay by Abhijat Joshi Rajkumar Hirani Vidhu Vinod Chopra Story by Rajkumar Hirani Abhijat Joshi Based on Five Point Someone by Chetan Bhagat Starring Aamir Khan R. Madhavan Sharman Joshi Kareena Kapoor Boman Irani Omi Vaidya Narrated by R. Madhavan Music by Original Songs : Shantanu Moitra Background Score : Sanjay Wandrekar Atul Raninga Shantanu Moitra Cinematography C.K. Muraleedharan Edited by Raj Kumar Hirani Production company Vinod Chopra Films Distributed by Reliance BIG Pictures Release date 25 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 25 ) Running time 150.6 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 55 crore Box office est. ₹ 460 crore 3 Idiots is a 2009 Indian coming - of - age comedy - drama film co-written ( with Abhijat Joshi ) and directed by Rajkumar Hirani . Starring Aamir Khan , R. Madhavan , Sharman Joshi , Kareena Kapoor , Boman Irani and Omi Vaidya , the film follows the friendship of three students at an Indian engineering college and is a satire about the social pressures under an Indian education system . The film is narrated through parallel dramas , one in the present and the other ten years in the past . It also incorporated real Indian inventions , namely those created by Remya Jose , Mohammad Idris , Jahangir Painter , and Sonam Wangchuk . Produced by Vidhu Vinod Chopra under the banner Vinod Chopra Films , 3 Idiots received critical and commercial success upon its release on December 25 , 2009 . The film was the highest - grossing film in its opening weekend in India , had the highest opening day collections for an Indian film up until that point and also held the record for the highest net collections in the first week for a Bollywood film . It also became one of the few Indian films at the time to become successful in East Asian markets such as China and Japan , eventually bringing its worldwide gross to ₹ 459.96 crore ( $90 million ) -- it was the highest - grossing Indian film ever at the time . The film also had a social impact on attitudes to education in India . The film won six Filmfare Awards including Best Film and three National Film Awards including Best Popular Film . Overseas , it won the Grand Prize at Japan 's Videoyasan Awards , and was nominated for Best Outstanding Foreign Language Film at the Japan Academy Awards and Best Foreign Film at China 's Beijing International Film Festival . This film was remade in Tamil as Nanban ( 2012 ) , which also received critical praise and commercial success . Nanban had a Telugu dubbed version titled Snehitudu . A Mexican remake , 3 Idiotas , was also released in 2017 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 India 6.1. 2 Overseas 6.1. 3 East Asia 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 India 6.2. 2 Overseas 7 Pre-release business 8 Awards 9 Controversies 10 Remakes 10.1 Tamil / Telugu remake 10.2 Mexican remake 11 Legacy 11.1 Impact 11.2 Big in Bollywood 12 Possible sequel 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Plot ( edit ) On board a departing Air India flight , Farhan Qureshi ( R. Madhavan ) suddenly receives a call from Chatur Ramalingam ( Omi Vaidya ) claiming that he has found Rancho . He then causes an emergency landing by feigning a heart attack . Farhan fetches Raju Rastogi ( Sharman Joshi ) and they meet Chatur at a water tank in their old college campus ; Chatur revealing that Rancho is in Shimla . As they drive their way to Shimla , an elaborate flashback shows Farhan and Raju beginning their college year in the prestigious Imperial College of Engineering ( ICE ) in Delhi . They are joined by Ranchoddas Chanchad ( Aamir Khan ) , known as `` Rancho '' . While Farhan takes engineering over photography to please his father , Raju takes the course to lift his family from poverty . Rancho , on the other hand , believes in hands on learning and tends to give unorthodox answers in class , coming into conflict with professors , in particular with the institution 's director , Dr. Viru Sahastrabuddhe ( Boman Irani ) , whom the ICE community nicknames as `` Virus '' , and whose traditional and strict philosophies on education contrast sharply with Rancho 's carefree love of learning . Meanwhile , Chatur , nicknamed `` Silencer '' , is an arrogant Ugandan - born Tamil student with little knowledge of Hindi , who is obsessed with topping the exams . Days later , the trio find a student named Joy Lobo ( Ali Fazal ) hanging in his room ; his death caused by depression after Virus tells Joy 's father that he will be unable to graduate . Rancho uses this to criticize Virus 's method of teaching and show him how much pressure engineers face when they study - angering him further . After Rancho visits his friends ' families , the trio then gatecrash a wedding to eat and meet and befriend Virus 's daughter , Pia ( Kareena Kapoor ) , who is a residency student at the city 's hospital . When Virus spots the trio , he summons Farhan and Raju on the next school day and threatens their family 's income . During a Teachers Day celebration , Chatur is humiliated when he delivers a Hindi speech modified by Rancho , and bets Rancho that ten years later , they would see who is more successful . Sometime later , Rancho saves Raju 's dying father with the help of Pia . Pia falls in love with Rancho . One night during their senior year , the three friends drunkenly break into the Sahastrabuddhe residence so that Rancho can propose to Pia . As the three friends escape , Virus recognizes Raju and threatens to expel him unless he writes a letter implicating Rancho in the break - in . Unwilling to betray Rancho or disappoint his family , Raju unsuccessfully attempts suicide and ends up in a coma . With intensive care and support from his friends and Pia , Raju recovers in time for a corporate job interview . Meanwhile , Rancho and Pia post Farhan 's letter to his favorite photographer Andre Istvan , who offers him a position as assistant . After advice from Rancho , he communicates his dream to his father , who gives his blessing . Infuriated by Rancho 's influence , Virus sets a difficult final exam to fail Raju . Pia tries to help the trio by revealing to them the location of the exam paper , but Virus finds out and expels them . Pia confronts Virus about her brother who committed suicide because he could n't meet Virus ' expectation of clearing the engineering exam . That same night , Virus ' pregnant elder daughter Mona goes into labor during a heavy storm which cuts off all traffic and electricity . Rancho and the other students use their engineering knowledge to deliver the baby with the help of Pia over video call . A grateful Virus finally acknowledges Rancho as an extraordinary student , allowing the three to graduate . On graduation day , Rancho disappears shortly after the ceremony ends . Returning to the present , Farhan is a successful wildlife photographer , Raju is married and settled with his family in a comfortable lifestyle with a corporate job , and Chatur is the vice president of a reputed corporation in the United States . None of them have heard from Rancho since graduation . Arriving at Shimla , they meet a man who turns out to be the real Ranchoddas Chanchad . From him , they learn that the Rancho they knew was actually `` Chhote '' , an orphaned servant to the Chanchad family . Ranchoddas ' father arranged for Chhote to attend ICE in his son 's name , so that his son could take credit for the degree . Ranchoddas provides Chhote 's address in Ladakh , where he is a school teacher . On the way , they pass Manali and rescue Pia from marrying her materialistic boyfriend Suhas over Chatur 's objections ; Chatur hurries to seek a business deal with world - renowned scientist and businessman with 400 patents , Phunsukh Wangdu . Upon arrival in Ladakh , the four find the village school , witnessing young students ' inventions that resemble Rancho 's own college projects . Raju , Farhan , and Pia then happily reunite with Rancho , Pia and Rancho kiss , but Chatur insults Rancho , and asks him to sign a statement that he is the less successful one . Without comment , Rancho does so . As Chatur walks away in triumph , Rancho reveals himself to be Phunsukh Wangdu much to his friends ' and Pia 's surprise . A horrified Chatur accepts his defeat and begs him to sign the contract while Pia and the three friends run away laughing . Cast ( edit ) Aamir Khan as Ranchoddas `` Rancho '' Shamaldas Chanchad / Chhote / Phunsukh Wangdu , one of the titular trio in the engineering college who vanishes after graduation and whom his two friends hunt him for 10 years , while telling stories of their time in college together . Rancho , as a student , was conspicuously ingenious and angry at the inhumanity of the school system . At the end of the film , he is shown to be a famous scientist , entrepreneur and business magnate who also teaches young children when he takes a break from researching . R. Madhavan as Farhan Qureshi , the film 's narrator and one of the trio whose father persuades him to study engineering over his dream career of wildlife photography ; in the end he is shown to have published several books of photographs . Sharman Joshi as Raju Rastogi , another of the trio who comes from an impoverished family with a mother who is a retired school teacher and a paralyzed father who worked as a postman . In the flashback story , his family was unable to afford the car that would be demanded as a dowry for his sister . In the present story , he is a settled married man in Delhi who has freed his family from poverty by becoming a wealthy executive . Kareena Kapoor as Pia Sahastrabuddhe , Virus ' younger daughter , an intelligent and capable doctor . Despite her father 's disapproval , she and Rancho fall in love . Boman Irani as Dr. Viru Sahastrabuddhe , the college 's strict director known as `` Virus '' and Pia and Mona 's father who acts as the film 's antagonist . He stubbornly sticks to a doctrinal method of teaching , putting him at odds with Rancho . At the end , he is shown to have changed his doctrinal methods of teaching . Omi Vaidya as Chatur Ramalingam , a Ugandan - Indian educated in Tamil - speaking Pondicherry who has little knowledge of Hindi . His habit of being gassy due to consumption of pills to enhance his memorization earns him the nickname Silencer . In the present story , he is vice-president of an American company who only discovers his success being overshadowed by Rancho in the end of the film . Baradwaj Rangan of the New Indian Express wrote that Chatur being a Tamil from Uganda makes him `` twice removed from the North Indians around him -- a stranger to the nation as well as the national language . '' Rahul Kumar as young Manmohan ( nicknamed Millimetre ) , and Dushyant Wagh as adult Manmohan ( Centimetre ) . As an adolescent , he earns a small living by doing errands for students , such as laundry , finishing assignments , and getting groceries . Rancho persuades him to buy a school uniform and sneak into school to gain an education . Later he becomes an assistant to Rancho / Phunsukh Wangdu in Ladakh . Mona Singh as Mona Sahastrabuddhe , Pia 's elder sister and Virus 's first daughter . Parikshit Sahni as Mr Qureshi , Farhan 's father , a strict but loving parent who just wants his son to be happy . Farida Dadi as Mrs Qureshi , Farhan 's mother , a loving and caring parent . Amardeep Jha as Mrs Rastogi , Raju 's mother , a retired schoolteacher and dedicated mother . Javed Jaffrey as the real Ranchoddas Shamaldas Chanchad . It is from him that Raju and Farhan learns the truth : the Chanchad 's father sponsored an orphaned servant boy called ' Chhote ' , who had demonstrated his intelligence and love of learning , to earn a degree in his name , while the real Ranchoddas was in London . He does appreciate what Chhote did for him , and tells Raju and Farhan where to find him . Arun Bali as Shamaldas Chanchad , father of Ranchoddas Shamaldas Chanchad . Ali Fazal as Joy Lobo , a student with a passion for machines . After Virus tells him that he will not graduate , he commits suicide . Akhil Mishra as Librarian Dubey Rohitash Gaud as Ranchoddas ' ( Real Ranchodas ) servant Achyut Potdar as Machine Class Professor Madhav Vaze as Joy Lobo 's father . Olivier Sanjay Lafont as Suhas Tandon , Pia 's ex-fiancé , who cares only about money and ostentation . Jayant Kripalani as a company head who conducts Raju 's job interview . Atul Tiwari as Minister in Auditorium Rajeev Ravindranathan as ragging senior student Production ( edit ) Principal photography began on July 28 , 2008 . Hirani and his team left in late August for the shoot with the principal cast . The film was shot in Delhi , Bangalore , Mumbai , Ladakh , Chail and Shimla . Aamir and rest of the cast began shooting in early September . Hirani planned to wrap up the film by December . The first scene was shot in an aircraft with Madhavan . From Mumbai , the crew and cast comprising Aamir and Kareena went to Ladakh for a 20 - day schedule . Filming of the ICE college scenes took place at the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore campus for 33 days as a part of the second schedule of production . The dormitory scenes were filmed at the institution 's female dormitory block . The film is distinctive for featuring real inventions by little - known people in India 's backyards . The brains behind these innovations include Remya Jose , a student from Kerala , who created the pedal operated washing - machine ; Mohammad Idris , a barber from Hasanpur Kalan in Meerut district in Uttar Pradesh , who invented a bicycle - powered horse clipper ; and Jahangir Painter , a painter from Maharashtra , who made the scooter - powered flour mill . The character Phunsuk Wangdu may have also drawn inspiration from Ladakhi inventor Sonam Wangchuk . Soundtrack ( edit ) 3 Idiots Soundtrack album by Shantanu Moitra Genre Feature film soundtrack Label T - Series Producer Shantanu Moitra Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Bollywood Hungama Behindwoods Rediff Planet Bollywood The film 's soundtrack is composed by Shantanu Moitra with lyrics penned by Swanand Kirkire . Track listing No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Aal Izz Well '' Sonu Nigam , Shaan , Swanand Kirkire 4 : 34 2 . `` Zoobi Doobi '' Sonu Nigam , Shreya Ghoshal 4 : 06 3 . `` Behti Hawa Sa Tha Woh '' Shaan , Shantanu Moitra 4 : 59 4 . `` Give Me Some Sunshine '' Suraj Jagan , Sharman Joshi 4 : 05 5 . `` Jaane Nahin Denge Tujhe '' Sonu Nigam 3 : 30 6 . `` Zoobi Doobi '' ( Remix ) Sonu Nigam , Shreya Ghoshal 3 : 27 7 . `` Aal Izz Well '' ( Remix ) Sonu Nigam , Shaan , Swanand Kirkire , Jaive Samsun 4 : 41 Total length : 29 : 22 Release ( edit ) The film initially opened up on 1550 prints worldwide . 3 Idiots was released in 1800 theaters in India , which was at that time a big domestic release . 3 Idiots was released in 415 screens overseas . 3 idiots was released in 2,215 theaters worldwide . It was expected to be the first Indian film to be officially released on YouTube on 25 March 2010 , only 12 weeks after its initial theatrical release . Officially , it was released on YouTube in May 2012 , but its access has since been restricted . The film released in Taiwan on December 2010 , followed by Hong Kong on 1 September 2011 . In China , it was released as San Geshagua ( `` Three Idiots '' ) , in December 2011 . In South Korea , it was released in 2011 . Alongside the original Hindi version , a Mandarin Chinese dubbed version was also released , with the popular actress Tang Wei ( known for Lust , Caution ) voicing Kareena Kapoor 's role and Huang Bo voicing Aamir Khan 's role ( Khan and Bo later collaborated again on Secret Superstar ) . Following its success in other Asian markets , Japanese distributor Nikkatsu announced plans to release the film in Japan . It was released there in June 2013 , with the title きっと 、 うまく いく ( Kitto , Umaku Iku ) . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film 's worldwide lifetime gross was ₹ 459.96 crore ( US $ 90 million ) , making it the highest - grossing Indian film ever at the time . The film was listed in Guinness World Records for the record of highest box office film gross for a Bollywood film . India ( edit ) The film broke all box office records upon release . It created the highest collection record for paid previews with ₹ 27.5 million that time , which was broken by Chennai Express ( 2013 ) . In its four - day first weekend , the film netted ₹ 38 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 68 crore or US $9.5 million in 2017 ) , and broke the record held by Ghajini for the first weekend collections . By the first week , the film netted ₹ 79 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 141 crore or US $20 million in 2017 ) , again breaking the box office record held by Ghajini. 3 Idiots had nett grossed ₹ 56 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 100 crore or US $14 million in 2017 ) in its 2nd week , ₹ 302.5 million ( US $4.2 million ) during the third week , ₹ 16 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 29 crore or US $4.0 million in 2017 ) in its fourth week and ₹ 9.75 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 17 crore or US $2.4 million in 2017 ) in fifth to make a total of ₹ 202 crore in five weeks , first Indian film ever to collect this huge amount , hence established the ₹ 200 crore ( US $28 million ) Club . Its final domestic gross in India was ₹ 273.82 crore ( US $57.05 million ) . Overseas ( edit ) 3 Idiots became the then highest - grossing Indian film in overseas markets , with an overseas gross of US $30.5 million ( ₹ 186 crore ) . Its first weekend opening collection overseas was $4 million . It set record collections for Indian - produced films in territories such as the United States and Australia . In the United States , the film earned $6.5 million since its opening , in addition to over $2.5 million in the United Kingdom , over $2 million in Canada , and nearly $1 million in Australia . 3 Idiots has the biggest first week total in the US with around $3 million over its first four days . East Asia ( edit ) Unusual for an Indian film at the time , 3 Idiots became a success in East Asian markets . 3 Idiots had a wide release in East Asian markets including China , South Korea and Hong Kong . The film had the longest showing period at cinemas in Taiwan , for more than two months from December 2010 , breaking the record of Avatar , with over NT $ 10 million ( US $629,024 ) grossed. 3 Idiots was the first aired Indian film in Hong Kong , where it grossed HK $ 22 million at the box office since its showing from 1 September 2011 through January 2012 , the equivalent of US $3.02 million . It was the 14th highest - grossing film of 2011 at the Hong Kong box office . In South Korea , where it was released in 2011 , the film grossed ₩ 3,416,415,900 ( US $3,084,647 ) . The film was number - one at the South Korean box office for five weeks , drawing an audience of 459,686 viewers . In China , where it is known as San Geshagua ( `` Three Idiots '' ) , the film grossed ₹ 11 crore in 2 weeks in December 2011 , eventually crossing the $2 million mark within 18 days , and nearly $3 million within a month , as of 5 January 2012 . Upon its release in the Japanese market in June 2013 , it went on to collect around ¥ 100 million ( ₹ 61 million ) in its first two weeks of run -- that makes the film the highest grossing Hindi film ever in Japan . Its final gross in Japan was ¥ 150 million ( US $1.6 million ) . The film 's final gross in East Asian markets was US $11,333,671 ( ₹ 69.2 crore ) . Critical response ( edit ) India ( edit ) Subhash K. Jha stated : `` It 's not that 3 Idiots is a flawless work of art . But it is a vital , inspiring and life - revising work of contemporary art with some heart imbued into every part . In a country where students are driven to suicide by their impossible curriculum , 3 Idiots provides hope . Maybe cinema ca n't save lives . But cinema , sure as hell , can make you feel life is worth living . 3 Idiots does just that , and much more . The director takes the definition of entertainment into directions of social comment '' . Nikhat Kazmi of the Times of India gave it four and a half stars and suggests that , `` The film is a laugh riot , despite being high on fundas ( ... ) Hirani carries forward his simplistic ' humanism alone works ' philosophy of the Lage Raho Munna Bhai series in 3 Idiots too , making it a warm and vivacious signature tune to 2009 . The second half of the film does falter in parts , specially the child birth sequence , but it does n't take long for the film to jump back on track . '' Mayank Shekhar of the Hindustan Times gave the film three and a half out of five stars and comments that `` this is the sort of movie you 'll take home with a smile and a song on your lips . '' Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave 3 Idiots four and a half out of five stars and states : `` On the whole , 3 Idiots easily ranks amongst Aamir , Rajkumar Hirani and Vidhu Vinod Chopra 's finest films . Do yourself and your family a favour : Watch 3 Idiots . It 's emotional , it 's entertaining , it 's enlightening . The film has tremendous youth appeal and feel - good factor to work in a big way . '' Kaveree Bamzai of India Today gave 3 Idiots five stars and argues that `` it 's a lovely story , of a man from nowhere who wanted to learn , told like a fairy tale , with the secret heart carrying its coded message of setting all of us free . '' Sonia Chopra of Sify gave the film 3 stars and said `` Though a bit too calculated and designed , 3 Idiots is still an ok option for the significant message , interesting cast and scattered breezy moments . '' Rajeev Masand of CNN - IBN gave the film three out of five stars and states : `` Going home after watching 3 Idiots I felt like I 'd just been to my favorite restaurant only to be a tad under - whelmed by their signature dish . It was a satisfying meal , do n't get me wrong , but not the best meal I 'd been expecting . '' Shubhra Gupta from The Indian Express also gave it 3 stars , stating `` ' 3 Idiots ' does not do as much for me . The emotional truth that shone through both the ' Munnabhai ' movies does n't come through strongly enough . '' Raja Sen of Rediff gave the film two out of five stars and states : `` Rajkumar Hirani 's one of the directors of the decade , a man with immense talent and a knack for storytelling . On his debut , he hit a hundred . With his second , he hit a triple century . This time , he fishes outside the offstump , tries to play shots borrowed from other batters , and hits and misses to provide a patchy , 32 * - type innings . It 's okay , boss , * chalta hai * . Even Sachin has an off day , and we still have great hope . '' Overseas ( edit ) The film has received praise overseas . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rare 100 % `` Fresh '' critics ' rating based on 11 reviews . Derek Elley of Variety wrote that `` 3 Idiots takes a while to lay out its game plan but pays off emotionally in its second half . '' Robert Abele of Los Angeles Times wrote that there 's an `` unavoidable joie de vivre ( symbolized by Rancho 's meditative mantra ' All is well ' ) and a performance charm that make this one of the more naturally gregarious Bollywood imports . '' Louis Proyect described it as a `` fabulous achievement across the board . A typical Bollywood confection but also social commentary on a dysfunctional engineering school system that pressures huge numbers of students into suicide . '' The film was praised by critics in East Asia and Southeast Asia . South China Morning Post wrote that the film `` wraps a heavy message in light comedy . It is satire at its best , a powerful indictment of India 's education system in which students cram for exams while stifling their dreams . '' Chaerim Oh of KAIST Herald wrote that `` the film never harshly denounces the educational system but instead uncovers disturbing truths and unseen consequences of tremendous pressure upon students '' and that `` if you do n't end up crying like I did ( or wo n't admit that you did ) , you 'll still enjoy the movie . '' In Japan , Yuri Wakabayashi of Eiga also gave the film a positive review . In the Philippines , Sha Nachino praised the film 's social commentary on themes such as friendship , success , and education , noting how Rancho questions the education system and the grading system , and said the film is `` beautifully crafted , with some exciting twists '' . In 2013 , renowned Hollywood filmmaker Steven Spielberg praised 3 Idiots , which he had seen three times and said he `` loved the emotional undertones . '' He listed it as one of five films that he connects with , along with The Godfather ( 1972 ) and his own work on E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) , Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) and Jaws ( 1975 ) . Pre-release Business ( edit ) 3 Idiots Pre-release business Territories and ancillary revenues Price Satellite rights with a TV channel ( Sony ) ₹ 22 crore ( US $3.1 million ) Worldwide distribution rights ₹ 65 crore ( US $9.1 million ) Music rights ( T ~ Series ) ₹ 12 crore ( US $1.7 million ) Total ₹ 99 crore ( US $14 million ) The figures do n't include the Print and Advertising ( P&A ) costs . Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by 3 Idiots The film won 52 accolades from Indian film awards ; among these are six Filmfare Awards including Best Film and Best Director , three National Film Awards including Best Popular Film , ten Star Screen Awards , sixteen IIFA Awards , five GIMA Awards , two Apsara Awards and seven Bollywood Hungama Surfers Choice Movie Awards . In China , it was nominated for the Best Foreign Film prize at the first Beijing International Film Festival in 2011 . In Japan , it was nominated in the Best Outstanding Foreign Language Film category at the 37th Japan Academy Awards in 2014 ; the award was eventually won by Les Miserables . In addition , 3 Idiots won the Grand Prize at the 4th Videoyasan Awards , held by a Japanese organisation of home video retailers in 2014 ; 3 Idiots was selected as 2013 's best video release , beating thousands of films , anime and television shows , including domestic Japanese and foreign Hollywood productions . Controversies ( edit ) Prior to the release of the film director Rajkumar Hirani commented on the relationship between Five Point Someone by Chetan Bhagat and 3 Idiots stating : Chetan gave me this book to read and I wanted to make a film on it . But I knew right from the start that I could not make a film completely on the book , as it was very anecdotal and a film needs a plot . So I had decided to rewrite it in a screenplay format . You 'll see that the film is very different from the book . After I wrote the script , I called Chetan and narrated it to him . I told him that if he did not like the script , I would stop the project . But he was okay with it . The day after the film opened , Chetan also noted : Initially I did sit down with Raju and Abhijat while they were deciding to make a film based on ' 5 Point Someone ' . I even went to IIT with Abhijat a couple of times . But it was just not possible for me to be involved at every stage of the screenplay writing process since I was in Hong Kong at that time , working full - time and busy writing other books . Moreover , Abhijat is based in USA , Raju was in the US for quite a while working on the screenplay but it was not practical for me to do that ( ... ) The film retains the soul of the book . 3 Idiots is different from the book but at the same time it does borrow many things from the book . The core theme and message of the film is coming from the book itself . And that 's why the makers have officially credited the film as ' Based on a novel by Chetan Bhagat . ' A controversy developed a few days after the release , however , over the fact that Chetan 's credit , `` Based on the novel Five Point Someone by Chetan Bhagat '' appeared in the closing credits rather than in the opening ones . At that time , Bhagat stated that he `` was expecting an opening credit and I was quite surprised on not seeing it . They had bought the rights , made the payment and committed to a credit in the contract . It 's there , but it 's not about it being there , it 's about the placement and the prominence . '' In a 31 December 2009 blog post on his personal website , Bhagat stated that he was told the movie was only 2 -- 5 % based on the book , but when he saw it , he felt that it was 70 % of the book . He also argued that he was misled by the makers of the film , though he noted , that `` this has nothing to do with Mr Aamir Khan ( ... ) I am a big fan of Aamir and he has made my story reach people . However , he was told by the makers not to read the book , and he has n't . Thus , he can not comment on the issue in a meaningful manner . '' A few people responded to Chetan 's statements . According to the Indo - Asian News Service ( IANS ) , during a press conference with reporters producer Vidhu Vinod Chopra `` clarified that in the agreement between the producer and Bhagat , it was clearly mentioned that the author 's name would be put in the closing credits . '' IANS also reported that Chopra `` lost his cool '' and `` asked a reporter to shut up after being questioned whether his hit 3 Idiots was lifted from author Chetan Bhagat 's book Five Point Someone . '' Chopra later apologised , stating : `` I really think I 'm silly . I was provoked , but I should n't have done this . I saw myself on TV and saw how I was shouting ' shut up , shut up ' like an animal . I told myself -- ' what nonsensical behaviour ' . '' Aamir Khan also responded to these claims . Rajkumar Hirani stated that `` We have officially bought the rights for the film . We drew a contract with him and it clearly mentions about the position of his credit . With open eyes he had seen the contract , consulted his lawyer and signed the agreement ( ... ) In the contract , we have said that the title would be given in the rolling credits . We have n't changed the font size . We have n't increased the speed of the title . It 's exactly there where it was agreed to be . '' Chetan Bhagat later apologised stating , `` I definitely do not have anything against team 3 Idiots . I may have some issues on the mistake they may have made but nothing about their personality or the kind of people they are . I apologise to their families if there was any distress caused to them . I also want to thank all my fans , who stood by me but I do n't want them to turn against anyone especially Aamir . '' Latika Gupta in an article published in the weekly journal Economic and Political Weekly mentions that the film has serious problems when seen from the gender perspective , in particular that it follows the trend set by the 2007 film Jab We Met in their use of women 's sexual vulnerability to create sensation and humor . In a scene of the movie , students , professors and the chief guest are seen bursting with laughter hearing a speech where the word balatkar ( rape ) figures 21 times and the word stan ( breast ) four times ( in the English subtitles for international release , the words `` screwed '' and `` bosom '' are used instead ) ... Remakes ( edit ) Tamil / Telugu remake ( edit ) Main article : Nanban ( 2012 film ) This film was remade into Tamil entitled Nanban , in January 2012 . Its dubbed version in Telugu , Snehithudu , released on 26 January 2012 in Andhra Pradesh to positive reviews . Mexican remake ( edit ) Main article : 3 Idiotas A Mexican film remake named 3 Idiotas was released in 2017 . Legacy ( edit ) Impact ( edit ) When 3 Idiots made its television debut in July 2010 , it drew an audience of 39 million viewers in India . When 3 Idiots released in China , the country was only the 15th largest film market , partly due to China 's widespread pirate DVD distribution at the time . However , it was the pirate market that introduced 3 Idiots to most Chinese audiences , becoming a cult hit in the country . Aamir Khan gained a large growing Chinese fanbase as a result . By 2013 , China grew to become the world 's second largest film market ( after the United States ) , paving the way for Aamir Khan 's Chinese box office success , with Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) , PK ( 2014 ) , Dangal ( 2016 ) and Secret Superstar ( 2017 ) . 3 Idiots has been ranked China 's 12th favorite film of all time according to ratings on popular Chinese film review site Douban , with only one domestic Chinese film ( Farewell My Concubine ) ranked higher . The film holds an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 on Douban , with over 700,000 votes . On the Korean site Naver , the most popular web portal in South Korea , audiences gave the film an average rating of 9.4 out of 10 , and it is one of the top 30 highest - rated films on the site . One reason for its success in East Asian markets such as China and Hong Kong is because of their similar education systems , thus many students were able to identify with the characters . Chaerim Oh of KAIST Herald wrote that the `` popularity of the movie , particularly in South Korea , can be traced back to the national background of the overly competitive education system . In Korea , students of all ages - from young elementary children to university graduate students - are trained to study under overwhelming pressure and extremely high academic standards . In short , this movie is , really , our own story . '' The film had a social impact on attitudes to education in Asia , including education in India as well as other Asian countries . Chinese universities were `` even prescribing the film in their coursework as a kind of stress - relief in their classrooms . '' Big in Bollywood ( edit ) Big in Bollywood ( 2011 ) is a documentary film about American actor Omi Vaidya 's journey from a struggling Hollywood actor to a successful Bollywood breakthrough with 3 Idiots . Possible sequel ( edit ) When asked about plans of a 3 Idiots sequel in an interview with Hindustan Times , screenwriter Abhijat Joshi replied , saying , `` Honestly , I do n't know . We have an idea for the 3 Idiots sequel , a Munna Bhai part three , and also for a PK sequel ; but the PK and Munna Bhai sequels interest me the most . So , I think the 3 Idiots sequel may happen in the future , but these two I really want to work on . '' In January 2016 , director Rajkumar Hirani and actor Aamir Khan confirmed that they were considering a 3 Idiots sequel . Khan told reporters , `` '' Raju Hirani has given me a hint about ' 3 Idiots ' sequel and I am giving you all a hint . The film will happen if and whenever he will write the script . '' Hirani agreed , saying `` this is one film that I really want to do . '' In June 2018 , Hirani was asked a question while promoting his upcoming film Sanju and he was quoted as saying , `` I definitely want to make a sequel to 3 Idiots , But it 's still in the initial stage and we will take a fair amount of time to develop the script . '' The report also said that Hirani will begin shooting for Munna Bhai 3 with Sanjay Dutt once Sanju releases . Work on 3 Idiots will begin only after Hirani is done with Munna Bhai 3 . See also ( edit ) Bollywood portal Film portal 2000s portal List of highest - grossing Bollywood films List of Bollywood highest - grossing films in overseas markets Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 3 Idiots worldwide gross : ₹ 459.962 crore ( US $90 million ) Domestic : ₹ 273.82 crore ( US $57.05 million ) Overseas : US $30.5 million ( ₹ 186.142 crore ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 IDIOTS ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Business of Rs 100 - cr films : Who gets what and why '' . The Economic Times . The Times Group . August 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exchange Rates ( 61.03 INR per USD ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deepika Padukone 's Padmaavat beats Aamir Khan 's Dhoom 3 and Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai at the box office '' . Times Now . 27 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A : Aamir Khan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3 Idiots ( Film ) '' . South China Morning Post . 9 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vasi , Nazia ( 15 October 2011 ) . `` Why Chinese identify with Aamir Khan 's 3 Idiots , Rancho & All Izz Well '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chaerim Oh ( 4 December 2011 ) . `` Embrace Your Nerdiness with 3 Idiots '' . KAIST Herald . KAIST . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Raphael , Lisa ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` Watch This 14 - Year - Old Girl 's Washing Machine Hack in Action '' . Brit + Co . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cycle operated horse shaver '' . www.nif.org.in . National Innovation Fund . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sabnis , Vivek ( 28 December 2009 ) . `` The real brains behind 3 idiots '' . Pune : MiD DAY . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Menon , Shyam G. ( 19 July 2010 ) . `` What you did not watch in 3 Idiots - Rethink after Ladakh education initiative fell victim to bureaucracy and resentment '' . The Telegraph ( Calcutta ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Three Idiots '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three Idiots Creates History in China '' . 30 December 2011 . BoxOfficeIndia . Com . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan is going gaga over Bollywood '' . Quartz. 11 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cain , Rob ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` It 's Another Diwali Clash Of Titans As Ajay 's ' Golmaal ' Takes On Aamir 's ' Superstar ' '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Sajjad ; Ahmad , Nasir ( 28 April 2016 ) . `` The impact of the Indian movie , 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) , on attitudes to education '' . Research in Drama Education : The Journal of Applied Theatre and Performance. 21 ( 2 ) : 242 -- 246 . doi : 10.1080 / 13569783.2016. 1155439 . ^ Jump up to : `` 第 4 回 ビデオ 屋 さん 大賞 '' . KINENOTE. 2014 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 『 きっと 、 うまく いく 』 が 、 第 4 回 ビデオ 屋 さん 大賞 の 《 大賞 》 を 受賞 しま した ! '' . Nikkatsu ( in Japanese ) . 25 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3 Idiots to race for Japan Academy Awards '' . Bollywood Hungama. 27 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aamir Khan 's ' 3 Idiots ' nominated for Japan Academy Awards '' . IBN Live . CNN - News18. 27 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` 三 傻 大 闹 宝 莱 坞 '' . Maoyan . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will ' Nanban ' repeat the magic of ' 3 Idiots ' ? -- IBNLive.com '' . CNBC . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gautaman Bhaskaran 's review : Nanban '' . Hindustan Times . 14 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 3 idiotas se estrenará en el 2017 '' . Jump up ^ Rangan , Baradwaj. `` 3 Idiots '' ( Archive ) . New Indian Express . 27 December 2009 . Updated 15 May 2012 . Retrieved on 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Locations for 3 Idiots '' . filmapia.com . Jump up ^ `` Rajkumar Hirani 's 3 Idiots goes on floors '' . indiafm.com . Archived from the original on 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting for 3 Idiots underway '' . Rediff . Jump up ^ `` Shooting ' Three Idiots ' is like holidaying '' . the indian.com . Jump up ^ Jose , Remya . `` Remya Jose 's pedal operated washing machine / exercise machine '' . You Tube . Remya Jose . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Sreelakshmy , V.U. `` Innovative Pedal Power Machines '' . www.ecoideaz.com/innovative-green-ideas/pedal-power-machines . Ecoideaz . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots : Music Review by Joginder Tuteja '' . Archived from the original on 19 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots Music review '' . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots : Short ' n ' sweet soundtrack '' . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots '' . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots releases with highest ever print & screen count '' . BusinessofCinema . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 100 - crore club is past , Its 150 - crore club for ' Chennai Express ' '' . Times of India . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Talaash : Is Aamir Khan 's film a hit even before the release ? '' . CNN IBN . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3 idiots '' . YouTube . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` hkfilmart.com '' . hkfilmart.com . January 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2012 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3 Idiots wins over Chinese , collects Rs 11 crore in two weeks '' . The Economic Times . 29 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Krishnan , Ananth ( 2 January 2012 ) . `` Success of 3 Idiots breaks China 's Bollywood Great Wall '' . The Hindu . Beijing , China . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 黄渤献 唱 《 神秘 巨星 》 主题 曲 阿 米尔 汗 飙 山东 话 '' . Sina. 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indian films set to make inroads in Japan ? '' . Yahoo ! News . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` きっと 、 うまく いく '' . Filmarks ( in Japanese ) . Culture Convenience Club . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top India Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 48 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2009 . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Baahubali 2 overseas box office collection : Rajamouli 's film beats Chennai Express , Kabali 's lifetime record in 1st weekend '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Boxofficeindia.com '' . web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` You are here : Global Home > Explore Records > Highest box office film gross for a Bollywood film '' . Guinness World Records . 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` You are here : Home > News > 2012 > 8 > Happy Independence Day : Our Top 10 records from India '' . Guinness World Records . 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5936&nCat= Jump up ^ `` Boxofficeindia.com '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dabangg breaks India records '' . Film Business Asia . Archived from the original on 10 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` My Name plays on but Idiots shifts bar '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/shah-rukhs-happy-new-year-beats-salmans-kicks-worldwide-collections/ Jump up ^ http://bollywoodmoviereview.in/200-crores-club/bollywood/ Jump up ^ `` Talaash Is Excellent Overseas '' . BT Online Bureau . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Talaash beats 3 Idiots record at overseas box office '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aamir Khan 's ' 3 Idiots ' becomes Bollywood 's biggest grosser '' . Independent.co.uk. 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Don 2 Second Biggest First Week Grosser Ever in US '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoom 3 Set For ALL TIME RECORD Overseas '' . Box Office India . 1 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` PK - Movie '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Hong Kong Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KOFIC 영화관 입장권 통합 전산망 : 영화 정보 '' . Korean Film Council ( in Korean ) . 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Exchange Rates Tool & Forex History Data ( 1107.555 KRW per USD ) '' . OFX. 2011 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 영화 < 세 얼간이 > '' . Daum ( in Korean ) . 11 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` Aamir Khan 's ' PK ' Heads for September Release in Korea '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hazlewood , Phil ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` Bollywood looks east to tap Chinese market '' . Mint . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 年 2 月 下旬 決算 特別 号 '' . Kinema Junpo ( 1656 ) : 212 . February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Subhash K Jha speaks about 3 Idiots '' . Bollywoodhungama.com. 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Nikhat Kazmi ( 24 December 2009 ) . `` 3 Idiots review '' . Times of India . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots review '' . Hindustan Times . 24 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 August 2011 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots review '' . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original on 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Kaveree Bamzai ( 24 December 2009 ) . `` 3 Idiots : Laugh . Cry . Fly . Go watch it '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 14 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots has a Munnabhai hangover '' . Sify . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots review : CNN - IBN '' . CNN IBN. 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rediff review '' . Movies.rediff.com. 24 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Three Idiots ( 2009 ) at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` きっと 、 うまく いく : 映画 評論 ・ 批評 '' . Eiga ( in Japanese ) . 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I 've watched 3 Idiots thrice , admits Steven Spielberg '' . Hindustan Times . 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots : Big Procures Worldwide Rights ( Sans Satellite & Home Video ) for 65 Crore ! '' . Planet Bollywood News . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots nominated for Japan Academy Awards '' . India Today . 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Film 3 Idiots nominated for 37th Japanese Academy Awards 2014 '' . IANS . Biharprabha News . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aamir 's dedication is mistaken as interference '' , rediff.com , 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots retains the soul of Five Point Someone '' , Chetan Bhagat interview , One India . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Aamir Khan '' . Glamsham.com . Archived from the original on 23 November 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Neha. `` Chetan Bhagat feeling cheated ? '' Archived 25 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Hindustan Times , 27 December 2009 . Jump up ^ A book , a film and the truth '' Jump up ^ `` Vidhu Vinod Chopra loses cool over ' 3 Idiots ' credit row ( Lead ) '' . Thaindian.com . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vidhu apologises , Hirani flaunts pact with Chetan '' . The Times of India . 3 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Upset Aamir Khan hits out at novelist Chetan Bhagat '' . DNA India . 1 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Idiots may sue Chetan Bhagat '' . The Times of India . 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 7 January 2010 ) . `` Fans , forgive Aamir : Chetan Bhagat '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Latika ( June 5 -- 11 , 2010 ) . `` Language , Cinema and State : A Gender Perspective '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 45 ( 23 ) : 86 -- 88 . JSTOR 27807110 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil 3 Idiots ' actors do style test -- The Times of India '' . The Times of India . 4 December 2010 . Retrieved 11 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Shankaran Malini ( 17 February 2012 ) . `` Striking gold in Tollywood too ! '' . Times of India . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhandaram , Vishnupriya ( 28 January 2012 ) . `` Snehithudu : ' Aal eez vell ' '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 3 idiotas se estrenará en el 2017 '' . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3685624/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_4 ^ Jump up to : https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/08/how-a-52-year-old-indian-actor-became-chinas-favorite-movie-star/ ^ Jump up to : `` China 's Favorite Movies '' . The World of Chinese . 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 三 傻 大 闹 宝 莱 坞 ( 豆瓣 ) '' . Douban ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 랭킹 : 네이버 영화 '' . Naver . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Heymont , George ( 1 December 2011 ) . `` Big in Bollywood ( That 's What Friends Are For ) '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Sequels '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/3-idiots-sequel-will-happen-when-rajkumar-hirani-is-ready-with-the-script-aamir-khan/#sthash.bVJ0jMT0.dpuf Jump up ^ https://tribune.com.pk/story/1739904/4-film-maker-rajkumar-hirani-confirms-3-idiots-sequel/ External links ( edit ) Official trailer -- Vinod Chopra Films 3 Idiots on IMDb 3 Idiots at Bollywood Hungama 3 Idiots at AllMovie 3 Idiots at Box Office Mojo 3 Idiots at Rotten Tomatoes 3 Idiots at Metacritic 3 Idiots at the TCM Movie Database Rajkumar Hirani Directorial works Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. ( 2003 ) Lage Raho Munna Bhai ( 2006 ) 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) PK ( 2014 ) Sanju ( 2018 ) Productions Saala Khadoos ( 2016 ) Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga ( 2019 ) Vidhu Vinod Chopra films Directed Murder at Monkey Hill ( 1976 ) An Encounter with Faces ( 1978 ) Sazaye Maut ( 1981 ) Khamosh ( 1985 ) Parinda ( 1989 ) 1942 : A Love Story ( 1994 ) Kareeb ( 1998 ) Mission Kashmir ( 2000 ) Eklavya : The Royal Guard ( 2007 ) Broken Horses ( 2015 ) Produced only Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. ( 2003 ) Parineeta ( 2005 ) Lage Raho Munna Bhai ( 2006 ) 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) Ferrari Ki Sawaari ( 2012 ) PK ( 2014 ) Wazir ( 2016 ) Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga ( TBA ) National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment 1974 -- 1980 Kora Kagaz ( 1974 ) Tapasya ( 1975 ) -- ( 1976 ) Swami ( 1977 ) Ganadevata ( 1978 ) Sankarabharanam ( 1979 ) -- ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 -- ( 1981 ) -- ( 1982 ) -- ( 1983 ) Kony ( 1984 ) -- ( 1985 ) Samsaram Adhu Minsaram ( 1986 ) Pushpaka Vimana ( 1987 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Chandni and Geethanjali ( 1989 ) Ghayal ( 1990 ) -- ( 1991 ) Sargam ( 1992 ) Darr and Manichitrathazhu ( 1993 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1994 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) Maachis ( 1996 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Sarfarosh ( 1999 ) Vaanathaippola ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lagaan ( Once Upon a Time in India ) ( 2001 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. ( 2003 ) Autograph and Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2005 ) Lage Raho Munna Bhai ( 2006 ) Chak De ! India ( 2007 ) Oye Lucky ! Lucky Oye ! ( 2008 ) 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) Dabangg ( 2010 ) Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai ( 2011 ) Vicky Donor and Ustad Hotel ( 2012 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2013 ) Mary Kom ( 2014 ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2015 ) Sathamanam Bhavati ( 2016 ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( 2017 ) IIFA Award for Best Film Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Chak De ! India ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2016 ) Filmfare Award for Best Film 1954 -- 1975 Do Bigha Zamin ( 1954 ) Boot Polish ( 1955 ) Jagriti ( 1956 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1957 ) Mother India ( 1958 ) Madhumati ( 1959 ) Sujata ( 1960 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1961 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai ( 1962 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1963 ) Bandini ( 1964 ) Dosti ( 1965 ) Himalay Ki Godmein ( 1966 ) Guide ( 1967 ) Upkar ( 1968 ) Brahmachari ( 1969 ) Aradhana ( 1970 ) Khilona ( 1971 ) Anand ( 1972 ) Be-Imaan ( 1973 ) Anuraag ( 1974 ) Rajnigandha ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Deewaar ( 1976 ) Mausam ( 1977 ) Bhumika ( 1978 ) Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki ( 1979 ) Junoon ( 1980 ) Khubsoorat ( 1981 ) Kalyug ( 1982 ) Shakti ( 1983 ) Ardh Satya ( 1984 ) Sparsh ( 1985 ) Ram Teri Ganga Maili ( 1986 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1989 ) Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1990 ) Ghayal ( 1991 ) Lamhe ( 1992 ) Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar ( 1993 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1994 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1995 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1996 ) Raja Hindustani ( 1997 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1999 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2016 ) Dangal ( 2017 ) Hindi Medium ( 2018 ) Chetan Bhagat Fiction Five Point Someone ( 2004 ) One Night @ the Call Center ( 2005 ) The 3 Mistakes of My Life ( 2008 ) 2 States ( 2009 ) Revolution 2020 ( 2011 ) Half Girlfriend ( 2014 ) One Indian Girl ( 2016 ) Non-fiction What Young India Wants ( 2012 ) Screenplays Hello ( One Night @ the Call Center ) 3 Idiots & Nanban ( Five Point Someone ) Kai Po Che ! ( The 3 Mistakes of My Life ) 2 States Kick Shantanu Moitra Film scores 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) Ente ( 2013 ) Na Bangaaru Talli ( 2013 ) October ( 2018 ) Soundtracks Parineeta ( 2005 ) Lage Raho Munna Bhai ( 2006 ) Eklavya : The Royal Guard ( 2007 ) Laaga Chunari Mein Daag ( 2007 ) Madras Cafe ( 2013 ) 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) October ( 2018 ) Singer Behti Hawa Sa Tha Woh ( 2009 ) Maula Tu Malik Hai ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3_Idiots&oldid=864437923 '' Categories : 2009 films 2000s Hindi - language films 2000s buddy films 2000s comedy - drama films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age drama films Films scored by Shantanu Moitra Films about education Films about the education system in India Films about poverty Films about suicide Films based on Indian novels Films directed by Rajkumar Hirani Films set in Delhi Films set in Himachal Pradesh Films set in Jammu and Kashmir Films shot in Bangalore Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir Hindi films remade in other languages Indian buddy films Indian comedy films Indian comedy - drama films Indian coming - of - age films Indian films Indian nonlinear narrative films Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use Indian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 06 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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3 idiots movie was shot in which college
[ "Principal photography began on July 28, 2008. Hirani and his team left in late August for the shoot with the principal cast. The film was shot in Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, Ladakh, Chail and Shimla.[27] Aamir and rest of the cast began shooting in early September. Hirani planned to wrap up the film by December.[28] The first scene was shot in an aircraft with Madhavan. From Mumbai, the crew and cast comprising Aamir and Kareena went to Ladakh for a 20-day schedule.[29] Filming of the ICE college scenes took place at the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore campus for 33 days as a part of the second schedule of production. The dormitory scenes were filmed at the institution's female dormitory block.[30]\n" ]
[ "Indian Institute of Management Bangalore" ]
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Dharma & Greg
Dharma & Greg - wikipedia Dharma & Greg Jump to : navigation , search Dharma & Greg Created by Dottie Dartland Chuck Lorre Starring Jenna Elfman Thomas Gibson Joel Murray Mimi Kennedy Alan Rachins Mitchell Ryan Susan Sullivan Shae D'Lyn Susan Chuang Helen Greenberg Opening theme `` Dharma & Greg '' by Dennis C. Brown Ending theme `` Dharma & Greg '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 119 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Chuck Lorre Dottie Dartland Zicklin Don Foster Brian Medavoy Erwin More Bill Prady Sid Youngers Camera setup Multi-camera Running time est. 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Chuck Lorre Productions More - Medavoy Productions 4 to 6 Foot Productions ( season 1 - 2 ) 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network ABC Original release September 24 , 1997 -- April 30 , 2002 External links Website Dharma & Greg is an American television sitcom that aired from September 24 , 1997 , to April 30 , 2002 . The show starred Jenna Elfman and Thomas Gibson as Dharma and Greg Montgomery , a couple who married on their first date despite being polar opposites . The series was co-produced by Chuck Lorre Productions , More - Medavoy Productions and 4 to 6 Foot Productions in association with 20th Century Fox Television for ABC . The show 's theme song was written and performed by composer Dennis C. Brown . Created by executive producers Dottie Dartland and Chuck Lorre , the comedy took much of its inspiration from culture - clash `` fish out of water '' situations . The show earned eight Golden Globe nominations , six Emmy Award nominations , and six Satellite Awards nominations . Elfman earned a Golden Globe in 1999 for Best Actress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Show summary 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Awards and nominations 5 Ratings and cancellation 6 DVD releases 7 Vanity cards 8 Crossovers 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Show summary ( edit ) Free - spirited yoga instructor / dog walker Dharma Finkelstein and straight - laced lawyer Greg Montgomery marry on their first date despite being complete opposites . Their conflicting views lead to comical situations . Ivy League Greg was raised by wealthy , conservative parents . After graduation from Harvard and Stanford , he went to work with the U.S. Attorney 's Office as a federal prosecutor in San Francisco . He then meets Dharma , who was raised by hippie parents . They fall in love immediately and elope . Despite being totally different , their parents eventually learn to tolerate each other . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jenna Elfman as Dharma Freedom Montgomery , née Finkelstein , Greg 's wife and a flower child . She is overly cheerful and sensitive , but she is also more compassionate and forgiving than most people . Despite her trust in the goodness of people and persistent good intentions , Dharma is not naive . She understands the real world , employs sarcasm and receives it well . Dharma perseveres in expressing her personality and her identity even in the face of an overwhelmingly opposing world . Dharma encourages Greg to seek happiness rather than fret about practical issues like money . She is named after the concept of dharma in Indian philosophy . A Native American friend of her father gave her the name `` Crazy Man 's Daughter '' . She addresses both of her parents by their first names . According to Chuck Lorre 's eleventh vanity card ( see below ) , he and Dottie Dartland originally conceived Dharma & Greg as `` a series revolving around a woman whose personality is not a neurotic product of societal and parental conditioning , but of her own free - flowing , compassionate mind '' . Thomas Gibson as lawyer Gregory Clifford `` Greg '' Montgomery , Dharma 's husband . He is an upright , uptight , decent , though sometimes surprisingly open - minded man . Greg grew up in a conservative Republican family . Greg 's life was hopelessly banal before he met Dharma and married her on their first date . Since then , he has played straight man to the antics of his eccentric wife . Though his relationship with Dharma has been rocky at times , Greg has never been shown to regret their marriage . He is an alumnus of elite schools , Phillips Exeter Academy , Harvard University , and Stanford Law School . Susan Sullivan as Katherine `` Kitty '' Montgomery , Greg 's extravagant mother . In the beginning of the first season Kitty was generally represented as a manipulative , controlling woman who only had higher aspirations for her son . As an elite socialite , Kitty was initially quite displeased to have Dharma and her parents join the family , but over the course of the series , Kitty broadens her limited country club world to become part of a larger family , becoming a major part of Dharma 's life , while remaining lovingly manipulative . Despite their vast differences , she recognizes Dharma 's place in their family 's life , once telling her `` We both know you 're not the girl I would have picked for Greg . What matters is that you are the girl that Greg did pick . '' Mitchell Ryan as Edward Montgomery , Greg 's eccentric father . His philosophy for dealing with his wife , Kitty , involves remaining as uninvolved as possible . Head of Montgomery Industries ( though he keeps working only because he can see little tugboats out the window ) and at odds with Dharma 's father , who calls him `` Ed '' and whom he calls `` Finkelstein '' in the English custom of gentry 's addressing manservants by their last names alone . Edward is a graduate of the University of Notre Dame , of which he is fiercely proud , and partially resents Greg for considering Notre Dame to not be `` good enough '' for him . Ed is often seen drinking martinis and Scotch . Mimi Kennedy as Abigail Kathleen `` Abby '' O'Neil , Dharma 's free - spirited , caring mother , who encourages her daughter and son - in - law to produce children : `` Feel free to have sex anywhere . '' Although they have a grown daughter and later a son , she and Dharma 's father are not married . She and Larry were engaged and held the wedding ceremony but still did not marry to `` stay under the radar '' . Unlike her `` lifemate '' Larry , she immediately accepted Greg , though she still constantly annoys and conflicts with his parents . She is a militant vegan , which is a never - ending source of trouble . During her pregnancy in season 4 , however , she did make exceptions because of her food cravings . It was mentioned in Invasion of the Buddy Snatcher that she has a degree in ornithological psychology from Berkeley . Alan Rachins as Myron Lawrence `` Larry '' Finkelstein , Dharma 's `` hippie '' father . He is a stereotypical sixties radical who frequently rants about various conspiracies , a lot of which revolve around Richard Nixon . He also thinks he 's wanted by the FBI , but when Greg discovers he 's not , his family goes to great lengths to prove to him that he still is because this is a source of great pride to him . Despite this , he manages to get along with Edward , often when both are sick of dealing with their wives . He homeschooled Dharma in American history , passing on his conspiracy theories , such as the latest Apollo mission secretly burying the missing minutes of the Watergate tapes on the moon . It is often alluded to that Larry is a chronic user of marijuana , though never shown . In the season 4 episode Mother Daughter Reunion , Dharma mentions that Larry has a resistance against most drugs after frequent use . In the pilot episode Abby introduces his usual cluelessness with `` he blew out his short term memory back in 1972 '' . He sometimes becomes a `` pothead savant '' and reveals skills such as his talent for carpentry and his music . Shae D'Lyn as Jane Deaux , Dharma 's friend . She considers all men more or less evil ; over the course of the show , her hair went from black , to red , to blonde . She is Canadian and married Pete Cavanaugh in Season 2 , and made an attempt to divorce him after six weeks . They eventually divorced in the premiere of the fourth season . She and Dharma met when Dharma dialed a wrong number . D'Lyn left at the end of the fourth season , though she had one `` guest appearance '' in season five . Joel Murray as Peter James `` Pete '' Cavanaugh , Greg 's friend and colleague at the Justice Department . A particularly bad , lazy lawyer , he was married to Jane for a time . His entire life can be summed up by the interior of his apartment : a massage chair surrounded by empty take - out containers , next to which is a small refrigerator and a stack of porno tapes . A high - class entertainment center is in front of this . It is said he wears adult diapers to football games . Greg once said of his friend : `` Pete went to law school in Barbados ; he failed the Bar eight times . The last time because he threw up on the exam . '' In season 1 , he mentions that he worked as a plumber 's assistant during college . Pete marries Jane in the second season because neither of them wants to be alone on Valentine 's Day . Helen Greenberg as Marcie , one of Dharma 's Co-Op friends ; nasal - voiced receptionist , whose vocabulary primarily consists of the words `` I 'm sorry '' . Greenberg joined the main cast in season five ; she also played a different character in the episode `` Drop Dead Gorgeous '' . Susan Chuang as Susan Wong , one of Dharma 's friends from the Co-Op , she is seen as Marcie 's counterpart . Susan also pulls a `` Dharma & Greg '' with a lawyer , Darrell Gottlieb , hired by Kitty in a community garden spat ( her wedding , along with Dharma 's accident , was the Season 4 finale ) . Chuang joined the main cast in season five ; she also played a different character in the episode `` Looking for the Goodbars '' . Recurring ( edit ) Lillian Hurst as Celia : Kitty and Edward 's Hispanic maid . She is given constant support from Larry , who views her as `` oppressed '' . When Kitty and Edward are out of town , Celia and her family move into the Montgomerys ' mansion and invite their friends over , pretending it is their house . Yeardley Smith as Marlene : Greg 's legal secretary whom he fired and then re-hired . She is snide , rude , and a bad secretary in general , though a better `` lawyer '' than Pete . Floyd Westerman as George : an elderly Native American , who came to live with Dharma and Greg in the episode `` Indian Summer '' ; he died at the end of the episode , but his ghost sometimes appears to Dharma to offer her advice . Kathryn Joosten as Claire : an elderly woman who works in Dharma 's co-op , along with Susan and Marcie . J.D. Walsh as Donald : a high school ( later college ) student who lives in Dharma and Greg 's building . He is often given ( occasionally unsolicited ) advice from Dharma , and sometimes Greg . Kevin Sorbo as Charlie : a university professor going through a divorce who falls in love with Dharma . His affections , particularly a love letter and offering to drive Dharma home on a rainy day , cause Dharma and Greg to briefly separate in a story arc that alienated many viewers of the show . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Dharma & Greg episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 23 September 24 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 20 ) 24 September 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 23 ) May 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 26 ) 24 September 21 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 21 ) May 16 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 16 ) 24 October 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 10 ) May 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 22 ) 5 24 September 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 25 ) April 30 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 30 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result 1998 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Dennis C. Brown Won Casting Society of America 's Artios Award Best Casting for TV , Comedy Pilot Nikki Valko Won Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directing -- Comedy Series James Burrows ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Jenna Elfman Nominated Online Film & Television Association Award Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jenna Elfman Nominated Best New Comedy Series Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite Television New Comedy Series Won Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Jenna Elfman Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series James Burrows ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated Outstanding Art Direction for a Series John Shaffner and Anne H. Ahrens ( For episode `` Invasion of the Buddy Snatcher '' ) Nominated Television Critics Association Award Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Comedy Jenna Elfman Nominated Viewers for Quality Television Award Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Thomas Gibson Nominated Best Actress in a Quality Comedy Series Jenna Elfman Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Quality Comedy Series Susan Sullivan Nominated 1999 American Comedy Award Funniest Female Performer in a TV Series ( Leading Role ) Network , Cable or Syndication Jenna Elfman Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Dennis C. Brown Won Golden Globe Award Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Nominated Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Thomas Gibson Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Jenna Elfman Won Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Susan Sullivan Nominated Online Film & Television Association Award Best Actor in a Comedy Series Thomas Gibson Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jenna Elfman Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Jenna Elfman Nominated Teen Choice Award TV - Choice Comedy Nominated TV Guide Award Favorite Actress in a Comedy Jenna Elfman Won Viewers for Quality Television Award Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Thomas Gibson Nominated Best Actress in a Quality Comedy Series Jenna Elfman Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Quality Comedy Series Susan Sullivan Nominated Writers Guild of America Award Episodic Comedy Dottie Dartland and Chuck Lorre ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated 2000 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Dennis C. Brown Won Golden Globe Award Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Nominated Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Thomas Gibson Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Jenna Elfman Nominated Online Film & Television Association Award Best Costume Design in a Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Jenna Elfman Nominated Outstanding Art Direction for a Multi-Camera Series John Shaffner and Anne H. Ahrens ( For episode `` Hell to the Chief '' ) Nominated Satellite Award Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Nominated Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Thomas Gibson Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Jenna Elfman Nominated TV Guide Award Favorite Actress in a Comedy Jenna Elfman Won Viewers for Quality Television Award Best Supporting Actress in a Quality Comedy Series Susan Sullivan Nominated Writers Guild of America Award Episodic Comedy Bill Prady , Eric Zicklin and Chuck Lorre ( For episode `` The Paper Hat Anniversary '' ) Nominated Satellite Award Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Jenna Elfman Nominated TV Guide Award Favorite Actress in a Comedy Jenna Elfman Nominated 2002 Genesis Awards Television - Comedy Series `` A Fish Tale '' Won Satellite Award Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Jenna Elfman Nominated Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Nominated Ratings and cancellation ( edit ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The series was a top - 25 fixture in the US during its first three seasons , first airing Wednesday at 8 : 30 p.m. , then at 8 : 00 . It was moved to Tuesdays at 9 p.m. during its third season where it experienced a dramatic ratings lift thanks to a lead - in of the then red - hot Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . As ratings for that series waned in 2000 / 2001 , Dharma & Greg suffered a similar fate , compounded by NBC moving Frasier into the same time slot . As Millionaire fell even further and was moved off the night in the fall of 2001 , ABC tried to rebuild a Tuesday night comedy block consisting of Dharma & Greg , What About Joan ? , Bob Patterson , and Spin City . Bob Patterson and What About Joan ? were quickly cancelled while Dharma & Greg and Spin City shared the 8 p.m. hour for the rest of the season . The final episode aired on April 30 , 2002 to 6.8 million viewers , compared to the 20 million the series had peaked two years previously . Along with Ally McBeal , Dharma & Greg was one of the last two surviving shows to debut during the 1997 -- 98 season . Season Season Premiere Season Finale TV Season Ranking Viewers ( in millions ) 1st September 24 , 1997 May 20 , 1998 1997 -- 1998 # 25 13.9 2nd September 23 , 1998 May 26 , 1999 1998 -- 1999 # 25 13.5 3rd September 21 , 1999 May 16 , 2000 1999 -- 2000 # 14 15.76 4th October 10 , 2000 May 22 , 2001 2000 -- 2001 # 38 12.3 5th September 25 , 2001 April 30 , 2002 2001 -- 2002 # 82 8.1 DVD releases ( edit ) 20th Century Fox has released the first two seasons of Dharma & Greg on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . DVD Name Ep # Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete 1st Season 23 June 13 , 2006 June 20 , 2007 January 11 , 2007 The Complete 2nd Season 24 November 11 , 2014 April 1 , 2008 January 22 , 2008 Season 2 was released in Australia as a Region 4 PAL on January 22 , 2008 , with a picture of Dharma and Greg dancing on the cover . It is available in Japan as a Region 2 NTSC format with a picture of them sitting down for the cover art . In the spring of 2008 , the second season was released in Europe ( Netherlands ) as a Region 2 PAL as well . All countries have different covers , and all are using the `` dance shot '' . On November 11 , 2014 , 20th Century Fox released season 2 in Region 1 via Amazon. com 's CreateSpace program . This is a Manufacture - on - Demand ( MOD ) release , available exclusively through Amazon.com . Vanity cards ( edit ) The vanity card for Chuck Lorre Productions at the end of each episode included a message written by producer and show co-creator Chuck Lorre , expressing his personal views on a variety of subjects . Because the card only appeared on the screen for a brief moment , it was usually readable only by those who recorded the program and paused it ( although the complete collection of cards has now been posted on Lorre 's website ) . Messages were also included on the vanity cards for later Chuck Lorre Productions shows , such as Two and a Half Men , Mike & Molly , and The Big Bang Theory . Crossovers ( edit ) Elfman and Gibson had a cameo appearance in the 2011 -- 12 season premiere episode Two and a Half Men `` Nice to Meet You , Walden Schmidt '' . Their characters are not named either in the dialogue or the credits ( possibly for legal reasons due to Men 's being produced by a different studio ) , but they appear to be based on Dharma and Greg . While the couple remain married , Greg seems overly tired by his responsibilities and marriage , even going so far as to sarcastically hint at divorce to Evelyn Harper ( along with a self - inflicted gunshot gesture ) when leaving . Joel Murray also makes a cameo appearance in the episode . See also ( edit ) List of awards and nominations received by Dharma & Greg List of Dharma & Greg episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dharma & Greg trivia '' . IMDb . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dharma & Greg awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 - 98 : The Season of Merlin '' . Online Film & Television Association . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 - 99 : The Season of The Practice '' . Online Film & Television Association . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 - 2000 : The Season of The West Wing '' . Online Film & Television Association . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Final Countdown '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 434 ) . May 29 , 1998 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Winners & Losers : Numbers Racket A Final Tally Of The Season 's Show ( from Nielsen Media Research ) '' . GeoCities . June 4 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top TV Shows For 1999 -- 2000 Season '' . Variety . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bitter End '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 598 ) . June 1 , 2001 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Dharma & Greg - Season 2 ( 3 Disc Set ) on DVD - Video from '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ダーマ & グレッグ シーズン 2 DVD ‐ BOX DVD ・ ブルーレイ - ジェナ ・ エルフマン , トーマス ・ ギブソン , スーザン ・ サリバン , ミミ ・ ケネディ , ミッチェル ・ ライアン , アラン ・ レイキンズ '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dharma & Greg DVD news : Announcement for Dharma & Greg - The Complete Season 2 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` CLP - Vanity Cards '' . Chucklorre.com. 2016 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` What To Watch '' . Aoltv.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Carina MacKenzie ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Dharma & Greg reunite for ' Two and a Half Men ' Season 9 premiere -- Zap2It '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . 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My Dad Says ( 2011 ) 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) Scream Queens ( 2016 ) Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharma_%26_Greg&oldid=824217362 '' Categories : 1990s American sitcoms 2000s American sitcoms 1997 American television series debuts 2002 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in San Francisco Television series created by Chuck Lorre Television duos Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles that may contain original research from February 2014 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 00 : 57 . 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who played greg's mother in dharma & greg
[ "Susan Sullivan as Katherine \"Kitty\" Montgomery, Greg's extravagant mother. In the beginning of the first season Kitty was generally represented as a manipulative, controlling woman who only had higher aspirations for her son. As an elite socialite, Kitty was initially quite displeased to have Dharma and her parents join the family, but over the course of the series, Kitty broadens her limited country club world to become part of a larger family, becoming a major part of Dharma's life, while remaining lovingly manipulative. Despite their vast differences, she recognizes Dharma's place in their family's life, once telling her \"We both know you're not the girl I would have picked for Greg. What matters is that you are the girl that Greg did pick.\"" ]
[ "Susan Sullivan" ]
2268119190263184408
Sexually dimorphic nucleus
Sexually dimorphic nucleus - wikipedia Sexually dimorphic nucleus Jump to : navigation , search See also : Neuroscience of gender differences Sexually dimorphic nucleus Identifiers NeuroLex ID nlx_152051 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The sexually dimorphic nucleus ( SDN ) is an ovoid , densely packed cluster of large cells located in the medial preoptic area ( POA ) of the hypothalamus which is believed to be related to sexual behavior in animals . Thus far , for all species of mammals investigated , the SDN has been repeatedly found to be considerably larger in males than in females . In humans , the volume of the SDN has been found to be 2.2 times as large in males than in females and to contain 2.1 times as many cells . The human SDN is elongated in females and more spherical in males . No sex differences have been observed in the human SDN in either cell density or mean diameter of the cell nuclei . The volume and cell number of the human SDN considerably decreases with age ; although , the decrease in cell number is both sex and age - specific . In males , a substantial decrease in the cell number of the human SDN was observed between the age of 50 -- 60 years . Cell death was more common in females than males , especially among those older than 70 years of age . The SDN cell number in females can drop to 10 - 15 % that found in early childhood . SDN and its homologues exist widely in human , mammal , and some other animal brains , including : the third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus ( INAH3 ) in humans ; ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus ( oSDN ) in the medial preoptic area / anterior hypothalamus ( MPOA / AH ) in sheep ; sexually dimorphic nucleus in the preoptic area ( SDN - POA ) in rats ; anterior hypothalamic nucleus ( AHdc ) in macaques ; specific area in medial preoptic nucleus ( POM ) in quails ; etc . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sexually dimorphic nucleus in medial preoptic area 1.1 Formation and organization of SDN in medial preoptic area 1.1. 1 Sex differences in SDN caused by exposure to testosterone ( prenatal ) 1.1. 2 Sex differences in the volume of SDN caused by apoptosis ( postnatal ) 1.2 Role of SDN in controlling of male sexual behaviors 1.3 Role of SDN in sexual partner preference 1.3. 1 Role of SDN in male partner preference 1.3. 2 Damage of SDN and changes in sexual partner preferences in males 1.3. 3 Role of SDN in female partner preference 1.3. 4 Role of SDN in Human Sexual Orientation 1.4 Effects of proteins and other molecules on SDN in medial preoptic area 1.4. 1 NELL2 1.4. 2 Somatostatin 1.4. 3 Fenitrothion 1.4. 4 Diethylstilbestrol ( DES ) 1.4. 5 Morphine 2 Other sexually dimorphic areas in the brain 3 References Sexually dimorphic nucleus in medial preoptic area ( edit ) Formation and organization of SDN in medial preoptic area ( edit ) Sex differences in SDN caused by exposure to testosterone ( prenatal ) ( edit ) The volume of SDN in medial preoptic area is modified by hormones , among which testosterone is proved to be of much importance . The larger volume of male SDN is correlated to the higher concentration of fetal testosterone level in males than in females . Also , there is evidence that testosterone acts during specific prenatal period to organize the development of aromatase - expressing neurons into the male - typical SDN ( testosterone is transformed to estrogen by aromatase ) . The effect of testosterone is also reflected by the influence of fetal intrauterine position on the morphology of SDN - POA . Studies demonstrated that male rats which were gestated between two male fetuses ( 2M ) have 2-fold larger SDN - POA volumes than those gestated between two female fetuses ( 2F ) . At the same time , the testosterone levels , as well as the 17β - estradiol ( product of testosterone ) levels , were found to be significantly larger in 2M males than in 2F males on gestation day 21 ( testosterone can be transferred from adjacent male fetuses to the target rats ) . However , evidence fails to show any relationship between SDN volume and female fetal position . Sex differences in the volume of SDN caused by apoptosis ( postnatal ) ( edit ) According to some studies , the volume difference of SDN between males and females is related to apoptosis during early development after birth . In rats , central division of the medial preoptic nucleus ( MPNc ) is an important component of SDN - POA and evidence showed that the number of apoptotic cells within MPNc is greater in females than in males between postnatal day ( PD ) 7 and PD10 . In MPNc , the levels of some proteins , which are related to apoptosis , were shown to be of significant difference between males and females . Such proteins include Bcl - 2 and Bax . Bcl - 2 is an antiapoptotic protein . The level of Bcl - 2 in PD8 male rats is much higher than that in female rats of the same age , hence the number of apoptotic cells of MPNc in PD8 male rats is much lower than PD8 female rats . On the other hand , Bax , a proapoptotic protein , shows lower level in PD8 males than in PD8 females . Also , the number of active caspase - 3 - ir cells was observed to be greater in females than in males , indicating higher level of apoptosis in female MPNc . Apoptosis also occurs in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus ( AVPV ) , which is also a sexually dimorphic area and is located in the periventricular gray area at the rostral extreme of the third ventricle . In contrast with SDN - POA , AVPV has larger size in females than in males . It is proved that Bcl - 2 level in AVPV is higher whereas Bax level is lower in females than in males , just as being opposite of those in MPNc . As indicated in these two cases , apoptotic cell death plays a critical role in the formation of sexually dimorphic nucleus , and the apoptotic cell number within SDN negatively correlates with the volume of SDN between different sexes . Role of SDN in controlling of male sexual behaviors ( edit ) Male sexual behaviors can be divided into two phases : the appetitive phase , which contains highly variable sequence of behaviors such as attracting and courting , and the consummatory phase , during which highly stereotyped copulatory behaviors occur . The medial preoptic area of the brain is considered to control the expression of both male copulation and male appetitive sexual behavior . It is found that large lesions of SDN - POA severely disrupt copulatory behavior in rats . Also , cell - body lesions of SDA pars compacta ( a homologue of SDN - POA ) in gerbils produce severe disruptions of male copulatory behavior . Moreover , a study on medial preoptic nucleus ( POM ) ( homologue of medial preoptic nucleus in rats ) in quails showed that the activation of male copulatory behavior requires the aromatization of androgen ( testosterone ) into an estrogen ( 17β - estradiol ) . Like in SDN - POA , aromatase - expression neurons are a specific marker of the nuclear boundary of POM in quails . The intensity of male copulatory behavior is found to positively correlate with the number of the aromatase - expression neurons in the caudal part of POM . Appetitive behaviors are also partly controlled by medial preoptic area as aromatase - knockout mice show deficits in sexual motivation . However , appetitive behaviors are disrupted by the lesions in rostral part rather than caudal part of medial preoptic area . Lesions of the rostral part of medial preoptic area also diminish preference for female by male rats . Furthermore , in vivo dialysis experiments showed that the level of extracellular dopamine in the mPOA increases as the sexual appetitive sequences progress . mPOA 's involvement in the control of appetitive sexual behaviors is also confirmed by pharmacological manipulations of the dopaminergic system in it . In rats , lesions to mPOA can eliminate the male copulatory behavior but can only diminish appetitive behavior , which suggests that some other parts of the brain , except for mPOA , are also responsible for sexually appetitive behavior . Role of SDN in sexual partner preference ( edit ) Role of SDN in male partner preference ( edit ) Researches on the ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus ( oSDN ) in sheep demonstrate that the volume of oSDN varies with sexual partner preference in male sheep ( rams ) . Homosexual rams ( roughly 8 % of the population ) have been found to have oSDNs that are about half the size of those in heterosexual rams . In one study conducted by Roselli , et al. , 4 heterosexual rams and 9 homosexual rams were exposed to 2 estrous ewes and 2 rams , with their sexual behaviors ( mounts and ejaculations ) being recorded . Heterosexual rams displayed significantly more mounts and ejaculations with ewes than with stimulus rams , whereas homosexual rams showed the opposite . Then series of brain sections , including hypothalamic , temporal lobe and diencephalon tissues , were imaged . Also , in situ hybridization was conducted to examine the level of the expression of cytochrome P450 aromatase in these brain sections . The results showed that the volume of oSDN in heterosexual rams is approximately 2 times greater than that in homosexual rams . The number of neurons within oSDN is significantly greater in homosexual rams than in heterosexual rams , so it is with the mean length of the oSDN . But the neuron density is similar in both kinds of rams . In addition , aromatase mRNA levels are also tested , showing that the level of aromatase mRNA is significantly greater in heterosexual rams than in homosexual rams . Other species have similar relationships between sexual preferences and the volume of SDN . For example , INAH3 in humans ( homologue of oSDN ) is significantly larger in heterosexual men than in homosexual men . Damage of SDN and changes in sexual partner preferences in males ( edit ) Bilateral damage to SDN in the medial preoptic area in male ferrets causes the change of males from male - typical preference to female - typical preference . Male ferrets which were sexually experienced and responded to female body odor , when treated by bilateral lesions to SDN , change to respond to male body odor . It is probable that SDN plays an important role in leading to mating and successful reproduction . Role of SDN in female partner preference ( edit ) Although SDN is much related to sexual partner preferences in males , it does not show the same relationship to partner preferences in females . Evidence shows that SDN in medial preoptic area is not the prerequisite for the expression of male - typical sexual behaviour and sexual partner preferences in females . One piece of evidence comes from the study on female Japanese macaque , which routinely court , mount ( with pelvic thrust ) , compete for , and even prefer certain female sexual partners over certain males . The part of the brain examined is the anterior hypothalamic nucleus ( AHdc ) , a homologue of SDN - POA . Comparison of the AHdc nucleus volumes between Japanese macaque and rhesus macaque ( a closely related sister species of Japanese macaque ) shows that there is no significant difference between the volume of AHdc in more male - typical macaques and that in female - typical macaques . Role of SDN in human sexual orientation ( edit ) In 1991 , LeVay published a study of 41 autopsies on 16 heterosexual men , 19 homosexual men , and 6 heterosexual women that targeted the interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus ( INAH 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 ) . He showed that there were no significant differences between the three groups ' INAH 1 , 2 , and 4 , which prior research already showed . However , INAH 3 was larger in heterosexual men in comparison to homosexual men and heterosexual women . This research linked an established sexually dimorphic area of the brain to hetero - and homosexual behavior in men . A later study determined that the size of the INAH3 of homosexual men was intermediate between that of heterosexual men and heterosexual women . It also determined that the reason why the INAH3 is smaller in homosexual versus heterosexual men is because homosexual men have a higher neuronal packing density ( the number of neurons per cubic millimeter ) in the INAH3 than heterosexual men ; there is no difference in the number or cross-sectional area of neurons in the INAH3 of homosexual versus heterosexual men . It was also found that there is no effect of HIV infection on the size of INAH3 , that is , HIV infection can not account for the observed difference in INAH3 volume between homosexual and heterosexual men . These findings only partially corroborate LeVay 's hypothesis that homosexual males have a `` female - like hypothalamus '' -- given that the INAH3 was smaller in homosexual men , intermediate in size between that of heterosexual males and heterosexual females . Furthermore , the suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN ) of homosexual males is larger than the SCN of heterosexual men and women ; both the volume and the number of neurons of the SCN are twice as many in homosexual males than in heterosexual males . These areas of the hypothalamus have not yet been explored in homosexual females nor bisexual males nor females . In sum , some contemporaries cast serious doubt over LeVay 's hypothesis that homosexual males have a `` female hypothalamus '' and that the key mechanism of differentiating the `` male brain from originally female brain '' is the epigenetic influence of testosterone during prenatal development . Effects of proteins and other molecules on SDN in medial preoptic area ( edit ) NELL2 ( edit ) NELL2 is a tissue - specific protein in the nervous system . It contains EGF ( epidermal growth factor ) - like repeat domain and its gene expression is regulated by estrogen . NELL2 is also known to play a neuroprotective role rat hippocampus neurons . When NELL2 synthesis is blocked by intracerebroventricular injection of antisense ( AS ) NELL2 oligodeoxynucleotide ( ODN ) into neonatal male rat brains ( postnatal day0 - day5 ) , the size of SDN - POA is decreased . Since volume of SDN is related to the level of testosterone , it is quite possible that the volume is finally due to the neuroprotective effect of estradiol which is produced from testosterone by aromatase . So the result that NELL2 blockage reduces the size of SDN - POA suggests that it probably has neuroprotective effect on SDN - POA . Somatostatin ( edit ) The sex - specific transcription of somatostatin gene coincides with the establishment of sex differences in SDN - POA . It is observed that somatostatin mRNA appears in the SDN - POA of both males and females . On postnatal day 8 through postnatal day 35 , the area of somatostatin mRNA - positive cells was significantly larger in males than in females , with males attain the maximum size of that area on day15 before decrease whereas females show no changes . Eventually the expression of somatostatin mRNA shows no difference between sexes . It is possible that somatostatin is related to the estrogen - dependent organization of SDN - POA . Fenitrothion ( edit ) Fenitrothion is a kind of organophosphate and it can affect the development of reproductive system of male rats . Treatment with fenitrothion to male rats causes regression of androgen - dependent organ weights because fenitrothion is a potent competitive androgen receptor antagonist . Its effect on SDN - POA is different between male rats and female rats . In male rats , prenatal exposure to fenitrothion causes significantly increase of the volume of SDN - POA ; whereas , in female rats , prenatal exposure to fenitrothion causes significantly decrease of the volume of SDN - POA . One possible explanation is that fenitrothion can alter the activity of aromatase , which then alters the level of estrogens converted by it from androgens and finally alters the volume of SDN - POA . Diethylstilbestrol ( DES ) ( edit ) Diethylstilbestrol ( DES ) is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen and was widely used for preventing threatened abortion . DES also has effect on development of the reproductive system . Low dose of DES exhibits inhibitory effect on plasma testosterone concentration in male rats while promotes follicular maturation in female rats . Experiments were done to see the effects of DES on SDN - POA volume . It is demonstrated that DES treatment altered the volume of SDN - POA in females by increasing it , resulting in larger volume SDN than controlled females . However , low dose of DES did not change the volume of SDN - POA in male rats . Morphine ( edit ) Morphine can also alter the activities within the sexually dimorphic brain regions . Prenatal exposure to morphine increases copulatory behavior in male rats while decreases estrous behavior in female rats . Other sexually dimorphic areas in the brain ( edit ) Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus ( VMN ) has long been considered as a sexually dimorphic nucleus . It is an important region for regulating the sexual responses in female rodents . The neurons within VMN have significant estrogen - dependent functional and structural plasticity . The synaptic organization of the VMN is sexually dimorphic . Females have more dendrite chemical synapses within VMN while males have more somatic synapses within that region . In addition , the size of postsynaptic densities of axospinous and axosomatic synapses is sexually dimorphic , with males having larger density than females . Estrogen plays an important role in modulating the sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity of VMN . Estradiol levels are high on proestrus rats and return to low levels on diestrus rats . The volume of cell bodies within VMN in proestrus rats and male rats is larger than diestrus rats . Also , proestrus rats have significantly higher synapse density in VMN than diestrus rats . Moreover , Gamma - aminobutyric acid plays a role in VMN development such as sexual differentiation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Swaab DF ( 2008 ) . `` Sexual orientation and its basis in brain structure and function '' . PNAS. 105 ( 30 ) : 10273 -- 10274 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0805542105 . PMC 2492513 . PMID 18653758 . Jump up ^ Hofman , MA ; DF Swaab ( 1989 ) . `` The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in the human brain : a comparative morphometric study '' . Journal of Anatomy. 164 : 55 -- 72 . PMC 1256598 . PMID 2606795 . ^ Jump up to : Roselli C ; Larkin k ; Resko J ; Stellflug J ; Stormshak F ( 2004 ) . `` Volume of a Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus in the Ovine Medial Preoptic Area / Anterior Hypothalamus Varies with Sexual Partner Preference '' . Endocrinology. 145 ( 2 ) : 478 -- 483 . doi : 10.1210 / en. 2003 - 1098 . PMID 14525915 . ^ Jump up to : Balthazart J , Ball G ( 2007 ) . `` Topography in the preoptic region : Differential regulation of appetitive and consummatory male sexual behaviors '' . Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 28 ( 4 ) : 161 -- 178 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yfrne. 2007.05. 003 . PMC 2100381 . PMID 17624413 . ^ Jump up to : Vasey P , Pfaus J ( 2005 ) . `` A sexually dimorphic hypothalamic nucleus in a macaque species with frequent female = female mounting and same - sex sexual partner preference '' . Behavioural Brain Research . 157 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 272 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbr. 2004.07. 005 . PMID 15639177 . Jump up ^ Pei M ; Matsuda k ; Sakamoto H ; Kawata M ( 2006 ) . `` Intrauterine proximity to male fetuses affects the morphology of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in the adult rat brain '' . European Journal of Neuroscience. 23 ( 5 ) : 1234 -- 1240 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 9568.2006. 04661. x . PMID 16553785 . Jump up ^ Roselli C , Stadelman H , Reeve R , Bishop C , Stormshak F ( 2007 ) . `` The ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus of the medial preoptic area is organized prenatally by testosterone '' . Endocrinology. 148 ( 9 ) : 4450 -- 4457 . doi : 10.1210 / en. 2007 - 0454 . PMID 17540718 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tsukahara S , Kakeyama M , Toyofuku Y ( 2006 ) . `` Sex Differences in the level of Bcl - 2 Family Proteins and Caspase - 3 Activation in the Sexually Dimorphic Nuclei of the Preoptic Area in Postnatal Rats '' . Journal of Neurobiology. 66 ( 13 ) : 1411 -- 1419 . doi : 10.1002 / neu. 20276 . PMID 17013925 . Jump up ^ Alekseyenko O , Waters P , Zhou H , Baum M ( 2007 ) . `` Bilateral damage to the sexually dimorphic medial preoptic area / anterior hypothalamus of male ferrets causes a female - typical preference for and a hypothalamic Fos response to male body odors '' . Physiology & Behavior . 90 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 438 -- 449 . doi : 10.1016 / j. physbeh. 2006.10. 005 . PMC 2265004 . PMID 17118411 . Jump up ^ LeVay S ( 1991 ) . `` A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men '' . Science . 253 ( 5023 ) : 1034 -- 1037 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1887219 . PMID 1887219 . Jump up ^ Byne W ; Lasco MS ; Kemether E ; Shinwari A ; Edgar MA ; Morgello S ; Jones LB ; Tobet S. ( 21 Feb 2000 ) . `` The interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus : an investigation of sexual variation in volume and cell size , number and density '' . Brain Res. 856 ( 1 - 2 ) : 254 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 8993 ( 99 ) 02458 - 0 . ISSN 0006 - 8993 . PMID 10677635 . Jump up ^ Aldo Poiani ( 19 Aug 2010 ) . Animal Homosexuality : A Biosocial Perspective ( illustrated ed . ) . Cambridge University Press , 2010 . pp. 212 -- 3 . ISBN 0521196752 . Jump up ^ http://www.hiim.unizg.hr/images/knjiga/CNS41.pdf - Judaš , M. , Kostović , I. , The Fundamentals of Neuroscience , ch. 41 , Neurobiology of emotions and sexuality , p. 408 ( in Croatian ) Jump up ^ `` Gender and sexual orientation in relation to hypothalamic structures '' . Horm Res. 38 Suppl 2 : 51 -- 61 . 1992 . doi : 10.1159 / 000182597 . PMID 1292983 . Jump up ^ Ellis S , Mouihate A , Pittman Q ( 2006 ) . `` Neuroendocrine programming and sexual differentiation '' . Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 27 : 95 -- 99 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yfrne. 2006.03. 217 . Jump up ^ Chitose O , Yasuhiko K , Sakuma Y ( 2007 ) . `` Transient transcription of the somatostatin gene at the time of estrogen - dependent organization of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the rat preoptic area '' . Endocrinology. 148 ( 3 ) : 1144 -- 1149 . doi : 10.1210 / en. 2006 - 1214 . PMID 17138650 . Jump up ^ Struve M , Turner K , Dorman D ( 2007 ) . `` Preliminary investigation of changes in the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the rat medial preoptic area following prenatal exposure to fenitrothion '' . Journal of Applied Toxicology. 27 ( 6 ) : 631 -- 636 . doi : 10.1002 / jat. 1267 . PMID 17582585 . Jump up ^ Yamamoto M , Shirai M , Tamura A , Kobayashi T , Kohara S , Murakami M , Arishima K ( 2005 ) . `` Effects of maternal exposure to a low dose of diethylstilbestrol on sexual dimorphic nucleus volume and male reproductive system in rat offspring '' . The Journal of Toxicological Sciences . 30 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 18 . doi : 10.2131 / jts. 30.7 . PMID 15800398 . Jump up ^ Slamberova R , Vathy I , Hnatczuk O ( 2004 ) . `` Expression of proopiomelanocortin and proenkephalin mRNA in sexually dimorphic brain regions are altered in adult male and female rats treated prenatally with morphine '' . Journal of Applied Toxicology. 63 ( 5 ) : 399 -- 408 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1399 - 3011.2004. 00134. x . PMID 15140157 . Jump up ^ Susana I , Dulce Madeira M ( 2005 ) . `` Estrogen Modulates the Sexually Dimorphic Synaptic Connectivity of the Ventromedial Nucleus '' . The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 484 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 79 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 20451 . PMID 15717306 . Jump up ^ Zhou J , Pfaff D , Chen G ( 2005 ) . `` Sex Differences in estrogenic regulation of neuronal activity in neonatal cultures of ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus '' . PNAS. 102 ( 41 ) : 14907 -- 14912 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0507440102 . PMC 1253608 . PMID 16204378 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexually_dimorphic_nucleus&oldid=843121607 '' Categories : Limbic system Neuroendocrinology Animal sexuality Hypothalamus Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 01 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the sexually dimorphic nucleus is part of the ____.​
[ "The sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) is an ovoid, densely packed cluster of large cells located in the medial preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus which is believed to be related to sexual behavior in animals.[1]" ]
[ "the medial preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus" ]
-7248709873592520006
High Roller (Ferris wheel)
High Roller ( Ferris wheel ) - wikipedia High Roller ( Ferris wheel ) Jump to : navigation , search High Roller High Roller in 2015 General information Status Operating Type Ferris wheel Location Las Vegas Strip , Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Address 3545 South Las Vegas Boulevard Coordinates 36 ° 07 ′ 03 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 05 '' W  /  36.117402 ° N 115.168127 ° W  / 36.117402 ; - 115.168127  ( High Roller ) Opening March 31 , 2014 ; 4 years ago ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) Owner Caesars Entertainment Corporation Height 550 feet ( 167.6 m ) Diameter 520 feet ( 158.5 m ) Design and construction Engineer Arup Engineering Website caesars.com/linq/high-roller High Roller is a 550 - foot tall ( 167.6 m ) , 520 - foot ( 158.5 m ) diameter giant Ferris wheel on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada , United States of America . It is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corporation . It opened to the public on March 31 , 2014 and is currently the world 's tallest Ferris wheel . It is 9 ft ( 2.7 m ) taller than its predecessor , the 541 - foot ( 165 m ) Singapore Flyer , which had held the record since 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Construction 3 Ticketing 4 Successor as world 's tallest 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design ( edit ) High Roller was announced in August 2011 as the centerpiece of Caesars Entertainment Corporation 's $550 million The LINQ . Arup Engineering , which previously consulted on the Singapore Flyer , acted as the structural engineer . The wheel rotates on a pair of custom - designed spherical roller bearings , each weighing approximately 19,400 lb ( 8,800 kg ) . Each bearing has an outer diameter of 7.55 feet ( 2.30 m ) , an inner bore of 5.25 feet ( 1.60 m ) , and a width of 2.07 feet ( 0.63 m ) . The outer rim comprises 28 sections , each 56 feet ( 17 m ) long , which were temporarily held in place during construction by a pair of 275 - foot ( 84 m ) radial struts , prior to being permanently secured by four cables . The passenger cabins ( or capsules ) are mounted on the wheel 's outboard rim and are individually rotated by electric motors to smoothly maintain a horizontal cabin floor throughout each full rotation . Preliminary designs anticipated 32 passenger cabins , each with a 40 - passenger capacity -- with the final design accommodating 28 40 - person cabins and a total capacity of 1,120 passengers . Each 225 - square - foot ( 20.9 m ) cabin weighs approximately 44,000 pounds ( 20,000 kg ) , has a diameter of 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) , includes 300 square feet ( 28 m ) of glass , and is equipped with eight flat - screen televisions and an iPod dock . At night the wheel is illuminated by a 2,000 - LED system which can display a single solid color , differently colored sections , multiple colors moving around the rim , and custom displays for special events and holidays . Construction ( edit ) Located on Las Vegas Boulevard , across from Caesars Palace , construction was originally scheduled to begin in September 2011 with a late 2013 completion ; subsequently revised to early 2014 . The outer rim of the wheel was completed on September 9 , 2013 . The first passenger cabin was delivered and installed in November 2013 and the final cabin was installed the following month . After preliminary testing , High Roller 's lighting system was illuminated at sunset on February 28 , 2014 . High Roller opened to the public at 4 p.m. EST on March 31 , 2014 . Ticketing ( edit ) Tickets were originally expected to cost less than $20 per ride , but estimates had risen to `` about $25 per person '' by mid-2012 then `` about $30 per person '' in September 2013 news reports . When High Roller opened to the public in March 2014 , tickets for a single 30 - minute ride , the time taken for the entire wheel to rotate once , cost $24.95 ( daytime ) and $34.95 ( nighttime ) . Other ticket options included a $59.95 Express Pass , allowing the holder to skip the line and ride any time . Successor as world 's tallest ( edit ) Both the New York Wheel , in the United States , and the Ain Dubai , in the United Arab Emirates , will , if completed as proposed , be taller than High Roller . The 192 m ( 630 ft ) New York Wheel was first reported in June 2012 and officially announced in September 2012 , with construction planned to begin early in 2014 and completion in 2015 , but the project has been severely delayed . Erection of the main support structure is due to begin early in 2017 , and it is expected to open in April 2018 . The 210 m ( 689 ft ) Ain Dubai was announced in February 2013 , with construction to begin in June 2013 and completion in 2015 . Construction eventually began almost two years behind schedule in May 2015 . Erection of the main support structure was completed in 2016 and it is now expected to open in 2017 . Gallery ( edit ) View of High Roller from The Linq in 2014 One of the 28 cabins in 2014 High Roller view of the Las Vegas Strip in 2014 High Roller view looking east in 2014 Top of the High Roller from the base in 2015 See also ( edit ) High Roller , a former roller coaster atop the Stratosphere Las Vegas tower Voyager , a giant Ferris wheel proposed several times for Las Vegas , but never built List of tallest buildings and structures in the world References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Trejos , Nancy . `` World 's tallest Ferris wheel opens in Vegas '' . USA TODAY . USA TODAY . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas to build world 's tallest observation wheel '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` World 's tallest observation wheel in Vegas '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas Review - Journal '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 11 September 2013 ) . `` High Roller : world 's largest Ferris wheel hoisted into place in Las Vegas '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` A vital Linq for Las Vegas '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Colorado 's Leitner - Poma to build cabins for huge observation wheel in Las Vegas '' . 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 404 '' . Channel NewsAsia . Jump up ^ `` Moscow plans an observation wheel to beat Las Vegas ' High Roller ' project '' . Jump up ^ `` High Roller : World 's Tallest Wheel Offers New Spin on Vegas - NBC News '' . Jump up ^ `` SKF Wins Contract for Caesars Las Vegas High Roller Wheel '' . Design News . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The LINQ Hotel & Casino - Las Vegas Strip Hotel & Casino '' ( PDF ) . www.caesars.com . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Company To Build Las Vegas Observation Wheel '' . 16 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas plans to top London Eye with massive Ferris wheel - USATODAY.com '' . www.usatoday.com . ^ Jump up to : Ashby , Charles . `` High - flying deal for Leitner - Poma - GJSentinel.com '' . www.gjsentinel.com . Jump up ^ `` The LINQ Hotel & Casino - Las Vegas Strip Hotel & Casino '' ( PDF ) . www.caesars.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas High Roller Observation Wheel reaches new heights '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Olmsted , Larry . `` Las Vegas Strip : Brand New Half - Billion Dollar Attraction Woos Tourists '' . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Review - Journal '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Sandy drives quarterly losses for Caesars '' . 25 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBC News - Breaking News & Top Stories - Latest World , US & Local News '' . Jump up ^ `` Final passenger cabin affixed to High Roller , but work continues '' . 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official lights - on for giant Vegas Ferris wheel '' . Associated Press ( AP ) . The Washington Times . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The LINQ '' . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Staten Island 's observation wheel pushes opening date to 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` New York Wheel Project on Staten Island Also Bringing New Activity to Brooklyn Waterfront '' . Jump up ^ `` First ride on New York Wheel pushed back to April 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` The Dubai Eye has been renamed to Ain Dubai -- What 's On '' . 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams , Mark E. `` Voyager Las Vegas '' . www.vegastodayandtomorrow.com . External links ( edit ) Las Vegas portal Official website Caesars Sees Slow Climb for Ferris Wheel on the Las Vegas Strip Media related to High Roller ( Ferris wheel ) at Wikimedia Commons Coordinates : 36 ° 07 ′ 04 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 05 '' W  /  36.117698 ° N 115.16815 ° W  / 36.117698 ; - 115.16815 Records Preceded by Singapore Flyer World 's tallest Ferris wheel 2014 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent Ferris wheels ( hide ) World 's tallest Ferris wheels ( over 80 m ) Americas US the original Ferris Wheel High Roller Orlando Eye Asia China Bailang River Bridge Ferris Wheel Changsha Ferris Wheel Harbin Ferris Wheel Shanghai Ferris Wheel Star of Lake Tai Star of Nanchang Suzhou Ferris Wheel Tianjin Eye Zhengzhou Ferris Wheel Japan Aurora Wheel Cosmo Clock 21 Daikanransha Diamond and Flower Ferris Wheel Igosu 108 Redhorse Osaka Wheel Sky Dream Fukuoka Space Eye Technocosmos / Technostar Tempozan Ferris Wheel Singapore Singapore Flyer Taiwan Sky Wheel Europe France Grande Roue de Paris Italy Eurowheel United Kingdom Great Wheel London Eye Oceania Australia Melbourne Star ( hide ) Other conventional Ferris wheels For a more extensive list , see List of Ferris wheels Americas Canada Niagara SkyWheel US Capital Wheel Colossus Myrtle Beach SkyWheel Seattle Great Wheel Texas Star Uniroyal Giant Tire Asia Hong Kong Hong Kong Observation Wheel Indonesia J - Sky Japan Amuran Big O Turkmenistan Alem Europe & Eurasia Austria Wiener Riesenrad Azerbaijan Baku Ferris Wheel Russia Moscow - 850 ( hide ) Other types of wheel Transportable Ferris wheels designs Bussink Design R80XL wheels Roue de Paris Steiger Ferris Wheel see also List of transportable Ferris wheels Transportable Ferris wheel installations Australia Wheel of Brisbane India Delhi Eye Malaysia Eye on Malaysia ( Kuala Lumpur and Malacca ) United Kingdom and Ireland Belfast Wheel Brighton Wheel Royal Windsor Wheel Wheel of Birmingham Wheel of Dublin Wheel of Liverpool Wheel of Manchester Wheel of Sheffield Yorkshire Wheel Eccentric wheels US Mickey 's Fun Wheel Wonder Wheel Double wheels US Giant Wheel ( Hersheypark ) Triple wheels US Sky Whirl ( hide ) Major Ferris wheel proposals Construction in progress : Dubai Dubai Eye Unfinished projects : China Turn of Fortune US New York Wheel Abandoned projects : US Skyvue Quiescent proposals : China Beijing Great Wheel Germany Great Berlin Wheel India Kolkata Eye US Great Orlando Wheel For other quiescent ( incomplete , delayed , stalled , cancelled , failed , or abandoned ) proposals , see : Ferris wheel # Quiescent proposals ( hide ) Related topics Designers , manufacturers , and operators Allan Herschell Company Chance Morgan Chance Wheels / Chance American Wheels Eli Bridge Company Great City Attractions ( previously World Tourist Attractions ) Great Wheel Corporation ( merged with World Tourist Attractions in 2009 ) Intamin Maurer German Wheels Mondial Ronald Bussink ( Nauta Bussink / Bussink Landmarks / Bussink Design ) Sanoyas Rides Corporation Vekoma ( Dutch Wheels ) Waagner - Biro Wheels Entertainments People George Washington Gale Ferris Jr . 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About Wikipedia
where is the high roller ferris wheel in las vegas
[ "High Roller is a 550-foot tall (167.6 m),[2][3] 520-foot (158.5 m) diameter[4] giant Ferris wheel on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States of America. It is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corporation." ]
[ "on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada" ]
-9066766296370971137
History of contract bridge
History of contract bridge - wikipedia History of contract bridge The history of contract bridge , one of the world 's most popular partnership card games , may be dated from the early 16th - century invention of trick - taking games such as whist . Bridge departed from whist with the creation of Biritch ( or `` Russian Whist '' ) in the 19th century , and evolved through the late 19th and early 20th centuries to form the present game . Contents 1 Origins 2 Boom years 3 Recent developments 4 References 5 External links Origins ( edit ) According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word bridge is the English pronunciation of the game called `` biritch '' . It followed on from whist , which initially was the dominant trick - playing game and enjoyed a loyal following for centuries . The oldest known reference to the rules of the game dates from 1886 and calls it `` Biritch , or Russian Whist '' . The game featured several significant developments from whist : dealer chose the trump suit , or nominated his partner to do so ; there was a call of no trumps ( biritch ) ; and the dealer 's partner 's hand became dummy . There were other similarities to bridge : points were scored above and below the line ; the score could be doubled and redoubled ; scoring a game in one deal required 3 odd tricks in no trumps , 4 in hearts , or 5 in diamonds ( although it could not be done at all , undoubled , in clubs or spades ) ; and there were slam bonuses . Despite the popularity of whist , this game , and variants of it , bridge and bridge - whist , became popular in the United States and the UK in the 1890s . In 1904 auction bridge , known for a time as royal auction bridge , was developed where the players bid in a competitive auction to decide the contract and declarer . The object became to make at least as many tricks as were contracted for and penalties were introduced for failing to do so . The modern game of contract bridge was the result of innovations to the scoring of auction bridge made by Harold Stirling Vanderbilt and others . The most significant change was that only the tricks contracted for were counted below the line towards game and slam . That made bidding much more challenging and interesting . Another innovation was the concept of vulnerability , a difference in the sizes of penalties incurred by partnerships that have or have not won one game . That discouraged sacrifice bidding to protect the lead in a rubber . Some other scores were adjusted to produce a more balanced game . Vanderbilt set out his rules in 1925 , and within a few years contract bridge had so supplanted other forms of the game that `` bridge '' became synonymous with `` contract bridge . '' Boom years ( edit ) The Beasley - Culbertson match of 1933 This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2011 ) Led by Ely Culbertson , contract bridge enjoyed a boom in popularity in the USA and the UK in the 1930s . Recent developments ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2011 ) In the USA and Australia today , bridge is usually duplicate bridge played at clubs , at tournaments , and online . In the UK , bridge is still widely played in private homes ( rubber or Chicago ) as well as at clubs ( duplicate and rubber ) and tournaments ( duplicate ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ First Steps of Bridge in the West : Collinson 's ' Biritch by Thierry Depaulis and Jac Fuchs in the Playing - Card Journal of the International Playing - Card Society , Volume 32 , No. 2 , Sept - Oct 2003 . Collinson 's rules are in a miniature bound book of 56 pages about 3 by 5 inches between plain brown hard covers ; of the 56 pages , only 4 are printed on - the first 2 and the last 50 are blank . For the text , see wikisource : Biritch , or Russian Whist . Jump up ^ ( Foster 1889 ) Jump up ^ ( Elwell 1905 and Benedict 1900 ) Jump up ^ ( Melrose 1901 ) Jump up ^ ( Bergholt 1915 ) External links ( edit ) `` Biritch , or Russian Whist '' by John Collinson ( 1886 ) , internet edition by John MacLeod ( 2007 ) . -- This provides useful detail not in wikisource : Biritch , or Russian Whist and it appears to be a more faithful reproduction . `` History of Bridge '' . Singapore Contract Bridge Association reprint from The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge . Brief history of contract bridge Contract bridge Overview General Auction bridge Bridge ethics Bridge - O-Rama Bridge maxims Bridge Murder case Bridge scoring Bridge whist Bridgette Cheating in bridge Chicago Computer bridge Contract bridge Contract bridge diagram Duplicate bridge Duplicate bridge movements Five - suit bridge Goulash Glossary of contract bridge terms High card by suit History of contract bridge Laws of Duplicate Bridge Masterpoints Minibridge Neuberg formula Rubber bridge Screen Singaporean bridge Suit Traveling scoreslip Trump Vugraph Bidding General Balanced hand Balancing ( bridge ) Bidding box Bidding system Board ( bridge ) Bridge convention Brown sticker Convention card Cue bid Five - card majors Forcing bid Forcing pass Game try Hand evaluation Honor point count Inverted minors Law of total tricks Losing - Trick Count Major suit Minor suit Optimum contract and par contract Overcall Preempt Prepared opening bid Principle of fast arrival Psychic bid Quantitative notrump bids Reverse ( bridge ) Sacrifice ( bridge ) Shooting ( bridge ) Single suiter Strong pass Takeout double Three suiter Two suiter Useful space principle Void ( cards ) Weak two bid Zar Points Systems List of bidding systems 2 / 1 game forcing Acol Bidding system Blue Club Boring Club Bridge Base Basic Bridge World Standard Canapé ( bridge ) Carrot Club EHAA Fantunes Highly unusual method Kaplan -- Sheinwold Little Major Moscito OKbridge 2 / 1 Polish Club Precision Club Roman Club Romex system Säffle Spade Standard American Strong club system Conventions List of bidding conventions Card play General List of play techniques Avoidance play Beer card Caddy Card reading Duck Endplay Entry Grosvenor gambit Hold up Percentage play Pin ( bridge ) Principle of restricted choice Probabilities Revoke Ruff Shooting Smother play Tempo Trump promotion Uppercut Vacant Places Declarer play Basic : Finesse Safety play Coups : Alcatraz coup Bath coup Belladonna coup Coup Coup en passant Crocodile coup Deschapelles coup Devil 's coup Loser on loser Merrimac coup Morton 's fork coup Scissors coup Trump coup Vienna coup Squeezes : Backwash squeeze Cannibal squeeze Clash squeeze Compound squeeze Criss - cross squeeze Double squeeze Entry squeeze Entry - shifting squeeze Guard squeeze Knockout squeeze Non-simultaneous double squeeze Progressive squeeze Pseudo-squeeze Saturated squeeze Simple squeeze Simultaneous double squeeze Single - suit squeeze Squeeze play Stepping - stone squeeze Strip squeeze Triple squeeze Trump squeeze Vice squeeze Winkle squeeze Suit combinations : Suit combination Defender play Forcing defense Journalist leads Opening lead Rule of 10 - 12 Rule of 11 Rusinow leads Signal Smith signal People and organizations General ACBL Youngest Life Master List of contract bridge people List of nationality transfers in sport Players by country Australia Austria Brazil Britain Bulgaria Canada China Denmark Netherlands Egypt England Fiction France Germany Hungary India Ireland Israel Italy Jewish players Mexico Monaco New Zealand Norway Pakistan Poland Russia Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United States Other lists List of bridge people with Wikipedia ( english ) articles List of bridge administrators List of bridge writers Teams Blue Team Dallas Aces Four Aces Clubs Bridge Club Brașov Cavendish Club Crockford 's Galatasaray Bridge Team Melville Bridge Club Portland Club ( London ) Savoy Club Young Chelsea Bridge Club Governing bodies American Bridge Association American Contract Bridge League Austrian Bridge Federation Brazilian Bridge Federation British Bridge League Canadian Bridge Federation Dutch Bridge Federation English Bridge Union European Bridge League Hungarian Bridge Federation International Mind Sports Association List of contract bridge governing bodies Norwegian Bridge Federation South African Bridge Federation United States Bridge Federation World Bridge Federation Championships General List of bridge competitions and awards World Bermuda Bowl Bridge at the 2008 World Mind Sports Games Bridge at the 2012 World Mind Sports Games Cavendish Invitational Computer Olympiad McConnell Cup Rosenblum Cup Senior Bowl ( bridge ) Triple crown of bridge Venice Cup WBF Youth Award World Bridge Championships World IMP Pairs Championship World Junior Pairs Championship World Junior Teams Championship World Mind Sports Games World Mixed Pairs Championship World Mixed Teams Championship World Open Pairs Championship World Senior Pairs Championship World Senior Teams Championship World Team Olympiad World Transnational Open Teams Championship World Women Pairs Championship National and Zonal Buffett Cup Camrose Trophy Commonwealth Nations Bridge Championships European Universities Bridge Championships Gold Cup ( bridge ) North American bridge Championships : ACBL King or Queen of Bridge Edgar Kaplan Blue Ribbon Pairs Bruce LM -- 5000 Pairs Chicago Mixed Board - a-Match Fall National Open Pairs Fast Open Pairs Fishbein Trophy Goren Trophy Grand National Teams Hilliard Mixed Pairs Jacoby Open Swiss Teams Keohane North American Swiss Teams Lebhar IMP Pairs Leventritt Silver Ribbon Pairs Machlin Women 's Swiss Teams Manfield Non-Life Master Pairs Marcus Cup Master Individual Mini-Blue Ribbon Pairs Mini-Spingold Mitchell Board - a-Match Teams Mott - Smith Trophy Nail Life Master Open Pairs National 199er Pairs National 49er Pairs National 99er Pairs Non-Life Master Swiss Teams Norman Kay Platinum Pairs North American Bridge Championships North American Pairs Red Ribbon Pairs Reisinger Rockwell Mixed Pairs Roth Open Swiss Teams Senior Knockout Teams Silodor Open Pairs Smith Life Master Women 's Pairs Spingold Sternberg Women 's Board - a-Match Teams Truscott Senior Swiss Teams Vanderbilt Trophy Von Zedtwitz Life Master Pairs Wagar Women 's Knockout Teams Wernher Open Pairs Whitehead Women 's Pairs Young LM -- 1500 Pairs Publications and resources Books List of contract bridge books 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know Bridge Squeezes Complete The Cardturner Design for Bidding Contract Bridge for Beginners Edwin Kantar bibliography Master Point Press Planning the Play of a Bridge Hand Terence Reese bibliography The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge Tickets to the Devil Magazines List of contract bridge magazines Bridge d'Italia Bridge Magazine The Bridge World External links Bridge Base Basic Bridge Base Inc . OKbridge 2 / 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_contract_bridge&oldid=713721117 '' Categories : Contract bridge Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from April 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2016 , at 15 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
why is the game of bridge called bridge
[ "According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word bridge is the English pronunciation of the game called \"biritch\". It followed on from whist, which initially was the dominant trick-playing game and enjoyed a loyal following for centuries. The oldest known reference to the rules of the game dates from 1886 and calls it \"Biritch, or Russian Whist\".[1] The game featured several significant developments from whist: dealer chose the trump suit, or nominated his partner to do so; there was a call of no trumps (biritch); and the dealer's partner's hand became dummy. There were other similarities to bridge: points were scored above and below the line; the score could be doubled and redoubled; scoring a game in one deal required 3 odd tricks in no trumps, 4 in hearts, or 5 in diamonds (although it could not be done at all, undoubled, in clubs or spades); and there were slam bonuses.\n" ]
[ "English pronunciation of the game called \"biritch\"" ]
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The Fate of the Furious
The Fate of the Furious - wikipedia The Fate of the Furious Jump to : navigation , search The Fate of the Furious Theatrical release poster Directed by F. Gary Gray Produced by Neal H. Moritz Vin Diesel Michael Fottrell Chris Morgan Written by Chris Morgan Based on Characters by Gary Scott Thompson Starring Vin Diesel Dwayne Johnson Jason Statham Michelle Rodriguez Tyrese Gibson Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges Scott Eastwood Nathalie Emmanuel Elsa Pataky Kurt Russell Charlize Theron Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Stephen F. Windon Edited by Christian Wagner Paul Rubell Production company China Film Original Film One Race Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) ( Berlin ) April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 136 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $250 million Box office $1.239 billion The Fate of the Furious ( alternatively known as Fast & Furious 8 and Fast 8 , and often stylized as F8 ) is a 2017 American action film directed by F. Gary Gray and written by Chris Morgan . It is the eighth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise . The film stars Vin Diesel , Dwayne Johnson , Jason Statham , Michelle Rodriguez , Tyrese Gibson , Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Scott Eastwood , Nathalie Emmanuel , Elsa Pataky , Kurt Russell and Charlize Theron . The Fate of the Furious follows Dominic Toretto ( Diesel ) , who has settled down with his wife Letty ( Rodriguez ) , until cyberterrorist Cipher ( Theron ) coerces him into working for her and turns him against his team , forcing them to find Dom and take down Cipher . The Fate of the Furious marks the first installment in the franchise since The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) not to star both Paul Walker , who died in a single - vehicle crash on November 30 , 2013 while filming Furious 7 ( 2015 ) , and Jordana Brewster . Script rewrites to the seventh installment after Walker 's death completed the story arcs for both of their characters ( Brian O'Conner and Mia Toretto , respectively ) . Plans for an eighth installment were first announced in March 2015 when Diesel appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and announced that the film would be set in New York City . Preparations for the film began immediately after the release of Furious 7 , with Diesel , Morgan and producer Neal H. Moritz re-signing . After setting an initial release date in the same month , casting took place between April and June 2015 . In October 2015 , Gray was announced to direct the film in the place of James Wan , who had directed the previous installment . Principal photography began in March 2016 in locations such as Mývatn , Havana , Atlanta , Cleveland and New York City , continuing the franchise 's tradition of filming in exotic locations around the world . The Fate of the Furious premiered on April 4 , 2017 in Berlin , and was theatrically released in the United States on April 14 , 2017 , playing in 3D , IMAX 3D and 4DX internationally . The film received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the action sequences and performances , while criticizing the storyline . The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , making it the thirtieth film ( and the second in the franchise , after Furious 7 ) to gross over $1 billion , the second highest - grossing film of 2017 and the eleventh highest - grossing film of all time . The film grossed $532 million worldwide during its opening weekend , setting the record for the highest - grossing opening of all time , ahead of Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $529 million ) . A sequel is scheduled to be released on April 19 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Sequel 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and Letty Ortiz are on their honeymoon in Havana when Dom is challenged to a street race at an auto show by local racer Raldo . Dom races for Raldo 's car , intending to give it to his cousin Fernando , while wagering his own show car . After narrowly winning the race , Dom allows Raldo to keep his car , earning his respect , and instead leaves his cousin with his show car . The next day , Dom is approached by elusive cyberterrorist Cipher , who coerces him into working for her . Shortly after the encounter , Dom and his team , comprising Letty , Roman Pearce , Tej Parker , and Ramsey , are recruited by Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs to help him retrieve an EMP device from a military outpost in Berlin . During the getaway , Dom goes rogue , forcing Hobbs off the road and stealing the device for Cipher . Hobbs is arrested and locked up in the same high - security prison he helped imprison Deckard Shaw in . After escaping , both are recruited by intelligence operative Frank Petty / Mr. Nobody and his protégé , Eric Reisner / Little Nobody , to help the team find Dom and capture Cipher . Deckard reveals that Cipher was the mastermind of previous encounters with the team , such as employing his brother Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device and orchestrating the attempted theft of God 's Eye , Ramsey 's software program . The team tracks Dom and Cipher to their very location just as they attack the base and steal God 's Eye . When Dom begins to question Cipher 's motives , she reveals that she has held Dom 's ex-lover and DSS agent Elena Neves -- as well as their son , whose existence Dom was previously unaware of -- hostage in order to keep Dom loyal to her . Elena tells Dom that the child was born as a result of an unintended pregnancy , and that she wanted him to decide the child 's first name , having already given him the middle name Marcos . Cipher then sends Dom to New York City to retrieve a nuclear football held by the Russian Minister of Defence . Dom manages to evade her for a short time through a diversion created by Raldo , allowing him to meet with and persuade Deckard and Owen 's mother , Magdalene Shaw , to help . The team intercepts Dom after he steals the nuclear football , but Dom escapes , shooting and apparently killing Deckard in the process . Cipher facilitates Dom 's escape by hacking into all of the autonomous cars in the city and reprogramming them to auto - drive , wreaking havoc throughout the city . Letty catches up to Dom , but is ambushed and nearly killed by Cipher 's enforcer , Connor Rhodes , before Dom rescues her . In retaliation , Cipher has Rhodes kill Elena in front of Dom . Dom is then sent to Russia to use the EMP device to disable a nuclear submarine , enabling Cipher to hijack it and attempt to use its arsenal to trigger a nuclear war . They are once again intercepted by the team , provided with modified vehicles by Petty . Meanwhile , Deckard , who had faked his death and been extracted by Tego Leo and Rico Santos , former members of Dom 's team , infiltrates Cipher 's plane to rescue Dom 's son at Magdalene 's behest , with the help of Owen . Once Deckard reports that the child is safe , Dom turns on Cipher and kills Rhodes , avenging Elena 's death , before rejoining his team . Outraged , Cipher launches an infrared homing missile at Dom , but he breaks away from his team and maneuvers around it , causing the missile to hit the submarine instead . The team quickly forms a vehicular blockade around Dom , shielding him from the ensuing explosion . When Deckard reaches the front of the plane and confronts Cipher , she makes her escape by parachuting out of the plane . Petty and Reisner visit Dom and his team in New York City to report that Cipher is still at large . Hobbs is offered his DSS job back , but he declines in order to spend more time with his daughter . Deckard then arrives to return Dom 's son , putting his differences aside with Dom and Hobbs in the process , and is accepted into their family . Dom decides to name his son Brian , after his friend and brother - in - law Brian O'Conner , and they celebrate . Cast ( edit ) For more details on the characters , see List of The Fast and the Furious characters . Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto , a former criminal and professional street racer who has retired and settled down with his wife , Letty . He is coerced by Cipher to work against his team . Dwayne Johnson as Luke Hobbs , a Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent who allied with Dom and his team following their outings in Rio de Janeiro and Europe . Jason Statham as Deckard Shaw , a rogue special forces assassin who was imprisoned by Hobbs and the DSS after his defeat in Los Angeles , who serves as an ally to help Dom 's team take down Cipher . Michelle Rodriguez as Letty Ortiz , Dom 's wife and a former professional street racer . Tyrese Gibson as Roman Pearce , a former criminal from Barstow and a member of Dom 's team . Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges as Tej Parker , a mechanic from Miami and a member of Dom 's team . Scott Eastwood as Eric Reisner / Little Nobody , a law enforcement agent working under Mr Nobody . Nathalie Emmanuel as Ramsey , a computer hacktivist and a member of Dom 's team . Elsa Pataky as Elena Neves , the mother of Dom 's child and a former Rio police officer who moved to the United States to become Hobbs ' new partner at the DSS . Kurt Russell as Frank Petty / Mr. Nobody , an intelligence operative and the leader of a covert ops team which previously aided Dom and his team in taking down Deckard in Abu Dhabi . Charlize Theron as Cipher , a criminal mastermind and cyberterrorist who coerces Dom into working against his team by holding Elena and their son hostage . Tego Calderón and Don Omar reprise their roles from previous films as Tego Leo and Rico Santos , former members of Dom 's team from the Dominican Republic and Rio de Janeiro , respectively . Luke Evans reprises his role from Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) as Owen Shaw , Deckard 's younger brother and a former Special Air Service ( SAS ) soldier who formerly opposed Dom 's team in Europe , and who helps his brother in rescuing Dom 's son . Kristofer Hivju appears as Connor Rhodes , Cipher 's enforcer and right - hand man . Helen Mirren makes an uncredited cameo appearance as Magdalene Shaw , the mother of Deckard and Owen Shaw . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Following the release of Furious 7 ( 2015 ) , Vin Diesel said regarding a possible sequel : I was trying to keep it close to the vest throughout the release . Paul Walker used to say that ( an eighth film ) was guaranteed . And in some ways , when your brother guarantees something , you sometimes feel like you have to make sure it comes to pass ... so if fate has it , then you 'll get this when you hear about it . ( Furious 7 ) was for Paul , ( the eighth film ) is from Paul . We 're trying to do what we always do , which is try to come at it from a character point of view and figure out where the characters would go from here . I think the thing that 's made The Fast and the Furious special is obviously we have incredible action and so on . But the thing that people really relate to the most is the characters . We 're lucky that we have a lot of great characters . Unfortunately , we do n't have Paul ( Walker ) anymore . His character ... has moved on . But we feel like there 's a lot still to be mined . That 's where we 're starting . We 're really talking about the characters , where they all sit right now . It 's a huge challenge . -- Neal H. Moritz , The Fast and the Furious franchise producer Diesel further hinted at an eighth film on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! when he stated that Kurt Russell 's character would span multiple films . He also stated that the next film would take place in New York City . Chris Morgan wrote his sixth script in the franchise , while Neal H. Moritz returned to produce . Moritz later stated , `` ( The story ) is going to have to be something enticing for all of us . It has to be as good as or better ( than Furious 7 ) '' . At the 2015 CinemaCon in Las Vegas , Diesel announced the film for an April 14 , 2017 release date . On August 16 , 2015 , at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards ( where Furious 7 received the award for Choice Movie -- Action and Walker received the award for Choice Movie Actor -- Action ) , Diesel gave the film the initial title Fast 8 . In September 2015 , Diesel stated that the script had almost been completed , and expressed interest in Rob Cohen , who directed the first film , to direct the eighth installment . On October 14 , 2015 , Diesel announced on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon that Straight Outta Compton director F. Gary Gray would direct the film . In July 2015 , Moritz said that Walker 's character , Brian O'Conner , would not appear in the film , following the use of CGI in the previous film after Walker died in a single - vehicle accident on November 30 , 2013 , with Moritz stating that his character had `` moved on '' . It had previously been reported that Paul 's younger brother , Cody Walker , would either join the cast in a new role , or replace his older brother in the role of O'Conner ; however , it was later announced that the character will not return to the franchise . Moritz also said that the film would shift the focus of the franchise from a series of heist films to a spy caper , following a similar change in focus from street racing in Fast Five ( 2011 ) . In December 2016 , the film was retitled The Fate of the Furious . Casting ( edit ) Diesel , Russell and Michelle Rodriguez were the first to confirm their involvement in the film , and Tyrese Gibson and Chris Bridges both confirmed their return soon after . Lucas Black had signed on to reprise his role from The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift as Sean Boswell for Furious 7 , and two more installments in September 2013 , though he did not appear in Fate . In May 2015 , Dwayne Johnson confirmed his involvement in the film , additionally hinting at a possible spin - off film involving his character , Luke Hobbs . Jason Statham also confirmed his return . In April 2016 , Charlize Theron and Kristofer Hivju were confirmed as additions to the cast , in villainous roles , while Scott Eastwood also joined the film as a law enforcement agent . On May 17 , 2016 , Diesel posted a photo on his Instagram page of himself and Elsa Pataky on set , indicating that she had also returned for the film , and was followed two days later by a video on set with Nathalie Emmanuel , who also starred in the previous film . In June 2016 , Helen Mirren announced in an interview with Elle that she would appear in the film . In July 2016 , Don Omar tweeted that he and Tego Calderon would return to the franchise for the eighth picture . During an interview with Chris Mannix on July 21 , 2016 , Lucas Black confirmed he would not appear in the eighth installment , due to scheduling conflicts . Filming ( edit ) In keeping with the franchise 's penchant for filming in `` exotic '' locations , such as Dubai and Rio de Janeiro , in January 2016 it was announced that Universal was seeking approval from the United States and Cuban governments to shoot part of the film in Cuba . Principal photography began on March 14 , 2016 , in Mývatn , Iceland , where strong winds sent a plastic iceberg prop flying into a paddock . The prop struck two horses : one was wounded and the other mortally injured ; it was later euthanized . In late April , filming began in Cuba 's capital city , Havana . In May , filming also took place in Cleveland , Ohio . Franchise cinematographer Stephen F. Windon returned for the eighth installment . Filming also took place in Atlanta and New York City . Music ( edit ) Main articles : The Fate of the Furious ( score ) and The Fate of the Furious : The Album Brian Tyler , who scored the third , fourth , fifth , and seventh installments , was tapped to compose the film score for the eighth picture . A soundtrack album by Atlantic Records was released on April 14 , 2017 , coinciding with the film 's US theatrical release . The film 's score album was released on April 27 , by Back Lot Music . Release ( edit ) The Fate of the Furious had its world premiere in Berlin on April 4 , 2017 . The film was theatrically released in the United States on April 14 , 2017 , playing in 3D , IMAX 3D , and 4DX internationally , and received a day - and - date release across major markets such as Australia , the United Kingdom , China , and India , beginning on April 12 , 2017 . The film was released day - and - date in 1,074 IMAX screens around the world , making it the widest day - and - date opening in IMAX history . Home Media ( edit ) The Fate of the Furious was released on 4K , Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on July 11 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Fate of the Furious grossed $225.8 million in the United States and Canada and $1.013 billion in other territories for a worldwide total of $1.239 billion , against a production budget of $250 million ( $350 million including marketing costs ) . It is Universal Pictures ' most ambitious worldwide distribution release in the studio 's history . The film was released day - and - date in 64 territories worldwide , including almost all major markets ( minus Japan ) , starting from April 12 , 2017 , and was projected to earn anywhere between $375 -- 440 million in its five - day opening weekend . By the end of the weekend , it ended up earning $539.9 million from nearly 23,000 screens , way above initial projections , to score the biggest global opening in cinematic history . It also marked the third time that a film earned over $500 million in a single weekend , after Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $529 million ) and Jurassic World ( $525.5 million ) . In IMAX , the film made $31.1 million from 1,079 screens to record the biggest IMAX April debut and the fourth biggest overall . On April 30 , it crossed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the second release of 2017 ( following Beauty and the Beast ) , the fifth film released by Universal Pictures ( after Jurassic Park , Furious 7 , Jurassic World , and Minions ) and the thirtieth film overall in cinematic history to gross over $1 billion . It is currently the second highest - grossing film of the year , behind only Beauty and the Beast , the second - biggest action film that is not a fantasy or superhero movie , behind Furious 7 , and is Universal 's highest - grossing live - action release since Jurassic World back in June 2015 . North America ( edit ) Like many of its predecessors , The Fate of the Furious was released in the United States and Canada in the month of April , and like its immediate predecessor , occupied the lucrative Easter week holiday period slot , where it was expected to open with $100 -- 125 million . It received the widest pre-summer release ever , at an estimated 4,304 venues , besting the 4,242 opening theater count of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice the previous March . The film made $10.4 million from Thursday night previews from 3,310 theaters , the second - highest of the franchise behind Furious 7 's $15.8 million . On its opening day it grossed $45.6 million , with Thursday previews making up 22.8 % of the amount , slightly better than the 23 % for Furious 7 . Earning a total of $98.8 million on its opening weekend , the film scored the second biggest opening in the franchise ( the third biggest adjusted for inflation ) and the third biggest April debut , behind Furious 7 and The Jungle Book . It posted an almost identical weekend multiplier like its immediate predecessor ( 2.166 x vs 2.18 x ) . However , this is not surprising considering how both films opened over Good Friday / Easter Sunday stretch . Scott Mendelson of Forbes magazine compared the opening to how Spectre ( 2015 ) opening fell from Skyfall ( 2012 ) . One notable record the film set was the best opening for a film with an African American director , with Gray besting his own record set with Straight Outta Compton in 2015 . Sticking to the franchise 's famous and lauded habit of including a multi-ethnic cast of characters , the film played to audiences of all ethnicities . Domestically , Caucasians made up 41 percent of the audience , followed by Hispanics ( 26 percent ) , African - Americans ( 21 ) percent , Asians ( 11 percent ) , and Native American / Other ( 3 percent ) , according to comScore 's exit polling service PostTrack . The pic skewed male at 58 percent , far more than the last film at 51 percent . 2D ticketbuyers repped 57 % of the film 's opening compared to its predecessor 's 71 % . This means more die - hard moviegoers came out to watch the eighth instalment rather than people who do not typically go to the movies . While The Fate of the Furious 's debut is 34 % less than its predecessor 's opening , critics have noted that the debut is still considered a massive success and not a big let down given how it is the eighth installment in an action franchise . Universal Pictures was well aware that the robust debut of Furious 7 could not be duplicated due to the wave of good reviews and publicity over the death of star Paul Walker , as well as the notion that the instalment was both a farewell to said actor and a kind of coronation for the franchise as a whole . Nevertheless , the film benefited from Easter holiday business with 74 % of all K - 12 schools off on Good Friday as well as a third of the nation 's colleges . The film comes out in the wake of its parent franchise celebrating 16 years of availability in cinemas . To wit , few film franchises which are close to 20 years old have demonstrated a box office ability to increase their openings with each installment over time or maintain them in close proximity in terms of debut numbers ; James Bond film series , Batman film series , Jurassic Park franchise , and Star Wars franchise . Its hefty opening was followed by the second - biggest April Monday gross ever with $8.5 million , behind the seventh instalment . Its Sunday to Monday drop was 60 % compared to its prequel 's 57 % drop which is far better than the Monday dropped witnessed by other April releases ; The Jungle Book ( - 76 % ) and Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( - 73 % ) , albeit without the advantage of a school holiday . Despite the entry of four new wide releases , critics and box office prognosticators kept a close watch on how much the film would drop in its second weekend . The film fell precipitously on its second Friday earning $11.17 million for a 76 % drop which is the biggest in the franchise 's history , besting the 72 % drops for both its two immediate predecessors . The steep decline maybe attributed not because of the onslaught of competitions , but rather due to the polarised reception received by the film and due to just 12 % K - 12 schools beings off compared to 74 % on Good Friday . It kept its hold at No. 1 , albeit dropping about 61 % in its sophomore frame for an estimated $38.4 million . That domestic drop is right in line with the 59 - 63 % drops of the six previous instalment in the franchise 's on their second weekend out . It topped the box office for three straight weekends , witnessing similar weekend - to - weekend percentage drops like its prequel , albeit earning lesser in terms of numbers . Outside north America ( edit ) Internationally , The Fate of the Furious secured a release in 69 countries . The film was projected to post an opening between $275 -- 330 million from over 20,000 screens , with some analysts believing it could go as high as $350 -- 400 million . It opened Wednesday , April 12 , 2017 , in 8 countries , earning $17.9 million ( including previews from 12 countries ) . It opened in 33 more countries on Thursday , April 2 , for a total of 41 countries , earning $58.4 million , marking Universal Pictures overseas ' highest - grossing Thursday ever , and for a two - day total of $82.2 million . It added 22 more countries on Friday , April 3 , earning $112.1 million to score Universal International 's highest grossing Friday of all time , for a three - day total of $194.8 million . The robust Friday take helped Universal push past $1 billion internationally in 2017 which is the second quickest ever and the studio 's eleventh consecutive year overall the pass the mark . Morever , on the same day , the franchise crossed the $4 billion milestone . In total , through Sunday , the film registered an opening of $441.1 million from 64 markets , setting new records for the biggest April international debut , Universal 's biggest , and the biggest of all time overall ( ahead of Jurassic World ) -- It is the first such film to open past $400 million in a single weekend with a bulk of it coming from China . Around $22.6 million came from ( 681 ) IMAX screens which is Universal 's second biggest behind only Jurassic World . It topped the international charts for a second consecutive term , adding another $158.1 million after which it was surpassed by Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , another film starring Diesel and Russel , in its third weekend . In IMAX , the film has grossed north of $58 million . On May 28 , the film officially passed the $1 billion threshold to become the second film in the franchise , following Furious 7 , and the sixth film to pass the said mark . It set the record for the biggest opening day of 2017 in every territory it has been released at , the biggest opening day of all time in 16 markets , Universal 's biggest opening day ever in 22 territories and the biggest opening in the franchise in 38 markets . Moreover , it recorded the biggest paid previews of all time in Malaysia , Singapore , Venezuela , and Vietnam . In terms of opening weekend , the film debuted at No. 1 in all markets where it set the biggest opening weekend of all time in 20 markets ; Universal 's biggest opening weekend ever in 28 markets ; and the biggest opening in the franchise in 40 markets . The top openings were recorded in China ( $192 million ) , Mexico ( $17.7 million ) , the UK and Ireland ( $17.5 million ) , Russia ( $14.2 million ) , Germany ( $13.6 million ) , Brazil ( $12.8 million ) , India ( $10.7 million ) , Korea ( $10.6 million ) , Middle East combined ( $9.9 million ) , Taiwan ( $9.3 million ) , France ( $9.2 million ) , Australia ( $9.5 million ) , Argentina ( $9 million ) , Indonesia ( $8.5 million ) , Italy ( $6.7 million ) , Malaysia ( $6.3 million ) , Spain ( $6.1 million ) , Colombia ( $4.9 million ) , Thailand ( $4.9 million ) , Panama ( $4.8 million ) , and Romania ( $1.7 million ) . Comparing market - to - market performance , Furious 7 had an opening worth $250 million without China and Russia while The Fate of the Furious delivered $228.2 million debut , sans the two aforementioned markets . In Japan , the film debuted with $7.5 million . Although that 's a new record for the franchise , the film debuted at number three behind Disney 's Beauty and the Beast and local film Detective Conan : Crimson Love Letter -- their robust second weekend earnings blocked the former from taking the top spot , making Japan one of the few markets where the film did n't open at No. 1 . Expectations were high for the film 's performance in China , as its predecessor set notable records and went on to become the biggest film release there ( now the biggest Hollywood release ) . The film was rebranded in Chinese as The Fast and the Furious 8 to make clear its connection to Furious 7 . After ticket sales began on April 2 , the film pre-sold more than RMB 125 million ( $18.1 million ) worth of tickets before its release , breaking the previous record held by local film Journey to the West : Conquering the Demons three months prior . Moreover , it also set a record for the fastest IMAX advance sales , with RMB 16.5 million ( $2.4 million ) , breaking the previous record held by Captain America : Civil War , according to leading local movie site Mtime . In total , it pre-sold around $43.5 million tickets two hours before previews began , the biggest ever in the country . It earned a record - breaking RMB 59.8 million ( $8.7 million ) from Thursday paid previews ( $8 million excluding online ticketing surcharges which now count as grosses ) , breaking its predecessor 's former record of RMB 52.5 million ( $8.5 million in 2015 ; $7.6 million in 2017 exchange rates ) . On Friday , the film was screened in approximately 158,000 screens , a new record for any film , breaking Warcraft 's former 122,000 screen counts , and almost double the estimated 80,700 screen count of its predecessor . By Friday noon , it had already grossed $30 million . Buoyed by positive word - of - mouth -- 9.4 / 10 user rating on mobile ticketing platform Maoyan , and 7.4 / 10 from reviews aggregator Douban -- and effective marketing campaign , it set a new record for the biggest single - day ever at the Chinese box office , including previews . This was achieved at 7 p.m. local time . In total , the film grossed an estimated RMB 452.8 million ( $65.8 million ) on its opening day , inclusive of previews and online ticketing surcharges , compared to the RMB 398 million ( $57.8 million ) posted by its predecessor . It is the first film in Chinese history to register above RMB 400 million ( $58 million ) in a single day . Earning a total of RMB 1.323 billion ( $192.2 million ) , according to Chinese sources and 190 million , according to Universal , in its debut weekend , it set a new milestone for three day opening weekend and overall the second best debut ever behind only local pic The Mermaid , which had the benefit of four days of previews over the New Year period in February 2016 . An estimated $14 million came from 395 IMAX screens , the second biggest ever in the country , behind Warcraft . Its three - day debut alone made it the biggest Hollywood release of 2017 and the third biggest overall . Factoring out online ticketing surcharges , the total comes to a slightly less - hefty RMB 1.245 billion ( $182.2 million ) . In just nine days , the film passed the historic RMB 2 billion ( $300 million ) and thereby became the biggest release of the year . The film fell precipitously by 71.4 % in its second weekend ( from its $190 million debut ) , earning RMB 374 million ( $54.3 million ) for a massive 10 - day total of RMB 2.19 billion ( $318 million ) . On April 30 , it became the biggest Hollywood / foreign release of all - time with RMB 2.44 billion , surpassing its prequels former record of 2.41 billion . However , in terms of US currency , The Fate of the Furious ( $381 million ) is still behind Furious 7 ( $391 million ) . After three consecutive weeks of topping the charts , it slipped to fourth place after being dethroned by Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 from the top spot . It has so far grossed a total of RMB 2.648 billion ( $383.9 million ) and is the country 's second - biggest grosser ever , behind only The Mermaid . In India , the film secured a release across approximately 1,600 -- 1,800 screens ( 1,000 -- 1,200 screens less than its predecessor ) . Like other Hollywood releases , it was released in both 2K projections and normal projections , and dubbed in local languages such as Hindi , Tamil and Telugu . It is the first international film to be dubbed into the Kannada language . Despite clashing with local pic Begum Jaan , analysts believe the two films will not affect each other 's performance , as they appeal to distinct moviegoers . Universal had high hopes in the territory , after Furious 7 grossed an unprecedented $24.9 million in 2015 , and became the biggest foreign release ever in the country at the time of its release ( now the second biggest ) . The Central Board of Film Certification gave the film a UA rating ( parental guidance suggested for children under 12 ) , rather than an A for adults , after the studio agreed to cut several profanities ( CBFC was willing to pass the film with an A certificate with no cuts but Universal wanted a UA certificate leading to the board censoring all profanities with few cuts ) . It earned around ₹ 8.50 crore ( US $1.3 million ) net from Wednesday paid previews . The following day it grossed ₹ 22.50 crore ( US $3.5 million ) , including previews . On its official opening day , it grossed ₹ 16.10 crore ( US $2.5 million ) for a three - day total of ₹ 38.60 crore ( US $6.0 million ) . Earning a total of $10.7 million , it set a new record for the biggest ever foreign opening in the country , toppling its prequel 's former record . As such , it is the first foreign film to open north of $10 million . Following its record breaking opening , it fell about 58 % on its second weekend excluding previews , earning another $4 million for a two weekend total of over $17.4 million , With over $19.2 million it is currently the biggest foreign release of the year . However , in terms of net earnings -- which is the base for box office calculations in India -- the film was unable to break past the ₹ 100 crore ( US $16 million ) mark , stalling at around ₹ 85.59 crore ( US $13 million ) . Despite a record breaking opening , it lost significant amount of screen counts and audiences thereafter , partly due to the release of Baahubali : The Conclusion . The biggest earning markets are China ( $390.2 million ) , followed by Brazil ( $41.6 million ) , the UK and Ireland ( $37.4 million ) , Mexico ( $36.8 million ) and Germany ( $32.1 million ) . In Peru , it has become Universal 's highest - grossing film ever . With over $1 billion in international receipts and representing a boffo 82 % of the film 's total worldwide gross , it is currently the seventh - biggest overseas earner behind Avatar , Titanic , Furious 7 , Star Wars : The Force Awakens , and Jurassic World . Critical response ( edit ) The Fate of the Furious received mixed to positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 66 % based on 241 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Fate of the Furious opens a new chapter in the franchise , fueled by the same infectious cast chemistry and over-the - top action fans have come to expect . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score 56 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review , writing : `` This is n't my favorite of the series -- that 's still Furious 7 ( it 's hard to top those jumps from skyscraper to skyscraper , but this is a worthy entry ) . These movies know what they are . These movies know they are fun . These are fun movies ! '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` Most franchises , after eight films , are feeling a twinge of exhaustion , but this one has achieved a level of success -- and perpetual kinetic creative energy -- that 's a testament to its commercial / cultural / demographic resonance . '' He also wrote `` If this series , over the last 16 years , has taught us anything , it 's that just when you think it 's about to run out of gas , it gets outfitted with an even more elaborate fuel - injection system . '' Conversely , David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a C − and called it the worst entry of the franchise , saying : `` As much a mess of conflicting tones and styles as it is of locations , this setpiece -- like the rest of Gray 's movie -- feels like a heap of random parts that were thrown together in the hopes that fate might somehow weld them into a roadworthy vehicle . It 's exhausting . '' J.R. Kinnard of PopMatters magazine gave a lukewarm review , writing : `` It 's unlikely that devotees will consider The Fate of the Furious one of the stronger entries in the series . Still , the filmmakers and actors are clearly dedicated to making a quality product , avoiding the complacency that often plagues action sequels . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars , saying : `` Moments after Dom has gone rogue and apparently wants to kill them , they 're making jokes . As they 're racing through the streets of New York City or skidding along the ice in Russia , killing bad guys and narrowly avoiding getting killed themselves , they 're crackin ' wise . Even within this ludicrous universe , it 's jarring to hear these supposedly smart folks , who refer to themselves as ' family , ' acting like idiots who do n't seem to care if they live or die , or if their friends survive . '' Professor of international political economy Richard E Feinberg has commented on the political significance of the film 's opening setting of Havana in the context of shifting US - Cuban relations , calling the eighth installment , `` Hollywood 's love letter to Havana '' . He writes , `` In the Cuban sequence 's dramatic climax , Dom wins his hard - fought one - mile race ( '' a Cuban mile `` ) against a tough local competitor , by a nose . The loser is gracious : ' You won my car and you earned my respect , ' he admits to the FF hero . Dom 's response is equally magnanimous : ' Keep your car , your respect is good enough for me . ' In this instance , FF8 captures the essence of the relations between the United States and Cuba : it 's all about mutual respect . '' Sequel ( edit ) On February 3 , 2016 , Universal Pictures set initial release dates for the two remaining films in the franchise . The first , tentatively titled Fast & Furious 9 , is scheduled to be released on April 19 , 2019 . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Hazel ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Paul Walker died due to road accident '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Naoreen , Nuzhat ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jordana Brewster Confirms She 's Not In ' Fast 8 ' ( EXCLUSIVE VIDEO ) '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where was The Fate of the Furious filmed ? '' . Atlas of Wonders . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Critics Give Mixed Reviews To `` The Fate Of The Furious '' `` . MSM.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' To Clock $100 M+ Stateside , As Pic Zooms To All - Time $529 M+ Global Debut -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rahman , Abid ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Sets Dates for ' Fast & Furious ' Parts 9 and 10 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joe Comicbook . `` Vin Diesel Says Furious 7 Was For Paul And 8 Will Be From Paul '' . Comicbook.com . ^ Jump up to : Yaniz , Robert , Jr . ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 8 ' Producer Discusses Continuing Without Paul Walker '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel Teases Fast and Furious 8 Setting In New York '' . Slashfilm . March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford and Borys Kit ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast 8 ' Nowhere Near Starting Line '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 8 ' Gets 2017 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 8 ' to Debut April 14 , 2017 '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Vin Diesel Just Dropped The Name Of The Next Fast & Furious Movie '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Will Vin Diesel Direct ' Furious 8 ' ? '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel Wants Rob Cohen to Direct Furious 8 '' . comingsoon.net . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silver , Stephen ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Fast and Furious 8 : Vin Diesel Re-Confirms New York Setting '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Vin Diesel Reveals Setting & Director for ' FAST 8 ' on Tonight Show '' . BWW TV World . October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Shane ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' Paul Walker Brother Cody Cast in New Role ? '' . Classicalite . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monalo , Komfie ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Fast and Furious 8 Release Date , Cast : Will Cody Walker Replace Paul Walker ( Brian O'Conner ) ? '' . Gospel Herald . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Agpalo , Jaja ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' Release Date & Cast : Cody Walker Not Returning ; Will The Plot Still Include Paul Walker ? Plus , Other Details We Know ( VIDEO ) '' . Food World News . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Tony ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 Movie Casting News : ' Fast and Furious 8 ' Will Begin New Trilogy As Soon As They Find A Director , Which Hinges On Finding Screenplay '' . KpopStarz . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fast 8 Retitled Fate of the Furious ; Trailer Teaser Arrives '' . Screen Rant . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Das , Chandan ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 8 ' Cast News , Release Date : Eva Mendes As Undercover Agent Monica Fuentes '' . BreatheCast . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Lucas Black Signs On For Fast & Furious 7 , 8 And 9 '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 8 : Dwayne Johnson confirms his return '' . MSN . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Jason Statham on Crank 3 and Fast & Furious 8 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Charlize Theron Joins ' Fast 8 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Sara ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Kristofer Hivju cast in ' Fast & Furious 8 ' '' . Hitfix . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast 8 ' Creates New Character ; Scott Eastwood To Star '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Vin Diesel May 17 , 2016 at 12 : 00am UTC '' . Instagram . May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram video by Vin Diesel May 18 , 2016 at 9 : 05pm UTC '' . Instagram . May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zemler , Emily ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Helen Mirren On Eye in the Sky , and ( Exclusive ! ) the Huge Franchise She 'll Star In Next '' . Elle Magazine . Jump up ^ DON OMAR aka KONG ( @ DONOMAR ) ( 11 July 2016 ) . `` Is time to work ! We are back ! @ TEGOCALDERON @ DONOMAR # LosBandoleros # NewMusicMonday # FF8 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 12 December 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Chris Mannix Show - Lucas Black '' . July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ; Kroll , Justin ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' Wants to Shoot in Cuba ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' to Shoot in Cuba ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fast 8 scenes filmed at Mývatn '' . Iceland Monitor . February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The car stars of Fast and the Furious 8 '' . Iceland Monitor . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast & Furious 8 ' Horse Killed By Flying ' Iceberg ' '' . TMZ.com . March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel and Michelle Rodriguez are already in Havana ! '' . Cuba Headlines. April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious Filming in Cuba '' . Havana Times.org. April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Janna Dela ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' production update : The Rock prepares for return , Michelle Rodriguez , Vin Diesel arrive in Cuba for filming Christian News on Christian Today '' . www.christiantoday.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morona , Joey ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 8 ' to shoot scenes in Cleveland '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fong , Marvin ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Filming for ' Fast 8 ' begins in Cleveland ( photos ) '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen F. Windon ACS ASC - CINEMATOGRAPHER '' . www.stephenwindon.com . Jump up ^ Hafstad , Vala ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast 8 ' to Be Filmed in Akranes '' . Iceland Review . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fast 8 Stunt Video ; Composer Talks Charlize Theron Character '' . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frydenlun , Zach ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's The Fate of the Furious : The Album Soundtrack Tracklist f / Young Thug , Migos , Travis Scott , and More '' . Complex . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Listen to an Exclusive Track from Brian Tyler 's The Fate of the Furious Score '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fate of the Furious to premiere at Berlin on April 4 . Vin Diesel shares new poster '' . The Indian Express . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Universal 's ' Fast 8 ' Lands China Release Date ( Exclusive ) '' . Patrick Brzeski . The Hollywood Reporter . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Boss Baby ' Repeats at # 1 While ' Beauty and the Beast ' Closes in on $1 Billion Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro and Nancy Tartaglione ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Global Opening Could Leave ' F7 's $397 M+ Debut In The Dust -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Races Toward Massive $380 Million - Plus Global Box Office Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Joins ' Furious 7 ' In The $1 Billion Club '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Fate of the Furious ' Crosses $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Zooms Past ' Logan ' To Be Year 's Second Biggest Hit '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Baahubali 2 ' Drops 68 % , ' Get Out ' Tops $200 M , ' Fate Of The Furious ' Passes ' Skyfall ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Nears $700 Million Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' Fate of the Furious ' Revs Engines for $110 M - Plus U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnde ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate of the Furious ' could reach $400 million in global box office this weekend '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box office : Fate of the Furious to speed into top spot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Snags Boffo $46 M Friday For Likely $100 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Steals Record - Crushing $532 M Worldwide Opening '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks Barnes ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Slows at Home but Roars Overseas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Drifts To $100 M Weekend , ' Spark ' Bombs '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate of the Furious ' Nabs $100.2 M in U.S. for Record $532.5 M Global Start '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate of the Furious ' Debuts to Hefty $100.2 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Posts Second - Best Monday In April Stateside ; Drives Past $600 M Worldwide '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Racing Past $600 Million Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' The Promise , ' ' Unforgettable ' No Match for ' Furious 8 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson , Contributor ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Plunges 76 % On Friday As It Races Towards $900 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch and Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Drives Five Wide Releases Off The Road With $38.6 M Second Weekend -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' ' Fate Of The Furious ' Gunning Past $430 M Overseas ; $534 M Worldwide For All - Time Opening Records -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Races to $19.7 Million on First Day at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate Of The Furious ' Expected To Cross $1 B Tomorrow At Int'l Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Races Past $1 Billion Overseas '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Drives Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office ; Tops ' Furious 7 ' For New China Record '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mikikazu Komatsu ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : `` Blade of The Immortal '' Bombs , `` Detective Conan '' Keeps 2nd Place `` . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate of the Furious ' Sets Chinese Ticket Pre-sales Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matt Pressberg ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Fate of the Furious ' Beat ' Furious 7 ' China Box Office Record ? '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Earns $28 M Overseas , Revs Engines For Record China Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Brzeski ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' The Fate of the Furious ' Smashes Single - Day Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Fate of the Furious ' Set To Peel Out . '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Furious 8 ' Revs Past $30 Million by Midday in China Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Speeds to Record - Breaking $65 Million Opening Day in China '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Furious 8 ' Paves New Roads '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Passes $300 Million at China Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Fast 8 ' Races Past $300 M , Chases ' Furious 7 ' for All - Time Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : Smurfs Come Up Short , F8 Remains # 1 '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Fate of the Furious ' Overtakes ' Furious 7 ' to Become Biggest Hollywood Film Ever '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Beats India 's ' Dangal ' For Weekend Win '' . Variety . May 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahana Bhattacharya ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Furious 8 Might Not Score 100 Cr In India ; Begum Jaan To Remain Unaffected '' . Koimoi.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karan Shah ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Vidya Balan 's Begum Jaan and Dwayne Johnson - Vin Diesel 's The Fate of the Furious will rock the box office over the first weekend '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Subhash K Jha ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Fate Of The Furious is the first Hollywood film to be dubbed into Kannada '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` A Fast And Furious Weekend Ahead At Indian Cinemas '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate Of The Furious Does Good Business On Paid Previews At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Samarpita Das ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Fast and Furious 8 box office collection : Vin Diesel , Dwayne Johnson film earns Rs 22.50 crore in India '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taran Adarsh. `` 3 day gross '' . Twitter . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Gippy Grewal And Tamil Stars Raghava , Arya And Rajkiran Battle For Audiences In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Raveena Tandon Rape Drama ' Maatr ' Sets Out To Shock - And Succeeds '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Hungama News Network ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Fast and Furious 8 becomes the highest Hollywood grosser of 2017 at the India box office '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Baahubali 2 -- The Conclusion mania engulfs Fast and Furious 8 ; prevents it from entering 100 cr . club at the India box office '' . Bollywood Hungama . May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = `` Mayupdate '' > Anita Busch ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate Of The Furious ' Crosses $1 B At Int'l Box Office -- UPDATED Sun . AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates ' $208 M Overseas Start And $275 M Global Take Will Push Disney Franchise Past $4 B Mark '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CinemaScore on Twitter ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Fate of the Furious '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Fate Of The Furious ' : This Time They Fight A Submarine '' . Uproxx. April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Fate of the Furious ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Ehrlich ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate of the Furious ' Review : Vin Diesel 's Family Becomes Dysfunctional in Worst ' Fast and Furious ' Ever '' . IndieWire . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinnard , J.R. ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate of the Furious ' Dom ( Vin Diesel ) Meets the Crocodile '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Overlong , idiotic ' Fate of the Furious ' drags down the franchise '' . Chicago Sun - Times . ^ Jump up to : cubacounterpoints.com External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fate of the Furious Official website The Fate of the Furious on IMDb The Fate of the Furious at AllMovie The Fast and the Furious Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Han Lue Gisele Yashar Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious ( arcade ) The Fast and the Furious ( PS2 / PSP ) Fast & Furious : Showdown Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Films directed by F. Gary Gray Friday ( 1995 ) Set It Off ( 1996 ) The Negotiator ( 1998 ) A Man Apart ( 2003 ) The Italian Job ( 2003 ) Be Cool ( 2005 ) Law Abiding Citizen ( 2009 ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Vin Diesel Director and writer Multi-Facial ( 1995 ) Strays ( 1997 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Producer A Man Apart ( 2003 ) The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Riddick ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Video games Wheelman ( 2009 , executive producer ) Related Dominic Toretto One Race Films Racetrack Records Tigon Studios Ludacris Discography Awards and nominations Filmography Studio albums Incognegro Back for the First Time Word of Mouf Chicken - n - Beer The Red Light District Release Therapy Theater of the Mind Battle of the Sexes Ludaversal Compilations Golden Grain Disturbing tha Peace Mixtapes DJ Drama Presents : The Preview Films The Wash 2 Fast 2 Furious Lil ' Pimp Paper Chasers Crash Hustle & Flow The Heart of the Game American Hustle Fred Claus RocknRolla Max Payne Ball Do n't Lie Gamer Fast Five No Strings Attached New Year 's Eve Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Video games Def Jam : Vendetta The Chronicles of Riddick : Escape from Butcher Bay Def Jam : Fight for NY NBA Ballers Phenom Def Jam : Icon Related articles Disturbing tha Peace WeMix.com Def Jam Recordings Def Jam South Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fate_of_the_Furious&oldid=802084211 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films American action thriller films 2010s action thriller films 2010s road movies American heist films American road movies American sequel films Auto racing films Chase films Film scores by Brian Tyler Films about terrorism Films directed by F. Gary Gray Films set in Berlin Films set in Havana Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New York City Films set in Russia Films set on airplanes Films set in prison Films set in the Arctic Films shot in Havana Films shot in Iceland Films shot in Atlanta Films shot in Cleveland Films shot in New York City IMAX films One Race Films films Screenplays by Chris Morgan Submarine films The Fast and the Furious Universal Pictures films China Film Group Corporation films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 22 : 11 . 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when does the movie fate of the furious come out
[ "\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nApril 4, 2017 (2017-04-04) (Berlin)\nApril 14, 2017 (2017-04-14) (United States)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "April 14, 2017" ]
4596436441742675143
Gilmore Girls (season 7)
Gilmore Girls ( season 7 ) - wikipedia Gilmore Girls ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Gilmore Girls ( season 7 ) Season 7 DVD cover Starring Lauren Graham Alexis Bledel Scott Patterson Melissa McCarthy Keiko Agena Yanic Truesdale Liza Weil Sean Gunn Matt Czuchry Kelly Bishop Edward Herrmann Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The CW Original release September 26 , 2006 -- May 15 , 2007 Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → A Year in the Life List of Gilmore Girls episodes The seventh and final season of Gilmore Girls , an American dramedy television series , began airing on September 26 , 2006 on The CW television network . The season and series concluded on May 15 , 2007 , after 22 episodes . This was the first and only season to air on The CW , which was a merge of UPN and the show 's previous home , The WB . The season aired Tuesday nights at 8 / 7c . This is the only season to not have Amy Sherman - Palladino or Daniel Palladino as a show - runner or a writer . The newly formed CW network claimed their departure was due to a salary dispute . Amy Sherman - Palladino later insisted that she and Daniel Palladino could not come to an agreement with CW because they needed a short series hiatus to rest , the hiring of more writers to relieve their work load , and an additional eighth season to finish the story lines properly . Because of this change , this season received mixed reviews from television critics and fans . This was to be the last of the series to air until , in October 2015 , it was reported that the series would return as a limited series on Netflix to consist of four 90 - minute films . Sherman - Palladino was in charge of the new revival . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Episodes 4 DVD release 5 References Overview ( edit ) The season picks up with Lorelai having slept with Christopher immediately after ending her engagement to Luke , while Rory is attempting a long - distance relationship with Logan . Lorelai and Christopher attempt a relationship and , after going to Paris together , come back married . The marriage lasts until midway through the season but Christopher struggles to fit into Lorelai 's life in Stars Hollow . Luke learns Anna is moving to New Mexico with April and applies for joint custody , winning after Lorelai gives him a glowing character reference . Christopher finds out and he and Lorelai argue , with Christopher feeling like second choice . Richard , who has just started working at Yale as a lecturer , has a heart attack during a class and Christopher stays away from the hospital while everyone worries about him . He and Lorelai eventually admit their marriage is n't right and split . Emily struggles with the finances while Richard is convalescing and Lorelai helps her out . Lane comes back from her honeymoon pregnant with twins . Her mother moves in with her and Zach , sending Brian to live with her relatives , but is eventually convinced to back off , with Lane giving birth to sons Steve and Kwan . Sookie also becomes pregnant for the third time , since Jackson never had the vasectomy she arranged for him . Michel 's dog Chin Chin dies and Lorelai organises a memorial at the inn . Luke sells the boat he inherited from his father to Kirk and buys a larger one so he can take a trip with April over the summer , but she has to cancel when she is accepted to science camp . Rory and Logan try to spend time together while he works in London and New York . Rory feels awkward living in his old apartment rent - free so moves back in with Paris and Doyle . She also befriends Lucy and Olivia , two girls she met at an art exhibition . Lucy 's boyfriend turns out to be Marty , who pretends not to know Rory . Rory goes along with it , upsetting Lucy when Logan tells her the truth , but Lucy breaks up with Marty and reconciles with Rory . Logan pursues a software deal against Mitchum 's wishes , losing his trust fund and costing the company a multimillion - dollar lawsuit for patent infringement . Logan resigns and takes a job in San Francisco . Paris is accepted into every grad school she applies to but Rory is rejected for an internship . In the penultimate episode , Paris and Doyle depart for Harvard Medical . Logan proposes to Rory at a graduation party thrown by Richard and Emily but she turns him down , not willing to put him ahead of her career , and he breaks up with her . In the series finale , Rory gets a job covering Barack Obama 's election campaign for an online newspaper but has to leave in three days , throwing off plans for a graduation re-enactment . Luke organises the town in throwing a farewell party for her . Emily tries to find a way to get involved in the running of the inn to stay close to Lorelai but Lorelai assures her she will keep attending Friday night dinners . Lorelai and Luke share a kiss at the party and the show 's run ends with Lorelai and Rory sharing a last breakfast at Luke 's diner . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Gilmore Girls characters Main cast ( edit ) Lauren Graham as Lorelai Gilmore Alexis Bledel as Rory Gilmore Scott Patterson as Luke Danes Melissa McCarthy as Sookie St. James Keiko Agena as Lane Kim Yanic Truesdale as Michel Gerard Liza Weil as Paris Geller Sean Gunn as Kirk Gleason Matt Czuchry as Logan Huntzberger Kelly Bishop as Emily Gilmore Edward Herrmann as Richard Gilmore Recurring cast ( edit ) David Sutcliffe as Christopher Hayden Liz Torres as Miss Patty Sally Struthers as Babette Dell Jackson Douglas as Jackson Belleville Emily Kuroda as Mrs. Kim Michael Winters as Taylor Doose Kathleen Wilhoite as Liz Danes Michael DeLuise as TJ Ted Rooney as Morey Dell Todd Lowe as Zach Van Gerbig John Cabrera as Brian Fuller Sebastian Bach as Gil Danny Strong as Doyle McMaster Gregg Henry as Mitchum Huntzberger Sherilyn Fenn as Anna Nardini Vanessa Marano as April Nardini Krysten Ritter as Lucy Michelle Ongkingco as Olivia Marquont Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 132 `` The Long Morrow '' Lee Shallat - Chemel David S. Rosenthal September 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 26 ) 2T7751 4.48 Picking up on the day after last season 's finale , Lorelai wakes up in bed with Christopher . Confused and mortified , she makes a hasty exit , ignoring Christopher 's pleas that she stay . Once at home , Lorelai tries to get rid of everything that reminds her of Luke and ends up practically emptying her house . Rory receives a toy rocket ship as a parting gift from Logan and is baffled as to its meaning . She decides she should join him in London for the summer , only to learn he has bought her a ticket for a visit at Christmas . Lorelai reveals to Luke that she slept with Christopher after he pleas for her to marry him . 133 `` That 's What You Get , Folks , for Makin ' Whoopee '' Bethany Rooney Rebecca Rand Kirshner October 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 03 ) 2T7752 4.62 Rory is upset over Logan 's absence and the fact that they had to cancel their long - planned trip to Asia . Wanting to cheer Rory up and take her mind off her own sad love life , Lorelai turns her house into an Asian - themed wonderland . Meanwhile , Lane returns from her disastrous honeymoon and finds out she 's pregnant . While repairing the damage to the diner , Luke tells TJ about his break - up with Lorelai . Finally , Rory is furious when she learns that Lorelai slept with Christopher . 134 `` Lorelai 's First Cotillion '' Lee Shallat - Chemel Rina Mimoun October 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 10 ) 2T7753 4.71 When Richard and Emily have no real reaction to the news of her break up , Lorelai suddenly realizes that most of her emotional life has been based on doing and feeling the opposite of whatever her parents want . Later , when Michel forces Lorelai to attend Emily 's cotillion dance , Lorelai discovers that some things her parents wanted for her were n't really that terrible . Meanwhile , Rory has a tough time making her long - distance relationship work . 135 `` 'S Wonderful , ' S Marvelous '' Victor Nelli , Jr . Gayle Abrams October 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 17 ) 2T7754 4.77 Lorelai and Christopher have begun to date , and although Lorelai is finding it difficult to fully commit to the relationship , Christopher keeps coming up with romantic dates to win her over . Back at Yale , Rory meets some eccentric new girlfriends at an art exhibit , and Richard becomes a guest lecturer . April comes to stay with Luke for a few weeks while Anna is out of town . Finally , Emily gets arrested and Lorelai has to bail her out of jail . First appearance of Olivia and Lucy . 136 5 `` The Great Stink '' Michael Schultz Gina Fattore October 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 24 ) 2T7755 4.73 Emily and Richard are delighted when Lorelai and Christopher attend Friday night dinner together as a couple . Christopher reveals that Sherry has written him a letter saying she regrets leaving their daughter , Gigi , and asking him to send Gigi to visit her in Paris . Lorelai ca n't believe that Chris would consider this and they get into an argument over dinner . Logan returns to town on business to acquire an internet company and pays Rory a surprise visit . Rory is thrilled , but during a dinner with Logan 's colleagues , she realizes that she has no connection to his new life . 137 6 `` Go , Bulldogs ! '' Wil Shriner David S. Rosenthal , Rebecca Rand Kirshner November 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 07 ) 2T7757 4.34 Christopher talks Lorelai into visiting Rory at Yale during Parents ' Weekend , and Lorelai is surprised to find that Richard and Emily are also there . Trying to prove how cool he is , Christopher invites all of Rory 's co-workers on the `` Yale Daily News '' to an expensive lunch where they all drink too much . The meal ends abruptly when Rory insists they leave to cover a breaking story . Meanwhile , Luke meets April 's swimming coach , who convinces him to take her adult swimming class . When the coach flirts with him , Luke asks her out on a date . 138 7 `` French Twist '' Lee Shallat - Chemel David Babcock November 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) 2T7756 4.51 Christopher and Lorelai take his daughter Gigi to visit her mother in Paris . Despite severe jet lag , they manage to have a wonderful , romantic time enjoying the city and each other . Rory comes to the end of her tenure as Editor - in - Chief of the `` Yale Daily News '' and suddenly finds herself unsure of her future . Her new friends Olivia ( Michelle Ongkingco ) and Lucy ( Krysten Ritter ) suggest a trip to Stars Hollow for a girls ' night . When they return , Rory is surprised to find that Lucy 's new boyfriend is her old friend Marty , who pretends not to know Rory . Miss Kim wants Lane and Zack to move in , then wants to move in with them when they are n't interested . Christopher and Lorelai return home with a surprise , that they are now Mr. and Mrs. Hayden . 139 8 `` Introducing Lorelai Planetarium '' Lee Shallat - Chemel Jennie Snyder November 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 21 ) 2T7758 4.20 Rory goes home to Stars Hollow to have dinner with her parents , where it is revealed that they eloped while in Paris . Rory pretends to be happy , but later reveals her anger to Lorelai . Logan comes back to town for a launch party , which Rory attends and about which she later writes a judgmental article . Due to accusations by Logan , Rory plans to find a new apartment . Meanwhile , Luke turns to Lorelai in a time of medical emergency with April . 140 9 `` Knit , People , Knit ! '' Lee Shallat - Chemel David Grae November 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 28 ) 2T7759 4.89 Here comes the birth of Liz 's baby delivered by a midwife . Luke is informed of the news . A `` knitathon festival '' takes place in Stars Hollow , where Christopher donates substantially . Chris and Lorelai tell Emily and Richard about their marriage . 141 10 `` Merry Fisticuffs '' Jackson Douglas David S. Rosenthal December 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 05 ) 2T7760 4.81 Emily throws an extravagant party . Meanwhile , Luke talks to a lawyer about partial custody over April . Something big happens between Luke and Christopher . St. Nick might bring more than fruitcake this season . 142 11 `` Santa 's Secret Stuff '' Lee Shallat - Chemel Rebecca Rand Kirshner January 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) 2T7761 3.72 Lorelai and Christopher decide to put their Christmas holidays on hold while Rory is in London over the holidays , Once Rory returns to Stars Hollow , they decorate several Christmas trees , do their shopping and even bake Christmas cookies for the first time as a family . Turning up unexpectedly at the inn , Luke asks Lorelai to write a character recommendation letter for his custody battle over April . Lorelai struggles to write the letter until she and Rory run into Luke and April at the mall and Lorelai suddenly remembers how important Luke has always been in Rory 's life . Inspired , Lorelai writes the letter and mails it to Luke 's attorney . Rory decides she will write an apology letter to her friend Lucy , explaining why she and Marty kept their past friendship a secret . 143 12 `` To Whom It May Concern '' Jamie Babbit David Babcock January 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 30 ) 2T7762 4.27 Noticing Sookie 's recent odd behavior , Lorelai forces Jackson to tell her the reason . Luke and Anna attend a hearing to decide their custody battle over April . With help from Paris , Rory finally makes amends with Lucy , who tells her that she and Marty have broken up . While attending Richard 's economics class at Yale , Rory witnesses a frightening scene . Finally , Christopher finds the letter Lorelai wrote for Luke 's character reference and confronts Lorelai about whether he was her second choice . 144 13 `` I 'd Rather Be in Philadelphia '' Lee Shallat - Chemel Rebecca Rand Kirshner February 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 06 ) 2T7763 4.70 Lorelai and Rory receive unexpected comfort and some grief while at the hospital and at Richard 's side : Christopher wo n't return Lorelai 's calls , but Luke is there for her and the family . Emily is so distraught that she tries to distract herself by maintaining her rigorous social calendar with Luke offering to help her out in keeping up her appearances . Rory is met by Logan , who flies to the hospital in a helicopter . When Christopher finally does arrive , he speaks words of sympathy to Lorelai , but his emotions betray him : he 's still mad at her from their fight 145 14 `` Farewell , My Pet '' Jamie Babbit Jennie Snyder February 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 13 ) 2T7764 4.37 Rory quickly develops a crush on Richard 's replacement teaching assistant and feels compelled to confess the attraction to Logan . But she feels really bad about it and he completely understands and the two of them reassure each other that in the end they are crazy about each other . Meanwhile , Lorelai distracts herself from thinking about Christopher by arranging a memorial service for Michel 's dog . Christopher seeks her out , however , and the two are forced to face their problems . Christopher feels like he 's been trying to get Lorelai to fall in love with him , and Lorelai realizes she still has feelings for Luke . Lorelai and Christopher end their marriage . 146 15 `` I Am Kayak , Hear Me Roar '' Lee Shallat - Chemel Rebecca Rand Kirshner February 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 20 ) 2T7765 4.04 Lorelai puts off telling her parents about her separation from Christopher by helping Emily to arrange Richard 's recovery . Rory celebrates Logan 's birthday , but bad news from Logan 's business partner spoils their evening . 147 16 `` Will You Be My Lorelai Gilmore ? '' David Paymer Gina Fattore , Gayle Abrams February 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 27 ) 2T7766 4.17 Rory goes to meet with an editor from the New York Times just as she starts to put together Lane 's baby shower . Lorelai takes over the production and has to arbitrate a disagreement between Lane and Mrs. Kim about how to raise the unborn children . Meanwhile , Luke decides to change his situation in life and buy a new boat . Logan comes home drunk and reveals to Rory his failed business venture , and then runs off to Las Vegas with his buddies . 148 17 `` Gilmore Girls Only '' Lee Shallat - Chemel David Babcock March 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 06 ) 2T7767 4.47 Lorelai , Rory , and Emily take a road trip to North Carolina to attend Mia 's wedding . Lane goes into labor . Finally , Lane and Zack ask Luke to be the godfather to their twins Steve and Kwan . 149 18 `` Hay Bale Maze '' Stephen Clancy Rebecca Rand Kirshner April 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 17 ) 2T7768 3.83 During Stars Hollow 's annual Spring Fling festival , a huge hay bale maze leads to a chance encounter for Luke and Lorelai , where they apologize to one another and talk about the problems that led to their engagement being called off . As Rory shows Logan around town , Lorelai begins to feel that Logan might be too irresponsible for her daughter . Meanwhile , Rory has a job interview with the Providence Journal Bulletin . 150 19 `` It 's Just Like Riding a Bike '' Lee Shallat - Chemel Jennie Snyder April 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 24 ) 2T7769 3.75 Lorelai heads to Luke 's for her first breakfast there in a while -- overall , it 's an awkward experience for them both . Later on , when Lorelai 's Jeep breaks down , Luke helps her shop for a new car . They argue and fight , which Lorelai thinks is ultimately a good sign . Paris considers breaking up with Doyle so she can be free of influences when it comes to picking which law or medical school she will attend . Rory receives a letter that will certainly influence her future plans . 151 20 `` Lorelai ? Lorelai ? '' Bethany Rooney David S. Rosenthal May 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 01 ) 2T7770 4.08 Rory stresses out as graduation approaches , which leads to a day of eating and shopping with Lorelai . Later , with Luke in tow , the Gilmores hit the bars , where Lorelai takes the stage for a karaoke number obviously intended for Luke . Logan returns from a business trip and looks to discuss his and Rory 's future with Lorelai . After getting into a science camp , April tells Luke that she can not go on the boating trip with him over the summer . Zach is asked to go on tour with another band . 152 21 `` Unto the Breach '' Lee Shallat - Chemel David Babcock , Jennie Snyder May 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 08 ) 2T7771 3.96 Lorelai and Christopher are reunited at a party Emily and Richard throw in honor of Rory 's graduation . Logan surprises everyone at the party by proposing to Rory , but she is too shocked to give him an answer . Then , on graduation day , Rory and Paris receive their diplomas , and Rory finally gives Logan her answer and says no . Meanwhile , Lorelai is embarrassed about her recent karaoke serenade to Luke , and Luke is hurt when he overhears her saying it did n't mean anything . 153 22 `` Bon Voyage '' Lee Shallat - Chemel David S. Rosenthal May 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 15 ) 2T7772 4.90 Rory gets a job following the presidential campaign of one of the candidates running for president . While she prepares to leave in a mere three days , Lorelai adjusts to the idea that she may not see her daughter again for weeks , even months . Meanwhile , Luke is still trying to sort out how he really feels about Lorelai after they locked eyes at the karaoke jam . To see Rory off before she leaves for her new job , the entire town puts on a farewell party , despite the presence of rain . DVD release ( edit ) The Complete Seventh Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 6 - disc set 1.33 : 1 aspect ratio 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio ( international ) Subtitles : English English ( Dolby Digital 5 1 Surround ) Additional scene `` The Great Stink '' Gilmore Fashionistas A Best Friend 's Peek Inside the Gilmore Girls with Keiko Agena Kirk 's Town Tours Who Wants to Talk Boys -- Season Montage Release dates North America United Kingdom Continental Europe Norway Australia November 13 , 2007 August 30 , 2010 November 25 , 2007 November 14 , 2007 April 9 , 2008 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Gilmore Girls Limited - Series Revival Set at Netflix -- This Is Not a Drill '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gilmore Girls ' revival series in the works at Netflix - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Satran , Joe . `` Netflix Is Reportedly Reviving ' Gilmore Girls ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` '' Gilmore Girls '' USA ratings `` . Jump up ^ `` Episode list for Season 7 of Gilmore Girls '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jeffrey ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Gilmore Girls -- The Complete Seventh Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . ( hide ) Gilmore Girls Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Lorelais ' First Day At Chilton '' `` Kill Me Now '' Season 2 `` Teach Me Tonight '' Season 3 Season 4 `` The Lorelais ' First Day at Yale '' Season 5 `` Wedding Bell Blues '' Season 6 Season 7 `` Bon Voyage '' A Year in the Life Characters Lorelai Gilmore Rory Gilmore Emily Gilmore See also Awards Stars Hollow Our Little Corner of the World : Music from Gilmore Girls Gilmore Guys Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilmore_Girls_(season_7)&oldid=803061190 '' Categories : Gilmore Girls episodes 2006 American television seasons 2007 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 06 : 00 . About Wikipedia
who does lorelai end up with at the end of the series
[ "In the series finale, Rory gets a job covering Barack Obama's election campaign for an online newspaper but has to leave in three days, throwing off plans for a graduation re-enactment. Luke organises the town in throwing a farewell party for her. Emily tries to find a way to get involved in the running of the inn to stay close to Lorelai but Lorelai assures her she will keep attending Friday night dinners. Lorelai and Luke share a kiss at the party and the show's run ends with Lorelai and Rory sharing a last breakfast at Luke's diner." ]
[ "Luke" ]
-8512914319478203950
Republic
Republic - wikipedia Republic This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the form of government . For the political ideology , see Republicanism . For other uses , see Republic ( disambiguation ) . Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Semi others Oligarchy power of few Aristocracy Military junta Plutocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Theocracy Kritarchy Particracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Illiberal democracy Semi-authoritarian Dictatorship Hybrids Anocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. republic socio - political ideologies Absolute Constitutional Directorial Legalist Parliamentary Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. libertarian socio - economic ideologies Capitalism Colonialism Communism Distributism Feudalism Socialism Anarchism vs. statism civil - liberties ideologies Anarchy Minarchy Totalitarianism Global vs. local geo - cultural ideologies Central City - state National unity World Politics portal A republic ( Latin : res publica ) is a form of government in which the country is considered a `` public matter '' , not the private concern or property of the rulers . The primary positions of power within a republic are not inherited , but are attained through elections expressing the consent of the governed . Such leadership positions are therefore expected to fairly represent the citizen body . It is a form of government under which the head of state is not a monarch . In American English , the definition of a republic can also refer specifically to a government in which elected individuals represent the citizen body , known elsewhere as a representative democracy ( a democratic republic ) and exercise power according to the rule of law ( a constitutional republic ) . As of 2017 , 159 of the world 's 206 sovereign states use the word `` republic '' as part of their official names -- not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments , nor is the word `` republic '' used in the names of all nations with elected governments . While heads - of - state often tend to claim that they rule only by the `` consent of the governed '' , elections in some countries have been found to be held more for the purpose of `` show '' than for the actual purpose of in reality providing citizens with any genuine ability to choose their own leaders . The term `` republic '' was first coined ca . 500 BC in Rome , but over time the term has undergone several changes in meaning . Initially the Latin term `` res publica '' signified the earlier `` partial form of democracy '' as found in Rome from c. 500 BC until c. 27 BC . In this early Roman partial - democracy , the power of the aristocratic or patrician class who held all of the seats in the Roman Senate , was checked by the institution of the consulship , whose two consul / vice-rulers were elected annually by the free citizens or plebes of Rome . The ancient Roman definition of the word differs from the modern use of the term , where no leadership positions are held to be restricted to only the `` ruling class '' . Most often a republic is a single sovereign state , but there are also sub-sovereign state entities that are referred to as republics , or that have governments that are described as `` republican '' in nature . For instance , Article IV of the United States Constitution `` guarantee ( s ) to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government '' . In contrast , the former Soviet Union , which described itself as being a group of `` Republics '' and also as a `` federal multinational state composed of 15 republics '' , was widely viewed as being an authoritarian form of government and not as a republican form of government . It was seen as authoritarian , as its electoral system was structured so as to automatically guarantee the election of government sponsored candidates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Classical republics 2.2 Other ancient republics 2.3 Indian subcontinent 2.4 Icelandic Commonwealth 2.5 Mercantile republics 2.5. 1 Mercantile republics outside Europe 2.6 Calvinist republics 2.7 Liberal republics 2.8 Decolonization 2.9 Socialist republics 2.10 Islamic republics 3 Head of state 3.1 Structure 3.2 Elections 3.3 Ambiguities 3.4 Sub-national republics 4 Other meanings 4.1 Political philosophy 4.2 United States 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Etymology ( edit ) The term originates as the Latin translation of Greek word politeia . Cicero , among other Latin writers , translated politeia as res publica and it was in turn translated by Renaissance scholars as `` republic '' ( or similar terms in various western European languages ) . The term politeia can be translated as form of government , polity , or regime and is therefore not always a word for a specific type of regime as the modern word republic is . One of Plato 's major works on political science was titled Politeia and in English it is thus known as The Republic . However , apart from the title , in modern translations of The Republic , alternative translations of politeia are also used . However , in Book III of his Politics ( 1279a ) Aristotle was apparently the first classical writer to state that the term politeia can be used to refer more specifically to one type of politeia : `` When the citizens at large govern for the public good , it is called by the name common to all governments ( to koinon onoma pasōn tōn politeiōn ) , government ( politeia ) '' . Also amongst classical Latin , the term `` republic '' can be used in a general way to refer to any regime , or in a specific way to refer to governments which work for the public good . In medieval Northern Italy , a number of city states had commune or signoria based governments . In the late Middle Ages , writers such as Giovanni Villani began writing about the nature of these states and the differences from other types of regime . They used terms such as libertas populi , a free people , to describe the states . The terminology changed in the 15th century as the renewed interest in the writings of Ancient Rome caused writers to prefer using classical terminology . To describe non-monarchical states writers , most importantly Leonardo Bruni , adopted the Latin phrase res publica . While Bruni and Machiavelli used the term to describe the states of Northern Italy , which were not monarchies , the term res publica has a set of interrelated meanings in the original Latin . The term can quite literally be translated as `` public matter '' . It was most often used by Roman writers to refer to the state and government , even during the period of the Roman Empire . In subsequent centuries , the English word `` commonwealth '' came to be used as a translation of res publica , and its use in English was comparable to how the Romans used the term res publica . Notably , during The Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell the word commonwealth was the most common term to call the new monarchless state , but the word republic was also in common use . Likewise , in Polish the term was translated as rzeczpospolita , although the translation is now only used with respect to Poland . Presently , the term `` republic '' commonly means a system of government which derives its power from the people rather than from another basis , such as heredity or divine right . History ( edit ) While the philosophical terminology developed in classical Greece and Rome , as already noted by Aristotle there was already a long history of city states with a wide variety of constitutions , not only in Greece but also in the Middle East . After the classical period , during the Middle Ages , many free cities developed again , such as Venice . Classical republics ( edit ) Main article : Classical republic A map of the Roman Republic The modern type of `` republic '' itself is different from any type of state found in the classical world . Nevertheless , there are a number of states of the classical era that are today still called republics . This includes ancient Athens , Sparta and the Roman Republic . While the structure and governance of these states was very different from that of any modern republic , there is debate about the extent to which classical , medieval , and modern republics form a historical continuum . J.G.A. Pocock has argued that a distinct republican tradition stretches from the classical world to the present . Other scholars disagree . Paul Rahe , for instance , argues that the classical republics had a form of government with few links to those in any modern country . The political philosophy of the classical republics have in any case had an influence on republican thought throughout the subsequent centuries . Philosophers and politicians advocating for republics , such as Machiavelli , Montesquieu , Adams , and Madison , relied heavily on classical Greek and Roman sources which described various types of regimes . Aristotle 's Politics discusses various forms of government . One form Aristotle named politeia , which consisted of a mixture of the other forms . He argued that this was one of the ideal forms of government . Polybius expanded on many of these ideas , again focusing on the idea of mixed government . The most important Roman work in this tradition is Cicero 's De re publica . Over time , the classical republics were either conquered by empires or became ones themselves . Most of the Greek republics were annexed to the Macedonian Empire of Alexander . The Roman Republic expanded dramatically conquering the other states of the Mediterranean that could be considered republics , such as Carthage . The Roman Republic itself then became the Roman Empire . Other Ancient republics ( edit ) Vaishali was the capital of the Vajjian Confederacy , an early republic from ancient India The term `` republic '' is not commonly used to refer to pre-classical city states , especially if outside Europe and the area which was under Graeco - Roman influence . However some early states outside Europe had governments that are sometimes today considered similar to republics . In the ancient Near East , a number of cities of the Eastern Mediterranean achieved collective rule . Arwad has been cited as one of the earliest known examples of a republic , in which the people , rather than a monarch , are described as sovereign . The Israelite confederation of the era before the United Monarchy has also been considered a type of republic . In Africa the Axum Empire was organized as a confederation ruled similarly to a royal republic . Similarly the Igbo nation of what is now Nigeria . Indian subcontinent ( edit ) The ancient Indian subcontinent had a number of early republics known as Mahajanapadas . Mahajanapadas consisted of sixteen oligarchic republics that existed during the sixth centuries BCE to fourth centuries BCE . Some Indian scholars , such as K.P. Jayaswal , have argued that a number of states in ancient India had republican forms of government . While there are no surviving constitutions or works of political philosophy from this period in Indian history , but surviving religious texts do refer to a number of states having sabhās or gaṇa sangha , a type of republic or council - based , as opposed to monarchical , government . Ancient Greek writers mention Alexander the Great encountering city states and regions where a council of elders ruled with paramount authority . Icelandic Commonwealth ( edit ) The Icelandic Commonwealth was established in 930 AD by refugees from Norway who had fled the unification of that country under King Harald Fairhair . The Commonwealth consisted of a number of clans run by chieftains , and the Althing was a combination of parliament and supreme court where disputes appealed from lower courts were settled , laws were decided , and decisions of national importance were taken . One such example was the Christianisation of Iceland in 1000 , where the Althing decreed , in order to prevent an invasion , that all Icelanders must be baptized , and forbade celebration of pagan rituals . Contrary to most states , the Icelandic Commonwealth had no official leader . In the early 13th century , the Age of the Sturlungs , the Commonwealth began to suffer from long conflicts between warring clans . This , combined with pressure from the Norwegian king Haakon IV for the Icelanders to re-join the Norwegian `` family '' , led the Icelandic chieftains to accept Haakon IV as king by the signing of the Gamli sáttmáli ( `` Old Covenant '' ) in 1262 . This effectively brought the Commonwealth to an end . The Althing , however , is still Iceland 's parliament , almost 800 years later . Mercantile republics ( edit ) Giovanni Battista Tiepolo , Neptune offers the wealth of the sea to Venice , 1748 -- 1750 . This painting is an allegory of the power of the Republic of Venice . In Europe new republics appeared in the late Middle Ages when a number of small states embraced republican systems of government . These were generally small , but wealthy , trading states , like the Italian city - states and the Hanseatic League , in which the merchant class had risen to prominence . Knud Haakonssen has noted that , by the Renaissance , Europe was divided with those states controlled by a landed elite being monarchies and those controlled by a commercial elite being republics . Across Europe a wealthy merchant class developed in the important trading cities . Despite their wealth they had little power in the feudal system dominated by the rural land owners , and across Europe began to advocate for their own privileges and powers . The more centralized states , such as France and England , granted limited city charters . Beginning of the Republic of Metz . Election of the first Head - Alderman in 1289 , by Auguste Migette . Metz was then a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Emperor . In the more loosely governed Holy Roman Empire , 51 of the largest towns became free imperial cities . While still under the dominion of the Holy Roman Emperor most power was held locally and many adopted republican forms of government . The same rights to imperial immediacy were secured by the major trading cities of Switzerland . The towns and villages of alpine Switzerland had , courtesy of geography , also been largely excluded from central control . Unlike Italy and Germany , much of the rural area was thus not controlled by feudal barons , but by independent farmers who also used communal forms of government . When the Habsburgs tried to reassert control over the region both rural farmers and town merchants joined the rebellion . The Swiss were victorious , and the Swiss Confederacy was proclaimed , and Switzerland has retained a republican form of government to the present . Italy was the most densely populated area of Europe , and also one with the weakest central government . Many of the towns thus gained considerable independence and adopted commune forms of government . Completely free of feudal control , the Italian city - states expanded , gaining control of the rural hinterland . The two most powerful were the Republic of Venice and its rival the Republic of Genoa . Each were large trading ports , and further expanded by using naval power to control large parts of the Mediterranean . It was in Italy that an ideology advocating for republics first developed . Writers such as Bartholomew of Lucca , Brunetto Latini , Marsilius of Padua , and Leonardo Bruni saw the medieval city - states as heirs to the legacy of Greece and Rome . Two Russian cities with powerful merchant class -- Novgorod and Pskov -- also adopted republican forms of government in 12th and 13th centuries , respectively , which ended when the republics were conquered by Muscovy / Russia at the end 15th -- beginning of 16th century . The dominant form of government for these early republics was control by a limited council of elite patricians . In those areas that held elections , property qualifications or guild membership limited both who could vote and who could run . In many states no direct elections were held and council members were hereditary or appointed by the existing council . This left the great majority of the population without political power , and riots and revolts by the lower classes were common . The late Middle Ages saw more than 200 such risings in the towns of the Holy Roman Empire . Similar revolts occurred in Italy , notably the Ciompi Revolt in Florence . Mercantile republics outside Europe ( edit ) Following the collapse of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and establishment of the Turkish Anatolian Beyliks , the Ahiler merchant fraternities established a state centered on Ankara that is sometimes compared to the Italian mercantile republics . Calvinist republics ( edit ) See also : European wars of religion While the classical writers had been the primary ideological source for the republics of Italy , in Northern Europe , the Protestant Reformation would be used as justification for establishing new republics . Most important was Calvinist theology , which developed in the Swiss Confederacy , one of the largest and most powerful of the medieval republics . John Calvin did not call for the abolition of monarchy , but he advanced the doctrine that the faithful had the duty to overthrow irreligious monarchs . Advocacy for republics appeared in the writings of the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion . Calvinism played an important role in the republican revolts in England and the Netherlands . Like the city - states of Italy and the Hanseatic League , both were important trading centres , with a large merchant class prospering from the trade with the New World . Large parts of the population of both areas also embraced Calvinism . During the Dutch Revolt ( beginning in 1566 ) , the Dutch Republic emerged from rejection of Spanish Habsburg rule . However , the country did not adopt the republican form of government immediately : in the formal declaration of independence ( Act of Abjuration , 1581 ) , the throne of king Philip was only declared vacant , and the Dutch magistrates asked the Duke of Anjou , queen Elizabeth of England and prince William of Orange , one after another , to replace Philip . It took until 1588 before the Estates ( the Staten , the representative assembly at the time ) decided to vest the sovereignty of the country in themselves . In 1641 the English Civil War began . Spearheaded by the Puritans and funded by the merchants of London , the revolt was a success , and King Charles I was executed . In England James Harrington , Algernon Sidney , and John Milton became some of the first writers to argue for rejecting monarchy and embracing a republican form of government . The English Commonwealth was short lived , and the monarchy soon restored . The Dutch Republic continued in name until 1795 , but by the mid-18th century the stadtholder had become a de facto monarch . Calvinists were also some of the earliest settlers of the British and Dutch colonies of North America . Liberal republics ( edit ) Liberal republics in early modern Europe An allegory of the French Republic in Paris Septinsular Republic flag from the early 1800s A revolutionary Republican hand - written bill from the Stockholm riots during the Revolutions of 1848 , reading : `` Dethrone Oscar he is not fit to be a king : Long live the Republic ! The Reform ! down with the Royal house , long live Aftonbladet ! death to the king / Republic Republic the People . Brunkeberg this evening '' . The writer 's identity is unknown . Along with these initial republican revolts , early modern Europe also saw a great increase in monarchial power . The era of absolute monarchy replaced the limited and decentralized monarchies that had existed in most of the Middle Ages . It also saw a reaction against the total control of the monarch as a series of writers created the ideology known as liberalism . Most of these Enlightenment thinkers were far more interested in ideas of constitutional monarchy than in republics . The Cromwell regime had discredited republicanism , and most thinkers felt that republics ended in either anarchy or tyranny . Thus philosophers like Voltaire opposed absolutism while at the same time being strongly pro-monarchy . Jean - Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu praised republics , and looked on the city - states of Greece as a model . However , both also felt that a nation - state like France , with 20 million people , would be impossible to govern as a republic . Rousseau admired the republican experiment in Corsica ( 1755 -- 1769 ) and described his ideal political structure of small self - governing communes . Montesquieu felt that a city - state should ideally be a republic , but maintained that a limited monarchy was better suited to a large nation . The American Revolution began as a rejection only of the authority of the British Parliament over the colonies , not of the monarchy . The failure of the British monarch to protect the colonies from what they considered the infringement of their rights to representative government , the monarch 's branding of those requesting redress as traitors , and his support for sending combat troops to demonstrate authority resulted in widespread perception of the British monarchy as tyrannical . With the United States Declaration of Independence the leaders of the revolt firmly rejected the monarchy and embraced republicanism . The leaders of the revolution were well versed in the writings of the French liberal thinkers , and also in history of the classical republics . John Adams had notably written a book on republics throughout history . In addition , the widely distributed and popularly read - aloud tract Common Sense , by Thomas Paine , succinctly and eloquently laid out the case for republican ideals and independence to the larger public . The Constitution of the United States , ratified in 1789 , created a relatively strong federal republic to replace the relatively weak confederation under the first attempt at a national government with the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union ratified in 1783 . The first ten amendments to the Constitution , called the United States Bill of Rights , guaranteed certain natural rights fundamental to republican ideals that justified the Revolution . The French Revolution was also not republican at its outset . Only after the Flight to Varennes removed most of the remaining sympathy for the king was a republic declared and Louis XVI sent to the guillotine . The stunning success of France in the French Revolutionary Wars saw republics spread by force of arms across much of Europe as a series of client republics were set up across the continent . The rise of Napoleon saw the end of the French First Republic and her Sister Republics , each replaced by `` popular monarchies '' . Throughout the Napoleonic period , the victors extinguished many of the oldest republics on the continent , including the Republic of Venice , the Republic of Genoa , and the Dutch Republic . They were eventually transformed into monarchies or absorbed into neighbouring monarchies . Outside Europe another group of republics was created as the Napoleonic Wars allowed the states of Latin America to gain their independence . Liberal ideology had only a limited impact on these new republics . The main impetus was the local European descended Creole population in conflict with the Peninsulares -- governors sent from overseas . The majority of the population in most of Latin America was of either African or Amerindian descent , and the Creole elite had little interest in giving these groups power and broad - based popular sovereignty . Simón Bolívar , both the main instigator of the revolts and one of its most important theorists , was sympathetic to liberal ideals but felt that Latin America lacked the social cohesion for such a system to function and advocated autocracy as necessary . In Mexico this autocracy briefly took the form of a monarchy in the First Mexican Empire . Due to the Peninsular War , the Portuguese court was relocated to Brazil in 1808 . Brazil gained independence as a monarchy on September 7 , 1822 , and the Empire of Brazil lasted until 1889 . In the other states various forms of autocratic republic existed until most were liberalized at the end of the 20th century . European states in 1815 Monarchies ( 55 ) Republics ( 9 ) European states in 1914 Monarchies ( 22 ) Republics ( 4 ) European states in 1930 Monarchies ( 20 ) Republics ( 15 ) European states in 1950 Monarchies ( 13 ) Republics ( 21 ) European states in 2015 Monarchies ( 12 ) Republics ( 35 ) The French Second Republic was created in 1848 , but abolished by Napoleon III who proclaimed himself Emperor in 1852 . The French Third Republic was established in 1870 , when a civil revolutionary committee refused to accept Napoleon III 's surrender during the Franco - Prussian War . Spain briefly became the First Spanish Republic in 1873 -- 74 , but the monarchy was soon restored . By the start of the 20th century France , Switzerland and San Marino remained the only republics in Europe . This changed when , after the 1908 Lisbon Regicide , the 5 October 1910 revolution established the Portuguese Republic . A 1920s poster that commemorates the permanent President of the Republic of China Yuan Shikai and the provisional President of the Republic Sun Yat - sen In East Asia , China had seen considerable anti-Qing sentiment during the 19th century , and a number of protest movements developed calling for constitutional monarchy . The most important leader of these efforts was Sun Yat - sen , whose Three Principles of the People combined American , European , and Chinese ideas . Under his leadership the Republic of China was proclaimed on January 1 , 1912 . Republicanism expanded significantly in the aftermath of World War I , when several of the largest European empires collapsed : the Russian Empire ( 1917 ) , German Empire ( 1918 ) , Austro - Hungarian Empire ( 1918 ) , and Ottoman Empire ( 1922 ) were all replaced by republics . New states gained independence during this turmoil , and many of these , such as Ireland , Poland , Finland and Czechoslovakia , chose republican forms of government . Following Greece 's defeat in the Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) , the monarchy was briefly replaced by the Second Hellenic Republic ( 1924 -- 35 ) . In 1931 , the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic ( 1931 -- 39 ) resulted in the Spanish Civil War that would be the prelude of World War II . Republican ideas were spreading , especially in Asia . The United States began to have considerable influence in East Asia in the later part of the 19th century , with Protestant missionaries playing a central role . The liberal and republican writers of the west also exerted influence . These combined with native Confucian inspired political philosophy that had long argued that the populace had the right to reject unjust government that had lost the Mandate of Heaven . Two short - lived republics were proclaimed in East Asia , the Republic of Formosa and the First Philippine Republic . Decolonization ( edit ) A map of the Commonwealth republics In the years following World War II , most of the remaining European colonies gained their independence , and most became republics . The two largest colonial powers were France and the United Kingdom . Republican France encouraged the establishment of republics in its former colonies . The United Kingdom attempted to follow the model it had for its earlier settler colonies of creating independent Commonwealth realms still linked under the same monarchy . While most of the settler colonies and the smaller states of the Caribbean retained this system , it was rejected by the newly independent countries in Africa and Asia , which revised their constitutions and became republics . Britain followed a different model in the Middle East ; it installed local monarchies in several colonies and mandates including Iraq , Jordan , Kuwait , Bahrain , Oman , Yemen and Libya . In subsequent decades revolutions and coups overthrew a number of monarchs and installed republics . Several monarchies remain , and the Middle East is the only part of the world where several large states are ruled by monarchs with almost complete political control . Socialist republics ( edit ) See also : People 's Republic and Socialist state In the wake of the First World War , the Russian monarchy fell during the Russian Revolution . The Russian Provisional Government was established in its place on the lines of a liberal republic , but this was overthrown by the Bolsheviks who went on to establish the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . This was the first republic established under Marxist - Leninist ideology . Communism was wholly opposed to monarchy , and became an important element of many republican movements during the 20th century . The Russian Revolution spread into Mongolia , and overthrew its theocratic monarchy in 1924 . In the aftermath of the Second World War the communists gradually gained control of Romania , Bulgaria , Yugoslavia , Hungary and Albania , ensuring that the states were reestablished as socialist republics rather than monarchies . Communism also intermingled with other ideologies . It was embraced by many national liberation movements during decolonization . In Vietnam , communist republicans pushed aside the Nguyễn Dynasty , and monarchies in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia were overthrown by communist movements in the 1970s . Arab socialism contributed to a series of revolts and coups that saw the monarchies of Egypt , Iraq , Libya , and Yemen ousted . In Africa Marxist - Leninism and African socialism led to the end of monarchy and the proclamation of republics in states such as Burundi and Ethiopia . Islamic republics ( edit ) Main article : Islamic republic Islamic political philosophy has a long history of opposition to absolute monarchy , notably in the work of Al - Farabi . Sharia law took precedence over the will of the ruler , and electing rulers by means of the Shura was an important doctrine . While the early caliphate maintained the principles of an elected ruler , later states became hereditary or military dictatorships though many maintained some pretense of a consultative shura . None of these states are typically referred to as republics . The current usage of republic in Muslim countries is borrowed from the western meaning , adopted into the language in the late 19th century . The 20th century saw republicanism become an important idea in much of the Middle East , as monarchies were removed in many states of the region . Iraq became a secular state . Some nations , such as Indonesia and Azerbaijan , began as secular . In Iran , the 1979 revolution overthrew the monarchy and created an Islamic republic based on the ideas of Islamic democracy . Head of state ( edit ) Structure ( edit ) With no monarch , most modern republics use the title president for the head of state . Originally used to refer to the presiding officer of a committee or governing body in Great Britain the usage was also applied to political leaders , including the leaders of some of the Thirteen Colonies ( originally Virginia in 1608 ) ; in full , the `` President of the Council . '' The first republic to adopt the title was the United States of America . Keeping its usage as the head of a committee the President of the Continental Congress was the leader of the original congress . When the new constitution was written the title of President of the United States was conferred on the head of the new executive branch . If the head of state of a republic is also the head of government , this is called a presidential system . There are a number of forms of presidential government . A full - presidential system has a president with substantial authority and a central political role . In other states the legislature is dominant and the presidential role is almost purely ceremonial and apolitical , such as in Germany and India . These states are parliamentary republics and operate similarly to constitutional monarchies with parliamentary systems where the power of the monarch is also greatly circumscribed . In parliamentary systems the head of government , most often titled prime minister , exercises the most real political power . Semi-presidential systems have a president as an active head of state , but also have a head of government with important powers . The rules for appointing the president and the leader of the government , in some republics permit the appointment of a president and a prime minister who have opposing political convictions : in France , when the members of the ruling cabinet and the president come from opposing political factions , this situation is called cohabitation . In some countries , like Switzerland , Bosnia and Herzegovina and San Marino , the head of state is not a single person but a committee ( council ) of several persons holding that office . The Roman Republic had two consuls , elected for a one year - term by the comitia centuriata , consisting of all adult , freeborn males who could prove citizenship . Elections ( edit ) In liberal democracies presidents are elected , either directly by the people or indirectly by a parliament or council . Typically in presidential and semi-presidential systems the president is directly elected by the people , or is indirectly elected as done in the United States . In that country the president is officially elected by an electoral college , chosen by the States , all of which do so by direct election of the electors . The indirect election of the president through the electoral college conforms to the concept of republic as one with a system of indirect election . In the opinion of some , direct election confers legitimacy upon the president and gives the office much of its political power . However , this concept of legitimacy differs from that expressed in the United States Constitution which established the legitimacy of the United States president as resulting from the signing of the Constitution by nine states . The idea that direct election is required for legitimacy also contradicts the spirit of the Great Compromise , whose actual result was manifest in the clause that provides voters in smaller states with slightly more representation in presidential selection than those in large states . In states with a parliamentary system the president is usually elected by the parliament . This indirect election subordinates the president to the parliament , and also gives the president limited legitimacy and turns most presidential powers into reserve powers that can only be exercised under rare circumstance . There are exceptions where elected presidents have only ceremonial powers , such as in Ireland . Ambiguities ( edit ) The distinction between a republic and a monarchy is not always clear . The constitutional monarchies of the former British Empire and Western Europe today have almost all real political power vested in the elected representatives , with the monarchs only holding either theoretical powers , no powers or rarely used reserve powers . Real legitimacy for political decisions comes from the elected representatives and is derived from the will of the people . While hereditary monarchies remain in place , political power is derived from the people as in a republic . These states are thus sometimes referred to as crowned republics . Terms such as `` liberal republic '' are also used to describe all of the modern liberal democracies . There are also self - proclaimed republics that act similarly to monarchies with absolute power vested in the leader and passed down from father to son . North Korea and Syria are two notable examples where a son has inherited political control . Neither of these states are officially monarchies . There is no constitutional requirement that power be passed down within one family , but it has occurred in practice . There are also elective monarchies where ultimate power is vested in a monarch , but the monarch is chosen by some manner of election . A current example of such a state is Malaysia where the Yang di - Pertuan Agong is elected every five years by the Conference of Rulers composed of the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states and the Vatican City - State , where the pope is selected by cardinal - electors , currently all cardinals under a specific age . While rare today , elective monarchs were common in the past . The Holy Roman Empire is an important example , where each new emperor was chosen by a group of electors . Islamic states also rarely employed primogeniture , instead relying on various forms of election to choose a monarch 's successor . The Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth had an elective monarchy , with a wide suffrage of some 500,000 nobles . The system , known as the Golden Liberty , had developed as a method for powerful landowners to control the crown . The proponents of this system looked to classical examples , and the writings of the Italian Renaissance , and called their elective monarchy a rzeczpospolita , based on res publica . Sub-national republics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In general being a republic also implies sovereignty as for the state to be ruled by the people it can not be controlled by a foreign power . There are important exceptions to this , for example , republics in the Soviet Union were member states which had to meet three criteria to be named republics : be on the periphery of the Soviet Union so as to be able to take advantage of their theoretical right to secede ; be economically strong enough to be self - sufficient upon secession ; and be named after at least one million people of the ethnic group which should make up the majority population of said republic . It is sometimes argued that the former Soviet Union was also a supra - national republic , based on the claim that the member states were different nations . Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia ( and earlier names ) was a federal entity composed of six republics ( Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia ) . Each republic had its parliament , government , institute of citizenship , constitution , etc. , but certain functions were delegated to the federation ( army , monetary matters ) . Each republic also had a right of self - determination according to the conclusions of the second session of the AVNOJ and according to the federal constitution . States of the United States are required , like the federal government , to be republican in form , with final authority resting with the people . This was required because the states were intended to create and enforce most domestic laws , with the exception of areas delegated to the federal government and prohibited to the states . The founding fathers of the country intended most domestic laws to be handled by the states . Requiring the states to be a republic in form was seen as protecting the citizens ' rights and preventing a state from becoming a dictatorship or monarchy , and reflected unwillingness on the part of the original 13 states ( all independent republics ) to unite with other states that were not republics . Additionally , this requirement ensured that only other republics could join the union . In the example of the United States , the original 13 British colonies became independent states after the American Revolution , each having a republican form of government . These independent states initially formed a loose confederation called the United States and then later formed the current United States by ratifying the current U.S. Constitution , creating a union of sovereign states with the union or federal government also being a republic . Any state joining the union later was also required to be a republic . Other meanings ( edit ) Political philosophy ( edit ) Main article : Republicanism The term republic originated from the writers of the Renaissance as a descriptive term for states that were not monarchies . These writers , such as Machiavelli , also wrote important prescriptive works describing how such governments should function . These ideas of how a government and society should be structured is the basis for an ideology known as classical republicanism or civic humanism . This ideology is based on the Roman Republic and the city states of Ancient Greece and focuses on ideals such as civic virtue , rule of law and mixed government . This understanding of a republic as a distinct form of government from a liberal democracy is one of the main theses of the Cambridge School of historical analysis . This grew out of the work of J.G.A. Pocock who in 1975 argued that a series of scholars had expressed a consistent set of republican ideals . These writers included Machiavelli , Milton , Montesquieu and the founders of the United States of America . Pocock argued that this was an ideology with a history and principles distinct from liberalism . These ideas were embraced by a number of different writers , including Quentin Skinner , Philip Pettit and Cass Sunstein . These subsequent writers have further explored the history of the idea , and also outlined how a modern republic should function . United states ( edit ) Main article : Republicanism in the United States A distinct set of definitions for the word republic evolved in the United States . In common parlance , a republic is a state that does not practice direct democracy but rather has a government indirectly controlled by the people . This understanding of the term was originally developed by James Madison , and notably employed in Federalist Paper No. 10 . This meaning was widely adopted early in the history of the United States , including in Noah Webster 's dictionary of 1828 . It was a novel meaning to the term ; representative democracy was not an idea mentioned by Machiavelli and did not exist in the classical republics . There is also evidence that contemporaries of Madison considered the meaning of the word to reflect the definition found elsewhere , as is the case with a quotation of Benjamin Franklin taken from the notes of James McHenry where the question is put forth , `` a Republic or a Monarchy ? '' . The term republic does not appear in the Declaration of Independence , but does appear in Article IV of the Constitution which `` guarantee ( s ) to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government . '' What exactly the writers of the constitution felt this should mean is uncertain . The Supreme Court , in Luther v. Borden ( 1849 ) , declared that the definition of republic was a `` political question '' in which it would not intervene . In two later cases , it did establish a basic definition . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the court ruled that the `` equal rights of citizens '' were inherent to the idea of a republic . However , the term republic is not synonymous with the republican form . The republican form is defined as one in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people , either directly , or through representatives chosen by the people , to whom those powers are specially delegated . In re Duncan , 139 U.S. 449 , 11 S. Ct. 573 , 35 L. Ed . 219 ; Minor v. Happersett , 88 U.S. ( 21 Wall . ) 162 , 22 L. Ed . 627 . Beyond these basic definitions the word republic has a number of other connotations . W. Paul Adams observes that republic is most often used in the United States as a synonym for state or government , but with more positive connotations than either of those terms . Republicanism is often referred to as the founding ideology of the United States . Traditionally scholars believed this American republicanism was a derivation of the classical liberal ideologies of John Locke and others developed in Europe . A political philosophy of republicanism that formed during the Renaissance period and initiated by Machiavelli was thought to have had little impact on the founders of the United States . In the 1960s and 1970s , a revisionist school led by the likes of Bernard Bailyn began to argue that republicanism was just as or even more important than liberalism in the creation of the United States . This issue is still much disputed and scholars like Isaac Kramnick completely reject this view . See also ( edit ) Commonwealth Democracy Democratic republic Free state List of republics Index : Republics Republicanism Republics of Russia Guarantee Clause of the U.S. Constitution References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bohn , H.G. ( 1849 ) . The Standard Library Cyclopedia of Political , Constitutional , Statistical and Forensic Knowledge . p. 640 . A republic , according to the modern usage of the word , signifies a political community which is not under monarchical government ... in which one person does not possess the entire sovereign power . ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of Republic '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch ... a government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them and governing according to law Jump up ^ `` The definition of republic '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them ... a state in which the head of government is not a monarch or other hereditary head of state . Jump up ^ `` republic -- government '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Allan , T.R.S. ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . Constitutional Justice : A Liberal Theory of the Rule of Law . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199267880 . When the idea of the rule of law is interpreted as a principle of constitutionalism , ... Jump up ^ Peacock , Anthony Arthur ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . Freedom and the Rule of Law . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780739136188 . The rule of law is fundamental to all liberal constitutional regimes ... Jump up ^ North Korea Elections : A Sham Worth Studying Time magazine . By Emily Rauhala . Mar 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ How Democratic Was the Roman Republic ? History of the Ancient World.com . By Allen M. Ward . 2004 . Jump up ^ Definition of Republic Dictionary.com. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the Constitution of the United States -- Official Text '' . Jump up ^ Democracy and Democratization : Processes and Prospects in a Changing World Pg 15 . By Georg Sorensen. 2008 . Westview Press . Jump up ^ Bloom , Allan . The Republic . Basic Books , 1991 . pp. 439 -- 40 Jump up ^ Rubinstein , Nicolai . `` Machiavelli and Florentine Republican Experience '' in Machiavelli and Republicanism Cambridge University Press , 1993 . ^ Jump up to : `` Republic '' j , New Dictionary of the History of Ideas . Ed . Maryanne Cline Horowitz . Vol. 5 . Detroit : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 2005 . p. 2099 Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton T. ; Charles Short ( 1879 ) . `` res , II. K '' . A Latin Dictionary . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Haakonssen , Knud . `` Republicanism . '' A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy . Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit . eds . Cambridge : Blackwell , 1995 . Jump up ^ Everdell ( 2000 ) p. xxiii . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia Britannica '' . Jump up ^ Nippel , Wilfried . `` Ancient and Modern Republicanism . '' The Invention of the Modern Republic ed . Biancamaria Fontana . Cambridge University Press , 1994 p. 6 Jump up ^ Reno , Jeffrey . `` republic . '' International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences p. 184 Jump up ^ Pocock , J.G.A. The Machiavellian Moment : Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition ( 1975 ; new ed. 2003 ) Jump up ^ Paul A. Rahe , Republics , Ancient and Modern , three volumes , University of North Carolina Press , Chapel Hill , 1994 . Jump up ^ Martin Bernal , Black Athena Writes Back ( Durham : Duke University Press , 2001 ) , p. 359 . ^ Jump up to : Everdell ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre . `` Aksum '' . Jump up ^ `` Concepts of Democracy and Democratization in Africa Revisited '' . Paper presented at the Fourth Annual Kent State University Symposium on Democracy . by Apollos O. Nwauwa Jump up ^ 16 Mahajanapadas - Sixteen Mahajanapadas , 16 Maha Janapadas India , Maha Janapada Ancient India . Iloveindia.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Anguttara Nikaya I. p. 213 ; IV . pp. 252 , 256 , 261 . Jump up ^ Singh , Upinder ( 2008 ) . A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : From the Stone Age to the 12th Century . Delhi : Pearson Education . pp. 260 -- 64 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1120 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074639/Vaisali Vaisali , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Kulke , Hermann ; Dietmar Rothermund ( 2004 ) . A history of India . Routledge . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 32919 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sharma , RS . Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India . Motilal Banarsidass Publ. , 1999 p. xxix Jump up ^ Altekar , Anant Sadashiv ( 1 April 2002 ) . State and Government in Ancient India . Motilal Banarsidass Publications . pp. 36 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1009 - 9 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Chu , Henry ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` Iceland seeks to become sanctuary for free speech '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Finer , Samuel . The History of Government from the Earliest Times Oxford University Press , 1999 . pp. 950 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge . Law in Medieval Russia , IDC Publishers , 2009 Jump up ^ Finer , pp. 955 -- 956 . Jump up ^ Finer , Samuel . The History of Government from the Earliest Times . Oxford University Press , 1999 . p. 1020 . Jump up ^ `` Republicanism . '' Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment p. 435 Jump up ^ `` Introduction . '' Republicanism : a Shared European Heritage . By Martin van Gelderen and Quentin Skinner . Cambridge University Press , 2002 p. 1 Jump up ^ `` Republicanism . '' Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment p. 431 Jump up ^ `` Latin American Republicanism '' New Dictionary of the History of Ideas . Ed . Maryanne Cline Horowitz . Vol. 5 . Detroit : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 2005 . Jump up ^ The Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire are counted amongst Europe . Counted as republics are the Swiss Confederation , the Free Cities of Hamburg , Bremen , Lübeck and Frankfurt , the Most Serene Republic of San Marino , the Republic of Cospaia , the Septinsular Republic and the German Confederation ; however , member states of the German Confederation are also separately counted ( 35 monarchies ) . Jump up ^ The Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire are counted amongst Europe . Jump up ^ The Republic of Turkey is counted amongst Europe , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a single republic , the Irish Free State as an independent monarchy ( see also Irish head of state from 1936 to 1949 ) , Vatican City as an elective monarchy , the Kingdom of Hungary as a nominal monarchy . Jump up ^ The Republic of Turkey is counted amongst Europe , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a single republic , the Free Territory of Trieste as an independent republic , Vatican City as an elective monarchy , the Spanish State as a nominal monarchy . Jump up ^ The Republic of Turkey is counted amongst Europe , the Russian Federation as a single republic , the Republic of Kosovo ( recognised by most other European states ) as an independent republic , Vatican City as an elective monarchy . The Republic of Azerbaijan , Georgia , Armenia and Kazakhstan are not shown on this map and excluded from the count . The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( recognised only by Turkey ) and all other unrecognised states are excluded from the count . Jump up ^ Anderson , Lisa . `` Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East . '' Political Science Quarterly , Vol. 106 , No. 1 ( Spring , 1991 ) , pp. 1 -- 15 Jump up ^ Bernard Lewis . `` The Concept of an Islamic Republic '' Die Welt des Islams , New Series , Vol. 4 , Issue 1 ( 1955 ) , pp. 1 -- 9 Jump up ^ OED , s.v. Jump up ^ `` Presidential Systems '' Governments of the World : A Global Guide to Citizens ' Rights and Responsibilities . Ed . C. Neal Tate . Vol. 4 . Detroit : Macmillan Reference USA , 2006 . pp. 7 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Article VII , Constitution of the United States Jump up ^ Article II , Para 2 , Constitution of the United States Jump up ^ The novelist and essayist H.G. Wells regularly used the term crowned republic to describe the United Kingdom , for instance in his work A Short History of the World . Alfred , Lord Tennyson in his poem Idylls of the King . Jump up ^ Dunn , John . `` The Identity of the Bourgeois Liberal Republic . '' The Invention of the Modern Republic . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Republicanism '' Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jun 19 , 2006 Jump up ^ McCormick , John P. `` Machiavelli against Republicanism : On the Cambridge School 's ' Guicciardinian Moments ' '' Political Theory , Vol. 31 , No. 5 ( Oct. , 2003 ) , pp. 615 -- 43 Jump up ^ Pocock , J.G. A The Machiavellian Moment : Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition Princeton : 1975 , 2003 Jump up ^ Philip Pettit , Republicanism : A Theory of Freedom and Government , NY : Oxford U.P. , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 829083 - 7 ; Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1997 . Jump up ^ Everdell ( 2000 ) p. 6 Jump up ^ `` 1593 . Benjamin Franklin ( 1706 -- 1790 ) . Respectfully Quoted : A Dictionary of Quotations. 1989 '' . Jump up ^ GOVERNMENT ( Republican Form of Government ) -- One in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people ... directly ... Black 's Law Dictionary , Sixth Edition , p. 695 Jump up ^ W. Paul Adams `` Republicanism in Political Rhetoric Before 1776 . '' Political Science Quarterly , Vol. 85 , No. 3 ( Sep. , 1970 ) , pp. 397 -- 421 Jump up ^ Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Cambridge : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 1967 . Jump up ^ Kramnick , Isaac . Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism : Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth - Century England and America . Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 1990 . Further reading ( edit ) Martin van Gelderen & Quentin Skinner , eds. , Republicanism : A Shared European Heritage , v. 1 , Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. , 2002 Martin van Gelderen & Quentin Skinner , eds. , Republicanism : A Shared European Heritage , v. 2 , The Values of Republicanism in Early Modern Europe , Cambridge : Cambridge U.P. , 2002 Willi Paul Adams , `` Republicanism in Political Rhetoric before 1776 , '' Political Science Quarterly 85 ( 1970 ) , pp. 397 -- 421 . Joyce Appleby , `` Republicanism in Old and New Contexts , '' in William & Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 43 ( January , 1986 ) , pp. 3 -- 34 . Joyce Appleby , ed. , `` Republicanism '' issue of American Quarterly 37 ( Fall , 1985 ) . Sarah Barber , Regicide and Republicanism : Politics and Ethics in the English Republic , 1646 -- 1649 , Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , 1998 . Gisela Bock , Quentin Skinner & Maurizio Viroli , eds. , Machiavelli and Republicanism , Cambridge : Cambridge U.P. , 1990 . Everdell , William R. ( 2000 ) , The End of Kings : A History of Republics and Republicans ( 2nd ed . ) , Chicago : University of Chicago Press Eric Gojosso , Le concept de république en France ( XVIe -- XVIIIe siècle ) , Aix / Marseille , 1998 , pp. 205 -- 45 . James Hankins , `` Exclusivist Republicanism and the Non-Monarchical Republic , '' Political Theory 38.4 ( August 2010 ) , 452 -- 82 . Frédéric Monera , L'idée de République et la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel -- Paris : L.G.D.J. , 2004 Fnac , LGDJ.fr Philip Pettit , Republicanism : A Theory of Freedom and Government , Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1997 , pp. x and 304 . J.G.A. Pocock , The Machiavellian Moment : Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition , Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1975 J.G.A. Pocock , `` Between Gog and Magog : The Republican Thesis and the Ideologia Americana , '' Journal of the History of Ideas 48 ( 1987 ) , p. 341 J.G.A. Pocock , `` The Machiavellian Moment Revisited : A Study in History and Ideology '' Journal of Modern History 53 ( 1981 ) Paul A. Rahe , Republics Ancient and Modern : Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution , 3 v. , Chapel Hill : U. of North Carolina Press 1992 , 1994 . Jagdish P. Sharma , Republics in ancient India , c. 1500 B.C. -- 500 B.C. , 1968 David Wootton , ed. , Republicanism , Liberty , and Commercial Society , 1649 -- 1776 ( The Making of Modern Freedom series ) , Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press , 1994 . Thomas Corwin , Senate Speech Against the Mexican War - Congressional Globe 1847 Speech of U.S. Senator against the Mexican -- American War characterizing it as imperialist and presidential External links ( edit ) William R. Everdell , `` From State to Freestate : The Meaning of the Word Republic from Jean Bodin to John Adams '' ( 7th ISECS , Budapest , 7 / 31 / 87 ) in Valley Forge Journal , June , 1991 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republics . Look up republic in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Republic LCCN : sh85112978 GND : 4177823 - 6 HDS : 9925 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic&oldid=809791679 '' Categories : Republics Republicanism Forms of government Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Молдовеняскэ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 12 : 38 . 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who is in charge of a republic government
[ "With no monarch, most modern republics use the title president for the head of state. Originally used to refer to the presiding officer of a committee or governing body in Great Britain the usage was also applied to political leaders, including the leaders of some of the Thirteen Colonies (originally Virginia in 1608); in full, the \"President of the Council.\"[50] The first republic to adopt the title was the United States of America. Keeping its usage as the head of a committee the President of the Continental Congress was the leader of the original congress. When the new constitution was written the title of President of the United States was conferred on the head of the new executive branch." ]
[ "president" ]
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Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran
Parmanu : the Story of Pokhran - Wikipedia Parmanu : the Story of Pokhran Parmanu : The Story of Pokhran Film poster Directed by Abhishek Sharma Produced by JA Entertainment Zee Studios KYTA Production Written by Saiwyn Quadras Sanyuktha Chawla Sheikh Abhishek Sharma Based on Pokhran - II Starring John Abraham Diana Penty Boman Irani Anuja Sathe Music by Songs : Sachin - Jigar Jeet Gannguli Background Score : Sandeep Chowta Cinematography Aseem Mishra Zubin Mistry Edited by Rameshwar S. Bhagat Production company Zee Studios JA Entertainment Distributed by Pooja Entertainment Release date 25 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Running time 129 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 50 crore Box office ₹ 91.03 crore Parmanu : The Story of Pokhran ( transl . Atom : The Story of Pokhran ; Hindi pronunciation : ( pəɾmaːɳʊ ) ) is a 2018 Indian historical action drama film directed by Abhishek Sharma and jointly written by Saiwyn Quadras , Sanyuktha Chawla Sheikh and Abhishek Sharma . It was produced by the banners Zee Studios and JA Entertainment . The film is based on the nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by the Indian Army at Pokhran in 1998 . It stars John Abraham and Diana Penty in lead roles , with Boman Irani and Anuja Sathe . Parmanu was earlier slated to release on 8 December 2017 , but was postponed to avoid clashing with Padmaavat ( 2018 ) . It was further delayed owing to conflicts between the producers of the film , Abraham and KriArj Entertainment . It was eventually released on 25 May 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Marketing and release 5 Soundtrack 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The movie is based on India 's second confidential nuclear test series in Pokhran , Rajasthan in 1998 . Cast ( edit ) John Abraham as Ashwat Rana Diana Penty as Capt . Ambalika Bandyopadhyay Boman Irani as Himanshu Shukla , Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister Aditya Hitkari as Dr. Viraf Wadia Vikas Kumar as Major Prem Yogendra Tiku as Dr. Naresh Sinha Ajay Shankar as Puru Ranganathan Anuja Sathe as Sushma Raina , Ashwat 's Wife Darshan Pandya as Pakistani Spy Zachary Coffin as Stephen Mark Bennington as Daniel Satinder Singh Gahlot as Suresh Yadav The Former Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister Production ( edit ) Parmanu was officially announced on 15 April 2017 via Taran Adarsh 's Twitter handle . John Abraham was approached by film producers Prerna Arora and Arjun N Kapoor with the script , which was further developed . Parmanu was shot in Delhi and Mumbai , with major portions being shot in Pokhran , and areas of Pokhran Fort , Aada Bazaar , Gandhi Chowk Main Market and the Gomat Railway Station . The principal photography of the film began on 31 May 2017 and the shoot was completed in August . About the film , Abraham said : `` Parmanu is an ode to the Army and scientists , who although ordinary people , truly accomplished extraordinary feats in the face of adversity to ensure that India finds its due place on the world nuclear map . '' Marketing and release ( edit ) The first look of the film was revealed by Abraham through his Twitter handle on 22 June 2017 . It showed his face merged with the map of Pokhran . The second poster of the film was released on 14 August 2017 which showed Abraham running with jeeps , bunkers in the background . Two posters of the film showing John and Diana in Army uniform were released on 3 November 2017 . Teaser of this film was released on April 5th 2018 . The trailer was released on 11 May 2018 . Earlier scheduled to release on 8 December 2017 , the film released on 25 May 2018 across 1935 screens . Soundtrack ( edit ) Parmanu : The Story of Pokhran Soundtrack album by Sachin - Jigar and Jeet Gannguli Released 15 May 2018 ( 2018 - May - 15 ) Recorded 2017 - 2018 Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 22 : 49 Language Hindi Label Zee Music Company External audio Audio Jukebox on YouTube The music of the film is composed by Sachin - Jigar and Jeet Gannguli while lyrics are penned by Vayu , Rashmi Virag , Sachin Sanghvi and Kumar Vishwas . The songs featured in the film are sung by Arijit Singh , Divya Kumar , Yasser Desai , Keerthi Sagathia and Jyotica Tangri . The first song of the film titled as Shubh Din which is sung by Sagathia and Tangri was released on 14 May 2018 . The album was released by Zee Music Company on 15 May 2018 . Vipin Nair of The Hindu gave the soundtrack 2.5 / 5 stating that the soundtrack is a `` middling start to the year '' for the composer duo . Track listing No . Title Lyrics Music Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Shubh Din '' Vayu Sachin - Jigar Keerthi Sagathia , Jyotica Tangri 4 : 42 2 . `` Jitni Dafa '' Rashmi Virag Jeet Gannguli Yasser Desai 3 : 42 3 . `` Thare Vaaste '' Vayu Sachin - Jigar Divya Kumar 3 : 28 4 . `` Kasumbi '' Vayu Sachin - Jigar Divya Kumar 4 : 13 5 . `` Sapna '' Sachin Sanghvi Sachin - Jigar Arijit Singh 2 : 49 6 . `` De De Jagah '' Kumar Vishwas Sachin - Jigar Yasser Desai 3 : 55 Total length : 22 : 49 Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film has grossed over ₹ 91 crore ( US $14 million ) worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) Parmanu received mixed reviews from film critics . Bollywood Hungama rated the film 3.5 / 5 and predicted its financial success . The Times of India rated it 3.5 / 5 and wrote `` What Parmanu lacks in detail and authenticity , it makes up with emotions and a sense of national pride . The narrative is n't explosive but it does have the dramatic moments to keep the viewer engaged . Thrills , suspense , drama , a little bit of humour , as well as a solid comment on India 's soldiers -- this movie , largely has all the tricks to please even a discerning audience . '' Rohit Vats from Hindustan Times rated the film 3 / 5 and wrote `` Actually , the best moments of Parmanu arrive towards the end , just when they are needed . A film that was slowly progressing towards a definite end in the first half starts to gather steam 20 minutes into the second half . '' The film was criticised by some reviewers . Shrishti Negi of News18 criticised over-dramatisation and twisting of facts , rating it 2 / 5 . The opening sequence was also critised , being called `` too shaky '' . Kennith Rosario of The Hindu felt the film was `` simplistic '' and had `` all the ingredients to be a propaganda film '' . He even added that there is `` nationalistic jingoism '' at the core of the film which hailed the achievements of Vajpayee government . Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express criticised the film for its lack of details and use of historical facts , calling it `` all surface , no depth '' , and gave it 1.5 stars . Deccan Chronicle also gave it 1.5 stars out of 5 in its review by Arnab Banerjee , saying that the seriousness of the film did n't come across as it looked like a `` picnic with a little bit of work thrown in here and there '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Khurana , Amman ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Exclusive Parmanu and Pari coming together on March 2 , clarifies co-producer Prernaa Arora '' . Times Now . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Parmanu -- The Story of Pokhran '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Parmanu -- The Story Of Pokhran Cast & Crew Jump up ^ Parmanu : The Story of Pokhran Jump up ^ Parmanu -- The Story Of Pokhran Jump up ^ Parmanu first look : John Abraham is all set to tell the story of Pokharan Jump up ^ `` Parmanu - The Story of Pokhran : John Abraham set to surprise again '' . Hindustan Times . 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Samrudhi ( 14 August 2017 ) . `` John Abraham unveils Parmanu poster : All you need to know about the story of Pokhran '' . India Today . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Your complete list of all the major upcoming movies this year '' . GQ India . Jul 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Basu , Nilanjana ( 3 October 2017 ) . `` Why John Abraham 's Parmanu Is Not Releasing In December '' . NDTV . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ ( https://scroll.in/reel/874848/parmanu-controversy-john-abraham-files-three-criminal-complaints-against-co-producer ) Jump up ^ `` John Abraham and Diana Penty 's Parmanu to release on April 6th , trailer to arrive soon '' . Times Now . 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wow-diana-penty-john-abraham-look-quite-kickass-posters-parmanu-story-pokhran/ Jump up ^ `` John Abraham 's next production on 1998 Pokhran nuclear test : I search for stories which are disruptive yet engaging '' . The Indian Express . 15 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Abraham : ' Parmanu - The Story Of Pokhran ' is based on true story '' . The Times of India . 23 July 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Movies to look forward to '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Abraham 's film based on nuclear test goes on floors today '' . Deccan Chronicle. 31 May 2017 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kameshwari , A. ( 14 August 2017 ) . `` John Abraham 's Parmanu The Story of Pokhran to release on December 8 . See new poster '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Misra , Tisya ( 14 August 2017 ) . `` John Abraham Wraps Parmanu - The Story of Pokhran Shoot . Here 's When The Film Will Release '' . NDTV . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Abraham unveils poster of his next Parmanu - The Story of Pokhran on Twitter '' . Firstpost. 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Parmanu : John Abraham 's upcoming new poster unveils his look amid rough terrains of Pokhran '' . Firstpost. 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Movies to look forward to '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PARMANU : The Story Of Pokhran - OFFICIAL TRAILER - John Abraham , Diana Penty , Boman Irani '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Parmanu Box Office collections : John Abraham starrer inching closer to Rs 60 cr '' . Zee News . 2018 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-parmanu-story-pokhran/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Parmanu ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ Nair , Vipin ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Not quite a nuclear blast '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Parmanu - Music Review ( Bollywood Soundtrack ) Music Aloud '' . www.musicaloud.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ https://www.ibtimes.co.in/parmanu-movie-review-roundup-heres-what-critics-celebs-have-say-about-john-abraham-starrer-770089 Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Parmanu -- The Story of Pokhran '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Parmanu Review ( 3.5 / 5 ) : Parmanu : The Story Of Pokhran is an entertaining recreation of India 's race to become a nuclear power , retrieved 2018 - 05 - 26 Jump up ^ `` Parmanu The Story of Pokhran movie review : The climax of John Abraham 's film keeps you hooked '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Parmanu Movie Review : John Abraham Starrer is Too Bollywood to be a '' . News18 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Rosario , Kennith ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Parmanu review : Billowing plume of jingoistic smoke '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Parmanu movie review : The John Abraham starrer is all surface , no depth '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Parmanu movie review : Unintentionally funny while distorting facts '' . https://www.deccanchronicle.com/. 2018 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 26 . External link in work = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Parmanu : The Story of Pokhran on IMDb Parmanu : The Story Of Pokhran at Bollywood Hungama India portal 2010s portal Film portal Bollywood portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parmanu:_The_Story_of_Pokhran&oldid=850233532 '' Categories : 2018 films Hindi - language films Films set in Rajasthan Films based on actual events Films about nuclear war and weapons Indian Army in films Indian films Indian action films Indian drama films Indian action drama films Films shot in Mussoorie Films about the military Cultural depictions of Prime Ministers of India Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : external links Use dmy dates from June 2018 Use Indian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی हिन्दी मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 16 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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what is the name of actress in parmanu
[ "Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran (transl. Atom: The Story of Pokhran; Hindi pronunciation: [pəɾmaːɳʊ]) is a 2018 Indian historical action drama[3][4][5][6] film directed by Abhishek Sharma and jointly written by Saiwyn Quadras, Sanyuktha Chawla Sheikh and Abhishek Sharma.[7] It was produced by the banners Zee Studios and JA Entertainment. The film is based on the nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by the Indian Army at Pokhran in 1998.[8][9] It stars John Abraham and Diana Penty in lead roles, with Boman Irani and Anuja Sathe. \n" ]
[ "Diana Penty" ]
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Rajasthan Royals
Rajasthan Royals - Wikipedia Rajasthan Royals Rajasthan Royals Personnel Captain Ajinkya Rahane Coach Paddy Upton Owner Manoj Badale Team information City Jaipur , Rajasthan , India Colours Founded 2008 ( 2008 ) Home ground Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur ( Capacity : 23,185 ) Secondary home ground ( s ) Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad ( Capacity : 54,000 ) Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai ( Capacity : 25,000 ) History Indian Premier League wins 1 ( 2008 ) CLT20 wins 0 Official website : www.rajasthanroyals.com T20I kit Rajasthan Royals in 2018 The Rajasthan Royals ( often abbreviated as RR ) are a cricket team in the Indian Premier League from the city of Jaipur . Founded in 2008 as one of the initial eight IPL franchises , the Royals are owned by Manoj Badale . The team played its home matches at the Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur and also had secondary home grounds at the Sardar Patel Stadium at Ahmedabad and the Brabourne Stadium at Mumbai . The Royals are sometimes considered the Moneyball team of the IPL . The Royals are known to unearth obscure , high potential talent . The team won the inaugural edition of the IPL under the captaincy of Shane Warne , despite being written off as a title contender by the media and fans . The Royals were also the runners - up of the 2013 Champions League Twenty20 under Rahul Dravid 's captaincy . On 14 July 2015 the verdict reached by a panel appointed by India 's Supreme Court suspended Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings for two years over a corruption and match fixing scandal , meaning they could not participate in both the 2016 and 2017 IPL tournaments . They returned to the competition for the 2018 season . The team 's record run - scorer and current captain is Ajinkya Rahane , with 2705 runs , while the leading wicket - taker is Shane Watson , with 67 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Expulsion from the IPL & return 1.2 Ban in 2015 2 Team history 2.1 2008 IPL season 2.2 2009 IPL season 2.3 British Asian Cup 2.4 2010 IPL season 2.5 2011 IPL season 2.6 2012 IPL season 2.7 2013 IPL season 2.8 2013 spot - fixing case 2.9 2014 IPL season 2.10 2018 IPL Season 3 Team identity 3.1 Team anthem 3.2 Mascot 4 Players 5 Home ground 6 Current squad 7 Administration and support staff 8 Seasons 9 Sponsors and Kit Manufacturers 10 Statistics 11 Fixtures and results 11.1 2008 IPL season 11.2 2009 IPL season 11.3 2010 IPL season 11.4 2011 IPL season 11.5 2012 IPL season 11.6 2013 IPL season 11.7 2013 CLT20 season 11.8 2014 IPL season 11.9 2015 IPL season 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Franchise history ( edit ) The Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) announced in September 2007 the establishment of the Indian Premier League , a Twenty20 competition to be started in 2008 . In January 2008 , the BCCI unveiled the owners of eight city - based franchises . The team is one of the eight founding members of the IPL in 2008 . The Jaipur franchise was sold to the Emerging Media for $67 million , making it the least expensive team in the league . The franchise is currently owned and chaired by Manoj Badale . Other investors include Lachlan Murdoch , Aditya S Chellaram , and Suresh Chellaram . The Group acquired the franchise for $67 million . Incidentally , this was the least expensive franchise in the Indian Premier League and probably the least fancied team in the league at the beginning of the tournament . It made a pre-tax profit of $7.5 million in 2009 . Expulsion from the IPL & return ( edit ) In 2010 , the BCCI decided to expel Kings XI Punjab and Rajasthan Royals from the IPL . The expulsion baffled captain Shane Warne who stated that he suspected that there might be some foul play and that the BCCI might possess some ulterior motives . The Rajasthan Royals however filed an appeal against the decision and the two parties went to the Mumbai High Court to decide The Mumbai high - court adjourned that case until 29 October 2010 . Both parties then agreed to adjourn the case again to 15 November because they did n't want it to coincide with Diwali celebrations from 1 to 14 November Later it was announced by the Royals that they told the Bombay High Court that they would be negotiating with an arbitrator to see if they could reconcile with the IPL The arbitrator announced that while the investigation was ongoing the Royals would remain a part of the IPL for six - weeks and the BCCI would not be allowed to change rules which might go against the Royals . The six - week period included the player auction in which Rajasthan Royals participated . After this the Bombay High Court rejected the appeals of the BCCI against keeping the Rajasthan Royals in the IPL for six - weeks while the case was sorted out . It was estimated because of the losses in court cases and damaging reputation the BCCI decided not to pursue any further legal action against Royals ' or Kings XI Punjab and announced they decided to keep them in the IPL . Ban in 2015 ( edit ) In 2015 the team was banned for two years following the Lodha Panel inquiry . Rajasthan Royals became the source of controversy when inappropriate and fictitious bids were made , violating BCCI norms . Ranjit Barthakur and Fraser Castellino were the only two shareholders of the Jaipur IPL , completely unknown to the BCCI at the time . An out of court settlement between the two later ensued . In 2015 Rajasthan Royals were banned for two years by the BCCI , with its owner Raj Kundra banned for life . Team history ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2008 IPL season ( edit ) Prior to the start of the inaugural IPL season , many considered the Royals as possibly the weakest team in the IPL , giving them little chance of competing well in the tournament . Evidence of the latter opinion seemed to be confirmed when the team lost its first match against the Delhi Daredevils in a 9 wicket loss . The fears were confirmed that the team was likely to struggle , but no one had ever thought that this was the beginning of a new dawn for the team . But the team believed in writing their own script and there was something about their style of cricket , perhaps the simple attitude with which they approached the game . This simplicity was bought about largely by Warne 's captaincy , as he never had the fear to lose and was always calm in dealing with his players and pressure situations . In their first home game ever at Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur , they played against the Kings XI Punjab and won by 6 wickets as Shane Watson was declared the man of the match for his unbeaten 76 off 49 balls in what was a successful run chase . That was followed by a crucial 3 wicket win against one of the favorites to win the competition , Deccan Chargers in Hyderabad . The victory proved to be a huge morale booster for the side since this was their first away win and second successful run chase on the trot , as Yusuf Pathan made a name for himself with his first man of the match award for his bowling figures of 2 / 20 in 4 overs and a 28 - ball 61 . Watson almost replicated Yusuf 's all - round performance in the following match against the Royal Challengers Bangalore in Bangalore as another run chase was completed . In the 7 wicket victory , ' Watto ' picked 2 / 20 in 4 overs and smashed 61 not out off 41 balls . Their next game was another crucial one , against the Kolkata Knight Riders at home and Rajasthan won convincingly by 45 runs as the diminutive opener from Goa , Swapnil Asnodkar received his first man of the match award for a fine knock of 60 off just 34 balls . They further managed to defeat the Chennai Super Kings in Jaipur , as Pakistan 's Sohail Tanvir continued to show his red hot bowling form in the game , picking 6 wickets for 14 runs in 4 overs , winning the man of the match award for the same . But a minor hiccup followed , as they were thrashed by 7 wickets by the unpredictable Mumbai Indians in Navi Mumbai . However the Royals won their next game by defeating the Kings XI Punjab and continued to win the next five games in a row . The Royals built up an impressive 11 -- 3 record after their fourteen preliminary round matches ; this included a consecutive 5 - game and 6 - game winning streak with an undefeated record on their home ground and a spot at the top of the points table . They were also the first team to book a place in the semifinals with their 65 run win over the Royal Challengers Bangalore . Deccan Chargers were denied their first victory against the Rajasthan Royals , once again due to the burly Yusuf Pathan , who won his second man of the match award for his 37 - ball 68 as Rajasthan prevailed by 8 wickets at home . There were two more home games on the trot , as the Delhi Daredevils were beaten this time by 3 wickets with Watto again performing his all - round magic to bewilder the opposition , as he ended with 2 / 21 in 4 overs and hit a 40 - ball 74 to guide the chase adequately enough in the end . Whereas , the Royal Challengers Bangalore were thrashed by 65 runs , as South Africa 's captain Graeme Smith won the man of the match award for his unbeaten 49 - ball 75 . Their next challenge was to conquer the nerves which can be developed when playing at the Eden Gardens in Kolkata . But the home team was given a proper thumping by Yusuf Pathan who hammered an unbeaten 48 off just 18 balls , and backed it with bowling figures of 1 / 14 in 2 overs as Rajasthan Royals won by 6 wickets . They were however , given a tough fight by the Chennai Super Kings at the MA Chidambaram Stadium in their 10 - run victory . Followed by which , their last home game of the season was against the Mumbai Indians and Warne 's boys ensured that they remained at the top of the points table in the conclusion of the round robin stage , with a 5 - wicket win as Tanvir once again was devastating , picking 4 / 14 in his 4 overs . They did lose to the Kings XI Punjab in the final round robin game , but easily made it to the semifinals and Sohail Tanvir won the first ever Purple Cap in IPL history , for taking the most number of wickets in the tournament . Shane Warne 's captaincy and simultaneous coaching was praised and well received by everyone , including opposition teams . In addition , several players of the Royals team had consistently played well . Their semifinal was against the Delhi Daredevils in Mumbai , which was expected to be a tough contest for them . Yet , Delhi were walloped by 105 runs as Watto made this a one - sided contest following his 29 - ball 52 and 3 / 10 in 3 overs , hence continuing his purple patch in the competition and assuring a place for Rajasthan in the final against MS Dhoni 's Chennai Super Kings in the same city . The final was a cliffhanger , which was ideal to end the first ever IPL tournament . Chennai could play their best possible to attempt stopping an in - form Rajasthan Royals . Although their team total after 20 overs was around 150 , they took the match till the final ball until appropriately . With the scores level with one ball remaining , it was their bowling hero Sohail Tanvir who hit the winning runs to ensure that Rajasthan were crowned the champions of the first season of the IPL , making history in the process . Yusuf Pathan was declared the man of the match in the final as well , for his figures of 3 / 22 in 4 overs and 56 runs and thus became a household name ever since , beating the popularity of his younger brother Irfan Pathan and going on to represent India in the shorter formats of the game . The all - rounder Shane Watson won the man of the tournament award for scoring as many as 472 runs and picking 17 wickets . This was able to make him cement his spot in all formats of the game in the Australian team , and has now become one of the most valuable T20 players in world cricket . It was an incredible victory for an underdog team which had inexperienced , young Indian cricketers mostly who could mainly speak in their mother tongues , which Warne could not understand . Rajasthan Royals qualified for the Champions League T20 that year , but the event was cancelled on the account of the terrorist attacks in Mumbai in November 2008 . The Rajasthan Royals became the winner of the first IPL tournament , when they defeated the Chennai Super Kings by 3 wickets in the final played on 1 June 2008 . With the scores level with one ball remaining , Sohail Tanvir scored the winning run and therefore prevented the match from being decided on a bowl out . Each player and representative on the team was awarded a medal and the team was presented with the DLF Indian Premier League trophy along with a cheque for US $1.2 million prize money . Many of the Royals ' players also took home individual awards for their performance during the tournament ; Yusuf Pathan claimed the Man of the Match award for the final match , Sohail Tanvir ~ finished the tournament in possession of the Purple Cap ( the IPL 's leading wicket taker ) and Australian all - rounder Shane Watson was declared the Man of the Series . 2009 IPL season ( edit ) The Royals came into the tournament in South Africa as the defending champions , but not one of the favourites since Sohail Tanvir was ineligible to play for the team due to the ban imposed by the BCCI on Pakistani players playing in the competition . As well as the fact that Shane Watson , theiaround was unavailable for the whole season as Australia toured to UAE for ODI series against Pakistan . Without these two , the team looked slightly weaker than the previous season and players such as the countryman Graeme Smith , fiery pacer Shaun Tait and the aging Shane Warne had to be relied on . Rajasthan began their 2009 campaign against the Royal Challengers Bangalore solemnly . They were bowled out for the Second lowest score ( First lowest score is of RCB against KKR in 2017 they made a score of 49 and were all out ) in the history of the IPL , a paltry 58 as they were thrashed by 75 runs in Newlands , Cape Town by the Kevin Pietersen - led side . They made a short trip to Durban to play the Mumbai Indians but that match was washed out due to rain , which made Rajasthan go at the bottom of the points table at that stage . But on their return to Cape Town , they faced the Kolkata Knight Riders in a match which went to the Super Over , and Rajasthan were only able to win due to Yusuf Pathan 's onslaught off the bowling of Ajantha Mendis , knocking off the required 17 runs in just 4 balls . At the same ground although , they were defeated by the Kings XI Punjab by 27 runs . Yusuf again played a blinder of an innings , an unbeaten 30 - ball 62 to help Rajasthan Royals beat Delhi Daredevils yet again , by 5 wickets . But the team that they met in the final last season , Chennai Super Kings was too good for them in their first clash of the season in Pretoria where Chennai won by 38 runs . However , Yusuf was at his all - round best as the Royals beat the Deccan Chargers by 3 wickets as he bowled well in his 4 overs , with figures of 1 / 19 and contributing 24 runs off 17 balls . They also were able to hammer Kings XI Punjab by 78 runs in their return match in Durban as Graeme Smith made the decibel levels on the ground increase with his 44 - ball 77 . Whereas , they took their revenge against the Royal Challengers Bangalore , prevailing by 7 wickets as the team rode on the unknown Indian pacer , Amit Singh 's spell of 4 / 19 in 4 overs . Then disaster struck . They lost yet another contest to the Chennai Super Kings , by 7 wickets and Deccan Chargers posted their first win against the Rajasthan Royals in the IPL , by a massive margin of 53 runs . The Royals managed to shut out the Mumbai Indians by a mere 2 runs due to Warne 's brilliance but were knocked out of the tournament with back - to - back defeats to the Delhi Daredevils by 14 runs and the bottom - ranked Kolkata Knight Riders by 3 wickets . Seven players were dropped from the team and they were sent back to home . These players were -- Mohammed Kaif , Dinesh Salunkhe , Paras Dogra , Anup Revandkar , Srideep Mangela , Ashraf Makda and Azhar Malik . Rajasthan Royals ended 6th out of the 8 teams in the competition , winning 6 matches out of the 14 they played . The Royals failed to make it to the semifinals after losing their last two matches against Delhi Daredevils and Kolkata Knight Riders . It was a disappointing finish for Warne 's boys , who had won many hearts with their 2008 performance . British Asian Cup ( edit ) On 14 May 2009 it was announced that Rajasthan Royals would meet Middlesex Crusaders in a one - off Twenty20 for the British Asian Cup . It was the first time that an annual charity series to be played between the Twenty20 champions of the two countries . The match took place on 6 July 2009 . The Squads were announced on 3 July 2009 with Rajasthan Royals included Mohammad Kaif and also saw a comeback of Sohail Tanvir . The match was won by Rajasthan Royals by 46 runs after scoring 162 / 5 in 20 overs and successfully defending it by 46 runs ( Middlesex 116 / 7 ) . The MoM was Dimitri Mascarenhas . 2010 IPL season ( edit ) The Royals were back in India after their average outing in South Africa . This time they seemed to be a better outfit as they were to play in conditions which should have suited them the most . But they had to suffer an unfortunate start to the competition , with a narrow 4 run defeat to the Mumbai Indians at the Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai . The highlight of this match though , was Yusuf Pathan hitting the fastest ever hundred in IPL history , off only 37 balls ! Even some of the Mumbai fans were disappointed not to see Rajasthan win , by the end of it all . They went on to lose to the Delhi Daredevils by 6 wickets on one of their new ' home ' grounds , Ahmedabad . And were again bruised badly by the Royal Challengers Bangalore , who won by 10 wickets . The team remained inconsistent throughout the whole season , winning their next four matches consecutively . One of the young Turks of the erstwhile ICL , Abhishek Jhunjhunwala impressed against the franchise representing his home state , Kolkata Knight Riders as his 36 - ball 45 helped the Royals win by 34 runs . Followed by which the Western Australian batsman Adam Voges hit 45 runs off 24 balls to help Rajasthan beat Punjab in Mohali by 31 runs . The team seemed to have adapted to the Ahmedabad conditions better with wins against Deccan Chargers by 8 wickets as Yusuf Pathan continued his good form against the team , while they beat Chennai Super Kings by 17 runs courtesy wicket - keeper batsman Naman Ojha 's 49 - ball 80 . But they lost against Chennai in their return clash as Murali Vijay 's hundred took the game away from them as well as were crushed in Delhi by 67 runs . But they managed to escape a Deccan Chargers attack , with a narrow 2 run victory in Nagpur and continued their unbeaten run in Jaipur though , as the out of sorts Kings XI Punjab were duly beaten by 9 wickets with English opener Michael Lumb winning the man of the match award for his 43 - ball 83 . Once again , Rajasthan Royals ended the tournament miserably with losses to Mumbai Indians and the Royal Challengers Bangalore at home , and the Kolkata Knight Riders in the last round robin game in Kolkata . Consequently , they failed to make it to the playoffs for the second consecutive season as they finished 7th out of the 8 teams in the competition , winning 6 games out of 14 played . 2011 IPL season ( edit ) The Rajasthan Royals , and the Kings XI Punjab were temporarily ejected from the league due to issues with their unreported ownership changes . The teams were reinstated with involvement from the High Court . Their owners were broken into several legal entities when the BCCI required the incorporation of the companies . Kochi was also at risk of ejection for the same reasons before BCCI cleared their new ownership pattern for the tournament . The team management decided to retain the Australian duo of Shane Warne and Shane Watson for the following three seasons of the IPL , although Warne 's future continued to be uncertain . Yet , he decided to make this his final season for the Rajasthan Royals on the insistence of the team owners who felt that he was the ultimate source of inspiration for the team on and off the field . In the auction , the team 's funds were reduced since they were penalised by the BCCI in 2010 and as a result , had to pay a certain amount of bank guarantee as fixed by the High Court . But they possessed an adequate amount of money to buy some of the world 's finest T20 players , which they did not exactly . They managed to buy back Australian fast bowler Shaun Tait for US $ 300,000 as well as South African bowling all - rounder Johan Botha for US $ 950,000 . The other star players which they picked were New Zealand batsman Ross Taylor for US $ 1 million as well as ' The Wall ' Rahul Dravid for half that price . England 's World T20 2010 winning skipper Paul Collingwood was also purchased for a mere US $ 250,000 . The other players were mostly from the domestic circuits , but were confident individuals following Rajasthan winning the Ranji Trophy that year . Rajasthan Royals began the IPL 2011 in grand fashion , beating the Kumar Sangakkara - led Deccan Chargers by 8 wickets , with the young Indian pacer Siddharth Trivedi adjudged the man of the match for his spell of 3 / 15 and the Royals continued their fine record against the Chargers . While Shane Warne defied age with a fine piece of bowling to assist Rajasthan in defeating a weakened Delhi Daredevils side by 6 wickets , with figures of 2 / 17 . However , their confidence was dented with two back - to - back defeats to the new look Kolkata Knight Riders in a span of three days . In the clash at Jaipur , they lost by 9 wickets courtesy a 100 - run partnership between Gautam Gambhir and Jacques Kallis , Whereas in Kolkata , Lakshmipathy Balaji picked 3 / 15 in 4 overs on a minefield pitch in Eden Gardens to help his team pull of an 8 wicket victory . The match against the Royal Challengers Bangalore in Bangalore was washed out due to rain , which made Rajasthan 's task of making it into the last four much tougher . Shaun Marsh was in great nick and his 42 - ball 71 resulted in the Royals losing to Kings XI Punjab in Mohali by 48 runs . However , they pulled together a string of a hat - trick of home wins , as Rajasthan chased successfully in all the three matches . The first was against the Kochi Tuskers Kerala , winning by 8 wickets . Followed by Mumbai Indians , the No. 1 team then on the points table as they chased down a total of 100 with 7 wickets to spare . And then the Pune Warriors India were undone by Ross Taylors ' 35 - ball 47 not out , as Rajasthan won by 6 wickets . But again it was inconsistency which let the Royals down badly . They were given a proper thumping by the eventual champions Chennai Super Kings in both the matches they played against each other , within a span of five days . The in - form Royal Challengers Bangalore thrashed them by 9 wickets courtesy Chris Gayle while they were bowled out for 97 in their 8 - wicket defeat to the Kochi Tuskers Kerala . Although this time they ended their round robin matches well with a win against the Mumbai Indians in Mumbai and in the process giving Shane Warne a fitting farewell , Rajasthan were dismissed from the competition since they ended at the 6th position out of the 10 teams in the tournament , having again won 6 out of their 14 matches played , with one being a no result . 2012 IPL season ( edit ) Rajasthan Royals finished in seventh place among the point table in season 5 of IPL winning only seven matches out of sixteen . 2013 IPL season ( edit ) Rajasthan Royals qualified for the playoff stage by finishing third in the group stage , thus grabbing a spot in Champions League 2013 . They won against Sunrisers Hyderabad in the eliminator but lost to Mumbai Indians in the second qualifier , which led to their exit from the tournament . Shane Watson was declared the Man of the tournament . 2013 spot - fixing case ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Indian Premier League spot - fixing and betting case On 16 May 2013 , three Rajasthan Royals players Sreesanth , Ankeet Chavan and Ajit Chandila were arrested from Mumbai by Delhi Police along with eleven bookies on charges of spot - fixing in the tournament . The fixing happened in the matches against Pune Warriors on 5 May , Kings XI Punjab on 9 May and Mumbai Indians on 15 May . Later BCCI suspended the three players . 2014 IPL season ( edit ) Rajasthan Royals retained five players -- Sanju Samson , Ajinkya Rahane , Shane Watson , James Faulkner and Stuart Binny -- for the seventh season of the IPL . Rajasthan Royals scored 65 runs off the last 17 balls at a strike rate of 382.35 to win the match against RCB . Shane Watson lead the side and Rahul Dravid played the role of a mentor . 2018 IPL season ( edit ) In 2018 , the Rajasthan Royals made a comeback to IPL after two years of suspension . Prior to the 2018 IPL auction , the Royals retained Steve Smith for ₹ 12 crore ( US $1.8 million ) announcing him as captain for 2018 season . Following the ball tampering controversy in March 2018 , Smith stepped down as Royals captain with Ajinkya Rahane appointed . Smith was subsequently banned from playing in the 2018 IPL season . Following Steve Smith 's ban Heinrich Klaasen was announced as replacement . On 2 May 2018 , in a match against the Delhi Daredevils , Jos Buttler scored the fastest ever 50 for Rajasthan Royals , off just 18 balls . This was also the fifth fastest in IPL history . However , RR lost the match by four runs after failing to make the revised target of 151 from 12 overs due to rain . Buttler also equalled Virender Sehwag 's record for most consecutive fifties in the IPL , with 5 consecutive fifties . The Royals managed to secure fourth place in the regular season , with 14 points . However , they crashed out of the playoffs in the eliminator against Kolkata Knight Riders , losing by 25 runs in Eden Gardens . Team identity ( edit ) Team anthem ( edit ) The team anthem is ' Halla Bol ' . In the first IPL season the song was sung by Ila Arun . While in second season , it was sung by huudiya. Currently , this team 's anthem is ' Phir Halla Bol ' , released in 2018 . Mascot ( edit ) The team 's mascot is a lion named Moochu Singh . Players ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajasthan Royals cricketers Traditionally , the Rajasthan Royals usually purchase cricketers who are not very famous , unknown or uncapped i.e. not played for their nation , at cut - throat prices . The Royals are famous for their frugal spending in the IPL auctions , even during the mega-auctions held once in 3 years . They have even bought players who had previously never played first - class cricket such as Dinesh Salunkhe and Pravin Tambe . The team has also purchased leading cricketers at various times in their history like Shane Warne , Graeme Smith , Rahul Dravid , Shanthakumaran Sreesanth , Munaf Patel , Mohammad Kaif , Shaun Tait , Ross Taylor , Justin Langer , Damien Martyn and Brad Hogg to name a few . Many of the cricketers who have played for the Royals , having been bought by them as relatively unknown players , have ended up as leading international cricketers partly due to their strong performances in the IPL and backing from the Royals management . In the initial seasons , such players included Taruwar Kohli , who was acquired by the franchise in 2008 under the Under - 19 player quota and Yusuf Pathan , the elder brother of the Indian all - rounder Irfan Pathan and a relative unknown in cricketing circles unlike his more - celebrated younger brother . Yusuf 's brilliant performances in the initial seasons of the IPL earned him a place in the Indian cricket team , and was a member of the Indian squad which won the 2011 Cricket World Cup . Even Australian Shane Watson , who has played for the Royals ever since its inception , became a permanent , consistent and leading member of the Australian cricket team soon after his brilliant first season with the Royals in 2008 . In the later seasons , these players have included Indian cricketers such as Ajinkya Rahane , wicketkeeper - batsman Sanju Samson , leg - spinner Tambe , whose performances for the Royals earned him a Ranji Trophy debut for Mumbai at the age of 42 , Stuart Binny and Dhawal Kulkarni , as well as international cricketers like James Faulkner , Steve Smith and Tim Southee . Even off - spinner Ajit Chandila , who played only 2 first - class matches and was also convicted in the spot - fixing scandal , was one of the top bowlers for the Royals during the 2012 and 2013 seasons . Home ground ( edit ) Main article : Sawai Mansingh Stadium The home venue of the Royals is the Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur . The stadium was built during the reign of Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II , who was also known as SMS , hence the name stadium . It is situated at one corner of the Rambagh Circle . The stadium seats 30,000 and is one of the best in India , after the 2006 renovation . But in 2014 , Sardar Patel Stadium in Ahmedabad hosted the Rajasthan Royals home matches . Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur , is set to host Royals home games in 2018 IPL season after Rajasthan Royals were suspended for 2 years in 2015 and after Stadium is banned to host matches for 4 years . Current squad ( edit ) Players with international caps are listed in bold . * denotes a player who is currently unavailable for selection . * denotes a player who is unavailable for rest of the season . No . Name Nat Birth date Batting style Bowling style Signed year Salary Notes Batsmen 27 Ajinkya Rahane ( 1988 - 06 - 05 ) 5 June 1988 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 4 crore ( US $596,000 ) Captain 52 Rahul Tripathi ( 1991 - 03 - 02 ) 2 March 1991 ( age 27 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 3.4 crore ( US $507,000 ) N / A Steve Smith ( 1989 - 06 - 02 ) 2 June 1989 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 12 crore ( US $1.8 million ) Overseas N / A Prashant Chopra ( 1992 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1992 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) N / A Aryaman Birla ( 1997 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1997 ( age 21 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 30 lakh ( US $45,000 ) All - rounders 6 Mahipal Lomror ( 1999 - 11 - 16 ) 16 November 1999 ( age 18 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) 7 Krishnappa Gowtham ( 1988 - 10 - 20 ) 20 October 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2018 ₹ 6.2 crore ( US $924,000 ) 18 Ankit Sharma ( 1991 - 04 - 20 ) 20 April 1991 ( age 27 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) 21 D'Arcy Short ( 1990 - 08 - 09 ) 9 August 1990 ( age 27 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 4 crore ( US $596,000 ) Overseas 22 Jofra Archer ( 1995 - 04 - 01 ) 1 April 1995 ( age 23 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 7.2 crore ( US $1.1 million ) Overseas 37 Shreyas Gopal ( 1993 - 09 - 04 ) 4 September 1993 ( age 24 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) 55 Ben Stokes ( 1991 - 06 - 04 ) 4 June 1991 ( age 27 ) Left - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 12.5 crore ( US $1.9 million ) Overseas 84 Stuart Binny ( 1984 - 06 - 03 ) 3 June 1984 ( age 34 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $75,000 ) N / A Jatin Saxena ( 1982 - 08 - 04 ) 4 August 1982 ( age 35 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) Wicket - keepers 8 Sanju Samson ( 1994 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 1994 ( age 23 ) Right - handed 2018 ₹ 8 crore ( US $1.2 million ) 45 Heinrich Klaasen ( 1991 - 07 - 30 ) 30 July 1991 ( age 26 ) Right - handed 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $75,000 ) Overseas 63 Jos Buttler ( 1990 - 09 - 08 ) 8 September 1990 ( age 27 ) Right - handed 2018 ₹ 4.4 crore ( US $656,000 ) Overseas Bowlers 44 Anureet Singh ( 1988 - 03 - 02 ) 2 March 1988 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 30 lakh ( US $45,000 ) 56 Ben Laughlin ( 1982 - 10 - 03 ) 3 October 1982 ( age 35 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $75,000 ) Overseas 61 Ish Sodhi ( 1992 - 10 - 31 ) 31 October 1992 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $75,000 ) Overseas 77 Jaydev Unadkat ( 1991 - 10 - 18 ) 18 October 1991 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Left - arm medium 2018 ₹ 11.5 crore ( US $1.7 million ) 91 Dhawal Kulkarni ( 1988 - 12 - 10 ) 10 December 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 75 lakh ( US $112,000 ) N / A Dushmantha Chameera ( 1992 - 01 - 11 ) 11 January 1992 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $75,000 ) Overseas N / A Zahir Khan Pakteen ( 1998 - 12 - 20 ) 20 December 1998 ( age 19 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm chinaman 2018 ₹ 60 lakh ( US $89,000 ) Overseas N / A Sudhesan Midhun ( 1994 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1994 ( age 23 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) Administration and support staff ( edit ) Owner - Manoj Badale Head of cricket - Zubin Bharucha Team Mentor - Shane Warne Head Coach - Paddy Upton Batting coach - Amol Muzumdar Bowling coach - Sairaj Bahutule Fielding coach - Dishant Yagnik Physiotherapist - John Gloster Seasons ( edit ) Year Indian Premier League Champions League Twenty20 2008 Champions Cancelled ( Q ) 2009 League stage ( 6th / 8 ) DNQ League stage ( 7th / 8 ) DNQ 2011 League stage ( 6th / 10 ) DNQ 2012 League stage ( 7th / 9 ) DNQ 2013 Playoffs ( 3rd / 9 ) Runners - up 2014 League stage ( 5th / 8 ) DNQ 2015 Playoffs ( 4th / 8 ) Tournament defunct 2016 Suspended 2017 Suspended 2018 Playoffs ( 4th / 8 ) Tournament defunct Sponsors and Kit Manufacturers ( edit ) Year Kit Manufacturers Shirt Sponsor ( Front ) Shirt Sponsor ( Back ) Chest Branding 2008 Reebok Bajaj Allianz Royal Challenge Reebok 2009 UltraTech Cement HDFC Life 7up Puma MOOV 2011 Floriana SuperTech 2012 UltraTech Cement 2013 Rupa 2014 2015 Provogue Lawman Pg3 ( 9 ) 2018 TYKA Sports JK Lakshmi Pro+ Cement Mitsubishi Heavy Industries KEI Wires and Cables Statistics ( edit ) See also : List of Rajasthan Royals records Summary of results Years Matches Wins Losses No Result Success Rate 2008 14 11 0 78.57 % 2009 14 6 7 46.15 % 14 6 8 0 42.86 % 2011 14 6 7 46.15 % 2012 16 7 9 0 43.75 % 2013 16 10 6 0 62.50 % 2014 14 7 7 0 50.00 % 2015 14 6 6 50.00 % 2016 Suspended 2017 Suspended 2018 14 7 7 0 50.00 % Total 130 66 60 50.77 % Fixtures and results ( edit ) 2008 IPL season ( edit ) Captain : Shane Warne No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 19 April 2008 Delhi Daredevils in 2008 Delhi Lost by 9 wickets Scorecard 21 April 2008 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 6 wickets Shane Watson 76 * ( 49 ) Scorecard 24 April 2008 Hyderabad Won by 3 wickets Yusuf Pathan 2 / 20 ( 2 overs ) and 61 ( 28 ) Scorecard 26 April 2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 7 wickets Shane Watson 2 / 20 ( 4 overs ) and 61 * ( 41 ) Scorecard 5 1 May 2008 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Won by 45 runs Swapnil Asnodkar 60 ( 34 ) Scorecard 6 4 May 2008 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Won by 8 wickets Sohail Tanvir 6 / 14 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 7 7 May 2008 Mumbai Indians Navi Mumbai Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 8 9 May 2008 Jaipur Won by 8 wickets Yusuf Pathan 68 ( 37 ) Scorecard 9 11 May 2008 Delhi Daredevils in 2008 Jaipur Won by 3 wickets Shane Watson 2 / 21 ( 4 overs ) and 74 ( 40 ) Scorecard 10 17 May 2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Won by 65 runs Graeme Smith 75 * ( 49 ) Scorecard 11 20 May 2008 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Won by 6 wickets Yusuf Pathan 1 / 14 ( 2 overs ) and 48 * ( 18 ) Scorecard 12 24 May 2008 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Won by 10 runs Albie Morkel 71 ( 40 ) and 2 / 35 ( 4 overs Scorecard 13 26 May 2008 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Won by 5 Wickets Sohail Tanvir 4 / 14 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 14 28 May 2008 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Lost by 41 Runs Scorecard Semi-Final 30 May 2008 Delhi Daredevils in 2008 Mumbai Won by 105 runs Shane Watson 52 ( 29 ) and 3 / 10 ( 3 overs ) Scorecard Final 1 June 2008 Chennai Super Kings Navi Mumbai Won by 3 wickets Yusuf Pathan 56 ( 39 ) and 3 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard The Royals won the inaugural DLF IPL T - 20 Tournament on 1 June 2008 . MoS -- Shane Watson 472 runs and 17 wickets , Purple Cap Holder Sohail Tanvir 2009 IPL season ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 18 April 2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore Cape Town Lost by 75 runs Scorecard 21 April 2009 Mumbai Indians Durban Match abandoned without a ball bowled Scorecard 23 April 2009 Kolkata Knight Riders Cape Town Won ( In The Superover ) Yusuf Pathan 42 ( 21 ) , 18 * ( 4 ) and 0 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 26 April 2009 Kings XI Punjab Cape Town Lost by 27 runs Scorecard 5 28 April 2009 Delhi Daredevils Pretoria Won by 5 wickets Yusuf Pathan 62 * ( 30 ) Scorecard 6 30 April 2009 Chennai Super Kings Pretoria Lost by 38 runs Scorecard 7 2 May 2009 Deccan Chargers Port Elizabeth Won by 3 wickets Yusuf Pathan 24 ( 17 ) and 1 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 8 5 May 2009 Kings XI Punjab Durban Won by 78 Runs Graeme Smith 77 ( 44 ) Scorecard 9 7 May 2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore Pretoria Won by 7 wickets Amit Singh 4 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 10 9 May 2009 Chennai Super Kings Kimberley Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 11 11 May 2009 Deccan Chargers Kimberley Lost by 53 runs Scorecard 12 14 May 2009 Mumbai Indians Durban Won by 2 Runs Shane Warne 3 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 13 17 May 2009 Delhi Daredevils Bloemfontein Lost by 14 runs Scorecard 14 20 May 2009 Kolkata Knight Riders Durban Lost by 4 wickets Scorecard 2010 IPL season ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 13 March 2010 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 4 runs Yusuf Pathan 100 ( 37 ) Scorecard 15 March 2010 Delhi Daredevils Ahmedabad Lost by 6 wickets Scorecard 18 March 2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Lost by 10 wickets Scorecard 20 March 2010 Kolkata Knight Riders Ahmedabad Won by 34 runs Abhishek Jhunjhunwala 45 ( 36 ) Scorecard 5 24 March 2010 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won by 31 runs Adam Voges 45 ( 24 ) Scorecard 6 26 March 2010 Deccan Chargers Ahmedabad Won by 8 wickets Yusuf Pathan 73 ( 34 ) Scorecard 7 28 March 2010 Chennai Super Kings Ahmedabad Won by 17 runs Naman Ojha 80 ( 49 ) Scorecard 8 31 March 2010 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Lost by 67 runs Scorecard 9 3 April 2010 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 23 runs Scorecard 10 5 April 2010 Deccan Chargers Nagpur Won by 2 runs Shane Warne 4 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 11 7 April 2010 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 9 wickets Michael Lumb 83 ( 43 ) Scorecard 12 11 April 2010 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Lost by 37 runs Scorecard 13 14 April 2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Lost by 5 wickets Scorecard 14 17 April 2010 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 2011 IPL season ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 9 April 2011 Deccan Chargers Hyderabad Won by 8 wickets Siddharth Trivedi 3 / 15 Scorecard 12 April 2011 Delhi Daredevils Jaipur Won by 6 wickets Shane Warne 2 / 17 Scorecard 15 April 2011 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Lost by 9 wickets Scorecard 17 April 2011 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 5 19 April 2011 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Match abandoned without a ball bowled due to rain Scorecard 6 21 April 2011 Kings XI Punjab Chandigarh Lost by 48 runs Scorecard 7 24 April 2011 Kochi Tuskers Kerala Jaipur Won by 8 wickets Shane Warne 3 / 16 Scorecard 8 29 April 2011 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Won by 7 wickets Johan Botha 45 ( 39 ) & 3 / 6 ( 2 overs ) Scorecard 9 1 May 2011 Pune Warriors India Jaipur Won by 6 wickets Ross Taylor 47 * ( 35 ) Scorecard 10 4 May 2011 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 11 9 May 2011 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Lost by 63 runs Scorecard 12 11 May 2011 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Lost by 9 wickets Scorecard 13 15 May 2011 Kochi Tuskers Kerala Indore Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 14 20 May 2011 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 10 wickets Shane Watson 89 * ( 47 ) & 3 / 19 Scorecard 2012 IPL season ( edit ) Captain : Rahul Dravid No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 6 April 2012 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 31 runs Ajinkya Rahane ( 98 ) Scorecard 8 April 2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Won by 22 runs Brad Hodge 44 ( 29 ) Scorecard 11 April 2012 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 27 runs Scorecard 13 April 2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 5 wickets Scorecard 5 15 April 2012 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 59 runs Ajinkya Rahane 103 * Scorecard 6 17 April 2012 Deccan Chargers Jaipur Won by 5 wickets Brad Hodge Scorecard 7 21 April 2012 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 7 Wickets Scorecard 8 23 April 2012 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Lost by 46 runs Scorecard 9 29 April 2012 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Lost by 1 run Scorecard 10 1 May 2012 Delhi Daredevils Jaipur Lost by 6 wickets Scorecard 11 5 May 2012 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won by 43 runs Shane Watson Score Card 12 8 May 2012 Pune Warriors India Pune Won by 7 wickets Shane Watson 90 * ( 51 ) Scorecard 13 10 May 2012 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Lost by 4 Wickets Scorecard 14 13 May 2012 Pune Warriors India Jaipur Won by 45 runs Ajit Chandila 4 / 13 Scorecard 15 18 May 2012 Deccan Chargers Hyderabad Lost by 5 Wickets Scorecard 16 20 May 2012 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Lost by 10 wickets Scorecard 2013 IPL season ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 6 April 2013 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Won by 5 runs Rahul Dravid 65 ( 51 ) Scorecard 8 April 2013 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Won by 19 runs Siddharth Trivedi 4 / 23 Scorecard 11 April 2013 Pune Warriors India Pune Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 14 April 2013 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 6 wickets James Faulkner 2 / 30 Scorecard 5 17 April 2013 Mumbai Indians Jaipur won by 87 runs Ajinkya Rahane 68 ( 54 ) Scorecard 6 20 April 2013 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bengaluru Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 7 22 April 2013 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 5 wickets Scorecard 8 27 April 2013 Sunrisers Hyderabad Jaipur Won by 8 wickets James Faulkner 5 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 9 29 April 2013 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Won by 4 wickets Sanju Samson 63 ( 31 ) Scorecard 10 3 May 2013 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 8 Wickets Scorecard 11 5 May 2013 Pune Warriors India Jaipur Won By 5 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 67 ( 48 ) Scorecard 12 7 May 2013 Delhi Daredevils Jaipur Won By 9 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 63 * ( 45 ) Scorecard 13 9 May 2013 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won By 8 Wickets Kevon Cooper 3 -- 23 Scorecard 14 12 May 2013 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Won By 5 Wickets Shane Watson 70 ( 34 ) Scorecard 15 15 May 2013 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 14 Runs Scorecard 16 17 May 2013 Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad Lost by 23 Runs Scorecard 17 22 May 2013 Sunrisers Hyderabad ( Eliminator ) New Delhi Won by 4 wickets Brad Hodge 54 * ( 29 ) Scorecard 18 24 May 2013 Mumbai Indians ( Qualifier 2 ) Kolkata Lost by 4 Wickets Scorecard 2013 CLT20 season ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 21 September 2013 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Won by 7 wickets Vikramjeet Malik 3 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 25 September 2013 Highveld Lions Jaipur Won by 30 runs Pravin Tambe 4 / 15 ( 3 overs ) Scorecard 29 September 2013 Perth Scorchers Jaipur Won by 9 wickets Kevon Cooper 4 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 1 October 2013 Otago Volts Jaipur Won by 4 wickets Rahul Shukla 3 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard Semi-Final 4 October 2013 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Won by 14 runs Pravin Tambe 3 / 10 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard Final 6 October 2013 Mumbai Indians Feroz Shah Kotla Lost by 33 runs Scorecard 2014 IPL season ( edit ) Captain : Shane Watson No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link Phase 1 Matches in United Arab Emirates 18 April 2014 Sunrisers Hyderabad Abu Dhabi Won by 4 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 59 ( 53 ) Scorecard 20 April 2014 Kings XI Punjab Sharjah Lost by 7 Wickets Scorecard 23 April 2014 Chennai Super Kings Dubai Lost by 7 Runs Scorecard 26 April 2014 Royal Challengers Bangalore Abu Dhabi Won by 6 Wickets Pravin Tambe 4 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 5 29 April 2014 Kolkata Knight Riders Abu Dhabi Match Tied ; Super Over Tied ; Won by Boundary Count James Faulkner 2 * ( 1 ) & 3 / 11 ( 2 overs ) Scorecard Phase 2 Matches in India 6 3 May 2014 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Won by 7 Wickets Karun Nair 73 * ( 50 ) Scorecard 7 5 May 2014 Kolkata Knight Riders Ahmedabad Won by 10 Runs Pravin Tambe 3 / 26 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 8 8 May 2014 Sunrisers Hyderabad Ahmedabad Lost by 33 Runs Scorecard 9 11 May 2014 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 5 Wickets James Faulkner 41 ( 17 ) & 1 / 42 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 10 13 May 2014 Chennai Super Kings Ranchi Lost by 5 Wickets Scorecard 11 15 May 2014 Delhi Daredevils Ahmedabad Won by 62 Runs Ajinkya Rahane 64 ( 50 ) Scorecard 12 19 May 2014 Mumbai Indians Ahmedabad Lost by 26 Runs Scorecard 13 23 May 2014 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Lost by 17 Runs Scorecard 14 25 May 2014 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 5 Wickets Scorecard 2015 IPL season ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 10 April 2015 Kings XI Punjab Pune Won by 26 Runs James Faulkner 46 ( 33 ) Scorecard 12 April 2015 Delhi Daredevils Delhi Won by 3 Wickets Deepak Hooda 54 ( 25 ) Scorecard 14 April 2015 Mumbai Indians Ahmedabad Won by 7 Wickets Steven Smith 79 * ( 53 ) Scorecard 16 April 2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad Visakhapatnam Won by 6 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 62 ( 56 ) Scorecard 5 19 April 2015 Chennai Super Kings Ahmedabad Won by 8 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 76 * ( 55 ) Scorecard 6 21 April 2015 Kings XI Punjab Ahmedabad Match Tied , Lost Super Over Scorecard 7 24 April 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore Ahmedabad Lost by 9 Wickets Scorecard 8 26 April 2015 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata `` No Toss '' Match abandoned without a ball bowled Scorecard 9 29 April 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bengaluru No Result Scorecard 10 1 May 2015 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 9 Runs Scorecard 11 3 May 2015 Delhi Daredevils Mumbai Won by 14 Runs Ajinkya Rahane 91 * ( 54 ) Scorecard 12 7 May 2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad Mumbai Lost by 8 Runs Scorecard 13 10 May 2015 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 13 Runs Scorecard 14 16 May 2015 Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Won by 9 Runs Shane Watson 104 * ( 59 ) & 2 / 38 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 15 20 May 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore ( Eliminator ) Pune Lost by 72 Runs Scorecard See also ( edit ) List of Rajasthan Royals records References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 24 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rajasthan Royals ' team ethos and values have remained intact since first season '' . cricketcountry.com. 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . ibnlive.com Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . ibnlive.in.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : ABOUT THE BRAND Archived 27 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rajasthan champions after cliffhanger '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ http://stats.espncricinfo.com/usA/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=6;id=4345;type=team Jump up ^ http://stats.espncricinfo.com/usA/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=6;id=4345;type=team Jump up ^ `` Franchises for board 's new Twenty20 league '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Rajastan Royals -- Captained by Rahul Dravid . Liveindia.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Owners of IPL Team Rajasthan Royals Might Sell Out '' . sbnation. 23 March 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Asthana , Anushka . The Times . London http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/cricket/article7052966.ece . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ IPL news : Shane Warne questions move to axe Rajasthan Royals Cricket News Rajasthan Royals ESPN Cricinfo . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ The IPL mess : Rajasthan franchise appeals against scrapping Cricket News Indian Premier League 2011 ESPN Cricinfo . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ IPL : Rajasthan Royals hearing adjourned India Cricket News ESPN Cricinfo . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ IPL news : Rajasthan Royals hearing adjourned again Cricket News Indian Premier League 2011 ESPN Cricinfo . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . 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Jump up ^ `` ' Rajasthan Royals hit with Rs 1 crore fine as BCCI ends row over ownership ' '' . Daily Mail . 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Raj Kundra Jump up ^ `` ' CSK , RR suspended from IPL for 2 years ; Meiyappan , Kundra banned for life ' '' . Times of India . 14 July 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` IPL preview '' . Setana Sports . 16 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Match 3 '' . Cricinfo. 19 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajasthan Royals '' . cricketdawn.com. 12 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne wants to keep winning '' . Cricinfo. 4 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The magic of Shane '' . Cricinfo. 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Not over till the fat laddie leads '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajasthan champions after cliffhanger '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2 June 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) cricketdawn.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 Jump up ^ ( 6 ) . sports.ndtv.com . Retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) cricketdawn.com Jump up ^ `` Middlesex v Rajasthan Royals '' . CricInfo. 2009 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2011 likely to have ten teams '' . CricInfo . ESPN . 2010 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` IPL auction set for ' mid-to - end November ' '' . CricInfo. 2010 - 09 - 30 . Archived from the original on 3 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` IPL terminates Punjab , Rajasthan franchises '' . CricInfo. 2010 - 10 - 10 . Archived from the original on 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi franchise cleared to play in the IPL '' . CricInfo. 2010 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Point table - 2012 '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai in final after tense finish '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Hodge launches Royals into qualifier '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Three IPL players arrested for fraud , cheating -- Delhi Police '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` BCCI suspends trio , Srinivasan says IPL not ' untenable ' '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Royals retain Samson , Binny , Rahane , Watson , Faulkner '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Watson to lead Rajasthan Royals in IPL 7 '' . TimesOfIndia . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Rahul Dravid to stay at Rajasthan Royals as mentor '' . TimesOfIndia . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Smith named Rajasthan Royals captain '' . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ajinkya Rahane replaces Steve Smith as Rajasthan Royals captain Times of India 26 March 2018 Jump up ^ `` Warner and Smith axed from IPL 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Smith and David Warner banned from IPL 2018 by BCCI over ball - tampering scandal - Firstcricket News , Firstpost '' . FirstCricket . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , James ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) . `` IPL 2018 : Steve Smith and David Warner OUT of competition for ball - tampering in HUGE blow '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ila Arun to say ' Halla Bol ' for IPL team of Rajasthan '' . desirulez.net. 25 Mar 2008 . Retrieved 25 Mar 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rajastha Royals '' . sportwalkindia.com/. 25 Mar 2009 . Retrieved 25 Mar 2009 . Jump up ^ Pravin Tambe set to make Ranji Trophy debut for Mumbai at 42 Jump up ^ `` Tambe proves the value of Royals ' unique culture '' . firstspot.com. 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ). cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2018 : Mahmudullah Riyad to replace Steve Smith in Rajasthan Royals team '' . The Financial Express . 2018 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Official Rajasthan Royals Site IPL team Rajasthan Royals web page on official IPL T20 website -- IPLT20.com Rajasthan Royals on Twitter Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Awards Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player Book Portal Commons WikiProject Rajasthan Royals -- current squad Anureet 3 Rahane Sodhi 7 Gowtham 9 Samson A Sharma 12 Midhun 77 Unadkat Saxena Lomror 21 Short 45 Klaasen P Chopra 31 Tripathi 37 Gopal 55 Stokes 56 Laughlin 63 Buttler A Birla 84 Binny 91 Kulkarni Coach : Upton Mentor : Dravid Rajasthan Royals Lists Players Records Home ground Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad Captains Shane Warne ( 2008 - 11 ) Rahul Dravid ( 2012 - 13 ) Shane Watson ( 2014 - 15 ) Steve Smith ( 2015 ) ̈ Ajinkya Rahane ( 2018 - ) Coaches Shane Warne ( 2008 - 12 ) Paddy Upton ( 2013 -- 2015 ) ̈ & ( 2018 - ) Honours 2008 Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajasthan_Royals&oldid=850541110 '' Categories : Indian Premier League teams Sport in Jaipur Cricket clubs established in 2008 Cricket in Rajasthan Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use Indian English from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2016 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from October 2016 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français 한국어 हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português தமிழ் తెలుగు 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 14 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was the first captain of rajasthan royals
[ "The Royals are sometimes considered the Moneyball team of the IPL.[2][3][4] The Royals are known to unearth obscure, high potential talent.[5][6][7] The team won the inaugural edition of the IPL under the captaincy of Shane Warne, despite being written off as a title contender by the media and fans. The Royals were also the runners-up of the 2013 Champions League Twenty20 under Rahul Dravid's captaincy.[7][8]\n" ]
[ "Shane Warne" ]
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Half dollar (United States coin)
Half dollar ( United States coin ) - wikipedia Half dollar ( United States coin ) Jump to : navigation , search Half dollar United States Value 0.50 U.S. dollar Mass 11.340 g ( 0.365 troy oz ) Diameter 30.61 mm ( 1.205 in ) Thickness 2.15 mm ( 0.085 in ) Edge 150 reeds Composition 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni Years of minting 1794 -- present Catalog number -- Obverse Design John F. Kennedy Designer Gilroy Roberts Design date 1964 Reverse Design Presidential Seal Designer Frank Gasparro Design date 1964 The half dollar , sometimes referred to as the half for short , is a United States coin worth 50 cents , one - half of a dollar , and is the largest United States circulating coin currently produced in both size and weight , being 1.205 inches ( 30.61 mm ) in diameter and . 085 inches ( 2.15 mm ) in thickness , and is twice the weight of the quarter . The current half dollar , the Kennedy half dollar , depicts the profile of President John F. Kennedy on the obverse and the Seal of the President of the United States on the reverse , but the design has undergone a number of changes throughout its history . Though not commonly used today , half dollar coins have a long history of heavy use alongside other denominations of coinage , but have faded out of general circulation for many reasons . They were produced in fairly large quantities until the year 2002 , when the U.S. Mint ceased production of the coin for general circulation . As a result of its decreasing usage , a large amount of pre-2002 half dollars remain in Federal Reserve vaults , prompting the change in production . Presently , collector half dollars can be ordered directly from the U.S. Mint , and pre-2002 circulation half dollars may be ordered through most U.S. banks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Circulation 2 Aspects of early history 3 List of designs 4 List of early commemorative issues 5 See also 6 References Circulation ( edit ) Half dollar coins saw heavy use , particularly in the first half of the 20th century . For many years , they were commonly ( and in many areas still are ) used by the gambling community . Rolls of half dollars may still be kept on hand in cardrooms for games requiring 50 - cent antes or bring - in bets , for dealers to pay winning naturals in blackjack , or where the house collects a rake in increments . Additionally , some concession vendors at sporting events distribute half dollar coins as change for convenience . By the early 1960s , the rising price of silver was nearing the point where the bullion value of U.S. silver coins would exceed face value . In 1965 , the U.S. introduced layered composition coins made of a copper core laminated between two cupronickel outer faces . The silver content of dimes and quarters was eliminated , but the Kennedy half dollar composition still contained silver ( reduced from 90 to 40 percent ) from 1965 to 1970 . Half dollars issued through the end of the 1960s were hoarded as the only precious metal U.S. coins remaining in production , and as the price of silver continued to rise , pre-1964 halves disappeared from circulation as well . By the time that the coin 's composition was changed to match that of the clad dimes and quarters in 1971 , both businesses and the public had begun to adapt to a country in which the half dollar did not generally circulate . The half saw a moderate increase in usage during the mid 1970s , only to fall again by the end of the decade . The quarter then took over the half 's role as the highest - value component of change in general use . Most coins enter circulation through the change drawers of businesses . Few businesses stock their change drawers with half dollars , and some banks do not stock them at all . Most banks do not hand them out as normal business practice , so the coins see little circulation . Most U.S. vending machines do not accept half dollars , nor do payphones , which further curtails their circulation ; Many transit systems however , accept halves and the coin is the most common denomination used for U.S. commemorative coins . Since 2002 , half dollars have been minted only for collectors , due to large Federal Reserve and government inventories on hand of pre-2001 pieces ; this is mostly due to lack of demand and large quantity returns from casino slot machines that now operate `` coinless '' . Eventually , when the reserve supply runs low , the mint will again fill orders for circulation half dollars . It took about 18 years ( 1981 -- 1999 ) for the large inventory stockpile of a similar low - demand circulation coin , the $1 coin , to reach reserve levels low enough to again produce circulation pieces . Modern - date half dollars can be purchased in proof sets , mint sets , rolls , and bags from the U.S. Mint , and existing inventory circulation pieces can be ordered through most U.S. banks . All collector issues since 2001 have had much lower mintages than in previous years . Although intended only for collectors , these post-2001 half dollars sometimes find their way into circulation . Aspects of early history ( edit ) On December 1 , 1794 , the first half dollars , approximately 5,300 pieces , were delivered . Another 18,000 were produced in January 1795 using dies of 1794 , to save the expense of making new ones . Another 30,000 pieces were struck by the end of 1801 . The coin had the Heraldic Eagle , based on the Great Seal of the United States on the reverse . 150,000 were minted in 1804 but struck with dies from 1803 , so no 1804 specimens exist , though there were some pieces dated 1805 that carried a `` 5 over 4 '' overdate . In 1838 , half dollar dies were produced in the Philadelphia Mint for the newly established New Orleans Mint , and ten test samples of the 1838 half dollars were made at the main Philadelphia mint . These samples were put into the mint safe along with other rarities like the 1804 silver dollar . The dies were then shipped to New Orleans for the regular production of 1838 half dollars . However , New Orleans production of the half dollars was delayed due to the priority of producing half dimes and dimes . The large press for half dollar production was not used in New Orleans until January 1839 to produce 1838 half dollars , but the reverse die could not be properly secured , and only ten samples were produced before the dies failed . Rufus Tyler , chief coiner of the New Orleans mint , wrote to Mint Director Patterson of the problem on February 25 , 1839 . The Orleans mint samples all had a double stamped reverse as a result of this production problem and they also showed dramatic signs of die rust , neither of which are present on the Philadelphia produced test samples . While eight Philadelphia minted samples survive to this day , there is only one known New Orleans minted specimen with the tell - tale double stamped reverse and die rust . This is the famous coin that Rufus Tyler presented to Alexander Dallas Bache ( great grandson of Benjamin Franklin ) in the summer of 1839 and was later purchased in June 1894 by A.G. Heaton , the father of mint mark coin collecting . The 1838 Philadelphia - produced half dollars are extremely rare , with two separate specimens having sold for $632,500 in Heritage auctions in 2005 and 2008 respectively . The sole surviving Orleans minted 1838 is one of the rarest of all American coins . In 1840 this mint produced nearly 180,000 half dollars . In 1861 , the New Orleans mint produced coins for three different governments . A total of 330,000 were struck under the United States government , 1,240,000 for the State of Louisiana after it seceded from the Union , and 962,633 after it joined the Confederacy . Since the same die was used for all strikings , the output looks identical . However the Confederate States of America actually minted four half dollars with a CSA ( rather than USA ) reverse and the obverse die they used had a small die crack . Thus `` regular '' 1861 half dollars with this crack probably were used by the Confederates for some of the mass striking . There are two varieties of Kennedy half dollars in the proof set issues of 1964 . Initially , the die was used with accented hair , showing deeper lines than the president 's widow , Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis , liked . New dies were prepared to smooth out some of the details . It is estimated that about 1 to 3 % ( 40,000 to 100,000 ) of the proof halves are of the earlier type , making them somewhat more expensive for collectors . List of designs ( edit ) Silver half dollars Flowing Hair 1794 -- 1795 Draped Bust 1796 -- 1807 Draped Bust , Small Eagle 1796 -- 1797 Draped Bust , Heraldic Eagle 1801 -- 1807 Capped Bust 1807 -- 1839 Capped Bust ( Large Size ) , With Motto 1807 -- 1836 Capped Bust ( Small Size ) , No Motto 1836 -- 1839 Seated Liberty 1839 -- 1891 Seated Liberty , No Motto 1839 -- 1866 Seated Liberty , With Motto 1866 -- 1891 Barber 1892 -- 1915 Walking Liberty 1916 -- 1947 Franklin 1948 -- 1963 Kennedy 1964 ( General circulation issue ) ( the last 90 % silver half dollar for circulation , contains 0.36169 oz . net silver per coin , or 7.234 oz . silver per roll ) Kennedy 1992 -- present ( silver proof sets available ) 40 % silver half dollars Kennedy 1965 -- 1969 Kennedy 1970 ( collectors sets only ) Kennedy 1976 ( only collectors sets produced with 40 % silver ) Copper - nickel clad half dollars Kennedy 1971 -- 1974 , 1977 -- 1986 , 1988 -- 2001 ( general circulation issues ) Kennedy 1987 , 2002 -- present ( collectors only ) Kennedy Bicentennial 1975 -- 1976 ( all dated 1776 -- 1976 . ) Various half dollar designs List of early commemorative issues ( edit ) See also : Early United States commemorative coins § 50 Cents Silver Columbian half dollar ( 1892 -- 1893 ) Panama -- Pacific half dollar ( 1915 ) Illinois Centennial half dollar ( 1918 ) Maine Centennial half dollar ( 1920 ) Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar ( 1920 -- 1921 ) Missouri Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Alabama Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Grant Memorial half dollar ( 1922 ) Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar ( 1923 ) Huguenot - Walloon half dollar ( 1924 ) Lexington - Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1925 ) Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar ( 1925 ) California Diamond Jubilee half dollar ( 1925 ) Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar ( 1925 ) United States Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1926 ) Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 -- 1939 ) Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1927 ) Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1928 ) Maryland Tercentenary half dollar ( 1934 ) Texas Centennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 1938 ) Daniel Boone Bicentennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 1938 ) Connecticut Tercentenary half dollar ( 1935 ) Arkansas Centennial half dollar ( 1935 -- 1939 ) Arkansas - Robinson half dollar ( 1936 ) Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1935 ) California Pacific International Exposition half dollar ( 1935 -- 1936 ) Old Spanish Trail half dollar ( 1935 ) Rhode Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) Cleveland Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Wisconsin Territorial Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar ( 1936 ) Long Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) York County , Maine Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) Bridgeport , Connecticut Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Lynchburg Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Elgin , Illinois , Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Albany Charter half dollar ( 1936 ) San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge half dollar ( 1936 ) Columbia , South Carolina Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Delaware Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) Battle of Gettysburg half dollar ( 1936 ) Norfolk , Virginia Bicentennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Roanoke Island half dollar ( 1937 ) Battle of Antietam half dollar ( 1937 ) New Rochelle , New York half dollar ( 1938 ) Iowa Centennial half dollar ( 1946 ) Booker T. Washington Memorial half dollar ( 1946 -- 1954 ) See also ( edit ) United States Mint coin production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. MINT Catalog ^ Jump up to : `` kennedy - half - dollars '' . United States Mint . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` USA Commemorative Half Dollars '' . www.commem.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ United States Half Dollars Denver Coin Store . Web . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Julian , R.W. ( December 2006 ) . `` All About the Half Dollar '' . Numismatist Magazine . 119 ( 12 ) : 38 . Jump up ^ U.S. Archives , general correspondence of the Philadelphia Mint box 39 Jump up ^ `` Treatise on coinage of The United States Branch Mints '' published 1893 / author Augustus Heaton Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Proof - 63 Jump up ^ `` The Surprising History Of The 1838 - O Half Dollar '' published Jan 2012 by Ivy Press / David Stone and Mark Van Winkle authors Heritage Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Proof - 64 Jump up ^ The SS Republic Shipwreck Project : the Coin Collection , p. 23 Jump up ^ What exactly is an Accented Hair Kennedy ? Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1794 -- 95 Half Dollar Flowing Hair '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1796 -- 97 Half Dollar Draped Bust Small Eagle '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1801 -- 07 Half Dollar Draped Bust Heraldic Eagle '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1807 -- 36 Half Dollar Capped Bust Lettered Edge '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1836 -- 39 Half Dollar Capped Bust Reeded Edge '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1839 -- 66 Half Dollar Seated Liberty No Motto '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1866 -- 91 Half Dollar Seated Liberty With Motto '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1892 -- 1915 Half Dollar Barber '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1916 -- 47 Half Dollar Walking Liberty '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1948 -- 63 Half Dollar Franklin '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1964 -- Half Dollar Kennedy '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Coinage of the United States Cent ( 1 ¢ ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Chain ( 1793 ) Wreath ( 1793 ) Liberty Cap ( 1793 -- 96 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Classic Head ( 1808 -- 14 ) Matron Head ( 1816 -- 39 ) Large cent ( Braided Hair ) ( 1835 -- 57 ; 1868 ) Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 58 ) Indian Head ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled die cent 1974 aluminum cent Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Half dime Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 97 , 1800 -- 05 ) Capped Bust ( 1829 -- 37 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 73 ) Shield ( 1866 -- 83 ) Liberty Head ( 1883 -- 1913 ) Buffalo ( 1913 -- 38 ) Jefferson ( 1938 -- present ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Disme ( 1792 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1809 -- 37 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Mercury ( 1916 -- 45 ) Roosevelt ( 1946 -- present ) Quarter dollar ( 25 ¢ ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1815 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Standing Liberty ( 1916 -- 30 ) Washington ( 1932 -- 1998 ) 50 State Quarters ( 1999 -- 2008 ) District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters ( 2009 ) America the Beautiful Quarters ( 2010 -- present ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1807 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1915 ) Walking Liberty ( 1916 -- 47 ) Franklin ( 1948 -- 63 ) Kennedy ( 1964 -- present ) Dollar ( $1 ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1795 -- 1804 ) 1804 ( 1834 , c. 1858 -- 60 ) Gobrecht ( 1836 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1840 -- 73 ) Gold ( 1849 -- 89 ) Trade ( 1873 -- 85 ) Morgan ( 1878 -- 1904 ; 1921 ) Peace ( 1921 -- 35 ) Eisenhower ( 1971 -- 78 ) Susan B. Anthony ( 1979 -- 81 ; 1999 ) Silver Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Sacagawea ( 2000 -- present ) Presidential ( 2007 -- 16 ) Gold Turban Head eagle ( 1795 -- 1804 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 89 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 89 ) Liberty Head double eagle ( 1849 -- 1907 ) Double eagle ( 1849 -- 1933 ) Saint - Gaudens double eagle ( 1907 -- 33 ) Indian Head eagle ( 1907 -- 33 ) Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 -- 29 ) Gold Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Gold Buffalo ( 2006 -- present ) First Spouse gold bullion coins ( 2007 -- 16 ) Commemorative Early ( 1892 -- 1954 ) Columbian half dollar ( 1892 -- 93 ) Isabella quarter ( 1893 ) Lafayette dollar ( 1900 ) Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar ( 1903 ) Lewis and Clark Exposition dollar ( 1904 -- 05 ) Panama -- Pacific commemorative coins ( 1915 ) McKinley Birthplace Memorial dollar ( 1916 -- 17 ) Illinois Centennial half dollar ( 1918 ) Maine Centennial half dollar ( 1920 ) Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar ( 1920 -- 21 ) Missouri Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Alabama Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar ( 1923 ) Huguenot - Walloon half dollar ( 1924 ) Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar ( 1925 ) Lexington - Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1925 ) California Diamond Jubilee half dollar ( 1925 ) Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar ( 1925 ) United States Sesquicentennial coinage ( 1926 ) Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 -- 39 ) Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1927 ) Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1928 ) Texas Centennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 38 ) Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1935 ) Connecticut Tercentenary half dollar ( 1935 ) California Pacific International Exposition half dollar ( 1935 -- 36 ) Rhode Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar ( 1936 ) Cleveland Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Bridgeport half dollar ( 1936 ) Elgin , Illinois , Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Modern ( 1982 -- present ) Los Angeles XXIII Olympiad dollar ( 1984 ) Eisenhower commemorative dollar ( 1990 ) Library of Congress ten dollar coin ( 2000 ) John Marshall commemorative dollar ( 2005 ) Marine Corps 230th Anniversary silver dollar ( 2005 ) Boy Scouts of America centennial silver dollar ( 2010 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 80 ) Half - union ( 1877 ) Other Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Two - cent piece ( 1864 -- 73 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 73 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 89 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 78 ) United States Bicentennial coinage ( 1975 -- 76 ) Platinum Eagle ( 1997 -- present ) Palladium Eagle ( 2017 -- present ) America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins ( 2010 -- present ) Norse - American medal ( 1925 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half_dollar_(United_States_coin)&oldid=842444270 '' Categories : Coins of the United States Fifty - cent coins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Русский Slovenčina 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 14 : 09 . About Wikipedia
when was the last silver half dollar made
[ "By the early 1960s, the rising price of silver was nearing the point where the bullion value of U.S. silver coins would exceed face value. In 1965, the U.S. introduced layered composition coins made of a copper core laminated between two cupronickel outer faces. The silver content of dimes and quarters was eliminated, but the Kennedy half dollar composition still contained silver (reduced from 90 to 40 percent) from 1965 to 1970." ]
[ "1970" ]
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World War I casualties
World War I casualties - wikipedia World War I casualties Jump to : navigation , search British and German wounded , Bernafay Wood , 19 July 1916 . Photo by Ernest Brooks The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was more than 41 million : there were over 18 million deaths and 23 million wounded , ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history . The total number of deaths includes from 9 to 11 million military personnel and about 5 to 6 million civilians . The Triple Entente ( also known as the Allies ) lost about 6 million military personnel while the Central Powers lost about 4 million . At least 2 million died from diseases and 6 million went missing , presumed dead . This article lists the casualties of the belligerent powers based on official published sources . About two - thirds of military deaths in World War I were in battle , unlike the conflicts that took place in the 19th century when the majority of deaths were due to disease . Nevertheless , disease , including the 1918 flu pandemic and deaths while held as prisoners of war , still caused about one third of total military deaths for all belligerents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification of casualty statistics 2 Casualties in the borders of 1914 -- 18 3 Casualties by post-war ( 1924 ) borders 4 Footnotes 5 Sources 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Other languages 9 External links Classification of casualty statistics ( edit ) Douaumont French military cemetery seen from Douaumont ossuary , which contains remains of French and German soldiers who died during the Battle of Verdun in 1916 Casualty statistics for World War I vary to a great extent ; estimates of total deaths range from 9 million to over 15 million . Military casualties reported in official sources list deaths due to all causes , including an estimated 7 to 8 million combat related deaths ( killed or died of wounds ) and another two to three million military deaths caused by accidents , disease and deaths while prisoners of war . Official government reports listing casualty statistics were published by the United States and Great Britain . These secondary sources published during the 1920s , are the source of the statistics in reference works listing casualties in World War I . This article summarizes the casualty statistics published in the official government reports of the United States and Great Britain as well as France , Italy , Belgium , Germany , Austria and Russia . More recently the research of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) has revised the military casualty statistics of the UK and its allies ; they include in their listing of military war dead personnel outside of combat theaters and civilians recruited from Africa , the Middle East and China who provided logistical and service support in combat theaters . The casualties of these support personnel recruited outside of Europe were previously not included with British war dead , however the casualties of the Labour Corps recruited from the British Isles were included in the rolls of British war dead published in 1921 . The methodology used by each nation to record and classify casualties was not uniform , a general caveat regarding casualty figures is that they can not be considered comparable in all cases . First World War civilian deaths are `` hazardous to estimate '' according to Michael Clodfelter who maintains that `` the generally accepted figure of noncombatant deaths is 6.5 million . '' The figures listed below include about 6 million excess civilian deaths due to war related privations , that are often omitted from other compilations of World War I casualties . The war brought about malnutrition and disease caused by the U-boat Campaign and the Blockade of Germany which disrupted trade resulting in food shortages . The civilian deaths in the Ottoman Empire include the Armenian Genocide , Assyrian Genocide , and Greek Genocide . Civilian deaths due to the Spanish flu have been excluded from these figures , whenever possible . The figures do not include deaths during the Russian Civil War and the Turkish War of Independence . Casualties in the borders of 1914 -- 18 ( edit ) ( when the number of deaths in a country is disputed , a range of war losses is given ) ( sources and details of figures are provided in the footnotes ) Nation Population ( millions ) Combat Deaths and Missing in Action ( included in total Military deaths ) Total Military deaths ( from all causes ) Civilian deaths ( military action and crimes against humanity ) Increase in civilian deaths ( malnutrition and disease excluding Influenza pandemic ) Total deaths Deaths as % of population Military wounded Allies and co-belligerents of World War I Australia 5.0 61,527 59,330 to 62,149 59,330 to 62,149 1.19 % to 1.24 % 152,171 Canada 7.2 56,638 56,639 to 64,996 1,963 58,639 to 66,996 0.81 % to 0.93 % 149,732 India 315.1 64,449 64,449 to 73,905 64,449 to 73,905 0.02 % to 0.02 % 69,214 New Zealand 18,166 16,711 to 18,060 16,711 to 18,060 1.52 % to 1.64 % 41,317 Newfoundland 0.2 1,204 1,204 to 1,570 ( included with UK ) 1,204 to 1,570 0.6 % to 0.79 % 2,314 South Africa 6.0 7,121 7,121 to 9,726 7,121 to 9,726 0.12 % to 0.16 % 12,029 United Kingdom ( and Colonies ) 45.4 744,000 744,000 to 887,858 16,829 107,000 867,829 to 1,011,687 1.91 % to 2.23 % 1,675,000 Sub-total for British Empire 380.0 953,104 949,454 to 1,118,264 18,829 107,000 1,077,283 to 1,244,093 0.28 % to 0.33 % 2,101,077 East - Central Africa est . 750,000 est . 750,000 Belgium 7.4 38,170 38,170 to 58,637 23,700 62,000 123,870 to 144,337 1.67 % to 1.95 % 44,686 France 39.6 1,150,000 1,357,000 to 1,397,800 40,000 300,000 1,697,000 to 1,737,800 4.29 % to 4.39 % 4,266,000 Greece 4.8 5,000 5,000 to 26,000 150,000 155,000 to 176,000 3.23 % to 3.67 % 21,000 Italy 35.6 460,000 460,000 to 651,000 3,400 589,000 1,052,400 to 1,243,400 2.96 % to 3.49 % 947,000 Empire of Japan 53.6 300 300 to 4,661 300 to 4,661 0 % to 0.01 % 907 Montenegro 0.5 3,000 3,000 to 13,325 3,000 to 13,325 0.6 % to 2.67 % 10,000 Portugal 6.0 7,222 7,222 13 82,000 89,235 1.49 % 13,751 Romania 7.5 335,706 250,000 to 335,706 130,000 200,000 580,000 to 665,706 7.73 % to 8.88 % 120,000 Russian Empire 175.1 1,700,000 1,700,000 to 2,254,369 410,000 730,000 2,840,000 to 3,394,369 1.62 % to 1.94 % 3,749,000 to 4,950,000 Serbia 4.5 127,500 300,000 to 450,000 450,000 to 800,000 750,000 to 1,250,000 16.67 % to 27.78 % 133,148 United States 92.0 53,402 116,708 757 117,465 0.13 % 204,002 Total ( Entente Powers ) 806.6 4,833,404 5,186,854 to 6,433,692 626,699 3,420,000 to 3,770,000 8,485,553 to 10,080,026 1.05 % to 1.25 % 11,611,271 to 12,812,271 Central Powers Austria - Hungary 51.4 1,016,200 1,200,000 to 1,494,200 120,000 467,000 1,787,000 to 2,081,200 3.48 % to 4.05 % 3,620,000 Bulgaria 5.5 87,500 87,500 100,000 187,500 3.41 % 152,390 German Empire 64.9 1,800,000 2,037,000 720 424,000 . to 763,000 2,198,420 to 2,800,720 3.39 % to 4.32 % 4,215,662 Ottoman Empire 21.3 305,085 325,000 to 771,844 1,500,000 . 1,000,000 2,825,000 to 3,271,844 13.26 % to 15.36 % 400,000 to 763,753 Total ( Central Powers ) 143.1 3,208,785 3,386,200 to 4,390,544 1,620,720 1,991,000 to 2,330,000 6,997,920 to 8,341,264 4.89 % to 5.82 % 8,388,052 to 8,751,805 Neutral nations Denmark 2.7 700 700 0.03 % -- Luxembourg 0.3 See footnote Norway 2.4 1,180 . 1,180 0.08 % -- Sweden 5.6 800 . 800 0.02 % -- Grand total 960.7 8,042,189 8,573,054 to 10,824,236 2,250,099 5,411,000 to 6,100,000 15,486,153 to 18,423,970 1.61 % to 1.92 % 22,101,100 to 23,665,873 Casualties by post-war ( 1924 ) borders ( edit ) Europe 1914 and 1924 The war involved multi-ethnic empires such as Great Britain , France , Germany , Russia , Austria - Hungary and Turkey . Many ethnic groups in these territories were conscripted for military service . The casualties listed by modern borders are also included in the above table of figures for the countries that existed in 1914 . The casualty figures by 1924 post war borders are rough estimates by Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century , the sources of his figures were published in the Soviet era and in post-Soviet Russia . According to the 1914 -- 1918 Online Encyclopedia `` In addition to losses suffered by African military personnel and the laborers supporting their operations , very large , but unknown numbers of African civilians perished during the war . '' They made an estimate of civilian losses in Africa of 750,000 based on the study by the Vadim Erlikman . They noted that Erlikman 's figures are based on the work of the Russian demographer Boris Urlanis , they noted that these estimates were `` imprecise '' and `` could be used to provide a frame of reference for further inquiry '' . The Oxford History of World War One notes that `` In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas , a weakening of populations , and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle . '' Austria The following estimates of Austrian deaths , within contemporary borders , were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Total dead 175,000 : including military losses 120,000 with the Austo - Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 30,000 . Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 25,000 . Belarus The following estimates of Belarusian deaths , within contemporary borders , were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Total dead 130,000 : including military losses 70,000 with the Russian forces . Civilian dead were 60,000 . Ukraine The following estimates of Ukrainian deaths , within contemporary borders , were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Total dead 590,000 : including military losses 450,000 , ( Erlikman did not break out military losses between Austro - Hungarian and Russian armed forces ) . Civilian dead were 140,000 . Democratic Republic of the Congo The Belgian Congo was part of the Kingdom of Belgium during the war . A Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia estimated a total of 155,000 deaths in the Belgian Congo during the war . Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia was part of Austro - Hungary during the war . The estimates of Czechoslovak deaths within 1991 borders were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Total dead 185,000 : including military losses 110,000 with the Austro - Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 45,000 . Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 30,000 . The Czechoslovak Legions fought with the armies of the Allies during the war . Austrian memorial commemorating soldiers from the village of Obermillstatt who died in World War I . Estonia Estonia was part of the Russian Empire during the war and about 100,000 Estonians served in the Russian Army . Of them about 10,000 were killed . Finland From 1809 Finland was an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917 . In 1924 the Finnish government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 26,517 were dead and missing in World War I . French colonies The following estimates of deaths , within contemporary borders , during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Erlikman 's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia . Algeria ( 1914 known as French Algeria ) : 26,000 Vietnam ( 1914 known as French Indochina ) : 12,000 Mali ( 1914 part of French West Africa ) : 60,000 Morocco ( 1914 known as the French protectorate of Morocco ) : 8,000 Senegal ( 1914 part of French West Africa ) : 36,000 Guinea ( 1914 part of French West Africa ) : 14,500 Madagascar : 2,500 military Benin ( 1914 part of French West Africa ) : 27,000 Burkina Faso ( 1914 part of French West Africa ) : 17,000 Republic of the Congo ( 1914 part of French Equatorial Africa ) : 32,000 Ivory Coast ( 1914 part of French West Africa ) : 12,000 Tunisia ( 1914 known as French Tunisia ) : 2,000 Chad ( 1914 part of French Equatorial Africa ) : 1,500 Central African Republic ( 1914 known as French Oubangui - Chari ) : 1,000 Niger ( 1914 part of French West Africa ) : 1,000 Gabon ( 1914 part of French Equatorial Africa ) : 10,500 Total : 263,000 German colonies The following estimates of deaths , within contemporary borders , during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Erlikman 's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia . Dying Soldier in a Trench ( 1915 ) by Willy Jaeckel Tanzania ( 1914 part of German East Africa ) : 50,000 Namibia ( 1914 known as German South - West Africa ) : 1,000 Cameroon ( 1914 known as Kamerun ) : 5,000 military and 50,000 civilian Togo ( 1914 known as German Togoland ) : 2,000 Rwanda ( 1914 part of German East Africa ) : 15,000 Total : 123.000 Hungary The following estimates of Hungarian deaths , within contemporary borders , during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Total dead 385,000 : including military losses 270,000 with the Austro - Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 70,000 . Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 45,000 . Ireland Ireland was a part of the UK during World War I. Five sixths of the island left to form the Irish Free State , now the Republic of Ireland , in 1922 . A total of 206,000 Irishmen served in the British forces during the war . The number of Irish deaths in the British Army recorded by the registrar general was 27,405 . A significant number of these casualties were from what , in 1920 , became Northern Ireland . While 49,400 soldiers died serving in Irish divisions ( the 10th , 16th and 36th ) , although not all of the men serving in these divisions were natives of Ireland and many Irish who died in non-Irish regiments are not listed . For example , 29 % of the casualties in the 16th Division were not natives of Ireland . Neither does it include Irish emigrants in Britain who enlisted there and are not categorised as Irish . Australia lists 4,731 of its first World War soldiers as having been born in Ireland and more than 19,000 Irish - born soldiers served in the Canadian Corps . The rolls do list 30,986 soldiers who were born in Ireland . Prof John Horne of Trinity College Dublin says a figure of between 30,000 and 35,000 Irish war dead is a `` conservative '' estimate and one likely to rise . Mozambique The losses of Portuguese Mozambique were estimated by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Erlikman 's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia . 52,000 Poland Poland was an annexed territory of Germany , Austria - Hungary and Russia , from 1795 to 1918 . By late 1915 , Germany had complete control over modern - day Poland . A 2005 Polish study estimated 3,376,800 Poles were conscripted into the armed forces of the occupying powers during World War I , an additional 300,000 were conscripted for forced labor by the Germans . The Russians and Austrians forcibly resettled 1.6 to 1.8 million persons from the war zone in Poland . According to Michael Clodfelter , Polish war dead were 1,080,000 , whilst 200,000 Polish civilians were killed in the fighting on the Eastern Front ; 870,000 men served in the German , Austrian and Russian armies . Another estimate made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century , put total Polish war dead at 640,000 , including military losses of 270,000 Poles conscripted , civilian losses of 120,000 due to military operations and 250,000 caused by famine and disease . The ethnic Polish Blue Army served with the French Army . The ethnic Polish Legions fought as part of the Austro - Hungarian Army on the Eastern Front . Romania The territory of Transylvania was part of Austria - Hungary during World War I . The following estimates of Romanian deaths , within contemporary borders , during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Total dead : 748,000 , including military losses of 220,000 with the Romanian forces , 150,000 with the Austro - Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 48,000 . Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease : 200,000 , killed in military operations 120,000 and 10,000 dead in Austrian prisons . British colonies Britain recruited Indian , Chinese , native South African , Egyptian and other overseas labour to provide logistical support in the combat theatres . Included with British casualties in East Africa are the deaths of 44,911 recruited labourers . The CWGC reports that nearly 2,000 workers from the Chinese Labour Corps are buried with British war dead in France . The following estimates of British Empire colonial military deaths , within contemporary borders , during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Erlikman 's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia . Ghana ( 1914 known as the Gold Coast ) : 16,200 Kenya ( 1914 known as British East Africa ) : 32,000 Malawi ( 1914 known as Nyasaland ) : 3,000 Nigeria ( 1914 part of British West Africa ) : 85,000 Sierra Leone ( 1914 part of British West Africa ) : 1,000 Uganda ( 1914 known as the Uganda Protectorate ) : 1,500 Zambia ( 1914 known as Northern Rhodesia ) : 2,000 Zimbabwe ( 1914 known as Southern Rhodesia ) : 5,716 persons of European origin served in the war , of whom about 700 were killed , or died of wounds or other causes . In explicitly Rhodesian units , 127 were killed , 24 died of wounds , 101 died of disease or other causes and 294 were wounded . Of the territory 's black African servicemen , 31 were killed in action , 142 died of other causes and 116 were wounded . Total : 141.573 Kingdom of Yugoslavia The following estimates are for Yugoslavia within the 1991 borders . Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Vojvodina ( Now part of Serbia ) were part of Austria - Hungary during World War I. Serbia , which included Macedonia , and Montenegro was an independent nation . The Yugoslav historian Vladimir Dedijer put the total losses of the Yugoslav lands at 1.9 million , of which 43 % were from Serbia . The following estimates of Yugoslav deaths , within 1991 borders , during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century . Total dead : 996,000 including military losses , 260,000 with the Serbian forces , 80,000 with the Austro - Hungarian forces , 13,000 with Montenegrin forces and POW deaths in captivity of 93,000 . Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease : 400,000 , killed in military operations : 120,000 and 30,000 dead in Austrian prisons or executed . Nepal During World War I , the Nepalese army was expanded and six new regiments , totaling more than 20,000 troops -- all volunteers -- were sent to India , most of them to the North - West Frontier Province , to release British and Indian troops for service overseas . Simultaneously , the Nepalese government agreed to maintain recruitment at a level that would sustain the existing British Gurkha units and allow the establishment of additional ones . The battalions were increased to thirty - three with the addition of 55,000 new recruits and Gurkha units were placed at the disposal of the British high command for service on all fronts . Many volunteers were assigned to non-combat units , such as the Army Bearer Corps and the labour battalions but they also were in combat in France , Turkey , Palestine and Mesopotamia . The Rana prime ministers urged Nepalese males to fight in the war . Of the more than 200,000 Nepalese who served in the British army , there were some 20,000 Gurkha casualties included above with the British Indian Army . Footnotes ( edit ) Deaths by alliance and military / civilian . Most of the civilian deaths were due to war - related famine Deaths of the Allied powers Deaths of the Central powers ^ East and Central Africa The conflict in East Africa caused enormous civilian casualties . The Oxford History of World War One notes that `` In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas , a weakening of populations , and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle . '' According to the 1914 -- 1918 Online Encyclopedia `` In addition to losses suffered by African military personnel and the laborers supporting their operations , very large , but unknown numbers of African civilians perished during the war . '' They made an estimate of civilian losses in Africa of 750,000 The following estimates of civilian deaths in East Africa during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century : Kenya 30,000 ; Tanzania 100,000 ; Mozambique 50,000 ; Rwanda 15,000 ; Burundi 20,000 and the Belgian Congo 150,000 . The military casualties of the UK , France , Germany , Belgium and Portugal include Africans who served with their armed forces , the details are noted above in the list of the various colonies . Fallen British and Australian soldiers in a mass grave , dug by German soldiers , 1916 or 1917 ^ Australia The Australian War Memorial puts their war dead at 61,513 . The Australian War Memorial maintains a database listing the names of war dead . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figure for Australian war dead is 62,149 . The report of the UK War Office listed 59,330 Army war dead , 152,171 wounded and 4,084 taken prisoner . In 1924 the Australian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 412,953 men mobilized and 59,337 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total military deaths are 54,000 killed and died of wounds . ^ Belgium Belgian government figures for military losses in Europe were 40,367 ( 26,338 killed , died of wounds or accidents and 14,029 died of disease or missing ) . In Africa : 2,620 soldiers were killed and 15,650 porters died . The combined total for Europe and Africa is 58,637 . United States War Dept . figures for Belgium are : Total mobilized force 267,000 ; total casualties 93,061 including killed and died 13,716 ; wounded 44,686 ; Prisoners and missing 34,659 . The report of the UK War Office listed 93,061 casualties up until November 11 , 1918 including 13,716 killed and died ; 24,456 missing ; 44,686 wounded and 10,208 POW . `` These figures are approximate only , the records being incomplete . '' In 1924 , the Belgian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 365,000 men mobilized and 40,936 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Belgian military deaths are 35,000 killed and died of wounds Civilian deaths according to Belgian government statistics were 23,700 ( 6,000 killed in the 1914 German massacres and 17,700 victims in prisons , deportations and by military tribunals ) . According to a demographic study , there were 92,000 indirect deaths in Belgium ( 62,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 30,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic ) . John Horne estimated that 6,500 Belgian and French civilians were killed in German reprisals . ^ Canada According to the Canadian War Museum Close to 61,000 Canadians were killed during the war , and another 172,000 were wounded . The small colony of Newfoundland suffered 1,305 killed and several thousand wounded . The Canadian Expeditionary Force lost 59,544 in the war , including 51,748 due to enemy action ; the Royal Canadian Navy reported 150 deaths from all causes and 1,388 Canadians died while serving with the British Flying Services . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figure for Canadian war dead is 64,996 . The report of the UK War Office listed 56,639 Canadian war dead , 149,732 wounded and 3,729 taken prisoner . In 1924 , the Canadian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 628,964 men mobilized and 51,674 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Canadian military deaths are 53,000 killed and died of wounds . The Canadian Virtual War Memorial contains a registry of information about the graves and memorials of Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives for their country . The 2,000 Civilian deaths were due to the Halifax Explosion . ^ France French casualty figures up until June 1 , 1919 were listed in a French government report of August 1 , 1919 presented to the French Chamber of Deputies . Total Army dead and missing up until November 11 , 1918 were 1,357,800 ; in addition there were 28,600 deaths after November 11 , 1918 of those wounded and 11,400 Navy dead which brings total dead and missing to 1,397,800 . These figures include 35,200 French Colonial Forces , 35,900 `` north Africans '' and 4,600 French Foreign Legion personnel . According to the French Army official report `` La Statistique médicale de l'armée '' Total dead were 1,325,000 ( 675,000 killed in action , 225,000 missing and prisoners killed , 250,000 died of wounds and 175,000 died of disease . ) A breakdown of French casualties published in the Official History of the Australian Army Medical Services , 1914 -- 1918 lists 674,700 killed in action , 250,000 died of wounds , 225,300 missing and presumed dead and 175,000 dead from disease and injury . Wounded amounted to 2,300,000 . United States War Dept . figures for French casualties are : Total mobilized force 8,410,000 ; total casualties 6,160,800 including killed and died : 1,357,800 , wounded : 4,266,000 , prisoners and missing : 537,000 . The UK War Office put French dead , killed and missing at 1,385,300 dead and missing , including 58,000 colonial soldiers up until Nov. 1 , 1918 . They noted that a government report of Aug. 1 , 1919 , listed the number of killed and died at 1,357,000 . There were no figures available of the wounded . In 1924 , the French government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 7,935,000 men mobilized and 1,400,000 dead and missing in World War I . The names of the soldiers who died for France during World War I are listed on - line by the French government . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total French military deaths are 1,126,000 killed and died of wounds . According to the French encyclopedia Quid 30 -- 40,000 foreign volunteers from about 40 nationalities served in the French army , including 12,000 with the Czechoslovak Legion and the ethnic Polish Blue Army ; 5,000 Italians served in a `` Legion '' commanded by Colonel Garibaldi . There were also 1,000 Spaniards and 1,500 Swiss in French service , 200 American volunteers served with the French from 1914 to 1916 , including the Lafayette Escadrille . Luxembourg was occupied by Germany during the war . According to the Mobile Reference travel Guide 3,700 Luxembourg citizens served in the French armed forces , 2,800 gave their lives in the war . They are commemorated at the Gëlle Fra in Luxembourg . The French Armenian Legion served as part of the French armed forces during the war . French colonies , such as Algeria and Vietnam , also sent troops to fight and serve on the battlefront . American military historian Douglas Porch reported of the French Foreign Legion , in which most non-French nationals served , that some estimates put Legion casualties during the war as high as 31,000 of the 44,150 men who served in the Legion , a 70 per cent casualty rate . According to a demographic study , there were 500,000 indirect deaths in France ( 300,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 200,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic ) . Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the France during the war , put total excess deaths at 264,000 to 284,000 , not including an additional 100,000 to 120,000 Spanish Flu deaths . Civilian dead include 1,509 merchant sailors and 3,357 killed in air attacks and long range artillery bombardments Tertiary sources put French civilian war dead at 40,000 . ^ Greece The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated total military dead of 26,000 , including 15,000 deaths due to disease and 11,000 killed and died of wounds United States War Dept . figures for Greek casualties are : Total mobilized force 230,000 ; total casualties 27,000 ( killed and died 5,000 ; wounded 21,000 ; prisoners and missing 1,000 ) . The report of the UK War Office listed 27,000 casualties ( 5,000 killed or died of wounds ; 21,000 wounded and 1,000 prisoners and missing ) . In 1924 , the Greek government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 355,000 men mobilized and no dead and missing in World War I . Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War I , listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missing . According to a demographic study there were 150,000 indirect deaths in Greece due to wartime privations . ^ India ( British ) The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figure for Indian war dead is 73,905 . The report of the UK War Office listed 64,449 Army war dead , 69,214 wounded and 11,264 taken prisoner , these figures include British serving in the Indian Army ( 2,393 dead , 2,325 wounded and 194 taken prisoner ) . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Indian military deaths are 27,000 killed and died of wounds . ^ Italy The Italian government put military war deaths at 651,000 ( killed in action or died of wounds 378,000 ; died of disease 186,000 plus an additional 87,000 deaths of invalids from 12 Nov. 1918 until 30 April 1920 , due to war related injuries . ) These official figures were published in an Italian study of war losses by G. Mortara , however he estimated actual losses until the war 's end in Nov. 1918 , at 600,000 ( 400,000 killed or died of wounds and 200,000 deaths due to disease ) . A brief summary of data from this study can be found online . United States War Dept . figures for Italian casualties are : Total mobilized force 5,615,000 ; total casualties 2,197,000 ( killed and died 650,000 ; wounded 947,000 ; prisoners and missing 600,000 ) . The report of the UK War Office listed 1,937,000 casualties up until Nov. 11 , 1918 ( 460,000 dead ; 947,000 wounded and 530,000 prisoners ) . In 1924 , the Italian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 5,615,000 men mobilized and 750,000 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Italian military deaths are 433,000 killed and died of wounds . According to a demographic study there were 1,021,000 indirect deaths in Italy ( 589,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 432,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic ) . Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the Italy during the war , put total excess deaths at 324,000 not including an additional 300,000 Spanish Flu deaths . Civilian deaths due to military action were 3,400 ( including 2,293 by attacks on shipping , 965 during air raids and 142 by sea bombardment ) . ^ Japan In 1924 , the Japanese government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 800,000 men mobilized and 4,661 dead and missing in World War I . The Yasukuni Shrine lists 4,850 dead in World War I . United States War Dept . figures for Japanese casualties are : total mobilized force 800,000 ; total casualties 1,210 ( including Killed and died 300 ; wounded 907 ; Prisoners and missing 3 ) . German trench destroyed by a mine explosion , 1917 ^ Montenegro In 1924 , the Yugoslav government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported Montenegro mobilized 50,000 men and 13,325 were dead and missing in World War I . United States War Dept . figures for Montenegrin casualties are : total mobilized force 50,000 ; total casualties 20,000 including killed and died 3,000 ; wounded 10,000 ; prisoners and missing 7,000 . ^ New Zealand The Auckland War Memorial Museum commemorates the 18,060 New Zealand World War I dead . The Auckland War Memorial Museum maintains a database listing the names of the New Zealand war dead . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figure for New Zealand war dead is 18,060 . The report of the UK War Office listed 16,711 army war dead , 41,317 wounded and 498 taken prisoner . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total New Zealand military deaths are 14,000 killed and died of wounds . ^ Newfoundland The Dominion of Newfoundland was not part of Canada during World War I . The report of the UK War Office listed 1,204 Army war dead , 2,314 wounded and 150 taken prisoner . An academic journal published in Newfoundland has given the details of Newfoundland 's military casualties . Fatalities totaled 1,570 The Royal Newfoundland Regiment suffered 1,297 dead ; there were an additional 171 dead in the Royal Navy and 101 in the Merchant Navy . ^ Portugal United States War Dept . figures for Portuguese casualties are : total mobilized force 100,000 ; total casualties 33,291 ( including killed and died 7,222 ; wounded 13,751 ; prisoners and missing 12,318 ) . The report of the UK War Office listed 33,291 casualties : 7,222 dead ( 1,689 in Europe and 5,533 in Africa ) ; 13,751 wounded ( figure for Europe only ) and 12,318 prisoners and missing ( 6,678 in Europe and `` a large number of missing in Mozambique ) . In 1924 , the Portuguese government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 100,000 men mobilized and 4,000 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Portuguese military deaths are 6,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds . According to a demographic study there were 220,000 indirect deaths in Portugal ( 82,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 138,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic ) . 13 Portuguese civilians that were killed during bombardment of Funchal , Madeira Island in 3 December 1916 , and 12 December 1917 , by German submarines . Re-educating wounded . Blind French soldiers learning to make baskets , World War I . ^ Romania In 1924 , the Romanian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 1,000,000 men mobilized and 250,000 dead and missing in World War I . United States War Dept . figures for Romanian casualties are : total mobilized force 750,000 ; total casualties 535,706 ( including killed and died 335,706 ; wounded 120,000 ; prisoners and missing 80,000 ) . The report of the UK War Office listed military casualties of 335,706 killed or missing . In addition 265,000 civilians were killed or missing . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Romanian military deaths are 177,000 killed and died of wounds . According to a demographic study there were 430,000 indirect deaths in Romania due to wartime privations . A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 330,000 civilian dead ( 120,000 due to military activity , 10,000 as prisoners and 200,000 caused by famine and disease ) . ^ Russian Empire According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis the sources for Russian casualties are difficult to ascertain . Casualty figures , compiled from the field reports during the war , were published in 1925 by the Soviet Central Statistical office They put Russia 's total losses at 775,400 dead and missing , 348,500 disabled and 3,343,900 POW . Those evacuated to the rear area were 1,425,000 sick and 2,844,500 wounded . Included in these figures are battle casualties of 7,036,087 . ( 626,440 killed in action , 17,174 died of wounds , 228,838 missing , 3,409,433 held as prisoners of war and 2,754,202 wounded in action ) . Urlanis believes that the figures for those killed were considerably underestimated , because a large part of the reports were lost in retreats . Urlanis estimated the actual total military war dead at 1,811,000 ( killed 1,200,000 , died of wounds 240,000 , gassed 11,000 , died from disease 155,000 , POW deaths 190,000 , deaths due to accidents and other causes 15,000 ) . A study by the Russian military historian G.F. Krivosheev estimated the total war dead at 2,254,369 ( killed in action 1,200,000 ; missing and presumed dead 439,369 ; died of wounds 240,000 , gassed 11,000 , died from disease 155,000 , POW deaths 190,000 , deaths due to accidents and other causes 19,000 ) . Wounded 3,749,000 . POW 3,343,900 . Total mobilized force 15,378,000 . United States War Dept . figures for Russian casualties are : Total mobilized force 12,000,000 . Total casualties 9,150,000 ( including Killed and died 1,700,000 , wounded 4,950,000 , prisoners and missing 2,500,000 ) . The UK War Office Based on a telegram from Petrograd to Copenhagen in December 1918 listed military casualties of 9,150,000 ( including 1,700,000 killed , 1,450,000 disabled , 3,500,000 wounded and 2,500,000 POW ) . In 1924 , the Soviet government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported for Russia 15,070,000 men mobilized and 1,700,000 dead and missing in World War I . According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis there were 1,500,000 civilian deaths due to wartime privations up until the end of 1917 . A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 1,140,000 war related Russian civilian deaths , from 1914 to 1917 in 1914 borders ( 410,000 due to military operations and 730,000 caused by famine and disease ) . ^ Serbia Sources for total Serbian casualties range from 750,000 to 1,250,000 . A demographic study in 1927 , put total the war dead for Serbia and Montenegro at 750,000 ( 300,000 military and 450,000 civilians ) . The overall population loss from 1912 to 1920 , based on the pre-war level was 1,236,000 persons ( including 750,000 in World War I ; 150,000 killed in the Balkan Wars and a decline in the number of births of 336,000 ) , in addition there were 47,000 war related deaths during 1914 -- 1920 , that are included with deaths by natural causes . According to Frédéric Le Moal , Serbian historian Dušan T. Bataković puts their losses at 1,250,000 ( 450,000 military and 800,000 civilians ) . These losses are from 1912 to 1918 and include the Balkan Wars . In July 2014 , Serbian poet and academic Matija Bećković said `` that 402,435 Serbian soldiers have been killed and 845,000 civilians hanged or exterminated in concentration camps during WWI . At a September 2014 conference sponsored by the Serbian Ministry of Defense , Dr. Alexander Nedok put Serbian war dead at 1,247,435 persons . According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis regarding Serbia `` it is particularly difficult to ascertain the number of killed '' . Based on a demographic analysis of the population , Urlanis estimated total Serbian and Montenegrin casualties of 728,000 including military dead : 278,000 ( 140,000 killed in action ; 25,000 died of wounds ; 50,000 disease ; 60,000 POW and 3,000 from other causes ) and total civilian dead of 450,000 . In 1924 , the Serbian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 1,008,240 men mobilized and 365,164 dead and missing in World War I . United States War Dept . figures for Serbian casualties are : total mobilized force 707,343 ; total casualties 331,106 ( including killed and died 45,000 ; wounded 133,148 ; prisoners and missing 152,958 ) . The report of the UK War Office listed military casualties of 331,106 including 45,000 killed , 133,148 wounded and 70,243 prisoners and 82,535 missing . A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century , estimated 120,000 Serbian civilian deaths due to military activity and 30,000 executed ( казнено и убито ) by the Austro - Hungarians . His estimate for total Yugoslav civilian casualties including Austro - Hungarian territory was 550,000 . ^ South Africa The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figure for South Africa war dead is 9,726 The report of the UK War Office listed 7,121 Army war dead , 12,029 wounded and 1,538 taken prisoner . In 1924 , the South African government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 136,070 men mobilized and 7,134 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total South African military deaths are 5,000 killed and died of wounds . British pilot killed in action , 1917 ^ United Kingdom ^ s1 UK military casualties were reported separately by branch of service : Total of 744,000 dead and missing from the British Isles : Army 702,410 `` soldiers '' ; Royal Navy 32,287 and Royal Air Force 9,378 The UK government in 1924 put total military dead at 743,702 Total of 1,675,000 wounded from the British Isles : Army 1,662,625 `` soldiers '' ; Royal Navy 5,135 and Royal Air Force 7,245 There are three published official figures for army deaths . One : official figures issued by the British Army in 1921 put their losses at 673,375 dead and missing from all causes in combat theaters . Two : the summary in the 1922 report of the War Office put army and Royal Naval Division dead from the British Isles at 702,410 . The authors of the War Office report did not explain the difference between their figures and the official figures issued in 1921 by the British army , however the difference is more than likely due to the inclusion of the Royal Naval Division and deaths outside of combat theaters . Three : the Commonwealth War Graves Commission database available online identifies by name 758,000 army dead , not including the Royal Naval Division The Commonwealth War Graves Commission in 2014 listed 887,858 war dead for the UK and Colonies . This figure also includes the British Mercantile Marine and conscripted civilian laborers from Africa and Asia . According to The Commonwealth War Graves Commission , their statistics are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen / women whose death was attributable to their war service , they do not list the cause of death for these casualties . They do not break down UK losses between the British Isles and the various colonies . The website of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission database lists the names of many of the UK war dead . Access to the database is open to the general public free of charge . These figures include deaths of forces from the UK and Colonies excluding the Dominions and include deaths that occurred after the war up until 31 August 1921 . The CWGC figures include military dead outside of combat theaters and civilian workers conscripted outside of the UK in British military service . In 1924 , the UK government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 5,704,416 men mobilized and 743,702 dead and missing in World War I . The report of the UK War Office listed a summary figures from 4 Aug. 1914 up until 31 Dec. 1920 for the army from the British Isles , not including other colonies of 702,410 war dead , 1,662,625 wounded and 170,389 taken prisoner of war . The War Office report lists those `` killed in action ; died of wounds ; died as prisoners of war and missing officers and other ranks whose deaths have been accepted for official purposes '' . According to the report these figures include the casualties of the army and the Royal Naval Division . Reported separately were Royal Navy casualties of 32,287 dead and missing and 5,135 wounded . These figures do not include an additional 14,661 British Mercantile Marine dead . The casualties from the Royal Flying Corps , Royal Air Force and Royal Naval Air Service for 1914 -- 18 totaled 6,166 killed , 3,212 missing and 7,245 wounded . The figures for the Royal Naval Division were 7,547 killed and 2,584 died of wounds . A compilation published by the authority of the War Office in 1920 -- 21 Soldiers died in the great war , 1914 -- 1919 , listed war 673,000 Army war dead , not including the Royal Flying Corps . The official `` final and corrected '' casualty figures for British army , including the Territorial Force , were issued on 10 March 1921 , in a British parliamentary report . The losses were for the period 4 August 1914 until 30 September 1919 , included 573,507 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 254,176 missing and prisoners less 154,308 released prisoners ; for a net total of 673,375 dead and missing . There were 1,643,469 wounded also listed in the report . The details by theater of war : France - 510,821 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 1,524,332 wounded and 236,573 missing ( including prisoners ) . Italy - 2,081 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 4,689 wounded and 344 missing ( including prisoners ) . Dardanelles - 16,688 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' , 47,128 wounded and 7,525 missing ( including prisoners ) . Salonika - 9,668 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' , 16,637 wounded and 2,778 missing ( including prisoners ) . Mesopotamia - 15,230 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 19,449 wounded and 3,581 missing ( including prisoners ) . Egypt - 14,763 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 29,434 wounded and 2,951 missing ( including prisoners ) . East Africa - 1,269 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 534 wounded and 62 missing ( including prisoners ) . Afghanistan - 120 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 152 wounded and 2 missing ( including prisoners ) . Russia - 359 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 453 wounded and 143 missing ( including prisoners ) . Other Theaters - 508 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 461 wounded and 217 missing ( including prisoners ) . United States War Dept . figures for total British Empire casualties including the UK were : total mobilized force 8,904,467 ; total casualties 3,190,255 ( including killed and died : 908,371 ; wounded : 2,090,212 ; prisoners and missing 191,652 ) . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total UK military deaths are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds . According to a demographic study , there were 292,000 indirect deaths in the UK ( 109,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 183,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic ) . Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the UK during the war , put total excess deaths at 181,000 not including an additional 100,000 Spanish Flu deaths . The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 1,260 civilians and 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK Losses at sea were 908 UK civilians and 63 fisherman killed in U-Boat attacks . Overseas labor units serving with the British and French forces . The UK employed about 300,000 Indian , Chinese , native South African , Egyptian and other nations as laborers during the war . By the end of 1917 , there were 50,000 Chinese workers in France , rising to 96,000 by August 1918 ( with another 30,000 working for the French ) . 100,000 Egyptians were working in France and the Middle East , alongside 21,000 Indians and 20,000 South Africans , who were also in East Africa . A total of about 140,000 Chinese workers recruited in the Beiyang government , served on the Western Front during and after the war with the British and French Armed Forces . According to the Commonwealth war Graves Commission `` In all , nearly 2,000 men from the Chinese Labour Corps died during the First World War , some as a direct result of enemy action , or of wounds received in the course of their duties , but many more in the influenza epidemic that swept Europe in 1918 -- 19 '' One historical controversy is the number who died in the war . Some Chinese scholars say the number was as high as 20,000 but records kept by the British and French recruiters , show just under 2,000 lost their lives , many from the flu pandemic that swept the world starting in 1919 . According to the Commonwealrh War Graves Commission , `` The African combatant troops raised for the East African campaign numbered 34,000 . The non-combatant porters , stevedores and followers of the Military Labour Corps 600,000 . Almost 50,000 of these men were lost , killed in action died of sickness or wounds '' According to The Africa Research Institute official British figures the death toll exceeded 105,000 native African troops and military carriers ^ United States US Dept. of Defense figures from 2010 , list 116,516 war dead from all causes for the period ending Dec. 31 , 1918 , including 106,378 in the Army , 7,287 in the Navy and 2,851 in the Marine Corps . There were 53,402 battle deaths , including 50,510 in the Army , 431 in the navy and 2,461 in the Marines . There were 63,114 non-combat deaths , 55,868 in the Army , 6,856 in the Navy and 390 in the Marines . Wounded : 204,002 ( Army : 193,663 , Navy : 819 , Marines : 9,520 ) . The figures include 279 deaths during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1920 . The U.S. casualty figures were revised by the US Dept. of Defense in 1957 . The US Coast Guard lost 192 dead ( 111 deaths in action and 81 from other causes ) . United States War Dept . figures from 1924 for U.S. casualties were : total mobilized force 4,355,000 ; total casualties 350,300 ( including killed and died from all causes 126,000 ; wounded 234,300 ( including 14,500 died of wounds ) ; prisoners and missing 4,500 ) . In 1924 , the U.S. government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 4,272,521 men mobilized and 67,813 dead and missing in World War I . United States civilian losses include 128 killed in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania ( before the U.S. became a belligerent ) as well as 629 Merchant Mariners killed in enemy submarine attacks on their merchant ships . Fallen German soldier in France , 1917 ^ Austria - Hungary The official history of Austria - Hungary 's involvement in the First World War put total military dead at 1,494,200 : ( 1,016,200 killed and 478,000 while prisoners of war ) . In 1924 , the Austrian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 9,000,000 men mobilized and 1,542,817 dead and missing in World War I . United States War Dept . figures for Austro - Hungarian casualties are : total mobilized force 7,800,000 ; total casualties 7,020,000 ( including killed and died 1,200,000 ; wounded 3,620,000 ; prisoners and missing 2,200,000 ) . The UK War Office estimate for Austro - Hungarian casualties up to 31 December 1918 : total casualties of 7,020,000 including 1,200,000 killed , 3,620,000 wounded and 2,200,000 prisoners . Preliminary figures up to the end of May , 1918 , given by the U.K. Director of Military Intelligence give the following estimated totals : 800,000 killed , 1,800,000 prisoners / missing , and 3,200,000 wounded / sick , for a total of 5,800,000 . An additional 80,000 killed , 320,000 wounded / sick , and 20,000 prisoners are estimated in the Austrian offensive against Italy from 1 June to 24 October 1918 . In the same time there 72,500 casualties on the Balkans and Western Fronts . Finally , during the last Italian offensive the prisoners claimed by the Italians amounted to 448,000 , while a further 30,000 Austro - Hungarians were killed and 50,000 wounded . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Austro - Hungarian military deaths are 900,000 killed and died of wounds . A study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace estimated that there were 467,000 civilian deaths attributable to wartime privations caused by the allied blockade . A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 120,000 civilian deaths due to military activity in Austro - Hungarian Galicia . ^ Bulgaria United States War Dept . figures for Bulgarian casualties are : total mobilized force 1,200,000 ; total casualties 266,919 ( including Killed and died 87,500 ; wounded 152,930 ; Prisoners and missing 27,029 ) . The UK War Office listed casualties reported by the Bulgarian War Office : 87,500 total dead ( 48,917 killed , 13,198 died of wounds , 888 ? accidentally killed , 24,497 died of disease ) ; 13,729 missing ; 152,390 wounded and 10,623 prisoners . The Bulgarian War Office stated that `` losses during the retreat from sickness and privations were much greater than the figures they possess '' . In 1924 , the Bulgarian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 400,000 men mobilized and 32,772 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Bulgarian military deaths are 62,000 killed and died of wounds . According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis there were 100,000 civilian deaths due to wartime privations . German dead scattered in the wreck of a machine gun post near Guillemont , 1916 ^ German Empire In 1934 the official German war history listed 2,037,000 military dead . Confirmed dead from all causes 1,936,897 ( Army 1,900,876 , Navy 34,836 , Colonial troops 1,185 ) ; wounded 4,215,662 ; prisoners and missing 974,977 of which an estimated 100,000 were presumed dead. - United States War Dept . figures for German casualties are : total mobilized force 11,000,000 ; total casualties 7,142,558 ( including Killed and died 1,773,700 ; wounded 4,216,058 ; prisoners and missing 1,152,800 ) . The UK War Office listed official German figures from 1921 of 1,808,545 killed and 4,247,143 wounded , exclusive of 14,000 African conscript deaths during the war . In 1924 , the German government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 13,250,000 men mobilized and 2,000,000 dead and missing in World War I . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total German military deaths are 1,796,000 killed and died of wounds . The UK War Office listed official German figures from 1919 of 720 German civilians who were killed by allied air raids . The figures for civilian deaths due to the Blockade of Germany are disputed . The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 maintained that 763,000 German civilians died from malnutrition and disease caused by the blockade up until the end of December 1918 . A German academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000 . A study sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940 , estimated the German civilian death toll due to the war at over 600,000 . Based on the above - mentioned German study of 1928 , they maintained that `` A thorough inquiry has led to the conclusion that the number of `` civilian '' deaths traceable to the war was 424,000 , to which number must be added about 200,000 deaths caused by the influenza epidemic `` . The remains of Armenians massacred at Erzinjan . ^ Ottoman Empire Based on his analysis of the non-published individual World War I campaign histories in the Ottoman Archives , Edward J. Erickson estimated Ottoman military casualties in the study Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War . The casualties included total war dead of 771,844 , ( 243,598 killed in action , 61,487 missing action and 466,759 deaths due to disease ) . The number of wounded was 763,753 and POWs 145,104 . The Ottoman official casualty statistics published in 1922 were : total dead 325,000 including ( killed in action 50,000 , 35,000 died of wounds , 240,000 died of disease ) . Wounded 400,000 . POWs , sick and missing 1,565,000 and total mobilized : 2,850,000 . United States War Dept . figures for Ottoman casualties are : total mobilized force 2,850,000 ; total casualties 975,000 ( including killed and died 325,000 ; wounded 400,000 ; prisoners and missing 250,000 ) . The UK War Office figures for Ottoman casualties were : total accounted for 725,000 ( killed 50,000 , died of wounds 35,000 , died of disease 400,000 , wounded 400,000 ) . Total unaccounted for : 1,565,000 ( prisoners , deserters , invalids and missing ) . The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Ottoman military deaths are 318,000 killed and died of wounds . Estimates of Ottoman civilian casualties in western sources range from 2,000,000 to 2,150,000 . A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated total Ottoman civilian dead from 1915 to 1918 at about 3.2 million including the deaths of 2.2 million Armenian , Assyrian , and Greek victims of genocides committed by the Ottomans and 1,000,000 war - related civilian deaths in the Ottoman Empire due to famine and disease. ( In current borders Turkey 500,000 ; Syria 160,000 ; Lebanon 110,000 ; Iraq 150,000 ; Israel / Palestine 35,000 and Jordan 20,000 ) According to the BBC 200,000 persons perished in the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon during the war . Civilian casualties include the Armenian Genocide . The total number of resulting Armenian deaths is generally held to have been 1.5 million . Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period , including Assyrians and Greeks . Some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination . The overwhelming majority of historians as well as academic institutions on Holocaust and Genocide Studies recognize the Armenian Genocide . `` Despite the vast amount of evidence that points to the historical reality of the Armenian Genocide , eyewitness accounts , official archives , photographic evidence , the reports of diplomats , and the testimony of survivors , denial of the Armenian Genocide by successive regimes in Turkey has gone on from 1915 to the present '' . ^ Denmark Denmark was neutral in the war but Germany at that time included part of Danish Schleswig . Men from this area were conscripted into the German forces and their losses are included with German casualties . Over 700 Danish merchant sailors and fisherman died , mostly due to vessels torpedoed by German submarines . ^ Luxembourg Luxembourg remained under German occupation during the war . The government , led by Paul Eyschen , chose to remain neutral . This strategy had the approval of Marie - Adélaïde , Grand Duchess of Luxembourg . Some citizens were conscripted into the German forces and others escaped to volunteer for the Allies . According to the Mobile Reference travel Guide , 3,700 Luxembourgeois citizens served in the French armed forces and 2,800 gave their lives in the war . They are commemorated at the Gëlle Fra in Luxembourg . ^ Norway Norway was neutral in the war but lost ships and merchant sailors in trading through the war zones . Norway is at times referred to as the Neutral Ally due to its close relationship with the United Kingdom during the war . In 1924 , the Norwegian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 1,180 persons dead and missing in World War I . ^ Sweden Sweden was neutral in the war but lost ships and merchant sailors in trading through the war zones . In 1924 , the Swedish government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , reported 800 persons dead and missing in World War I . Sources ( edit ) Graves of French soldiers who died on the Ypres Salient , Ypres Necropole National , Ypres , Belgium . The India Gate in Delhi commemorates the Indian soldiers who died during World War I . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) Annual Report 2014 -- 2015 provides current statistics on the military dead for the British Empire . The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead . The statistics tabulated by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen / women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies , whose death was attributable to their war service . Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions . For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 4 August 1914 to 31 August 1921 . Total World War I dead were 1,116,371 ( UK and former colonies 887,711 ; Undivided India 73,895 ; Canada 64,997 ; Australia 62,123 ; New Zealand 18,053 ; South Africa 9,592 ) . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figures also include the Merchant Navy . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office March 1922 . This official report lists Army casualties ( including Royal Naval Division ) of 908,371 killed in action , died of wounds , died as prisoners of war and were missing in action from 4 August 1914 to 31 December 1920 , ( British Isles 702,410 ; India 64,449 ; Canada 56,639 ; Australia 59,330 ; New Zealand 16,711 ; South Africa 7,121 and Newfoundland 1,204 , other colonies 507 ) . Figures of the Royal Navy war dead and missing of 32,287 were listed separately . These figures do not include the Merchant Navy dead of 14,661 . The losses of France , Belgium , Italy , Portugal , Romania , Serbia , Greece , Russia , the USA , Bulgaria , Germany , Austria - Hungary and Turkey were also listed in the UK War Office report . The official `` final and corrected '' casualty figures for British Army , including the Territorial Force ( not including allied British Empire forces ) were issued on 10 March 1921 . The losses were for the period 4 August 1914 until 30 September 1919 , included 573,507 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' ; 254,176 missing less 154,308 released prisoners ; for a net total of 673,375 dead and missing . There were 1,643,469 wounded also listed in the report . Sources for British Empire casualties are divergent and contradictory . The report of the War Office published in 1922 put the total number of British Empire `` soldiers who lost their lives '' at 908,371 . On a separate schedule the War Office listed the losses of the Royal Navy at 32,237 dead and missing . It is implicit in this presentation that the figures for `` soldiers who lost their lives '' do not include the Royal Navy . However many published reference works list total British Empire ( including the Dominions ) losses at 908,371 , it is implicit in these presentations that the figures for total losses include the Royal Navy . The War Office report puts the number of `` soldiers who lost their lives '' from the British Regular Army and Royal Naval Division at 702,410 . This is not in agreement with the `` final and corrected '' figures in the 1921 report for the army published in the General Annual Report of the British Army 1912 -- 1919 , which put British Army dead and missing at 673,375 and the official compilation of Army war dead published in 1921 that put total losses at about 673,000 . The War Office report did not explain the reason for this discrepancy ; the difference is more than likely due to their inclusion of the Royal Naval Division and deaths outside of combat theaters . Casualties and Medical Statistics published in 1931 . was the final volume of the Official Medical History of the War , gives British Empire , including the Dominions , for Army losses by cause of death . Total war dead in combat theaters from 1914 to 1918 were 876,084 , which included 418,361 killed , 167,172 died of wounds , 113,173 died of disease or injury , 161,046 missing and presumed dead and 16,332 prisoner of war deaths . Also listed were 2,004,976 wounded and 6,074,552 sick and injured . Total losses were not broken out for the UK and each Dominion , the figures are for losses in combat theaters only and do not include casualties of forces stationed in the UK from accidents or disease , casualties of the Royal Naval Division are also not included in these figures ; the losses of the Gallipoli Campaign are for British forces only , since records for Dominion forces were incomplete . Figures do not include the Royal Navy . Military Casualties -- World War -- Estimated , '' Statistics Branch , General Staff , U.S. War Department , 25 February 1924 . This report prepared by the U.S. War Department estimated the casualties of the belligerents in the war . The figures from this report are listed in the Encyclopædia Britannica and often cited in historical literature . Huber , Michel La Population de la France pendant la guerre , Paris 1931 . This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , lists official French government figures for war - related military deaths and missing of France and its colonies . Mortara , Giorgo La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra , New Haven : Yale University Press 1925 . The official government Italian statistics on war dead are listed here . A brief summary of data from this report can be found online . go to Vol 13 , No. 15 The demographer Boris Urlanis , analysis of the military dead for the belligerents in the war including his estimates for the combat related deaths included in total deaths . The Belgian government published statistics on their war losses in the Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915 -- 1919 Heeres - Sanitätsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums , Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer , ( Deutsches Feld - und Besatzungsheer ) , im Weltkriege 1914 -- 1918 , Volume 3 , Sec. 1 , Berlin 1934 . The official German Army medical war history listed German losses . Grebler , Leo and Winkler , Wilhelm The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace details the losses of Austria - Hungary and Germany in the war . Erickson , Edward J. Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War The authors estimates were made based data from official Ottoman sources . Hersch , Liebmann , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron . The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7 . No 1 . This study published in an academic journal , detailed the demographic impact of the war on France , the UK , Italy , Belgium , Portugal , Serbia , Romania and Greece . The total estimated increase in the number of civilian deaths due to the war was 2,171,000 , not including an additional 984,000 Spanish Flu deaths . These losses were due primarily wartime privations . Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) . Losses of Life Caused by War published by Oxford University Press . This study detailed the impact of the war on the civilian population . The study estimated excess civilian deaths at : France ( 264,000 to 284,000 ) , the UK ( 181,000 ) , Italy ( 324,000 ) and Germany ( 692,000 ) . In The International Labour Office , an agency of the League of Nations , published statistics on the military dead and missing for the belligerents in the war . The source of population data is : Haythornthwaite , Philip J. , The World War One Source Book pp. 382 -- 383 See also ( edit ) World War I portal General Pershing WWI casualty list List of nurses who died in World War I Thankful Villages -- villages in England and Wales which lost no men in World War I World War II casualties References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matthew White , Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Primary Megadeaths of the Twentieth Century Jump up ^ Military Casualties - World War - Estimated , '' Statistics Branch , GS , War Department , 25 February 1924 Jump up ^ The War Office , Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 Jump up ^ `` Military Casualties of World War One '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` World War One Casualty and death tables '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : The European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia Spencer C. Tucker Garland Publishing , New York 1999 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3351 - 7 ^ Jump up to : John Ellis , The World War I Databook , Aurum Press , 2001 , ISBN 1 - 85410 - 766 - 6 pp. 269 -- 70 ^ Jump up to : World War I : People , Politics , and Power , published by Britannica Educational Publishing ( 2010 ) Page 219 ^ Jump up to : `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 -- 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials Jump up ^ `` World Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery , Poperinge , Ypres Salient Battlefields , Belgium ( The Chinese Labour Corps was used to clear battlefields , dig graves , trenches and carry out other such tasks which were often difficult and dangerous . ) '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` MOMBASA AFRICAN MEMORIAL ( The non-combatant porters , stevedores and followers of the Military Labour Corps 600,000 . Almost 50,000 of these men were lost , killed in action died of sickness or wounds ) '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : The Long , Long Trail is a personal website written by Chris Baker ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) . `` The Labour Corps of 1917 -- 1918 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE CHINESE LABOUR CORPS AT THE WESTERN FRONT ( In all , nearly 2,000 men from the Chinese Labour Corps died during the First World War , some as a direct result of enemy action , or of wounds received in the course of their duties but many more in the influenza epidemic that swept Europe in 1918 -- 19 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` familysearch.org '' > `` Soldiers died in the great war , 1914 -- 1919 , London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1920 -- 1921 , 80 pts. in 17 v ( pt. 80 . Labour corps , Royal army ordnance corps , veterinary corps and pay corps , Channel Isles militia , corps of army schoolmasters , military mounted police , military foot police ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` International Encyclopedia of the First World War , Antoine Prost , War Losses '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter , Michael ( 2002 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts - A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 2nd Ed ... ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 4 . Page 479 ^ Jump up to : Deaths as a result of service with Australian units ^ Jump up to : Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office ( 1922 ) , P. 237 Jump up ^ Statistics Canada Archive ^ Jump up to : Halifax Explosion Remembrance Book Jump up ^ Canadian War Museum , The Halifax Explosion ^ Jump up to : Auckland War Memorial Museum ^ Jump up to : Sharpe , Christopher A . `` The ' Race of Honour ' : An Analysis of Enlistments and Casualties in the Armed Forces of Newfoundland : 1914 -- 18 , '' Newfoundland Studies 4.1 ( Spring 1988 ) : 27 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , P. 674 -- 676 ( 1,260 civilians killed in air and attacks Jump up ^ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , P. 339 ( 14,661 killed in Merchant Navy ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Martin ( 1994 ) . Atlas of World War I. Oxford UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521077 - 4 ( 908 civilians killed in naval attacks ) ^ Jump up to : Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7 . Pages 47 -- 61 ^ Jump up to : `` War Losses ( Africa ) '' . 1914 -- 1918 Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office ( 1922 ) , P. 352 ^ Jump up to : Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915 -- 1919 . Bruxelles. 1922 p. 100 Per Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915 -- 1919 figure of 58,637 includes 2,620 colonial troops and 15,650 porters in Africa Jump up ^ Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915 -- 1919 . Bruxelles. 1922 p. 100 ^ Jump up to : Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7. P 59 -- 62 ^ Jump up to : Military Casualties - World War - Estimated , '' Statistics Branch , GS , War Department , 25 February 1924 ; cited in World War I : People , Politics , and Power , published by Britannica Educational Publishing ( 2010 ) Page 219 Jump up ^ Huber , Michel ( 1931 ) . La Population de la France pendant la guerre . Paris Page 420 . The figure includes killed , missing in action and died of wounds excluding died of disease ^ Jump up to : Official History of the Australian Army Medical Services , 1914 -- 1918 Volume III -- Special Problems and Services ( 1st edition , 1943 ) p. 870 ^ Jump up to : Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , pp. 352 -- 357 ^ Jump up to : Huber , Michel ( 1931 ) . La Population de la France pendant la guerre . Paris Page 414 ^ Jump up to : Ellis , John ( 1993 ) . World War I -- Databook . Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85410 - 766 - 4 , Page 269 ^ Jump up to : Randal Grey . Chronicle of World War I , Vol2 Facts on File 1991 ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2139 - 2 Page 292 ^ Jump up to : Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , P. 353 ^ Jump up to : Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow page 209 ^ Jump up to : Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7. Pages 80 -- 81 ^ Jump up to : Mortara , G ( 1925 ) . La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra . New Haven : Yale University Press. P 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Mortara , G ( 1925 ) . La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra . New Haven : Yale University Press. P 56 -- 57 ^ Jump up to : Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7. Pages 52 -- 59 ^ Jump up to : International Labour Office , Enquête sur la production . Rapport général . Paris ( etc . ) Berger - Levrault , 1923 -- 25 . Tom 4 , II Les tués et les disparus p. 29 OCLC 6445561 Jump up ^ Martins , Ferreira ( 1934 ) . Portugal na Grande Guerra . Lisboa : Empresa Editorial Ática . ^ Jump up to : Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7. Pages 61 -- 64 ^ Jump up to : Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 51 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office ( 1922 ) , P. 353 ^ Jump up to : Кривошеев Г. Ф . Россия и СССР в войнах XX века . М. , 2001 -- Потери русской армии , табл. 52 , Krivosheeva , G.F. ( 2001 ) . Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : poteri vooruzhennykh sil : statisticheskoe issledovanie / pod obshchei redaktsiei . Moscow : OLMA - Press See Tables 52 & 56 ) ^ Jump up to : Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 18 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1. ( Civilians killed on Eastern Front ) ^ Jump up to : Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7 . Pages 65 -- 76 ^ Jump up to : Frédéric Le Moal , La Serbie du martyre à la Victoire 1914 -- 1918 , 2008 , éditions 14 -- 18 ( 2013 ) ( ISBN 978 - 2 - 916385 - 18 - 1 ) , page 231 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , va.gov ^ Jump up to : Congressional Research Service , American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics ^ Jump up to : United States Coast Guard Coast Guard History ^ Jump up to : American Merchant Marine at War , www.usmm.org Jump up ^ Ellis , John ( 1993 ) . World War I Databook : The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85410 - 766 - 4 . p. 269 ^ Jump up to : Österreichischen Bundesministerium für Herrswesen ( 1938 ) . Österreich - Ungarns letzer Kreig , 1914 -- 1918 Vol. 7 . Vienna. VII , Beilage 37 Jump up ^ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , P. 357 Archived 2012 - 07 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ . Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 49 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1. ( Civilians killed in the fighting on the Eastern Front ) ^ Jump up to : Grebler , Leo ( 1940 ) . The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary . Yale University Press . Page 147 Jump up ^ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , P. 357 ^ Jump up to : Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , P. 354 ^ Jump up to : Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow Page 268 Jump up ^ The War Office ( 1922 ) . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . Reprinted by Naval & Military Press p. 355 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84734 - 681 - 0 . Jump up ^ Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow page 85 , The demographer Boris Urlanis put total German war dead at 2,037,000 , he estimated that the figure included 1,796,000 men killed , dead from wounds and gas poisoning . ^ Jump up to : Heeres - Sanitaetsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums ( 1934 ) ( in German ) . Sanitaetsbericht über das deutsche Heer , ( deutsches Feld - und Besatzungsheer ) , im Weltkriege 1914 -- 1918 . Volume 3 , Sec 1 . Berlin . Pages 12 -- 14 Jump up ^ John Ellis , The World War I Databook , Aurum Press , 2001 ISBN 1 - 85410 - 766 - 6 P. 269 Jump up ^ The War Office ( 1922 ) . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . Reprinted by Naval & Military Press . p. 678 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84734 - 681 - 0. ( Civilians killed by Allied bombing ) ^ Jump up to : Grebler , Leo ( 1940 ) . The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary . Yale University Press . 1940 Page78 ^ Jump up to : Vincent , C. Paul ( 1985 ) . The Politics of Hunger : The Allied Blockade of Germany , 1915 -- 1919 . Athens ( Ohio ) and London : Ohio University Press . ^ Jump up to : `` The National Archives : The Blockade of Germany Jump up ^ Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War , Edward J. Erickson Page 211 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Edward J. , Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War , Greenwood 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31516 - 9 Page 211 ^ Jump up to : Totten , Samuel , Paul Robert Bartrop , Steven L. Jacobs ( eds . ) Dictionary of Genocide . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2008 , p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34642 - 2 . Jump up ^ Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Pages 61 , 65 , 73 , 77 and 78 ( In current borders Turkey 500,000 ; Syria 160,000 ; Lebanon 110,000 ; Iraq 150,000 ; Israel / Palestine 35,000 and Jordan 20,000 ) ^ Jump up to : Byarkivet i Horsens Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Strachan , Hew ( 1999 ) . World War I : A History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820614 - 9 p. 100 Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 36 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 25 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 34 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 88 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Page 54 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Estonian War Museum -- General Laidoner Museum ^ Jump up to : Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Pages 59 and 83 -- 99 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Pages 83 -- 99 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Pages 41 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 Jump up ^ Fergus Campbell , Land and Revolution , Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland 1891 -- 1921 , p196 ^ Jump up to : David Fitzpatrick , Militarism in Ireland , 1900 -- 1922 , in Tom Bartlet , Keith Jeffreys ed 's , p392 Jump up ^ Dúchas The Heritage Service , Visitors Guide to the Gardens Jump up ^ http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/irish-soldiers-in-the-first-world-war-who-where-and-how-many-1.1884022 Jump up ^ Andrzej Gawryszewski ( 2005 ) . Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku . Warsaw . pp. 411 -- 412 Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Pages 49 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ Chris Baker www. 1914 -- 1918.net The Labour Corps of 1917 -- 1918 ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , T.J. ( 1931 ) . Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War . London : Reprinted by Battery Press ( 1997 ) . p. 12 ISBN 978 - 0 - 89839 - 263 - 0 Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission , THE CHINESE LABOUR CORPS AT THE WESTERN FRONT Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . Pages and 83 -- 99 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Peter ( 1980 ) . Ragtime Soldiers : the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War . Bulawayo : Books of Zimbabwe . p. 140 . ISBN 0 - 86920 - 232 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Dedijer , History of Yugoslavia McGraw - Hill Inc. , US , 1975 ISBN 0 - 07 - 016235 - 2 p. 501 Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . p. 55 ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Jump up ^ US Library of Congress A Country Study : Nepal Jump up ^ Roll of Honour ^ Jump up to : Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow Page 85 Jump up ^ Horne , John and Kramer , Alan , German Atrocities , 1914 ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08975 - 2 Jump up ^ Canadian War Museum , The Cost of Canada 's War Jump up ^ Canadian Virtual War Memorial ^ Jump up to : Huber , Michel ( 1931 ) . La Population de la France pendant la guerre . Paris . Jump up ^ Huber , Michel ( 1931 ) . La Population de la France pendant la guerre . Paris . p. 420 Jump up ^ Mémoire des Hommes Jump up ^ Quid 2007 Robert Laffont , 2006 ISBN 2 - 221 - 10677 - 6 p. 1083 ^ Jump up to : Travel Luxembourg ( Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ) Jump up ^ Porch , Douglas ( 1991 ) . The French Foreign Legion : A Complete History of the Legendary Fighting Force . Publisher and page to be added . Jump up ^ Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7 . pp. 30 -- 47 Jump up ^ Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) . Losses of Life Caused by War . Oxford . p. 157 Jump up ^ Huber , Michel ( 1931 ) . La Population de la France pendant la guerre . Paris pp. 312 -- 313 Jump up ^ Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow page 160 ^ Jump up to : Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow p. 85 Jump up ^ Bujac , Jean , Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique , 1918 -- 1922 , Paris , 1930 p. 339 Jump up ^ Demographic Research Vol 13 , No. 15 Jump up ^ Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) . Losses of Life Caused by War . Oxford . p. 165 Jump up ^ Mortara , G ( 1925 ) . La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra . New Haven : Yale University Press pp. 57 -- 66 Jump up ^ Yasakuni Shrine Jump up ^ Auckland War Memorial Museum Cenotaph Database Jump up ^ Martins , Ferreira ( 1934 ) . Portugal na Grande Guerra . Lisboa : Empresa Editorial Ática . Jump up ^ Hersch , L. , La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale , Metron - The International Review of Statistics , 1927 , Vol 7 . pp. 76 -- 80 Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . p. 51 Jump up ^ Россия в мировой войне 1914 -- 1918 гг . ( в цифрах ). , 1925 , Russia and the World War 1914 -- 1918 ( in figures ) Jump up ^ Россия в мировой войне 1914 -- 1918 гг . ( в цифрах ). , 1925 , Russia and the World War 1914 -- 1918 ( in figures ) pp. 20 , 30 and 31 Jump up ^ Головин Н. Н . `` Военные усилия России в мировой войне '' в 2 - х томах . Париж , 1939 Jump up ^ Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow pp. 266 -- 268 Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Frédéric Le Moal , La Serbie du martyre à la Victoire 1914 -- 1918 , 2008 , éditions 14 -- 18 ( 2013 ) ( ISBN 978 - 2 - 916385 - 18 - 1 ) , p. 231 . Jump up ^ `` Kusturica reveals monument to Gavrilo Princip '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Serbian Ministry of Defense website Jump up ^ Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow Pages 66 , 79 , 83 , 85,160,171 and 268 . ^ Jump up to : Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . p. 49 Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013 -- 2014 Archived 2015 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , page 48 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials . ^ Jump up to : Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , p. 339 ^ Jump up to : H.A. Jones , War In The Air . ( Appendices ) . Being The Story Of The Part Played In The Great War By The Royal Air Force p. 160 ( this is the official history of the RFC and the RAF from 1914 to 1918 ^ Jump up to : The Army Council . General Annual Report of the British Army 1912 -- 1919 . Parliamentary Paper 1921 , XX , Cmd. 1193. , PartIV p. 62 -- 72 Jump up ^ Douglas Jerrold , Royal Naval Division ( 1923 ) p. 338 The figures for the Royal Naval Division were 7,547 killed and 2,584 died of wounds ^ Jump up to : Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) . Losses of Life Caused by War . Oxford . p. 139 `` From Dr. T.H.C. Stevenson of the General Register Office , London , I received privately the following figures . There were also about 19,000 deaths among troops not connected with any of the expeditionary forces '' ^ Jump up to : `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission , Find War Dead '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Hill Memorial '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , p. 237 ^ Jump up to : Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , p. 339 Jump up ^ History of the RAF , Bowyer , 1977 ( Hamlyn ) Jump up ^ Douglas Jerrold , Royal Naval Division ( 1923 ) p. 338 Jump up ^ `` Soldiers died in the great war , 1914 -- 1919 , London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1920 -- 1921 , 80 pts. in 17 v '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) . Losses of Life Caused by War . Oxford . p. 151 Jump up ^ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , pp. 674 -- 676 Jump up ^ The Economist ( 2010 - 04 - 26 ) . `` The Economist : `` Strange meeting '' , 26 April 2010 `` . Economist.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ WW1 Photos Centenary Website : 2014 -- 2018 By Paul Reed ( 2010 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Chinese Labour Corps 1919 '' . Paul Reed . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Voice of America ( VOA ) ( 2010 - 04 - 26 ) . `` chinas - world - war - one - effort - draws - new - attention '' . ( VOA ) . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` How the Great War Razed East Africa by Richard Price '' . Africa Research Institute . Africa Research Institute . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 2nd Ed . Clodfelter , Michael 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 4 pp. 384 -- 85 Jump up ^ Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 2nd Ed . Clodfelter , Michael 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 4 p. 481 Jump up ^ Casualties - World War - Estimated , '' Statistics Branch , GS , War Department , 25 February 1924 ^ Jump up to : John Ellis , The World War I Databook , Aurum Press , 2001 ISBN 1 - 85410 - 766 - 6 p. 269 Jump up ^ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , p. 357 Jump up ^ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , p. 356 - 357 . Jump up ^ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , p. 354 ^ Jump up to : Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , p. 355 Jump up ^ The War Office ( 1922 ) . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . Reprinted by Naval & Military Press . p. 678 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84734 - 681 - 0 . Jump up ^ Germany . Gesundheits - Amt . Schaedigung der deutschen Volkskraft durch die feindliche Blockade . Denkschrift des Reichsgesundheitsamtes , Dezember 1918 . ( Parallel English translation ) Injuries inflicted to the German national strength through the enemy blockade . Memorial of the German Board of Public Health , 27 December 1918 ( Berlin , Reichsdruckerei , ) The report notes on page 17 that the figures for the second half of 1918 were estimates based on the first half of 1918 . Jump up ^ Bumm , Franz , ed. , Deutschlands Gesundheitsverhältnisse unter dem Einfluss des Weltkrieges , Stuttgart , Berlin ( etc . ) Deutsche Verlags - Anstalt ; New Haven , Yale University Press , 1928 pp. 22 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` Twenty - Seven '' , Ambassador Morgenthau 's Story , BYU , 1918 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Edward J. 2001 . p. 211 Jump up ^ Mehmet Beşikçi Ottoman mobilization of manpower in the First World War : Leiden ; Boston : Brill , 2012 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 22520 - X pp. 113 -- 114 Jump up ^ Ellis , John ( 1993 ) . World War I -- Databook . Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85410 - 766 - 4 . p. 270 Jump up ^ Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 2nd Ed Clodfelter , Michael 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 4 p. 483 Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C ( 1999 ) . The European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia . New York : Garland Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3351 - 7 . Jump up ^ Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . pp. 61 , 65 , 73 , 77 and 78 Jump up ^ `` Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds '' . BBC World Service . BBC . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ International Association of Genocide Scholars Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire Archived 2008 - 04 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gaunt , David . Massacres , Resistance , Protectors : Muslim - Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway , New Jersey : Gorgias Press , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schaller , Dominik J ; Zimmerer , Jürgen ( 2008 ) . `` Late Ottoman genocides : the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies -- introduction '' . Journal of Genocide Research . 10 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 14 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623520801950820 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Armenian Genocide '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Monroe , Kristen Renwick ( 2012 ) . Ethics in an age of terror and genocide : identity and moral choice . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 15143 - 1 . Jump up ^ Loytomaki , Stiina ( 2014 ) . Law and the Politics of Memory : Confronting the Past . Routledge . p. 31 . ISBN 1 - 136 - 00736 - 9 . To date , more than 20 countries in the world have officially recognized the events as genocide and most historians and genocide scholars accept this view . Jump up ^ Frey , Rebecca Joyce ( 2009 ) . Genocide and international justice . New York : Facts On File . p. 83 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 7310 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Armenian Genocide - Resource Library for Teachers '' . The Genocide Education Project . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 , The War Office , p. 352 ^ Jump up to : The Army Council . General Annual Report of the British Army 1912 -- 1919 . Parliamentary Paper 1921 , XX , Cmd. 1193. , Part IV pp. 62 -- 72 ^ Jump up to : The War Office ( 1922 ) . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . Reprinted by Naval & Military Press . p. 239 ISBN 978 - 1 - 84734 - 681 - 0 . Jump up ^ The War Office ( 1922 ) . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . Reprinted by Naval & Military Press . p. 339 ISBN 978 - 1 - 84734 - 681 - 0 . Jump up ^ Soldiers died in the great war , 1914 -- 1919 , Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1920 -- 1921 Jump up ^ `` Medical services ; casualties and medical statistics of the great war , by Major T.J. Mitchell and Miss G.M. Smith p. 12 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , T.J. ( 1931 ) . Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War . London : Reprinted by Battery Press ( 1997 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 89839 - 263 - 0 p. 12 Jump up ^ Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War p. 12 lists a total of 352,458 missing and prisoners of war ; included in this total were 191,412 prisoners of whom 16,332 died in captivity . Jump up ^ Mortara , G ( 1925 ) . La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra . New Haven : Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Grebler , Leo ( 1940 ) . The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary . Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Erickson , Edward J. , Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War , Greenwood 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31516 - 9 Jump up ^ The article is available from Metron , the publisher Jump up ^ Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) . Losses of Life Caused by War . Oxford . Jump up ^ International Labour Office , Enquête sur la production . Rapport général . Paris ( etc . ) Berger - Levrault , 1923 -- 25 . Tome 4 p. 29 Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite , Philip J. , The World War One Source Book Arms and Armour , London , 1993 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85409 - 102 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Bane , S.L. ; Lutz , R.H. ( 1942 ) . The Blockade of Germany after the Armistice 1918 -- 1919 . Stanford , CN : Stanford University Press . OCLC 876320449 . Clodfelter , Michael ( 2002 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) . Jefferson , NC : Mcfarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 4 . `` Debt of Honour Register '' . Maidenhead : Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Dumas , Samuel ( 1923 ) . Losses of Life Caused by War . Oxford : Clarendon Press . OCLC 9380953 . Ellis , John ( 1993 ) . World War I Databook : The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85410 - 766 - 4 . Erickson , Edward J. ( 2001 ) . Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War . Santa Barbara , CA : Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31516 - 9 . Gelvin , James L. ( 2005 ) . The Israel -- Palestine Conflict : One Hundred Years of War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85289 - 0 . General Annual Report of the British Army 1912 -- 1919 . Parliamentary Paper 1921 . no ISBN . London : The Army Council , War Office . Gilbert , Martin ( 1994 ) . Atlas of World War I. London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521077 - 4 . Grebler , Leo ( 1940 ) . The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . OCLC 890037 . Grey , Randal ( 1991 ) . Chronicle of the First World War : 1917 -- 1921 . II . New York : Facts On File . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 2595 - 4 . Harries , Merion ( 1991 ) . Soldiers of the Sun -- The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 75303 - 2 . Haythornthwaite , Philip J. ( 1992 ) . The World War One Sourcebook . London : Arms and Armour . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85409 - 102 - 4 . Horne , John ; Kramer , Alan ( 2001 ) . German atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08975 - 2 . Mayhew , Emily ( 2013 ) . Wounded : A New History of the Western Front in World War I. New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 932245 - 7 . Mitchell , T.J. ( 1997 ) ( 1931 ) . Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War ( Battery Press repr . ed . ) . London : HMSO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89839 - 263 - 0 . Österreich - Ungarns letzer Kreig , 1914 -- 1918 : Herausgegeben vom österreichischen Bundesministerium für Heereswesen und vom Kriegsarchiv ( Austria - Hungary 's Last War , 1914 -- 1918 ) ( PDF ) . VII . trans . Stan Hanna ( online ed . ) . Vienna : Österreichischen Bundesministerium für Herrswesen ( Published by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Military Affairs and the War Archive ) . 1938 . OCLC 557493618 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 ( PDF ) . London : HMSO. 1922 . OCLC 924169428 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Strachan , Hew ( 1999 ) . World War I : A History . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820614 - 9 . Tucker , Spencer C. ( 1999 ) . The European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopaedia . New York : Garland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3351 - 7 . Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow : Progress . OCLC 579400 . Yalman , Ahmed Emin ( 1930 ) . Turkey in the World War . Economic and Social History of the World War , Turkish Series . New Haven : Yale University Press . OCLC 397515 . Other languages ( edit ) Bujac , Jean ( 1930 ) . Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique , 1918 -- 1922 ( The Campaigns of the Greek Army , from 1918 -- 1922 ) . Paris : Charles - Lavauzelle . OCLC 10808602 . Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik ( The Loss of Population in the Twentieth Century : Handbook ) ( in Russian ) . Moscow : OLMA - Press . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . Gawryszewski , Andrzej ( 2005 ) . Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku ( Polish Population in the Twentieth Century ) . Monografie / Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im . Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN. 5 . Warsaw : Warszawa : Instytut Geografii . ISBN 83 - 87954 - 66 - 7 . Hersch , L. ( 1927 ) . La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale ( Mortality Caused by the World War ) . The International Review of Statistics . VII . Metron . OCLC 744635608 . Huber , Michel ( 1931 ) . La Population de la France pendant la guerre ( The Population of France During the War ) ( in French ) . Paris : Les Presses Universitaires de France . OCLC 64110984 . Krivosheev , G.F. ( 2001 ) . Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : poteri vooruzhennykh sil : statisticheskoe issledovanie / pod obshchei redaktsiei ( Russia and the Soviet Union in the Wars of the Twentieth Century : The Loss of the Armed Forces : A Statistical Study ) ( in Russian ) . Moscow : OLMA - Press . ISBN 5 - 224 - 01515 - 4 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . l'Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915 -- 1919 ( Statistical Yearbook of Belgium and the Belgian Congo 1915 -- 1919 ) ( in French ) . XLVI . Bruxelles : A. Lesigne. 1922 . OCLC 460112561 . Mortara , G. ( 1925 ) . La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra ( Public Health in Italy During and After the War ) ( in Italian ) . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . OCLC 2099099 . Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer , ( deutsches Feld - und Besatzungsheer ) , im Weltkriege 1914 -- 1918 ( Heeres - Sanitätsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums ) ( Medical Report on the German Army ( German Field and Garrison Army ) in the World War 1914 -- 1918 ( Army Medical Inspectorate in the Reich Ministry of War ) ) ( in German ) . III . Sec 1 . Berlin : Mittler. 1934 . OCLC 493867080 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casualties of World War I . Prost , Antoine : War Losses , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Schmied - Kowarzik , Anatol : War Losses ( Austria - Hungary ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Lunn , Joe Harris : War Losses ( Africa ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Majerus , Benoît : War Losses ( Belgium ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Lafon , Alexandre : War Losses ( France ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Scolè , Pierluigi : War Losses ( Italy ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Tang , Chi - hua : War Losses and Reparations ( China ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Whalen , Robert Weldon : War Losses ( Germany ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Noonan , David C. : War Losses ( Australia ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Byerly , Carol R. : War Losses ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Cook , Tim , Stewart , William : War Losses ( Canada ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Baş , Mehmet Fatih : War Losses ( Ottoman Empire / Middle East ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . World War I casualties from Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century Long way to Tipperary - an Irish story of the great war World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_casualties&oldid=820964982 '' Categories : World War I casualties Aftermath of World War I Demographic history Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Ελληνικά Français 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 17 : 08 . 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what was the total number of deaths in ww1
[ "The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was more than 41 million: there were over 18 million deaths and 23 million wounded, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history." ]
[ "more than 41 million" ]
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El Clásico
El Clásico - wikipedia El Clásico Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see El Clásico ( disambiguation ) . El Clásico Team kits -- Real Madrid in white , Barcelona in blue and red Locale Spain Teams Barcelona Real Madrid Latest meeting Barcelona 2 -- 2 Real Madrid La Liga ( 6 May 2018 ) Stadiums Camp Nou ( Barcelona ) Santiago Bernabéu ( Real Madrid ) Statistics Meetings total Competitive matches : 237 Exhibition matches : 34 Total matches : 271 Most wins Competitive matches : Real Madrid ( 95 ) Exhibition matches : Barcelona ( 20 ) Total matches : Barcelona ( 112 ) Most player appearances Manolo Sanchís ( 43 ) Top scorer Lionel Messi ( 26 ) Largest victory Real Madrid 11 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey ( 19 June 1943 ) El Clásico ( Spanish pronunciation : ( el ˈklasiko ) ; Catalan : El Clàssic , pronounced ( əɫ ˈkɫasik ) ; `` The Classic '' ) is the name given in football to any match between fierce rivals Real Madrid and FC Barcelona . Originally it referred only to those competitions held in the Spanish championship , but nowadays the term has been generalized , and tends to include every single match between the two clubs : UEFA Champions League , Copa del Rey , etc . Other than the UEFA Champions League Final , it is considered one of the biggest club football games in the world , and is among the most viewed annual sporting events . The match is known for its intensity . The rivalry comes about as Madrid and Barcelona are the two largest cities in Spain , and they are sometimes identified with opposing political positions , with Real Madrid viewed as representing Spanish nationalism and Barcelona viewed as representing Catalan nationalism . The rivalry is regarded as one of the biggest in world sport . The two clubs are among the richest and most successful football clubs in the world ; in 2014 Forbes ranked them the world 's two most valuable sports teams . Both clubs have a global fanbase ; they are the world 's two most followed sports teams on social media . Real Madrid leads the head to head results in competitive matches with 95 wins to Barcelona 's 92 , while Barcelona leads in total matches with 112 wins to Real Madrid 's 99 . Along with Athletic Bilbao , they are the only clubs in La Liga to have never been relegated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rivalry 1.1 History 1.2 1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals 1.3 Di Stéfano transfer 1.4 Luís Figo Transfer 1.5 Recent issues 2 Results 3 Records 3.1 Biggest wins ( 5 + goals ) 3.2 Longest runs 3.2. 1 Most consecutive wins 3.2. 2 Most consecutive draws 3.2. 3 Most consecutive matches without a draw 3.2. 4 Longest undefeated runs 3.2. 5 Longest undefeated runs in the league 3.2. 6 Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal 3.2. 7 Most consecutive games scoring 3.3 Goalscoring 3.3. 1 Top goalscorers 3.3. 2 Consecutive goalscoring 3.4 Most hat - tricks 3.5 Most assists 3.6 Most appearances 4 Players who played for both clubs 5 Honours 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Rivalry History Santiago Bernabéu , home of Real Madrid , hosted its first Clásico in 1948 . Camp Nou , home of FC Barcelona , hosted its first Clásico in 1958 . The conflict between Real Madrid and Barcelona has long surpassed the sporting dimension , so that elections to the clubs ' presidencies are strongly politicized . As early as the 1930s , Barcelona `` had developed a reputation as a symbol of Catalan identity , opposed to the centralising tendencies of Madrid '' . In 1936 , when Francisco Franco started the Coup d'état against the democratic Second Spanish Republic , the president of Barcelona , Josep Sunyol , member of the Republican Left of Catalonia and Deputy to The Cortes , was arrested and executed without trial by Franco 's troops ( Sunyol was exercising his political activities , visiting Republican troops north of Madrid ) . Barcelona was on top of the list of organizations to be purged by the National faction , just after communists , anarchists , and independentists . During the Franco dictatorship , most citizens of Barcelona were in strong opposition to the fascist - like régime . Phil Ball , the author of Morbo : The Story of Spanish Football , says about the match ; `` they hate each other with an intensity that can truly shock the outsider '' . During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and of Francisco Franco , all regional languages and identities in Spain were frowned upon and restrained . In this period , Barcelona gained their motto Més que un club ( English : More than a club ) because of its alleged connection to Catalan nationalist as well as to progressive beliefs . During Franco 's regime , however , Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him . The links between senior Real Madrid representatives and the Francoist regime were undeniable ; for most of the Catalans , Real Madrid was regarded as `` the establishment club '' , despite the fact that presidents of both clubs like Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra , suffered at the hands of Franco 's supporters in the Spanish Civil War . The image for both clubs was further affected by the creation of Ultras groups , some of which became hooligans . In 1980 , Ultras Sur was founded as a far - right - leaning Real Madrid ultras group , followed in 1981 by the foundation of the initially left - leaning and later on far - right , Barcelona ultras group Boixos Nois . Both groups became known for their violent acts , and one of the most conflictive factions of Barcelona supporters , the Casuals , became a full - fledged criminal organisation . For many people , Barcelona is still considered as `` the rebellious club '' , or the alternative pole to `` Real Madrid 's conservatism '' . According to polls released by CIS ( Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas ) , Real Madrid is the favorite team of most of the Spanish residents , while Barcelona stands in the second position . In Catalonia , forces of all the political spectrum are overwhelmingly in favour of Barcelona . Nevertheless , the support of the blaugrana club goes far beyond from that region , earning its best results among young people , sustainers of a federal structure of Spain and citizens with left - wing ideology , in contrast with Real Madrid fans which politically tend to adopt right - wing views . 1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals On 13 June 1943 , Real Madrid beat Barcelona 11 -- 1 at home in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo , the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco . The first leg , played at Barcelona 's Les Corts stadium in Catalonia , had ended with Barcelona winning 3 -- 0 . Madrid complained about all the three goals that referee Fombona Fernández had allowed for Barcelona , with the home supporters also whistling Madrid throughout , whom they accused of employing roughhouse tactics , and Fombona for allowing them to . A campaign began in Madrid . Barcelona player Josep Valle recalled : `` The press officer at the DND and ABC newspaper wrote all sorts of scurrilous lies , really terrible things , winding up the Madrid fans like never before '' . While former Real Madrid goalkeeper Eduardo Teus , who admitted that Madrid had `` above all played hard '' , wrote in a newspaper : `` the ground itself made Madrid concede two of the three goals , goals that were totally unfair '' . Barcelona fans were banned from traveling to Madrid . Real Madrid released a statement after the match which former club president ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Ramón Mendoza explained , `` The message got through that those fans who wanted to could go to El Club bar on Calle de la Victoria where Madrid 's social center was . There , they were given a whistle . Others had whistles handed to them with their tickets . '' The day of the second leg , the Barcelona team were insulted and stones were thrown at their bus as soon as they left their hotel . Barcelona 's striker Mariano Gonzalvo said of the incident , `` Five minutes before the game had started , our penalty area was already full of coins . '' Barcelona goalkeeper Lluis Miró rarely approached his line -- when he did , he was armed with stones . As Francisco Calvet told the story , `` They were shouting : Reds ! Separatists ! ... a bottle just missed Sospedra that would have killed him if it had hit him . It was all set up . '' Real Madrid went 2 -- 0 up within half an hour . The third goal brought with it a sending off for Barcelona 's Benito García after he made what Calvet claimed was a `` completely normal tackle '' . Madrid 's José Llopis Corona recalled , `` At which point , they got a bit demoralized , '' while Mur countered , `` at which point , we thought : ' go on then , score as many as you want ' . '' Madrid scored in minutes 31 ' , 33 ' , 35 ' , 39 ' , 43 ' and 44 ' , as well as two goals ruled out for offside , made it 8 -- 0 . Basilo de la Morena had been caught out by the speed of the goals . In that atmosphere and with a referee who wanted to avoid any complications , it was humanly impossible to play ... If the azulgranas had played badly , really badly , the scoreboard would still not have reached that astronomical figure . The point is that they did not play at all . '' Both clubs were fined 2,500 pesetas by the Royal Spanish Football Federation and , although Barcelona appealed , it made no difference . Piñeyro resigned in protest , complaining of `` a campaign that the press has run against Barcelona for a week and which culminated in the shameful day at Chamartín '' . The match report in the newspaper La Prensa described Barcelona 's only goal as a `` reminder that there was a team there who knew how to play football and that if they did not do so that afternoon , it was not exactly their fault '' . Another newspaper called the scoreline `` as absurd as it was abnormal '' . According to football writer Sid Lowe , `` There have been relatively few mentions of the game ( since ) and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid . Indeed , the 11 -- 1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona 's history . This was the game that first formed the identification of Madrid as the team of the dictatorship and Barcelona as its victims . '' Fernando Argila , Barcelona 's reserve goalkeeper from the game , said , `` There was no rivalry . Not , at least , until that game . '' Di Stéfano transfer Alfredo Di Stéfano 's controversial 1953 transfer to Real Madrid instead of Barcelona intensified the rivalry . The rivalry was intensified during the 1950s when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo Di Stéfano . Di Stéfano had impressed both Barcelona and Real Madrid while playing for Los Millionarios in Bogotá , Colombia , during a players ' strike in his native Argentina . Both Real Madrid and Barcelona attempted to sign him and , due to confusion that emerged from Di Stéfano moving to Millonarios from River Plate following the strike , both clubs claimed to own his registration . After intervention from FIFA representative Muñoz Calero , it was decided that both Barcelona and Real Madrid had to share the player in alternate seasons . Barcelona 's humiliated president was forced to resign by the Barcelona board , with the interim board cancelling Di Stéfano 's contract . This ended the long struggle for Di Stéfano , as he moved definitively to Real Madrid . Di Stéfano became integral in the subsequent success achieved by Real Madrid , scoring twice in his first game against Barcelona . With him , Real Madrid won the initial five European Champions Cup competitions . The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice at the European Cup , Real Madrid winning in 1960 and Barcelona winning in 1961 . Luís Figo transfer Luís Figo 's transfer from Barcelona to Real Madrid in 2000 resulted in a hate campaign by some of his former club 's fans . In 2000 , Real Madrid 's then - presidential candidate , Florentino Pérez , offered Barcelona 's vice-captain Luís Figo $2.4 million just to sign an agreement binding him to Madrid if he won the elections . If the player broke the deal , he would have to pay Pérez $30 million in compensation . When his agent confirmed the deal , Figo denied everything , insisting , `` I 'll stay at Barcelona whether Pérez wins or loses . '' He accused the presidential candidate of `` lying '' and `` fantasizing '' . He told Barcelona teammates Luis Enrique and Pep Guardiola he was not leaving and they conveyed the message to the Barcelona squad . On 9 July , Sport ran an interview in which he said , `` I want to send a message of calm to Barcelona 's fans , for whom I always have and always will feel great affection . I want to assure them that Luís Figo will , with absolute certainty , be at the Camp Nou on the 24th to start the new season ... I 've not signed a pre-contract with a presidential candidate at Real Madrid . No . I 'm not so mad as to do a thing like that . '' The only way Barcelona could prevent Figo 's transfer to Real Madrid was to pay the penalty clause , $30 million . That would have effectively meant paying the fifth highest transfer fee in history to sign their own player . Barcelona 's new president , Joan Gaspart , called the media and told them , `` Today , Figo gave me the impression that he wanted to do two things : get richer and stay at Barça . '' Only one of them happened . The following day , 24 July , Figo was presented in Madrid and handed his new shirt by Alfredo Di Stéfano . His buyout clause was set at $180 million . Gaspart later admitted , `` Figo 's move destroyed us . '' On his return to Barcelona in a Real Madrid shirt , banners with `` Judas '' , `` Scum '' and `` Mercenary '' were hung around the stadium . Thousands of fake 10,000 peseta notes had been printed and emblazoned with his image , were among the missiles of oranges , bottles , cigarette lighters , even a couple of mobile phones were thrown at him . In his third season with Real Madrid , the 2002 Clásico at Camp Nou produced one of the defining images of the rivalry . Figo was mercilessly taunted throughout ; missiles of coins , a knife , a whisky bottle , were raining down from the stands , mostly from areas populated by the Boixos Nois where he had been taking a corner . Among the debris was a pig 's head . Recent issues During the last three decades , the rivalry has been augmented by the modern Spanish tradition of the Pasillo , where one team is given the guard of honor by the other team , once the former clinches the La Liga trophy before El Clásico takes place . This has happened in three occasions . First , during El Clásico that took place on 30 April 1988 , where Real Madrid won the championship on the previous round . Then , three years later , when Barcelona won the championship two rounds before El Clásico on 8 June 1991 . The last pasillo , and most recent , took place on 7 May 2008 , and this time Real Madrid had won the championship . The two teams met again in the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 2002 , with Real Madrid winning 2 -- 0 in Barcelona and a 1 -- 1 draw in Madrid . The match was dubbed by Spanish media as the `` Match of the Century '' . In 2005 , Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player , after Diego Maradona in 1983 , to receive a standing ovation from Real Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu . While El Clásico is regarded as one of the fiercest rivalries in world football , there have been rare moments when fans have shown praise for a player on the opposing team . In 1980 , Laurie Cunningham was the first Real Madrid player to receive applause from Barcelona fans at Camp Nou ; after excelling during the match , and with Madrid winning 2 -- 0 , Cunningham left the field to a standing ovation from the locals . On 26 June 1983 , during the second leg of the Copa de la Liga final at the Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid , having dribbled past the Real Madrid goalkeeper , Barcelona star Diego Maradona ran towards an empty goal before stopping just as the Madrid defender came sliding in an attempt to block the shot and crashed into the post , before Maradona slotted the ball into the net . The manner of Maradona 's goal led to many Madrid fans inside the stadium start applauding . In November 2005 , Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player to receive a standing ovation from Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu . After dribbling through the Madrid defence twice to score two goals in a 3 -- 0 win , Madrid fans paid homage to his performance with applause . On 21 November 2015 , Andrés Iniesta became the third Barcelona player to receive applause from Real Madrid fans while he was substituted during a 4 -- 0 away win , with Iniesta scoring Barça 's third . A 2007 survey by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas showed that 32 % of the Spanish population supported Real Madrid , while 25 % supported Barcelona . In third place came Valencia , with 5 % . According to a poll performed by Ikerfel in 2011 , Barcelona is the most popular team in Spain with 44 % of preferences , while Real Madrid is second with 37 % . Atlético Madrid , Valencia and Athletic Bilbao complete the top five . Both clubs have a global fanbase and are the world 's two most followed sports teams on social media -- on Facebook , as of March 2016 , Barcelona has 91 million fans , Real Madrid has 87 million fans . Barcelona 's Lionel Messi and Real Madrid midfielder Lassana Diarra in a 2011 Clásico . The rivalry intensified in 2011 where , due to the final of the Copa Del Rey and the meeting of the two in the UEFA Champions League , Barcelona and Real Madrid were scheduled to meet each other four times in 18 days . Several accusations of unsportsmanlike behaviour from both teams and a war of words erupted throughout the fixtures which included four red cards . Spain national team coach Vicente del Bosque stated that he was `` concerned '' that due to the rising hatred between the two clubs , that this could cause friction in the Spain team . In recent years , the rivalry has been `` encapsulated '' by the rivalry between Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi . Following the star signings of Neymar and Luis Suárez to Barcelona , and Gareth Bale and Karim Benzema to Madrid , the rivalry has been expanded to a battle of the clubs attacking trios , `` BBC '' ( Bale , Benzema , Cristiano ) against `` MSN '' ( Messi , Suárez , Neymar ) . Results Main article : List of El Clásico matches As of 6 May 2018 Matches Wins Draws Goals Home Wins Home Draws Away Wins La Liga 176 72 70 34 286 282 52 49 15 19 20 21 Copa del Rey 33 12 14 7 64 63 5 7 5 5 Copa de la Liga 6 0 8 13 0 0 Supercopa de España 14 8 30 18 6 0 Champions League 8 13 10 All competitions 237 95 92 50 401 386 64 61 25 25 27 28 Friendly 34 20 10 44 86 11 6 8 All matches 271 99 112 60 445 472 67 72 29 31 28 36 Records Biggest wins ( 5 + goals ) 10 Real Madrid 11 -- 1 Barcelona 19 June 1943 Copa del Rey 6 Real Madrid 8 -- 2 Barcelona 3 February 1935 La Liga 5 Barcelona 7 -- 2 Real Madrid 24 September 1950 La Liga Barcelona 6 -- 1 Real Madrid 19 May 1957 Copa del Rey Real Madrid 6 -- 1 Barcelona 18 September 1949 La Liga Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 21 April 1935 Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 25 March 1945 Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Barcelona 5 October 1953 Real Madrid 0 -- 5 Barcelona 17 February 1974 Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 8 January 1994 Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Barcelona 7 January 1995 Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 29 November 2010 Longest runs Most consecutive wins Games Club Period 6 Barcelona 25 January 1948 -- 15 January 1949 6 Real Madrid 30 September 1962 -- 28 February 1965 5 Real Madrid 5 March 1933 -- 3 February 1935 5 Barcelona 13 December 2008 -- 29 November 2010 Most consecutive draws Games Period 11 September 1991 -- 7 March 1992 1 May 2002 -- 20 April 2003 Most consecutive matches without a draw Games Period 18 25 January 1948 -- 21 November 1954 17 23 November 1960 -- 19 March 1967 14 4 December 1977 -- 4 June 1983 12 19 May 1957 -- 27 April 1960 10 5 March 1933 -- 28 January 1940 Longest undefeated runs Games Club Period 14 Real Madrid 31 January 1931 -- 3 February 1935 13 Barcelona 1 November 1917 -- 3 June 1928 Longest undefeated runs in the league Games Club Period 7 ( 5 Wins ) Real Madrid 31 January 1932 -- 3 February 1935 7 ( 5 Wins ) Barcelona 13 December 2008 -- 10 December 2011 6 ( 6 Wins ) Real Madrid 30 September 1962 -- 28 February 1965 6 ( 4 Wins ) Barcelona 11 May 1997 -- 13 October 1999 6 ( 3 Wins ) Barcelona 28 November 1971 -- 17 February 1974 5 ( 4 Wins ) Barcelona 30 March 1947 -- 15 January 1949 5 ( 3 Wins ) Barcelona 11 May 1975 -- 30 January 1977 Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal Games Club Period 5 Barcelona 3 April 1972 -- 17 February 1974 Barcelona 10 January 1914 -- 7 March 1916 Real Madrid 29 June 1974 -- 11 May 1975 Barcelona 29 November 2009 -- 29 November 2010 Most consecutive games scoring Games Club Period 23 Barcelona 27 April 2011 -- 13 August 2017 18 Real Madrid 3 May 2011 -- 22 March 2015 17 Barcelona 27 November 1982 -- 31 January 1987 14 Real Madrid 15 February 1959 -- 21 January 1962 14 Real Madrid 5 December 1990 -- 16 December 1993 13 Real Madrid 1 December 1946 -- 23 November 1952 13 Real Madrid 22 April 1962 -- 9 April 1968 12 Barcelona 26 March 1916 -- 26 April 1926 11 Barcelona 11 September 1991 -- 7 May 1994 10 Barcelona 30 January 1997 -- 13 October 1999 Goalscoring Top goalscorers Players in bold are still active Player Club La Liga Copa Super Cup League Cup Europe Total Lionel Messi Barcelona 18 -- 6 -- 26 Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 14 -- -- 18 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 9 5 -- -- 18 Raúl Real Madrid 11 -- -- 15 César Barcelona 12 -- -- -- 14 Francisco Gento Real Madrid 10 -- -- 14 Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 9 -- -- 14 Santillana Real Madrid 9 -- -- 12 Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- 10 Juanito Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- 10 Josep Samitier Barca / Real 6 -- -- -- 10 Estanislao Basora Barcelona 8 -- -- -- 9 Jaime Lazcano Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- -- 8 Karim Benzema Real Madrid 6 -- -- 8 Iván Zamorano Real Madrid -- -- 8 Eulogio Martínez Barcelona 5 -- -- 8 Luis Suárez Barcelona -- -- 8 Santiago Bernabéu Real Madrid -- 8 -- -- -- 8 Consecutive goalscoring Player Club Consecutive matches Total goals in the run Start End Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 6 7 2011 -- 12 Copa del Rey ( 1st leg ) 2012 -- 13 La Liga ( 7th round ) Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 5 5 1992 -- 93 La Liga ( 20th Round ) 1993 Supercopa de España ( 2nd leg ) Simón Lecue Real Madrid 5 1935 -- 36 La Liga ( 7th Round ) 1939 -- 40 La Liga ( 9th Round ) Ronaldinho Barcelona 5 2004 -- 05 La Liga ( 12th Round ) 2005 -- 06 La Liga ( 31st Round ) Giovanni Barcelona 1997 Supercopa de España ( 1st leg ) 1997 -- 98 La Liga ( 28th Round ) Lionel Messi is the all - time top scorer in El Clásico history with 26 goals . Most hat - tricks Five players have been able to score more than one hat trick : Jaime Lazcano , Santiago Bernabéu , Paulino Alcántara , Lionel Messi and Ferenc Puskás have all scored two hat - tricks in El Clásico history ( 2 ) . Most assists Lionel Messi has delivered the most assists in El Clásico history ( 14 ) . Most appearances Players in bold are still active Appearances Player Club 43 Manuel Sanchís Real Madrid 42 Francisco Gento Real Madrid 42 Xavi Barcelona 38 Lionel Messi Barcelona 38 Sergio Ramos Real Madrid 38 Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 37 Fernando Hierro Real Madrid 37 Raúl Real Madrid 37 Iker Casillas Real Madrid Players who played for both clubs Javier Saviola was the most recent player to transfer between the two rivals , in 2007 . Barcelona then Madrid 1902 : Alfonso Albéniz 1906 : José Quirante 1911 : Alfonso Albéniz 1911 : Arsenio Comamala 1913 : Walter Rozitsky 1930 : Ricardo Zamora ( via Espanyol ) 1932 : Josep Samitier 1950 : Alfonso Navarro 1961 : Justo Tejada 1962 : Evaristo 1965 : Fernand Goyvaerts 1988 : Bernd Schuster 1990 : Luis Milla 1992 : Nando 1994 : Michael Laudrup 1995 : Miquel Soler ( via Sevilla ) 2000 : Luís Figo 2000 : Albert Celades ( via Celta Vigo ) 2002 : Ronaldo ( via Inter Milan ) 2007 : Javier Saviola Madrid then Barcelona 1905 : Luciano Lizarraga 1939 : Hilario ( via Valencia ) 1961 : Jesús María Pereda ( via Real Valladolid , then Sevilla ) 1965 : Lucien Muller 1980 : Lorenzo Amador ( via Hércules ) 1994 : Gheorghe Hagi ( via Brescia ) 1994 : Julen Lopetegui ( via Logroñés ) 1995 : Robert Prosinečki ( via Real Oviedo ) 1996 : Luis Enrique 1999 : Dani García ( via Mallorca ) 2000 : Alfonso Pérez ( via Real Betis ) 2004 : Samuel Eto'o ( via Mallorca ) From Barcelona to Madrid 16 From Barcelona to another club before Madrid Total 20 From Madrid to Barcelona From Madrid to another club before Barcelona 9 Total 12 Total Switches 32 Honours The rivalry reflected in El Clásico matches comes about as Real Madrid and Barcelona are the most successful football clubs in Spain . As seen below , Barcelona leads Real Madrid 94 -- 91 in terms of official overall trophies . While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup , it was not organised by UEFA . Consequently , UEFA does not consider clubs ' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record . However , FIFA does view the competition as a major honour . Real Madrid Competition Barcelona Domestic 33 La Liga 25 19 Copa del Rey 30 10 Supercopa de España 12 Copa Eva Duarte ( defunct ) Copa de la Liga ( defunct ) 64 Aggregate 72 European and Worldwide 13 UEFA Champions League 5 -- UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( defunct ) UEFA Europa League -- UEFA Super Cup 5 -- Inter-Cities Fairs Cup ( defunct ) Intercontinental Cup ( defunct ) -- Latin Cup ( defunct ) FIFA Club World Cup 27 Aggregate 22 91 Total Aggregate 94 Note : FIFA recognized the winner of the Intercontinental Cup as a World Champion . Note : The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is not recognized in the UEFA records and statistics See also Association football portal Madrid derby Derbi barceloní Major football rivalries Nationalism and sport Sports rivalry Notes ^ Jump up to : Does not include a goal scored in the 2017 International Champions Cup . References Jump up ^ `` El clàssic es jugarà dilluns '' . El Punt. 18 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Johanthan ( 12 December 2008 ) . `` Barca & Real renew El Clasico rivalry '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 October 2014 Jump up ^ Benjamin Morris . `` Is Messi vs. Ronaldo Bigger Than The Super Bowl ? '' . FiveThirtyEight . Jump up ^ El Clasico : Real Madrid Vs Barcelona Fights , Fouls , Dives & Red Cards Jump up ^ `` Castilian Oppression v Catalan Nationalism -- `` El Gran Classico '' `` . Footballblog.co.uk. 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona in the strange and symbolic eye of a storm over Catalonia '' . The Guardian . 2 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFP : Barcelona vs Real Madrid rivalry comes to the fore '' . Google.com. 14 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Rookwood , Dan ( 28 August 2002 ) . `` The bitterest rivalry in world football '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` El Clasico : When stars collide '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 21 October 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Barça , the most loved club in the world '' . Marca . Retrieved 8 May 2015 Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike . `` Barcelona becomes first sports team to have 50 million Facebook fans '' . Forbes.com . Jump up ^ Palomares , Cristina The quest for survival after Franco : moderate Francoism and the slow journey , p. 231 Jump up ^ Cambio 16 , 6 -- 12 , Enero 1975 p. 18 ^ Jump up to : McNeill , Donald ( 1999 ) Urban change and the European left : tales from the new Barcelona p. 61 ^ Jump up to : Burns , Jimmy , ' Don Patricio O'Connell : An Irishman and the Politics of Spanish Football ' in `` Irish Migration Studies in Latin America '' 6 : 1 ( March 2008 ) , p. 44 . Available online pg. 3 , pg. 4 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ham , Anthony p. 221 Jump up ^ Vázquez Montalbán ( 1992 ) Barcelonas , ch. 4 ' La Ben Plantada ' p. 109 Jump up ^ Ball , Phil ( 21 April 2002 ) . `` Mucho morbo '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Ball , Phil p. 88 Jump up ^ `` Franco recibió dos medallas del Barça '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario AS . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` El deporte en la guerra civil '' ( in Spanish ) . EL CULTURAL . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Sánchez Guerra '' ( in Spanish ) . elpueblodeceuta.es. 30 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultra Sur El Centrocampista - Spanish Football and La Liga News in English '' . El Centrocampista. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Dos Manzanas ( 14 June 2011 ) . `` Tres Boixos Nois detenidos por agredir a una mujer transexual en Barcelona '' . Dos manzanas . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La mafia de boixos nois se especializó en atracar a narcos - Sociedad - El Periódico '' . Elperiodico.com . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Great similarities between Barcelona and Celtic '' . vavel.com. 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FourFourTwo 's 50 Biggest Derbies in the World , No. 2 : Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' . fourfourtwo.com. 29 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La izquierda es culé y la derecha , merengue , según el CIS '' ( in Spanish ) . LaVanguardia.com. 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Del Madrid o del Barça ? '' ( in Spanish ) . elpais.com. 23 February 2003 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v Barcelona : six of the best ' El Clásicos ' '' . London : The Telegraph . 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 67 . Random House . 26 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 68 . Random House . 26 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 70 . Random House . 26 September 2013 Jump up ^ Spaaij , Ramn ( 2006 ) . Understanding football hooliganism : a comparison of six Western European football clubs . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5629 - 445 - 8 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid . p. 73 Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid . p. 72 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 77 . Random House . 26 September 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` BBC SPORT Football Alfredo Di Stefano : Did General Franco halt Barcelona transfer ? '' . BBC News . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid . p. 344 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 345 , 346 . Random House . 26 September 2013 Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid . p. 339 Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid . p. 338 Jump up ^ Jefferies , Tony ( 27 November 2002 ) . `` Barcelona are braced for a stiff penalty '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Deportes . `` ( Spanish ) '' . 20minutos.es . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v. Barcelona : A Glance Back at Past Pasillos Futfanatico : Breaking Soccer News '' . Futfanatico. 5 December 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real win Champions League showdown '' . BBC News . 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Applauding the enemy '' , FIFA.com , 15 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs Barcelona : El - Clasico Preview '' , The Independent , 17 January 2012 , Jump up ^ `` 30 years since Maradona stunned the Santiago Bernabéu '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 2 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Rampant Ronaldinho receives standing ovation '' . BBC News . 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 0 Barcelona 3 : Bernabeu forced to pay homage as Ronaldinho soars above the galacticos '' . The Independent . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid Fans Applaud Barcelona 's Andres Iniesta In ' El Clasico ' '' . NESN. 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CIS Mayo 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas . May 2007 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` España se pasa del Madrid al Barcelona '' ( in Spanish ) . www.as.com. 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Facebook fan pages '' . FanPageList.com . Retrieved 31 March 2016 Jump up ^ Sapa - DPA ( 29 April 2011 ) . `` Del Bosque concerned over Real - Barca conflict - SuperSport - Football '' . SuperSport . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bate , Adam ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Fear and Loathing '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El club de los 100 : MSN 91 - 88 BBC '' . Marca. 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs Barcelona : El Clasico Stats and Head to Head Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 6 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Barcelona : Messi finishes 2017 ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo with 54 goals - MARCA in English '' . MARCA in English . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Copa Eva Duarte ( Defunct ) is not listed as an official title by the UEFA , but it is considered as such by the RFEF , as it is the direct predecessor of the Supercopa de España Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League : History : New format provides fresh impetus '' . UEFA . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Football : Clubs : FC Barcelona '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . `` Classic Football : Clubs : AS Roma '' . FIFA . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Real Madrid - FC Barcelona rivalry . Ball , Phill ( 2003 ) . Morbo : The Story of Spanish Football . WSC Books Limited . ISBN 0 - 9540134 - 6 - 8 . Farred , Grant ( 2008 ) . Long distance love : a passion for football . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 374 - 6 . Lowe , Sid ( 2013 ) . Fear and Loathing in La Liga : Barcelona vs Real Madrid . Random House . ISBN 9780224091800 . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Honours Players Managers Presidents Seasons Europe Records and statistics Current season History History of Real Madrid C.F. Culture and lore Yé - yé Quinta del Buitre Galácticos Real , The Movie Goal II : Living the Dream Home stadium Tiro del Pichón Campo de Jorge Juan Campo de O'Donnell Campo de Ciudad Lineal Estadio Chamartín Estadio Santiago Bernabéu Alfredo di Stéfano Stadium Training ground Ciudad Deportiva Ciudad Real Madrid Academy La Fábrica Real Madrid youth Real Madrid Castilla Real Madrid C ( defunct ) Basketball Real Madrid Baloncesto ( current season ) Real Madrid Baloncesto B Media Real Madrid TV Hala Madrid Rivalries El Clásico Madrid Derby El Viejo Clásico El Clásico ( basketball ) Madrid basketball derby Discontinued sections Handball Rugby Volleyball Related articles Santiago Bernabéu Trophy Real Madrid Fantasy Manager Real Madrid ( Puerto Rico ) Real Madrid Resort Island Futbol Club Barcelona History Academy ( La Masia ) Players Managers Presidents Seasons Europe Statistics Current season Other teams FC Barcelona B FCB ( women 's ) FCB B ( women 's ) FC Barcelona Juvenil A FC Barcelona C ( defunct ) Home stadium Camp Nou Camp de Les Corts Camp de la Indústria Mini Estadi Palau Blaugrana Nou Palau Blaugrana Palau de Gel Training ground Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper La Masia Rivalries El Clásico Derbi barceloní El Clásico ( basketball ) Other sports Basketball ( current season ) Basketball ( reserves ) Wheelchair basketball Beach soccer Futsal Handball Ice hockey Roller hockey Rugby union Rugby league Volleyball ( men 's ) Volleyball ( women 's ) Related articles Supporters ( Boixos Nois ) Museum Cant del Barça Joan Gamper Trophy TV and radio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= El_Clásico&oldid = 843091787 '' Categories : FC Barcelona Real Madrid C.F. Football rivalries in Spain Association football rivalries Politics and sports Football in Barcelona Football in the Community of Madrid Recurring sporting events established in 1902 Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Catalan - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം Baso Minangkabau Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 20 : 36 . 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who has more wins barca vs real madrid
[ "Real Madrid leads the head to head results in competitive matches with 95 wins to Barcelona's 92, while Barcelona leads in total matches with 112 wins to Real Madrid's 99. Along with Athletic Bilbao, they are the only clubs in La Liga to have never been relegated." ]
[ "Real Madrid" ]
2380395959017081616
Water conflicts between Malaysia and Singapore
Water conflicts between Malaysia and Singapore - wikipedia Water conflicts between Malaysia and Singapore Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Singapore and Malaysia have a long - standing conflict over water supplies . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 20th century 1.2 21st century 2 Water self - sufficiency 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 References History ( edit ) 20th century ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first water agreement was signed between Sultan Ibrahim II the Sultan of Johor and the Municipal Commissioners of the Town of Singapore on 5 December 1927 , under the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements . It is no longer in force . On 1 September 1961 , the Federation of Malaya signed an agreement giving Singapore the right to draw up to 86 million imperial gallons ( 390,000 m ) of water per day collectively from the Tebrau River , the Skudai River , the Pontian Reservoir , and the Gunung Pulai Reservoir , with effect through 2011 . On 29 September 1962 , a further agreement was signed providing Singapore the right to draw up to 250 million imperial gallons ( 1,100,000 m ) per day from the Johor River , with effect until 2061 . Both agreements stipulated the price of 3 Malaysian cents per 1,000 imperial gallons ( 4,500 L ) . 21st century ( edit ) The Malaysian government has stated that the agreements were signed in a different time and that the price should increase . It cites the example of water sold by China to Hong Kong in the past , which was approximately US $5.8 per 1,000 imperial gallons ( 4,500 L ) . However , this price comparison is not directly applicable because while Hong Kong has borne the cost of constructing the infrastructure and China has borne the cost of maintaining to provide water to Hong Kong , Singapore paid for all the costs of the reservoirs in Johor , the dams , pipelines , plant , equipment , etc. , and Singapore paid all costs of operating and maintaining the infrastructure . On 31 August 2011 , the 2011 water agreement expired , and the waterworks and facilities were handed over to the Johor state government . The handover included the Skudai and Gunung Pulai water treatment plants , which were built by the Public Utilities Board and managed by them for 50 years , as well as two pump houses in Pontian and Tebrau . Water self - sufficiency ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Malaysia is a reliable provider of water to Singapore but has used threats of cutting off the water supply to pressure Singapore politically . Seeking greater independence and freedom from such pressures , Singapore has pursued an expensive strategy of water self - sufficiency . As of 2003 , about 40 % of Singapore 's water came from Malaysia . The proportion has been decreasing as Singapore has pursued its Four Tap Strategy of sourcing water from rainwater , recycling , desalination , and importation . By 2010 , Singapore had constructed five Newater plants , a desalination plant and a new water barrage to increase rainwater supply . The Newater / desalination plants have the capability to supply 40 % of Singapore 's water needs as at 2010 . The limit of rainwater catchment had a second and larger desalination plant constructed in 2013 . Singapore 's water needs are anticipated to double in the next 50 years . Planned Newater output will triple to meet 50 % of needs by year 2060 whilst desalination investment will raise output to meet 30 % of needs . By the expiry of the 1962 water agreement in 2061 , the necessity for Malaysia water import should be eliminated . See also ( edit ) Foreign relations of Singapore Further reading ( edit ) `` 1927 Water Agreement '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . Lee Poh Onn ( 2003 ) . `` The water issue between Singapore and Malaysia : no solution in sight ? '' ( PDF ) . Ecomics and Finance No. 1 . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Water Supplies Department of Hong Kong Annual Report 2010 / 11 - Optimising Water Supplies ( 3.11 MB ) Jump up ^ `` 1961 water agreement with Johor expires on Wednesday '' . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on 22 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_conflicts_between_Malaysia_and_Singapore&oldid=740439569 '' Categories : Water resource conflicts Malaysia -- Singapore relations Water and politics Water supply and sanitation in Singapore Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia Environmental disasters in Asia Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2016 , at 02 : 36 . 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when does the two water agreements with malaysia end
[ "On 1 September 1961, the Federation of Malaya signed an agreement giving Singapore the right to draw up to 86 million imperial gallons (390,000 m3) of water per day collectively from the Tebrau River, the Skudai River, the Pontian Reservoir, and the Gunung Pulai Reservoir, with effect through 2011. On 29 September 1962, a further agreement was signed providing Singapore the right to draw up to 250 million imperial gallons (1,100,000 m3) per day from the Johor River, with effect until 2061. Both agreements stipulated the price of 3 Malaysian cents per 1,000 imperial gallons (4,500 L)." ]
[ "2061" ]
916409007014392665
Jack London
Jack London - wikipedia Jack London Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Jack London , see Jack London ( disambiguation ) . Jack London London in 1903 John Griffith Chaney ( 1876 - 01 - 12 ) January 12 , 1876 San Francisco , California , U.S. November 22 , 1916 ( 1916 - 11 - 22 ) ( aged 40 ) Glen Ellen , California , U.S. Occupation Novelist , journalist , short story writer and essayist Literary movement Realism , Naturalism Signature John Griffith `` Jack '' London ( born John Griffith Chaney ; January 12 , 1876 -- November 22 , 1916 ) was an American novelist , journalist , and social activist . A pioneer in the world of commercial magazine fiction , he was one of the first writers to become a worldwide celebrity and earn a large fortune from writing . He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction . Some of his most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang , both set in the Klondike Gold Rush , as well as the short stories `` To Build a Fire '' , `` An Odyssey of the North '' , and `` Love of Life '' . He also wrote about the South Pacific in stories such as `` The Pearls of Parlay '' and `` The Heathen '' , and of the San Francisco Bay area in The Sea Wolf . London was part of the radical literary group `` The Crowd '' in San Francisco and a passionate advocate of unionization , socialism , and the rights of workers . He wrote several powerful works dealing with these topics , such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel , his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss , and The War of the Classes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Family 2 Early life 3 Gold rush and first success 4 First marriage ( 1900 -- 04 ) 5 War correspondent ( 1904 ) 6 Bohemian Club 7 Second marriage 8 Beauty Ranch ( 1905 -- 16 ) 9 Animal activism 10 Death 10.1 Suicide debate 11 Accusations of plagiarism 12 Views 12.1 Atheism 12.2 Socialism 12.3 Racial views 13 Works 13.1 Short stories 13.2 Novels 13.3 Apocrypha 13.3. 1 Jack London Credo 13.3. 2 `` The Scab '' 14 Publications 14.1 Novels 14.2 Short story collections 14.3 Autobiographical memoirs 14.4 Non-fiction and essays 14.5 Plays 14.6 Poetry 14.7 Short stories 15 Legacy and honors 16 Notes 17 See also 18 References 19 Bibliography 20 Further reading 21 External links Family Flora Wellman Jack London 's mother , Flora Wellman , was the fifth and youngest child of Pennsylvania Canal builder Marshall Wellman and his first wife , Eleanor Garrett Jones . Marshall Wellman was descended from Thomas Wellman , an early Puritan settler in the Massachusetts Bay Colony . Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died . In San Francisco , Flora worked as a music teacher and spiritualist , claiming to channel the spirit of a Sauk chief , Black Hawk . Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe London 's father was astrologer William Chaney . Flora Wellman was living with Chaney in San Francisco when she became pregnant . Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown . Most San Francisco civil records were destroyed by the extensive fires that followed the 1906 earthquake ; nobody knows what name appeared on her son 's birth certificate . Stasz notes that in his memoirs , Chaney refers to London 's mother Flora Wellman as having been his `` wife '' ; he also cites an advertisement in which Flora called herself `` Florence Wellman Chaney '' . According to Flora Wellman 's account , as recorded in the San Francisco Chronicle of June 4 , 1875 , Chaney demanded that she have an abortion . When she refused , he disclaimed responsibility for the child . In desperation , she shot herself . She was not seriously wounded , but she was temporarily deranged . After giving birth , Flora turned the baby over for care to Virginia Prentiss , an African - American woman and former slave . She was a major maternal figure throughout London 's life . Late in 1876 , Flora Wellman married John London , a partially disabled Civil War veteran , and brought her baby John , later known as Jack , to live with the newly married couple . The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland , where London completed public grade school . In 1897 , when he was 21 and a student at the University of California , Berkeley , London searched for and read the newspaper accounts of his mother 's suicide attempt and the name of his biological father . He wrote to William Chaney , then living in Chicago . Chaney responded that he could not be London 's father because he was impotent ; he casually asserted that London 's mother had relations with other men and averred that she had slandered him when she said he insisted on an abortion . Chaney concluded by saying that he was more to be pitied than London . London was devastated by his father 's letter ; in the months following , he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom . Early Life London at the age of nine with his dog Rollo , 1885 London was born near Third and Brannan Streets in San Francisco . The house burned down in the fire after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake ; the California Historical Society placed a plaque at the site in 1953 . Although the family was working class , it was not as impoverished as London 's later accounts claimed . London was largely self - educated . In 1885 , London found and read Ouida 's long Victorian novel Signa . He credited this as the seed of his literary success . In 1886 , he went to the Oakland Public Library and found a sympathetic librarian , Ina Coolbrith , who encouraged his learning . ( She later became California 's first poet laureate and an important figure in the San Francisco literary community ) . In 1889 , London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott 's Cannery . Seeking a way out , he borrowed money from his foster mother Virginia Prentiss , bought the sloop Razzle - Dazzle from an oyster pirate named French Frank , and became an oyster pirate himself . In his memoir , John Barleycorn , he claims also to have stolen French Frank 's mistress Mamie . After a few months , his sloop became damaged beyond repair . London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol . In 1893 , he signed on to the sealing schooner Sophie Sutherland , bound for the coast of Japan . When he returned , the country was in the grip of the panic of ' 93 and Oakland was swept by labor unrest . After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street - railway power plant , London joined Coxey 's Army and began his career as a tramp . In 1894 , he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the Erie County Penitentiary at Buffalo , New York . In The Road , he wrote : Man - handling was merely one of the very minor unprintable horrors of the Erie County Pen . I say ' unprintable ' ; and in justice I must also say undescribable . They were unthinkable to me until I saw them , and I was no spring chicken in the ways of the world and the awful abysses of human degradation . It would take a deep plummet to reach bottom in the Erie County Pen , and I do but skim lightly and facetiously the surface of things as I there saw them . After many experiences as a hobo and a sailor , he returned to Oakland and attended Oakland High School . He contributed a number of articles to the high school 's magazine , The Aegis . His first published work was `` Typhoon off the Coast of Japan '' , an account of his sailing experiences . Jack London studying at Heinold 's First and Last Chance in 1886 As a schoolboy , London often studied at Heinold 's First and Last Chance Saloon , a port - side bar in Oakland . At 17 , he confessed to the bar 's owner , John Heinold , his desire to attend university and pursue a career as a writer . Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college . London desperately wanted to attend the University of California , Berkeley . In 1896 , after a summer of intense studying to pass certification exams , he was admitted . Financial circumstances forced him to leave in 1897 and he never graduated . No evidence suggests that London wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley . Heinold 's First and Last Chance , `` Jack London 's Rendezvous '' While at Berkeley , London continued to study and spend time at Heinold 's saloon , where he was introduced to the sailors and adventurers who would influence his writing . In his autobiographical novel , John Barleycorn , London mentioned the pub 's likeness seventeen times . Heinold 's was the place where London met Alexander McLean , a captain known for his cruelty at sea . London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen , in the novel The Sea - Wolf , on McLean . Heinold 's First and Last Chance Saloon is now unofficially named Jack London 's Rendezvous in his honor . Gold Rush and first success Miners and prospectors ascend the Chilkoot Trail during the Klondike Gold Rush On July 12 , 1897 , London ( age 21 ) and his sister 's husband Captain Shepard sailed to join the Klondike Gold Rush . This was the setting for some of his first successful stories . London 's time in the harsh Klondike , however , was detrimental to his health . Like so many other men who were malnourished in the goldfields , London developed scurvy . His gums became swollen , leading to the loss of his four front teeth . A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles , and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike . Father William Judge , `` The Saint of Dawson '' , had a facility in Dawson that provided shelter , food and any available medicine to London and others . His struggles there inspired London 's short story , `` To Build a Fire '' ( 1902 , revised in 1908 ) , which many critics assess as his best . His landlords in Dawson were mining engineers Marshall Latham Bond and Louis Whitford Bond , educated at Yale and Stanford , respectively . The brothers ' father , Judge Hiram Bond , was a wealthy mining investor . The Bonds , especially Hiram , were active Republicans . Marshall Bond 's diary mentions friendly sparring with London on political issues as a camp pastime . London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings ; he returned to become an activist for socialism . He concluded that his only hope of escaping the work `` trap '' was to get an education and `` sell his brains '' . He saw his writing as a business , his ticket out of poverty , and , he hoped , a means of beating the wealthy at their own game . On returning to California in 1898 , London began working to get published , a struggle described in his novel , Martin Eden ( serialized in 1908 , published in 1909 ) . His first published story since high school was `` To the Man On Trail '' , which has frequently been collected in anthologies . When The Overland Monthly offered him only five dollars for it -- and was slow paying -- London came close to abandoning his writing career . In his words , `` literally and literarily I was saved '' when The Black Cat accepted his story `` A Thousand Deaths '' , and paid him $40 -- the `` first money I ever received for a story '' . London began his writing career just as new printing technologies enabled lower - cost production of magazines . This resulted in a boom in popular magazines aimed at a wide public audience and a strong market for short fiction . In 1900 , he made $2,500 in writing , about $74,000 in today 's currency . Among the works he sold to magazines was a short story known as either `` Diable '' ( 1902 ) or `` Bâtard '' ( 1904 ) , two editions of the same basic story ; London received $141.25 for this story on May 27 , 1902 . In the text , a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog , and the dog retaliates and kills the man . London told some of his critics that man 's actions are the main cause of the behavior of their animals , and he would show this in another story , The Call of the Wild . George Sterling , Mary Austin , Jack London , and Jimmie Hooper on the beach at Carmel , California In early 1903 , London sold The Call of the Wild to The Saturday Evening Post for $750 , and the book rights to Macmillan for $2,000 . Macmillan 's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success . While living at his rented villa on Lake Merritt in Oakland , CA. , London met poet George Sterling ; in time they became best friends . In 1902 , Sterling helped London find a home closer to his own in nearby Piedmont . In his letters London addressed Sterling as `` Greek '' , owing to Sterling 's aquiline nose and classical profile , and he signed them as `` Wolf '' . London was later to depict Sterling as Russ Brissenden in his autobiographical novel Martin Eden ( 1910 ) and as Mark Hall in The Valley of the Moon ( 1913 ) . In later life London indulged his wide - ranging interests by accumulating a personal library of 15,000 volumes . He referred to his books as `` the tools of my trade '' . First marriage ( 1900 -- 04 ) Jack with daughters Becky ( left ) and Joan ( right ) Bessie Maddern London and daughters , Joan and Becky London married Elizabeth `` Bessie '' Maddern on April 7 , 1900 , the same day The Son of the Wolf was published . Bess had been part of his circle of friends for a number of years . She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens . Stasz says , `` Both acknowledged publicly that they were not marrying out of love , but from friendship and a belief that they would produce sturdy children . '' Kingman says , `` they were comfortable together ... Jack had made it clear to Bessie that he did not love her , but that he liked her enough to make a successful marriage . '' London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School , Fred Jacobs ; she was Fred 's fiancee . Bessie , who tutored at Anderson 's University Academy in Alameda California , tutored Jack in preparation for his entrance exams for the University of California at Berkeley in 1896 . Jacobs was killed aboard the USAT Scandia in 1897 , but Jack and Bessie continued their friendship , which included taking photos and developing the film together . This was the beginning of Jack 's passion for photography . During the marriage , London continued his friendship with Anna Strunsky , co-authoring The Kempton - Wace Letters , an epistolary novel contrasting two philosophies of love . Anna , writing `` Dane Kempton 's '' letters , arguing for a romantic view of marriage , while London , writing `` Herbert Wace 's '' letters , argued for a scientific view , based on Darwinism and eugenics . In the novel , his fictional character contrasted two women he had known . London 's pet name for Bess was `` Mother - Girl '' and Bess 's for London was `` Daddy - Boy '' . Their first child , Joan , was born on January 15 , 1901 and their second , Bessie ( later called Becky ) , on October 20 , 1902 . Both children were born in Piedmont , California . Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works , The Call of the Wild . While London had pride in his children , the marriage was strained . Kingman says that by 1903 , the couple were close to separation as they were `` extremely incompatible '' . `` Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he did n't suspect a breakup of their marriage . '' London reportedly complained to friends Joseph Noel and George Sterling : ( Bessie ) is devoted to purity . When I tell her morality is only evidence of low blood pressure , she hates me . She 'd sell me and the children out for her damned purity . It 's terrible . Every time I come back after being away from home for a night she wo n't let me be in the same room with her if she can help it . Stasz writes that these were `` code words for ( Bess 's ) fear that ( Jack ) was consorting with prostitutes and might bring home venereal disease . '' On July 24 , 1903 , London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out . During 1904 , London and Bess negotiated the terms of a divorce , and the decree was granted on November 11 , 1904 . War correspondent ( 1904 ) London accepted an assignment of the San Francisco Examiner to cover the Russo - Japanese War in early 1904 , arriving in Yokohama on January 25 , 1904 . He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki , but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom . After travelling to Korea , he was again arrested by Japanese authorizes for straying too close to the border with Manchuria without official permission , and was sent back to Seoul . Released again , London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border , and to observe the Battle of the Yalu . London asked William Randolph Hearst , the owner of the San Francisco Examiner , to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army , where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe . However , before this could be arranged , he was arrested for a third time in four months , this time for assaulting his Japanese assistants , whom he accused of stealing the fodder for his horse . Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt , London departed the front in June 1904 . Bohemian Club London ( right ) at the Bohemian Grove with his friends Porter Garnett and George Sterling ; a painting parodies his story The White Silence On August 18 , 1904 , London went with his close friend , the poet George Sterling , to `` Summer High Jinks '' at the Bohemian Grove . London was elected to honorary membership in the Bohemian Club and took part in many activities . Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce , Gelett Burgess , Allan Dunn , John Muir , Frank Norris , and Herman George Scheffauer . Beginning in December 1914 , London worked on The Acorn Planter , A California Forest Play , to be performed as one of the annual Grove Plays , but it was never selected . It was described as too difficult to set to music . London published The Acorn Planter in 1916 . Second marriage Jack and Charmian London ( c. 1915 ) at Waikiki After divorcing Maddern , London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905 . London was introduced to Kittredge in 1900 , by her aunt Netta Eames , who was an editor at Overland Monthly magazine in San Francisco . The two met prior to his first marriage , but became lovers years later after Jack and Bessie London visited Wake Robin , Netta Eames Sonoma County resort , in 1903 . London was injured when he fell from a buggy , and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him . The two developed a friendship , as Charmian , Netta , her husband Roscoe , and London were politically aligned with socialist causes . At some point the relationship became romantic , and Jack divorced his wife to marry Charmian , who was five years his senior Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian `` Jack 's soul - mate , always at his side , and a perfect match . '' Their time together included numerous trips , including a 1907 cruise on the yacht Snark to Hawaii and Australia . Many of London 's stories are based on his visits to Hawaii , the last one for 10 months beginning in December 1915 . The couple also visited Goldfield , Nevada , in 1907 , where they were guests of the Bond brothers , London 's Dawson City landlords . The Bond brothers were working in Nevada as mining engineers . London had contrasted the concepts of the `` Mother Girl '' and the `` Mate Woman '' in The Kempton - Wace Letters . His pet name for Bess had been `` Mother - Girl ; '' his pet name for Charmian was `` Mate - Woman . '' Charmian 's aunt and foster mother , a disciple of Victoria Woodhull , had raised her without prudishness . Every biographer alludes to Charmian 's uninhibited sexuality . The Snark in Australia , 1921 Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 `` a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen ... London 's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy - going romance . '' In broad outline , London was restless in his first marriage , sought extramarital sexual affairs , and found , in Charmian Kittredge , not only a sexually active and adventurous partner , but his future life - companion . They attempted to have children ; one child died at birth , and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage . Portrait photograph of Jack London , taken between 1906 and 1916 In 1906 , London published in Collier 's magazine his eye - witness report of the San Francisco earthquake . Beauty ranch ( 1905 -- 16 ) The old Winery Cottage , where London died ( in the left sleeping porch ) on November 22 , 1916 In 1905 , London purchased a 1,000 acres ( 4.0 km ) ranch in Glen Ellen , Sonoma County , California , on the eastern slope of Sonoma Mountain , for $26,450 . He wrote : `` Next to my wife , the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me . '' He desperately wanted the ranch to become a successful business enterprise . Writing , always a commercial enterprise with London , now became even more a means to an end : `` I write for no other purpose than to add to the beauty that now belongs to me . I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate . '' London in 1914 Stasz writes that London `` had taken fully to heart the vision , expressed in his agrarian fiction , of the land as the closest earthly version of Eden ... he educated himself through the study of agricultural manuals and scientific tomes . He conceived of a system of ranching that today would be praised for its ecological wisdom . '' He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California , a circular piggery that he designed . He hoped to adapt the wisdom of Asian sustainable agriculture to the United States . He hired both Italian and Chinese stonemasons , whose distinctly different styles are obvious . The ranch was an economic failure . Sympathetic observers such as Stasz treat his projects as potentially feasible , and ascribe their failure to bad luck or to being ahead of their time . Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager , distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism . Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 , and says , `` He liked the show of managerial power , but not grinding attention to detail ... London 's workers laughed at his efforts to play big - time rancher ( and considered ) the operation a rich man 's hobby . '' London spent $80,000 ( $2,180,000 in current value ) to build a 15,000 - square - foot ( 1,400 m ) stone mansion called Wolf House on the property . Just as the mansion was nearing completion , two weeks before the Londons planned to move in , it was destroyed by fire . London 's last visit to Hawaii , beginning in December 1915 , lasted eight months . He met with Duke Kahanamoku , Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole , Queen Lili'uokalani and many others , before returning to his ranch in July 1916 . He was suffering from kidney failure , but he continued to work . The ranch ( abutting stone remnants of Wolf House ) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park . Animal Activism London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals , and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael , Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice . In 1918 , the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club , which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment . Support from Club members led to a temporary cessation of trained animal acts at Ringling - Barnum and Bailey in 1925 . Death Grave of Jack and Charmian London London died November 22 , 1916 , in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch . London had been a robust man but had suffered several serious illnesses , including scurvy in the Klondike . Additionally , during travels on the Snark , he and Charmian picked up unspecified tropical infections , and diseases , including yaws . At the time of his death , he suffered from dysentery , late - stage alcoholism , and uremia ; he was in extreme pain and taking morphine . London 's ashes were buried on his property not far from the Wolf House . London 's funeral took place on November 26 , 1916 , attended only by close friends , relatives , and workers of the property . In accordance with his wishes , he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children , under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House . After Charmian 's death in 1955 , she was also cremated and then buried with her husband in the same simple spot that her husband chose . The grave is marked by a mossy boulder . The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park , in Glen Ellen , California . Suicide debate Because he was using morphine , many older sources describe London 's death as a suicide , and some still do . This conjecture appears to be a rumor , or speculation based on incidents in his fiction writings . His death certificate gives the cause as uremia , following acute renal colic . The biographer Stasz writes , `` Following London 's death , for a number of reasons , a biographical myth developed in which he has been portrayed as an alcoholic womanizer who committed suicide . Recent scholarship based upon firsthand documents challenges this caricature . '' Most biographers , including Russ Kingman , now agree he died of uremia aggravated by an accidental morphine overdose . London 's fiction featured several suicides . In his autobiographical memoir John Barleycorn , he claims , as a youth , to have drunkenly stumbled overboard into the San Francisco Bay , `` some maundering fancy of going out with the tide suddenly obsessed me '' . He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen . In the dénouement of The Little Lady of the Big House , the heroine , confronted by the pain of a mortal gunshot wound , undergoes a physician - assisted suicide by morphine . Also , in Martin Eden , the principal protagonist , who shares certain characteristics with London , drowns himself . Accusations of plagiarism This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) London in his office , 1916 London was vulnerable to accusations of plagiarism , both because he was such a conspicuous , prolific , and successful writer and because of his methods of working . He wrote in a letter to Elwyn Hoffman , `` expression , you see -- with me -- is far easier than invention . '' He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material . In July 1901 , two pieces of fiction appeared within the same month : London 's `` Moon - Face '' , in the San Francisco Argonaut , and Frank Norris ' `` The Passing of Cock - eye Blacklock '' , in Century Magazine . Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories , which London said were `` quite different in manner of treatment , ( but ) patently the same in foundation and motive . '' London explained both writers based their stories on the same newspaper account . A year later , it was discovered that Charles Forrest McLean had published a fictional story also based on the same incident . Egerton Ryerson Young claimed The Call of the Wild ( 1903 ) was taken from Young 's book My Dogs in the Northland ( 1902 ) . London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him . In 1906 , the New York World published `` deadly parallel '' columns showing eighteen passages from London 's short story `` Love of Life '' side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K Macdonald , titled `` Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun '' . London noted the World did not accuse him of `` plagiarism '' , but only of `` identity of time and situation '' , to which he defiantly `` pled guilty '' . The most serious charge of plagiarism was based on London 's `` The Bishop 's Vision '' , Chapter 7 of his novel The Iron Heel ( 1908 ) . The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901 , titled `` The Bishop of London and Public Morality '' . Harris was incensed and suggested he should receive 1 / 60th of the royalties from The Iron Heel , the disputed material constituting about that fraction of the whole novel . London insisted he had clipped a reprint of the article , which had appeared in an American newspaper , and believed it to be a genuine speech delivered by the Bishop of London . Views Atheism London was an atheist . He is quoted as saying , `` I believe that when I am dead , I am dead . I believe that with my death I am just as much obliterated as the last mosquito you and I squashed . '' Socialism London wrote from a socialist viewpoint , which is evident in his novel The Iron Heel . Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist , London 's socialism grew out of his life experience . As London explained in his essay , `` How I Became a Socialist '' , his views were influenced by his experience with people at the bottom of the social pit . His optimism and individualism faded , and he vowed never to do more hard physical work than necessary . He wrote that his individualism was hammered out of him , and he was politically reborn . He often closed his letters `` Yours for the Revolution . '' London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896 . In the same year , the San Francisco Chronicle published a story about the twenty - year - old London giving nightly speeches in Oakland 's City Hall Park , an activity he was arrested for a year later . In 1901 , he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America . He ran unsuccessfully as the high - profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 ( receiving 245 votes ) and 1905 ( improving to 981 votes ) , toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906 , and published two collections of essays about socialism : The War of the Classes ( 1905 ) and Revolution , and other Essays ( 1906 ) . Stasz notes that `` London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause , although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage . '' Stasz mentions a personal meeting between London and Big Bill Haywood in 1912 . In his late ( 1913 ) book The Cruise of the Snark , London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snark 's crew from office workers and other `` toilers '' who longed for escape from the cities , and of being cheated by workmen . In his Glen Ellen ranch years , London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the `` inefficient Italian labourers '' in his employ . In 1916 , he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party , but stated emphatically he did so `` because of its lack of fire and fight , and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle . '' In an unflattering portrait of London 's ranch days , California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as `` post-socialist '' and says `` ... by 1911 ... London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit . '' Racial views This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jeffries ( left ) vs. Johnson , 1910 London shared common concerns among European Americans in California about Asian immigration , described as `` the yellow peril '' ; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay . This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called `` The Unparalleled Invasion '' . Presented as an historical essay set in the future , the story narrates events between 1976 and 1987 , in which China , with an ever - increasing population , is taking over and colonizing its neighbors with the intention of taking over the entire Earth . The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases . On his fears about China , he admits , `` it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race - egotism , urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies . '' By contrast , many of London 's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican ( `` The Mexican '' ) , Asian ( `` The Chinago '' ) , and Hawaiian ( `` Koolau the Leper '' ) characters . London 's war correspondence from the Russo - Japanese War , as well as his unfinished novel Cherry , show he admired much about Japanese customs and capabilities . London 's writings have been popular among the Japanese , who believe he portrayed them positively . In `` Koolau the Leper '' , London describes Koolau , who is a Hawaiian leper -- and thus a very different sort of `` superman '' than Martin Eden -- and who fights off an entire cavalry troop to elude capture , as `` indomitable spiritually -- a ... magnificent rebel '' . This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau , who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley . An amateur boxer and avid boxing fan , London reported on the 1910 Johnson - Jeffries fight , in which the black boxer Jack Johnson vanquished Jim Jeffries , known as the `` Great White Hope '' . In 1908 , London had reported on an earlier fight of Johnson 's , contrasting the black boxer 's coolness and intellectual style , with the apelike appearance and fighting style of his Canadian opponent , Tommy Burns : ' what ... ( won ) on Saturday was bigness , coolness , quickness , cleverness , and vast physical superiority ... Because a white man wishes a white man to win , this should not prevent him from giving absolute credit to the best man , even when that best man was black . All hail to Johnson . ' London wrote that Johnson was ' superb . He was impregnable ... as inaccessible as Mont Blanc . ' Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese - American Commercial Weekly in 1913 : In reply to yours of August 16 , 1913 . First of all , I should say by stopping the stupid newspaper from always fomenting race prejudice . This of course , being impossible , I would say , next , by educating the people of Japan so that they will be too intelligently tolerant to respond to any call to race prejudice . And , finally , by realizing , in industry and government , of socialism -- which last word is merely a word that stands for the actual application of in the affairs of men of the theory of the Brotherhood of Man . In the meantime the nations and races are only unruly boys who have not yet grown to the stature of men . So we must expect them to do unruly and boisterous things at times . And , just as boys grow up , so the races of mankind will grow up and laugh when they look back upon their childish quarrels . In 1996 , after the City of Whitehorse , Yukon , renamed a street in honor of London , protests over London 's alleged racism forced the city to change the name of `` Jack London Boulevard '' back to `` Two - mile Hill '' . Works Short stories Jack London ( date unknown ) London 's 1903 story `` The Shadow and the Flash '' was reprinted in the June 1948 issue of Famous Fantastic Mysteries Western writer and historian Dale L. Walker writes : London 's true métier was the short story ... London 's true genius lay in the short form , 7,500 words and under , where the flood of images in his teeming brain and the innate power of his narrative gift were at once constrained and freed . His stories that run longer than the magic 7,500 generally -- but certainly not always -- could have benefited from self - editing . London 's `` strength of utterance '' is at its height in his stories , and they are painstakingly well - constructed . `` To Build a Fire '' is the best known of all his stories . Set in the harsh Klondike , it recounts the haphazard trek of a new arrival who has ignored an old - timer 's warning about the risks of traveling alone . Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy - five - below weather , the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities . After publishing a tame version of this story -- with a sunny outcome -- in The Youth 's Companion in 1902 , London offered a second , more severe take on the man 's predicament in The Century Magazine in 1908 . Reading both provides an illustration of London 's growth and maturation as a writer . As Labor ( 1994 ) observes : `` To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children 's story . '' Other stories from the Klondike period include : `` All Gold Canyon '' , about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper ; `` The Law of Life '' , about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die ; `` Love of Life '' , about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra ; `` To the Man on Trail , '' which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race , and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality ; and `` An Odyssey of the North , '' which raises questions of conditional morality , and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry . London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer . `` A Piece of Steak '' is a tale about a match between older and younger boxers . It contrasts the differing experiences of youth and age but also raises the social question of the treatment of aging workers . `` The Mexican '' combines boxing with a social theme , as a young Mexican endures an unfair fight and ethnic prejudice in order to earn money with which to aid the revolution . Several of London 's stories would today be classified as science fiction . `` The Unparalleled Invasion '' describes germ warfare against China ; `` Goliath '' is about an irresistible energy weapon ; `` The Shadow and the Flash '' is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility ; `` A Relic of the Pliocene '' is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern - day man with a mammoth . `` The Red One '' is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung . It tells of an island tribe held in thrall by an extraterrestrial object . Some nineteen original collections of short stories were published during London 's brief life or shortly after his death . There have been several posthumous anthologies drawn from this pool of stories . Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific . A collection of Jack London 's San Francisco Stories was published in October 2010 by Sydney Samizdat Press . Novels London writing , 1905 London 's most famous novels are The Call of the Wild , White Fang , The Sea - Wolf , The Iron Heel , and Martin Eden . In a letter dated Dec 27 , 1901 , London 's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett , Sr. said `` he believed Jack 's fiction represented ' the very best kind of work ' done in America . '' Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild `` a beautiful prose poem '' ; editor Franklin Walker said that it `` belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn '' ; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it `` a mordant parable ... his masterpiece . '' The historian Dale L. Walker commented : Jack London was an uncomfortable novelist , that form too long for his natural impatience and the quickness of his mind . His novels , even the best of them , are hugely flawed . Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories . Dale L. Walker writes : The Star Rover , that magnificent experiment , is actually a series of short stories connected by a unifying device ... Smoke Bellew is a series of stories bound together in a novel - like form by their reappearing protagonist , Kit Bellew ; and John Barleycorn ... is a synoptic series of short episodes . Ambrose Bierce said of The Sea - Wolf that `` the great thing -- and it is among the greatest of things -- is that tremendous creation , Wolf Larsen ... the hewing out and setting up of such a figure is enough for a man to do in one lifetime . '' However , he noted , `` The love element , with its absurd suppressions , and impossible proprieties , is awful . '' The Iron Heel is interesting as an example of a dystopian novel that anticipates and influenced George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty - Four . London 's socialist politics are explicitly on display here . The Iron Heel meets the contemporary definition of soft science fiction . The Star Rover ( 1915 ) is also science fiction . Apocrypha Jack London Credo London 's literary executor , Irving Shepard , quoted a Jack London Credo in an introduction to a 1956 collection of London stories : I would rather be ashes than dust ! I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dry - rot . I would rather be a superb meteor , every atom of me in magnificent glow , than a sleepy and permanent planet . The function of man is to live , not to exist . I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them . I shall use my time . The biographer Stasz notes that the passage `` has many marks of London 's style '' but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first . The words Shepard quoted were from a story in the San Francisco Bulletin , December 2 , 1916 by journalist Ernest J. Hopkins , who visited the ranch just weeks before London 's death . Stasz notes `` Even more so than today journalists ' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions '' and says no direct source in London 's writings has been found . However , at least one line , according to Stasz , is authentic , being referenced by London , and written in his own hand , in the autograph book of Australian suffragette Vida Goldstein : Dear Miss Goldstein : -- Seven years ago I wrote you that I 'd rather be ashes than dust . I still subscribe to that sentiment . Sincerely yours , Jack London Jan. 13 , 1909 Furthermore , in his short story `` By The Turtles of Tasman '' , a character , defending her ne'er - do - well grasshopperish father to her antlike uncle , says : `` ... my father has been a king . He has lived ... Have you lived merely to live ? Are you afraid to die ? I 'd rather sing one wild song and burst my heart with it , than live a thousand years watching my digestion and being afraid of the wet . When you are dust , my father will be ashes . '' `` The scab '' A short diatribe on `` The Scab '' is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London . It opens : After God had finished the rattlesnake , the toad , and the vampire , he had some awful substance left with which he made a scab . A scab is a two - legged animal with a corkscrew soul , a water brain , a combination backbone of jelly and glue . Where others have hearts , he carries a tumor of rotten principles . When a scab comes down the street , men turn their backs and Angels weep in Heaven , and the Devil shuts the gates of hell to keep him out ... '' In 1913 and 1914 , a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of `` scab '' , such as `` knocker '' , `` stool pigeon '' or `` scandal monger '' . This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case , Letter Carriers v. Austin , in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as `` a well - known piece of trade union literature , generally attributed to author Jack London '' . A union newsletter had published a `` list of scabs , '' which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous , but then went on to quote the passage as the `` definition of a scab '' . The case turned on the question of whether the `` definition '' was defamatory . The court ruled that `` Jack London 's ... ' definition of a scab ' is merely rhetorical hyperbole , a lusty and imaginative expression of the contempt felt by union members towards those who refuse to join '' , and as such was not libelous and was protected under the First Amendment . Despite being frequently attributed to London , the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University 's website . However , in his book The War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech entitled `` The Scab '' , which gave a much more balanced view of the topic : The laborer who gives more time or strength or skill for the same wage than another , or equal time or strength or skill for a less wage , is a scab . The generousness on his part is hurtful to his fellow - laborers , for it compels them to an equal generousness which is not to their liking , and which gives them less of food and shelter . But a word may be said for the scab . Just as his act makes his rivals compulsorily generous , so do they , by fortune of birth and training , make compulsory his act of generousness . ( ... ) Nobody desires to scab , to give most for least . The ambition of every individual is quite the opposite , to give least for most ; and , as a result , living in a tooth - and - nail society , battle royal is waged by the ambitious individuals . But in its most salient aspect , that of the struggle over the division of the joint product , it is no longer a battle between individuals , but between groups of individuals . Capital and labor apply themselves to raw material , make something useful out of it , add to its value , and then proceed to quarrel over the division of the added value . Neither cares to give most for least . Each is intent on giving less than the other and on receiving more . Publications Source unless otherwise specified : Williams Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler ( 1902 ) A Daughter of the Snows ( 1902 ) The Call of the Wild ( 1903 ) The Kempton - Wace Letters ( 1903 ) ( published anonymously , co-authored with Anna Strunsky ) The Sea - Wolf ( 1904 ) The Game ( 1905 ) White Fang ( 1906 ) Before Adam ( 1907 ) The Iron Heel ( 1908 ) Martin Eden ( 1909 ) Burning Daylight ( 1910 ) Adventure ( 1911 ) The Scarlet Plague ( 1912 ) A Son of the Sun ( 1912 ) The Abysmal Brute ( 1913 ) The Valley of the Moon ( 1913 ) The Mutiny of the Elsinore ( 1914 ) The Star Rover ( 1915 ) ( published in England as The Jacket ) The Little Lady of the Big House ( 1916 ) Jerry of the Islands ( 1917 ) Michael , Brother of Jerry ( 1917 ) Hearts of Three ( 1920 ) ( novelization of a script by Charles Goddard ) The Assassination Bureau , Ltd ( 1963 ) ( left half - finished , completed by Robert L. Fish ) Short story collections Son of the Wolf ( 1900 ) Chris Farrington , Able Seaman ( 1901 ) The God of His Fathers & Other Stories ( 1901 ) Children of the Frost ( 1902 ) The Faith of Men and Other Stories ( 1904 ) Tales of the Fish Patrol ( 1906 ) Moon - Face and Other Stories ( 1906 ) Love of Life and Other Stories ( 1907 ) Lost Face ( 1910 ) South Sea Tales ( 1911 ) When God Laughs and Other Stories ( 1911 ) The House of Pride & Other Tales of Hawaii ( 1912 ) Smoke Bellew ( 1912 ) A Son of the Sun ( 1912 ) The Night Born ( 1913 ) The Strength of the Strong ( 1914 ) The Turtles of Tasman ( 1916 ) The Human Drift ( 1917 ) The Red One ( 1918 ) On the Makaloa Mat ( 1919 ) Dutch Courage and Other Stories ( 1922 ) Autobiographical memoirs The Road ( 1907 ) The Cruise of the Snark ( 1911 ) John Barleycorn ( 1913 ) Non-fiction and essays Through the Rapids on the Way to the Klondike ( 1899 ) From Dawson to the Sea ( 1899 ) What Communities Lose by the Competitive System ( 1900 ) The Impossibility of War ( 1900 ) Phenomena of Literary Evolution ( 1900 ) A Letter to Houghton Mifflin Co. ( 1900 ) Husky , Wolf Dog of the North ( 1900 ) Editorial Crimes -- - A Protest ( 1901 ) Again the Literary Aspirant ( 1902 ) The People of the Abyss ( 1903 ) How I Became a Socialist ( 1903 ) The War of the Classes ( 1905 ) The Story of an Eyewitness ( 1906 ) A Letter to Woman 's Home Companion ( 1906 ) Revolution , and other Essays ( 1910 ) Mexico 's Army and Ours ( 1914 ) Lawgivers ( 1914 ) Our Adventures in Tampico ( 1914 ) Stalking the Pestilence ( 1914 ) The Red Game of War ( 1914 ) The Trouble Makers of Mexico ( 1914 ) With Funston 's Men ( 1914 ) Plays Theft ( 1910 ) Daughters of the Rich : A One Act Play ( 1915 ) The Acorn Planter : A California Forest Play ( 1916 ) Poetry A Heart ( 1899 ) Abalone Song ( 1913 ) And Some Night ( 1914 ) Ballade of the False Lover ( 1914 ) Cupid 's Deal ( 1913 ) Daybreak ( 1901 ) Effusion ( 1901 ) George Sterling ( 1913 ) Gold ( 1915 ) He Chortled with Glee ( 1899 ) He Never Tried Again ( 1912 ) His Trip to Hades ( 1913 ) Homeland ( 1914 ) Hors de Saison ( 1913 ) If I Were God ( 1899 ) In a Year ( 1901 ) In and Out ( 1911 ) Je Vis en Espoir ( 1897 ) Memory ( 1913 ) Moods ( 1913 ) My Confession ( 1912 ) My Little Palmist ( 1914 ) Of Man of the Future ( 1915 ) Oh You Everybody 's Girl ( 19 ) On the Face of the Earth You are the One ( 1915 ) Rainbows End ( 1914 ) Republican Rallying Song ( 1916 ) Sonnet ( 1901 ) The Gift of God ( 1905 ) The Klondyker 's Dream ( 1914 ) The Lover 's Liturgy ( 1913 ) The Mammon Worshippers ( 1911 ) The Republican Battle - Hymn ( 1905 ) The Return of Ulysses ( 1915 ) The Sea Sprite and the Shooting Star ( 1916 ) The Socialist 's Dream ( 1912 ) The Song of the Flames ( 1903 ) The Way of War ( 1906 ) The Worker and the Tramp ( 1911 ) Tick ! Tick ! Tick ! ( 1915 ) Too Late ( 1912 ) Weasel Thieves ( 1913 ) When All the World Shouted my Name ( 1905 ) Where the Rainbow Fell ( 1902 ) Your Kiss ( 1914 ) Short stories `` An Old Soldier 's Story '' ( 1894 ) `` Who Believes in Ghosts ! '' ( 1895 ) `` And ' FRISCO Kid Came Back '' ( 1895 ) `` Night 's Swim In Yeddo Bay '' ( 1895 ) `` One More Unfortunate '' ( 1895 ) `` Sakaicho , Hona Asi And Hakadaki '' ( 1895 ) `` A Klondike Christmas '' ( 1897 ) `` Mahatma 's Little Joke '' ( 1897 ) `` O Haru '' ( 1897 ) `` Plague Ship '' ( 1897 ) `` The Strange Experience Of A Misogynist '' ( 1897 ) `` Two Gold Bricks '' ( 1897 ) `` The Devil 's Dice Box '' ( 1898 ) `` A Dream Image '' ( 1898 ) `` The Test : A Clondyke Wooing '' ( 1898 ) `` To the Man on Trail '' ( 1898 ) `` In a Far Country '' ( 1899 ) `` The King of Mazy May '' ( 1899 ) `` The End Of The Chapter '' ( 1899 ) `` The Grilling Of Loren Ellery '' ( 1899 ) `` The Handsome Cabin Boy '' ( 1899 ) `` In The Time Of Prince Charley '' ( 1899 ) `` Old Baldy '' ( 1899 ) `` The Men of Forty Mile '' ( 1899 ) `` Pluck and Pertinacity '' ( 1899 ) `` The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone '' ( 1899 ) `` The White Silence '' ( 1899 ) `` A Thousand Deaths '' ( 1899 ) `` Wisdom of the Trail '' ( 1899 ) `` An Odyssey of the North '' ( 1900 ) `` The Son of the Wolf '' ( 1900 ) `` Even unto Death '' ( 1900 ) `` The Man with the Gash '' ( 1900 ) `` A Lesson In Heraldry '' ( 1900 ) `` A Northland Miracle '' ( 1900 ) `` Proper `` GIRLIE '' '' ( 1900 ) `` Thanksgiving on Slav Creek '' ( 1900 ) `` Their Alcove '' ( 1900 ) `` Housekeeping in the Klondike '' ( 1900 ) `` Dutch Courage '' ( 1900 ) `` Where the Trail Forks '' ( 1900 ) `` Hyperborean Brew '' ( 1901 ) `` A Relic of the Pliocene '' ( 1901 ) `` The Lost Poacher '' ( 1901 ) `` The God of His Fathers '' ( 1901 ) `` '' FRISCO Kid 's '' Story '' ( 1901 ) `` The Law of Life '' ( 1901 ) `` The Minions of Midas '' ( 1901 ) `` In the Forests of the North '' ( 1902 ) `` The `` Fuzziness '' of Hoockla - Heen '' ( 1902 ) `` The Story of Keesh '' ( 1902 ) `` Keesh , Son of Keesh '' ( 1902 ) `` Nam - Bok , the Unveracious '' ( 1902 ) `` Li Wan the Fair '' ( 1902 ) `` Lost Face '' `` Master of Mystery '' ( 1902 ) `` The Sunlanders '' ( 1902 ) `` The Death of Ligoun '' ( 1902 ) `` Moon - Face '' ( 1902 ) `` Diable -- A Dog '' ( 1902 ) , renamed Bâtard in 1904 `` To Build a Fire '' ( 1902 , revised 1908 ) `` The League of the Old Men '' ( 1902 ) `` The Dominant Primordial Beast '' ( 1903 ) `` The One Thousand Dozen '' ( 1903 ) `` The Marriage of Lit - lit '' ( 1903 ) `` The Shadow and the Flash '' ( 1903 ) `` The Leopard Man 's Story '' ( 1903 ) `` Negore the Coward '' ( 1904 ) `` All Gold Cañon '' ( 1905 ) `` Love of Life '' ( 1905 ) `` The Sun - Dog Trail '' ( 1905 ) `` The Apostate '' ( 1906 ) `` Up yhe Slide '' ( 1906 ) `` Planchette '' ( 1906 ) `` Brown Wolf '' ( 1906 ) `` Make Westing '' ( 1907 ) `` Chased by the Trail '' ( 1907 ) `` Trust '' ( 1908 ) `` A Curious Fragment '' ( 1908 ) `` Aloha Oe '' ( 1908 ) `` That Spot '' ( 1908 ) `` The Enemy of All the World '' ( 1908 ) `` The House of Mapuhi '' ( 1909 ) `` Good - by , Jack '' ( 1909 ) `` Samuel '' ( 1909 ) `` South of the Slot '' ( 1909 ) `` The Chinago '' ( 1909 ) `` The Dream of Debs '' ( 1909 ) `` The Madness of John Harned '' ( 1909 ) `` The Seed of McCoy '' ( 1909 ) `` A Piece of Steak '' ( 1909 ) `` Mauki '' ( 1909 ) `` Goliath '' ( 1910 ) `` The Unparalleled Invasion '' ( 1910 ) `` Told in the Drooling Ward '' ( 1910 ) `` When the World was Young '' ( 1910 ) `` The Terrible Solomons '' ( 1910 ) `` The Inevitable White Man '' ( 1910 ) `` The Heathen '' ( 1910 ) `` Yah ! Yah ! Yah ! '' ( 1910 ) `` By the Turtles of Tasman '' ( 1911 ) `` The Mexican '' ( 1911 ) `` War '' ( 1911 ) `` The Unmasking of the Cad '' ( 1911 ) `` The Scarlet Plague '' ( 1912 ) `` The Captain of the Susan Drew '' ( 1912 ) `` The Sea - Farmer '' ( 1912 ) `` The Feathers of the Sun '' ( 1912 ) `` The Prodigal Father '' ( 1912 ) `` Samuel '' ( 1913 ) `` The Sea - Gangsters '' ( 1913 ) `` The Strength of the Strong '' ( 1914 ) `` Told in the Drooling Ward '' ( 1914 ) `` The Hussy '' ( 1916 ) `` Like Argus of the Ancient Times '' ( 1917 ) `` Jerry of the Islands '' ( 1917 ) `` The Red One '' ( 1918 ) `` Shin - Bones '' ( 1918 ) `` The Bones of Kahekili '' ( 1919 ) First edition ( 1902 ) The Scarlet Plague was reprinted in the February 1949 issue of Famous Fantastic Mysteries Legacy and honors Jack London lake Mount London , also known as Boundary Peak 100 , on the Alaska - British Columbia boundary , in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia , is named for him . Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland , California was named for him . He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 25 ¢ Great Americans series postage stamp released on January 11 , 1986 . Jack London Lake ( Russian : Озеро Джека Лондона ) , a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast . Notes ^ Jump up to : The 1908 version of `` To Build a Fire '' is available on Wikisource in two places : `` To Build a Fire '' ( Century Magazine ) and `` To Build a Fire '' ( in Lost Face -- 1910 ) . The 1902 version may be found at the following external link : To Build a Fire ( The Jean and Charles Schulz Information Center , Sonoma State University ) . See also List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards References Jump up ^ Reesman 2009 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` London , Jack '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of American Biography Base Set . American Council of Learned Societies , 1928 -- 1936 . Reproduced in Biography Resource Center . Farmington Hills , Mich. : Thomson Gale. 2006 . Jump up ^ London 1939 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ New York Times November 23 , 1916 . Jump up ^ ( 1910 ) `` Specialty of Short - story Writing , '' The Writer , XXII , January -- December 1910 , p. 9 : `` There are eight American writers who can get $1000 for a short story -- Robert W. Chambers , Richard Harding Davis , Jack London , O. Henry , Booth Tarkington , John Fox , Jr. , Owen Wister , and Mrs. Burnett . '' $1,000 in 1910 dollars is roughly equivalent to $26,000 today Jump up ^ Wellman , Joshua Wyman Descendants of Thomas Wellman ( 1918 ) Arthur Holbrook Wellman , Boston , p. 227 Jump up ^ `` The Book of Jack London '' . The World of Jack London . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stasz 2001 , p. 14 : `` What supports Flora 's naming Chaney as the father of her son are , first , the indisputable fact of their cohabiting at the time of his conception , and second , the absence of any suggestion on the part of her associates that another man could have been responsible ... ( but ) unless DNA evidence is introduced , whether or not William Chaney was the biological father of Jack London can not be decided ... Chaney would , however , be considered by her son and his children as their ancestor . '' Jump up ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ London , Jack ( 1917 ) `` Eight Factors of Literary Success '' , in Labor ( 1994 ) , p. 512 . `` In answer to your question as to the greatest factors of my literary success , I will state that I consider them to be : Vast good luck . Good health ; good brain ; good mental and muscular correlation . Poverty . Reading Ouida 's Signa at eight years of age . The influence of Herbert Spencer 's Philosophy of Style . Because I got started twenty years before the fellows who are trying to start today . '' Jump up ^ `` State 's first poet laureate remembered at Jack London '' . Sonoma Index Tribune . 2016 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jack London . John Barleycorn at Project Gutenberg Chapters VII , VIII describe his stealing of Mamie , the `` Queen of the Oyster Pirates '' : `` The Queen asked me to row her ashore in my skiff ... Nor did I understand Spider 's grinning side - remark to me : `` Gee ! There 's nothin ' slow about YOU . '' How could it possibly enter my boy 's head that a grizzled man of fifty should be jealous of me ? '' `` And how was I to guess that the story of how the Queen had thrown him down on his own boat , the moment I hove in sight , was already the gleeful gossip of the water - front ? Jump up ^ London 1939 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Kingman 1979 , p. 37 : `` It was said on the waterfront that Jack had taken on a mistress ... Evidently Jack believed the myth himself at times ... Jack met Mamie aboard the Razzle - Dazzle when he first approached French Frank about its purchase . Mamie was aboard on a visit with her sister Tess and her chaperone , Miss Hadley . It hardly seems likely that someone who required a chaperone on Saturday would move aboard as mistress on Monday . '' Jump up ^ Charmian K. London ( August 1 , 1922 ) . `` The First Story Written for Publication '' . Sonoma County , California : JackLondons.net . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kingman 1979 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ MacGillivray , Don ( April 2009 ) . Captain Alex MacLean . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1471 - 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ MacGillivray , Don ( 2008 - 03 - 19 ) . Captain Alex MacLean ( PDF ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1471 - 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The legends of Oakland 's oldest bar , Heinold 's First and Last Chance Saloon '' . Oakland North . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Footnote 55 to `` Bâtard '' `` . JackLondons.net . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . First published as `` Diable -- A Dog '' . The Cosmopolitan , v. 33 ( June 1902 ) , pp. 218 -- 26 . ( FM ) This tale was entitled `` Bâtard '' in 1904 when included in FM . The same story , with minor changes , was also called `` Bâtard '' when it appeared in the Sunday Illustrated Magazine of the Commercial Appeal ( Memphis , Tenn . ) , September 28 , 1913 , pp. 7 -- 11 . London received $141.25 for this story on May 27 , 1902 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 best novels : No 35 -- The Call of the Wild by Jack London ( 1903 ) '' Retrieved 22 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Best Dog Story Ever Written : Call of the Wild '' Archived 2008 - 04 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , excerpted from Kingman 1979 Jump up ^ Hamilton ( 1986 ) ( as cited by other sources ) Jump up ^ Stasz 2001 , p. 61 : `` Both acknowledged ... that they were not marrying out of love '' Jump up ^ Kingman 1979 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Reesman 2010 , p 12 Jump up ^ Stasz 2001 , p. 66 : `` Mommy Girl and Daddy Boy '' Jump up ^ Kingman 1979 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Noel 1940 , p. 150 , `` She 's devoted to purity ... '' Jump up ^ Stasz 2001 , p. 80 ( `` devoted to purity ... code words ... '' ) Jump up ^ Kingman 1979 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Kowner , Rotem ( 2006 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Russo - Japanese War . The Scarecrow Press . p. 212 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4927 - 5 . Jump up ^ London & Taylor 1987 , p. 394 . Jump up ^ Wichlan 2007 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Labor 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Sailing of the Snark '' , by Allan Dunn , Sunset , May 1907 . ^ Jump up to : Day 1996 , pp. 113 -- 19 . Jump up ^ London 2003 , p. 59 : copy of `` John Barleycorn '' inscribed `` Dear Mate - Woman : You know . You have helped me bury the Long Sickness and the White Logic . '' Numerous other examples in same source . Jump up ^ Kingman 1979 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Stasz 1999 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Noel 1940 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Jack London `` Story Of An Eyewitness '' . California Department of Parks & Recreation . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin . Americans and the California Dream , 1850 - 1915 . Oxford University , 1986 . Jump up ^ Joseph Theroux . `` They Came to Write in Hawai'i '' . Spirit of Aloha ( Aloha Airlines ) March / April 2007 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 21 . He said , `` Life 's not a matter of holding good cards , but sometimes playing a poor hand well . '' ... His last magazine piece was titled `` My Hawaiian Aloha '' * ( and ) his final , unfinished novel , Eyes of Asia , was set in Hawai'i . ( Jack London . `` My Hawaiian Aloha '' . * From Stories of Hawai'i , Mutual Publishing , Honolulu , 1916 . Reprinted with permission in Spirit of Aloha , November / December 2006. ) Jump up ^ Beers , Diane L. ( 2006 ) . For the Prevention of Cruelty : The History and Legacy of Animal Rights Activism in the United States . Athens : Swallow Press / Ohio University Press . pp. 105 -- 06 . ISBN 0804010870 . Jump up ^ Beers , Diane L. ( 2006 ) . For the Prevention of Cruelty : The History and Legacy of Animal Rights Activism in the United States . Athens : Swallow Press / Ohio University Press . pp. 106 -- 07 . ISBN 0804010870 . Jump up ^ Beers , Diane L. ( 2006 ) . For the Prevention of Cruelty : The History and Legacy of Animal Rights Activism in the United States . Athens : Swallow Press / Ohio University Press . p. 107 . ISBN 0804010870 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day : November 23 , 1916 : OBITUARY - Jack London Dies Suddenly On Ranch '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jack London ( 1911 ) . The Cruise of the Snark . Macmillan . Jump up ^ Columbia Encyclopedia `` Jack London '' , `` Beset in his later years by alcoholism and financial difficulties , London committed suicide at the age of 40 . '' Jump up ^ The Jack London Online Collection : Jack London 's death certificate . Jump up ^ The Jack London Online Collection : Biography . Jump up ^ `` Did Jack London Commit Suicide ? '' Archived 2008 - 09 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , The World of Jack London Jump up ^ `` The Literary Zoo '' . Life . 49 . Jan -- Jun 1907 . p. 130 . Jump up ^ `` YOUNG , EGERTON RYERSON , '' . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Memorable Manitobans : Egerton Ryerson Young ( 1840 - 1909 ) '' . The Manitoba Historical Society . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Is Jack London a Plagiarist ? '' . The Literary Digest . 34 : 337 . 1907 . Jump up ^ Kingman 1979 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Letter to `` The Bookman , '' April 10 , 1906 , quoted in full in Jack London ; Dale L. Walker ; Jeanne Campbell Reesman ( 2000 ) . No mentor but myself : Jack London on writing and writers . Stanford University Press . 978 - 0804736350 . p. 97 : `` The World , however , did not charge me with plagiarism . It charged me with identity of time and situation . Certainly I plead guilty , and I am glad that the World was intelligent enough not to charge me with identity of language . '' Jump up ^ Jack London ; Dale L. Walker ; Jeanne Campbell Reesman ( 2000 ) . No mentor but myself : Jack London on writing and writers . Stanford University Press . 978 - 0804736350 . p. 121 : `` The controversy with Frank Harris began in the Vanity Fair issue of April 14 , 1909 , in an article by Harris entitled `` How Mr. Jack London Writes a Novel . '' Using parallel columns , Harris demonstrated that a portion of his article , `` The Bishop of London and Public Morality '' , which appeared in a British periodical , The Candid Friend , on May 25 , 1901 , had been used almost word - for - word in his 1908 novel , The Iron Heel `` . Jump up ^ Stewart Gabel ( 2012 ) . Jack London : a Man in Search of Meaning : A Jungian Perspective . AuthorHouse . p. 14 . ISBN 9781477283332 . When he was tramping , arrested and jailed for one month for vagrancy at about 19 years of age , he listed `` atheist '' as his religion on the necessary forms ( Kershaw , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Who 's Who in Hell : A Handbook and International Directory for Humanists , Freethinkers , Naturalists , Rationalists , and Non-Theists . Publisher : Barricade Books ( January 1 , 2000 ) , ISBN 978 - 1569801581 Jump up ^ `` War of the Classes : How I Became a Socialist '' . london.sonoma.edu . Jump up ^ See Labor ( 1994 ) p. 546 for one example , a letter from London to William E. Walling dated November 30 , 1909 . Jump up ^ Stasz 2001 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Stasz 2001 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 1973 ) . Americans and the California Dream . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 501 - 644 - 0 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Jack London Online Collection : The Yellow Peril . Jump up ^ The Jack London Online Collection : The Unparalleled Invasion . Jump up ^ `` Jack London 's War '' Archived 2012 - 10 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , Dale L. Walker , The World of Jack London . `` According to London 's reportage , the Russians were `` sluggish '' in battle , while `` The Japanese understand the utility of things . Reserves they consider should be used not only to strengthen the line ... but in the moment of victory to clinch victory hard and fast ... Verily , nothing short of a miracle can wreck a plan they have once started and put into execution . '' '' Jump up ^ Jeanne Campbell Reesman , Jack London 's Racial Lives : A Critical Biography , University of Georgia Press , 2009 , pp. 323 -- 24 Jump up ^ `` Jack London on the Fight '' , The Argus , 28 December 1908 , at National Library of Australia Jump up ^ Labor , Earle , Robert C. Leitz , III , and I. Milo Shepard : The Letters of Jack London : Volume Three : 1913 -- 1916 , Stanford University Press 1988 , p. 1219 , Letter to Japanese - American Commercial Weekly , August 25 , 1913 : `` the races of mankind will grow up and laugh ( at ) their childish quarrels ... '' Jump up ^ Lundberg . ^ Jump up to : Dale L. Walker , `` Jack London : The Stories '' Archived 2005 - 10 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , The World of Jack London Jump up ^ Jack London : San Francisco Stories ( Edited by Matthew Asprey ; Preface by Rodger Jacobs ) Jump up ^ These are the five novels selected by editor Donald Pizer for inclusion in the Library of America series . Jump up ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Letters of Ambrose Bierce , ed . S.T. Joshi , Tryambak Sunand Joshi , David E. Schultz , Columbus : Ohio State University Press , 2003 Jump up ^ Orwell : the Authorized Biography by Michael Shelden , HarperCollins ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092161 - 3 ^ Jump up to : The Jack London Online Collection : Credo . ^ Jump up to : Thurgood Marshall ( 1974 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Letter Carriers v. Austin , 418 U.S. 264 ( 1974 ) '' . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Callan , Claude , 1913 , `` Cracks at the Crowd '' , Fort Worth Star - Telegram , December 30 , 1913 , p. 6 : `` Saith the Rule Review : ' After God had finished making the rattlesnake , the toad and the vampire , He had some awful substance left , with which he made the knocker . ' Were it not for being irreverent , we would suggest that He was hard up for something to do when He made any of those pests you call his handiwork . '' Jump up ^ `` The Food for Your Think Tank '' , The Macon Daily Telegraph , August 23 , 1914 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Madame Gain is Found Guilty . Jury Decides Woman Conducted House of Ill Fame at the Clifton Hotel , '' The Duluth News Tribune , February 5 , 1914 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` T.W.H. '' , ( 1914 ) , `` Review of the Masonic ' Country ' Press : The Eastern Star '' The New Age Magazine : A Monthly Publication Devoted to Freemasonry and Its Relation to Present Day Problems , published by the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry for the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States ; June , 1917 , p. 283 : `` SCANDAL MONGER : After God had finished making the rattlesnake , the toad and the vampire , He had some awful substance left , with which He made a scandal monger . A scandal monger is a two - legged animal with a cork - screw soul , a water - sogged brain and a combination backbone made of jelly and glue . Where other men have their hearts he carries a tumor of decayed principles . When the scandal monger comes down the street honest men turn their backs , the angels weep tears in heaven , and the devil shuts the gates of hell to keep him out . -- Anon '' Jump up ^ Letter Carriers v. Austin , 418 U.S. 264 ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ `` War of the Classes : The Scab '' . london.sonoma.edu . ^ Jump up to : The Jack London Online Collection : Writings . Jump up ^ `` How I Became a Socialist . The Comrade : An illustrated socialist monthly . Volume II , No. 6 , March , 1903 : Jack London : Books '' . Amazon.com. 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` London , Mount '' . BC Geographical Names . Bibliography Day , A. Grove ( 1996 ) ( 1984 ) . `` Jack London and Hawaii '' . In Dye , Bob . Hawaiʻi Chronicles . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . pp. 113 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1829 - 6 . Kershaw , Alex ( 1999 ) . Jack London . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 19904 - X . Kingman , Russ ( 1979 ) . A Pictorial Life of Jack London . New York : Crown Publishers , Inc. ( original ) ; also `` Published for Jack London Research Center by David Rejl , California '' ( same ISBN ) . ISBN 0 - 517 - 54093 - 2 . London , Charmian ( 2003 ) ( 1921 ) . The Book of Jack London , Volume II . Kessinger . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 6188 - 9 . London , Jack ; Taylor , J. Golden ( 1987 ) . A Literary history of the American West . Fort Worth : Texas Christian University Press . ISBN 0 - 87565 - 021 - X . London , Joan ( 1939 ) . Jack London and His Times . New York : Doubleday , Doran & Company , Inc . Library of Congress 39 - 33408 . Lundberg , Murray . `` The Life of Jack London as Reflected in his Works '' . Explore North . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 10 . Noel , Joseph ( 1940 ) . Footloose in Arcadia : A Personal Record of Jack London , George Sterling , Ambrose Bierce . New York : Carrick and Evans . Reesman , Jeanne Campbell ( 2009 ) . Jack London 's Racial Lives : A Critical Biography . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2789 - 1 . Stasz , Clarice ( 1999 ) ( 1988 ) . American Dreamers : Charmian and Jack London . toExcel ( iUniverse , Lincoln , Nebraska ) . ISBN 0 - 595 - 00002 - 9 . Stasz , Clarice ( 2001 ) . Jack London 's Women . Amherst , MA : University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 301 - 8 . Wichlan , Daniel J. ( 2007 ) . The Complete Poetry of Jack London . Waterford , CT : Little Red Tree Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9789446 - 2 - 3 . Reesman , Jeanne ; Hodson , Sara ; Adam , Philip ( 2010 ) . Jack London Photographer . Athens and London : University of Georgia Press . `` Jack London Dies Suddenly On Ranch '' . nytimes.com. 1916 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Novelist is Found Unconscious from Uremia , and Expires after Eleven Hours . Wrote His Life of Toil -- His Experience as Sailor Reflected In His Fiction -- ' Call of the Wild ' Gave Him His Fame . '' ' The New York Times , ' story datelined Santa Rosa , Cal. , Nov. 22 ; appeared November 24 , 1916 , p. 13 . States he died ' at 7 : 45 o'clock tonight , ' and says he was ' born in San Francisco on January 12 , 1876 . ' The Jack London Online Collection `` Jack London 's death certificate , from County Record 's Office , Sonoma Co. , Nov. 22 , 1916 '' . The Jack London Online Collection . 1916 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Stasz , Clarice ( 2001 ) . `` Jack ( John Griffith ) London '' . The Jack London Online Collection . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . `` Revolution and Other Essays : The Yellow Peril '' . The Jack London Online Collection . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . `` The Unparalleled Invasion '' . The Jack London Online Collection . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . `` Jack London 's `` Credo '' , Commentary by Clarice Stasz `` . The Jack London Online Collection . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Roy Tennant and Clarice Stasz . `` Jack London 's Writings '' . The Jack London Online Collection . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jacobs , Rodger ( July 1999 ) . `` Running with the Wolves : Jack London , the Cult of Masculinity , and `` Might is Right '' `` . Panik . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Williams , James . `` Jack London 's Works by Date of Composition '' . The Jack London Online Collection . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Further reading Asprey , Matthew ( ed . ) ; Jacobs , Rodger ( preface ) ( 2010 ) . Jack London : San Francisco Stories . Sydney : Sydney Samizdat Press . ISBN 1 - 4538 - 4050 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Haley , James L. ( 2010 ) . Wolf : The Lives of Jack London . New York City : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00478 - 4 . Hamilton , David ( 1986 ) . The Tools of My Trade : Annotated Books in Jack London 's Library . University of Washington . ISBN 0 - 295 - 96157 - 0 . Herron , Don ( 2004 ) . The Barbaric Triumph : A Critical Anthology on the Writings of Robert E. Howard . Wildside Press . ISBN 0 - 8095 - 1566 - 0 . Howard , Robert E. ( 1989 ) . Robert E. Howard Selected Letters 1923 -- 1930 . West Warwick , RI : Necronomicon Press . ISBN 0 - 940884 - 26 - 7 . Labor , Earle ( 2013 ) . Jack London : An American Life . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0374178482 . Labor , Earle ( ed . ) ( 1994 ) . The Portable Jack London . Viking Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017969 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) London , Jack ; Strunsky , Anna ( 2000 ) ( 1903 ) . The Kempton - Wace Letters . Czech Republic : Triality . ISBN 80 - 901876 - 8 - 4 . Lord , Glenn ( 1976 ) . The Last Celt : A Bio-Bibliography of Robert E. Howard . West Kingston , RI : Donald M. Grant , Publisher . Oates , Joyce Carol ( 2013 ) . The Accursed . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 223170 - 3 . Pizer , Donald ( ed . ) ( 1982 ) . Jack London : Novels and Stories . Library of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 940450 - 05 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Pizer , Donald ( ed . ) ( 1982 ) . Jack London : Novels and Social Writing . Library of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 940450 - 06 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Raskin , Jonah ( ed . ) ( 2008 ) . The Radical Jack London : Writings on War and Revolution . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25546 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Sinclair , Andrew ( 1977 ) . Jack : A Biography of Jack London . United States : HarperCollins . ISBN 0060138998 . Starr , Kevin ( 1986 ) ( 1973 ) . Americans and the California Dream 1850 -- 1915 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504233 - 6 . Stasz , Clarice ( 1988 ) . American Dreamers : Charmian and Jack London . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 9780312021603 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack London . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jack London Wikisource has original works written by or about : Jack London Works by Jack London at Project Gutenberg Works by Jack ( John Griffith ) London at Faded Page ( Canada ) Works by or about Jack London at Internet Archive Works by Jack London at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by Jack London at Open Library The Jack London Online Collection Site featuring information about Jack London 's life and work , and a collection of his writings . The World of Jack London Biographical information and writings Jack London State Historic Park The Huntingon Library 's Jack London Archive Guide to the Jack London Papers at The Bancroft Library Jack London Collection at Sonoma State University Library Jack London Stories , scanned from original magazines , including the original artwork 5 short radio episodes from Jack London 's writing at California Legacy Project Howser , Huell ( December 10 , 1994 ) . `` Jack London -- California 's Gold ( 502 ) '' . California 's Gold . Chapman University Huell Howser Archive . Jack London at Find a Grave Jack London Personal Manuscripts `` The Life and Legacy of Jack London '' . C - Span TV . September 19 , 2016 . ( hide ) Works by Jack London Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler ( 1902 ) A Daughter of the Snows ( 1902 ) The Call of the Wild ( 1903 ) The Kempton - Wace Letters ( 1903 , anonymously co-authored with Anna Strunsky ) The Sea - Wolf ( 1904 ) The Game ( 1905 ) Before Adam ( 1906 ) White Fang ( 1906 ) The Iron Heel ( 1908 ) Martin Eden ( 1909 ) Burning Daylight ( 1910 ) Adventure ( 1911 ) The Scarlet Plague ( 1912 ) A Son of the Sun ( 1912 ) The Abysmal Brute ( 1913 ) The Valley of the Moon ( 1913 ) The Mutiny of the Elsinore ( 1914 ) The Star Rover ( 1915 ) The Little Lady of the Big House ( 1916 ) Jerry of the Islands ( 1917 ) Michael , Brother of Jerry ( 1917 ) Hearts of Three ( 1920 ) The Assassination Bureau , Ltd ( 1963 ) ( Unfinished , completed by Robert L. Fish ) Short stories `` A Thousand Deaths '' ( 1899 ) `` The Law of Life '' ( 1901 ) `` Bâtard '' ( 1902 ) `` Moon - Face '' ( 1902 ) `` The Leopard Man 's Story '' ( 1903 ) `` To Build a Fire '' ( 1908 ) `` The Dream of Debs '' ( 1909 ) `` A Piece of Steak '' ( 1909 ) `` The South of the Slot '' ( 1909 ) `` The Heathen '' ( 1910 ) `` The Mexican '' ( 1911 ) `` The Unparalleled Invasion '' ( 1914 ) `` The Red One '' ( 1918 ) Short story collections Lost Face ( 1910 ) South Sea Tales ( 1911 ) Non-fiction The People of the Abyss ( 1903 ) The Road ( 1907 ) The Cruise of the Snark ( 1911 ) John Barleycorn ( 1913 ) Associated subjects Jack London 's The Call of the Wild ( 1903 ) Films The Call of the Wild ( 1923 ) Call of the Wild ( 1935 ) The Call of the Wild ( 1972 ) The Call of the Wild ( 1976 ) Call of the Wild ( 2009 ) TV What a Nightmare , Charlie Brown ! ( 1978 special ) The Call of the Wild : Dog of the Yukon ( 1997 movie ) Call of the Wild ( 2000 series ) Related White Fang Jack London 's The Sea - Wolf Films The Sea Wolf ( 1913 ) The Sea Wolf ( 1920 ) The Sea Wolf ( 1926 ) The Sea Wolf ( 1930 ) The Sea Wolf ( 1941 ) Wolf Larsen ( 1958 ) Legend of the Sea Wolf ( 1975 ) The Sea Wolf ( 1990 ) The Sea Wolf ( 1993 ) TV Der Seewolf ( 1971 ) Der Seewolf ( 2008 ) Sea Wolf ( 2009 ) Jack London 's White Fang Book White Fang Films White Fang ( 1946 ) White Fang ( 1973 ) Challenge to White Fang ( 1974 ) White Fang to the Rescue ( 1974 ) White Fang ( 1982 ) White Fang ( 1991 ) White Fang 2 : Myth of the White Wolf ( 1994 ) TV show The Legend of White Fang List of episodes ( 1992 ) White Fang ( TV series ) List of episodes ( 1993 ) Related The Call of the Wild VIAF : 46764200 LCCN : n78086415 ISNI : 0000 0001 2130 9371 GND : 118574183 SELIBR : 72282 SUDOC : 027319016 BNF : cb11913283v ( data ) BIBSYS : 90064701 MusicBrainz : c5342c3d - ad4d - 48c8 - be68 - b1fa111ffbc8 NLA : 35311166 NDL : 00447982 NKC : jn19990005166 BNE : XX921509 RKD : 436669 SNAC : w6rf5vjj Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_London&oldid=830982399 '' Categories : 1876 births 1916 deaths Jack London American male novelists American atheists American socialists American travel writers American war correspondents Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America Socialist Party of America politicians from California Writers from Oakland , California Writers from San Francisco War correspondents of the Russo - Japanese War People from Piedmont , California People of the Klondike Gold Rush University of California , Berkeley alumni 1906 San Francisco earthquake survivors 19th - century American writers 20th - century American novelists Works by Jack London American male short story writers American psychological fiction writers Deaths from dysentery 19th - century American short story writers 20th - century American short story writers American sailors 19th - century sailors 20th - century sailors Male sailors People from Glen Ellen , California Hidden categories : Articles with Project Gutenberg links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from January 2016 All articles that may contain original research All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with dead external links from November 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Open Library links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata AC with 15 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مازِرونی မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 72 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 01 : 51 . 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when did the story to build a fire take place
[ "Some of his most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories \"To Build a Fire\", \"An Odyssey of the North\", and \"Love of Life\". He also wrote about the South Pacific in stories such as \"The Pearls of Parlay\" and \"The Heathen\", and of the San Francisco Bay area in The Sea Wolf." ]
[ "in the Klondike Gold Rush" ]
3148389884176798020
Infant
Infant - wikipedia Infant Jump to : navigation , search very young offspring of a human This article is about the very young child . For other uses , see Infant ( disambiguation ) . `` Baby '' , `` Newborn '' , and `` Babyhood '' redirect here . For other uses , see Baby ( disambiguation ) , Newborn ( disambiguation ) , and Babyhood ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Human growth and development Stages Human embryogenesis Fetus Infant Toddler Early childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Adult Middle age Old age Biological milestones Fertilization Childbirth Walking Language acquisition Puberty Menopause Ageing Death Development and psychology Pre - and perinatal Infant and child Adolescent Youth Young adult Adult Maturity Developmental stage theories Attachment Ecological Psychosocial Psychosexual development Moral Cognitive Cultural - historical Evolutionary Human body portal An infant ( from the Latin word infans , meaning `` unable to speak '' or `` speechless '' ) is the more formal or specialised synonym for `` baby '' , the very young offspring of a human . The term may also be used to refer to juveniles of other organisms . A newborn is , in colloquial use , an infant who is only hours , days , or up to one month old . In medical contexts , newborn or neonate ( from Latin , neonatus , newborn ) refers to an infant in the first 28 days after birth ; the term applies to premature , full term , and postmature infants ; before birth , the term `` fetus '' is used . The term `` infant '' is typically applied to young children between one month and one year of age ; however , definitions may vary and may include children up to two years of age . When a human child learns to walk , the term `` toddler '' may be used instead . In British English , an infant school is for children aged between four and seven . As a legal term , `` infancy '' continues from birth until age 18 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical characteristics of newborn 1.1 Weight 1.2 Head 1.3 Hair 1.4 Skin 1.5 Genitals 1.6 Umbilical cord 2 Care and feeding 3 Response to sounds 4 Benefits of touch 5 Diseases 6 Mortality 7 Emotional development 8 Babyhood 9 Plane travel 10 Gallery 11 Common care issues 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Physical characteristics of newborn Eight - month - old twin sisters Play media ( video ) A very young baby moves around in a crib , 2009 Eight month - old infant ; as a common feature eyes are usually larger compared to the face . A crying newborn , a few days after birth A newborn 's shoulders and hips are wide , the abdomen protrudes slightly , and the arms and legs are relatively long with respect to the rest of their body . In first world nations , the average total body length of newborns are 35.6 -- 50.8 cm ( 14.0 -- 20.0 in ) , although premature newborns may be much smaller . The Apgar score is a measure of a newborn 's transition from the uterus during the first minutes after birth . Weight In developed countries , the average birth weight of a full - term newborn is approximately 3.4 kg ( 7 ⁄ lb ) , and is typically in the range of 2.7 -- 4.6 kg ( 6.0 -- 10.1 lb ) . Over the first 5 -- 7 days following birth , the body weight of a term neonate decreases by 3 -- 7 % , and is largely a result of the resorption and urination of the fluid that initially fills the lungs , in addition to a delay of often a few days before breastfeeding becomes effective . After the first week , healthy term neonates should gain 10 -- 20 grams / day . Head A newborn 's head is very large in proportion to the body , and the cranium is enormous relative to his or her face . While the adult human skull is about one seventh of the total body length , the newborn 's is about 1⁄4 . Normal head circumference for a full - term infant is 33 -- 36 cm at birth . At birth , many regions of the newborn 's skull have not yet been converted to bone , leaving `` soft spots '' known as fontanels . The two largest are the diamond - shaped anterior fontanel , located at the top front portion of the head , and the smaller triangular - shaped posterior fontanel , which lies at the back of the head . Later in the child 's life , these bones will fuse together in a natural process . A protein called noggin is responsible for the delay in an infant 's skull fusion . A newborn baby in Indonesia , with umbilical cord ready to be clamped During labour and birth , the infant 's skull changes shape to fit through the birth canal , sometimes causing the child to be born with a misshapen or elongated head . It will usually return to normal on its own within a few days or weeks . Special exercises sometimes advised by physicians may assist the process . Hair Some newborns have a fine , downy body hair called lanugo . It may be particularly noticeable on the back , shoulders , forehead , ears and face of premature infants . Lanugo disappears within a few weeks . Infants may be born with full heads of hair ; others , particularly caucasian infants , may have very fine hair or may even be bald . Amongst fair - skinned parents , this fine hair may be blonde , even if the parents are not . The scalp may also be temporarily bruised or swollen , especially in hairless newborns , and the area around the eyes may be puffy . Skin Immediately after birth , a newborn 's skin is often grayish to dusky blue in color . As soon as the newborn begins to breathe , usually within a minute or two , the skin 's color reaches its normal tone . Newborns are wet , covered in streaks of blood , and coated with a white substance known as vernix caseosa , which is hypothesised to act as an antibacterial barrier . The newborn may also have Mongolian spots , various other birthmarks , or peeling skin , particularly on the wrists , hands , ankles , and feet . Genitals A newborn 's genitals are enlarged and reddened , with male infants having an unusually large scrotum . The breasts may also be enlarged , even in male infants . This is caused by naturally occurring maternal hormones and is a temporary condition . Females ( and even males ) may actually discharge milk from their nipples ( sometimes called witch 's milk ) , or a bloody or milky - like substance from the vagina . In either case , this is considered normal and will disappear with time . Umbilical cord The umbilical cord of a newborn is bluish - white in color . After birth , the umbilical cord is normally cut , leaving a 1 -- 2 inch stub . The umbilical stub will dry out , shrivel , darken , and spontaneously fall off within about 3 weeks . This will later become a belly - button after it heals . Occasionally , hospitals may apply triple dye to the umbilical stub to prevent infection , which may temporarily color the stub and surrounding skin purple . A newborn infant , seconds after delivery . Amniotic fluid glistens on the child 's skin . Main article : Adaptation to extrauterine life Care and feeding Further information : Newborn care and safety Further information : Infant bathing A baby breastfeeding Infants cry as a form of basic instinctive communication . A crying infant may be trying to express a variety of feelings including hunger , discomfort , overstimulation , boredom , wanting something , or loneliness . Breastfeeding is the recommended method of feeding by all major infant health organizations . If breastfeeding is not possible or desired , bottle feeding is done with expressed breast - milk or with infant formula . Infants are born with a sucking reflex allowing them to extract the milk from the nipples of the breasts or the nipple of the baby bottle , as well as an instinctive behavior known as rooting with which they seek out the nipple . Sometimes a wet nurse is hired to feed the infant , although this is rare , especially in developed countries . Adequate food consumption at an early age is vital for an infant 's development . From birth to four months , infants should consume breast milk or an unmodified milk substitute . As an infant 's diet matures , finger foods may be introduced as well as fruit , vegetables and small amounts of meat . As infants grow , food supplements are added . Many parents choose commercial , ready - made baby foods to supplement breast milk or formula for the child , while others adapt their usual meals for the dietary needs of their child . Whole cow 's milk can be used at one year , but lower - fat milk is not recommended until the child is 2 to 3 years old . Weaning is the process through which breast milk is eliminated from the infant 's diet through the introduction of solid foods in exchange for milk . Until they are toilet - trained , infants in industrialized countries wear diapers . The transition from diapers to training pants is an important transition in the development of an infant / baby to that of a toddler . Children need more sleep than adults -- up to 18 hours for newborn babies , with a declining rate as the child ages . Until babies learn to walk , they are carried in the arms , held in slings or baby carriers , or transported in baby carriages or strollers . Most industrialized countries have laws requiring child safety seats for babies in motor vehicles . Response to sounds Infants respond to the sound of snake hissing , angry voices of adults , the crackling sound of a fire , thunder , and the cries of other infants . They have a drop in heart rate , their eyes blinking , increased turning toward the speakers or parent , all of these indicating that they were paying more attention . This is believed by some to be evolutionary response to danger . Benefits of touch Studies have shown that infants who have been the recipients of positive touch experience more benefits as they develop emotionally and socially . Experiments have been done with infants up to four months of age using both positive touch ( stroking or cuddling ) and negative touch ( poking , pinching or tickling ) . The infants who received the positive touch cried less often and also vocalized and smiled more than the infants who were touched negatively . Infants who were the recipients of negative touching have been linked with emotional and behavioral problems later in life . A lower amount of physical violence in adults has been discovered in cultures with greater levels of positive physical touching . Diseases Further information : Neonatology The infant is undergoing many adaptations to extrauterine life , and its physiological systems , such as the immune system , are far from fully developed . Potential diseases of concern during the neonatal period include : Neonatal jaundice Infant respiratory distress syndrome Neonatal lupus erythematosus Neonatal conjunctivitis Neonatal tetanus Neonatal sepsis Neonatal bowel obstruction Benign neonatal seizures Neonatal diabetes mellitus Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia Neonatal herpes simplex Neonatal hemochromatosis Neonatal meningitis Neonatal hepatitis Neonatal hypoglycemia Mortality Main article : Infant mortality An infant being immunized in Bangladesh Infant mortality is the death of an infant in the first year of life , often expressed as the number of deaths per 1000 live births ( infant mortality rate ) . Major causes of infant mortality include dehydration , infection , congenital malformation and SIDS . This epidemiological indicator is recognized as a very important measure of the level of health care in a country because it is directly linked with the health status of infants , children , and pregnant women as well as access to medical care , socioeconomic conditions , and public health practices . There is a positive relationship between national wealth and good health . The rich and industrialized countries of the world , prominently Canada , the United Kingdom , the United States , and Japan , spend a large proportion of their wealthy budget on the health care system . As , a result , their health care systems are very sophisticated , with many physicians , nurses , and other health care experts servicing the population . Thus , infant mortality is low . On the other hand , a country such as Mexico , which spends disproportionately less of its budget on healthcare , suffers from high mortality rates . This is because the general population is likely to be less healthy . In the U.S. , infant mortality rates are especially high in minority groups . For instance , non-Hispanic black women have an infant mortality rate of 13.63 per 1000 live births whereas in non-Hispanic white women it was much lower at a rate of 5.76 per 1000 live births . The average infant mortality rate in the U.S. is 6.8 per 1000 live births . Emotional development A mother wishes joy towards her child in William Blake 's poem `` Infant Joy '' . This copy , Copy AA , was printed and painted in 1826 , is currently held by the Fitzwilliam Museum . Attachment theory is primarily an evolutionary and ethological theory whereby the infant or child seeks proximity to a specified attachment figure in situations of alarm or distress for the purpose of survival . The forming of attachments is considered to be the foundation of the infant / child 's capacity to form and conduct relationships throughout life . Attachment is not the same as love or affection although they often go together . Attachment and attachment behaviors tend to develop between the age of 6 months and 3 years . Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with the infant , and who remain as consistent caregivers for some time . Parental responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment , which in turn lead to ' internal working models ' which will guide the individual 's feelings , thoughts , and expectations in later relationships . There are a number of attachment ' styles ' namely ' secure ' , ' anxious - ambivalent ' , ' anxious - avoidant ' , ( all ' organized ' ) and ' disorganized ' , some of which are more problematic than others . A lack of attachment or a seriously disrupted capacity for attachment could potentially amount to serious disorders . Infants develop distinct relationships to their mothers , fathers , siblings , and non - familial caregivers . Beside the dyadic attachment relationships also a good quality of the triadic relationships ( mother - father -- infant ) is important for infant mental health development . Babyhood Babyhood is a critical period in personality development when the foundations of adult personality are laid . In contrast toddler is used to denote a baby that has achieved relative independence , in moving about , and feeding . Plane travel Many airlines refuse boarding for all babies aged under 7 days ( for domestic flights ) or 14 days for international flights . Asiana Airlines allows babies to board international flights at 7 days of age . Garuda Indonesia disallows all babies under the age of 14 days to board any flights . Delta Air Lines and Pinnacle Airlines allow infants to travel when they are less than 7 days old when they present a physician travel approval letter . Comair requires a letter if the infant is 12 days or younger . Skywest will not allow an infant less than 8 days old on board . Gallery an Asian baby an African baby An African baby born to two African parents , with an unusually light skin . An Indian baby Common care issues Baby colic Bassinet / crib Bathing Cradle cap Day care Diaper rash Infant formula Infant massage Immunization Pacifier Paternal bond Swaddling Teething Umbilical cord References Jump up ^ `` Neonate '' . Merriam - Webster online dictionary . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Infancy '' . Law.com Legal Dictionary . Law.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Neonatology Considerations for the Pediatric Surgeon at eMedicine Jump up ^ Wallace , Donna K. ; Cartwright , Cathy C. ( 2007 ) . Nursing Care of the Pediatric Neurosurgery Patient . Berlin : Springer . p. 40 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 29703 - 0 . Jump up ^ Warren SM , Brunet LJ , Harland RM , Economides AN , Longaker MT ( 2003 - 04 - 10 ) . `` The BMP antagonist noggin regulates cranial suture fusion '' . Nature . 422 ( 6932 ) : 625 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nature01545 . PMID 12687003 . Jump up ^ Chicot , Dr Rebecca ( 2015 - 12 - 03 ) . The Calm and Happy Toddler : Gentle Solutions to Tantrums , Night Waking , Potty Training and More . Random House . ISBN 9781473527591 . Jump up ^ Gartner LM , Morton J , Lawrence RA , Naylor AJ , O'Hare D , Schanler RJ , Eidelman AI ( February 2005 ) . `` Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk '' . Pediatrics. 115 ( 2 ) : 496 -- 506 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2004 - 2491 . PMID 15687461 . Jump up ^ Wells , Dilys ( January 1995 ) . `` Infant Feeding '' . Nutrition & Food Science . 95 ( 2 ) : 42 -- 44 . doi : 10.1108 / 00346659510078312 . Jump up ^ Marriott and Foote , L.D. and K.D. ( 2003 ) . Weaning of infants . ( Review ) . 88.6 . Academic OneFile . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0475 - 7 . Jump up ^ Erlich , Nicole ; Lipp , Ottmar V. ; Slaughter , Virginia ( 2013 ) . `` Of hissing snakes and angry voices : human infants are differentially responsive to evolutionary fear - relevant sounds '' . Developmental Science . 16 ( 6 ) : 894 -- 904 . doi : 10.1111 / desc. 12091 . PMID 24118715 . Lay summary -- Science News ( September 9 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Field , T. ( 2002 ) . `` Infants ' Need for Touch '' . Human Development . 45 ( 2 ) : 100 -- 103 . doi : 10.1159 / 000048156 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Eilidh ( 2007 ) . Infant Mortality : A Continuing Social Problem . Ashgate Pub Co . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 4593 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hertz E , Hebert JR , Landon J ( July 1994 ) . `` Social and environmental factors and life expectancy , infant mortality , and maternal mortality rates : results of a cross-national comparison '' . Soc Sci Med. 39 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / 0277 - 9536 ( 94 ) 90170 - 8 . PMID 8066481 . Jump up ^ Etchegoyen G , Paganini JM ( April 2007 ) . `` The relationship between socioeconomic factors and maternal and infant health programs in 13 Argentine provinces '' ( PDF ) . Rev Panam Salud Publica ( in Spanish ) . 21 ( 4 ) : 223 -- 30 . doi : 10.1590 / S1020 - 49892007000300005 . PMID 17612466 . Jump up ^ Brym , Robert ( 2007 ) . Sociology : Your Compass for a New World . Wadsworth / Cengage Learning . p. 546 . ISBN 0495099120 . Jump up ^ Kuehn , B.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Infant Mortality '' . JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association . 300 ( 20 ) : 2359 -- 2359 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2008.642 . Jump up ^ Infant Mortality Rate ( Deaths per 1,000 Live Births ) , Linked Files , 2006 -- 2008 . statehealthfacts.org Jump up ^ Morris Eaves , Robert N. Essick , and Joseph Viscomi ( eds . ) . `` Songs of Innocence and of Experience , copy AA , object 25 ( Bentley 25 , Erdman 25 , Keynes 25 ) `` Infant Joy '' `` . William Blake Archive . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Tronick , Edward Z. ; Morelli , Gilda A. ; Ivey , Paula K. ( 1992 ) . `` The Efe forager infant and toddler 's pattern of social relationships : Multiple and simultaneous '' . Developmental Psychology . 28 ( 4 ) : 568 -- 577 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.28. 4.568 . `` Until recently , scientific accounts ... of the infant 's early social experiences converged on the view that the infant progresses from a primary relationship with one individual ... to relationships with a growing number of people ... This is an epigenetic , hierarchical view of social development . We have labeled this dominant view the continuous care and contact model ( CCC ... ) . The CCC model developed from the writings of Spitz ... , Bowlby ... , and Provence and Lipton ... on institutionalized children and is represented in the psychological views of Bowlby ... ( and others ) . Common to the different conceptual frameworks is the belief that parenting practices and the infant 's capacity for social engagement are biologically based and conform to a prototypical form . Supporters of the CCC model generally recognize that the infant and caregiver are able to adjust to a range of conditions , but they consider the adjustments observed to reflect biological variation . However , more extreme views ( e.g. , maternal bonding ) consider certain variants as non adaptive and as compromising the child 's psychological development . Bowlby 's concept of monotropism is an exemplar of the CCC perspective ... '' . Jump up ^ Bretherton , I. and Munholland , K. , A. Internal Working Models in Attachment Relationships : A Construct Revisited . Handbook of Attachment : Theory , Research and Clinical Applications 1999 eds Cassidy , J. and Shaver , P. , R. Guilford press ISBN 1 - 57230 - 087 - 6 Jump up ^ Klitzing K von , Simoni H , Amsler F , Burgin D: The role of the father in early family interactions . Inf Mental Health J 1999 ; 20 : 222 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Klitzing K von , Simoni H , Bürgin D: Infant development and early triadic family relationships . In J Psychoanal 1999 ; 80 : 71 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Klitzing K von , Burgin D: Parental capacities for triadic relationships during pregnancy : Early predictors of children 's behavioral and representational functioning at preschool age . Infant Mental Health J 2005 ; 26 : 19 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Human Growth Development and Learning ' 2004 Ed . - Page 50 9712339114 2004 - ... is mainly through prespeech forms of crying , babbling , gesturing , and emotional expressions . In babyhood , understanding comes from a combination of sensory exploration , motor manipulation , and , toward the end of babyhood , from questions to answers . Babyhood is regarded as a critical period in personality development because it is the time when the foundations of adult personality are laid . Jump up ^ Developmental Psychology - Page 121 971232463X 1998 `` However , Hurlock ( 1982 ) cites that infancy , compared to babyhood , is characterized by extreme helplessness . The word baby may likewise suggest a helpless individual ; hence , the word toddler has been increasingly used to denote a baby that has achieved enough control of his body to permit relative independence , such as ' moving about , feeding himself , etc . Characteristics of Babyhood The most important characteristics of babyhood are listed below : 1 . It is the true foundation age ... '' Jump up ^ Infant Age Restrictions . Delta Airlines . Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 27 . Further reading Simkin , Penny ; Whalley , Janet ; Keppler , Ann ( 1991 ) . Pregnancy , Childbirth and the Newborn : The Complete Guide ( Revised ed . ) . Meadowbook Press . ISBN 0 - 88166 - 177 - 5 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Babies Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Baby care and evolution Wikimedia Commons has media related to Babies . Look up infant in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . American Academy of Pediatrics The impact of buggy orientation on parent - infant interaction and infant stress The World Health Report 2005 -- Make Every Mother and Child Infant eyesight -- University of Illinois Preceded by Fetus Stages of human development Infancy Succeeded by Toddlerhood Infants and their care Main Article Infant Health Baby food Birth weight Breast pump Breastfeeding Breastfeeding and medications Bottle feeding Colic Immunizations Cradle cap Cross eyed Failure to thrive Immunization Infant and toddler safety Infant bathing Infant food safety Infant formula Infant massage Infant food safety Infant nutrition Infant respiratory distress syndrome infant sleep training Neo-natal intensive care unit Oral rehydration therapy / Pedialyte Newborn care and safety Pediatrician Preterm birth Shaken baby syndrome Soy formula Sudden infant death syndrome Development Attachment parenting Baby - led weaning Baby talk Babbling Childbirth Congential disorder Crawling Infant visual development Diaper rash Gestational age Infant cognitive development Kangaroo care Mother Nursery Rhyme Object permanence Parent Parenting Peekaboo Play Prenatal development Prenatal development table Teething Types of crying Walking Weaning Socialization and Culture Attachment Babysitting Child abuse Child custody Child 's rights UN Child rights Circumcision Daycare Foster care Grandparent visitation Infant swimming Milk bank Nanny Wet nurse Infant care and equipment Baby bouncer Baby gate Baby monitor / Hidden camera Baby powder Baby shampoo Baby toy Baby walker Bib baby swing Baby transport Bassinet Child safety seat / Car seat safety Cloth diaper Cradle board Diaper Diaper bag Baby wipes Haberman Feeder Highchair Infant bed ( American ' crib ' and ' cradle ' , British ' cot ' ) Infant carrier Infant clothing Pacifier Playpen Stroller Supplemental nursing system Swaddling Swim diaper Baby teether Travel cot Other topics Baby shower Babywearing Child neglect Closed adoption Cry room Infant ear piercing Open adoption Prenatal cocaine exposure Neonatal withdrawal syndrome Parental child abduction Parental rights Parenting plan Paternity fraud Paternity Human biological and psychological development Before birth Embryo Fetus After birth Infant Toddler Early childhood Childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Adulthood Middle age Old age Definitions Minor Age of majority Events and phases Gestational age Prenatal development Birth Child development stages Cognitive development of infants Human development Adult development Puberty Ageing Senescence Death Developmental psychology Antenatal Positive youth development Young adult Positive adult development Maturity Theorists and theories Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) ( Psychosexual development ) Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) ( Theory of cognitive development ) Vygotsky ( 1896 -- 1934 ) ( Cultural - historical psychology ) Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) ( Psychosocial development ) Bowlby ( 1907 -- 1990 ) ( Attachment theory ) Bronfenbrenner ( 1917 -- 2005 ) ( Ecological systems theory ) Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) ( Stages of moral development ) Commons ( b . 1939 ) , Fischer ( b . 1943 ) , Kegan ( b . 1946 ) , Demetriou ( b . 1950 ) , and others ( Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development ) Evolutionary developmental psychology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infant&oldid=841242383 '' Categories : Infancy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2015 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Articles with short description Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 73 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 18 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
a newborn infant during the first weeks following birth is called a(n)
[ "A newborn is, in colloquial use, an infant who is only hours, days, or up to one month old. In medical contexts, newborn or neonate (from Latin, neonatus, newborn) refers to an infant in the first 28 days after birth;[1] the term applies to premature, full term, and postmature infants; before birth, the term \"fetus\" is used. The term \"infant\" is typically applied to young children between one month and one year of age; however, definitions may vary and may include children up to two years of age. When a human child learns to walk, the term \"toddler\" may be used instead." ]
[ "neonate" ]
-6329334228923266918
List of European countries by population
List of European countries by population - wikipedia List of European countries by population Jump to : navigation , search This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) European population by country ( top 8 ) . Russia ( 17.15 % ) Germany ( 9.87 % ) Turkey ( 9.50 % ) France ( 7.79 % ) United Kingdom ( 7.75 % ) Italy ( 7.21 % ) Spain ( 5.53 % ) Ukraine ( 5.10 % ) Other ( 30.1 % ) List of European countries by population present the list of countries , territories and dependencies located in Europe . Transcontinental countries are included if they are members of the Council of Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Table ( edit ) Transcontinental countries largely located in Asia . Countries located wholly or predominantly in Asia , but which can be considered European countries . Rank Country ( or dependent territory ) July 1 , 2015 projection % of pop . Average relative annual growth ( % ) Average absolute annual growth Estimated doubling time ( Years ) Official figure ( where available ) Date of last figure Source Regional grouping Russia 144,031,000 17.15 0.20 294,285 368 146,839,993 January 1 , 2017 ( 1 ) EAEU Germany 81,459,000 9.87 1.20 600,000 90 82,800,000 December 30 , 2016 Official estimate EU France 66,991,000 7.97 0.39 261,022 177 66,991,000 March 1 , 2017 ( 2 ) EU United Kingdom 65,110,276 7.75 0.75 484,000 92 64,596,800 December 30 , 2016 Official estimate EU 6 Italy 60,589,445 7.21 0.49 298,000 141 60,788,845 January 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate EU 7 Spain 46,423,064 5.53 - 0.06 - 28,000 - 46,449,565 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate EU 8 Ukraine 42,850,000 5.10 - 0.32 - 136,000 - 42,726,067 March 1 , 2015 Monthly official estimate 9 Poland 38,494,000 4.58 0.05 20,000 1,334 38,484,000 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate EU 10 Romania 19,822,000 2.36 - 0.41 - 81,000 - 19,942,642 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate EU 11 Netherlands 17,003,777 2.02 0.37 62,000 189 17,090,700 November 13 , 2017 Official population clock EU 12 Belgium 11,455,474 1.34 0.52 58,000 134 11,370,968 August 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate EU 13 Greece 11,183,716 1.28 0.16 - 12,000 - 10,816,286 May 24 , 2011 Final 2011 census result EU 14 Czech Republic 10,535,000 1.25 - 0.06 - 6,000 - 10,588,063 July 30 , 2017 Official estimate EU 15 Portugal 10,311,000 1.23 - 0.56 - 58,000 - 10,309,573 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate EU 16 Sweden 9,858,794 1.17 1.03 100,000 68 10,081,396 August 31 , 2017 Official estimate EU 17 Hungary 9,835,000 1.17 - 0.28 - 28,000 - 9,849,000 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate EU 18 Azerbaijan 9,651,000 1.15 1.23 117,000 57 9,593,000 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 19 Belarus 9,481,000 1.13 0.00 0 - 9,481,100 April 1 , 2015 Official estimate EAEU 20 Austria 8,608,000 1.02 0.67 57,000 104 8,794,267 July 1 , 2018 Official estimate EU 21 Switzerland 8,265,000 0.98 0.87 71,000 80 8,211,700 September 30 , 2014 Official estimate EFTA 22 Bulgaria 7,185,000 0.86 - 0.57 - 41,000 - 7,245,677 December 31 , 2013 Official estimate EU 23 Serbia 7,103,000 0.85 - 0.41 - 29,000 - 7,146,759 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate 24 Denmark 5,673,000 0.68 0.48 27,000 145 5,659,715 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate EU 25 Finland 5,475,000 0.65 0.11 6,000 632 5,473,465 March 31 , 2015 Monthly official estimate EU 26 Slovakia 5,426,000 0.65 0.13 7,000 537 5,415,949 September 30 , 2014 Official estimate EU 27 Norway 5,194,000 0.62 1.11 57,000 63 5,165,802 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate EFTA 28 Ireland 4,630,000 0.55 0.35 16,000 200 4,761,865 April 2016 Preliminary 2016 census result EU 29 Croatia 4,230,000 0.50 - 0.31 - 13,000 - 4,267,558 July 1 , 2012 Official estimate EU 30 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,750,000 0.45 - 0.64 - 24,000 - 3,791,622 October 1 , 2013 Preliminary 2013 census result 31 Georgia 3,707,000 0.44 - 1.23 - 46,000 - 3,729,500 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 32 Moldova 3,564,000 0.42 0.48 17,000 145 3,555,200 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 33 Armenia 3,010,000 0.36 - 0.03 - 1,000 - 3,010,600 December 31 , 2014 Monthly official estimate EAEU 34 Lithuania 2,906,000 0.35 - 0.85 - 25,000 - 2,912,566 April 1 , 2015 Monthly official estimate EU 35 Albania 2,887,000 0.34 - 0.41 - 12,000 - 2,893,005 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 36 Macedonia 2,071,000 0.25 0.15 3,000 478 2,069,172 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate 37 Slovenia 2,065,000 0.25 0.15 3,000 477 2,062,731 October 1 , 2014 Official estimate EU 38 Latvia 1,979,000 0.24 - 0.90 - 18,000 - 1,983,300 April 1 , 2015 Monthly official estimate EU Kosovo 1,867,000 0.22 1.08 20,000 64 1,815,606 December 31 , 2012 Official estimate 39 Estonia 1,315,000 0.16 0.46 6,000 152 1,315,635 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate EU 40 Cyprus 876,000 0.10 0.46 4,000 151 865,900 December 31 , 2012 Official estimate EU 41 Montenegro 620,000 0.07 0.00 0 - 620,029 April 1 , 2011 2011 census result 42 Luxembourg 570,000 0.07 2.52 14,000 28 562,958 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate EU 43 Malta 425,000 0.05 0.47 2,000 147 417,432 November 20 , 2011 2011 census result EU 44 Iceland 331,000 0.04 1.22 4,000 57 329,100 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate EFTA Jersey ( UK ) 103,000 0.01 0.98 1,000 71 97,857 March 27 , 2011 2011 census result Isle of Man ( UK ) 89,000 0.01 1.14 1,000 61 84,497 March 27 , 2011 2011 census result 45 Andorra 78,000 0.01 1.30 1,000 54 76,949 2014 Official estimate Guernsey ( UK ) 66,000 0.01 1.54 1,000 45 65,150 March 31 , 2014 Official estimate Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) 49,000 0.01 0.00 0 - 48,693 February 1 , 2015 Monthly official estimate 46 Liechtenstein 37,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 37,370 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate EFTA 47 Monaco 37,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 36,950 December 31 , 2013 Official estimate Gibraltar ( UK ) 34,000 0.00 3.03 1,000 23 30,001 2012 Official estimate EU 48 San Marino 33,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 32,798 February 28 , 2015 Monthly official estimate Åland Islands ( Finland ) 29,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 28,666 December 31 , 2013 Official estimate EU Svalbard ( Norway ) 3,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 2,575 July 1 , 2014 Official estimate EFTA 49 Vatican City 451 0.00 0.00 0 - 0 2012 Official estimate Total 840,023,805 100.00 0.33 2,746,307 210 See also ( edit ) List of countries by population List of African countries by population List of countries in the Americas by population List of Arab countries by population List of Asian countries by population List of Caribbean island countries by population List of Eurasian countries by population List of European Union member states by population List of Latin American countries by population List of member states of the Commonwealth of Nations by population List of Middle East countries by population List of North American countries by population List of Oceania countries by population List of South American countries by population List of countries by past and future population List of countries by past population ( United Nations ) List of countries by population in 2000 List of countries by population in 2010 List of population concern organizations List of European countries List of European countries by population growth rate Largest urban areas of the European Union ( hide ) Lists of countries by population statistics World population Current population Current population ( United Nations ) Continental Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Regional Arab world Caribbean Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America North America Middle East South America Cities National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future population Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Domestic citizens Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant mortality rate Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure ( PPP ) per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Excluding Overseas Territories and Collectivities : French Polynesia , New Caledonia , French Southern and Antarctic Land , Clipperton Island , Saint Barthélemy , Saint Martin , Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Wallis and Futuna . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Only for widely recognised and non-dependent territories Jump up ^ Calculated , when available , from the latest national censuses or most recent official estimates ( many of which are cited in their respective column ) , using the exponential formula shown on the List of countries by past and future population article . This is done to normalize the different populations to a unique date , so that they are really comparable . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the following formula : projection / projection x100 - 100 . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the calculation : projection * annual_growth / 100 . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the formula : LN ( 2 ) / LN ( growth / 100 + 1 ) , which produces exactly the same result as LOG ( 2 ) / LOG ( growth / 100 + 1 ) . Jump up ^ The mid-2015 demographic projection excludes the disputed territory of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol ( the so - called Crimean Federal District ) , although the Russian official estimate includes both of them . Jump up ^ Figures refer not only to the population of European or Metropolitan France , but also include the overseas departments ( in French Départements d'outre - mer , DOM ) Jump up ^ Note from source : `` Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city Sevastopol '' . Jump up ^ Enclave claimed by Spain . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_countries_by_population&oldid=810033833 '' Categories : Countries in Europe Demographics of Europe Lists of countries by continent , by population Lists of countries in Europe Lists of countries by population Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from January 2016 All accuracy disputes Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Ελληνικά Հայերեն ଓଡ଼ିଆ پنجابی Português Русский Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 00 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which country in the eu has the largest population
[ "\n\nRank[1]\nCountry\n(or dependent territory)\nJuly 1, 2015\nprojection[2]\n% of\npop.\nAverage\nrelative\nannual\ngrowth\n(%)[3]\nAverage\nabsolute\nannual\ngrowth\n[4]\nEstimated\ndoubling\ntime\n(Years)[5]\nOfficial\nfigure\n(where\navailable)\nDate of\nlast figure\nSource\nRegional grouping\n\n\n1\n Russia[6]\n144,031,000\n17.15\n0.20\n294,285\n368\n146,839,993\nJanuary 1, 2017\n[1]\nEAEU\n\n\n2\n Germany\n81,459,000\n9.87\n1.20\n600,000\n90\n82,800,000\nDecember 30, 2016\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n France[7][Note 1]\n66,991,000\n7.97\n0.39\n261,022\n177\n66,991,000\nMarch 1, 2017\n[2]\nEU\n\n\n5\n United Kingdom\n65,110,276\n7.75\n0.75\n484,000\n92\n64,596,800\nDecember 30, 2016\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n6\n Italy\n60,589,445\n7.21\n0.49\n298,000\n141\n60,788,845\nJanuary 1, 2017\nMonthly official estimate\nEU\n\n\n7\n Spain\n46,423,064\n5.53\n-0.06\n-28,000\n-\n46,449,565\nJanuary 1, 2015\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n8\n Ukraine[8]\n42,850,000\n5.10\n-0.32\n-136,000\n-\n42,726,067\nMarch 1, 2015\nMonthly official estimate\n\n\n\n9\n Poland\n38,494,000\n4.58\n0.05\n20,000\n1,334\n38,484,000\nDecember 31, 2014\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n10\n Romania\n19,822,000\n2.36\n-0.41\n-81,000\n-\n19,942,642\nJanuary 1, 2014\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n11\n Netherlands\n17,003,777\n2.02\n0.37\n62,000\n189\n17,090,700\nNovember 13, 2017\nOfficial population clock\nEU\n\n\n12\n Belgium\n11,455,474\n1.34\n0.52\n58,000\n134\n11,370,968\nAugust 1, 2017\nMonthly official estimate\nEU\n\n\n13\n Greece\n11,183,716\n1.28\n0.16\n-12,000\n-\n10,816,286\nMay 24, 2011\nFinal 2011 census result\nEU\n\n\n14\n Czech Republic\n10,535,000\n1.25\n-0.06\n-6,000\n-\n10,588,063\nJuly 30, 2017\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n15\n Portugal\n10,311,000\n1.23\n-0.56\n-58,000\n-\n10,309,573\nDecember 31, 2016\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n16\n Sweden\n9,858,794\n1.17\n1.03\n100,000\n68\n10,081,396\nAugust 31, 2017\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n17\n Hungary\n9,835,000\n1.17\n-0.28\n-28,000\n-\n9,849,000\nDecember 31, 2014\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n18\n Azerbaijan\n9,651,000\n1.15\n1.23\n117,000\n57\n9,593,000\nJanuary 1, 2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n\n19\n Belarus\n9,481,000\n1.13\n0.00\n0\n-\n9,481,100\nApril 1, 2015\nOfficial estimate\nEAEU\n\n\n20\n Austria\n8,608,000\n1.02\n0.67\n57,000\n104\n8,794,267\nJuly 1, 2018\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n21\n Switzerland\n8,265,000\n0.98\n0.87\n71,000\n80\n8,211,700\nSeptember 30, 2014\nOfficial estimate\nEFTA\n\n\n22\n Bulgaria\n7,185,000\n0.86\n-0.57\n-41,000\n-\n7,245,677\nDecember 31, 2013\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n23\n Serbia\n7,103,000\n0.85\n-0.41\n-29,000\n-\n7,146,759\nJanuary 1, 2014\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n\n24\n Denmark\n5,673,000\n0.68\n0.48\n27,000\n145\n5,659,715\nJanuary 1, 2015\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n25\n Finland\n5,475,000\n0.65\n0.11\n6,000\n632\n5,473,465\nMarch 31, 2015\nMonthly official estimate\nEU\n\n\n26\n Slovakia\n5,426,000\n0.65\n0.13\n7,000\n537\n5,415,949\nSeptember 30, 2014\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n27\n Norway\n5,194,000\n0.62\n1.11\n57,000\n63\n5,165,802\nJanuary 1, 2015\nOfficial estimate\nEFTA\n\n\n28\n Ireland\n4,630,000\n0.55\n0.35\n16,000\n200\n4,761,865\nApril 2016\nPreliminary 2016 census result\nEU\n\n\n29\n Croatia\n4,230,000\n0.50\n-0.31\n-13,000\n-\n4,267,558\nJuly 1, 2012\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n30\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n3,750,000\n0.45\n-0.64\n-24,000\n-\n3,791,622\nOctober 1, 2013\nPreliminary 2013 census result\n\n\n\n31\n Georgia\n3,707,000\n0.44\n-1.23\n-46,000\n-\n3,729,500\nJanuary 1, 2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n\n32\n Moldova\n3,564,000\n0.42\n0.48\n17,000\n145\n3,555,200\nJanuary 1, 2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n\n33\n Armenia\n3,010,000\n0.36\n-0.03\n-1,000\n-\n3,010,600\nDecember 31, 2014\nMonthly official estimate\nEAEU\n\n\n34\n Lithuania\n2,906,000\n0.35\n-0.85\n-25,000\n-\n2,912,566\nApril 1, 2015\nMonthly official estimate\nEU\n\n\n35\n Albania\n2,887,000\n0.34\n-0.41\n-12,000\n-\n2,893,005\nJanuary 1, 2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n\n36\n Macedonia\n2,071,000\n0.25\n0.15\n3,000\n478\n2,069,172\nDecember 31, 2014\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n\n37\n Slovenia\n2,065,000\n0.25\n0.15\n3,000\n477\n2,062,731\nOctober 1, 2014\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n38\n Latvia\n1,979,000\n0.24\n-0.90\n-18,000\n-\n1,983,300\nApril 1, 2015\nMonthly official estimate\nEU\n\n\n\n Kosovo\n1,867,000\n0.22\n1.08\n20,000\n64\n1,815,606\nDecember 31, 2012\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n\n39\n Estonia\n1,315,000\n0.16\n0.46\n6,000\n152\n1,315,635\nJanuary 1, 2017\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n40\n Cyprus\n876,000\n0.10\n0.46\n4,000\n151\n865,900\nDecember 31, 2012\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n41\n Montenegro\n620,000\n0.07\n0.00\n0\n-\n620,029\nApril 1, 2011\n2011 census result\n\n\n\n42\n Luxembourg\n570,000\n0.07\n2.52\n14,000\n28\n562,958\nDecember 31, 2014\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n43\n Malta\n425,000\n0.05\n0.47\n2,000\n147\n417,432\nNovember 20, 2011\n2011 census result\nEU\n\n\n44\n Iceland\n331,000\n0.04\n1.22\n4,000\n57\n329,100\nJanuary 1, 2015\nOfficial estimate\nEFTA\n\n\n\n Jersey (UK)\n103,000\n0.01\n0.98\n1,000\n71\n97,857\nMarch 27, 2011\n2011 census result\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man (UK)\n89,000\n0.01\n1.14\n1,000\n61\n84,497\nMarch 27, 2011\n2011 census result\n\n\n\n45\n Andorra\n78,000\n0.01\n1.30\n1,000\n54\n76,949\n2014\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey (UK)\n66,000\n0.01\n1.54\n1,000\n45\n65,150\nMarch 31, 2014\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands (Denmark)\n49,000\n0.01\n0.00\n0\n-\n48,693\nFebruary 1, 2015\nMonthly official estimate\n\n\n\n46\n Liechtenstein\n37,000\n0.00\n0.00\n0\n-\n37,370\nDecember 31, 2014\nOfficial estimate\nEFTA\n\n\n47\n Monaco\n37,000\n0.00\n0.00\n0\n-\n36,950\nDecember 31, 2013\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar (UK)[9]\n34,000\n0.00\n3.03\n1,000\n23\n30,001\n2012\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n48\n San Marino\n33,000\n0.00\n0.00\n0\n-\n32,798\nFebruary 28, 2015\nMonthly official estimate\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n29,000\n0.00\n0.00\n0\n-\n28,666\nDecember 31, 2013\nOfficial estimate\nEU\n\n\n\n Svalbard (Norway)\n3,000\n0.00\n0.00\n0\n-\n2,575\nJuly 1, 2014\nOfficial estimate\nEFTA\n\n\n49\n Vatican City\n451\n0.00\n0.00\n0\n-\n0\n2012\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n840,023,805\n100.00\n0.33\n2,746,307\n210\n\n\n" ]
[ "Germany" ]
-3400887862183050584
List of US Open women's singles champions
List of US Open women 's singles champions - wikipedia List of US Open women 's singles champions Jump to : navigation , search US Open Women 's Singles Champions Location Queens -- New York City United States Venue USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center Governing body USTA Created 1887 ; 131 years ago ( 1887 ) Editions 131 ( 2017 ) Open Era : 50 ( 2017 ) Surface Grass ( 1887 -- 1974 ) Clay ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Hard ( 1978 -- present ) Prize money Total : US $36,324,000 ( 2016 ) Winner : US $3,500,000 ( 2016 ) Trophy US Open Trophy Website Official website Most titles Amateur era 8 : Molla Bjurstedt Mallory Open era 6 : Chris Evert 6 : Serena Williams Most consecutive titles Amateur era 4 : Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 4 : Helen Jacobs Open era 4 : Chris Evert Current champion 2017 : Sloane Stephens The US Open women 's singles championship is an annual tennis event that is being held since 1887 as part of the US Open tournament . The tournament is played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park , New York City . The US Open is played during a two - week period in late August and early September and has been chronologically the last of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis year since 1987 . The Philadelphia Cricket Club ( 1887 -- 1920 ) and Forest Hills ( 1921 -- 1977 ) hosted the event before it settled in 1978 at its current site . The United States Tennis Association is the national body that organizes this event . The champion receives a full - size replica of the event 's trophy engraved with her name . In 2016 , the winner received prize money of US $3,500,000 . A bonus pool of US $1,000,000 is also paid to US Open champions who finished in first place during the US Open Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Format 1.2 Surface 2 Finals 2.1 U.S. National Championships 2.2 US Open 3 Statistics 3.1 Multiple champions 3.2 Champions by country 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The format of the women 's singles event has undergone several changes since the first edition . From 1888 through 1918 , the event started with a knockout phase , the All - Comers singles , whose winner faced the defending champion in a challenge round . The All - Comers winner was awarded the title by default six times ( 1893 , 1899 , 1900 , 1905 , 1906 and 1907 ) in the absence of the previous year 's champion . The challenge round system was abolished with the 1919 edition . Since 1887 , all matches have been played as the best - of - three sets , except in the eleven - year period from 1891 until 1901 , when the challenge round was scored the best - of - five - sets . From 1894 until 1901 the women were required to play best - of - five sets in both the all - comers final and the challenge round . Format ( edit ) Since 1887 , the winner of the next game at five - games -- all took the set in every match except the All - Comers final and the challenge round , which was won by the player who had won at least six games and at least two games more than his opponent . This advantage format was introduced for the final sets of early rounds , for women starting in 1887 , and used for all sets in final rounds from 1887 through 1969 . The tie - break system was introduced in 1970 for all sets , in its best - of - nine points sudden death version until 1974 , and in its best - of - 12 points lingering death version since 1975 . The US Open is the only Grand Slam tournament to have a third set tie - break , which has occurred twice in women 's singles finals in 1981 and in 1985 . Surface ( edit ) The court surface changed twice , from grass ( 1887 -- 1974 ) , to Har - Tru clay ( 1975 -- 1977 ) , to hard courts since 1978 . No women 's tennis player won the event on all three surfaces , and no women 's tennis player won it on both grass and clay . Chris Evert was the only one to win the event on clay and on hard court , thereby making her the only woman to win on two different surfaces at the event . Finals ( edit ) Key Regular competition All Comers ' winner , Challenge round winner ‡ Defending champion , Challenge round winner † All Comers ' winner , no Challenge round ◊ US National Championships ( edit ) Elisabeth Moore is a four - time champion Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman is a four - time champion Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 's eight US singles championships is the all -- time record among both men and women . Helen Wills Moody is a seven - time champion Maureen Connolly Brinker was a three - time champion Year Country Champion Country Runner -- up Score 1887 USA Hansell , Ellen Ellen Hansell USA Knight , Laura Laura Knight 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 1888 USA Townsend , Bertha Bertha Townsend ‡ USA Hansell , Ellen Ellen Hansell 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 5 1889 USA Townsend , Bertha Bertha Townsend † ( 2 ) USA Voorhees , Lida Lida Voorhees 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 1890 USA Roosevelt , Ellen Ellen Roosevelt ‡ USA Townsend , Bertha Bertha Townsend 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1891 Ireland Cahill , Mabel Mabel Cahill ‡ USA Roosevelt , Ellen Ellen Roosevelt 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1892 Ireland Cahill , Mabel Mabel Cahill † ( 2 ) USA Moore , Elisabeth Elisabeth Moore 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1893 USA Terry , Aline Aline Terry ◊ USA Schultz , Augusta Augusta Schultz 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1894 USA Hellwig , Helen Helen Hellwig ‡ USA Terry , Aline Aline Terry 7 -- 5 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1895 USA Atkinson , Juliette Juliette Atkinson ‡ USA Hellwig , Helen Helen Hellwig 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1896 USA Moore , Elisabeth Elisabeth Moore ‡ USA Atkinson , Juliette Juliette Atkinson 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1897 USA Atkinson , Juliette Juliette Atkinson ‡ USA Moore , Elisabeth Elisabeth Moore ( 2 ) 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1898 USA Atkinson , Juliette Juliette Atkinson † ( 3 ) USA Jones , Marion Marion Jones 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1899 USA Jones , Marion Marion Jones ◊ USA Banks , Maud Maud Banks 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 1900 USA McAteer , Myrtle Myrtle McAteer ◊ USA Parker , Edith Edith Parker 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1901 USA Moore , Elisabeth Elisabeth Moore ‡ ( 2 ) USA McAteer , Myrtle Myrtle McAteer 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1902 USA Jones , Marion Marion Jones ‡ ( 2 ) USA Moore , Elisabeth Elisabeth Moore 6 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 , retired 1903 USA Moore , Elisabeth Elisabeth Moore ‡ ( 3 ) USA Jones , Marion Marion Jones 7 -- 5 , 8 -- 6 1904 USA Sutton , May May Sutton ‡ USA Moore , Elisabeth Elisabeth Moore 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1905 USA Moore , Elisabeth Elisabeth Moore ◊ ( 4 ) USA Homans , Helen Helen Homans 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 1906 USA Homans , Helen Helen Homans ◊ USA Barger - Wallach , Maud Maud Barger - Wallach 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1907 USA Sears , Evelyn Evelyn Sears ◊ USA Neely , Carrie Carrie Neely 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1908 USA Barger - Wallach , Maud Maud Barger - Wallach ‡ USA Sears , Evelyn Evelyn Sears 6 -- 3 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1909 USA Hotchkiss Wightman , Hazel Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ‡ USA Barger - Wallach , Maud Maud Barger - Wallach 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 1 1910 USA Hotchkiss Wightman , Hazel Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman † ( 2 ) USA Hammond Raymond , Louise Louise Hammond Raymond 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1911 USA Hotchkiss Wightman , Hazel Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman † ( 3 ) USA Sutton , Florence Florence Sutton 8 -- 10 , 6 -- 1 , 9 -- 7 1912 USA Browne , Mary Mary Browne ‡ USA Sears , Eleonora Eleonora Sears 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1913 USA Browne , Mary Mary Browne † ( 2 ) USA Green , Dorothy Dorothy Green 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 1914 USA Browne , Mary Mary Browne † ( 3 ) USA Wagner , Marie Marie Wagner 6 -- 2 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1915 NOR Bjurstedt , Molla Molla Bjurstedt ‡ USA Hotchkiss Wightman , Hazel Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1916 NOR Bjurstedt , Molla Molla Bjurstedt † ( 2 ) USA Hammond Raymond , Louise Louise Hammond Raymond 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 1 1917 NOR Bjurstedt , Molla Molla Bjurstedt † ( 3 ) USA Marion Vanderhoef 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 1918 NOR Bjurstedt , Molla Molla Bjurstedt † ( 4 ) USA Goss , Eleanor Eleanor Goss 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1919 USA Hotchkiss Wightman , Hazel Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ( 4 ) USA Zinderstein , Marion Marion Zinderstein 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1920 USA Mallory , Molla Molla Mallory ( 5 ) USA Zinderstein , Marion Marion Zinderstein 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1921 USA Mallory , Molla Molla Mallory ( 6 ) USA Browne , Mary Mary Browne 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1922 USA Mallory , Molla Molla Mallory ( 7 ) USA Wills , Helen Helen Wills 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1923 USA Wills , Helen Helen Wills USA Mallory , Molla Molla Mallory 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1924 USA Wills , Helen Helen Wills ( 2 ) USA Mallory , Molla Molla Mallory 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1925 USA Wills , Helen Helen Wills ( 3 ) GBR McKane Godfree , Kitty Kitty McKane Godfree 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 1926 USA Mallory , Molla Molla Mallory ( 8 ) USA Ryan , Elizabeth Elizabeth Ryan 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 9 -- 7 1927 USA Wills , Helen Helen Wills ( 4 ) GBR Nuthall , Betty Betty Nuthall 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1928 USA Wills , Helen Helen Wills ( 5 ) USA Jacobs , Helen Helen Jacobs 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1929 USA Wills , Helen Helen Wills ( 6 ) GBR Holcroft Watson , Phoebe Phoebe Holcroft Watson 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1930 GBR Nuthall , Betty Betty Nuthall USA McCune Harper , Anna Anna McCune Harper 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1931 USA Wills Moody , Helen Helen Wills Moody ( 7 ) GBR Bennett Whittingstall , Eileen Eileen Bennett Whittingstall 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 1932 USA Jacobs , Helen Helen Jacobs USA Babcock Stark , Carolin Carolin Babcock Stark 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1933 USA Jacobs , Helen Helen Jacobs ( 2 ) USA Wills Moody , Helen Helen Wills Moody 8 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 3 -- 0 , retired 1934 USA Jacobs , Helen Helen Jacobs ( 3 ) USA Palfrey Cooke , Sarah Sarah Palfrey Cooke 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1935 USA Jacobs , Helen Helen Jacobs ( 4 ) USA Palfrey Cooke , Sarah Sarah Palfrey Cooke 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1936 USA Marble , Alice Alice Marble USA Jacobs , Helen Helen Jacobs 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1937 CHI Lizana , Anita Anita Lizana POL Jędrzejowska , Jadwiga Jadwiga Jędrzejowska 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1938 USA Marble , Alice Alice Marble ( 2 ) AUS Wynne Bolton , Nancye Nancye Wynne Bolton 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 1939 USA Marble , Alice Alice Marble ( 3 ) USA Jacobs , Helen Helen Jacobs 6 -- 0 , 8 -- 10 , 6 -- 4 1940 USA Marble , Alice Alice Marble ( 4 ) USA Jacobs , Helen Helen Jacobs 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1941 USA Palfrey Cooke , Sarah Sarah Palfrey Cooke USA Betz , Pauline Pauline Betz 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 1942 USA Betz , Pauline Pauline Betz USA Brough , Louise Louise Brough 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1943 USA Betz , Pauline Pauline Betz ( 2 ) USA Brough , Louise Louise Brough 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 1944 USA Betz , Pauline Pauline Betz ( 3 ) USA Osborne duPont , Margaret Margaret Osborne duPont 6 -- 3 , 8 -- 6 1945 USA Palfrey Cooke , Sarah Sarah Palfrey Cooke ( 2 ) USA Betz , Pauline Pauline Betz 3 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1946 USA Betz , Pauline Pauline Betz ( 4 ) USA Hart , Doris Doris Hart 11 -- 9 , 6 -- 3 1947 USA Brough , Louise Louise Brough USA Osborne duPont , Margaret Margaret Osborne duPont 8 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1948 USA Osborne duPont , Margaret Margaret Osborne duPont USA Brough , Louise Louise Brough 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 15 -- 13 1949 USA Osborne duPont , Margaret Margaret Osborne duPont ( 2 ) USA Hart , Doris Doris Hart 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1950 USA Osborne duPont , Margaret Margaret Osborne duPont ( 3 ) USA Hart , Doris Doris Hart 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1951 USA Connolly , Maureen Maureen Connolly USA Fry Irvin , Shirley Shirley Fry Irvin 6 -- 3 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1952 USA Connolly , Maureen Maureen Connolly ( 2 ) USA Hart , Doris Doris Hart 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 1953 USA Connolly , Maureen Maureen Connolly ( 3 ) USA Hart , Doris Doris Hart 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1954 USA Hart , Doris Doris Hart USA Brough , Louise Louise Brough 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 1 , 8 -- 6 1955 USA Hart , Doris Doris Hart ( 2 ) GBR Ward Hales , Patricia Patricia Ward Hales 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1956 USA Fry Irvin , Shirley Shirley Fry Irvin USA Gibson , Althea Althea Gibson 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1957 USA Gibson , Althea Althea Gibson USA Brough , Louise Louise Brough 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1958 USA Gibson , Althea Althea Gibson ( 2 ) USA Hard , Darlene Darlene Hard 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1959 BRA Bueno , Maria Maria Bueno GBR Truman Janes , Christine Christine Truman Janes 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1960 USA Hard , Darlene Darlene Hard BRA Bueno , Maria Maria Bueno 6 -- 4 , 10 -- 12 , 6 -- 4 1961 USA Hard , Darlene Darlene Hard ( 2 ) GBR Haydon Jones , Ann Ann Haydon Jones 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1962 AUS Court , Margaret Margaret Court USA Hard , Darlene Darlene Hard 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 1963 BRA Bueno , Maria Maria Bueno ( 2 ) AUS Court , Margaret Margaret Court 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 1964 BRA Bueno , Maria Maria Bueno ( 3 ) USA Caldwell Graebner , Carole Carole Caldwell Graebner 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 1965 AUS Court , Margaret Margaret Court ( 2 ) USA King , Billie Jean Billie Jean King 8 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1966 BRA Bueno , Maria Maria Bueno ( 4 ) USA Richey , Nancy Nancy Richey 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1967 USA King , Billie Jean Billie Jean King GBR Haydon Jones , Ann Ann Haydon Jones 11 -- 9 , 6 -- 4 US Open ( edit ) Billie Jean King is a four - time champion overall and a three - time champion in the open era , and won three in four - year timespan American Chris Evert won an Open Era record four consecutive titles at the US Open between 1975 and 1978 , and a record six overall ( shared with Serena Williams ) with victories in 1980 and 1982 . Steffi Graf is a five - time champion . Serena Williams is a six - time champion , winning these over a fifteen - year period . She shares the Open Era titles record with Chris Evert . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score 1968 GBR Wade , Virginia Virginia Wade USA King , Billie Jean Billie Jean King 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1969 AUS Court , Margaret Margaret Court ( 3 ) USA Richey , Nancy Nancy Richey 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1970 AUS Court , Margaret Margaret Court ( 4 ) USA Casals , Rosemary Rosemary Casals 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1971 USA King , Billie Jean Billie Jean King ( 2 ) USA Casals , Rosemary Rosemary Casals 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 1972 USA King , Billie Jean Billie Jean King ( 3 ) AUS Melville Reid , Kerry Kerry Melville Reid 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 1973 AUS Court , Margaret Margaret Court ( 5 ) AUS Goolagong Cawley , Evonne Evonne Goolagong Cawley 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 USA King , Billie Jean Billie Jean King ( 4 ) AUS Goolagong Cawley , Evonne Evonne Goolagong Cawley 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 USA Evert , Chris Chris Evert AUS Goolagong Cawley , Evonne Evonne Goolagong Cawley 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1976 USA Evert , Chris Chris Evert ( 2 ) AUS Goolagong Cawley , Evonne Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 1977 USA Evert , Chris Chris Evert ( 3 ) AUS Turnbull , Wendy Wendy Turnbull 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1978 USA Evert , Chris Chris Evert ( 4 ) USA Shriver , Pam Pam Shriver 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 1979 USA Austin , Tracy Tracy Austin USA Evert , Chris Chris Evert 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1980 USA Evert , Chris Chris Evert ( 5 ) TCH Mandlíková , Hana Hana Mandlíková 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 1981 USA Austin , Tracy Tracy Austin ( 2 ) USA Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova 1 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 1982 USA Evert , Chris Chris Evert ( 6 ) TCH Mandlíková , Hana Hana Mandlíková 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 USA Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Evert , Chris Chris Evert 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1984 USA Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova ( 2 ) USA Evert , Chris Chris Evert 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1985 TCH Mandlíková , Hana Hana Mandlíková USA Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova 7 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 1986 USA Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova ( 3 ) TCH Suková , Helena Helena Suková 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 USA Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova ( 4 ) FRG Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1988 FRG Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf ARG Sabatini , Gabriela Gabriela Sabatini 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1989 FRG Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf ( 2 ) USA Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 1990 ARG Sabatini , Gabriela Gabriela Sabatini FRG Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 1991 YUG Seles , Monica Monica Seles USA Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1992 YUG Seles , Monica Monica Seles ( 2 ) ESP Sánchez Vicario , Arantxa Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1993 GER Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf ( 3 ) CZE Suková , Helena Helena Suková 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1994 ESP Sánchez Vicario , Arantxa Arantxa Sánchez Vicario GER Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf 1 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1995 GER Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf ( 4 ) USA Seles , Monica Monica Seles 7 -- 6 , 0 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 GER Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf ( 5 ) USA Seles , Monica Monica Seles 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 1997 SUI Hingis , Martina Martina Hingis USA Williams , Venus Venus Williams 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 1998 USA Davenport , Lindsay Lindsay Davenport SUI Hingis , Martina Martina Hingis 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 1999 USA Williams , Serena Serena Williams SUI Hingis , Martina Martina Hingis 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 2000 USA Williams , Venus Venus Williams USA Davenport , Lindsay Lindsay Davenport 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 2001 USA Williams , Venus Venus Williams ( 2 ) USA Williams , Serena Serena Williams 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 2002 USA Williams , Serena Serena Williams ( 2 ) USA Williams , Venus Venus Williams 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 2003 BEL Henin , Justine Justine Henin BEL Clijsters , Kim Kim Clijsters 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 RUS Kuznetsova , Svetlana Svetlana Kuznetsova RUS Dementieva , Elena Elena Dementieva 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 2005 BEL Clijsters , Kim Kim Clijsters FRA Pierce , Mary Mary Pierce 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 2006 RUS Sharapova , Maria Maria Sharapova BEL Henin , Justine Justine Henin 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 2007 BEL Henin , Justine Justine Henin ( 2 ) RUS Kuznetsova , Svetlana Svetlana Kuznetsova 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 2008 USA Williams , Serena Serena Williams ( 3 ) SRB Janković , Jelena Jelena Janković 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 2009 BEL Clijsters , Kim Kim Clijsters ( 2 ) DEN Wozniacki , Caroline Caroline Wozniacki 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 BEL Clijsters , Kim Kim Clijsters ( 3 ) RUS Zvonareva , Vera Vera Zvonareva 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 2011 AUS Stosur , Samantha Samantha Stosur USA Williams , Serena Serena Williams 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 2012 USA Williams , Serena Serena Williams ( 4 ) BLR Azarenka , Victoria Victoria Azarenka 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 2013 USA Williams , Serena Serena Williams ( 5 ) BLR Azarenka , Victoria Victoria Azarenka 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 2014 USA Williams , Serena Serena Williams ( 6 ) DEN Wozniacki , Caroline Caroline Wozniacki 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 2015 ITA Pennetta , Flavia Flavia Pennetta ITA Vinci , Roberta Roberta Vinci 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 2016 GER Kerber , Angelique Angelique Kerber CZE Plíšková , Karolína Karolína Plíšková 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2017 USA Stephens , Sloane Sloane Stephens USA Keys , Madison Madison Keys 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 Statistics ( edit ) In the U.S. National Championships , under the challenge round format , Elisabeth Moore ( 1896 , 1901 , 1903 , 1905 ) holds the record for most singles titles with four and Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ( 1909 -- 1911 ) holds the record for most consecutive women 's singles titles at three . With four consecutive singles titles each , Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 1915 -- 1918 ) and Helen Jacobs ( 1932 -- 1935 ) hold the record for most consecutive women 's singles titles won after the challenge round format was abolished . Bjurstedt Mallory 's eight singles titles ( 1915 -- 1918 , 1920 -- 1922 , 1926 ) is the all - time record . During the US Open , since the inclusion of the professional tennis players , Chris Evert ( 1975 -- 1978 ) holds the record for most consecutive women 's singles titles at four and the record for most overall titles at six ( 1975 -- 1978 , 1980 , 1982 ) with Serena Williams ( 1999 , 2002 , 2008 , 2012 -- 2014 ) . This event has been won without losing a set during the open era by Margaret Court in 1969 , Billie Jean King in 1971 and 1972 , Evert in 1976 , 1977 and 1978 , Martina Navratilova in 1983 and 1987 , Monica Seles in 1992 , Steffi Graf in 1996 , Martina Hingis in 1997 , Lindsay Davenport in 1998 , Venus Williams in 2001 , Serena Williams in 2002 , 2008 and 2014 , and Justine Henin in 2007 . Multiple champions ( edit ) Title defended in the challenge round Player Amateur Era Open Era All - time Years Bjurstedt Mallory , Molla Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( USA ) ( NOR ) 8 0 8 1915 , 1916 , 1917 , 1918 , 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1926 Wills Moody , Helen Helen Wills Moody ( USA ) 7 0 7 1923 , 1924 , 1925 , 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1931 Evert , Chris Chris Evert ( USA ) 0 6 6 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 Williams , Serena Serena Williams ( USA ) 0 6 6 1999 , 2002 , 2008 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 Court , Margaret Margaret Court ( AUS ) 5 1962 , 1965 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf ( GER ) 0 5 5 1988 , 1989 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 Moore , Elisabeth Elisabeth Moore ( USA ) 0 1896 , 1901 , 1903 , 1905 Hotchkiss Wightman , Hazel Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ( USA ) 0 1909 , 1910 , 1911 , 1919 Jacobs , Helen Helen Jacobs ( USA ) 0 1932 , 1933 , 1934 , 1935 Marble , Alice Alice Marble ( USA ) 0 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 Betz Addie , Pauline Pauline Betz Addie ( USA ) 0 1942 , 1943 , 1944 , 1946 Bueno , Maria Maria Bueno ( BRA ) 0 1959 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 King , Billie Jean Billie Jean King ( USA ) 1967 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova ( USA ) 0 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 Atkinson , Juliette Juliette Atkinson ( USA ) 0 1895 , 1897 , 1898 Browne , Mary Mary Browne ( USA ) 0 1912 , 1913 , 1914 Osborne duPont , Margaret Margaret Osborne duPont ( USA ) 0 1948 , 1949 , 1950 Connolly , Maureen Maureen Connolly ( USA ) 0 1951 , 1952 , 1953 Clijsters , Kim Kim Clijsters ( BEL ) 0 2005 , 2009 , 2010 Townsend , Bertha Bertha Townsend ( USA ) 0 1888 , 1889 Cahill , Mabel Mabel Cahill ( GBR ) 0 1891 , 1892 Jones , Marion Marion Jones ( USA ) 0 1899 , 1902 Palfrey Cooke , Sarah Sarah Palfrey Cooke ( USA ) 0 1941 , 1945 Hart , Doris Doris Hart ( USA ) 0 1954 , 1955 Gibson , Althea Althea Gibson ( USA ) 0 1957 , 1958 Hard , Darlene Darlene Hard ( USA ) 0 1960 , 1961 Austin , Tracy Tracy Austin ( USA ) 0 1979 , 1981 Seles , Monica Monica Seles ( SCG ) ( YUG ) 0 1991 , 1992 Williams , Venus Venus Williams ( USA ) 0 2000 , 2001 Henin , Justine Justine Henin ( BEL ) 0 2003 , 2007 Champions by country ( edit ) Former country ¤ Country Amateur Era Open Era All - time First title Last title United States 67 25 92 1887 2017 Australia 6 1962 2011 Germany 0 6 6 1988 2016 Belgium 0 5 5 2003 Brazil 0 1959 1966 Great Britain 1891 1968 Norway 0 1915 1918 Russia 0 2006 Argentina 0 1990 1990 Italy 0 2015 2015 Serbia and Montenegro ¤ 0 1992 1992 Yugoslavia ¤ 0 1991 1991 Chile 0 1937 1937 Czechoslovakia ¤ 0 1985 1985 Spain 0 1994 1994 Switzerland 0 1997 1997 See also ( edit ) Tennis portal US Open other competitions List of US Open men 's singles champions List of US Open men 's doubles champions List of US Open women 's doubles champions List of US Open mixed doubles champions Grand Slam women 's singles List of Australian Open women 's singles champions List of French Open women 's singles champions List of Wimbledon ladies ' singles champions List of Grand Slam women 's singles champions Notes ( edit ) Known as the U.S. National Championships during the Amateur Era . The tournament entered the Open Era with the 1968 edition , allowing professional players to compete alongside amateurs . The US Open specifically uses DecoTurf hard courts , categorized as a `` Medium '' speed surface by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . Each year is linked to an article about that particular event 's draw . The 1917 U.S. National Championships , taking place during World War I , were held as a National Patriotic Tournament awarding no prize to the winner . All two wins by players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ) . Czechoslovakia ( TCH , 1918 -- 1992 ) , evolved into Czech Republic ( CZE , 1992 -- present ) and Slovakia ( SVK , 1992 -- present ) . Two wins by a player from West Germany ( FRG , 1949 -- 1990 ) . FR Yugoslavia ( YUG , 1992 -- 2003 ) and Serbia and Montenegro ( SCG , 2003 -- 2006 ) , evolved into Serbia ( SRB , 2006 -- present ) and Montenegro ( MNE , 2006 -- present ) . References ( edit ) General `` History > Women 's Singles Championships '' . usopen.org . IBM , United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 13 . `` US National / US Open Championships '' ( PDF ) . usta.com . United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Tournament profile - US Open '' . atpworldtour.com . ATP Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the U.S. National Championships / US Open '' . usopen.org . IBM , United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` History > Women 's Singles Championships '' . usopen.org . IBM , United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` US National / US Open Championships '' ( PDF ) . usta.com . United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Fendrich , Howard ( 2008 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Federer feels ' much better ... than I ever have ' '' . USA Today . Associated Press ( AP ) . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ E.J. Crawford ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 US Open to feature richest purse in tennis history '' . United States Tennis Association ( USTA ) . Jump up ^ Andrew Das ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Record Prize Money at U.S. Open '' . www.nytimes.com . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Olympus US Open Series at a glance '' . usopenseries.com . United States Tennis Association . 2009 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Elisabeth Holmes Moore HOF Page '' . International Tennis Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Bud ( 2010 ) . The Bud Collins History of Tennis ( 2nd ed . ) . ( New York ) : New Chapter Press . pp. 453 , 465 -- 468 . ISBN 978 - 0942257700 . Jump up ^ Ohnsorg , Roger W. ( 2011 ) . Robert Lindley Murray : The Reluctant U.S. Tennis Champion ; includes `` The First Forty Years of American Tennis '' . Victoria , BC : Trafford Publishing . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4269 - 4514 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Axthelm , Pete ; Talbert , William F. ( 1967 ) . Tennis observed : The USLTA men 's singles champions , 1881 - 1966 . Barre Publishers . ^ Jump up to : `` History > Year - by - Year History '' . usopen.org . United States Tennis Association ( USTA ) . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking with tradition '' . The Age . The Age Company Ltd. 2004 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Adams , Susan B. ( 1998 - 08 - 30 ) . `` The U.S. Open : A Celebration - A Retrospective : The Men ; Twin Pillars of Fire and Ice '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` List of Classified Court Surfaces '' . itftennis.com . ITF Licensing . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Williams , Paul B. ; Grupp , George W. ; Ferris , John A. ( 1921 ) . United States Lawn Tennis Association and the World War . United States National Lawn Tennis Association , Robert Hamilton company . OCLC 07888301 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to US Open ( tennis ) . US Open official website US Open Pre Open Era 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles US Open women 's singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 U.S. National Championships women 's singles champions ( 1887 ) Ellen Hansell ( 1888 ) Bertha Townsend ( 1889 ) Bertha Townsend ( 1890 ) Ellen Roosevelt ( 1891 ) Mabel Cahill ( 1892 ) Mabel Cahill ( 1893 ) Aline Terry ( 1894 ) Helen Hellwig ( 1895 ) Juliette Atkinson ( 1896 ) Elisabeth Moore ( 1897 ) Juliette Atkinson ( 1898 ) Juliette Atkinson ( 1899 ) Marion Jones ( 1900 ) Myrtle McAteer ( 1901 ) Elisabeth Moore ( 1902 ) Marion Jones ( 1903 ) Elisabeth Moore ( 1904 ) May Sutton ( 1905 ) Elisabeth Moore ( 1906 ) Helen Homans ( 1907 ) Evelyn Sears ( 1908 ) Maud Barger - Wallach ( 1909 ) Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ( 1910 ) Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ( 1911 ) Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ( 1912 ) Mary Browne ( 1913 ) Mary Browne ( 1914 ) Mary Browne ( 1915 ) Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 1916 ) Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 1917 ) Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 1918 ) Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 1919 ) Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ( 1920 ) Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 1921 ) Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 1922 ) Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 1923 ) Helen Wills ( 1924 ) Helen Wills ( 1925 ) Helen Wills ( 1926 ) Molla Bjurstedt Mallory ( 1927 ) Helen Wills ( 1928 ) Helen Wills ( 1929 ) Helen Wills ( 1930 ) Betty Nuthall Shoemaker ( 1931 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1932 ) Helen Jacobs ( 1933 ) Helen Jacobs ( 1934 ) Helen Jacobs ( 1935 ) Helen Jacobs ( 1936 ) Alice Marble ( 1937 ) Anita Lizana ( 1938 ) Alice Marble ( 1939 ) Alice Marble ( 1940 ) Alice Marble ( 1941 ) Sarah Palfrey Cooke ( 1942 ) Pauline Betz Addie ( 1943 ) Pauline Betz Addie ( 1944 ) Pauline Betz Addie ( 1945 ) Sarah Palfrey Cooke ( 1946 ) Pauline Betz Addie ( 1947 ) Louise Brough Clapp ( 1948 ) Margaret Osborne duPont ( 1949 ) Margaret Osborne duPont ( 1950 ) Margaret Osborne duPont ( 1951 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1952 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1953 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1954 ) Doris Hart ( 1955 ) Doris Hart ( 1956 ) Shirley Fry Irvin ( 1957 ) Althea Gibson ( 1958 ) Althea Gibson ( 1959 ) Maria Bueno ( 1960 ) Darlene Hard ( 1961 ) Darlene Hard ( 1962 ) Margaret Court ( 1963 ) Maria Bueno ( 1964 ) Maria Bueno ( 1965 ) Margaret Court ( 1966 ) Maria Bueno ( 1967 ) Billie Jean King US Open women 's singles champions ( 1968 ) Virginia Wade ( 1969 ) Margaret Court ( 1970 ) Margaret Court ( 1971 ) Billie Jean King ( 1972 ) Billie Jean King ( 1973 ) Margaret Court ( 1974 ) Billie Jean King ( 1975 ) Chris Evert ( 1976 ) Chris Evert ( 1977 ) Chris Evert ( 1978 ) Chris Evert ( 1979 ) Tracy Austin ( 1980 ) Chris Evert ( 1981 ) Tracy Austin ( 1982 ) Chris Evert ( 1983 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1984 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1985 ) Hana Mandlíková ( 1986 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1987 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1988 ) Steffi Graf ( 1989 ) Steffi Graf ( 1990 ) Gabriela Sabatini ( 1991 ) Monica Seles ( 1992 ) Monica Seles ( 1993 ) Steffi Graf ( 1994 ) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 1995 ) Steffi Graf ( 1996 ) Steffi Graf ( 1997 ) Martina Hingis ( 1998 ) Lindsay Davenport ( 1999 ) Serena Williams ( 2000 ) Venus Williams ( 2001 ) Venus Williams ( 2002 ) Serena Williams ( 2003 ) Justine Henin ( 2004 ) Svetlana Kuznetsova ( 2005 ) Kim Clijsters ( 2006 ) Maria Sharapova ( 2007 ) Justine Henin ( 2008 ) Serena Williams ( 2009 ) Kim Clijsters ( 2010 ) Kim Clijsters ( 2011 ) Samantha Stosur ( 2012 ) Serena Williams ( 2013 ) Serena Williams ( 2014 ) Serena Williams ( 2015 ) Flavia Pennetta ( 2016 ) Angelique Kerber ( 2017 ) Sloane Stephens Grand Slam tournament champions Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Grand Slam overall records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_US_Open_women%27s_singles_champions&oldid=834391924 '' Categories : Lists of US Open ( tennis ) champions Lists of female tennis players Women 's tennis in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 13 : 52 . 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who has won the last year's women's singles title at the us open
[ "\n\nYear[d]\nCountry\nChampion\nCountry\nRunner-up\nScore\n\n\n1968\n GBR\nWade, VirginiaVirginia Wade\n USA\nKing, Billie JeanBillie Jean King\n6–4, 6–2\n\n\n1969\n AUS\nCourt, MargaretMargaret Court (3)\n USA\nRichey, NancyNancy Richey\n6–2, 6–2\n\n\n1970\n AUS\nCourt, MargaretMargaret Court (4)\n USA\nCasals, RosemaryRosemary Casals\n6–2, 2–6, 6–1\n\n\n1971\n USA\nKing, Billie JeanBillie Jean King (2)\n USA\nCasals, RosemaryRosemary Casals\n6–4, 7–6\n\n\n1972\n USA\nKing, Billie JeanBillie Jean King (3)\n AUS\nMelville Reid, KerryKerry Melville Reid\n6–3, 7–5\n\n\n1973\n AUS\nCourt, MargaretMargaret Court (5)\n AUS\nGoolagong Cawley, EvonneEvonne Goolagong Cawley\n7–6, 5–7, 6–2\n\n\n1974\n USA\nKing, Billie JeanBillie Jean King (4)\n AUS\nGoolagong Cawley, EvonneEvonne Goolagong Cawley\n3–6, 6–3, 7–5\n\n\n1975\n USA\nEvert, ChrisChris Evert\n AUS\nGoolagong Cawley, EvonneEvonne Goolagong Cawley\n5–7, 6–4, 6–2\n\n\n1976\n USA\nEvert, ChrisChris Evert (2)\n AUS\nGoolagong Cawley, EvonneEvonne Goolagong Cawley\n6–3, 6–0\n\n\n1977\n USA\nEvert, ChrisChris Evert (3)\n AUS\nTurnbull, WendyWendy Turnbull\n7–6, 6–2\n\n\n1978\n USA\nEvert, ChrisChris Evert (4)\n USA\nShriver, PamPam Shriver\n7–5, 6–4\n\n\n1979\n USA\nAustin, TracyTracy Austin\n USA\nEvert, ChrisChris Evert\n6–4, 6–3\n\n\n1980\n USA\nEvert, ChrisChris Evert (5)\n TCH[g]\nMandlíková, HanaHana Mandlíková\n5–7, 6–1, 6–1\n\n\n1981\n USA\nAustin, TracyTracy Austin (2)\n USA\nNavratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova\n1–6, 7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–1)\n\n\n1982\n USA\nEvert, ChrisChris Evert (6)\n TCH\nMandlíková, HanaHana Mandlíková\n6–3, 6–1\n\n\n1983\n USA\nNavratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova\n USA\nEvert, ChrisChris Evert\n6–1, 6–3\n\n\n1984\n USA\nNavratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova (2)\n USA\nEvert, ChrisChris Evert\n4–6, 6–4, 6–4\n\n\n1985\n TCH[g]\nMandlíková, HanaHana Mandlíková\n USA\nNavratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova\n7–6(7–3), 1–6, 7–6(7–2)\n\n\n1986\n USA\nNavratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova (3)\n TCH\nSuková, HelenaHelena Suková\n6–3, 6–2\n\n\n1987\n USA\nNavratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova (4)\n FRG\nGraf, SteffiSteffi Graf\n7–6(7–4), 6–1\n\n\n1988\n FRG[h]\nGraf, SteffiSteffi Graf\n ARG\nSabatini, GabrielaGabriela Sabatini\n6–3, 3–6, 6–1\n\n\n1989\n FRG[h]\nGraf, SteffiSteffi Graf (2)\n USA\nNavratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova\n3–6, 7–5, 6–1\n\n\n1990\n ARG\nSabatini, GabrielaGabriela Sabatini\n FRG\nGraf, SteffiSteffi Graf\n6–2, 7–6(7–4)\n\n\n1991\n YUG\nSeles, MonicaMonica Seles\n USA\nNavratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova\n7–6(7–1), 6–1\n\n\n1992\n YUG[i]\nSeles, MonicaMonica Seles (2)\n ESP\nSánchez Vicario, ArantxaArantxa Sánchez Vicario\n6–3, 6–3\n\n\n1993\n GER\nGraf, SteffiSteffi Graf (3)\n CZE\nSuková, HelenaHelena Suková\n6–3, 6–3\n\n\n1994\n ESP\nSánchez Vicario, ArantxaArantxa Sánchez Vicario\n GER\nGraf, SteffiSteffi Graf\n1–6, 7–6(7–3), 6–4\n\n\n1995\n GER\nGraf, SteffiSteffi Graf (4)\n USA\nSeles, MonicaMonica Seles\n7–6(8-6), 0–6, 6–3\n\n\n1996\n GER\nGraf, SteffiSteffi Graf (5)\n USA\nSeles, MonicaMonica Seles\n7–5, 6–4\n\n\n1997\n SUI\nHingis, MartinaMartina Hingis\n USA\nWilliams, VenusVenus Williams\n6–0, 6–4\n\n\n1998\n USA\nDavenport, LindsayLindsay Davenport\n SUI\nHingis, MartinaMartina Hingis\n6–3, 7–5\n\n\n1999\n USA\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams\n SUI\nHingis, MartinaMartina Hingis\n6–3, 7–6(7–4)\n\n\n2000\n USA\nWilliams, VenusVenus Williams\n USA\nDavenport, LindsayLindsay Davenport\n6–4, 7–5\n\n\n2001\n USA\nWilliams, VenusVenus Williams (2)\n USA\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams\n6–2, 6–4\n\n\n2002\n USA\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams (2)\n USA\nWilliams, VenusVenus Williams\n6–4, 6–3\n\n\n2003\n BEL\nHenin, JustineJustine Henin\n BEL\nClijsters, KimKim Clijsters\n7–5, 6–1\n\n\n2004\n RUS\nKuznetsova, SvetlanaSvetlana Kuznetsova\n RUS\nDementieva, ElenaElena Dementieva\n6–3, 7–5\n\n\n2005\n BEL\nClijsters, KimKim Clijsters\n FRA\nPierce, MaryMary Pierce\n6–3, 6–1\n\n\n2006\n RUS\nSharapova, MariaMaria Sharapova\n BEL\nHenin, JustineJustine Henin\n6–4, 6–4\n\n\n2007\n BEL\nHenin, JustineJustine Henin (2)\n RUS\nKuznetsova, SvetlanaSvetlana Kuznetsova\n6–1, 6–3\n\n\n2008\n USA\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams (3)\n SRB\nJanković, JelenaJelena Janković\n6–4, 7–5\n\n\n2009\n BEL\nClijsters, KimKim Clijsters (2)\n DEN\nWozniacki, CarolineCaroline Wozniacki\n7–5, 6–3\n\n\n2010\n BEL\nClijsters, KimKim Clijsters (3)\n RUS\nZvonareva, VeraVera Zvonareva\n6–2, 6–1\n\n\n2011\n AUS\nStosur, SamanthaSamantha Stosur\n USA\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams\n6–2, 6–3\n\n\n2012\n USA\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams (4)\n BLR\nAzarenka, VictoriaVictoria Azarenka\n6–2, 2–6, 7–5\n\n\n2013\n USA\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams (5)\n BLR\nAzarenka, VictoriaVictoria Azarenka\n7–5, 6–7(6–8), 6–1\n\n\n2014\n USA\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams (6)\n DEN\nWozniacki, CarolineCaroline Wozniacki\n6–3, 6–3\n\n\n2015\n ITA\nPennetta, FlaviaFlavia Pennetta\n ITA\nVinci, RobertaRoberta Vinci\n7–6(7–4), 6–2\n\n\n2016\n GER\nKerber, AngeliqueAngelique Kerber\n CZE\nPlíšková, KarolínaKarolína Plíšková\n6–3, 4–6, 6–4\n\n\n2017\n USA\nStephens, SloaneSloane Stephens\n USA\nKeys, MadisonMadison Keys\n6–3, 6–0\n\n" ]
[ "Sloane Stephens" ]
6458173010974276825
Timeline of World War II (1939)
Timeline of World War II ( 1939 ) - wikipedia Timeline of World War II ( 1939 ) Jump to : navigation , search World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Portal Category Bibliography Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude ( in Asia in Europe ) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 onwards By topic Diplomacy Declarations of war Engagements Operations Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies This is a timeline of events that stretched over the period of World War II . For events preceding September 1 , 1939 , see the timeline of events preceding World War II . Contents ( hide ) 1 September 1939 2 October 1939 3 November 1939 4 December 1939 5 See also 6 Notes and references September 1939 ( edit ) The Allies and Axis powers at the dawn of the German / Soviet invasion of Poland 1 : The Republic of China and the Empire of Japan are involved in the early stages of the third year of armed conflict between them during the Second Sino - Japanese War . The war is in what will be known as the `` Second Period '' , which starts in October 1938 and ends in December 1941 . This conflict will eventually be swept up into WWII when Japan joins the Axis and China joins the Allies . 1 : The Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany starts at 4 : 45 a.m. with the Luftwaffe attacking several targets in Poland . The Luftwaffe launches air attacks against Kraków , Łódź , and Warsaw . Within five minutes of the Luftwaffe attacks , Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine orders the old Battleship Schleswig - Holstein to open fire on the Polish military transit depot at Westerplatte in the Free City of Danzig on the Baltic Sea , but the attack is repulsed . By 8 : 00 a.m. , troops of the German Army , still without a formal declaration of war issued , launch an attack near the Polish town of Mokra . 1 : Norway and Switzerland declare their neutrality . 1 : The British government declares general mobilization of the British Armed Forces and starts evacuation plans in preparation of German air attacks . 2 : The United Kingdom and France issue a joint ultimatum to Germany , requiring German troops to evacuate Polish territory ; President Douglas Hyde of the Republic of Ireland declares the neutrality of his nation ; the Swiss government orders a general mobilization of its forces . 2 : The National Service ( Armed Forces ) Act 1939 is enacted immediately and enforces full conscription on all males between 18 and 41 resident in the UK . 2 : The Free City of Danzig is annexed by Germany . Resistors entrenched in the city 's Polish Post Office are overwhelmed . 3 : At 11 : 15 a.m. British Standard Time ( BST ) , British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain announces on BBC Radio that the deadline of the final British ultimatum for the withdrawal of German troops from Poland expired at 11 : 00am and that `` consequently this nation is at war with Germany '' . Australia , India , and New Zealand also declare war on Germany within hours of Britain 's declaration . 3 : At 12 : 30pm BST the French Government delivers a similar final ultimatum ; which expires at 3 : 00pm BST . 3 : Within hours of the British declaration of War , SS Athenia , a British cruise ship en route from Glasgow , Scotland to Montreal , Quebec , Canada is torpedoed by the German submarine U-30 250 miles ( 400 km ) Northwest of Ireland . 112 passengers and crew members are killed . The `` Battle of the Atlantic '' starts . 3 : Bromberg massacre : many ethnic German civilians are killed in the Polish city of Bromberg . 4 : At 8 : 00 a.m. Newfoundland Standard Time ( NST ) , Dominion of Newfoundland declares war on Germany . 4 : In the first British offensive action of the War , the Royal Air Force launch a raid on the German fleet in the Heligoland Bight . They target the German pocket - battleship Admiral Scheer anchored off Wilhelmshaven at the western end of the Kiel Canal . Several aircraft are lost in the attack and , although the German vessel is hit three times , all of the bombs fail to explode . 4 : Japan announces its neutrality in the European situation . The British Admiralty announces the beginning of a naval blockade on Germany , one of a range of measures by which the British will wage economic warfare on the Axis powers . 4 : The United States launches the Neutrality Patrol . 5 : South African Prime Minister Barry Hertzog fails to gain support for a declaration of South African neutrality and is deposed by a party caucus for Deputy Prime Minister Jan Smuts . 5 : The United States publicly declares neutrality . 6 : South Africa , now under Prime Minister Jan Smuts , declares war on Germany . 6 : Battle of Barking Creek , a friendly fire incident , results in the first RAF fighter pilot fatality of the War . 6 : The German army occupies Kraków in the south of Poland ; Polish army is in general retreat . 7 : France begins a token offensive , moving into German territory near Saarbrücken . 7 : The National Registration Act 1939 is passed in Britain introducing identity cards and allowing the government to control labour . 8 : The British Government announces the re-introduction of the convoy system for merchant ships and a full - scale blockade on German shipping . 9 : The French Saar Offensive stalls at the heavily mined Warndt Forest having advanced approximately 8 miles ( 13 km ) into lightly defended German territory . 10 : After passing both Houses of the Canadian parliament by unanimous consent and receiving Royal Assent by the Governor General of Canada , Lord Tweedsmuir , Canada declares war on Germany on September 10th . 11 : Viceroy of India Lord Linlithgow announces to the two houses of the Indian Legislature ( the Council of State and the Legislative Assembly ) that due to India 's participation in the war , the plans for the Federation of India under the Government of India Act 1935 will be indefinitely postponed . 12 : General Gamelin orders a halt to the French advance into Germany . 15 : The Polish Army is ordered to hold out at the Romanian border until the Allies arrive . 16 : The German Army complete the encirclement of Warsaw . 16 : The French complete their retreat from Germany , ending the Saar Offensive . 17 : The Soviet Union invades Poland from the east , occupying the territory east of the Curzon line as well as Białystok and Eastern Galicia . 17 : Aircraft carrier HMS Courageous is torpedoed and sunk by U-29 on patrol off the coast of Ireland . 17 : The Imperial Japanese Army launches attacks on the Chinese city of Changsha , when their forces in northern Jiangxi attacked westward toward Henan . 18 : Polish President Ignacy Mościcki and Commander - in - Chief Edward Rydz - Śmigły leave Poland for Romania , where they are both interned ; Russian forces reach Vilnius and Brest - Litovsk . Polish submarine escapes from Tallinn - Estonia 's neutrality is questioned by the Soviet Union and Germany . 19 : The German and Soviet armies link up near Brest Litovsk . 19 : Soviet Union blockades the harbour of Tallinn , the capital of Estonia . 19 : The Japanese Imperial Army attacks the Chinese National Revolutionary Army along the Xinqiang River using poison gas during the Battle of Changsha . 20 : German submarine U-27 is sunk with depth charges from the British destroyers HMS Fortune and HMS Forester . 21 : Romanian Prime Minister Armand Călinescu is assassinated by the Iron Guard , an ultra-nationalistic group in Romania . 23 : The Imperial Japanese Army drive the Chinese National Revolutionary Army out of the Sinchiang river area , and the 6th and 13th Divisions cross the river under artillery cover and advances further south along the Miluo River during the Battle of Changsha . 24 : Soviet air force violates Estonian airspace . The Estonians negotiate with Molotov in Moscow . Molotov warns the Estonians that if the Soviet Union does n't get military bases in Estonia , it will be forced to use `` more radical actions '' . 25 : German home front measures begin with food rationing . 25 : Soviet air activity in Estonia . Soviet troops along the Estonian border include 600 tanks , 600 aircraft and 160 000 men . 26 : Following a massive artillery bombardment , the Germans launch a major infantry assault on the centre of Warsaw . 26 : Russian bombers seen in the Tallinn sky . 27 : In the first offensive operations by the German Army in Western Europe , guns on the Siegfried Line open up on villages behind French Maginot line . 28 : German - Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty is signed by Molotov and Ribbentrop . The secret protocol specifies the details of partition of Poland originally defined in Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact ( August 23 , 1939 ) and adds Lithuania to the Soviet Union sphere of interest . 28 : The remaining Polish army and militia in the centre of Warsaw capitulate to the Germans . 28 : Soviet troops mass by the Latvian border . Latvian air space violated . 28 : Estonia signs a 10 - year Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union , which allows the Soviets to have 30 000 - men military bases in Estonia . As a gift in return Stalin promises to respect Estonian independence . 29 : The Japanese Imperial Army reaches the outskirts of Changsha . However , it is unable to conquer the city because its supply lines are cut off by the Chinese National Revolutionary Army . 30 : The German pocket - battleship Admiral Graf Spee sinks its first merchant ship , the British freighter Clement while off the coast of Pernambuco , Brazil . 30 : French forces on the French - German border fall back to the Maginot Line in anticipation of a German invasion . October 1939 ( edit ) 2 : Latvian representatives negotiate with Stalin and Molotov . Soviets threaten an occupation by force if they do not get military bases in Latvia . 2 : Declaration of Panama is approved by American Republics . Belligerent activities should not take place within waters adjacent to the American continent . A neutrality zone of some 300 miles ( 480 km ) in breadth is to be patrolled by the U.S. Navy . 3 : British forces move to the Belgian border , anticipating a German invasion of the West . 3 : Lithuanians meet Stalin and Molotov in Moscow . Stalin offers Lithuania the city of Vilnius ( in Poland ) in return for allowing Soviet military bases in Lithuania . The Lithuanians are reluctant . 5 : Latvia signs a 10 - year Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union , which allows the Soviets to have 25,000 men in military bases in Latvia . Stalin promises to respect Latvian independence . 6 : Chinese army reportedly defeats the Japanese at the Battle of Changsha . 6 : Polish resistance in the Polish September Campaign comes to an end . Hitler speaks before the Reichstag , declaring a desire for a conference with Britain and France to restore peace . 7 : Lithuanians again meet the Soviets in Moscow . The Soviets demand military bases . 9 : Germany issues orders ( Case Yellow ) to prepare for the invasion of Belgium , France , Luxembourg , and the Netherlands . 10 : The last of Poland 's military surrenders to the Germans . 10 : The leaders of the German navy suggest to Hitler they need to occupy Norway . 10 : British Prime Minister Chamberlain declines Hitler 's offer of peace . 10 : Lithuania signs a 15 - year Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union , which allows the Soviets to have 20,000 men in military bases in Lithuania . In a secret protocol , Vilnius is made Lithuanian territory . 11 : An estimated 158,000 British troops are now in France . 12 : Adolf Eichmann starts deporting Jews from Austria and Czechoslovakia into Poland . 12 : French Premier Édouard Daladier declines Hitler 's offer of peace . 12 : Finland 's representatives meet Stalin and Molotov in Moscow . Soviet Union demands Finland give up a military base near Helsinki and exchange some Soviet and Finnish territories to protect Leningrad against Great Britain or the eventual future threat of Germany . 14 : The British battleship HMS Royal Oak is sunk in Scapa Flow harbour by U-47 , under the command of Günther Prien . 14 : Finns meet Stalin again . Stalin tells that `` an accident '' might happen between Finnish and Soviet troops , if the negotiations last too long . 16 : First air attack on Great Britain , aimed at ships in the Firth of Forth , Scotland . 18 : First Soviet forces enter Estonia . During the Umsiedlung , 12,600 Baltic Germans leave Estonia . 19 : Portions of Poland are formally inducted into Germany ; the first Jewish ghetto is established at Lublin . 20 : The `` Phoney War '' : French troops settle in the Maginot line 's dormitories and tunnels ; the British build new fortifications along the `` gap '' between the Maginot line and the Channel . 20 : Pope Pius XII 's first encyclical condemns racism and dictatorships . 27 : Belgium announces that it is neutral in the present conflict . 30 : The British government releases a report on concentration camps being built in Europe for Jews and anti-Nazis . 31 : As Germany plans for an attack on France , German Lieutenant - General Erich von Manstein proposes that Germany attack through the Ardennes rather than through Belgium - the expected attack route . November 1939 ( edit ) 1 : Parts of Poland , including the Danzig Corridor , are annexed by Germany . Soviet Union annexes the eastern parts of occupied Poland to Ukraine and Belorussia . 3 : Finland and Soviet Union again negotiate new borders . Finns mistrust Stalin 's aims and refuse to give up territory breaking their defensive line . 4 : The U.S. Neutrality Act is passed : the French and British may buy arms , but on a strictly cash basis . American isolationists find the act an `` outrage . '' 4 : A German physicist working at Siemens AG sends an anonymous letter to the British Embassy in Oslo offering Britain a report on present and future German weapons technologies . 8 : Hitler escapes a bomb blast in a Munich beerhall , where he was speaking on the anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 . British bombers coincidentally bomb Munich . 13 : Negotiations between Finland and Soviet Union break down . Finns suspect that Germans and Russians have agreed to include Finland in the Soviet sphere of influence . 14 : The Polish government - in - exile moves to London . 16 : The first British civilian casualty occurs when a German bomber kills James Isbister in an air raid on Orkney in Scotland . 17 : The IRA is blamed for bombs set off in London . 20 : The Luftwaffe and German U-boats start mining the Thames estuary . 23 : Polish Jews are ordered to wear Star of David armbands . 24 : Japan announces the capture of Nanning in southern China . 26 : The Soviets stage the shelling of Mainila , Soviet artillery shells a field near the Finnish border , accusing Finns of killing Soviet troops . 29 : The USSR breaks off diplomatic relations with Finland . 30 : The Soviet Union attacks Finland in what would become known as the Winter War . December 1939 ( edit ) 1 : Russia continues its war against Finland ; Helsinki is bombed . In the first two weeks of the month , the Finns retreat to the Mannerheim line , an outmoded defensive line just inside the southern border with Russia . 2 : British conscription is increased to cover men from 19 to 41 . 5 : The Russian invaders start heavy attacks on the Mannerheim line . 7 : Italy again declares its neutrality . Norway , Sweden , and Denmark also proclaim their neutrality in the Russo - Finnish quarrel . 11 : The Russians meet with several tactical defeats by the Finnish army . 12 : The destroyer HMS Duchess sinks after a collision with the battleship HMS Barham off the coast of Scotland with the loss of 124 men . 13 : The Battle of the River Plate off Montevideo , Uruguay . A British naval squadron attacks the Admiral Graf Spee . 14 : The Graf Spee retreats , badly damaged , into Montevideo harbor . 14 : The USSR is expelled from the League of Nations in response to the Soviet invasion of Finland on November 30 . 15 : Soviet Army assaults Taipale , Finland during the Battle of Taipale . 17 : The Graf Spee is forced by International Law to leave Montevideo harbor ; it is scuttled just outside the harbor . Its captain , Hans Langsdorff , is interned . 18 : The first Canadian troops arrive in Europe . 18 : Germany defeats Britain in the Battle of the Heligoland Bight . 20 : Captain Hans Langsdorff commits suicide . 27 : The first Indian troops arrive in France . 28 : Meat rationing starts in Britain . 29 : As the year ends , the Finns continue to have successes in fighting the invaders , along the way capturing many men and vehicles . See also ( edit ) Timeline of World War II ( 1940 ) Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DOCUMENTS RELEVANT TO FRANCE 'S RESPONSE TO GERMANY 'S INVASION OF POLAND '' . ibiblio . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 Timeline '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Barking Creek '' . North Weald Airfield Museum . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Canada declares war on Germany '' . CBC . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 Timeline '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 Timeline '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` First German air raid on UK '' . World War II Today . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of the Holocaust ( 1939 ) '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Timeline '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` LEAGUE OF NATIONS ' EXPULSION OF THE U.S.S.R. '' League of Nations . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 Timeline '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . 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what was the first attack in world war 2
[ "1: The Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany starts at 4:45 a.m. with the Luftwaffe attacking several targets in Poland. The Luftwaffe launches air attacks against Kraków, Łódź, and Warsaw. Within five minutes of the Luftwaffe attacks, Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine orders the old Battleship Schleswig-Holstein to open fire on the Polish military transit depot at Westerplatte in the Free City of Danzig on the Baltic Sea, but the attack is repulsed. By 8:00 a.m., troops of the German Army, still without a formal declaration of war issued, launch an attack near the Polish town of Mokra." ]
[ "Invasion of Poland" ]
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Santa María (ship)
Santa María ( ship ) - wikipedia Santa María ( ship ) Jump to : navigation , search History Cristoforo Colombo Name : Santa María de la Inmaculada Concepción ( originally La Gallega ) Namesake : Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary Owner : Juane de la Cosa Launched : 1460 Struck : 25 December 1492 Fate : Ran aground General characteristics Type : Carrack Displacement : est. 150 metric tons of displacement Tons burthen : est. 108 tons BM Length : est . hull length 19 m ( 62 ft ) est . keel length 12.6 m ( 41 ft ) Beam : est . 5.5 m ( 18 ft ) Draught : est . 3.2 m ( 10 ft ) Propulsion : sail Complement : 40 Armament : 4 × 90 mm bombards , 50 mm culebrinas Notes : Captained by Christopher Columbus La Santa María de la Inmaculada Concepción ( Spanish for : The Holy Mary of the Immaculate Conception ) , or La Santa María , originally La Gallega , was the largest of the three ships used by Christopher Columbus in his first voyage . Her master and owner was Juan de la Cosa . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Shipwreck 3 Crew 3.1 Crew list 4 Replicas 4.1 Quadricentennial 4.2 West Edmonton Mall 4.3 Quincentennial 4.4 Madeira 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) Santa María was built in Pontevedra , Galicia , in Spain 's north - west region . Santa María was probably a medium - sized nau ( carrack ) , about 58 ft ( 17.7 m ) long on deck , and according to Juan Escalante de Mendoza in 1575 , Santa Maria was `` very little larger than 100 toneladas '' ( about 100 tons , or tuns ) burthen , or burden , and was used as the flagship for the expedition . Santa María had a single deck and three small masts . The other ships of the Columbus expedition were the smaller caravel - type ships Santa Clara , remembered as La Niña ( `` The Girl '' ) , and La Pinta ( `` The Painted '' ) . All these ships were second - hand ( if not third - or more ) and were not intended for exploration . Niña , Pinta , and the Santa María were modest - sized merchant vessels comparable in size to a modern cruising yacht . The exact measurements of length and width of the three ships have not survived , but good estimates of their burden capacity can be judged from contemporary anecdotes written down by one or more of Columbus 's crew members , and contemporary Spanish and Portuguese shipwrecks from the late 15th and early 16th centuries which are comparable in size to that of Santa María . These include the ballast piles and keel lengths of the Molasses Reef Wreck and Highborn Cay Wreck in the Bahamas . Both were caravel vessels 19 m ( 62 ft ) in length overall , 12.6 m ( 41 ft ) keel length and 5 to 5.7 m ( 16 to 19 ft ) in width , and rated between 100 and 150 tons burden . Santa María , being Columbus ' largest ship , was only about this size , and Niña and Pinta were smaller , at only 50 to 75 tons burden and perhaps 15 to 18 metres ( 49 to 59 ft ) on deck ( updated dimensional estimates are discussed below in the section entitled Replicas ) . Shipwreck ( edit ) One of Santa María 's alleged anchors on display at Musée du Panthéon National Haïtien With three masts , Santa María was the slowest of Columbus ' vessels but performed well in the Atlantic Ocean crossing . Then on the return trip , on 24 December ( 1492 ) , not having slept for two days , Columbus decided at 11 : 00 p.m. to lie down to sleep . The night being calm , the steersman also decided to sleep , leaving only a cabin boy to steer the ship , a practice which the admiral had always strictly forbidden . With the boy at the helm , the currents carried the ship onto a sandbank , running her aground off the present - day site of Cap - Haïtien , Haiti . It sank the next day . Realizing that the ship was beyond repair , Columbus ordered his men to strip the timbers from the ship . The timbers were later used to build a fort which Columbus called La Navidad ( Christmas ) because the wreck occurred on Christmas Day , north from the modern town of Limonade ( see map , and the photograph ) . Santa María carried several anchors , possibly six . One of the anchors now rests in the Musée du Panthéon National Haïtien ( MUPANAH ) , in Port - au - Prince , Haiti . On 13 May 2014 , underwater archaeological explorer Barry Clifford claimed that his team had found the wreck of Santa María . In the following October , UNESCO 's expert team published their final report , concluding that the wreck could not be Columbus 's vessel . Fastenings used in the hull and possible copper sheathing dated it to the 17th or 18th century . Crew ( edit ) Ship model at Fort San Cristóbal , San Juan , Puerto Rico Columbus ' crew was not composed of criminals as is widely believed . Many were experienced seamen from the port of Palos in Andalusia and its surrounding countryside , as well as from the region of Galicia in northwest Spain . It is true , however , that the Spanish sovereigns offered an amnesty to convicts who signed up for the voyage ; still , only four men took up the offer : one who had killed a man in a fight , and three friends of his who had then helped him escape from jail . Despite the romantic legend that the Queen of Spain had used a necklace that she had received from her husband the king as collateral for a loan , the voyage was principally financed by a syndicate of seven noble Genovese bankers resident in Seville ( the group was linked to Amerigo Vespucci and funds belonging to Lorenzo di Pier Francesco de Medici ) . Hence , all the accounting and recording of the voyage was kept in Seville . This also applies to the second voyage , even though the syndicate had by then disbanded . The crew of Santa María is well - known , albeit in many cases , there are no surnames and the crewman 's place of origin was used to differentiate him from others with the same given name . Crew list ( edit ) Cristoforo Colombo ( Christopher Columbus ) , captain - general Juan de la Cosa , owner and master Pedro Alonso Niño , pilot Diego de Arana , master - at - arms Pedro de Gutierrez , royal steward Rodrigo de Escobedo , secretary of the fleet Rodrigo Sanchez , comptroller Luis de Torres , interpreter Bartolome Garcia , boatswain Chachu , boatswain Cristobal Caro , goldsmith Juan Sanchez , physician Antonio de Cuéllar , carpenter Diego Perez , painter Lope , joiner Maestre Juan Rodrigo de Jerez Alonso Chocero Alonso Clavijo Andres de Yruenes Bartolome Biues Bartolome de Torres Diego Bermudez Domingo de Lequeitio Gonzalo Franco Jacomel Rico Juan ( Horacio Crassocius from La Rabida Friary ) Juan de Jerez Juan de la Placa Juan Martines de Acoque Juan de Medina Juan de Moguer Juan Ruiz de la Pena Marin de Urtubia Pedro Yzquierdo Pedro de Lepe Pedro de Salcedo , servant of Columbus and ship 's boy Rodrigo de Gallego Pedro de Terreros , cabin boy Diego García Replicas ( edit ) Replicas of the Santa María Santa Maria de Colombo , built by craftsmen from Câmara de Lobos , Madeira 1892 replica Replica in West Edmonton Mall Replica in Columbus , Ohio 1998 replica in Madeira Replica in Wharf of the Caravels , Palos de la Frontera , Spain Little is definitively known about the actual dimensions of Santa María , since no documentation or illustration has survived from that era . Since the 19th century , various notable replicas have been publicly commissioned or privately constructed . Quadricentennial ( edit ) Interest in reconstructing Santa María started in Spain at around 1890 for the 400th anniversary of Columbus 's voyage . An 1892 reconstruction by the Spanish government depicted the ship as a nau . West Edmonton Mall ( edit ) A replica was built during Expo 86 and anchored in `` Deep Sea Adventure Lake '' at West Edmonton Mall . Built at False Creek in Vancouver , British Columbia , the ship was hand - carved and hand - painted , and then transported by flatbed trucks across the Rocky Mountains to Edmonton , Alberta . Quincentennial ( edit ) A replica , depicted as a Carrack , was commissioned by the city of Columbus , Ohio . It was built by the Scarano Brothers Boat Building Company in Albany , New York , who later cut the ship in half and transported it by truck to the Scioto River . The replica cost about 1.2 million dollars . The ship was constructed out of white cedar as opposed to an oak wood used on the original to give the ship a long life in the Scioto River and to reduce cost . The main mast was carved out of a single douglas fir tree and was equipped with a top sail ( since removed ) . The ship was built using power tools , with a hull length of 29.6 m ( 97 ft ) , keel length 16.1 m ( 53 ft ) , beam 7.9 m ( 26 ft ) , depth 3.2 m ( 10 ft ) and load 223.8 metric tons of displacement . The foremast is 9.7 m ( 32 ft ) high , the mainmast is 15.9 m ( 52 ft ) and mizzen mast is 10.4 m ( 34 ft ) . The replica was declared by Jose Maria Martinez - Hidalgo , a Spanish marine historian , to be the most authentic replica of the Santa María in the world during the ship 's coronation on 12 October 1991 . Dana Rinehart , the 50th mayor of Columbus , christened the ship as part of the 500th anniversary of its voyage . The ship was removed from its moorings in 2014 , cut into 10 pieces , and stored in a lot south of the city , pending funding to do repairs and restorations . As of early 2016 , the plans for restoration have stalled . Its parts can be seen via satellite view on Google Maps ( 2 ) . Madeira ( edit ) A functional replica was built on the island of Madeira , between July 1997 and July 1998 , in the fishing village of Câmara de Lobos . The ship is 22 m ( 72 ft ) long and 7 m ( 23 ft ) wide . In 1998 Santa María represented the Madeira Wine Expo 98 in Lisbon , where she was visited by over 97,000 people in 25 days . Since then thousands more have sailed and continue to sail aboard that Santa María replica which is located in Funchal . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santa María . Columbian Exchange Niña Pinta Pinzón brothers Santa María Rupes , a ridge on planet Mercury named after this ship Ship replica ( including a list of ship replicas ) Voyages of Christopher Columbus Wharf of the Caravels References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ShipWiki - Santa Maria '' . Shipwiki.wikispaces.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Peter van der Krogt . `` Pontevedra - Monumento a la Santa Maria '' . Vanderkrogt.net . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tesis sobre colon gallego y de Pontevedra '' . cristobal-colon.com . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : William D. Phillips ; Carla Rahn Phillips ( 1992 ) . The Worlds of Christopher Columbus . Cambridge University Press . pp. 143 -- 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 44652 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Columbus Ships '' . Elizabethan-era.org.uk. 2012 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 30 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gould , Richard A. ( 2000 ) . Archaeology and the Social History of Ships . Cambridge University Press . p. 206 . ISBN 9780521567893 . Jump up ^ Columbus , Christopher ( 1893 ) . `` The Journal of Christopher Columbus ( During His First Voyage , 1492 - 93 ) and Documents Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real '' . Internet Archive . Trans . Clement R. Markham . London : Hakluyt Society . Retrieved 1 Dec 2014 . Jump up ^ Davies , Arthur ( 1953 ) . `` The Loss of the Santa Maria Christmas day , 1492 '' . The American Historical Review : 854 -- 865 . doi : 10.1086 / ahr / 58.4. 854 . Jump up ^ Maclean , Frances ( January 2008 ) . `` The Lost Fort of Columbus '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Haïti histoire - 7 Bord de Mer de Limonade '' . Nilstremmel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Article du ' ' Florida Museum of Natural History ' ' '' . Flmnh.ufl.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Before presumed discovery of Columbus ' Santa Maria off Haiti , there was an anchor , Miami Herald , May 25 , 2014 Jump up ^ Paret , Robert ( 2010 ) . `` MUPANAH and the Promotion of Historical and Cultural Values - Paret - 2011 - Museum International - Wiley Online Library '' . Museum International . Onlinelibrary.wiley.com. 62 ( 4 ) : 39 -- 45 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0033.2011. 01744. x . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ David Keys ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Found after 500 years , the wreck of Christopher Columbus 's flagship the Santa Maria '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maranzani , Barbara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Has Wreckage of Christopher Columbus ' Flagship Been Found ? '' . History.com . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shipwreck is not Santa Maria , UNESCO experts say '' . Paris : UNESCO . 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti shipwreck is not Columbus 's Santa Maria , says Unesco '' . The Guardian . London . AFP , Paris . 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Laura Smith - Spark ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Haiti wreck is n't Columbus ' ship Santa Maria , U.N. says - CNN.com '' . CNN.com . CNN . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hale , Edward Everett . The Life of Christopher Columbus , Ch . IX. 1891 . ^ Jump up to : The Columbus Navigation Homepage . `` Columbus 's Crew '' . Archived July 2011 . Accessed 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` QUEER CRAFT THESE CARAVELS . - Those Who Saw Them Hobble to Anchor Marveled at Columbus 's Pluck '' . New York Times . 26 April 1893 . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ West Edmonton Mall . `` WEM Santa Maria page '' . Wem.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Pastor , Xavier ( 1992 ) . The Ships of Christopher Columbus . London : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 84486 - 014 - 0 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , Eric . `` Setting Sail for Parts Unknown : Santa Maria ! '' . photographcolumbus.wordpress.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Santa María de Columbo '' . Santamariadecolombo.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . VIAF : 145559276 LCCN : n92025892 GND : 4198160 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Santa_María_ ( ship ) &oldid = 812884944 '' Categories : Exploration ships Age of Discovery ships Christopher Columbus 1492 in the Spanish West Indies Spanish West Indies 15th - century ships Three - masted ships Carracks Age of Sail individual ships Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from May 2014 Ship infoboxes without an image All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 13 : 04 . 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what type of wood was the santa maria made of
[ "A replica, depicted as a Carrack, was commissioned by the city of Columbus, Ohio.[24] It was built by the Scarano Brothers Boat Building Company in Albany, New York, who later cut the ship in half and transported it by truck to the Scioto River. The replica cost about 1.2 million dollars. The ship was constructed out of white cedar as opposed to an oak wood used on the original to give the ship a long life in the Scioto River and to reduce cost. The main mast was carved out of a single douglas fir tree and was equipped with a top sail (since removed). The ship was built using power tools, with a hull length of 29.6 m (97 ft), keel length 16.1 m (53 ft), beam 7.9 m (26 ft), depth 3.2 m (10 ft) and load 223.8 metric tons of displacement. The foremast is 9.7 m (32 ft) high, the mainmast is 15.9 m (52 ft) and mizzen mast is 10.4 m (34 ft). The replica was declared by Jose Maria Martinez-Hidalgo, a Spanish marine historian, to be the most authentic replica of the Santa María in the world during the ship's coronation on 12 October 1991.[25]" ]
[ "white cedar" ]
-9008265071597354819
IPv4 address exhaustion
IPv4 address exhaustion - wikipedia IPv4 address exhaustion Jump to : navigation , search IPv4 address exhaustion is the depletion of the pool of unallocated IPv4 addresses . Because there are fewer than 4.3 billion addresses available , depletion has been anticipated since the late 1980s , when the Internet started to experience dramatic growth . This depletion is one of the reasons for the development and deployment of its successor protocol , IPv6 . Currently IPv4 and IPv6 coexist in the Internet . The IP address space is managed globally by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) , and by five regional Internet registries ( RIR ) responsible in their designated territories for assignment to end users and local Internet registries , such as Internet service providers . The main market forces that accelerated IPv4 address depletion included the rapidly growing number of Internet users , always - on devices , and mobile devices . The Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) created the Routing and Addressing Group ( ROAD ) in November 1991 to respond to the scalability problem caused by the classful network allocation system in place at the time . The anticipated shortage has been the driving factor in creating and adopting several new technologies , including network address translation ( NAT ) , Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) in 1993 , and IPv6 in 1998 . IPv6 , the successor technology to IPv4 which was designed to address this problem , supports approximately 7038340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 × 10 network addresses . Although the predicted depletion was already approaching its final stages as of 2008 , most providers of Internet services and software vendors were just beginning IPv6 deployment . The top - level exhaustion occurred on 31 January 2011 . Four of the five RIRs have exhausted allocation of all the blocks they have not reserved for IPv6 transition ; this occurred on 15 April 2011 for the Asia - Pacific , on 14 September 2012 for Europe , on 10 June 2014 for Latin America and the Caribbean , and on 24 September 2015 for North America . Individual ISPs still had unassigned pools of IP addresses , and could recycle addresses no longer needed by their subscribers . Each exhausted its pool of available addresses at different times . Contents ( hide ) 1 IP addressing 2 Address depletion 3 Mitigation efforts 4 Exhaustion dates and impact 4.1 Regional exhaustion 4.1. 1 Impact of APNIC RIR exhaustion and LIR exhaustion 4.2 Notable exhaustion advisories 5 Post-exhaustion mitigation 5.1 Reclamation of unused IPv4 space 5.2 Markets in IP addresses 5.3 Transition mechanisms 6 Long - term solution 7 See also 8 References 9 External links IP addressing ( edit ) Every node of an Internet Protocol ( IP ) network , such as a computer , router , or network printer , is assigned an IP address that is used to locate and identify the node in communications with other nodes on the network . Internet Protocol version 4 provides 2 ( 4,294,967,296 ) addresses . However , large blocks of IPv4 addresses are reserved for special uses and are unavailable for public allocation . More precisely , if a device has several network interfaces , then each interface must have at least one distinct IP address assigned to it . For example , a laptop might have a wireless network interface and a wired network interface using a network cable , and this would require a total of two IP addresses , one per interface . Another example is a mobile phone with a 3G network interface and an interface to a wireless LAN . All routers have to have several network interfaces and typically will have several IP addresses associated with them . It is also possible that an interface can be assigned more than one IP address for various reasons . The IPv4 addressing structure provides an insufficient number of publicly routable addresses to provide a distinct address to every Internet device or service . This problem has been mitigated for some time by changes in the address allocation and routing infrastructure of the Internet . The transition from classful network addressing to Classless Inter-Domain Routing delayed the exhaustion of addresses substantially . In addition , network address translation ( NAT ) permits Internet service providers and enterprises to masquerade private network address space with only one publicly routable IPv4 address on the Internet interface of a customer premises router , instead of allocating a public address to each network device . Complicating matters , IPv6 - unaware NAT devices break native and 6to4 IPv6 connectivity , and a large fraction break 6in4 tunnels . Address depletion ( edit ) While the primary reason for IPv4 address exhaustion is insufficient capacity in the design of the original Internet infrastructure , several additional driving factors have aggravated the shortcomings . Each of them increased the demand on the limited supply of addresses , often in ways unanticipated by the original designers of the network . Mobile devices As IPv4 increasingly became the de facto standard for networked digital communication and the cost of embedding substantial computing power into hand - held devices dropped , mobile phones have become viable Internet hosts . New specifications of 4G devices require IPv6 addressing . Always - on connections Throughout the 1990s , the predominant mode of consumer Internet access was telephone modem dial - up . The rapid increase in the number of the dial - up networks increased address consumption rates , although it was common that the modem pools , and as a result , the pool of assigned IP addresses , were shared amongst a large customer base . By 2007 , however , broadband Internet access had begun to exceed 50 % penetration in many markets . Broadband connections are always active , as the gateway devices ( routers , broadband modems ) are rarely turned off , so that the address uptake by Internet service providers continued at an accelerating pace . Internet demographics There are hundreds of millions of households in the developed world . In 1990 , only a small fraction of these had Internet connectivity . Just 15 years later , almost half of them had persistent broadband connections . The many new Internet users in countries such as China and India are also driving address exhaustion . Inefficient address use Organizations that obtained IP addresses in the 1980s were often allocated far more addresses than they actually required , because the initial classful network allocation method was inadequate to reflect reasonable usage . For example , large companies or universities were assigned class A address blocks with over 16 million IPv4 addresses each , because the next smaller allocation unit , a class B block with 65,536 addresses , was too small for their intended deployments . Many organizations continue to utilize public IP addresses for devices not accessible outside their local network . From a global address allocation viewpoint , this is inefficient in many cases , but scenarios exist where this is preferred in the organizational network implementation strategies . Due to inefficiencies caused by subnetting , it is difficult to use all addresses in a block . The host - density ratio , as defined in RFC 3194 , is a metric for utilization of IP address blocks , that is used in allocation policies . Mitigation efforts ( edit ) Efforts to delay address space exhaustion started with the recognition of the problem in the early 1990s , and the introduction of a number of stop - gap refinements to make the existing structure operate more efficiently , such as classful networks , Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) methods , network address translation ( NAT ) and strict usage - based allocation policies . Other technologies include : use of network address translation ( NAT ) which allows a private network to use one public IP address and permitting private addresses in the private network ; use of private network addressing ; name - based virtual hosting of web sites ; tighter control by regional Internet registries on the allocation of addresses to local Internet registries ; network renumbering and subnetting to reclaim large blocks of address space allocated in the early days of the Internet , when the Internet used inefficient classful network addressing . Exhaustion dates and impact ( edit ) Exhaustion of IPv4 addresses since 1995 IPv4 addresses allocation rate per RIR Geoff Huston 's projection of the evolution of the IP pool for each RIR On 31 January 2011 , the last two unreserved IANA / 8 address blocks were allocated to APNIC according to RIR request procedures . This left five reserved but unallocated / 8 blocks . In accord with ICANN policies , IANA proceeded to allocate one of those five / 8s to each RIR , exhausting the IANA pool , at a ceremony and press conference on 3 February 2011 . The various legacy address blocks with administration historically split among the RIRs were distributed to the RIRs in February 2011 . APNIC was the first regional Internet Registry to run out of freely allocated IPv4 addresses , on 15 April 2011 . This date marked the point where not everyone who needed an IPv4 address could be allocated one . As a consequence of this exhaustion , end - to - end connectivity as required by specific applications will not be universally available on the Internet until IPv6 is fully implemented . However , IPv6 hosts can not directly communicate with IPv4 hosts , and have to communicate using special gateway services . This means that general - purpose computers must still have IPv4 access , for example through NAT64 , in addition to the new IPv6 address , which is more effort than just supporting IPv4 or IPv6 . The demand for IPv6 is expected become pervasive over three to four years . In early 2011 , only 16 -- 26 % of computers were IPv6 capable , while only 0.2 % preferred IPv6 addressing with many using transition methods such as Teredo tunneling . About 0.15 % of the top million websites were IPv6 accessible in 2011 . Complicating matters , 0.027 % to 0.12 % of visitors could not reach dual - stack sites , but a larger percentage ( 0.27 % ) could not reach IPv4 - only sites . IPv4 exhaustion mitigation technologies include IPv4 address sharing to access IPv4 content , IPv6 dual - stack implementation , protocol translation to access IPv4 and IPv6 - addressed content , and bridging and tunneling to bypass single protocol routers . Early signs of accelerated IPv6 adoption after IANA exhaustion are evident . Regional exhaustion ( edit ) All the RIRs have set aside a small pool of IP addresses for the transition to IPv6 ( for example carrier - grade NAT ) , from which each LIR can typically get at most 1024 in total . ARIN and LACNIC reserves the last / 10 for IPv6 transition . APNIC , and RIPE NCC have reserved the last obtained / 8 block for IPv6 transition . AFRINIC reserves a / 11 block for this purpose . When only this last block remains , the RIRs supply of IPv4 addresses is said to be `` exhausted '' . Regional Internet registries APNIC was the first RIR to restrict allocations to 1024 addresses for each member , as its pool reached critical levels of one / 8 block on 14 April 2011 . The APNIC RIR is responsible for address allocation in the area of fastest Internet expansion , including the emerging markets of China and India . RIPE NCC , the regional Internet registry for Europe , was the second RIR to deplete its address pool on 14 September 2012 . On 10 June 2014 , LACNIC , the regional Internet registry for Latin America and the Caribbean , was the third RIR to deplete its address pool . ARIN was exhausted on 24 September 2015 . ARIN has been unable to allocate large requests since July 2015 , but smaller requests were still being met . After IANA exhaustion , IPv4 address space requests became subject to additional restrictions at ARIN , and became even more restrictive after reaching the last / 8 in April 2014 . According to Geoff Huston 's projection , AfriNIC will reach the / 11 block left marking exhaustion in the first half of 2018 . Impact of APNIC RIR exhaustion and LIR exhaustion ( edit ) Systems that require inter-continental connectivity will have to deal with exhaustion mitigation already due to APNIC exhaustion . At APNIC , existing LIRs could apply for twelve months stock before exhaustion when they were using more than 80 % of allocated space allocated to them . Since 15 April 2011 , the date when APNIC reached its last / 8 block , each ( current or future ) member will only be able to get one allocation of 1024 addresses ( a / 22 block ) once . As the slope of the APNIC pool line on the `` Geoff Huston 's projection of the evolution of the IP pool for each RIR '' chart to the right shows , the last / 8 block would have been emptied within one month without this policy . By APNIC policy , each current or future member can receive only one / 22 block from this last / 8 ( there are 16384 / 22 blocks in the last / 8 block ) . Since there are around 3000 current APNIC members , and around 300 new APNIC members each year , APNIC expects this last / 8 block to last for many years . Since the redistribution of recovered space , APNIC is distributing an additional / 22 to each member upon request . The 1024 addresses in the / 22 block can be used by APNIC members to supply NAT44 or NAT64 as a service on an IPv6 network . However at a new large ISP , 1024 IPv4 addresses might not be enough to provide IPv4 connectivity to all the customers due to the limited number of ports available per IPv4 address . The Regional Internet Registries ( RIRs ) for Asia ( APNIC ) and North America have a policy called the Inter-RIR IPv4 Address Transfer Policy , which allows IPv4 addresses to be transferred from North America to Asia . The ARIN policy was implemented on 31 July 2012 . IPv4 broker businesses have been established to facilitate these transfers . Notable exhaustion advisories ( edit ) Estimates of the time of complete IPv4 address exhaustion varied widely in the early 2000s . In 2003 , Paul Wilson ( director of APNIC ) stated that , based on then - current rates of deployment , the available space would last for one or two decades . In September 2005 , a report by Cisco Systems suggested that the pool of available addresses would deplete in as little as 4 to 5 years . In the last year before exhaustion , IPv4 allocations were accelerating , resulting in exhaustion trending to earlier dates . On 21 May 2007 , the American Registry for Internet Numbers ( ARIN ) , the RIR for the US , Canada and a number of island states ( mostly in the Caribbean ) , advised the Internet community that , due to the expected exhaustion in 2010 , `` migration to IPv6 numbering resources is necessary for any applications which require ongoing availability from ARIN of contiguous IP numbering resources '' . `` Applications '' include general connectivity between devices on the Internet , as some devices only have an IPv6 address allocated . On 20 June 2007 , the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry ( LACNIC ) , advised `` preparing its regional networks for IPv6 '' by 1 January 2011 , for the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses `` in three years time '' . On 26 June 2007 , the Asia - Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) , the RIR for the Pacific and Asia , endorsed a statement by the Japan Network Information Center ( JPNIC ) that to continue the expansion and development of the Internet a move towards an IPv6 - based Internet is advised . This , with an eye on the expected exhaustion around 2010 , would create a great restriction on the Internet . On 26 October 2007 , the Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre ( RIPE NCC ) , the RIR for Europe , the Middle East , and parts of Central Asia , endorsed a statement by the RIPE community urging `` the widespread deployment of IPv6 be made a high priority by all stakeholders '' . On 15 April 2009 , ARIN sent a letter to all CEO / Executives of companies who have IPv4 addresses allocated informing them that ARIN expects the IPv4 space will be depleted within the next two years . In May 2009 , the RIPE NCC launched IPv6ActNow.org to help explain `` IPv6 in terms everyone can understand and providing a variety of useful information aimed at promoting the global adoption of IPv6 '' . On 25 August 2009 , ARIN announced a joint series event in the Caribbean region to push for the implementation of IPv6 . ARIN reported at this time that less than 10.9 % of IPv4 address space is remaining . World IPv6 Day was an event sponsored and organized by the Internet Society and several large content providers to test public IPv6 deployment . It started at 00 : 00 UTC on 8 June 2011 and ended at 23 : 59 the same day . The test primarily consisted of websites publishing AAAA records , allowing IPv6 capable hosts to connect to these sites using IPv6 , and for misconfigured networks to be corrected . World IPv6 Launch Day occurred on 6 June 2012 , following the success of World IPv6 Day a year earlier . It involved many more participants and had a more ambitious goal of permanently enabling IPv6 on participant organizations ' networks . Post-exhaustion mitigation ( edit ) By 2008 policy planning for the end - game and post-exhaustion era was underway . Several proposals have been discussed to delay shortages of IPv4 addresses : Reclamation of unused IPv4 space ( edit ) Before and during the time when classful network design was still used as allocation model , large blocks of IP addresses were allocated to some organizations . Since the use of Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) could potentially reclaim these ranges and reissue the addresses in smaller blocks . ARIN , RIPE NCC and APNIC have a transfer policy , such that addresses can get returned , with the purpose to be reassigned to a specific recipient . However , it can be expensive in terms of cost and time to renumber a large network , so these organizations are likely to object , with legal conflicts possible . However , even if all of these were reclaimed , it would only result in postponing the date of address exhaustion . Similarly , IP address blocks have been allocated to entities that no longer exist and some allocated IP address blocks or large portions of them have never been used . No strict accounting of IP address allocations has been undertaken , and it would take a significant amount of effort to track down which addresses really are unused , as many are in use only on intranets . Some address space previously reserved by IANA has been added to the available pool . There have been proposals to use the class E network range of IPv4 addresses ( which would add 268.4 million IP addresses to the available pool ) but many computer and router operating systems and firmware do not allow the use of these addresses . For this reason , the proposals have sought not to designate the class E space for public assignment , but instead propose to permit its private use for networks that require more address space than is currently available through RFC 1918 . Several organizations have returned large blocks of IP addresses . Notably , Stanford University relinquished their Class A IP address block in 2000 , making 16 million IP addresses available . Other organizations that have done so include the United States Department of Defense , BBN Technologies , and Interop . Markets in IP addresses ( edit ) The creation of markets to buy and sell IPv4 addresses has been considered to be a solution to the problem of IPv4 scarcity and a means of redistribution . The primary benefits of an IPv4 address market are that it allows buyers to maintain undisrupted local network functionality . IPv6 adoption , while in progress , is currently still in early stages . It requires a significant investment of resources , and poses incompatibility issues with IPv4 , as well as certain security and stability risks . The creation of a market in IPv4 addresses would only delay the practical exhaustion of the IPv4 address space for a relatively short time , since the public Internet is still growing . The concept of legal ownership of IP addresses as property is explicitly denied by ARIN and RIPE NCC policy documents and by the ARIN Registration Services Agreement , although ownership rights have been postulated based on a letter from the National Science Foundation General Counsel . NSF later indicated that the view was not official , and a statement from the Department of Commerce was subsequently issued indicating that `` The USG participates in the development of and is supportive of the policies , processes , and procedures agreed upon by the Internet technical community through ARIN . '' Ad - hoc trading in addresses could lead to fragmented patterns of routing that could increase the size of the global routing table , potentially causing problems for routers with insufficient routing memory resources . Microsoft bought 666,624 IPv4 addresses from Nortel 's liquidation sale for 7.5 million dollars in a deal brokered by Addrex . Before exhaustion , Microsoft could have obtained addresses from ARIN without charge , provided that , as per ARIN policy , Microsoft could present ARIN with a need for them . The success of this transfer was contingent on Microsoft successfully presenting ARIN with such a justification . The purchase provided Microsoft with a supply that was sufficient for their claimed needs for growth over the next 12 months , rather than for a 3 - months ' period as is normally requested from ARIN . Transition mechanisms ( edit ) As the IPv4 address pool depletes , some ISPs will not be able to provide globally routable IPv4 addresses to customers . Nevertheless , customers are likely to require access to services on the IPv4 Internet . Several technologies have been developed for providing IPv4 service over an IPv6 access network . In ISP - level IPv4 NAT , ISPs may implement IPv4 network address translation within their networks and assign private IPv4 addresses to customers . This approach may allow customers to keep using existing hardware . Some estimates for NAT argue that US ISPs have 5 - 10 times the number of IPs they need in order to service their existing customers . This has been successfully implemented in some countries , e.g. , Russia , where many broadband providers use carrier - grade NAT , and offer publicly routable IPv4 address at an additional cost . However the allocation of private IPv4 addresses to customers may conflict with private IP allocations on the customer networks . Furthermore , some ISPs may have to divide their network into subnets to allow them to reuse private IPv4 addresses , complicating network administration . There are also concerns that features of consumer - grade NAT such as DMZs , STUN , UPnP and application - level gateways might not be available at the ISP level . ISP - level NAT may result in multiple - level address translation which is likely to further complicate the use of technologies such as port forwarding used to run Internet servers within private networks . NAT64 translates IPv6 requests from clients to IPv4 requests . This avoids the need to provision any IPv4 addresses to clients and allows clients that only support IPv6 to access IPv4 resources . However this approach requires a DNS server with DNS64 capability and can not support IPv4 - only client devices . DS - Lite ( Dual - Stack Light ) uses tunnels from the customer premises equipment to a network address translator at the ISP . The consumer premises equipment encapsulates the IPv4 packets in an IPv6 wrapper and sends them to a host known as the AFTR element . The AFTR element de-encapsulates the packets and performs network address translation before sending them to the public Internet . The NAT in the AFTR uses the IPv6 address of the client in its NAT mapping table . This means that different clients can use the same private IPv4 addresses , therefore avoiding the need for allocating private IPv4 IP addresses to customers or using multiple NATs . Address plus Port allows stateless sharing of public IP addresses based on TCP / UDP port numbers . Each node is allocated both an IPv4 address and a range of port numbers to use . The technique avoids the need for stateful address translation mechanisms in the core of the network , thus leaving end users in control of their own address translation . Long - term solution ( edit ) Deployment of IPv6 is the standards - based solution to the IPv4 address shortage . IPv6 is endorsed and implemented by all Internet technical standards bodies and network equipment vendors . It encompasses many design improvements , including the replacement of the 32 - bit IPv4 address format with a 128 - bit address which provides an addressing space without limitations for the foreseeable future . IPv6 has been in active production deployment since June 2006 , after organized worldwide testing and evaluation in the 6bone project ceased . Interoperability for hosts using only IPv4 protocols is implemented with a variety of IPv6 transition mechanisms . See also ( edit ) List of assigned / 8 IPv4 address blocks 512K Day -- an event in 2014 , involving the exhaustion of the default allocation of hardware routing slots on many routers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ RFC 4632 ^ Jump up to : Niall Richard Murphy ; David Malone ( 2005 ) . IPv6 network administration . O'Reilly Media , Inc . pp. xvii -- xix . ISBN 0 - 596 - 00934 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Townsley ( 21 January 2011 ) . `` World IPv6 Day : Working Together Towards a New Internet Protocol '' . Jump up ^ S.H. Gunderson ( October 2008 ) . `` Global IPv6 Statistics -- Measuring the current state of IPv6 for ordinary users '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Lucie ; Lipner , Ian ( 3 February 2011 ) . `` Free Pool of IPv4 Address Space Depleted '' . Number Resource Organization . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Available Pool of Unallocated IPv4 Internet Addresses Now Completely Emptied '' ( PDF ) . ICANN. 2011 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Major Announcement Set on Dwindling Pool of Available IPv4 Internet Addresses '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ ICANN , nanog mailing list . `` Five / 8s allocated to RIRs -- no unallocated IPv4 unicast / 8s remain '' . ^ Jump up to : Huston , Geoff . `` IPv4 Address Report , daily generated '' . Retrieved 16 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two / 8s allocated to APNIC from IANA '' . APNIC. 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` APNIC IPv4 Address Pool Reaches Final / 8 '' . APNIC. 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LACNIC Enters IPv4 Exhaustion Phase - The Number Resource Organization '' . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIN IPv4 Free Pool Reaches Zero '' . American Registry for Internet Numbers. 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Tim ( 18 February 2007 ) . `` Broadband adoption passes halfway mark in U.S. '' . CNET News.com . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Projections of the Number of Households and Families in the United States : 1995 to 2010 '' ( PDF ) . April 1996 . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Hogg ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` Techniques for Prolonging the Lifespan of IPv4 '' . Network World . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ RFC 1918 Section 4 Jump up ^ IANA . `` IANA IPv4 Address Space Registry '' . IANA IPv4 Address Space Registry . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Stephen Lawson ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` Address allocation kicks off IPv4 endgame '' . Computerworld . Jump up ^ `` Global Policy for the Allocation of the Remaining IPv4 Address Space '' . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The IPv4 Depletion site '' Blog Archive `` Status of the various pool '' . Ipv4depletion.com. 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` www.fix6.net '' . www.fix6.net. 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ISP Column - May 2011 '' . Potaroo.net . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` IPv6 Measurements -- A Compilation -- RIPE Labs '' . Labs.ripe.net . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IPV6 Test -- Introductie '' . Ipv6test.max.nl . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Igor Gashinsky ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) , World IPv6 Day : A Content Provider Perspective ( PDF ) , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ `` ISP Column -- April 2010 '' . Potaroo.net . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Duffy Marsan ( 7 February 2011 ) . `` Suddenly everybody 's selling IPv6 '' . Network World . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIN IPv4 Countdown Plan '' . Arin.net. 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LACNIC '' . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IPv4 Address Report '' . Potaroo.net . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` APNIC 's IPv4 pool usage '' . Apnic.net . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ APNIC IPv4 Address Pool Reaches Final / 8 ( Apnic - announce ) , 15 April 2011 Jump up ^ `` APNIC Allocation Rate ( smoothed ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The End '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` RIR pool exhaust rates ( zoomed ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` RIPE NCC Begins to Allocate IPv4 Address Space From the Last / 8 '' . RIPE NCC . Jump up ^ `` IPv4 Address Report retrieved June 16 , 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` No more IPv4 addresses in Latin America and the Caribbean '' . Jump up ^ `` IPV4 Address Report '' . Jump up ^ `` It 's official : North America out of new IPv4 addresses '' . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` information on ARIN website '' . Arin.net . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/plotend.png Jump up ^ `` APNIC -- Policies for IPv4 address space management in the Asia Pacific region '' . Apnic.net . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` APNIC -- Policies for IPv4 address space management in the Asia Pacific region '' . Apnic.net . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` APNIC -- IPv4 exhaustion details '' . Apnic.net. 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IPv4 exhaustion details '' . APNIC . Jump up ^ `` No more addresses : Asia - Pacific region IPv4 well runs dry '' . Arstechnica. 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Tomohiro Fujisaki ( 24 February 2011 ) . `` prop - 095 - v003 : Inter-RIR IPv4 address transfer proposal '' . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Policy ARIN - 2011 - 1 : ARIN Inter-RIR Transfers '' . 14 October 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 - 1 '' . Arin.net . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` APNIC Registered IPV4 Brokers '' . Jump up ^ Exec : No shortage of Net addresses Archived 23 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . By John Lui , CNETAsia ^ Jump up to : Hain , Tony . `` A Pragmatic Report on IPv4 Address Space Consumption '' . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ARIN Board Advises Internet Community on Migration to IPv6 '' ( Press release ) . American Registry for Internet Numbers ( ARIN ) . 21 May 2007 . Retrieved 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LACNIC announces the imminent depletion of the IPv4 addresses '' ( Press release ) . Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry ( LACNIC ) . 21 June 2007 . Retrieved 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JPNIC releases statement on IPv4 consumption '' ( Press release ) . Asia - Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) . 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About IPv4 address exhaustion in Internet Registries '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) ( in Japanese ) . Japan Network Information Center ( JPNIC ) . 19 June 2007 . Retrieved 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RIPE 55 -- Meeting Report '' . RIPE NCC. 26 October 2007 . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Notice of Internet Protocol version 4 ( IPv4 ) Address Depletion '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ White , Lauren ( 25 August 2009 ) . `` ARIN and Caribbean Telecommunications Union Host Premier Internet Community Meeting '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . The global Internet community is playing a crucial role in the effort to raise awareness of IPv4 depletion and the plan to deploy IPv6 , as only 10.9 % of IPv4 address space currently remains . Jump up ^ `` Proposed Global Policy for the Allocation of the Remaining IPv4 Address Space '' . RIPE NCC. 3 March 2008 . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` APNIC transfer policy '' . Apnic.net. 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIN transfer policy '' . Arin.net . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ripe Faq '' . Ripe.net . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ; Michaelson , George ; Huston , Geoff . `` Redesignation of 240 / 4 from `` Future Use '' to `` Limited Use for Large Private Internets '' ( expired draft ) `` . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ V. Fuller ; E. Lear ; D. Meyer ( 24 March 2008 ) . `` Reclassifying 240 / 4 as usable unicast address space ( expired draft ) '' . IETF . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Address Classes '' . Windows 2000 Resource Kit . Microsoft . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ van Beijnum , Iljitsch . `` IPv4 Address Consumption '' . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TCP / IP Overview '' . Cisco Systems , Inc . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Marsan , Carolyn ( 22 January 2000 ) . `` Stanford move rekinds ' Net address debate '' . ComputerWorld . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIN Recognizes Interop for Returning IPv4 Address Space '' . Arin.net. 20 October 2010 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Phil Lodico ( 15 September 2011 ) . `` Pssst ! Rare IPv4 Addresses For Sale ! Get Them While You Can ! '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ KRISTINA BJORAN ( 27 July 2011 ) . `` The State of the Internet : IPv4 Wo n't Die '' . Jump up ^ Steve Wexler ( 18 October 2011 ) . `` IPv6 : Unstoppable Force Meets Immovable Object '' . Jump up ^ David Braue ( 20 October 2011 ) . `` IPv6 will change network attack surface , albeit slowly : Huston '' . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Harrin ( 22 September 2011 ) . `` IPv6 Will Cause Some Security Headaches '' . Jump up ^ Mueller , Milton . `` It 's official : Legacy IPv4 address holders own their number blocks '' . Internet Governance Project . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew , Dul . `` Legacy IPv4 Address standing with USG '' . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Strickling , Lawrence . `` United States Government 's Internet Protocol Numbering Principles '' . USG / NTIA . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Chloe Albanesius ( 25 March 2011 ) . `` Microsoft Spends $7.5 M on 666K Nortel IPv4 Addresses '' . PC Magazine . Jump up ^ Kevin Murphy ( 24 March 2011 ) . `` Microsoft spends $7.5 million on IP addresses '' . Domain Incite . Jump up ^ `` Resource Transfers : Returning Unneeded IPv4 Address Space '' . ARIN . Jump up ^ Jaikumar Vijayan ( 25 March 2011 ) . `` IPv4 address transfers must meet policy , ARIN chief says '' . Jump up ^ Ramuglia , Gabriel ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` Why IPv4 is Here to Stay , Part 2 : Show Me the Money '' . The Web Host Industry Review . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ RFC 6333 - Dual - Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4 Exhaustion External links ( edit ) Official current state of IPv4 / 8 allocations , as maintained by IANA ICANN recovers Large Block of Internet Addresses ( 14.0. 0.0 / 8 ) 2008 - 02 - 10 Global Policy Proposal for Remaining IPv4 Address Space -- Background Report 2008 - 09 - 08 potaroo.net : IPv4 Address Report with countdown RIR IPv4 status : APNIC RIPE The IPv6 mess article by Daniel J. Bernstein about issues affecting ipv4 - to - ipv6 transition ( hide ) Internet Protocol version 6 General IPv6 IPv6 address IPv6 packet Mobile IPv6 Deployment IPv6 deployment World IPv6 Day and World IPv6 Launch Day Comparison of IPv6 support in operating systems List of IPv6 tunnel brokers IPv4 to IPv6 topics IPv4 address exhaustion IPv6 transition mechanism Related protocols DHCPv6 ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol Multicast Listener Discovery Secure Neighbor Discovery Multicast router discovery Site Multihoming by IPv6 Intermediation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPv4_address_exhaustion&oldid=799693817 '' Categories : Hazards Internet architecture IPv4 IP addresses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using RFC magic links Use dmy dates from September 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 08 : 11 . 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what protocol could be used to issue an ip address to network devices
[ "IPv4 address exhaustion is the depletion of the pool of unallocated IPv4 addresses. Because there are fewer than 4.3 billion addresses available, depletion has been anticipated since the late 1980s, when the Internet started to experience dramatic growth. This depletion is one of the reasons for the development and deployment of its successor protocol, IPv6. Currently IPv4 and IPv6 coexist in the Internet.", "IPv4 address exhaustion is the depletion of the pool of unallocated IPv4 addresses. Because there are fewer than 4.3 billion addresses available, depletion has been anticipated since the late 1980s, when the Internet started to experience dramatic growth. This depletion is one of the reasons for the development and deployment of its successor protocol, IPv6. Currently IPv4 and IPv6 coexist in the Internet." ]
[ "IPv6", "IPv4" ]
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Game of Thrones (season 6)
Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network HBO Original release April 24 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) -- June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of Game of Thrones episodes The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24 , 2016 , and concluded on June 26 , 2016 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 50 -- 60 minutes , largely of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show - runners . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . HBO ordered the season on April 8 , 2014 , together with the fifth season , which began filming in July 2015 primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Each episode cost over $10 million . The season follows the continuing struggle between the Starks and other noble families of Westeros for the Iron Throne . The Starks defeat the Bolton forces in battle , and Jon Snow is proclaimed the King in the North . Tyrion attempts to rule Meereen while Daenerys is held captive by a Dothraki tribe . At King 's Landing , the Tyrell army attempts to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow , who becomes more powerful by influencing King Tommen . At her trial , Cersei burns the Great Sept , killing her rivals , while Tommen kills himself . Cersei is crowned Queen of Westeros . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive and takes command of the Dothraki . Olenna and the Dornish ally with Daenerys . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke and Kit Harington . The season introduced new cast members , including Max von Sydow , Pilou Asbæk and Essie Davis . Critics praised its production values , writing , plot development , and cast . Game of Thrones received most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , with 23 nominations , and won twelve , including that for Outstanding Drama Series for the second year in a row . U.S. viewership rose compared to the previous season , and by approximately 13 % over its course , from 7.9 million to 8.9 million by the finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Guest cast 3.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 3.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 3.2. 3 In the Riverlands 3.2. 4 On the Iron Islands 3.2. 5 In Dorne 3.2. 6 In King 's Landing 3.2. 7 In the Vale 3.2. 8 In Braavos 3.2. 9 In Meereen 3.2. 10 In Vaes Dothrak 3.2. 11 In the Reach 3.2. 12 In flashbacks 4 Production 4.1 Crew 4.2 Writing 4.3 Filming 4.4 Casting 4.4. 1 Fates of key characters 4.5 Promotion 4.6 Music 4.7 After the Thrones 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Release 6.1 Broadcast 6.2 Home media 6.3 Copyright infringement 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire Following their escape from Winterfell , Sansa Stark journeys to the Wall , while Theon Greyjoy returns to the Iron Islands . In Winterfell , Ramsay Bolton secures his claim on the North by killing Roose and Walda Bolton and his new - born half - brother . At the Wall , Melisandre resurrects Jon Snow , who is reunited with Sansa ; they gather loyalists and a battle ensues . Aided by the Knights of the Vale , the Starks defeat the Bolton forces . Sansa feeds Ramsay to his hounds and Jon is proclaimed the King in the North . Beyond the Wall , Bran Stark trains with the Three - Eyed Raven but alerts the Night King , who launches an attack of White Walkers . Bran and Meera escape and are rescued by Benjen Stark . Bran subsequently has a vision to the Tower of Joy years prior , revealing that Jon is not Ned Stark 's bastard but rather the child of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen . At King 's Landing , Jaime Lannister and the Tyrell army attempt to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow and Tommen forges an alliance with the Faith . During Loras and Cersei 's trial , Cersei uses wildfire to burn the Great Sept , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Loras , Mace , Kevan , and Lancel , while Tommen kills himself after witnessing the events . Unopposed , Cersei is crowned Queen of Westeros . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne , and Olenna meets with Ellaria , at a summit brokered by Varys , to discuss allying with the Targaryens . In Braavos , Arya continues her training with the Faceless Men , and soon regains her eyesight . When she refuses to accomplish a mission , the Waif is ordered to kill Arya , who kills the Waif instead . Arya reasserts her identity as a Stark and returns to Westeros . In the Riverlands , the Hound , revealed to have survived his injuries , pursues the Brotherhood Without Banners for massacring the people who saved him . He finds Lord Beric Dondarrion executing traitorous bannermen , and is asked to join the Brotherhood traveling north . Jaime Lannister besieges Riverrun and takes the castle , killing the Blackfish after forcing Edmure Tully to order a surrender . Walder Frey celebrates the victory before being killed by Arya . Sam Tarly , Gilly and her son travel to the Citadel at Oldtown , stopping to visit Sam 's family . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro , who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive when they refuse to serve her and takes command of the Dothraki . Tyrion Lannister brings a short - lived peace to Meereen , which is reinforced when Daenerys returns and flies her dragons into battle against the slavers . Yara and Theon arrive and pledge allegiance to Daenerys after Euron Greyjoy kills their father and usurps leadership of the Iron Islands . Jorah Mormont departs to find a cure for greyscale and Daario is left in command of Meereen , while Daenerys sails for Westeros . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 Jon Snow 's corpse is found by Ser Davos , Edd and a few other loyalists ; Davos and the others take him inside and lock themselves behind a door with him , while Edd goes to get help . Thorne assumes command of the Watch . At Winterfell , Ramsay mourns for Myranda , while Sansa and Theon escape through the woods . Ramsay 's men catch up with them , and are about to take them captive , when Brienne and Pod arrive , kill the men , and the former is accepted into Sansa 's service . In King 's Landing , Cersei receives Jaime , who arrives with Myrcella 's body . Jaime promises Cersei they will take their revenge . Obara and Nymeria murder Trystane , on his way home from King 's Landing , while in Sunspear , Doran and Areo Hotah are killed by Ellaria and Tyene , after the former learns of Myrcella 's death . In Meereen , Tyrion and Varys find all the ships burning in the harbor . Jorah and Daario continue to track Daenerys , who is taken by the Dothraki to Khal Moro . In Braavos , Arya lives on the streets as a beggar , where she is beaten by the Waif . In her chamber , Melisandre removes her bejeweled necklace as she reveals her true appearance as an old crone . 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 Brandon visits Winterfell in a vision of the past , and sees Eddard , Benjen , and their sister Lyanna , as well as a young Hodor . Edd arrives with Tormund and a group of Wildlings , imprisoning Thorne and the other mutineers . Tommen asks Cersei to teach him to be strong . Tyrion learns that Astapor and Yunkai have reverted to slavery , and releases Rhaegal and Viserion from their chains . In Braavos , Arya is attacked by the Waif before H'ghar appears and recruits her again . Walda , Roose 's wife , gives birth to a boy , prompting Ramsay to murder Roose , her , and the baby . Brienne reveals to Sansa that Arya is still alive . Sansa permits Theon 's return to the Iron Islands , where his uncle Euron reappears and murders King Balon . Seaworth persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon . At first , her attempts seem to fail . However , once everyone leaves the room , he awakens . 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 On a boat on their way to Oldtown , Tarly reveals his intent to leave Gilly and her baby with the former 's family at Horn Hill while he trains to be a Maester . In a vision of the past , Brandon sees Eddard and Howland , Meera 's father , defeat a group of Kingsguard loyal to the Targaryens at the Tower of Joy in Dorne . Varys discovers that the masters of Astapor , Yunkai , and Volantis have been financing the Sons of the Harpy . In King 's Landing , Tommen converses with the High Sparrow while Jaime and Cersei interrupt a small council meeting , only to be shunned by Kevan and the Tyrells . Cersei 's bodyguard is revealed to be Gregor . Arya trains rigorously with the Waif and her sight is returned to her once she has accepted herself as `` no - one '' . In Winterfell , Lord Umber asks Ramsay for help in protecting the North from the Wildlings , bringing Rickon and Osha as a gift , along with the head of Shaggydog , Rickon 's direwolf . Jon executes Thorne , Olly and the other officers involved in his assassination . He renounces his oath and puts Tollett in charge of the Night 's Watch . 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 Sansa 's party arrives at Castle Black as she is reunited with Jon . In Meereen , Tyrion meets with the slave masters of Slaver 's Bay to offer peace if they will end slavery within a period of seven years , an action that angers the former slaves . Baelish returns to the Vale to mobilize their soldiers against Ramsay . Naharis learns about Mormont 's greyscale as they arrive in Vaes Dothrak . In King 's Landing , Margaery is permitted to visit Loras while Cersei , Jaime , Kevan and Olenna put aside their differences and plan a defeat of the Sparrows . Theon arrives at Pyke and explains to Yara that he will support her claim at the Kingsmoot . In Winterfell , Osha attempts to assassinate Ramsay but is killed by him . Ramsay sends a letter to Jon , threatening harm to Rickon if Sansa is not returned . She convinces Jon to march south in order to take back Winterfell . Daenerys meets with the Khals in the temple of the Dosh Khaleen ; after they refuse to serve her , she burns them and Moro to death . When she emerges unhurt , the Dothraki kneel to her . 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 Sansa meets Baelish , who offers the support of the Vale and tells her that Brynden Tully , her great uncle , is gathering an army in Riverrun ; she initially refuses his help . Jon and Sansa leave Castle Black to gather support from the other Northern houses , with her sending Brienne to Brynden . In Braavos , Arya is given a second chance to prove her loyalty by killing an actress . Beyond the Wall , Brandon learns that the White Walkers were created by the Children of the Forest to protect themselves from the First Men . In the Iron Islands , Euron wins the Kingsmoot despite confessing to killing Balon , causing Yara and Theon to flee . In Essos , Daenerys learns about Mormont 's greyscale , ordering him to find a cure and return . In Meereen , a red priestess named Kinvara meets Tyrion and Varys and promises to support Daenerys . Brandon 's unaccompanied vision causes him to be touched by the Night King , making the cave vulnerable . The Night King , along with White Walkers and hordes of wights , attack the cave , killing the Three - Eyed Raven , several Children , Summer , and Hodor , whose younger self is shown to have been rendered mentally disabled by Brandon 's interference . 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 Bran and Meera are saved by Benjen , who reveals that he was turned by the White Walkers , but was later unturned by the Children using Dragonglass . Samwell and Gilly reach the Tarly family estate Horn Hill . After Sam 's father , Randyll , insults her for being a Wildling , Sam decides to take her with him to the Citadel , also stealing House Tarly 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane . Arya warns the actress about her mission to assassinate her , recovering the Needle . H'ghar approves of the Waif 's request to kill Arya . Jaime attempts to rescue Margaery from the Faith Militant , only to find she has repented and Tommen has forged an alliance with the Faith . He removes Jaime from the Kingsguard and orders him to help Walder Frey , who is holding Edmure Tully hostage , and to retake Riverrun from Brynden . Daenerys mounts Drogon , and declares to the Dothraki that they will sail across the Narrow Sea to conquer Westeros . 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 Margaery convinces Olenna to return to Highgarden after the High Sparrow says that he will pursue Olenna following her attempt to engage the Faith . Jon , Sansa , and Davos recruit the Wildlings and House Mormont to their cause , but remain outnumbered by the Boltons . In desperation , Sansa writes a letter begging for aid . Jaime arrives in Riverrun with Bronn , assuming control of the siege . The former goes to parley with Brynden , ultimately being unsuccessful . Theon and Yara spend their last night in Volantis , deciding to sail to Meereen to ally with Daenerys . In Braavos , Arya prepares to return to Westeros , but is attacked by the Waif . Arya is badly wounded but escapes . Sandor is revealed to be alive , having been saved by a Septon and his followers . When men from the Brotherhood threaten and eventually slaughter the group , Sandor decides to get revenge . 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 Tommen abolishes trial by combat , much to the dismay of Cersei , who planned to win using Gregor . Brienne arrives in Riverrun and attempts to persuade Brynden to surrender , without success . After Jaime threatens to kill Edmure 's young son , he enters the castle and orders the Tully forces to stand down , but Brynden is killed fighting the Lannisters . Brienne and Podrick escape . Varys departs Meereen on an unknown mission . Meereen comes under naval assault by the slaving cities , but Daenerys returns . Sandor kills the outlaws who sacked his village and encounters Dondarrion and Thoros , who explain that the outlaws were renegades . They try to convince Sandor to join the Brotherhood . Arya is taken in by the actress , who heals her wounds . In the morning , the Waif arrives , kills the actress and chases Arya through the streets of Braavos . Arya leads the Waif into the catacombs and kills her . She returns the Waif 's face to the House and declares that she is Arya Stark of Winterfell and she is going home . 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 Daenerys meets with the slave masters to negotiate terms of surrender , but they refuse it . Riding Drogon , as Rhaegal and Viserion assist , Daenerys attacks and burns the slavers ' fleet . Grey Worm kills two of the masters , leaving one to tell of what he had witnessed . After the battle , Theon and Yara meet with Daenerys and Tyrion and agree to an alliance . Near Winterfell , the Stark and Bolton armies meet on the field . Ramsay feigns setting Rickon free , but kills him with a long - distance arrow before Jon can save him . In the battle , the Stark forces are pinned by Bolton soldiers , but are rescued by the Knights of the Vale . Ramsay flees inside Winterfell , but the Wildling giant Wun Wun , having taken numerous arrows to his body , manages to break down the gate before succumbing to his wounds . Jon brutally beats Ramsay and takes him prisoner . Sansa later visits Ramsay 's cell in the kennels and watches as his starving hounds devour him . 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Before her trial , Cersei destroys the Sept of Baelor by wildfire , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Mace and Loras Tyrell , Lancel and Kevan Lannister , along with hundreds of King 's Landing nobles and the Faith Militant , while Qyburn has Pycelle killed . Tommen commits suicide . In Dorne , Varys meets with Olenna and Ellaria , seeking to form an alliance between Daenerys and their houses against the Lannisters . Seaworth confronts Melisandre over the death of Shireen ; Jon banishes her from Winterfell . The Wildlings , the Knights of the Vale and the surviving Houses of the North pledge loyalty to Jon as the new King in the North . Sansa stops Baelish from getting intimate with her . Arya kills Walder Frey and his sons . Tarly and Gilly reach the Citadel in Oldtown . Benjen tells Brandon and Meera to pass the Wall without him . Brandon uses his powers and learns that Jon is actually the son of Lyanna , being adopted by Eddard after she died during Robert 's rebellion . Jaime returns to King 's Landing to find Qyburn crowning Cersei the new monarch of the Seven Kingdoms . Daenerys leaves Naharis and the Second Sons to rule Meereen before she sets sail to Westeros with her other companions , armies and dragons . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Natalie Dormer ( Margaery Tyrell ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Maisie Williams ( Arya Stark ) Iwan Rheon ( Ramsay Bolton ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Carice van Houten as Melisandre Natalie Dormer as Margaery Tyrell Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Conleth Hill as Varys Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Tom Wlaschiha as Jaqen H'ghar Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Hannah Murray as Gilly Jonathan Pryce as the High Sparrow Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Michiel Huisman as Daario Naharis Michael McElhatton as Roose Bolton Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton Dean - Charles Chapman as Tommen Baratheon Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Jerome Flynn as Bronn Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 6 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear : In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Natalia Tena as Osha Art Parkinson as Rickon Stark Owen Teale as Alliser Thorne Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Brenock O'Connor as Olly Charlotte Hope as Myranda Elizabeth Webster as Walda Bolton Paul Rattray as Harald Karstark Dean Jagger as Smalljon Umber Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Sean Blowers as Wyman Manderly Tom Varey as Cley Cerwyn Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Michael Condron as Bowen Marsh Brian Fortune as Othell Yarwyck Ian Whyte as Wun Wun Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Max von Sydow as the Three - eyed Raven Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Kristian Nairn as Hodor Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Kae Alexander as Leaf Vladimir `` Furdo '' Furdik as the Night King In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Tim Plester as Black Walder Rivers Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Lem Ricky Champ as Gatins Ian Davies as Morgan Ian McShane as Brother Ray On the Iron Islands ( edit ) Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Michael Feast as Aeron Greyjoy In Dorne ( edit ) Alexander Siddig as Doran Martell Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah In King 's Landing ( edit ) Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Julian Glover as Grand Maester Pycelle Finn Jones as Loras Tyrell Anton Lesser as Qyburn Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Mace Tyrell Eugene Simon as Lancel Lannister Ian Gelder as Kevan Lannister Hannah Waddingham as Septa Unella Nell Tiger Free as Myrcella Baratheon Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane Josephine Gillan as Marei Nathanael Saleh as Arthur Annette Hannah as Frances In the Vale ( edit ) Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce In Braavos ( edit ) Faye Marsay as the Waif Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Leigh Gill as Bobono Eline Powell as Bianca Rob Callender as Clarenzo Kevin Eldon as Camello In Meereen ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz Eddie Jackson as Belicho Paenymion Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz Ania Bukstein as Kinvara Gerald Lepkowski as Zanrush Meena Rayann as Vala In Vaes Dothrak ( edit ) Joe Naufahu as Khal Moro Andrei Claude as Khal Rhalko Tamer Hassan as Khal Forzho Staz Nair as Qhono Chuku Modu as Aggo Deon Lee - Williams as Iggo Souad Faress as the High Priestess Hannah John - Kamen as Ornella In the Reach ( edit ) James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Samantha Spiro as Melessa Tarly Freddie Stroma as Dickon Tarly Rebecca Benson as Talla Tarly In flashbacks ( edit ) Robert Aramayo & Sebastian Croft as Eddard Stark Matteo Elezi as Benjen Stark Aisling Franciosi & Cordelia Hill as Lyanna Stark Wayne Foskett as Rickard Stark Fergus Leathem as Rodrik Cassel Annette Tierney as Old Nan Sam Coleman as Hodor Leo Woodruff as Howland Reed Luke Roberts as Arthur Dayne Eddie Eyre as Gerold Hightower David Rintoul as Aerys II Targaryen Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) The writing staff for the sixth season includes executive producers and showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , producer Bryan Cogman and Dave Hill . Author George R.R. Martin , who had written one episode for each of the first four seasons , did not write an episode for the sixth season , as he was working to finish writing the sixth A Song of Ice and Fire novel , The Winds of Winter . The directing staff for the sixth season was Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 2 ) , Daniel Sackheim ( episodes 3 and 4 ) , Jack Bender ( episodes 5 and 6 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 7 and 8 ) , and Miguel Sapochnik ( episodes 9 and 10 ) . Sackheim and Bender were first - time Game of Thrones directors , with the rest each having directed two episodes in the previous season . Writing ( edit ) With the end of the fifth season , the content of the show has reached the plot of the latest novel in Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , A Dance with Dragons . Season 6 director Jeremy Podeswa said in August 2015 : `` Right now in season six , what we 're shooting currently is n't based on anything in the book . It 's fully based on discussions the writers have had with George Martin , because the series has now surpassed the books in terms of what 's available . '' Actress Natalie Dormer , who plays Margaery Tyrell , later added that the show 's writers `` know where it 's got to go and what ( George Martin ) 's intentions for the characters are . But they are just filling in the gaps . '' The season premiere starts off right where the fifth season ended . A plot from The Winds of Winter regarding a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called `` The Bloody Hand '' , about the events that have taken place in King 's Landing since the beginning of the series , is included in the sixth season . Filming ( edit ) The Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara , Spain is among the filming locations . Filming for season six began in July 2015 , and ended on December 17 , 2015 . The budget for the sixth season increased compared to the previous seasons as each episode did cost over $10 million per episode , totaling over $100 million for the full season and setting a new high for the series . The season filmed in five different countries , Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Like the previous seasons , a large amount of production took place in Northern Ireland , mainly in Belfast and on the Causeway Coast , including film locations in the Binevenagh , Magilligan area which was used to film scenes for the Dothraki Grasslands , and Larrybane Quarry and Ballintoy Harbour , both used for scenes in the Iron Islands . The small village of Corbet was also used , for the siege of Riverrun . As in previous seasons , some of Castle Black was set at the abandoned Magheramorne quarry . From September 3 to October 23 , 2015 the show also filmed in Spain , specifically in Girona , Navarre , Peniscola , and Almería . Some filming locations in Spain included the Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara , the Bardenas Reales Natural Park in Navarre , the Alcazaba in Almería , and the Castle of Santa Florentina in Canet de Mar . In August 2015 , HBO announced that for the first time since season 1 , the show would not be filming any scenes in Croatia . The Croatian city of Dubrovnik has stood in for King 's Landing since the beginning of season 2 ; nearby cities such as Klis , Split and Šibenik have been used to depict various other locations . Contradicting the statement by HBO , cast of the show were seen in costume in Dubrovnik in October 2015 . Only a very small portion of the season was filmed in Canada ( north of Calgary , Alberta ) : the scenes featuring Jon Snow 's wolf Ghost ( played by animal actor Quigly ) . However , some of the special effects were created at Montreal 's Rodeo FX studios which has won Emmy Awards previously for its work on the series . Casting ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk plays Euron Greyjoy . The sixth season saw the return of Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark , Kristian Nairn as Hodor , Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed , Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy , and Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane , who did not appear in the fifth season . Clive Russell , Tobias Menzies , Patrick Malahide , Richard Dormer and Paul Kaye also returned to the show as Brynden Tully , Edmure Tully , Balon Greyjoy , Beric Dondarrion and Thoros of Myr after not appearing since the third season . Jonathan Pryce as the High Sparrow was added to the series main cast after appearing in a recurring role in the previous season . Across the Narrow Sea , Melanie Liburd plays a Red priestess from Asshai who is in R'hllor 's service . At the Reach , House Tarly is introduced , with Freddie Stroma joining the cast as Samwell Tarly 's brother Dickon Tarly , a character who was mentioned in the novels but has yet to appear in them . Other members of House Tarly that were introduced were Randyll Tarly , played by James Faulkner ; Melessa Tarly , played by Samantha Spiro and Talla Tarly , who was portrayed by Rebecca Benson . Veteran actor Max von Sydow was cast to play the Three - Eyed - Raven , who is training Bran . The character was previously played by Struan Rodger in the fourth - season finale `` The Children '' . David Bradley confirmed in August 2015 , that he would be returning to the show as Walder Frey after last appearing in the third - season finale `` Mhysa '' , but he did not confirm when he would be returning . After the second official trailer was released , it was confirmed that Bradley would appear in the sixth season . Danish actor Pilou Asbæk joins the show as Theon Greyjoy 's uncle , pirate captain Euron Greyjoy . Members of the Icelandic band Of Monsters and Men made cameo appearances . Ricky Champ played Gatins , an outlaw who is a part of a band using religion to justify extorting the people of the countryside . A young Ned Stark was portrayed by Sebastian Croft in a flashback scene . The sixth season also included a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called `` The Bloody Hand '' , about the events that have taken place in King 's Landing since the beginning of the series . Essie Davis and Kevin Eldon joined the cast in this theater troupe , portraying actors playing Cersei Lannister and Ned Stark , respectively , while Richard E. Grant was cast as the troupe 's manager . Members of Icelandic indie band Of Monsters and Men appear as the musicians of the Braavos theatre group . Fates of key characters ( edit ) After the fifth - season finale `` Mother 's Mercy '' , the fates of several key characters , such as Sansa Stark , Theon Greyjoy , Stannis Baratheon , Myrcella Baratheon and Jon Snow were left unknown . It was later confirmed at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con that Sophie Turner and Alfie Allen would return for the sixth season , implying that their characters Sansa and Theon / Reek survived the jump from the castle walls of Winterfell . The director of `` Mother 's Mercy '' , David Nutter , said later in an interview that Stannis ' death was intended by the episode 's script . Showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss also confirmed that Myrcella died after being poisoned by Ellaria Sand . Although Weiss had stated that Jon Snow is indeed dead , photos of Kit Harington , the actor playing Jon Snow , arriving in Belfast surfaced in July 2015 . Since the season 6 script read - throughs were being held in Belfast , these photos fueled speculation that his character might not be dead after all . However , Joanna Robinson of Vanity Fair pointed out that Charles Dance was seen at Belfast the previous year , and his character Tywin Lannister only appeared in the first episode of the subsequent season and only as a corpse , although Dance himself confirmed the nature of his role shortly after the announcement . Another photo , showing Harington on set in Belfast in a costume that varied from the Night 's Watch outfit , was published on September 25 , 2015 . There has been considerable fan speculation regarding how Jon might have survived , including spiritually possessing his direwolf 's body and being brought back to life by Melisandre . In February 2016 , actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau revealed that the opening scene of the sixth season will `` kind of reveal that Jon Snow is ... dead . '' In March 2016 , Harington confirmed in an interview that he did in fact film new scenes for the sixth season as a corpse , and that he knows for how long his character is to remain that way . Promotion ( edit ) On November 23 , 2015 , a teaser poster displaying Jon Snow was released on the official Game of Thrones Twitter account . A 41 - second teaser trailer was released on December 3 , featuring Jon Snow from the fifth season episode `` Hardhome '' , as well as many of the previous seasons ' highlights , and a voice - over from Max von Sydow as the Three - Eyed Raven and Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on December 6 , 2015 , showcasing scenes involving Daenerys Targaryen , Ramsay Bolton , Cersei Lannister , and Tommen Baratheon . On December 28 , 2015 , Entertainment Weekly released its `` Exclusive First Look '' issue , featuring an image of Bran Stark , who was noticeably older from his last appearance in season four , and with shorter hair . On January 22 , 2016 , three teaser trailers were released , with each teaser depicting the banners of the houses Targaryen , Lannister and Stark , and included voice - overs by Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton , Jonathan Pryce as The High Sparrow and an unknown character speaking in Dothraki . On February 11 , 2016 , HBO released 28 exclusive photos from the sixth season , picturing several of the main characters during the season and confirming the fates of Theon , Sansa and Myrcella , while Jon Snow was notably absent . HBO released a teaser trailer on February 14 , 2016 , that shows the faces of a number of living as well as deceased characters such as Ned Stark , Robb Stark , Catelyn Stark , Joffrey Baratheon , Tywin Lannister , Stannis Baratheon , Ygritte and , controversially , Jon Snow in the House of Black and White . On February 24 , 2016 , HBO released 16 character posters of both deceased and alive characters , and two official posters featuring various characters . A behind - the - scenes video of the sixth season was released on February 29 , 2016 , focusing on camera operators working on the show . The first official trailer for season 6 was released on March 8 , 2016 . Another behind - the - scenes video was released on March 22 , 2016 , focusing on the creative process of prosthetics , specifically the White Walkers . The video also contained new footage of White Walkers from the sixth season . On March 24 , Entertainment Weekly revealed a series of new issues titled `` Dame of Thrones '' , featuring six of the female lead characters from the series and focus on the sixth season . On March 26 , 2016 , new photos from season six , in addition to a new promo named `` March Madness '' with new footage , was released by HBO . After the screening of the season premiere `` The Red Woman '' , HBO released a second official trailer . As well , in July 2016 , HBO released a `` blooper reel '' online , a video of outtakes from season 6 . Music ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones : Season 6 ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack for the season was digitally released on June 24 , 2016 , and was released on CD on July 29 , 2016 . The album reached # 27 on the Billboard 200 , # 1 on Soundtrack chart , and # 79 on the Canadian Albums chart on its digital release , with the track from the season finale `` Light of the Seven '' reaching # 1 on Billboard 's Spotify Viral 50 chart . After the Thrones ( edit ) Main article : After the Thrones After the Thrones , a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series , airs on the stand - alone streaming service HBO Now on the Monday following each episode of the show 's sixth season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The season received highly positive reviews , with special praise directed at the episodes `` The Door '' , `` Battle of the Bastards '' and `` The Winds of Winter '' . On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 9 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the sixth season has a 96 percent approval rating from 29 critics with an average rating of 8.4 out of 10 . The season also received a 95 % episode average score on Rotten Tomatoes . Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 6 ( 2016 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The season finale had 8.89 million viewers on its initial airing on HBO , up ten percent from the previous season 's finale , which was the most - watched episode prior to this episode . The average gross viewing figure per episode for the show , which include streaming , DVR recordings and repeat showings , reached over 25 million this season , and it was described as the last consensus show on television . The figure went up by 25 % compared to previous year , and viewing figures of the show this season on its on demand services HBO Now and HBO Go went up by over 90 % , which were new records for HBO . Almost 40 % of viewers of the show watched this season on HBO digital platforms . The show also broke records on pay television channels in 2016 in the United Kingdom with an average audience of more than five million across all platforms , and in Australia with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million viewers . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Red Woman '' April 24 , 2016 4.0 7.94 1.0 2.11 5.0 10.06 `` Home '' May 1 , 2016 3.7 7.29 0.9 1.92 4.6 9.20 `` Oathbreaker '' May 8 , 2016 3.7 7.28 1.0 1.96 4.7 9.24 `` Book of the Stranger '' May 15 , 2016 3.9 7.82 2.22 5.0 10.05 5 `` The Door '' May 22 , 2016 4.0 7.89 1.4 2.76 5.4 10.65 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' May 29 , 2016 3.2 6.71 2.0 3.61 5.2 10.32 7 `` The Broken Man '' June 5 , 2016 3.9 7.80 1.5 2.81 5.4 10.61 8 `` No One '' June 12 , 2016 3.9 7.60 1.5 3.0 5.4 10.60 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' June 19 , 2016 3.8 7.66 1.7 3.42 5.5 11.08 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' June 26 , 2016 4.3 8.89 1.6 3.19 5.9 12.08 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones For the 32nd TCA Awards , the series was nominated for Program of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Drama . For the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , the series received 23 nominations , the most of any series . It won 12 awards , including Outstanding Drama Series , David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for `` Battle of the Bastards '' , and Miguel Sapochnik for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for `` Battle of the Bastards '' . For the 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards , the series won for Best Drama Series . Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 AFI Awards AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 32nd TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Program of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated TV Choice Awards Best International Show Game of Thrones Won Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Game of Thrones Won Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Ensemble of the Year The cast of Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Kit Harington Won Best Drama Supporting Actress Lena Headey Won Best Drama Guest Actor Ian McShane Nominated Max von Sydow Nominated Best Drama Episode `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , Carla Stronge Nominated EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress , Drama Sophie Turner Won 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nominated Kit Harington as Jon Snow Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Nominated Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Nominated Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Jack Bender for `` The Door '' Nominated Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , and Carla Stronge Won Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Max von Sydow as Three - Eyed Raven Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series Gregory Middleton for Home Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Fantasy Series Michele Clapton , Chloe Aubry , Sheena Wichary for The Winds of Winter Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks , Nicola Mount , Laura Pollock , Gary Machin , Rosalia Culora for The Door Nominated Outstanding Make - up for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Jane Walker , Kate Thompson , Nicola Mathews , Kay Bilk , Marianna Kyriacou , Pamela Smyth for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Program Deborah Riley , Paul Ghirardani , Rob Cameron for Blood of My Blood , The Broken Man , and No One Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series Jane Walker , Sarah Gower , Emma Sheffield , Tristan Versluis , Barrie Gower for The Door Won Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama series Tim Porter for Battle of the Bastards Won Katie Weiland for Oathbreaker Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Tim Kimmel , Tim Hands , Paul Bercovitch , Paula Fairfield , Bradley C. Katona , Michael Wabro , David Klotz , Brett Voss , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit for The Door Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Series Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters for Battle of the Bastards Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects Steve Kullback , Joe Bauer , Adam Chazen , Derek Spears , Eric Carney , Sam Conway , Matthew Rouleau , Michelle Blok , Glenn Melenhorst for Battle of the Bastards Won Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Series Rowley Irlam Won Outstanding Interactive Program Game of Thrones Main Titles 360 Experience Nominated Hollywood Professional Alliance Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley Katona , Paul Bercovitch for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Visual Effects Joe Bauer , Eric Carney , Derek Spears , Glenn Melenhorst , Matthew Rouleau for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Australian Production Design Guild Production Design for a Television Drama Game of Thrones Won 3D Award for Visual Effects Design Iloura for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography in a Television Drama Fabian Wagner for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated ACO / BSC / GBCT Operators TV Drama Award Sean Savage , David Morgan & John Ferguson for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series Fabian Wagner for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Anette Haellmigk for `` Book of the Stranger '' Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Kit Harington Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Lena Headey Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Game of Thrones Nominated IGN Awards Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Won Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won MTV Fandom Awards Fan Freak Out of the Year Game of Thrones - Resurrection of Jon Snow Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Television Series Ramin Djawadi Won Film Music Composition Of The Year Ramin Djawadi for `` Light of the Seven '' Nominated World Soundtrack Awards Television Composer of the Year Ramin Djawadi Nominated 2017 43rd People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated 44th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Nicholas Tripodi , Dean Elliott , James Hollingworth , Matt Weaver for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated 74th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated 21st Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2016 Episodic Drama David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Drama Series Boian Anev , Kristina Baskett , Rachelle Beinart , Richard Bradshaw , Michael Byrch , Nick Chopping , Christopher Cox , Jake Cox , David Cronnelly , Matt Crook , Levan Doran , Bradley Farmer , Vladimir Furdik , Richard Hansen , Rob Hayns , Paul Howell , Rowley Irlam , Erol Ismail , Milen Kaleychev , Leigh Maddern , Jonathan McBride , Leona McCarron , Kim McGarrity , Richard Mead , Casey Michaels , Sian Milne , David Newton , Jason Otelle , Radoslav Parvanov , Ian Pead , Rashid Phoenix , Andy Pilgrim , Marc Redmond , Paul Shapcott , Jonny Stockwell , Ryan Stuart , Edward Upcott , Leo Woodruff Won Outstanding Performance by An Ensemble in a Drama Series Alfie Allen , Jacob Anderson , Dean Charles Chapman , Emilia Clarke , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Liam Cunnungham , Peter Dinklage , Nathalie Emmanuel , Kit Harington , Lena Headey , Conleth Hill , Kristofer Hivju , Michiel Huisman , Faye Marsay , Jonathan Pryce , Sophie Turner , Carcie Van Houten , Gemma Whelan , Maisie Williams , Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2017 Best Edited One - Hour Series For Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Art Directors Guild Awards 2016 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley for `` Blood of My Blood '' , `` The Broken Man '' and `` No One '' Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards 2016 The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards 2016 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Glenn Melenhorst , Matthew Rouleau , Sam Conway for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Animated Performance in an Episode or Real - Time Project James Kinnings , Michael Holzl , Matt Derksen , Joeseph Hoback for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Drogon Won Sebastian Lauer , Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Anthony Sieben for `` Home '' -- Emaciated Dragon Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Deak Ferrand , Dominic Daigle , François Croteau , Alexandru Banuta for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Meereen City Won Edmond Engelbrecht , Tomoka Matsumura , Edwin Holdsworth , Cheri Fojtik for `` The Winds of Winter '' -- Citadel Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Patrick Tiberius Gehlen , Michelle Blok , Christopher Baird , Drew Wood - Davies for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Kevin Blom , Sasmit Ranadive , Wanghua Huang , Ben Andersen for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , James Dong , Xavier Fourmond for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Meereen City Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Thomas Montminy - Brodeur , Patrick David , Michael Crane , Joe Salazar for `` Battle of the Bastards '' - Meereen City Nominated Dominic Hellier , Morgan Jones , Thijs Noij , Caleb Thompson for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Retaking Winterfell Won Eduardo Díaz , Aníbal Del Busto , Angel Rico , Sonsoles López - Aranguren for `` The Door '' -- Land of Always Winter Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Richard Dyer , Brett Voss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won 69th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won USC Scripter Award Best Adapted Screenplay David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Kay Bilk Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Won Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton , April Ferry Won Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated 22nd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : FX / Foley Tim Kimmel , Brett Voss , John Matter , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan Wilhoit , Paula Fairfield and Bradley Katona for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel and Tim Hands for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : Music David Klotz for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Society of Camera Operators Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Sean Savage Nominated Zulu Awards Best Actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Nominated Canadian Society of Cinematographers TV Series Cinematography Gregory Middleton for `` Home '' Won Location Managers Guild Awards LMGI Award for Outstanding Locations in Period Television Matt Jones and Naomi Liston Nominated 43rd Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor on Television Kit Harington Nominated Best Actress on Television Lena Headey Nominated 22nd Empire Awards Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Irish Film & Television Academy Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Nominated Best Sound Game of Thrones Nominated Best VFX Game of Thrones Nominated Webby Award Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Won Unscripted ( Branded ) `` Battle of the Bastards '' Featurette Won Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form David Benioff ( writer ) , D.B. Weiss ( writer ) , and Miguel Sapochnik ( director ) for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Pending David Benioff ( writer ) , D.B. Weiss ( writer ) , and Jack Bender ( director ) for `` The Door '' Pending 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Show Of The Year Game of Thrones Nominated Best Actor In A Show Emilia Clarke Nominated Tearjerker Hodor 's ( Kristian Nairn ) Death Nominated 2017 British Academy Television Awards Must - See Moment `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Glamour Awards Best UK TV Actress Sophie Turner Won Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Home Media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on November 15 , 2016 . The set includes extra background , behind - the - scenes material and deleted scenes . Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season Set details Special features Format : AC - 3 , Blu - ray , DTS Surround Sound , Dubbed , NTSC , Subtitled , Widescreen Language : English , French , Castilian , German Subtitles : English , French , Castilian , German , Dutch , Danish , Finnish , Greek , Hebrew , Norwegian , Portuguese , Romanian , Swedish , Turkish 16 : 9 aspect ratio 5 - disc set , 10 episodes `` 18 Hours At The Paint Hall '' : Follow all three shooting units as they converge in this behind - the - scenes snapshot of a day in the life of the largest show on television . `` The Battle Of The Bastards '' : An In - Depth Look -- Behind - the - scenes piece examining the production challenges of creating this epic event , including explorations of VFX , stunts , and interviews with key cast and crew . `` Recreating The Dothraki World '' : Behind - the - scenes piece looking at the creation of Vaes Dothrak and its importance to Dany 's evolution . 13 audio commentaries by , among others , Benioff , Weiss , Dinklage , Headey , Harington , Coster - Waldau , Turner and more . Blu - ray exclusive : `` In - Episode Guide '' : In - feature resource that provides background information about on - screen characters , locations and relevant histories . `` Histories & Lore '' : Learn about the mythology of Westeros as told from the varying perspectives of the characters themselves , includes 18 history pieces . DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 November 15 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 16 , 2016 Copyright infringement ( edit ) The sixth season of Game of Thrones was the most - pirated TV series in 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' David Benioff & D.B. Weiss On Shocking Season 6 Finale '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 5 and Season 6 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Sixth Season April 24 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lukowski , Andrzej ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Kit Harington tells us Jon Snow will return in ' Game of Thrones ' season 6 ... '' . Time Out London . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Kit Harington Remains in Season 6 Opening Credits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Talk Jon Snow Theories , Rape Controversy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Cast and Crew '' . HBO . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Premiere : ' The Red Woman ' Reveals An Ancient Secret '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Everything We Know About the Season 6 Cast '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Davos Defends Dead Jon Snow in New ' Game of Thrones ' Clip '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 , Home review : Earth - shattering stuff '' . Daily Express . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D , Léa ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 : Lord Karstark and Smalljon Umber to appear '' . Melty.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 First Look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : who is Lyanna Mormont , the 10 year - old taking the show by storm ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Snow 's Corpse and Davos 's Sword Take Center Stage in New Game of Thrones Clip '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cashin , Rory ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` '' Trying to keep that secret was like I really did murder somebody `` . Exclusive interview with Game Of Thrones actor Brian Fortune '' . Newstalk.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` We spoke to Game of Thrones giant Wun Wun about his death '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones recasts Three - Eyed Raven with Exorcist star '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Are Meera and Jon Snow related ? Ellie Kendrick is unsure but would ' love it to be true ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones producer on the sudden return of that character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 Anatomy of a Scene : The Cave Battle ( HBO ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 trailer is finally here '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones new season 6 trailer released : Most epic yet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Brynden ' The Blackfish ' Tully returning for Siege of Riverrun storyline '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 spoilers : Edmure Tully returning in Riverrun storyline '' . Daily Express . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Kills Several Someones in ' No One ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stolworthy , Jacob ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Character last seen in season 3 to make return '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bundel , Ani ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones recasts a villain from Season 3 '' . Winteriscoming.net . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garofalo , Alex ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 Spoilers : Ricky Champ Joins Cast As New Character Amid Jon Snow Buzz '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Ian McShane Has No Regrets About Spoiling Game of Thrones '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Yara Greyjoy returns as actress Gemma Whelan spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` See Exclusive Pictures From Season 6 '' . Making Game of Thrones.com . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbush , Jonathon ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones adds Lucy actor to play Euron Greyjoy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 Opener Brings Reunions , Rescues , ( Spoilers ) & Revenge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : DeObia Oparei thinks people should be concerned about Trystane '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Rosabell Laurenti Sellers on Transition From Rome to London '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones 's Julian Glover on Playing Pycelle , Auditioning for Dumbledore , and What He Wo n't Do on HBO '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finn Jones : Ser Loras being treated ' very badly ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Olenna to Confront Mace Tyrell '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 production update and Kristian Nairn on what ' Hodor ' could mean '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` What HBO 's New ' Game of Thrones ' Photos Reveal About Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Season 6 Is In for a Mountain of Trouble '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lightfoot Garrett , Tommy ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Lino Facioli ( Lord Robin Arryn Of The Vale ) Returning For Season 6 , Winter Is Coming , Highlight Hollywood News '' . Highlighthollywood.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 5 & 6 Yohn Royce Interview - Rupert Vansittart '' . YouTube . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Richard E. Grant in mystery role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Casts Babadook Star Essie Davis to Play Queen Cersei ... Kinda ( Updated ) '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Brass Eye 's Kevin Eldon joins Richard E. Grant 's ' theatre troupe ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , Itay ( May 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ania Bukstein on Game of Thrones '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 6 : Episode # 1 -- A Widow 's Future ( HBO ) '' ( YouTube ) . HBO . April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : A Guide to Recognizing the Hunky Dothraki of Season 6 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Adds 3 Tarlys To Season 6 Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Robert Aramayo Nabs Roles In ' Game Of Thrones ' & ' Nocturnal Animals ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nattrass , JJ ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Ned Stark returns as a young boy played by Sebastian Croft - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Game Of Thrones : the Jon Snow revelation and what it all means '' . Empire . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' the Morning After : The Fight Against Fate '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` George R.R. Martin Wo n't Write for Game of Thrones Season 6 '' . Time . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones directors revealed for mysterious season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Natalie Dormer Teases Her New Plot on Season 6 of Game of Thrones '' . Time . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Emmy - Nominated ' Game of Thrones ' Director Discusses Sansa 's Sinister Wedding , Looks Ahead to Season 6 '' . Yahoo TV . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Babadook actress in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sapochnik , Miguel ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Five days left ... '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 costs A LOT per episode : The HBO fantasy epic 's massive budget is revealed '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones premiere screening reveals season 6 surprises '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Games of Thrones season 6 : Castle Black set hit by rockslide during filming '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Predicting Game of Thrones Season - 6 Story Lines Using Shoot Locations '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 wraps Spain filming , winter is finally coming '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones season 6 filming location suggests return of Jon Snow '' . IndiaToday.in . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmadas nuevas localizaciones de rodaje de ' Juego de Tronos ' T6 en España '' ( Confirmed new filming locations of ' Game of Thrones ' S6 in Spain ) ( in Spanish ) . canalplus.es . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 wo n't shoot in Croatia , HBO confirms , so do n't expect much from King 's Landing '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 spoilers : First look at Cersei Lannister following her infamous walk of shame '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Alberta wolf Quigly returns for Season 6 of Game of Thrones '' . Calgary Herald . Calgary , Alberta . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season premiere of ' Game of Thrones ' was very Canadian '' . Pop Goes the News . John R Kennedy Media . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Bran Stark actor confirms he 's in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HBO : Game of Thrones ( Season 6 ) Intro / Opening Credits '' . YouTube . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Adds Melanie Liburd As The Red Priestess '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Freddie Stroma cast as Samwell Tarly 's brother '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Reportedly Just Hijacked a Downton Abbey Actor '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Walder Frey is coming back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Of Monsters and Men for cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Young Ned Stark ' cast ' for flashback scene '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Richard E. Grant joins the cast ( confirmed ) '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Music on TV : Inside Of Monsters and Men 's Cameo on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones director confirms Stannis Baratheon 's fate '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on that fatal Jaime twist : Does this mean war in season 6 ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones author , producer on whether that character is really dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Finally , Photographic Evidence that Kit Harington Has Joined the Cast of Game of Thrones in Belfast '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dance Reveals Game of Thrones Return '' . MTV UK . September 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hewett , Emliy ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington spotted filming Game Of Thrones on set in Belfast ... suggesting Jon Snow MAY be very much alive ! '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Is This Really the Last We 'll See of Jon Snow ? '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kain , Eric ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 5 , Episode 10 Review : Mother 's Mercy '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` New Game of Thrones Information Adds Fuel to the `` Jon Snow Lives '' Conspiracy `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heller , Corinne ( January 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Stars Tease Jon Snow and Sansa Stark 's Fates , Emilia Clarke Says Season 6 `` Almost Killed Us '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` The First Official Look at Game of Thrones Season 6 Is All About Jon Snow '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Trailer Hints at Jon Snow 's Return '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` HBO Reveals First Footage From ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : First look at Bran Stark in season 6 return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Pledge allegiance to Game of Thrones houses in season 6 teasers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Teaser : Is ( Spoiler ) a Goner ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones character posters tease dead Jon Snow in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Cameras of Game of Thrones '' . Making Game of Thrones . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rubber , Latex and Gore : Go Inside GoT Prosthetics '' . Making Game of Thrones . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Game of Thrones women are set to rule season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' : New Season 6 Photos Unveiled '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones teaser has new season 6 footage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 7 trailer : the first teaser is here '' . Digital Arts . IDG . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kremkau , Bryan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Pandora Radio Previewing Ramin Djawadi 's Game of Thrones Film Score '' . Readjunk . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Viral 50 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` HBO orders Game of Thrones weekly after - show from Bill Simmons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Ratings Hit Series High With Season 6 Finale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 ratings : Show brought in 25.1 million viewers on average per episode '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finale Ratings Record Proves It 's the Last Consensus Show on TV '' . Time . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Is Even More Insanely Popular than You Think '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones most popular Sky series ever with 5m viewers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season six finale sets Australian audience record for Foxtel '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , April 18 -- 24 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Better Call Saul ' outgain ' Game of Thrones ' premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , April 25 - May 1 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' on top again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 2 -- 8 : ' Game of Thrones ' rises week to week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 9 -- 15 : ' Game of Thrones ' posts biggest 3 - day gain of season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 16 -- 22 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' tie for top gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 23 -- 29 : ' Game of Thrones ' posts biggest gain of the season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 30 - June 5 : ' Game of Thrones ' keeps its lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 6 -- 12 : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Teen Mom II ' stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 13 -- 19 : ' Game of Thrones ' leads , ' Penny Dreadful ' finale quadruples '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 -- 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Mr. Robot , ' ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' Lead TCA Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emmys 2016 : Game of Thrones breaks record , wins best drama series - The HBO series won Outstanding Drama Series at this year 's ceremony '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Costantino , George ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2016 : Complete Winners List '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : This Is Us , Stranger Things , Atlanta Make TV 's Top 10 of 2016 '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanusi , Hassan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones wins at 2016 TV Choice Awards as Big Bang Theory , The Walking Dead lose out '' . The Net . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners - The Dragon Award '' . Dragon Con . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads winners , ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Veep ' also prevail '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Artios Awards Unveil 2017 Nominees ; Joel McHale to Host L.A. Ceremony '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Awards 2016 : Meet Your Winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Jungle Book ' Claims VFX Trophy at HPA Awards '' . Yahoo !. November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 APDG Awards Winners '' . APDG . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Past nominees '' ( PDF ) . bscine.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past winners '' ( PDF ) . bscine.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion ' Tops ASC Cinematographer Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Graham ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : HBO Leads With 22 Nominations '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Favorite Most Bingeworthy Show '' . A&E . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2016 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Fandom Awards : Game of Thrones , Hamilton among nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Winners 2016 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 16th World Soundtrack Awards announces first wave of nominees '' . Film Fest Gent . August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Zootopia ' and ' Kubo ' Lead Annie Awards Nominations ; ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Civil War ' Land Nods '' . Collider.com . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Annie Awards Nominees '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 2017 ) '' . GoldenGlobes.com . Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Award Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 21 ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` WGA TV Nominations Include ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Stranger Things ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' La La Land ' Top American Cinema Editors Eddie Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DeSantis , Rachel ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` People v. O.J. , Stranger Things score Producers Guild Award nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Takes Top Visual Effects Society Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Damien Chazelle Wins Directors Guild 's Top Film Award for ' La La Land ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' Fences , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Earn USC Scripter Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ; Pedersen , Erik ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' La La Land , ' ' Hidden Figures ' & ' The Crown ' Among Winners -- Complete List '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dry , Jude ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gay and Lesbian Critics Association Honor ' Moonlight ' and ' Jackie ' with Dorian Award Noms '' . IndieWire . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` National Television Awards reveals its 2017 nominees -- check out the full rundown and vote now '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2017 : Mary Berry triumphs and Casualty wins over Game of Thrones , plus full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hacksaw Ridge , ' ' Rogue One , ' ' Arrival ' Lead Sound Editors ' Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stem På Årets Skuespiller - Afstemning afsluttet '' . TV2 . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSC Awards 2017 '' . www.csc.ca . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Win Location Managers Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Three Empire Awards -- Nominations '' . Wemakemoviesonweekends.com . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . entertainment.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Webby Awards : Lady Gaga , Kimmel 's Mean Tweets , and ' Mr. Robot ' Among Winners '' . Variety . April 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film & Video - Unscripted ( Branded ) '' . Webby Award . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Here are the 2017 Hugo Award nominees '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Lands 7 MTV Movie Awards Nominations '' . E !. Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones , Line of Duty and Strictly Come Dancing are up for Virgin TV 's Must - See Moment at BAFTA TV Awards '' . Digital Spy. April 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAMOUR Awards 2017 : All the talking points '' . Glamour . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 release date : HBO confirms US start , Sky Atlantic to simulcast in UK '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Complete details on the Game of Thrones Season 6 DVD / Blu - ray boxset '' . Winteriscoming.net . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 6 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2016 '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones : Season 6 at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I / Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Pulitzer Prize Playhouse ( 1951 ) Westinghouse Studio One ( 1952 ) Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1955 ) Producers ' Showcase ( 1956 ) Gunsmoke ( 1958 ) Alcoa - Goodyear Theatre ( 1959 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1960 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) The Defenders ( 1962 ) The Defenders ( 1963 ) The Defenders ( 1964 ) The Fugitive , season 3 ( 1966 ) Mission : Impossible , season 1 ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible , season 2 ( 1968 ) NET Playhouse ( 1969 ) Marcus Welby , M.D. ( 1970 ) The Bold Ones : The Senator ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) The Waltons ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1974 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) Police Story ( 1976 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1977 ) The Rockford Files , season 4 ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 ( 1979 ) Lou Grant , season 3 ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1983 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1984 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1985 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue , season 2 ( 1995 ) ER , season 2 ( 1996 ) Law & Order , season 7 ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) The West Wing , season 3 ( 2002 ) The West Wing , season 4 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) 24 , season 5 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_6)&oldid=804688168 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from December 2016 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Deutsch فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 14 : 54 . 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when did season 6 of game of thrones come out
[ "The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners.[1] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the season on April 8, 2014, together with the fifth season, which began filming in July 2015[2][3] primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia, Iceland and Canada. Each episode cost over $10 million." ]
[ "April 24, 2016" ]
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Speed limits in the United States
Speed limits in the United states - wikipedia Speed limits in the United states Jump to : navigation , search See also : Speed limits in the United States ( rail ) , Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction , and Road signs in the United States Main articles : Speed limit and Speed limits by country Speed limits in the United States are set by each state or territory . Highway speed limits can range from an urban low of 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) to a rural high of 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) . Speed limits are typically posted in increments of five miles per hour ( 8 km / h ) . Some states have lower limits for trucks and at night , and occasionally there are minimum speed limits . Most speed limits are set by state or local statute , although each state allows various subdivisions ( counties and municipalities ) to set a different , generally lower , limit . The highest speed limits are generally 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) on the West Coast and the inland eastern states , 75 -- 80 mph ( 121 -- 129 km / h ) in inland western states , along with Arkansas and Louisiana , and 65 -- 75 mph ( 105 -- 121 km / h ) on the Eastern Seaboard . Alaska , Connecticut , Delaware , Massachusetts , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico , Rhode Island , and Vermont have a maximum limit of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) , and Hawaii has a maximum limit of 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) . Washington , D.C. and the U.S. Virgin Islands have a maximum speed limit of 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) , and Guam and the Samoa have speed limits of 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) . Unusual for any state east of the Mississippi River , much of I - 95 in Maine north of Bangor allows up to 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) , as well as up to 600 miles of freeways in Michigan . Portions of the Idaho , Montana , Nevada , South Dakota , Texas , Utah , and Wyoming road networks have 80 mph ( 129 km / h ) posted limits . The highest posted speed limit in the entire country can be found on the Texas State Highway 130 , and it is 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) . For 13 years ( January 1974 -- April 1987 ) , federal law withheld Federal highway trust funds to states that had speed limits above 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . From April 1987 through December 8 , 1995 , an amended federal law disincentivized speed limits above 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . A standard sign indicating a speed limit of 80 miles per hour ( mph ) , a night - time speed limit of 65 mph , and a truck speed limit of 55 mph A speed limit sign entering a school zone , along with a warning light above Variety used in Oregon , omitting the word LIMIT . The typeface of the numerals varies significantly due to its non-standard design . See Oregon speed limits . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Speed limits 1.2 Examples of related laws 2 History 2.1 Federal speed controls 3 Minimum speed limits 4 Truck speed limits 4.1 Theory 5 Night speed limits 6 Political considerations 6.1 Financial concerns 6.2 Environmental concerns 6.3 Metric speed limits 6.4 Definition of speeding 6.4. 1 Prima facie 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Law Review Overview ( edit ) Speed limits ( edit ) This table contains the most usual posted daytime speed limits , in miles per hour , on typical roads in each category . The values shown are not necessarily the fastest or slowest . They usually indicate , but not always , statutory speed limits . Some states and territories have lower truck speed limits applicable to heavy trucks . If present , they are usually only on freeways or other high - speed roadways . Washington allows for speeds up to 75 miles per hour ( 121 km / h ) , but the highest posted signs are 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) . Mississippi allows speeds up to 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) on toll roads , but no such roads exist . Oklahoma removed the maximum speed of 75 from its laws , though no road been posted higher than 75 . ( show ) Legend : Freeway : Interstate Highway or other state or U.S. Route built to Interstate standards . Divided rural : State or U.S. route , generally with four or more lanes , not built to Interstate standards , but with a median or other divider separating directions of travel . Undivided rural : County , State , or U.S. route , generally with two to four lanes , with no separator between directions of travel . Residential Street / residential : Residential streets , business districts , or School zones . 5 miles per hour ( 8.0 km / h ) 10 miles per hour ( 16 km / h ) 15 miles per hour ( 24 km / h ) 20 miles per hour ( 32 km / h ) 25 miles per hour ( 40 km / h ) 30 miles per hour ( 48 km / h ) 35 miles per hour ( 56 km / h ) . 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) 45 miles per hour ( 72 km / h ) 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) 75 miles per hour ( 121 km / h ) 80 miles per hour ( 130 km / h ) 85 miles per hour ( 137 km / h ) Further information : Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction State or territory Freeway ( rural ) Freeway ( trucks ) Freeway ( urban ) Divided ( rural ) Undivided ( rural ) Residential Alabama 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 45 -- 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) 20 -- 25 mph ( 32 -- 40 km / h ) Alaska 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 45 -- 65 mph ( 72 -- 105 km / h ) 20 -- 25 mph ( 32 -- 40 km / h ) American Samoa -- -- 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) 25 -- 45 mph ( 40 -- 72 km / h ) 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) Arizona 65 -- 75 mph ( 105 -- 121 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 45 -- 65 mph ( 72 -- 105 km / h ) 20 -- 25 mph ( 32 -- 40 km / h ) Arkansas 70 -- 75 mph ( 113 -- 121 km / h ) 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) 60 -- 65 mph ( 97 -- 105 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) California 65 -- 70 mph ( 105 -- 113 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 50 -- 65 mph ( 80 -- 105 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 25 -- 30 mph ( 40 -- 48 km / h ) Colorado 65 -- 75 mph ( 105 -- 121 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 20 -- 35 mph ( 32 -- 56 km / h ) Connecticut 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 45 -- 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 45 -- 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) 20 -- 40 mph ( 32 -- 64 km / h ) Delaware 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 50 -- 65 mph ( 80 -- 105 km / h ) 45 -- 60 mph ( 72 -- 97 km / h ) 35 -- 50 mph ( 56 -- 80 km / h ) 20 -- 35 mph ( 32 -- 56 km / h ) District of Columbia -- 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) -- -- 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) Florida 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 45 -- 70 mph ( 72 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 55 -- 60 mph ( 89 -- 97 km / h ) 20 -- 50 mph ( 32 -- 80 km / h ) Georgia 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 55 -- 70 mph ( 89 -- 113 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 25 -- 45 mph ( 40 -- 72 km / h ) Guam -- -- 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) 35 -- 45 mph ( 56 -- 72 km / h ) 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) Hawaii 55 -- 60 mph ( 89 -- 97 km / h ) 35 -- 50 mph ( 56 -- 80 km / h ) 45 -- 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) 45 -- 60 mph ( 72 -- 97 km / h ) 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) Idaho 70 -- 80 mph ( 110 -- 130 km / h ) 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 60 -- 65 mph ( 97 -- 105 km / h ) 65 -- 70 mph ( 105 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 70 mph ( 89 -- 113 km / h ) 25 -- 30 mph ( 40 -- 48 km / h ) Illinois 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 45 -- 70 mph ( 72 -- 113 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 20 -- 30 mph ( 32 -- 48 km / h ) Indiana 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 50 -- 70 mph ( 80 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 60 mph ( 89 -- 97 km / h ) 50 -- 55 mph ( 80 -- 89 km / h ) 20 -- 30 mph ( 32 -- 48 km / h ) Iowa 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 45 -- 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) Kansas 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) 60 -- 75 mph ( 97 -- 121 km / h ) 65 -- 70 mph ( 105 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 20 -- 30 mph ( 32 -- 48 km / h ) Kentucky 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 25 -- 45 mph ( 40 -- 72 km / h ) Louisiana 70 -- 75 mph ( 113 -- 121 km / h ) 50 -- 70 mph ( 80 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 45 -- 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) 20 -- 45 mph ( 32 -- 72 km / h ) Maine 70 -- 75 mph ( 113 -- 121 km / h ) 50 -- 65 mph ( 80 -- 105 km / h ) 45 -- 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) 45 -- 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) Maryland 65 -- 70 mph ( 105 -- 113 km / h ) 40 -- 65 mph ( 64 -- 105 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 50 -- 55 mph ( 80 -- 89 km / h ) 20 -- 25 mph ( 32 -- 40 km / h ) Massachusetts 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 45 -- 65 mph ( 72 -- 105 km / h ) 45 -- 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) 45 -- 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) 20 -- 30 mph ( 32 -- 48 km / h ) Michigan 70 -- 75 mph ( 113 -- 121 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 55 -- 70 mph ( 89 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) Minnesota 65 -- 70 mph ( 105 -- 113 km / h ) 45 -- 60 mph ( 72 -- 97 km / h ) 60 -- 65 mph ( 97 -- 105 km / h ) 55 -- 60 mph ( 89 -- 97 km / h ) 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) Mississippi 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 55 -- 70 mph ( 89 -- 113 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) Missouri 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 45 -- 70 mph ( 72 -- 113 km / h ) 60 -- 70 mph ( 97 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 25 -- 40 mph ( 40 -- 64 km / h ) Montana 75 -- 80 mph ( 121 -- 129 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 65 -- 70 mph ( 105 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 70 mph ( 89 -- 113 km / h ) 20 -- 25 mph ( 32 -- 40 km / h ) Nebraska 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) Nevada 70 -- 80 mph ( 113 -- 129 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 65 -- 75 mph ( 105 -- 121 km / h ) 55 -- 70 mph ( 89 -- 113 km / h ) 20 -- 30 mph ( 32 -- 48 km / h ) New Hampshire 65 -- 70 mph ( 105 -- 113 km / h ) 50 -- 65 mph ( 80 -- 105 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 35 -- 55 mph ( 56 -- 89 km / h ) 20 -- 30 mph ( 32 -- 48 km / h ) New Jersey 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 50 -- 65 mph ( 80 -- 105 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 30 -- 55 mph ( 48 -- 89 km / h ) 20 -- 35 mph ( 32 -- 56 km / h ) New Mexico 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) 55 -- 75 mph ( 89 -- 121 km / h ) 55 -- 75 mph ( 89 -- 121 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 20 -- 55 mph ( 32 -- 89 km / h ) New York 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 35 -- 55 mph ( 56 -- 89 km / h ) 45 -- 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) 35 -- 55 mph ( 56 -- 89 km / h ) 20 -- 45 mph ( 32 -- 72 km / h ) North Carolina 65 -- 70 mph ( 105 -- 113 km / h ) 50 -- 60 mph ( 80 -- 97 km / h ) 55 -- 60 mph ( 89 -- 97 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 20 -- 35 mph ( 32 -- 56 km / h ) North Dakota 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) 55 -- 75 mph ( 89 -- 121 km / h ) 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 55 -- 70 mph ( 89 -- 113 km / h ) 20 -- 25 mph ( 32 -- 40 km / h ) Northern Mariana Islands -- 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) Ohio 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 50 -- 70 mph ( 80 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 70 mph ( 89 -- 113 km / h ) 45 -- 70 mph ( 72 -- 113 km / h ) 20 -- 35 mph ( 32 -- 56 km / h ) Oklahoma 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) ( 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) turnpikes ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 65 -- 70 mph ( 105 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) Oregon 65 -- 70 mph ( 105 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 50 -- 60 mph ( 80 -- 97 km / h ) 55 -- 70 mph ( 89 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 70 mph ( 89 -- 113 km / h ) 20 -- 25 mph ( 32 -- 40 km / h ) Pennsylvania 65 -- 70 mph ( 105 -- 113 km / h ) 50 -- 65 mph ( 80 -- 105 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 40 -- 55 mph ( 64 -- 89 km / h ) 20 -- 35 mph ( 32 -- 56 km / h ) Puerto Rico 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) - - 35 -- 55 mph ( 56 -- 89 km / h ) 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) Rhode Island 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 50 -- 55 mph ( 80 -- 89 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 20 -- 25 mph ( 32 -- 40 km / h ) South Carolina 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 55 -- 70 mph ( 89 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 45 -- 55 mph ( 72 -- 89 km / h ) 20 -- 30 mph ( 32 -- 48 km / h ) South Dakota 75 -- 80 mph ( 121 -- 129 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 65 -- 70 mph ( 105 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 20 -- 45 mph ( 32 -- 72 km / h ) Tennessee 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 35 -- 55 mph ( 56 -- 89 km / h ) 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) Texas 75 -- 85 mph ( 121 -- 137 km / h ) 55 -- 75 mph ( 89 -- 121 km / h ) 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) 55 -- 75 mph ( 89 -- 121 km / h ) 25 -- 30 mph ( 40 -- 48 km / h ) U.S. Virgin Islands -- -- 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 25 -- 45 mph ( 40 -- 72 km / h ) 20 -- 25 mph ( 32 -- 40 km / h ) Utah 75 -- 80 mph ( 121 -- 129 km / h ) 55 -- 70 mph ( 89 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 20 -- 35 mph ( 32 -- 56 km / h ) Vermont 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 50 -- 55 mph ( 80 -- 89 km / h ) Virginia 65 -- 70 mph ( 105 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 55 -- 60 mph ( 89 -- 97 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 20 -- 35 mph ( 32 -- 56 km / h ) Washington 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 55 -- 70 mph ( 89 -- 113 km / h ) 65 -- 70 mph ( 105 -- 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 20 -- 50 mph ( 32 -- 80 km / h ) West Virginia 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 20 -- 55 mph ( 32 -- 89 km / h ) Wisconsin 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 50 -- 70 mph ( 80 -- 113 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) 20 -- 35 mph ( 32 -- 56 km / h ) Wyoming 75 -- 80 mph ( 121 -- 129 km / h ) 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 55 -- 70 mph ( 89 -- 113 km / h ) 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) ( show ) legend : Freeway : Interstate Highway or other state - or federally numbered road built to Interstate standards . Divided : State - or federally numbered road , generally with four or more lanes , not built to Interstate standards , but with a median or other divider separating directions of travel . Undivided rural : County , State , or U.S. route , generally with two to four lanes , with no separator between directions of travel . Residential Street / residential : Residential streets , business districts , or School zones . 5 miles per hour ( 8 km / h ) 10 miles per hour ( 16 km / h ) 15 miles per hour ( 24 km / h ) 20 miles per hour ( 32 km / h ) 25 miles per hour ( 40 km / h ) 30 miles per hour ( 48 km / h ) 35 miles per hour ( 56 km / h ) 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) 45 miles per hour ( 72 km / h ) 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) 70 miles per hour ( 113 km / h ) 75 miles per hour ( 121 km / h ) 80 miles per hour ( 129 km / h ) 85 miles per hour ( 137 km / h ) Examples of related Laws ( edit ) State Typical fine Recklessness threshold or enhanced penalty Absolute / prima facie Ticket dismissal options Point system Arizona Over 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) in a school zone , over 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) above the posted speed limit , or over 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) regardless of the posted speed limit . Prima facie ( Absolute above 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) ) Defensive driving school ( requires court approval for criminal speeding tickets ) . Point system leading to fines , potential license suspension , increased insurance rates , and potential jail time ( if criminal ) . North Carolina $10 -- $50 plus court costs . Speeding fines in work zones and school zones are $250 plus court costs . Over 15 mph ( 24 km / h ) over limit at a travelled speed of greater than 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) or over 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) Absolute Prayer for judgment continued ( PJC ) available depending on the court and subject to their discretion , but not available for charges of exceeding a speed limit by more than 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) . Point system may lead to license suspension . Exceeding the speed limit by more than 15 mph ( 24 km / h ) with a speed of greater than 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) or travelling faster than 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) results in a minimum 30 - day license suspension . Pennsylvania $35 plus court and other costs . All fines doubled in active work zones . Over 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) over limit Absolute None Point system leads to mandatory driver education and possible license suspension . Texas $1 -- $20 plus court fees . Doubled in active school zones when children are present or construction zones when workers are present . Various additional `` fees '' assessed by the state essentially increase the fine by around $100 on all tickets . None Prima facie Defensive driving ( once per year ) or deferred disposition ( restrictions vary , but generally at least 4 per year ) , but only valid if : Texas resident , Speed under 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) above limit and under 95 mph ( 153 km / h ) , and Not in construction zone where workers are present or active school zone . Not a Commercial Driver License ( CDL ) holder . Point system is annual surcharge only . No provision for license suspension if surcharges are paid . Rhode Island Prima facie One dismissal every 3 years for speed 14 mph ( 23 km / h ) or less over limit . Virginia Up to $250 School zone : up to $250 additional Work zone : up to $500 $200 civil penalty in certain towns 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) over limit or over 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Absolute Point system leading to fines , suspension , and mandatory driver education . History ( edit ) One of the first speed limits in what would become the United States ( at the time , still a British colony ) was set in Boston in 1701 by the board of selectmen ( similar to a city council ) : Ordered , That no person whatsoever Shall at any time hereafter ride or drive a gallop or other extream pace within any of the Streets , lanes , or alleys in this Town on penalty of forfeiting three Shillings for every such offence , and it may be lawfull for any of the Inhabitants of this Town to make Stop of such horse or Rider untill the name of the offender be known in order to prosecution Federal speed controls ( edit ) In 1973 , Congress enacted a national speed limit of 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . Some states , such as Washington , enacted lower speed limits . For more details on this topic , see National Maximum Speed Law . In response to the 1973 oil crisis , Congress enacted the National Maximum Speed Law that created the universal 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) speed limit . Whether this reduced gasoline consumption is debated and the impact on safety is unclear ; studies and opinions of safety advocates are mixed . The law was widely disregarded by motorists , even after the national maximum was increased to 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) on certain roads in 1987 and 1988 . In 1995 , the law was repealed , returning the choice of speed limit to each state . Upon that repeal , there was effectively no speed limit on Montana 's interstates for daytime driving ( the nighttime limit was set at 65 mph ) from 1995 to 1999 , when the state Supreme Court threw out the law as `` unconstitutionally vague . '' The state legislature enacted a 75 mph daytime limit in May of 1999 . As of May 15 , 2017 , 41 states have maximum speed limits of 70 mph or higher . 18 of those states have 75 mph speed limits or higher , while 7 states of that same portion have 80 mph speed limits . Minimum speed limits ( edit ) In addition to the legally defined maximum speed , minimum speed limits may be applicable . Occasionally , there are default minimum speed limits for certain types of roads , generally freeways . Comparable to the common basic speed rule , most jurisdictions also have laws prohibiting speeds so low they are dangerous or impede the normal and reasonable flow of traffic . Truck speed limits ( edit ) Some jurisdictions set lower speed limits that are applicable only to large commercial vehicles like heavy trucks and buses . While they are called `` truck speed limits '' , they generally do not apply to light trucks . Theory ( edit ) The research record is mixed . A 1987 study finds that crash involvement significantly increases when trucks drive much slower than passenger vehicles , suggesting that the difference in speed between passenger vehicles and slower trucks could cause crashes that otherwise may not happen . Furthermore , in a review of available research , the Transportation Research Board ( part of the United States National Research Council ) states `` ( no ) conclusive evidence could be found to support or reject the use of differential speed limits for passenger cars and heavy trucks '' ( page 11 ) and `` a strong case can not be made on empirical grounds in support of or in opposition to differential speed limits '' ( page 109 ) . One study has claimed that two thirds ( 67 % ) of truck / passenger car crashes are the fault of the passenger vehicle . Night speed limits ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Night speed limit in the Key Deer habitat on the Florida Keys . Note the nonreflective backing of the day speed limit number . At night , only the number on the lower sign is visible in the headlights . The basic speed rule requires drivers adjust speeds to the conditions . This is usually relied upon to regulate proper night speed reductions , if required . Numeric night speed limits , which generally begin 30 minutes after sunset and end 30 minutes before sunrise , are occasionally used where , in theory , safety problems require a speed lower than what is self - selected by drivers . Examples include : Some streets in Tucson , Arizona without street lights . Some Florida roads near Southwest Florida International Airport near Cape Coral / Fort Myers . ( Most of these roads are labeled as `` Panther Zones '' or `` Panther X-ing '' areas . ) Daniels Parkway Ext. , a four - lane divided highway near SW Florida International Airport with a 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) daytime limit , and a night speed limit of 45 miles per hour ( 72 km / h ) is considered by many to be a speed trap . This road joins neighboring SR 82 , a two - lane road with a 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) speed limit . Colorado Highway 13 , with a 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) day / 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) night speed limit beginning 7.1 miles north of I - 70 from north of Rifle to Colorado Highway 64 south of Meeker . Rural Colorado Highway 13 is 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) at night north of Meeker all the way to the Wyoming state line . Highway 20 in Washington state between Twisp and Pateros has a 45mph speed limit due to high numbers of deer ( and other wildlife ) activity . Deer carcasses can be seen along the road all throughout summer Some states create arbitrary night speed limits applicable to entire classes of roads . Until September 2011 , Texas had a statutory 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) night speed limit for all roads with a higher limit . Montana has a statutory 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) night speed limit on all federal , state , and secondary roads except for Interstates . Political considerations ( edit ) Financial concerns ( edit ) Traffic violations can be a lucrative income source for jurisdictions and insurance companies . For example : Westlake , TX took in $42,000 per citizen over nine years for its speed traps . Insurance companies may receive several billions of dollars annually in traffic ticket surcharges . A study by the Federal Reserve of St. Louis found that traffic ticket writing increases when government revenue decreases . 2008 debates over traffic enforcement in Dallas County , TX involved concerns of lost profits if ticketwriting decreased . In Massachusetts , half of the ticket money goes to the police department that writes the speeding ticket , the other half goes to fund the court that convicts the speeder or collects the fine from them . Thus , an authority that sets and enforces speed limits , such as a state government , regulates and taxes insurance companies , who also gain revenue from speeding enforcement . Furthermore , such an authority often requires `` all '' drivers to have policies with those same companies , solidifying the association between the state and auto insurers . If a driver can not be covered under an insurance policy because of high risk , the state will assume that high risk for a greater monetary amount ; thus resulting in even more revenue generation for the state . When a speed limit is used to generate revenue but has no safety justification , it is called a speed trap . The town of New Rome , Ohio was such a speed trap , where speeding tickets raised up to $400,000 per year to fund the police department of a 12 - acre village with 60 residents . Environmental concerns ( edit ) Reduced speed limits are sometimes enacted for air quality reasons . The most prominent example includes Texas ' environmental speed limits . Metric speed limits ( edit ) The values of metric speed limits in the US are to be circumscribed in accordance with the MUTCD . Though not common in the United States , a speed limit may be defined in kilometers per hour ( km / h ) as well as miles per hour ( mph ) . The Federal Highway Administration 's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices , which provides guidelines for speed limit signage , states that `` speed limits shown shall be in multiples of 10 km / h or 5 mph . '' If a speed limit sign indicates km / h , the number is circumscribed and `` km / h '' is written below . Prior to 2003 , metric speed limits were designated using the standard speed limit sign , usually with yellow supplemental `` METRIC '' and `` km / h '' plaques above it and below it , respectively . In 1995 , the National Highway System Designation Act prohibited use of federal funds to finance new metric signage . Definition of speeding ( edit ) Either of the following qualifies a crash as speed - related in accordance with U.S. government rules : Exceeding speed limits . Driving too fast for conditions . Speeds in excess of speed limits account for most speed - related traffic citations ; generally , `` driving too fast for conditions '' tickets are issued only after an incident where the ticket issuer found tangible evidence of unreasonable speed , such as a crash . A criticism of the `` exceeding speed limits '' definition of speeding is twofold : When speed limits are arbitrary , such as when set through political rather than empirical processes , the speed limit 's relationship to the maximum safe speed is weakened or intentionally eliminated . Therefore , a crash can be counted as speed - related even if it occurs at a safe speed , simply because the speed was in excess of a politically determined limit . The effective limit may still be too fast for certain conditions , such as limited visibility or reduced road traction or even low - speed truck rollovers on exit ramps . Variable speed limits offer some potential to reduce speed - related crashes . However , due to the high cost of implementation , they exist primarily on freeways . Furthermore , most speed - related crashes occur on local and collector roads , which generally have far lower speed limits and prevailing speeds than freeways . Prima facie ( edit ) Most states have absolute speed limits , meaning that a speed in excess of the limit is illegal per se . However , some states have prima facie speed limits . This allows motorists to defend against a speeding charge if it can be proven that the speed was in fact reasonable and prudent . Speed limits in Texas , Utah , and Rhode Island are prima facie . Some other states have a hybrid system : speed limits may be prima facie up to a certain speed or only on certain roads . For example , speed limits in California up to 55 mph , or 65 mph on highways , are prima facie , and those at or above those speeds are absolute . A successful prima facie defense is rare . Not only does the burden of proof rest upon the accused , a successful defense may involve expenses well in excess of the cost of a ticket , such as an expert witness . Furthermore , because prima facie defenses must be presented in a court , such a defense is difficult for out - of - town motorists . See also ( edit ) Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Solomon curve Traffic violations reciprocity Transportation safety in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although the maximum posted speed limit in the state is 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) , state law allows a maximum posted speed of 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) ( for possible raising of speed limits in the future ) on rural freeways . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nixon Approves Limit of 55 MPH '' . The New York Times . January 3 , 1974 . pp. 1 , 24 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Blair , William G. ( 4 April 1987 ) . `` 65 - m.p.h. Signs Sprout Out West , but New York Region Holds Off '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 2 -- 100th Congress ( 1987 -- 1988 ) : Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987 '' . Congress.gov . Library of Congress . 2 April 1987 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Law Enforcement Agency '' . Dps.alabama.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Law Enforcement Agency '' . Dps.alabama.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ American Samoa Code Section 22.0323 ( 1 ) , and Frommer 's ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Arizona Statutes Chapter 3 Article 6 State Legislature Jump up ^ `` California Highways with 70 MPH Speed Limits '' . ca.gov . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Subchapter VIII . Speed Restrictions . '' . Delaware State Legislature . May 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Speed limit to jump on Del . 1 near Dover Air Force Base '' . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia Municipal Regulations Title 18 -- Vehicle and Traffic ( March 1997 ) , chapter 22 `` Moving Violations '' ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Florida Department of Transportation '' . state.fl.us . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HB 674 -- Maximus Speed Limots ; vehicles having greater than 6 wheels . '' . Georgia House of Representatives . May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Guam Code Annotated Title 16 Chapter 3 Article 3 § 3301 '' ( PDF ) . Justice.gov.gu . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Matthew L. Wald ( 1997 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Guam Is the Pace - Setter In Driver Seat - Belt Use '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Guam Vacation Guide Request Free Visitor 's Guide '' . Visitguam.org. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Transportation Committee Approves Speed Limit Increase '' . Kentucky Transportation Cabinet . February 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana State Legislature '' . legis.la.gov . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public Michigan Vehicle code : Speed Restrictions '' . Michigan Legislature . November 9 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michigan House approves 75 mph speed limit hike '' . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ 169.14 , Minnesota Statute . Revisor.leg.state.mn.us ( August 1 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ HEAT Speed Management Program . Dot.state.mn.us . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Nebraska Department of Transportation '' ( PDF ) . Nebraskatransportation.org . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nitzman , Alex ( 2012 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Nevada @ AARoads -- Interstate 80 '' . AARoads.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Contrary to popular belief , the speed limit on Interstate 80 is not 75 mph all the way across Nevada . The speed limit stays at 65 mph from the California line into the Reno - Sparks metro area and eastward all the way to Milepost 23 near the Mustang Ranch . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Nevada implementing 80 mph speed limit on I - 80 '' . KSNV . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada freeway speed limit to get bump to 80 mph '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 Safe Driving Rules & Regulations , ( N.J.S.A. 39 : 4 -- 98 ) . '' . New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission . April 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix A Designated 65mph Roadway Segments . '' ( PDF ) . State of New Jersey & New Jersey Department of Transportation . April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ New Mexico Statutes Chapter 66 Article 7 part 4 Mexico State Legislature or nmlaws.org Jump up ^ NY State Vehicle and Traffic ( VAT ) Law § 1180 - a Laws of New York State . Leginfo.state.ny.us . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina General Statutes § 20 - 141 ( d ) ( 2 ) . Speed restrictions . '' . North Carolina State Legislature. April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NCDOT , Strategic Highway Corridors , Facility Types and Control of Access Definitions . '' . North Carolina Department of Transportation . April 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NCDOT , Strategic Highway Corridors , Facility Types and Control of Access Definitions : Expressways '' . North Carolina Department of Transportation . April 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 39 - 09 : Speed Restrictions '' ( PDF ) . Legis.nd.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Speed Zone Map '' . Dot.nd.gov . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GHSA '' . Ghsa.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Lawriter -- ORC '' . codes.ohio.gov . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Provance , Jim ( September 28 , 2013 ) . `` Speed limits rising to 70 mph for some state roads Sunday '' . Toledo Blade . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Speed limit on U.S. 30 bumped to 70 mph '' . The Lima News . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ohio Transportation Map . Ohio Department of Transportation , 2015 . US 30 , cited in the Lima News as 70 mph from the Indiana line to Mansfield , is not shown as freeway . Jump up ^ § 5122 . Maximum lawful speed limits and penalties. , Subchapter IV , Chapter 27 , Title 9 of the Laws of Puerto Rico ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Division Of Motor Vehicles : General Information '' . State Of Rhode Island , Division Of Motor Vehicles . May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` S.C. Code Of Laws Title 56 Chapter 5 Uniform Act Regulating Traffic On Highways . '' . South Carolina State Legislature . May 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maximum posted speed limits '' . Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What are the speed limits in South Dakota ? '' . South Dakota Highway Patrol . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Section 494 . speed limits , Chapter 43 , Part II , Title 20 of the Virgin Islands Code ( 6 ) , and from a NHTSA summary ( 7 ) Jump up ^ Troopers plan to strictly enforce new 80 mph speed limit . ksl.com ( January 5 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Utah Code 41 - 6a - 601 -- Speed regulations . le.utah.gov . Jump up ^ Tribune , The Salt Lake . `` 70 mph speed limit now official on Utah 's urban interstates '' . sltrib.com . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . The speed limit in Cedar City is 75 mph on I - 15 besides bypasses that are nearby Jump up ^ Utah Code 41 - 6a - 602 ( 3 ) ( a ) Jump up ^ Va . Code § 46.2 - 870 . Virginia Legislative Information System . Law.lis.virginia.gov . Jump up ^ Washington State Department of Transportation ( 11 May 2016 ) . `` State officials will not raise I - 90 speed limit in eastern Washington '' . wsdot.wa.gov . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Wisconsin Statute 346.57 . ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Wyoming Statutes . Legisweb.state.wy.us . Jump up ^ `` How to beat criminal speeding in Arizona A.R.S. § 28 - 701.02 '' . The Heath Law Firm. April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Offenses For Which Court Appearance May Be Waived '' ( PDF ) . Nccourts.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` § 20 - 16 '' . state.nc.us . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' ( PDF ) . state.pa.us . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Transportation Code Chapter 542 . General Provisions . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Jump up ^ Transportation Code Chapter 542 . General Provisions . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Jump up ^ Transportation Code Chapter 545 . Operation and Movement of Vehicles . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Jump up ^ Transportation Code Chapter 545 . Operation and Movement of Vehicles . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Jump up ^ Code of Criminal Procedure Chapter 45 . Justice and Municipal Courts . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Jump up ^ Code of Criminal Procedure Chapter 45 . Justice and Municipal Courts . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Jump up ^ Transportation Code Chapter 708 . Driver Responsibility Program . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Jump up ^ Revised Statutes -- Browse Document Jump up ^ Va . Code § 18.2 -- 11 . Leg1.state.va.us . Jump up ^ Va . Code § 46.2 - 873 . Leg1.state.va.us . Jump up ^ Va . Code § 46.2 -- 878.1 . Leg1.state.va.us ( July 1 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Va . Code § 46.2 -- 874.1 . Leg1.state.va.us . Jump up ^ Va . Code § 46.2 - 862 . Leg1.state.va.us . Jump up ^ Va . Code § 46.2 - 861 . Leg1.state.va.us . Jump up ^ Va . Code § 46.2 - 878 . Leg1.state.va.us . Jump up ^ Va . Code § 46.2 - 492 . Leg1.state.va.us . Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Virginia , Department of Motor Vehicles , `` Moving Violations and Point Assessments '' . Dmv.virginia.gov ( May 14 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ A Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston containing the Boston Records From 1700 to 1728 . 8 . Boston : Rockwell and Churchill , City Printers. 1883 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Jim ( 1998 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Montana 's Speed Limit of ? ? M.P.H. Is Overturned as Too Vague '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/remember-reasonable-and-prudent-speed-limits-long-controversial-in-montana/article_06be4f06-f083-571d-a359-dd1698b56b77.html Jump up ^ table V - 4 . ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Managing Speed : Review of Current Practices for Setting and Enforcing Speed Limits . Trb.org . Jump up ^ The Unsafe Driving Acts of Motorists in the Vicinity of Large Trucks . ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Small North Texas town tops list in speeding - ticket revenue wfaa.com Dallas -- Fort Worth . Wfaa.com ( March 23 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Traffic Tickets Are Big Business . Blog.motorists.org ( November 16 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ St. Louis Fed : WP 2006 - 048C `` Red Ink in the Rearview Mirror : Local Fiscal Conditions and the Issuance of Traffic Tickets '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Jump up ^ Dallas County commissioners propose deal to eliminate traffic units , Dallas Morning News , June 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ As motorists ' frustration rises , justices of the peace pull out of automated ticket payment program , Dallas Morning News , July 5 , 2008 Jump up ^ Dallas County to scrap central collections for traffic tickets , Dallas Morning News , July 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ Stephen Moore on Speed Limits on National Review Online . Nationalreview.com ( June 25 , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Matt Hannafin ( April 11 , 2008 ) . Highway Robbery : Coping with the Great American Speed Trap . Frommer 's ( John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ FHWA -- MUTCD -- 2003 Edition Revision 1 Chapter 2B . Mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov . Jump up ^ MUTCD and metric road signs in the US . Lamar.colostate.edu . Jump up ^ New York Roads -- I - 87 -- Northway . Alpsroads.net . Jump up ^ U.S. federal government brochure Archived September 25 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed , Publication No . FHWA - RD - 98 - 154 Archived June 13 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Vehicular Stability Systems ( VSS ) -- Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration . Fmcsa.dot.gov . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Archived May 24 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ State Traffic and Speed Laws . Mit.edu . Jump up ^ Texas Transportation Code § 545.351 and § 545.352 . Texas Legislature . Jump up ^ Utah State Legislature . Le.utah.gov . Jump up ^ `` CA Codes ( veh : 22348 - 22366 ) '' . ca.gov . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Law Review ( edit ) R.A. Vinluan ( 2008 ) . `` Indefiniteness of automobile speed regulations as affecting validity '' . American Law Reports -- Annotated , 3rd Series . 6 . The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company ; Bancroft - Whitney ; West Group Annotation Company . p. 1326 . C.C. Marvel ( 2010 ) . `` Meaning of `` residence district , '' `` business district , '' `` school area , '' and the like , in statutes and ordinances regulating speed of motor vehicles `` . American Law Reports -- Annotated , 2nd Series . 50 . The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company ; Bancroft - Whitney ; West Group Annotation Company . p. 343 . Speed Limits in the United States Road Limits ( by jurisdiction ) Rail Limits National Mandates World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) National Maximum Speed Law ( 1974 -- 1995 ) Speed limits in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speed_limits_in_the_United_States&oldid=805516396 '' Categories : Road transportation in the United States Speed limits by country United States transportation law Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles needing additional references from November 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Română Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 22 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sets the reasonable safe speed limit on any roadway
[ "Speed limits in the United States are set by each state or territory. Highway speed limits can range from an urban low of 35 mph (56 km/h) to a rural high of 85 mph (137 km/h). Speed limits are typically posted in increments of five miles per hour (8 km/h). Some states have lower limits for trucks and at night, and occasionally there are minimum speed limits. Most speed limits are set by state or local statute, although each state allows various subdivisions (counties and municipalities) to set a different, generally lower, limit." ]
[ "each state or territory" ]
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Eurovision Song Contest 1956
Eurovision Song contest 1956 - wikipedia Eurovision Song contest 1956 Eurovision Song Contest 1956 Dates Final 24 May 1956 Host Venue Teatro Kursaal Lugano , Switzerland Presenter ( s ) Lohengrin Filipello Conductor Fernando Paggi Directed by Franco Marazzi Executive supervisor Rolf Liebermann Host broadcaster Radiotelevisione svizzera di lingua italiana ( RTSI ) Interval act Les Joyeux Rossignols & Les Trois Ménestrels Participants Number of entries 14 ( 7 countries performed 2 songs each ) Debuting countries Belgium France Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Switzerland Participation map ( hide ) Participating countries Vote Voting system Two - member juries from each country awarded two points to their favourite song . Winning song Switzerland `` Refrain '' Eurovision Song Contest 1957 → The Eurovision Song Contest 1956 was the first edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest , held at the Teatro Kursaal in Lugano , Switzerland on Thursday 24 May . Organised by the European Broadcasting Union , the pan-European music competition was inspired by the Italian Sanremo Music Festival . Lohengrin Filipello hosted the first contest which lasted approximately 1 hour and 40 minutes . Seven countries participated , with each of them performing two songs . Two jury members from all participating countries cast their votes in secret , based on which song was their favourite . This first edition of the Eurovision Song Contest included several procedures that were not repeated in any subsequent edition : Two songs for each country , secret voting , double voting of one country on behalf of another , optional inclusion of the jury members ' own represented country in their voting , only `` Grand Prix '' title reception for the winner , and a single male presenter to host the show . Contents 1 History 2 Location 2.1 Venue 3 Format 3.1 Voting controversy 3.2 Lost tapes 4 Participating countries 4.1 Conductors 5 Results 6 International broadcasts 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Eurovision Song Contest During a meeting in Monaco in 1955 , members of the European Broadcasting Union discussed ideas to organise a pan-European music competition , taking inspiration from the Italian Sanremo Music Festival . From that meeting , the concept of the Eurovision Song Contest was born . A decision was reached to hold the first ever contest the following year in Lugano , in the Italian cultural region of Switzerland . Location ( edit ) Further information on the host city : Lugano Lugano Location of Lugano in Switerzland , which hosted the inaugural contest . Lugano is a city in southern Switzerland , located in the Italian speaking canton of Ticino . The 9th largest Swiss city , it is the largest in Ticino and largest with an Italian speaking majority outside Italy . The city lies on Lake Lugano , surrounded by the mountains of the Lugano Prealps . Venue ( edit ) The inaugural Eurovision Song Contest took place at the Teatro Kursaal , a casino and former theatre , on 24 May 1956 . The theatre , designed by Italian architect Achille Sfondrini , was used for theatrical and musical performances , ballroom dance and other shows . The theatre closed shortly after the last show in April 1997 and was demolished in 2001 to make room for the extension of the Casino . Now known as Casinò Lugano , it opened again on 29 November 2002 . Format ( edit ) The programme was hosted in Italian by Lohengrin Filipello , making it the only Eurovision Song Contest to have a solo male presenter and up until the 2017 edition with a male trio , the only edition without a female presenter . The programme lasted approximately one hour and 40 minutes . Although it was mainly a radio programme , there were cameras in the studio for the benefit of the few Europeans who possessed a television . Only solo artists were allowed to enter the contest , and their songs were not to exceed three and a half minutes in length , and were accompanied by a 24 - musician orchestra , which was led by Fernando Paggi , along with four guest conductors , which came from Belgium , France , Luxembourg and Italy . The interval act , whistling by the Joyeux Rossignols , had to be extended due to a delay in the voting procedure . It had been strongly recommended that each participating country have a preliminary national song contest . Voting controversy ( edit ) Further information : Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest Two jury members from each participating country travelled to Lugano to cast their vote on the songs , except for Luxembourg which was unable to send juries . The EBU conducted a secret voting and a system allowing the juries to also vote for the two songs representing their own country , as well as allowing the Swiss jury to vote on behalf of Luxembourg . Claims were raised that the Swiss entry won as a result of these procedures . This system was never repeated , as from the second edition of the contest onwards the voting is visible , excludes the jury 's own competing country from their voting and includes individual jury members for each country . Lost tapes ( edit ) While the contest was shown and recorded for television broadcasting in certain European countries ( as television sets were somewhat uncommon still at this time ) , no copies have survived , with the exception of Lys Assia 's repeat performance at the end of the contest . It is one of only two contests to not have survived completely , along with the 1964 contest ( of which the tapes were destroyed in a fire ) . Participating countries ( edit ) Further information : List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest Seven countries participated in the first ever contest , each were represented with two songs . Two more countries , Austria , and Denmark were also expected to take part in the contest , but they missed the submission deadline and therefore could not take part . Although it was thought that the United Kingdom had also missed the participation deadline , it was later revealed by the EBU in January 2017 that it was a mythical fact created by fans of the contest . The EBU further went on to explain that the `` Festival of British Popular Song '' , a contest created by the BBC for the United Kingdom , was the inspiration that brought in changes to the contest format from 1957 . Conductors ( edit ) Each performance had a maestro who conducted the orchestra . The conductors listed conducted both performances for the indicated countries . Netherlands -- Fernando Paggi Switzerland -- Fernando Paggi Belgium -- Léo Souris Germany -- Fernando Paggi France -- Franck Pourcel Luxembourg -- Jacques Lassry Italy -- Gian Stellari Results ( edit ) Except for the winning song , the results have never been published . Simon Barclay 's book The Complete and Independent Guide to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 includes a table with what appears to be the rankings , but the author does not give a source . Under the chart he writes that `` the votes awarded have never been disclosed . '' According to writer Jan Feddersen , `` Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück '' was probably voted No. 2 behind Lys Assia . Draw Country Artist Song Language Place 01 Netherlands Jetty Paerl `` De vogels van Holland '' Dutch 02 Switzerland Lys Assia `` Das alte Karussell '' German 03 Belgium Fud Leclerc `` Messieurs les noyés de la Seine '' French 04 Germany Walter Andreas Schwarz `` Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück '' German 05 France Mathé Altéry `` Le temps perdu '' French 06 Luxembourg Michèle Arnaud `` Ne crois pas '' French 07 Italy Franca Raimondi `` Aprite le finestre '' Italian 08 Netherlands Corry Brokken `` Voorgoed voorbij '' Dutch 09 Switzerland Lys Assia `` Refrain '' French 10 Belgium Mony Marc `` Le plus beau jour de ma vie '' French 11 Germany Freddy Quinn `` So geht das jede Nacht '' German 12 France Dany Dauberson `` Il est là '' French 13 Luxembourg Michèle Arnaud `` Les amants de minuit '' French 14 Italy Tonina Torrielli `` Amami se vuoi '' Italian International broadcasts ( edit ) The participating national broadcasters sent commentators to the contest , in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language . Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station that they represented are shown in the table below . Netherlands -- Piet te Nuyl ( NTS ) Switzerland -- Georges Hardy ( TSR ) Belgium -- Janine Lambotte ( INR ) , Nand Baert ( NIR ) Germany -- Wolf Mittler ( ARD ) France -- Michèle Rebel ( RTF ) Luxembourg -- Michèle Rebel ( Télé - Luxembourg ) Italy -- Franco Marazzi ( Programma Nazionale ) Austria ( non-participating country ) -- Wolf Mittler ( ORF ) Denmark ( non-participating country ) -- Gunnar Hansen ( Statsradiofonien TV ) United Kingdom ( non-participating country ) -- Wilfred Thomas ( BBC Television Service ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Eurovision History -- Lugano 1956 '' . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Major Cities in Switzerland on Population '' . www.worldlistmania.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History - Casinò Lugano '' . www.casinolugano.ch . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Paul ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Let 's hear it for the boys ! Meet the hosts of Eurovision 2017 '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jan Feddersen : Ein Lied kann eine Brücke sein. 1 . Auflage . Hoffmann und Campe Verlag , Hamburg 2002 , ISBN 3 - 455 - 09350 - 7 . S. 374 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Paul ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` Shining a light on the United Kingdom : 60 Years at Eurovision '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Contrary to popular fan myths , the UK did not intend to enter in 1956 as the BBC had previously created their own separate contest , the Festival Of British Popular Songs Jump up ^ `` http://www.andtheconductoris.eu '' . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Barclay , Simon ( 17 June 2010 ) . The Complete and Independent Guide to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 . Silverthorn Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4457 - 8415 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest 1956 '' . The Diggiloo Thrush . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lugano 1956 - Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018 '' . eurovision.tv . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision 1956 Cast and Crew Details '' . IMDb . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie Songfestival '' . Eurovision Artists ( in Dutch ) . Jump up ^ `` Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1956 '' ( in French ) . Songcontest.free.fr. 23 March 2008 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Barclay , Simon ( 17 June 2010 ) . The Complete and Independent Guide to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 . Silverthorn Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4457 - 8415 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eurovision Song Contest 1956 . Official website Eurovision Song Contest Entries History Host cities Languages Presenters Rules Voting Winners Winners discography Contests 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 Countries Active Albania Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Inactive Andorra Bosnia and Herzegovina Luxembourg Monaco Morocco Slovakia Turkey Former Lebanon Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia Relations Armenia -- Azerbaijan Russia -- Ukraine National selections Current Albania Armenia Belarus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Moldova Montenegro Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Former Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Estonia Finland Greece Ellinikós Telikós Eurosong - A MAD Show Ireland The Late Late Show You 're a Star Israel Latvia Eirodziesma Dziesma Lithuania Macedonia Malta Montenegro Netherlands Serbia and Montenegro Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Yugoslavia Other awards Marcel Bezençon Awards OGAE OGAE Video Contest OGAE Second Chance Contest Barbara Dex Award Television and concerts Eurovision Song Contest Previews Songs of Europe Kvalifikacija za Millstreet Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Best of Eurovision Eurovision Song Contest 's Greatest Hits Portal Eurovision Song Contest 1956 Countries Final ( in order of appearance ) Netherlands Switzerland Belgium Germany France Luxembourg Italy Artists First performance Jetty Paerl Lys Assia Fud Leclerc Walter Andreas Schwarz Mathé Altéry Michèle Arnaud Franca Raimondi Second performance Corry Brokken Lys Assia Mony Marc Freddy Quinn Dany Dauberson Michèle Arnaud Tonina Torrielli Songs First performance `` De vogels van Holland '' `` Das alte Karussell '' `` Messieurs les noyés de la Seine '' `` Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück '' `` Le temps perdu '' `` Ne crois pas '' `` Aprite le finestre '' Second performance `` Voorgoed voorbij '' `` Refrain '' `` Le plus beau jour de ma vie '' `` So geht das jede Nacht '' `` Il est là '' `` Les amants de minuit '' `` Amami se vuoi '' ( Note : all countries performed twice ) Coordinates : 46 ° 00 ′ N 8 ° 57 ′ E  /  46.000 ° N 8.950 ° E  / 46.000 ; 8.950 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurovision_Song_Contest_1956&oldid=852094069 '' Categories : Eurovision Song Contest 1956 1956 in music 1956 in Switzerland 20th century in Lugano Eurovision Song Contest by year Events in Lugano First events May 1956 events Music in Lugano Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from April 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malti Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 15 : 49 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
when was the first eurovision song contest held
[ "The Eurovision Song Contest 1956 was the first edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest, held at the Teatro Kursaal in Lugano, Switzerland on Thursday 24 May.\n" ]
[ "1956" ]
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National Film Award for Best Actor
National Film Award for Best Actor - wikipedia National Film Award for Best Actor Jump to : navigation , search National Film Award for Best Actor National award for contributions to Indian Cinema Awarded for Best Performance by an Actor Sponsored by Directorate of Film Festivals Formerly called Bharat Award ( 1968 -- 74 ) Reward ( s ) Rajat Kamal ( Silver Lotus ) ₹ 50,000 ( US $780 ) First awarded 1967 Last awarded 2016 Most recent winner Akshay Kumar Highlights Total awarded 54 First winner Uttam Kumar The National Film Award for Best Actor , officially known as the Rajat Kamal Award for the Best Actor ( Hindi pronunciation : ( rədʒət̪ kəməl ) ) , is an honour presented annually at the National Film Awards of India instituted only since 1967 to actors who have delivered the best performance in a leading role within the Indian film industry . Called the `` State Awards for Films '' when established in 1954 , the National Film Awards ceremony is older than the Directorate of Film Festivals . The State Awards instituted the individual award in 1968 as the `` Bharat Award for the Best Actor '' ; in 1975 , it was renamed as the `` Rajat Kamal Award for the Best Actor '' . Throughout the past 45 years , accounting for ties and repeat winners , the Government of India has presented a total of 52 `` Best Actor '' awards to 40 actors . Until 1974 , winners of the National Film Award received a figurine and certificate ; since 1975 , they have been awarded with a `` Rajat Kamal '' ( silver lotus ) , certificate and a cash prize . Although the Indian film industry produces films in around 20 languages and dialects , the actors whose performances have won awards have worked in seven major languages : Hindi ( twenty - two awards ) , Malayalam ( thirteen awards ) , Tamil ( seven awards ) , Bengali ( four awards ) , Marathi ( three awards ) , Kannada ( three awards ) and English ( two awards ) . The first recipient was Uttam Kumar from Bengali cinema , who was honoured at the 15th National Film Awards in 1968 for his performances in Anthony Firingee and Chiriyakhana . As of 2017 , Amitabh Bachchan is the most honoured actor , with four awards . Two actors -- Kamal Haasan and Mammootty -- have been honoured three times , while six actors -- Sanjeev Kumar , Mithun Chakraborty , Om Puri , Naseeruddin Shah , Mohanlal , and Ajay Devgn -- have won the award two times . Two actors have achieved the honour for performing in two languages -- Mithun Chakraborty ( Hindi and Bengali ) and Mammootty ( Malayalam and English ) . The most recent recipient is Akshay Kumar , who was honoured at the 64th National Film Awards for his performance in the 2016 Hindi film Rustom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recipients 2 Footnotes 3 References 4 External links Recipients ( edit ) Amitabh Bachchan has won the honour maximum number of times ( four ) . Kamal Haasan ( top ) and Mammootty ( bottom ) have won the award three times . Mithun Chakraborty was awarded for his debut film . Key Symbol Meaning Year Indicates the year in which the film was censored by the Central Board of Film Certification ( CBFC ) Indicates a joint award for that year List of award recipients , showing the year , role ( s ) , film ( s ) and language ( s ) Year Recipient ( s ) Role ( s ) Work ( s ) Language ( s ) Refs . 1967 ( 15th ) Uttam Kumar Anthony Firingee Byomkesh Bakshi Antony Firingee Chiriyakhana Bengali 1968 ( 16th ) Ashok Kumar Jogi Thakur Aashirwad Hindi 1969 ( 17th ) Utpal Dutt Bhuvan Shome Bhuvan Shome Hindi 1970 ( 18th ) Sanjeev Kumar Hamid Ahmed Dastak Hindi 1971 ( 19th ) M.G. Ramachandran Selvam Rickshawkaran Tamil 1972 ( 20th ) Sanjeev Kumar Hari Charan Mathur Koshish Hindi 1973 ( 21st ) P.J. Antony Velichapad Nirmalyam Malayalam ( 22nd ) Sadhu Meher Kishtaya Ankur Hindi ( 23rd ) M.V. Vasudeva Rao Choma Chomana Dudi Kannada 1976 ( 24th ) Mithun Chakraborty Ghinua Mrigayaa Hindi 1977 ( 25th ) Bharath Gopi Shankaran Kutty Kodiyettam Malayalam 1978 ( 26th ) Arun Mukherjee Parasuram Parasuram Bengali 1979 ( 27th ) Naseeruddin Shah Anirudh Parmar Sparsh Hindi 1980 ( 28th ) Balan K. Nair Govindan Oppol Malayalam 1981 ( 29th ) Om Puri Hari Mondal Arohan Hindi 1982 ( 30th ) Kamal Haasan R. Srinivas ( Cheenu ) Moondram Pirai Tamil ( 31st ) Om Puri Anant Velankar Ardh Satya Hindi 1984 ( 32nd ) Naseeruddin Shah Naurangia Paar Hindi 1985 ( 33rd ) Shashi Kapoor Vikas Pande New Delhi Times Hindi 1986 ( 34th ) Charuhasan Tabara Shetty Tabarana Kathe Kannada ( 35th ) Kamal Haasan Sakthivelu Nayakar Nayagan Tamil 1988 ( 36th ) Premji Raghava Chakyar Piravi Malayalam 1989 ( 37th ) Mammootty Vaikom Muhammad Basheer Chandu Chekavar Mathilukal Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha Malayalam 1990 ( 38th ) Amitabh Bachchan Vijay Deenanath Chauhan Agneepath Hindi 1991 ( 39th ) Mohanlal Gopinathan Bharatham Malayalam 1992 ( 40th ) Mithun Chakraborty Shibnath Tahader Katha Bengali 1993 ( 41st ) Mammootty Ponthan Mada Bhaskara Patelar Ponthan Mada Vidheyan Malayalam 1994 ( 42nd ) Nana Patekar Pratap Narayan Tilak Krantiveer Hindi 1995 ( 43rd ) Rajit Kapur Mahatma Gandhi Making of the Mahatma ! The Making of the Mahatma English ( 44th ) Kamal Haasan Senapathy ( Indian ) Chandrabose Indian Tamil 1997 ( 45th ) Balachandra Menon Ismail Samaantharangal Malayalam 1997 ( 45th ) Suresh Gopi Kannan Perumalayan Kaliyattam Malayalam 1998 ( 46th ) Ajay Devgn Ajay R. Desai Zakhm Hindi 1998 ( 46th ) Mammootty B.R. Ambedkar Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar English 1999 ( 47th ) Mohanlal Kunjikuttan Vanaprastham Malayalam 2000 ( 48th ) Anil Kapoor Major Jaidev Rajvansh Pukar Hindi 2001 ( 49th ) Murali Appa Mestry Neythukaran Malayalam 2002 ( 50th ) Ajay Devgn Bhagat Singh Legend of Bhagat Singh ! The Legend of Bhagat Singh Hindi 2003 ( 51st ) Vikram Chithan Pithamagan Tamil ( 52nd ) Saif Ali Khan Karan Kapoor Hum Tum Hindi 2005 ( 53rd ) Amitabh Bachchan Debraj Sahai Black Hindi 2006 ( 54th ) Soumitra Chatterjee Shashanka Palit Podokkhep Bengali 2007 ( 55th ) Prakash Raj Vengadam Kanchivaram Tamil 2008 ( 56th ) Upendra Limaye Tayappa Jogwa Marathi 2009 ( 57th ) Amitabh Bachchan Auro Paa Hindi ( 58th ) Dhanush K.P. Karuppu Aadukalam Tamil ( 58th ) Salim Kumar Abu Adaminte Makan Abu Malayalam 2011 ( 59th ) Girish Kulkarni Keshya Deool Marathi 2012 ( 60th ) Irrfan Khan Paan Singh Tomar Paan Singh Tomar Hindi 2012 ( 60th ) Vikram Gokhale Ratnakar Anumati Marathi 2013 ( 61st ) Rajkummar Rao Shahid Azmi Shahid Hindi 2013 ( 61st ) Suraj Venjaramoodu Father Perariyathavar Malayalam 2014 ( 62nd ) Sanchari Vijay Madesha ( Vidya ) Naanu Avanalla ... Avalu Kannada 2015 ( 63rd ) Amitabh Bachchan Bhashkor Banerjee Piku Hindi 2016 ( 64th ) Akshay Kumar Commander Rustom Pavri Rustom Hindi Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of 2014 , the cash prize is ₹ 50,000 ( US $780 ) . Jump up ^ Bachchan has been the most successful actor since 2000 , having won the award three times for his performances in Black ( 2005 ) , Paa ( 2009 ) and Piku ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Denotes The year in which the film was censored by the Central Board of Film Certification . Jump up ^ The character played by Kamal Haasan was loosely based on the Mumbai - based Tamil gangster Varadarajan Mudaliar . Jump up ^ Mammootty played the real - life character of Vaikom Muhammad Basheer in the film that was based on an autobiographical novel of the same name by Basheer himself . Jump up ^ The character remained unnamed throughout the film . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About National Film Awards '' . Directorate of Film Festivals . Archived from the original on 25 October 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 21st National Awards For Films ( 1974 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 16 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 22nd National Film Festival ( 1975 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 14 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 60th National Film Awards Announced '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau ( PIB ) , India . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Awards for Films : Uttam Kumar ( 1967 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals. 25 November 1968 . p. 29 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 24 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amitabh Bachchan '' . The Hindustan Times . 18 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Avijit ( 10 July 2010 ) . `` Mithun : Sexy at sixty '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 14th National Film Awards For Films ( 1968 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals. 25 November 1968 . p. 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 16th National Awards For Films ( 1969 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals. 13 February 1970 . p. 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Gokulsing , K. & Dissanayake , Wimal ( 2004 ) . Indian popular cinema : a narrative of cultural change . Trentham Books . p. 97 . ISBN 1 - 85856 - 329 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` 20th National Awards For Films ( 1971 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 41 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About MGR -- Dr. M.G. Ramachandran '' . mgrhome.org . MGR Memorial Charitable Trust . Archived from the original on 21 August 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 23rd National Film Festival ( 1976 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 6 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 40th National Film Festival '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . pp. 38 -- 39 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 25th National Film Festival ( 1978 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 7 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ The Times of India directory & yearbook , including who 's who . Times of India Press . HathiTrust. 1980 . ^ Jump up to : `` 32nd National Film Festival ( 1985 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Hindi ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 12 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 28th National Film Festival ( 1981 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 12 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 29th National Film Festival ( 1982 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 10 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 30th National Film Festival ( 1983 ) '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 12 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 31st National Film Festival June 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 12 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee , Saibal ; Nihalani , Govind & Guljar ( 2003 ) . `` Kapoor , Shashi ( b . 1938 ) '' . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Delhi : Popular Prakashan . p. 568 . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 066 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` 34th National Film Awards 1987 '' . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 24 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Of course Velu Nayakan does n't dance '' . The Hindu . 18 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 26 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Nagarajan , Saraswathy ( 17 September 2010 ) . `` Smooth sailing '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 21 September 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mammootty as Basheer 's Majid '' . Bangalore Mirror. 21 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . pp. 34 -- 35 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 26 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 36 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 24 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 24 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 22 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 24 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 24 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 40 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 30 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Standing ovation for Dev Anand '' . The Tribune . Chandigarh . Tribune News Service . 30 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 28 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 28 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 28 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 26 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 32 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 34 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 64 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Award for the Best Actor '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 3 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 59th National Film Awards for 2011 -- Feature Films '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 61st National Film Awards Announced '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau ( PIB ) , India . 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 62nd National Awards : Kangana Ranaut wins Best Actress for ' Queen ' , Vijay wins Best Actor for ' Nanu Avanalla Avalu ' '' . Times of India . 24 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2015 . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 63rd National Film Awards : List of winners '' . The Times of India . 28 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 64 th National Film Awards , 2016 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Directorate of Film Festivals. 7 April 2017 . p. 21 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals , India National Film Awards Archives National Film Award for Best Actor 1967 -- 1980 Uttam Kumar ( 1967 ) Ashok Kumar ( 1968 ) Utpal Dutt ( 1969 ) Sanjeev Kumar ( 1970 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1971 ) Sanjeev Kumar ( 1972 ) P.J. Antony ( 1973 ) Sadhu Meher ( 1974 ) M.V. Vasudeva Rao ( 1975 ) Mithun Chakraborty ( 1976 ) Bharath Gopi ( 1977 ) Arun Mukherjee ( 1978 ) Naseeruddin Shah ( 1979 ) Balan K. Nair ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Om Puri ( 1981 ) Kamal Haasan ( 1982 ) Om Puri ( 1983 ) Naseeruddin Shah ( 1984 ) Shashi Kapoor ( 1985 ) Charuhasan ( 1986 ) Kamal Haasan ( 1987 ) Premji ( 1988 ) Mammootty ( 1989 ) Amitabh Bachchan ( 1990 ) Mohanlal ( 1991 ) Mithun Chakraborty ( 1992 ) Mammootty ( 1993 ) Nana Patekar ( 1994 ) Rajit Kapur ( 1995 ) Kamal Haasan ( 1996 ) Balachandra Menon and Suresh Gopi ( 1997 ) Ajay Devgan and Mammootty ( 1998 ) Mohanlal ( 1999 ) Anil Kapoor ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Murali ( 2001 ) Ajay Devgan ( 2002 ) Vikram ( 2003 ) Saif Ali Khan ( 2004 ) Amitabh Bachchan ( 2005 ) Soumitra Chatterjee ( 2006 ) Prakash Raj ( 2007 ) Upendra Limaye ( 2008 ) Amitabh Bachchan ( 2009 ) Dhanush and Salim Kumar ( 2010 ) Girish Kulkarni ( 2011 ) Irrfan Khan and Vikram Gokhale ( 2012 ) Rajkummar Rao and Suraj Venjaramoodu ( 2013 ) Sanchari Vijay ( 2014 ) Amitabh Bachchan ( 2015 ) Akshay Kumar ( 2016 ) National Film Awards Directorate of Film Festivals Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Cinema of India Special Award Dadasaheb Phalke Award Feature Films Golden Lotus Awards Best Feature Film Best Director Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Best Children 's Film Best First Film of a Director Best Animated Film Silver Lotus Awards Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Child Artist Best Music Direction Best Male Playback Singer Best Female Playback Singer Best Lyrics Best Production Design Best Audiography Best Choreography Best Cinematography Best Costume Design Best Editing Best Make - up Best Screenplay Best Special Effects Best Film on Environment Conservation / Preservation Best Film on Family Welfare Best Film on National Integration Best Film on Other Social Issues Special Jury Award Special Mention Silver Lotus Awards ( Regional ) Assamese Bodo Bengali English Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Manipuri Marathi Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Urdu Bhojpuri Khasi Kodava Kokborok Mishing Mizo Monpa Rabha Sherdukpen Tulu Wancho Discontinued Awards Second Best Feature Film Third Best Feature Film Best Story Non-Feature Films Golden Lotus Awards Best Non-Feature Film Best Director Silver Lotus Awards Best First Film of a Director Best Audiography Best Cinematography Best Editing Best Music Direction Best Narration / Voice Over Best Agriculture Film Best Animation Film Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film Best Arts / Cultural Film Best Biographical Film Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film Best Environment / Conservation / Preservation Film Best Exploration / Adventure Film Best Film on Family Welfare Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film Best Investigative Film Best Promotional Film Best Scientific Film Best Short Fiction Film Best Film on Social Issues Special Jury Award / Special Mention Discontinued Awards Best Experimental Film Best Filmstrip Best Industrial Film Best News Review Best Newsreel Cameraman Writing on Cinema Golden Lotus Awards Best Book on Cinema Best Film Critic Special Awards Special Jury Award / Special Mention ( Book on Cinema ) Special Jury Award / Special Mention ( Film Critic ) Awards by year 1953 -- 1960 1953 ( 1st ) 1954 ( 2nd ) 1955 ( 3rd ) 1956 ( 4th ) 1957 ( 5th ) 1958 ( 6th ) 1959 ( 7th ) 1960 ( 8th ) 1961 -- 1980 1961 ( 9th ) 1962 ( 10th ) 1963 ( 11th ) 1964 ( 12th ) 1965 ( 13th ) 1966 ( 14th ) 1967 ( 15th ) 1968 ( 16th ) 1969 ( 17th ) 1970 ( 18th ) 1971 ( 19th ) 1972 ( 20th ) 1973 ( 21st ) 1974 ( 22nd ) 1975 ( 23rd ) 1976 ( 24th ) 1977 ( 25th ) 1978 ( 26th ) 1979 ( 27th ) 1980 ( 28th ) 1981 -- 2000 1981 ( 29th ) 1982 ( 30th ) 1983 ( 31st ) 1984 ( 32nd ) 1985 ( 33rd ) 1986 ( 34th ) 1987 ( 35th ) 1988 ( 36th ) 1989 ( 37th ) 1990 ( 38th ) 1991 ( 39th ) 1992 ( 40th ) 1993 ( 41st ) 1994 ( 42nd ) 1995 ( 43rd ) 1996 ( 44th ) 1997 ( 45th ) 1998 ( 46th ) 1999 ( 47th ) 2000 ( 48th ) 2001 -- present 2001 ( 49th ) 2002 ( 50th ) 2003 ( 51st ) 2004 ( 52nd ) 2005 ( 53rd ) 2006 ( 54th ) 2007 ( 55th ) 2008 ( 56th ) 2009 ( 57th ) 2010 ( 58th ) 2011 ( 59th ) 2012 ( 60th ) 2013 ( 61st ) 2014 ( 62nd ) 2015 ( 63rd ) 2016 ( 64th ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Film_Award_for_Best_Actor&oldid=825488175 '' Categories : National Film Awards ( India ) Film awards for lead actor Hidden categories : CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) Featured lists Use British English from April 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 17 : 53 . 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which indian actor has won the most national awards
[ "The first recipient was Uttam Kumar from Bengali cinema, who was honoured at the 15th National Film Awards in 1968 for his performances in Anthony Firingee and Chiriyakhana.[5] As of 2017, Amitabh Bachchan is the most honoured actor, with four awards. Two actors—Kamal Haasan and Mammootty—have been honoured three times, while six actors—Sanjeev Kumar, Mithun Chakraborty, Om Puri, Naseeruddin Shah, Mohanlal, and Ajay Devgn—have won the award two times. Two actors have achieved the honour for performing in two languages—Mithun Chakraborty (Hindi and Bengali) and Mammootty (Malayalam and English).[6] The most recent recipient is Akshay Kumar, who was honoured at the 64th National Film Awards for his performance in the 2016 Hindi film Rustom." ]
[ "Amitabh Bachchan" ]
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Longest word in English
Longest word in English - wikipedia Longest word in English Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Longest words . The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language , as well as how length should be compared . In addition to words derived naturally from the language 's roots ( without any known intentional invention ) , English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction ; place names may be considered words ; technical terms may be arbitrarily long . Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters , or ( less commonly ) phonology and the number of phonemes . Word Letters Characteristics Dispute Methionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl ... isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin , the largest known protein Technical ; not in dictionary ; disputed whether it is a word Methionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl ... serine 1,909 Longest published word Technical Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano ... pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author , the longest word ever to appear in literature Coined ; not in dictionary ; Ancient Greek transliteration Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary Technical ; coined to be the longest word Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Coined Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-coined word in a major dictionary Technical Floccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Coined Antidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-coined and nontechnical word Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare 's works ; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels Latin Contents ( hide ) 1 Major dictionaries 2 Creations of long words 2.1 Coinages 2.2 Agglutinative constructions 2.3 Technical terms 3 Notable long words 3.1 Place names 3.2 Personal names 3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length 3.3. 1 Typed words 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Major dictionaries The longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis , a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles , specifically from a volcano ; medically , it is the same as silicosis . The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English , and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning , lending at least some degree of validity to its claim . The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism ( 30 letters ) . Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism ( 28 letters ) , as the editors found no widespread , sustained usage of the word in its original meaning . The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically ( 27 letters ) . The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is floccinaucinihilipilification at 29 letters . Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning `` nothing '' and defined as `` the act of estimating something as worthless '' ; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741 . Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text , meaning non-technical present - day text seen by casual readers , in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word . According to Eckler , the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries , with 22 letters each . A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically , at 20 letters . The word internationalization is abbreviated `` i18n '' , the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last . Creations of long words Coinages In his play Assemblywomen ( Ecclesiazousae ) , the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters ( 183 in the transliteration below ) , which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients : Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphioparaomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokigklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetraganopterygon . Henry Carey 's farce Chrononhotonthologos ( 1743 ) holds the opening line : `` Aldiborontiphoscophornio ! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos ? '' Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall : osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous ( 44 characters ) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary ( 51 characters ) . James Joyce made up nine 100 - letter words plus one 101 - letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake , the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk . Appearing on the first page , it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve . As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage , it is generally not accepted as a real word . Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar , when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake . `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '' , the 34 - letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins , does appear in several dictionaries , but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title . The attributed meaning is `` a word that you say when you do n't know what to say . '' The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman . Agglutinative constructions The English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes . This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction . This process can create arbitrarily long words : for example , the prefixes pseudo ( false , spurious ) and anti ( against , opposed to ) can be added as many times as desired . A word like anti-aircraft ( pertaining to the defense against aircraft ) is easily extended to anti-anti - aircraft ( pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft , a legitimate concept ) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of `` anti - '' s , each time creating a new level of counteraction . More familiarly , the addition of numerous `` great '' s to a relative , e.g. great - great - great - grandfather , can produce words of arbitrary length . In musical notation , a 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver . Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction . Technical terms Parastratiosphecomyia sphecomyioides A number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words . The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open - ended , giving rise to the 189,819 - letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl ... isoleucine for the protein also known as titin , which is involved in striated muscle formation . In nature , DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names . For example , the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs , so the sequence of one of its strands , if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl ... , would be about 8 billion letters long . The longest published word , Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso ... serine , referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus , was 1,185 letters long , and appeared in the American Chemical Society 's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966 . In 1965 , the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names . John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open - ended system for naming powers of 10 , in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion , coming from the Latin name for 6560 , is the name for 10 = 10 . Under the long number scale , it would be 10 = 10 . Jonathan Bowers has developed a system for even larger numbers ( enneenneconteennahecteika - enneenneconteennahectenedaka - enneenneconteennahecteyodaka - enneenneconteennahectezedaka - enneenneconteennahecteexdaka - enneenneconteennahectepedaka - enneennecontehectetedaka - enneenneconteennahectetradaka - enneenneconteennahectedoka - enneenneconteennahectehendaka - enneenneconteennahectedaka - enneenneconteennahectexenna - enneenneconteennahecteyotta - enneenneconteennahectezetta - enneenneconteennahecteexa - enneenneconteennahectepeta - enneenneconteennahectetera - enneenneconteennahectegiga - enneenneconteennahectemega - enneenneconteennahectekilla - enneenneconteennahectillion for 10 3 ∗ 10 3 ∗ 10 63 − 3 + 3 ( \ displaystyle 10 ^ ( 3 * 10 ^ ( 3 * 10 ^ ( 63 ) - 3 ) + 3 ) ) ) . Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name -- it is a kind of amphipod . However , this name , proposed by B. Dybowski , was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case . Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name . It is a species of soldier fly . Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic , at 52 letters , describing the spa waters at Bath , England , is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother ( 1675 -- 1737 ) . The word is composed of the following elements : Aequeo : equal ( Latin , aequo ) Salino : containing salt ( Latin , salinus ) Calcalino : calcium ( Latin , calx ) Ceraceo : waxy ( Latin , cera ) Aluminoso : alumina ( Latin ) Cupreo : from `` copper '' Vitriolic : resembling vitriol Notable long words Place names The sign at Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu The station sign at Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch in North Wales Main article : List of long place names The longest officially recognized place name in an English - speaking country is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu ( 57 letters ) , which is a hill in New Zealand . The name is in the Māori language . A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu ( 85 letters ) , which appears on the signpost at the location ( see the photo on this page ) . In Māori , the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters . In Canada , the longest place name is Dysart , Dudley , Harcourt , Guilford , Harburn , Bruton , Havelock , Eyre and Clyde , a township in Ontario , at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters . The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot ( 19 letters ) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton - under - Whitestonecliffe ( 29 characters ) . The longest place name in the United States ( 45 letters ) is Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg , a lake in Webster , Massachusetts . It means `` Fishing Place at the Boundaries -- Neutral Meeting Grounds '' and is sometimes facetiously translated as `` you fish your side of the water , I fish my side of the water , nobody fishes the middle '' . The lake is also known as Webster Lake . The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester - on - the - Severn , a town in Maryland , and Washington - on - the - Brazos , a notable place in Texas history . The longest official geographical name in Australia is Mamungkukumpurangkuntjunya . It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning `` where the Devil urinates '' . In Ireland , the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtownmountkennedy in County Wicklow . See also : List of short place names Personal names Guinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used . From about 1975 to 1985 , the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorffvoralternwarengewissenhaftschaferswessenschafewarenwohlgepflegeundsorgfaltigkeitbeschutzenvonangreifendurchihrraubgierigfeindewelchevoralternzwolftausendjahresvorandieerscheinenwanderersteerdemenschderraumschiffgebrauchlichtalsseinursprungvonkraftgestartseinlangefahrthinzwischensternartigraumaufdersuchenachdiesternwelchegehabtbewohnbarplanetenkreisedrehensichundwohinderneurassevonverstandigmenschlichkeitkonntefortplanzenundsicherfreuenanlebenslanglichfreudeundruhemitnichteinfurcht vorangreifenvonandererintelligentgeschopfsvonhinzwischensternartigraum , Senior ( 746 letters ) , also known as Wolfe + 585 , Senior . After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name . The category was removed shortly afterward . Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons . The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin , who proposed the given name `` Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116 '' for their child ( pronounced ( ˈalbɪn ) , 43 characters ) , which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad , southern Sweden . Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of the longest English words with one syllable Schmaltzed and strengthed ( 10 letters ) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary , while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster 's Third New International Dictionary ; but squirrelled ( 11 letters ) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only ( as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel , and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ) . Schtroumpfed ( 12 letters ) was coined by Umberto Eco , while broughammed ( 11 letters ) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed ( 10 letters ) was coined by George Bernard Shaw . Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel . Euouae , a medieval musical term , is the longest English word consisting only of vowels , and the word with the most consecutive vowels . However , the `` word '' itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase `` seculorum Amen '' at the end of the lesser doxology . ( Although u was often used interchangeably with v , and the variant `` Evovae '' is occasionally used , the v in these cases would still be a vowel . ) The longest words with no repeated letters are dermatoglyphics , misconjugatedly and uncopyrightables . The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight - letter Aegilops , a grass genus . However , this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun . There are several six - letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order , including abhors , almost , begins , biopsy , chimps and chintz . The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once , and in order , are abstemiously , affectiously , and tragediously ( OED ) . Fracedinously and gravedinously ( constructed from adjectives in OED ) have thirteen letters ; Gadspreciously , constructed from Gadsprecious ( in OED ) , has fourteen letters . Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all five vowels and the semivowel y . The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator , another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil . Typed words The longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades , aftercataracts , and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses . Using the right hand alone , the longest word that can be typed is johnny - jump - up , or , excluding hyphens , monimolimnion and phyllophyllin . The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters : rupturewort . Similar words with 10 letters include : pepperwort , perpetuity , proprietor , requietory , repertoire , tripertite , pourriture and ( fittingly ) typewriter . The word teetertotter ( used in North American English ) is longer at 12 letters , although it is usually spelled with a hyphen . The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas ( 10 letters ) . Nine - letter words include flagfalls , galahads and alfalfas . Since the bottom row contains no vowels , no standard words can be formed . Exceptions might include Zzz , seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep , or m ' , the clitic form of my . The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively . On a Dvorak keyboard , the longest `` left - handed '' words are epopoeia , jipijapa , peekapoo , and quiaquia . Other such long words are papaya , Kikuyu , opaque , and upkeep . Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger , and so the longest one - fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard . There are no vowels on the right - hand side , and so the longest `` right - handed '' word is crwth . See also Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft , longest published word in German Lipogram List of the longest English words with one syllable Longest English sentence Longest word in Spanish Longest word in Turkish Number of words in English Scriptio continua Sesquipedalianism References Jump up ^ Colista Moore ( 2011 ) . Student 's Dictionary . p. 524 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934669 - 21 - 1 . Jump up ^ see separate article Lopado ... pterygon Jump up ^ Donald McFarlan ; Norris Dewar McWhirter ; David A. Boeh ( 1989 ) . Guinness book of world records : 1990 . Sterling . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8069 - 5790 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Coined around 1935 to be the longest word ; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat . First appeared in the MWNID supplement , 1939 . Today OED and several others list it , but citations are almost always as `` longest word '' . More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis . Jump up ^ `` What is the longest English word ? '' . AskOxford . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` What is the longest English word ? '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ http://www.innocentenglish.com/cool-interesting-and-strange-facts/cool-strange-and-interesting-facts-page-3-3.html See fact # 99 Jump up ^ `` pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis -- definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Word in the Dictionary '' ( Video ) . Ask the Editor . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Floccinaucinihilipilification '' by Michael Quinion World Wide Words ; Jump up ^ The Guinness Book of Records , in its 1992 and previous editions , declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification . More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis . What is the longest English word ? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Jump up ^ In recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd `` Mr. President , may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York , I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago . I can not remember just when or what the occasion was , but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment . '' Congressional Record June 17 , 1991 , p . S7887 , and at the White House by Bill Clinton 's press secretary Mike McCurry , albeit sarcastically . December 6 , 1995 , White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions : `` But if you -- as a practical matter of estimating the economy , the difference is not great . There 's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here . '' Jump up ^ Eckler , R. Making the Alphabet Dance , p 252 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Common Words -- Modern '' . Maltron.com . Archived from the original on 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of W3C Jargon '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of the Abbreviation I18n '' . Jump up ^ `` Localization vs. Internationalization '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Jump up ^ Paux et al. ( 2008 ) Science , Vol. 322 ( 5898 ) 101 - 104 . A Physical Map of the 1 - Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Chemical Abstracts Formula Index , Jan. - June 1964 , Page 967F ; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll . Formulas , C H - Z , 56 - 65 , 1962 -- 1966 , Page 6717F Jump up ^ Sbiis Sabaian 's `` Large Numbers '' website Jump up ^ `` Opinion 105 . Dybowski 's ( 1926 ) Names of Crustacea Suppressed '' . Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature : Opinions 105 to 114 . Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73 ( 6 ) . 1929 . pp. 1 -- 3 . hdl : 10088 / 23619 . BHL page 8911139 . Jump up ^ rjk . `` World 's longest name of an animal . Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly '' . thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com . Jump up ^ cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English , see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived April 12 , 2012 , at WebCite Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` GeoNames Government of Canada site '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Belluck , Pam ( 2004 - 11 - 20 ) . `` What 's the Name of That Lake ? It 's Hard to Say '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Geoscience Australia Gazeteer '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` South Australian State Gazeteer '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Fun With Words : Word Oddities '' . Rinkworks.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typewriter Words '' . Questrel.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Science Links Japan Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal '' . Sciencelinks.jp. 2009 - 03 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary entry for monimolimnion , a word that , at 13 letters , is longer than any of the words linked in the source above '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Word Records '' . Fun-with-words.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Typewriter Words '' . Wordnik.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Dvorak Keyboard and You '' . Theworldofstuff.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . External links Wiktionary has a category on Long English words Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Longest word in English '' dated 2011 - 01 - 08 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles A Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia -- Long words Long words ( chemical names ) Long words ( place names ) What is the longest English word ? , AskOxford.com `` Ask the Experts '' What is the Longest Word ? , Fun-With-Words.com Full chemical name of titin . Taxonomy of Wordplay Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longest_word_in_English&oldid=818685520 '' Categories : Superlatives Types of words English words Long words Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2010 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles that may contain original research from August 2017 All articles that may contain original research Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Norsk Русский தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 00 : 10 . 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the longest word in english has 189 819 letters
[ "\nMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine\n189,819\nChemical name of titin, the largest known protein\nTechnical; not in dictionary; disputed whether it is a word\n" ]
[ "Methionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine" ]
5162185925842322239
Crater Lake
Crater Lake - wikipedia Crater Lake Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Crater Lake ( disambiguation ) . Crater Lake Panoramic winter view of Crater Lake from Rim Village Crater Lake Location in the United States Crater Lake Location in the United States Show map of Oregon Show map of the US Show all Bathymetric survey Location Klamath County , Oregon Coordinates 42 ° 57 ′ N 122 ° 06 ′ W  /  42.95 ° N 122.10 ° W  / 42.95 ; - 122.10 Coordinates : 42 ° 57 ′ N 122 ° 06 ′ W  /  42.95 ° N 122.10 ° W  / 42.95 ; - 122.10 Lake type crater lake Primary inflows precipitation and snowmelt only Primary outflows evaporation , subsurface seepage to Wood River Catchment area 23.3 sq mi ( 60 km ) Basin countries United States Max. length 6 mi ( 9.7 km ) Max . width 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) Surface area 20.6 sq mi ( 53 km ) Average depth 1,148 ft ( 350 m ) Max . depth 1,949 ft ( 594 m ) Water volume 4.49 cu mi ( 18.7 km ) Residence time 157 years Shore length 21.8 mi ( 35.1 km ) Surface elevation 6,178 ft ( 1,883 m ) Islands Wizard Island Phantom Ship Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Panoramic view of Crater Lake -- Spring 2016 Crater Lake ( Klamath : giiwas ) is a caldera lake in south - central Oregon in the western United States . It is the main feature of Crater Lake National Park and is famous for its deep blue color and water clarity . The lake partly fills a nearly 2,148 - foot ( 655 m ) - deep caldera that was formed around 7,700 ( ± 150 ) years ago by the collapse of the volcano Mount Mazama . There are no rivers flowing into or out of the lake ; the evaporation is compensated for by rain and snowfall at a rate such that the total amount of water is replaced every 250 years . With a depth of 1,949 feet ( 594 m ) , the lake is the deepest in the United States . In the world , it ranks ninth for maximum depth , and third for mean ( average ) depth . Crater Lake is also known for the `` Old Man of the Lake '' , a full - sized tree which is now a stump that has been bobbing vertically in the lake for over a century . The low temperature of the water has slowed the decomposition of the wood , hence the longevity of the bobbing tree . Crater Lake features two small islands . Wizard Island , located near the western shore of the lake , is a cinder cone approximately 316 acres ( 128 ha ) in size . Phantom Ship , a natural rock pillar , is located near the southern shore . While having no indigenous fish population , the lake was stocked from 1888 to 1941 with a variety of fish . Several species have formed self - sustaining populations . Since 2002 , one of the state 's regular - issue license plate designs has featured Crater Lake . The commemorative Oregon State Quarter , which was released by the United States Mint in 2005 , features an image of Crater Lake on its reverse . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 Dimensions and depth 3 Geology 4 Climate 5 Water quality 6 Sacred significance 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Location ( edit ) Crater Lake is in Klamath County , approximately 60 miles ( 97 km ) northwest of the county seat of Klamath Falls , and about 80 miles ( 130 km ) northeast of the city of Medford . In June 1853 , John Wesley Hillman became the first non-Native American explorer to report sighting the lake he named the `` Deep Blue Lake . '' The lake was renamed at least three times , as Blue Lake , Lake Majesty , and finally Crater Lake . Dimensions and depth ( edit ) Wizard Island in Crater Lake National Park The lake is 5 by 6 miles ( 8.0 by 9.7 km ) across , with a caldera rim ranging in elevation from 7,000 to 8,000 feet ( 2,100 to 2,400 m ) and an average lake depth of 1,148 feet ( 350 m ) . The lake 's maximum depth has been measured at 1,949 feet ( 594 m ) , which fluctuates slightly as the weather changes . On the basis of maximum depth , Crater Lake is the deepest lake in the United States , the second - deepest in North America ( after Great Slave Lake in Canada ) , and the ninth - deepest lake in the world . Crater Lake is often cited as the seventh - deepest lake in the world , but this ranking excludes Lake Vostok in Antarctica , which is beneath about 13,000 feet ( 4,000 m ) of ice , and the recent depth soundings of O'Higgins / San Martín Lake , which is along the border of Chile and Argentina . When considering the mean , or average depth of lakes , Crater Lake becomes the deepest lake in the Western Hemisphere and the third - deepest in the world . Crater Lake Institute Director and limnologist Owen Hoffman states `` Crater Lake is the deepest , when compared on the basis of average depth among lakes whose basins are entirely above sea level . The average depths of Lakes Baikal and Tanganyika are deeper than Crater Lake ; however , both have basins that extend below sea level . '' Geology ( edit ) Main article : Mount Mazama Geologic map of the lake floor Mount Mazama , part of the Cascade Range volcanic arc , was built up mostly of andesite , dacite , and rhyodacite over a period of at least 400,000 years . The caldera was created in a massive volcanic eruption between 6,000 and 8,000 years ago that led to the subsidence of Mount Mazama . About 50 cubic kilometers ( 12 cu mi ) of rhyodacite was erupted in this event . Since that time , all eruptions on Mazama have been confined to the caldera . Lava eruptions later created a central platform , Wizard Island , Merriam Cone , and other , smaller volcanic features , including a rhyodacite dome that was eventually created atop the central platform . Sediments and landslide debris also covered the caldera floor . Eventually , the caldera cooled , allowing rain and snow to accumulate and form a lake . Landslides from the caldera rim thereafter formed debris fans and turbidite sediments on the lake bed . Fumaroles and hot springs remained common and active during this period . Also after some time , the slopes of the lake 's caldera rim more or less stabilized , streams restored a radial drainage pattern on the mountain , and dense forests began to revegetate the barren landscape . It is estimated that about 720 years was required to fill the lake to its present depth of 594 metres ( 1,949 ft ) . Much of this occurred during a period when the prevailing climate was less moist than at present . Some hydrothermal activity remains along the lake floor , suggesting that at some time in the future Mazama may erupt once again . Climate ( edit ) Crater Lake is a subalpine climate , with the rare dry - summer type ( Köppen classification Dsc ) owing to its high elevation and -- like all of Oregon -- the strong summer influence of the North Pacific High . In the summer , the weather is mild and dry , but in the winter is cold and the powerful influence of the Aleutian Low allows for enormous snowfalls averaging 505 inches ( 12.83 m ) per year and maximum snow cover averaging 139 inches or 3.53 meters . This snow does not usually melt until mid-July , and allows for substantial glaciers on adjacent mountains . In the winter of 1949 / 1950 as much as 885.1 inches ( 22.48 m ) of snow fell , while the less complete snow cover records show cover as high as 192 inches or 4.88 meters occurred during another particularly unsettled winter in 1981 / 1982 . The heaviest daily snowfall was 37.0 inches ( 94.0 cm ) , which occurred as recently as February 28 , 1971 ; 20 in ( 51 cm ) or more in one storm has occurred in both June and September . Hard frost is possible even into the summer , and the average window for freezing temperatures is August 19 through July 7 , while for measurable ( ≥ 0.1 inches or 0.25 centimeters ) snowfall , October 1 through June 15 . ( hide ) Climate data for Crater Lake Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 64 ( 18 ) 66 ( 19 ) 67 ( 19 ) 71 ( 22 ) 80 ( 27 ) 95 ( 35 ) 100 ( 38 ) 94 ( 34 ) 93 ( 34 ) 81 ( 27 ) 71 ( 22 ) 64 ( 18 ) 100 ( 38 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 33.8 ( 1 ) 35.2 ( 1.8 ) 37.3 ( 2.9 ) 42.8 ( 6 ) 50.5 ( 10.3 ) 58.6 ( 14.8 ) 69.6 ( 20.9 ) 69.6 ( 20.9 ) 63.0 ( 17.2 ) 52.0 ( 11.1 ) 40.1 ( 4.5 ) 34.6 ( 1.4 ) 48.93 ( 9.4 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 25.8 ( − 3.4 ) 26.8 ( − 2.9 ) 28.3 ( − 2.1 ) 32.6 ( 0.3 ) 39.4 ( 4.1 ) 46.3 ( 7.9 ) 55.2 ( 12.9 ) 55.1 ( 12.8 ) 49.7 ( 9.8 ) 41.2 ( 5.1 ) 31.8 ( − 0.1 ) 26.8 ( − 2.9 ) 38.25 ( 3.46 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 17.7 ( − 7.9 ) 18.3 ( − 7.6 ) 19.2 ( − 7.1 ) 22.3 ( − 5.4 ) 28.2 ( − 2.1 ) 33.9 ( 1.1 ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) 40.6 ( 4.8 ) 36.3 ( 2.4 ) 30.3 ( − 0.9 ) 23.4 ( − 4.8 ) 19.0 ( − 7.2 ) 27.49 ( − 2.49 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 21 ( − 29 ) − 18 ( − 28 ) − 7 ( − 22 ) − 3 ( − 19 ) 5 ( − 15 ) 10 ( − 12 ) 18 ( − 8 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 16 ( − 9 ) ( − 16 ) − 7 ( − 22 ) − 18 ( − 28 ) − 21 ( − 29 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 10.20 ( 259.1 ) 7.93 ( 201.4 ) 7.74 ( 196.6 ) 4.96 ( 126 ) 3.22 ( 81.8 ) 2.31 ( 58.7 ) 0.75 ( 19 ) 0.95 ( 24.1 ) 2.08 ( 52.8 ) 1.94 ( 49.3 ) 9.25 ( 235 ) 11.14 ( 283 ) 62.47 ( 1,586.8 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 96.2 ( 244.3 ) 82.0 ( 208.3 ) 82.2 ( 208.8 ) 45.3 ( 115.1 ) 19.7 ( 50 ) 3.9 ( 9.9 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 2.8 ( 7.1 ) 21.4 ( 54.4 ) 60.8 ( 154.4 ) 90.4 ( 229.6 ) 505 ( 1,282.7 ) Source : Western Regional Climate Center Water quality ( edit ) Panorama of Crater Lake and Wizard Island Due to several unique factors , mainly that the lake has no inlets or tributaries , the waters of Crater Lake are some of the purest in the world because of the absence of pollutants . Clarity readings from a Secchi disk have consistently been in the high - 30 meter to mid-20 meter ( 80 to 115 - foot ) range , which is very clear for any natural body of water . In 1997 , scientists recorded a record clarity of 53.3 m ( 175 ft ) . The lake has relatively high levels of dissolved salts , total alkalinity , and conductivity . The average pH has generally ranged between 7 and 8 . Sacred significance ( edit ) Crater Lake reflecting sun and clouds The Klamath tribe of Native Americans , whose ancestors may have witnessed the collapse of Mount Mazama and the formation of Crater Lake , have long regarded the lake as a sacred site . Their legends tell of a battle between the sky god Skell and the god of the underworld Llao . Mount Mazama was destroyed in the battle , creating Crater Lake , called giiwas in the Klamath language . The Klamath people used Crater Lake in vision quests , which often involved climbing the caldera walls and other dangerous tasks . Those who were successful in such quests were often regarded as having more spiritual powers . The tribe still holds Crater Lake in high regard as a spiritual site . See also ( edit ) List of lakes in Oregon Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Klamath Tribes Language Project '' . The Klamath Tribes. 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts about Crater Lake '' . Oregon Explorer . Oregon State University . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Crater Lake '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , CR ; Gardner , JV ; Mayer , LA ; Buktnenica , MW ; et al. ( June 2002 ) . `` Morphology , volcanism , and mass wasting in Crater Lake , Oregon '' ( PDF ) . GSA Bulletin . 114 ( 6 ) : 675 -- 692 . Bibcode : 2002GSAB ... 114 ... 675B . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 2002 ) 114 < 0675 : mvamwi > 2.0.co ; 2 . Jump up ^ See further details in the prose and citations of # Dimensions and depth . Jump up ^ Kartchnerand , W.E. ; Doerr , J.E. , Jr . ( September 1938 ) . `` Wind Currents In Crater Lake As Revealed By The Old Man Of The Lake '' . Nature Notes from Crater Lake National Park . XI ( 3 ) . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` On the Trail The Old man of Crater Lake '' ( Video ) . CBS News . October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fish of Crater Lake '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Goetze , Janet ( August 26 , 2002 ) . `` Crater Lake plates aglow with color '' . The Oregonian . Portland , Oregon . p . B4 . Jump up ^ `` The Oregon Quarter : The United States Mint '' . U.S. Department of the Treasury . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Crater Lake National Park : Directions '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tilden , Freeman ( 1968 ) . The National Parks . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . Jump up ^ Runkel , H.J. ( 1953 ) . `` Crater Lake Discovery Centennial '' . Nature Notes from Crater Lake National Park . XIX . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Andalkar , Amar ( 2003 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Crater Lake ( Mount Mazama ) '' . Skiing the Cascade Volcanoes . skimountaineer.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gibbons , Helen ( September 2000 ) . `` CMG Maps Bottom of Crater Lake , Oregon '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Noah Tesch. `` 9 of the World 's Deepest Lakes '' . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 8 April 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . # 9 Crater Lake ( 1,943 feet ( 592 meters ) ) , # 8 Great Slave Lake ( 2,015 feet ( 614 meters ) ) Jump up ^ Evans , C.T. ( 2007 ) . `` Lake Baikal '' . Northern Virginia Community College . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Juillerat , Lee ( 2007 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Into the Deep : Crater Lake 's ranking as one of the world 's deepest lakes varies by how list is determined '' . Herald and News . Klamath Falls , Oregon . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jaros , Garret ( 2010 - 03 - 16 ) . `` A snowshoe view : Take a ranger - guided winter trek around snowy Crater Lake '' ( Oregon Life section ) . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . p . D1 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Repanshek , Kurt ; Hoffman , Owen ( 2007 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Crater Lake , On Average , Is Deepest Lake in North America '' ( see story comments as well ) . National Parks Traveler . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Topinka , Lyn ( 2008 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Mount Mazama Volcano and Crater Lake Caldera , Oregon '' . Cascades Volcano Observatory . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jewell and McRae , p. 571 Jump up ^ Bacon , Charles R ; James V. Gardner ; Larry A. Mayer ; Mark W. Buktenica ; Peter Dartnell ; David W. Ramsey ; Joel E. Robinson ( 2002 ) . `` Morphology , volcanism , and mass wasting in Crater Lake , Oregon '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 114 ( 6 ) : 675 -- 692 . Bibcode : 2002GSAB ... 114 ... 675B . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 2002 ) 114 < 0675 : MVAMWI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Nathenson , Manuel ; Charles R. Bacon ; David W. Ramsey ( 2007 ) . `` Subaqueous geology and a filling model for Crater Lake , Oregon '' . Hydrobiologia. 574 : 13 -- 27 . doi : 10.1007 / s10750 - 006 - 0343 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Geologic History of Crater Lake '' . Oregon Explorer . Oregon State University . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; Climate at a Glance : Oregon Climate Division 5 ( High Plateau ) October to June Precipitation Jump up ^ `` CRATER LAKE NPS HQ , OREGON ( 351946 ) '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and Figures about Crater Lake '' ( PDF ) . U.S. National Park Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Park History '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Crater Lake as Sacred Site '' . Sacred Destinations . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 02 . References ( edit ) Fire Mountains of the West : The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes , Stephen L. Harris , ( Mountain Press Publishing Company , Missoula ; 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 87842 - 220 - X Geology of National Parks : Fifth Edition , Ann G. Harris , Esther Tuttle , Sherwood D. Tuttle , ( Iowa , Kendall / Hunt Publishing ; 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 7872 - 5353 - 7 Bacon , Charles R. ; Lanphere , Marvin A. ( 2006 ) . `` Eruptive history and geochronology of Mount Mazama and the Crater Lake region , Oregon '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 118 ( 11 -- 12 ) : 1331 -- 1359 . Bibcode : 2006GSAB ... 118.1331 B . doi : 10.1130 / B25906. 1 . Oregon , Moon Handbooks , Judy Jewell , W.C. McRae , ( Avalon Travel , Berkeley ; 2012 , 9th edition ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 59880 - 885 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crater Lake . NPS : Crater Lake National Park USGS : Crater Lake Data Clearinghouse Oregon Institute of Technology : Crater Lake Digital Research Collection Crater Lake Natural places Mount Mazama Phantom Ship Mount Scott Old Man of the Lake Union Peak Wizard Island Man - made places Comfort Station No. 68 Comfort Station No. 72 Crater Lake Lodge Crater Lake Superintendent 's Residence Sinnott Memorial Observation Station Watchman Lookout Station People Clarence Dutton John Wesley Hillman Franklin B. Sprague William Gladstone Steel Designated areas Crater Lake National Park Munson Valley Historic District Rim Drive Rim Village Historic District Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway Volcanoes of Oregon High Cascades Aspen Butte Belknap Crater Black Butte Black Crater Broken Top Diamond Peak Hayrick Butte Hogg Rock Hoodoo Butte Howlock Mtn . Maiden Peak Mt . Bachelor Mt. Bailey Mt . Hood Mt . Jefferson Mt . Mazama ( Crater Lake , Wizard Island ) Mt . McLoughlin Mt . Scott Mt . Thielsen Mt . Washington Olallie Butte Pelican Butte Three Fingered Jack Three Sisters Tumalo Mtn . Union Peak Western Cascades Boring Lava Field ( Larch Mtn. , Mt . Sylvania , Mt . Tabor , Powell Butte , Rocky Butte ) Pilot Rock Roxy Ann Peak Eastern Cascades Lava Butte Newberry Volcano Pilot Butte Yamsay Mtn . Basin and Range Big Hole Diamond Craters Fort Rock Hager Mountain Hole - in - the - Ground Jordan Craters Columbia Plateau Columbia River Basalt Group VIAF : 247312291 LCCN : sh85033776 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crater_Lake&oldid=806076955 '' Categories : Crater Lake Crater Lake National Park Lakes of Oregon Crater lakes Sacred lakes Religious places of the indigenous peoples of North America Cascade Volcanoes Subduction volcanoes Volcanic calderas of the United States VEI - 7 volcanoes Cascade Range Lakes of Klamath County , Oregon Volcanism of Oregon Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 14 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the water come from in crater lake
[ "Crater Lake (Klamath: giiwas[1]) is a caldera lake in south-central Oregon in the western United States. It is the main feature of Crater Lake National Park and is famous for its deep blue color and water clarity. The lake partly fills a nearly 2,148-foot (655 m)-deep caldera[2] that was formed around 7,700 (± 150) years ago[3] by the collapse of the volcano Mount Mazama. There are no rivers flowing into or out of the lake; the evaporation is compensated for by rain and snowfall at a rate such that the total amount of water is replaced every 250 years. With a depth of 1,949 feet (594 m),[4] the lake is the deepest in the United States. In the world, it ranks ninth for maximum depth, and third for mean (average) depth.[5]" ]
[ "rain and snowfall" ]
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Do I Ever Cross Your Mind
Do I Ever Cross Your Mind - wikipedia Do I Ever Cross Your Mind Jump to : navigation , search `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' Single by Dolly Parton from the album ' Heartbreak Express ' A-side `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1982 recording ) B - side `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' Released May 1982 ( 1982 - 05 ) Recorded November 1981 Genre Country Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Dolly Parton singles chronology `` Heartbreak Express '' ( 1982 ) `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' ( 1982 ) `` Hard Candy Christmas '' ( 1982 ) `` Heartbreak Express '' ( 1982 ) `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' ( 1982 ) `` Hard Candy Christmas '' ( 1982 ) `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' is a country music song written and performed by American singer - songwriter Dolly Parton ; it was included on her April 24 , 1982 album Heartbreak Express . Contents ( hide ) 1 Album versions 2 Single version 3 Milestones 4 Television 5 References Album versions ( edit ) Composed in the early 1970s ( the song 's copyright lists a 1973 date ) , Parton first recorded it as a duet with Chet Atkins , for Atkins ' 1976 album The Best of Chet Atkins & Friends . The solo recording would become one of three tracks from Heartbreak Express to enter the top 10 in the country music singles chart . `` The Best of Chet Atkins & Friends '' was published by RCA Victor under the catalogue number APL1 - 1985 . Heartbreak Express was published by RCA Victor under the catalogue number RCALP 3076 . Single version ( edit ) Beginning in the 1970s , RCA acknowledged Parton 's twin appeal to pop - and country music audiences by packaging a number of her singles as double A-sides -- pairing a mainstream commercial hit with a more traditional country number of roughly equal chart potential , with the A side released to pop radio , and the B side targeted toward country . Following this formula , RCA paired `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' with another re-recorded single -- `` I Will Always Love You '' , from the Best Little Whorehouse in Texas soundtrack album -- previously released on Parton 's 1974 album Jolene . Released on July 31 , 1982 , the double - A side was well - received -- `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' peaked at # 1 on the country singles chart in August , followed by `` I Will Always Love You '' , which became the Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single for a second time on October 16 , 1982 . Milestones ( edit ) Thanks to a double - A side of previously recorded singles , Dolly Parton became the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song as a singer ( three times as a writer , following Whitney Houston 's 1992 cover of `` I Will Always Love You '' for the 1992 film The Bodyguard ) . Television ( edit ) `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' was performed by American Idol ( Season 7 ) finalist Ramiele Malubay in 2008 . She sang the song during the Dolly Parton tribute week . A studio version of her cover was released on the iTunes Store as `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind ( American Idol Studio Version ) - Single '' in 2008 . The duet version plays over the closing credits of `` Women and God '' -- the third episode of the BBC comedy Bob Servant , Independent . The episode first aired February 6 , 2013 on BBC Four . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dolly Parton Heartbreak Express '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Best of Chet Atkins & Friends '' . Dicogs . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dolly Parton -- Heartbreak Express '' . Discogs . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heartbreak Express - Awards '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary . `` Is ' I Will Always Love You ' the Most Enduring Hit of the Rock Era ? '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2012 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Whitney Houston 's Musical Legacy , By The Numbers '' . MTV ( MTV Networks ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_I_Ever_Cross_Your_Mind&oldid=749420679 '' Categories : Dolly Parton songs 1982 songs Songs written by Dolly Parton Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 November 2016 , at 06 : 22 . About Wikipedia
who sings the song do i ever cross your mind
[ "\"Do I Ever Cross Your Mind\" is a country music song written and performed by American singer-songwriter Dolly Parton; it was included on her April 24, 1982 album Heartbreak Express." ]
[ "Dolly Parton" ]
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Hypertension
Hypertension - wikipedia Hypertension Jump to : navigation , search This article is about arterial hypertension . For other forms of hypertension , see Hypertension ( disambiguation ) . Hypertension Synonyms Arterial hypertension , high blood pressure Automated arm blood pressure meter showing arterial hypertension ( shown a systolic blood pressure 158 mmHg , diastolic blood pressure 99 mmHg and heart rate of 80 beats per minute ) Specialty Cardiology Symptoms None Complications Coronary artery disease , stroke , heart failure , peripheral vascular disease , vision loss , chronic kidney disease Causes Usually lifestyle and genetic factors Risk factors Excess salt , excess body weight , smoking , alcohol Diagnostic method Resting blood pressure > 140 / 90 mmHg Treatment Lifestyle changes , medications Frequency 16 -- 37 % globally Deaths 9.4 million / 18 % ( 2010 ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Hypertension ( HTN or HT ) , also known as high blood pressure ( HBP ) , is a long - term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated . High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms . Long - term high blood pressure , however , is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease , stroke , heart failure , peripheral vascular disease , vision loss , and chronic kidney disease . High blood pressure is classified as either primary ( essential ) high blood pressure or secondary high blood pressure . About 90 -- 95 % of cases are primary , defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors . Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess salt , excess body weight , smoking , and alcohol . The remaining 5 -- 10 % of cases are categorized as secondary high blood pressure , defined as high blood pressure due to an identifiable cause , such as chronic kidney disease , narrowing of the kidney arteries , an endocrine disorder , or the use of birth control pills . Blood pressure is expressed by two measurements , the systolic and diastolic pressures , which are the maximum and minimum pressures , respectively . For most adults , normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100 -- 140 millimeters mercury ( mmHg ) systolic and 60 -- 90 mmHg diastolic . For most adults , high blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 140 / 90 mmHg . Different numbers apply to children . Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over a 24 - hour period appears more accurate than office - based blood pressure measurement . Lifestyle changes and medications can lower blood pressure and decrease the risk of health complications . Lifestyle changes include weight loss , decreased salt intake , physical exercise , and a healthy diet . If lifestyle changes are not sufficient then blood pressure medications are used . Up to three medications can control blood pressure in 90 % of people . The treatment of moderately high arterial blood pressure ( defined as > 160 / 100 mmHg ) with medications is associated with an improved life expectancy . The effect of treatment of blood pressure between 140 / 90 mmHg and 160 / 100 mmHg is less clear , with some reviews finding benefit and others finding a lack of evidence for benefit . High blood pressure affects between 16 and 37 % of the population globally . In 2010 hypertension was believed to have been a factor in 18 % of all deaths ( 9.4 million globally ) . Play media Video explanation Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Secondary hypertension 1.2 Hypertensive crisis 1.3 Pregnancy 1.4 Children 2 Causes 2.1 Primary hypertension 2.2 Secondary hypertension 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Adults 4.2 Children 5 Prevention 6 Management 6.1 Target blood pressure 6.2 Lifestyle modifications 6.3 Medications 6.4 Resistant hypertension 7 Epidemiology 7.1 Adults 7.2 Children 8 Outcomes 9 History 9.1 Measurement 9.2 Identification 9.3 Treatment 10 Society and culture 10.1 Awareness 10.2 Economics 11 Research 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Hypertension is rarely accompanied by symptoms , and its identification is usually through screening , or when seeking healthcare for an unrelated problem . Some with high blood pressure report headaches ( particularly at the back of the head and in the morning ) , as well as lightheadedness , vertigo , tinnitus ( buzzing or hissing in the ears ) , altered vision or fainting episodes . These symptoms , however , might be related to associated anxiety rather than the high blood pressure itself . On physical examination , hypertension may be associated with the presence of changes in the optic fundus seen by ophthalmoscopy . The severity of the changes typical of hypertensive retinopathy is graded from I -- IV ; grades I and II may be difficult to differentiate . The severity of the retinopathy correlates roughly with the duration or the severity of the hypertension . Secondary hypertension ( edit ) Main article : Secondary hypertension Hypertension with certain specific additional signs and symptoms may suggest secondary hypertension , i.e. hypertension due to an identifiable cause . For example , Cushing 's syndrome frequently causes truncal obesity , glucose intolerance , moon face , a hump of fat behind the neck / shoulder , and purple abdominal stretch marks . Hyperthyroidism frequently causes weight loss with increased appetite , fast heart rate , bulging eyes , and tremor . Renal artery stenosis ( RAS ) may be associated with a localized abdominal bruit to the left or right of the midline ( unilateral RAS ) , or in both locations ( bilateral RAS ) . Coarctation of the aorta frequently causes a decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities relative to the arms , or delayed or absent femoral arterial pulses . Pheochromocytoma may cause abrupt ( `` paroxysmal '' ) episodes of hypertension accompanied by headache , palpitations , pale appearance , and excessive sweating . Hypertensive crisis ( edit ) Main article : Hypertensive crisis Severely elevated blood pressure ( equal to or greater than a systolic 180 or diastolic of 110 ) is referred to as a hypertensive crisis . Hypertensive crisis is categorized as either hypertensive urgency or hypertensive emergency , according to the absence or presence of end organ damage , respectively . In hypertensive urgency , there is no evidence of end organ damage resulting from the elevated blood pressure . In these cases , oral medications are used to lower the BP gradually over 24 to 48 hours . In hypertensive emergency , there is evidence of direct damage to one or more organs . The most affected organs include the brain , kidney , heart and lungs , producing symptoms which may include confusion , drowsiness , chest pain and breathlessness . In hypertensive emergency , the blood pressure must be reduced more rapidly to stop ongoing organ damage , however , there is a lack of randomised controlled trial evidence for this approach . Pregnancy ( edit ) Main articles : Gestational hypertension and Pre-eclampsia Hypertension occurs in approximately 8 -- 10 % of pregnancies . Two blood pressure measurements six hours apart of greater than 140 / 90 mm Hg is considered diagnostic of hypertension in pregnancy . High blood pressure in pregnancy can be classified as pre-existing hypertension , gestational hypertension , or pre-eclampsia . Pre-eclampsia is a serious condition of the second half of pregnancy and following delivery characterised by increased blood pressure and the presence of protein in the urine . It occurs in about 5 % of pregnancies and is responsible for approximately 16 % of all maternal deaths globally . Pre-eclampsia also doubles the risk of death of the baby around the time of birth . Usually there are no symptoms in pre-eclampsia and it is detected by routine screening . When symptoms of pre-eclampsia occur the most common are headache , visual disturbance ( often `` flashing lights '' ) , vomiting , pain over the stomach , and swelling . Pre-eclampsia can occasionally progress to a life - threatening condition called eclampsia , which is a hypertensive emergency and has several serious complications including vision loss , brain swelling , seizures , kidney failure , pulmonary edema , and disseminated intravascular coagulation ( a blood clotting disorder ) . In contrast , gestational hypertension is defined as new - onset hypertension during pregnancy without protein in the urine . Children ( edit ) Failure to thrive , seizures , irritability , lack of energy , and difficulty in breathing can be associated with hypertension in neonates and young infants . In older infants and children , hypertension can cause headache , unexplained irritability , fatigue , failure to thrive , blurred vision , nosebleeds , and facial paralysis . Causes ( edit ) Primary hypertension ( edit ) Main article : Essential hypertension Hypertension results from a complex interaction of genes and environmental factors . Numerous common genetic variants with small effects on blood pressure have been identified as well as some rare genetic variants with large effects on blood pressure . Also , GWAS have identified 35 genetic loci related to blood pressure ; 12 of these genetic loci influencing blood pressure were newly found . Sentinel SNP for each new genetic loci identified has shown an association with DNA methylation at multiple nearby Cpg sites . These sentinel SNP are located within genes related to vascular smooth muscle and renal function . DNA methylation might affect in some way linking common genetic variation to multiple phenotypes even though mechanisms underlying these associations are not understood . Single variant test performed in this study for the 35 sentinel SNP ( known and new ) showed that genetic variants singly or in aggregate contribute to risk of clinical phenotypes related to high blood pressure . Blood pressure rises with aging and the risk of becoming hypertensive in later life is considerable . Several environmental factors influence blood pressure . High salt intake raises the blood pressure in salt sensitive individuals ; lack of exercise , obesity , and depression can play a role in individual cases . The possible role of other factors such as caffeine consumption , and vitamin D deficiency are less clear . Insulin resistance , which is common in obesity and is a component of syndrome X ( or the metabolic syndrome ) , is also thought to contribute to hypertension . One review suggest that sugar may play an important role in hypertension and salt is just an innocent bystander . Events in early life , such as low birth weight , maternal smoking , and lack of breast feeding may be risk factors for adult essential hypertension , although the mechanisms linking these exposures to adult hypertension remain unclear . An increased rate of high blood urea has been found in untreated people with hypertensive in comparison with people with normal blood pressure , although it is uncertain whether the former plays a causal role or is subsidiary to poor kidney function . Blood pressure on average may be higher in the winter than in the summer . Secondary hypertension ( edit ) Main article : Secondary hypertension Secondary hypertension results from an identifiable cause . Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension . Hypertension can also be caused by endocrine conditions , such as Cushing 's syndrome , hyperthyroidism , hypothyroidism , acromegaly , Conn 's syndrome or hyperaldosteronism , hyperparathyroidism and pheochromocytoma . Other causes of secondary hypertension include obesity , sleep apnea , pregnancy , coarctation of the aorta , excessive eating of liquorice , excessive drinking of alcohol , and certain prescription medicines , herbal remedies and illegal drugs . Arsenic exposure through drinking water has been shown to correlate with elevated blood pressure . Pathophysiology ( edit ) Main article : Pathophysiology of hypertension Determinants of mean arterial pressure Illustration depicting the effects of high blood pressure In most people with established essential hypertension , increased resistance to blood flow ( total peripheral resistance ) accounts for the high pressure while cardiac output remains normal . There is evidence that some younger people with prehypertension or ' borderline hypertension ' have high cardiac output , an elevated heart rate and normal peripheral resistance , termed hyperkinetic borderline hypertension . These individuals develop the typical features of established essential hypertension in later life as their cardiac output falls and peripheral resistance rises with age . Whether this pattern is typical of all people who ultimately develop hypertension is disputed . The increased peripheral resistance in established hypertension is mainly attributable to structural narrowing of small arteries and arterioles , although a reduction in the number or density of capillaries may also contribute . Whether increased active arteriolar vasoconstriction plays a role in established essential hypertension is unclear . Hypertension is also associated with decreased peripheral venous compliance which may increase venous return , increase cardiac preload and , ultimately , cause diastolic dysfunction . Pulse pressure ( the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure ) is frequently increased in older people with hypertension . This can mean that systolic pressure is abnormally high , but diastolic pressure may be normal or low a condition termed isolated systolic hypertension . The high pulse pressure in elderly people with hypertension or isolated systolic hypertension is explained by increased arterial stiffness , which typically accompanies aging and may be exacerbated by high blood pressure . Many mechanisms have been proposed to account for the rise in peripheral resistance in hypertension . Most evidence implicates either disturbances in the kidneys ' salt and water handling ( particularly abnormalities in the intrarenal renin - angiotensin system ) or abnormalities of the sympathetic nervous system . These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and it is likely that both contribute to some extent in most cases of essential hypertension . It has also been suggested that endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation may also contribute to increased peripheral resistance and vascular damage in hypertension . Interleukin 17 has garnered interest for its role in increasing the production of several other immune system chemical signals thought to be involved in hypertension such as tumor necrosis factor alpha , interleukin 1 , interleukin 6 , and interleukin 8 . Consumption of excessive sodium and / or insufficient potassium leads to excessive intracellular sodium , which contracts vascular smooth muscle , restricting blood flow and so increases blood pressure . Diagnosis ( edit ) Typical tests performed System Tests Kidney Microscopic urinalysis , protein in the urine , BUN and / or creatinine Endocrine Serum sodium , potassium , calcium , TSH Metabolic Fasting blood glucose , HDL , LDL , and total cholesterol , triglycerides Other Hematocrit , electrocardiogram , and chest radiograph Sources : Harrison 's principles of internal medicine others Hypertension is diagnosed on the basis of a persistently high resting blood pressure . Traditionally , the National Institute of Clinical Excellence recommends three separate resting sphygmomanometer measurements at monthly intervals . The American Heart Association recommends at least three resting measurements on at least two separate health care visits . Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over 12 to 24 hours is the most accurate method to confirm the diagnosis . An exception to this is those with very high blood pressure readings especially when there is poor organ function . Initial assessment of the hypertensive people should include a complete history and physical examination . With the availability of 24 - hour ambulatory blood pressure monitors and home blood pressure machines , the importance of not wrongly diagnosing those who have white coat hypertension has led to a change in protocols . In the United Kingdom , current best practice is to follow up a single raised clinic reading with ambulatory measurement , or less ideally with home blood pressure monitoring over the course of 7 days . The United States Preventative Services Task Force also recommends getting measurements outside of the healthcare environment . Pseudohypertension in the elderly or noncompressibility artery syndrome may also require consideration . This condition is believed to be due to calcification of the arteries resulting in abnormally high blood pressure readings with a blood pressure cuff while intra arterial measurements of blood pressure are normal . Orthostatic hypertension is when blood pressure increases upon standing . Once the diagnosis of hypertension has been made , healthcare providers should attempt to identify the underlying cause based on risk factors and other symptoms , if present . Secondary hypertension is more common in preadolescent children , with most cases caused by kidney disease . Primary or essential hypertension is more common in adolescents and has multiple risk factors , including obesity and a family history of hypertension . Laboratory tests can also be performed to identify possible causes of secondary hypertension , and to determine whether hypertension has caused damage to the heart , eyes , and kidneys . Additional tests for diabetes and high cholesterol levels are usually performed because these conditions are additional risk factors for the development of heart disease and may require treatment . Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease , which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension . Serum creatinine alone may overestimate glomerular filtration rate and recent guidelines advocate the use of predictive equations such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease ( MDRD ) formula to estimate glomerular filtration rate ( eGFR ) . eGFR can also provide a baseline measurement of kidney function that can be used to monitor for side effects of certain antihypertensive drugs on kidney function . Additionally , testing of urine samples for protein is used as a secondary indicator of kidney disease . Electrocardiogram ( EKG / ECG ) testing is done to check for evidence that the heart is under strain from high blood pressure . It may also show whether there is thickening of the heart muscle ( left ventricular hypertrophy ) or whether the heart has experienced a prior minor disturbance such as a silent heart attack . A chest X-ray or an echocardiogram may also be performed to look for signs of heart enlargement or damage to the heart . Adults ( edit ) Classification of blood pressure for adults systolic , mm Hg diastolic , mm Hg Normal 90 -- 119 60 -- 79 High normal ( Prehypertension ) 120 -- 139 80 -- 89 Stage 1 hypertension 140 -- 159 90 -- 99 Stage 2 hypertension 160 -- 179 100 -- 109 Stage 3 hypertension ( Hypertensive emergency ) ≥ 180 ≥ 110 Isolated systolic hypertension ≥ 140 < 90 In people aged 18 years or older hypertension is defined as a systolic or a diastolic blood pressure measurement consistently higher than an accepted normal value ( currently 139 mmHg systolic , 89 mmHg diastolic : see table -- Classification ( JNC7 ) ) . Lower thresholds are used ( 135 mmHg systolic or 85 mmHg diastolic ) if measurements are derived from 24 - hour ambulatory or home monitoring . Recent international hypertension guidelines have also created categories below the hypertensive range to indicate a continuum of risk with higher blood pressures in the normal range . JNC7 ( 2003 ) uses the term prehypertension for blood pressure in the range 120 -- 139 mmHg systolic or 80 -- 89 mmHg diastolic , while ESH - ESC Guidelines ( 2007 ) and BHS IV ( 2004 ) use optimal , normal and high normal categories to subdivide pressures below 140 mmHg systolic and 90 mmHg diastolic . Hypertension is also sub-classified : JNC7 distinguishes hypertension stage I , hypertension stage II , and isolated systolic hypertension . Isolated systolic hypertension refers to elevated systolic pressure with normal diastolic pressure and is common in the elderly . The ESH - ESC Guidelines ( 2007 ) and BHS IV ( 2004 ) additionally define a third stage ( stage III hypertension ) for people with systolic blood pressure exceeding 179 mmHg or a diastolic pressure over 109 mmHg . Hypertension is classified as `` resistant '' if medications do not reduce blood pressure to normal levels . Children ( edit ) Hypertension occurs in around 0.2 to 3 % of newborns ; however , blood pressure is not measured routinely in healthy newborns . Hypertension is more common in high risk newborns . A variety of factors , such as gestational age , postconceptional age and birth weight needs to be taken into account when deciding if a blood pressure is normal in a newborn . Hypertension defined as elevated blood pressure over several visits affects 1 % to 5 % of children and adolescents and is associated with long term risks of ill - health . Blood pressure rises with age in childhood and , in children , hypertension is defined as an average systolic or diastolic blood pressure on three or more occasions equal or higher than the 95th percentile appropriate for the sex , age and height of the child . High blood pressure must be confirmed on repeated visits however before characterizing a child as having hypertension . Prehypertension in children has been defined as average systolic or diastolic blood pressure that is greater than or equal to the 90th percentile , but less than the 95th percentile . In adolescents , it has been proposed that hypertension and pre-hypertension are diagnosed and classified using the same criteria as in adults . The value of routine screening for hypertension in children over the age of 3 years is debated . In 2004 the National High Blood Pressure Education Program recommended that children aged 3 years and older have blood pressure measurement at least once at every health care visit and the National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute and American Academy of Pediatrics made a similar recommendation . However , the American Academy of Family Physicians supports the view of the U.S. preventive Services Task Force that evidence is insufficient to determine the balance of benefits and harms of screening for hypertension in children and adolescents who do not have symptoms . Prevention ( edit ) Much of the disease burden of high blood pressure is experienced by people who are not labeled as hypertensive . Consequently , population strategies are required to reduce the consequences of high blood pressure and reduce the need for antihypertensive drug therapy . Lifestyle changes are recommended to lower blood pressure , before starting drug therapy . The 2004 British Hypertension Society guidelines proposed lifestyle changes consistent with those outlined by the US National High BP Education Program in 2002 for the primary prevention of hypertension : maintain normal body weight for adults ( e.g. body mass index 20 -- 25 kg / m ) reduce dietary sodium intake to < 100 mmol / day ( < 6 g of sodium chloride or < 2.4 g of sodium per day ) engage in regular aerobic physical activity such as brisk walking ( ≥ 30 min per day , most days of the week ) limit alcohol consumption to no more than 3 units / day in men and no more than 2 units / day in women consume a diet rich in fruit and vegetables ( e.g. at least five portions per day ) ; Effective lifestyle modification may lower blood pressure as much as an individual antihypertensive drug . Combinations of two or more lifestyle modifications can achieve even better results . There is considerable evidence that reducing dietary salt intake lowers blood pressure , but whether this translates into a reduction in mortality and cardiovascular disease remains uncertain . Estimated sodium intake ≥ 6g / day and < 3g / day are both associated with high risk of death or major cardiovascular disease , but the association between high sodium intake and adverse outcomes is only observed in people with hypertension . Consequently , in the absence of results from randomized controlled trials , the wisdom of reducing levels of dietary salt intake below 3g / day has been questioned . Management ( edit ) Main article : Management of hypertension According to one review published in 2003 , reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34 % , of ischaemic heart disease by 21 % , and reduce the likelihood of dementia , heart failure , and mortality from cardiovascular disease . Target blood pressure ( edit ) See also : Comparison of international blood pressure guidelines Various expert groups have produced guidelines regarding how low the blood pressure target should be when a person is treated for hypertension . These groups recommend a target below the range 140 -- 160 / 90 -- 100 mmHg for the general population . Controversy exists regarding the appropriate targets for certain subgroups , including the elderly , people with diabetes and people with kidney disease . Many expert groups recommend a slightly higher target of 150 / 90 mmHg for those over somewhere between 60 and 80 years of age . The JNC - 8 and American College of Physicians , recommends the target of 150 / 90 mmHg for those over 60 years of age , but some experts within these group disagree with this recommendation . Some expert groups have also recommended slightly lower targets in those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease with proteinuria , but others recommend the same target as for the general population . The issue of what is the best target and whether targets should differ for high risk individuals is unresolved , but current best evidence supports more intensive blood pressure lowering than advocated in some guidelines . Lifestyle modifications ( edit ) The first line of treatment for hypertension is lifestyle changes , including dietary changes , physical exercise , and weight loss . Though these have all been recommended in scientific advisories , a Cochrane systematic review found no evidence for effects of weight loss diets on death , long - term complications or adverse events in persons with hypertension . The review did find a decrease in blood pressure . Their potential effectiveness is similar to and at times exceeds a single medication . If hypertension is high enough to justify immediate use of medications , lifestyle changes are still recommended in conjunction with medication . Dietary changes shown to reduce blood pressure include diets with low sodium , the DASH diet , and vegetarian diets . Increasing dietary potassium has a potential benefit for lowering the risk of hypertension . The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee ( DGAC ) stated that potassium is one of the shortfall nutrients which is under - consumed in the United States . Physical exercise regimens which are shown to reduce blood pressure include isometric resistance exercise , aerobic exercise , resistance exercise , and device - guided breathing . Stress reduction techniques such as biofeedback or transcendental meditation may be considered as an add - on to other treatments to reduce hypertension , but do not have evidence for preventing cardiovascular disease on their own . Medications ( edit ) Several classes of medications , collectively referred to as antihypertensive medications , are available for treating hypertension . First line medications for hypertension include thiazide - diuretics , calcium channel blockers , angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers . These medications may be used alone or in combination ; the latter option may serve to minimize counter-regulatory mechanisms that act to revert blood pressure values to pre-treatment levels . Previously beta - blockers were thought to have similar beneficial effects when used as first - line therapy for hypertension . However , a Cochrane review that included 13 trials found that the effects of beta - blockers are inferior to that of other antihypertensive drugs . Most people require more than one medication to control their hypertension . Resistant hypertension ( edit ) Resistant hypertension is defined as hypertension that remains above goal blood pressure in spite of using , at once , three antihypertensive medications belonging to different drug classes . Low adherence to treatment is an important cause of resistant hypertension . Resistant hypertension may also represent the result of chronic high activity of the autonomic nervous system ; this concept is known as `` neurogenic hypertension '' . Epidemiology ( edit ) Map of the prevalence of hypertension in adult men in 2014 . Disability - adjusted life year for hypertensive heart disease per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 . no data < 110 110 - 220 220 - 330 330 - 440 440 - 550 550 - 660 660 - 770 770 - 880 880 - 990 990 - 1100 1100 -- 1600 > 1600 Adults ( edit ) As of 2014 , approximately one billion adults or ~ 22 % of the population of the world have hypertension . It is slightly more frequent in men , in those of low socioeconomic status , and prevalence increases with age . It is common in high , medium and low income countries . The prevalence of raised blood pressure is highest in Africa , ( 30 % for both sexes ) and lowest in the WHO Region of the Americas ( 18 % for both sexes ) . Rates also vary markedly within WHO regions with rates as low as 3.4 % ( men ) and 6.8 % ( women ) in rural India and as high as 68.9 % ( men ) and 72.5 % ( women ) in Poland . In Europe hypertension occurs in about 30 - 45 % of people as of 2013 . In 1995 it was estimated that 43 million people ( 24 % of the population ) in the United States had hypertension or were taking antihypertensive medication . By 2004 this had increased to 29 % and further to 34 % ( 76 million US adults ) by 2006 . African American adults in the United States have among the highest rates of hypertension in the world at 44 % . It is also more common in Filipino Americans and less common in US whites and Mexican Americans . Children ( edit ) Rates of high blood pressure in children and adolescents have increased in the last 20 years in the United States . Childhood hypertension , particularly in pre-adolescents , is more often secondary to an underlying disorder than in adults . Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension in children and adolescents . Nevertheless , primary or essential hypertension accounts for most cases . Outcomes ( edit ) Main article : Complications of hypertension Diagram illustrating the main complications of persistent high blood pressure Hypertension is the most important preventable risk factor for premature death worldwide . It increases the risk of ischemic heart disease strokes , peripheral vascular disease , and other cardiovascular diseases , including heart failure , aortic aneurysms , diffuse atherosclerosis , chronic kidney disease , and pulmonary embolism . Hypertension is also a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia . Other complications include hypertensive retinopathy and hypertensive nephropathy . History ( edit ) Main article : History of hypertension Image of veins from Harvey 's Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus Measurement ( edit ) Modern understanding of the cardiovascular system began with the work of physician William Harvey ( 1578 -- 1657 ) , who described the circulation of blood in his book `` De motu cordis '' . The English clergyman Stephen Hales made the first published measurement of blood pressure in 1733 . However , hypertension as a clinical entity came into its own with the invention of the cuff - based sphygmomanometer by Scipione Riva - Rocci in 1896 . This allowed easy measurement of systolic pressure in the clinic . In 1905 , Nikolai Korotkoff improved the technique by describing the Korotkoff sounds that are heard when the artery is ausculated with a stethoscope while the sphygmomanometer cuff is deflated . This permitted systolic and diastolic pressure to be measured . Identification ( edit ) The symptoms similar to symptoms of patients with hypertensive crisis are discussed in medieval Persian medical texts in the chapter of `` fullness disease '' . The symptoms include headache , heaviness in the head , sluggish movements , general redness and warm to touch feel of the body , prominent , distended and tense vessels , fullness of the pulse , distension of the skin , coloured and dense urine , loss of appetite , weak eyesight , impairment of thinking , yawning , drowsiness , vascular rupture , and hemorrhagic stroke . Fullness disease was presumed to be due to an excessive amount of blood within the blood vessels . Descriptions of hypertension as a disease came among others from Thomas Young in 1808 and especially Richard Bright in 1836 . The first report of elevated blood pressure in a person without evidence of kidney disease was made by Frederick Akbar Mahomed ( 1849 -- 1884 ) . Treatment ( edit ) Historically the treatment for what was called the `` hard pulse disease '' consisted in reducing the quantity of blood by bloodletting or the application of leeches . This was advocated by The Yellow Emperor of China , Cornelius Celsus , Galen , and Hippocrates . The therapeutic approach for the treatment of hard pulse disease included changes in lifestyle ( staying away from anger and sexual intercourse ) and dietary program for patients ( avoiding the consumption of wine , meat , and pastries , reducing the volume of food in a meal , maintaining a low - energy diet and the dietary usage of spinach and vinegar ) . In the 19th and 20th centuries , before effective pharmacological treatment for hypertension became possible , three treatment modalities were used , all with numerous side - effects : strict sodium restriction ( for example the rice diet ) , sympathectomy ( surgical ablation of parts of the sympathetic nervous system ) , and pyrogen therapy ( injection of substances that caused a fever , indirectly reducing blood pressure ) . The first chemical for hypertension , sodium thiocyanate , was used in 1900 but had many side effects and was unpopular . Several other agents were developed after the Second World War , the most popular and reasonably effective of which were tetramethylammonium chloride , hexamethonium , hydralazine and reserpine ( derived from the medicinal plant Rauwolfia serpentina ) . None of these were well tolerated . A major breakthrough was achieved with the discovery of the first well - tolerated orally available agents . The first was chlorothiazide , the first thiazide diuretic and developed from the antibiotic sulfanilamide , which became available in 1958 . Subsequently , beta blockers , calcium channel blockers , angiotensin converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors , angiotensin receptor blockers and renin inhibitors were developed as antihypertensive agents . Society and Culture ( edit ) Awareness ( edit ) Graph showing , prevalence of awareness , treatment and control of hypertension compared between the four studies of NHANES The World Health Organization has identified hypertension , or high blood pressure , as the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality . The World Hypertension League ( WHL ) , an umbrella organization of 85 national hypertension societies and leagues , recognized that more than 50 % of the hypertensive population worldwide are unaware of their condition . To address this problem , the WHL initiated a global awareness campaign on hypertension in 2005 and dedicated May 17 of each year as World Hypertension Day ( WHD ) . Over the past three years , more national societies have been engaging in WHD and have been innovative in their activities to get the message to the public . In 2007 , there was record participation from 47 member countries of the WHL . During the week of WHD , all these countries -- in partnership with their local governments , professional societies , nongovernmental organizations and private industries -- promoted hypertension awareness among the public through several media and public rallies . Using mass media such as Internet and television , the message reached more than 250 million people . As the momentum picks up year after year , the WHL is confident that almost all the estimated 1.5 billion people affected by elevated blood pressure can be reached . Economics ( edit ) High blood pressure is the most common chronic medical problem prompting visits to primary health care providers in USA . The American Heart Association estimated the direct and indirect costs of high blood pressure in 2010 as $76.6 billion . In the US 80 % of people with hypertension are aware of their condition , 71 % take some antihypertensive medication , but only 48 % of people aware that they have hypertension adequately control it . Adequate management of hypertension can be hampered by inadequacies in the diagnosis , treatment , or control of high blood pressure . Health care providers face many obstacles to achieving blood pressure control , including resistance to taking multiple medications to reach blood pressure goals . People also face the challenges of adhering to medicine schedules and making lifestyle changes . Nonetheless , the achievement of blood pressure goals is possible , and most importantly , lowering blood pressure significantly reduces the risk of death due to heart disease and stroke , the development of other debilitating conditions , and the cost associated with advanced medical care . Research ( edit ) A 2015 review of several studies found that restoring blood vitamin D levels by using supplements ( more than 1,000 IU per day ) reduced blood pressure in hypertensive individuals when they had existing vitamin D deficiency . The results also demonstrated a correlation of chronically low vitamin D levels with a higher chance of becoming hypertensive . Supplementation with vitamin D over 18 months in normotensive individuals with vitamin D deficiency did not significantly affect blood pressure . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` High Blood Pressure Fact Sheet '' . CDC. 19 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lackland , DT ; Weber , MA ( May 2015 ) . `` Global burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke : hypertension at the core . '' . The Canadian journal of cardiology. 31 ( 5 ) : 569 -- 71 . PMID 25795106 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cjca. 2015.01. 009 . ^ Jump up to : Mendis , Shanthi ; Puska , Pekka ; Norrving , Bo ( 2011 ) . Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control ( PDF ) ( 1st ed . ) . Geneva : World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization . p. 38 . 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The Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 5 ( 4 ) : 3 -- 13 . PMID 12826765 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1524 - 6175.2003. 02463. x . Jump up ^ Coca A ( 2008 ) . `` Economic benefits of treating high - risk hypertension with angiotensin II receptor antagonists ( blockers ) '' . Clinical Drug Investigation . 28 ( 4 ) : 211 -- 20 . PMID 18345711 . doi : 10.2165 / 00044011 - 200828040 - 00002 . ^ Jump up to : Chen , S ; Sun , Y ; Agrawal , DK ( 2015 ) . `` Vitamin D deficiency and essential hypertension . '' . Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 9 ( 11 ) : 885 -- 901 . PMC 4641765 . PMID 26419755 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jash. 2015.08. 009 . Further reading ( edit ) James , Paul A. ; Oparil , Suzanne ; Carter , Barry L. ; Cushman , William C. ; Dennison - Himmelfarb , Cheryl ; Handler , Joel ; Lackland , Daniel T. ; Lefevre , Michael L. ; MacKenzie , Thomas D. ; Ogedegbe , Olugbenga ; Smith , Sidney C. ; Svetkey , Laura P. ; Taler , Sandra J. ; Townsend , Raymond R. ; Wright , Jackson T. ; Narva , Andrew S. ; Ortiz , Eduardo ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` 2014 Evidence - Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults '' . JAMA. 311 ( 5 ) : 507 -- 20 . PMID 24352797 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2013.284427 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : I10 , I11 , I12 , I13 , I15 ICD - 9 - CM : 401 OMIM : 145500 MeSH : D006973 DiseasesDB : 6330 External resources MedlinePlus : 000468 eMedicine : med / 1106 ped / 1097 emerg / 267 Patient UK : Hypertension Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hypertension . Wikivoyage has information for traveling with high blood pressure . Hypertension at DMOZ Cardiovascular disease ( vessels ) ( I70 -- I99 , 440 -- 456 ) Arteries , arterioles and capillaries Inflammation Arteritis Aortitis Buerger 's disease Peripheral artery disease Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Foam cell Fatty streak Atheroma Intermittent claudication Critical limb ischemia Monckeberg 's arteriosclerosis Arteriolosclerosis Hyaline Hyperplastic Cholesterol LDL Oxycholesterol Trans fat Stenosis Carotid artery stenosis Renal artery stenosis Other Aortoiliac occlusive disease Degos disease Erythromelalgia Fibromuscular dysplasia Raynaud 's phenomenon Aneurysm / dissection / pseudoaneurysm torso : Aortic aneurysm Abdominal aortic aneurysm Thoracic aortic aneurysm Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva Aortic dissection Coronary artery aneurysm head / neck Intracranial aneurysm Intracranial berry aneurysm Carotid artery dissection Vertebral artery dissection Familial aortic dissection Vascular malformation Arteriovenous fistula Arteriovenous malformation Telangiectasia Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia Vascular nevus Cherry hemangioma Halo nevus Spider angioma Veins Inflammation Phlebitis Venous thrombosis / Thrombophlebitis primarily lower limb Deep vein thrombosis abdomen Hepatic veno - occlusive disease Budd -- Chiari syndrome May -- Thurner syndrome Portal vein thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis upper limb / torso Mondor 's disease Paget -- Schroetter disease head Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis Post-thrombotic syndrome Varicose veins Gastric varices Portacaval anastomosis Caput medusae Esophageal varices Hemorrhoid Varicocele Other Chronic venous insufficiency Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency Superior vena cava syndrome Inferior vena cava syndrome Venous ulcer Arteries or veins Angiopathy Macroangiopathy Microangiopathy Embolism Pulmonary embolism Cholesterol embolism Paradoxical embolism Thrombosis Vasculitis Blood pressure Hypertension Hypertensive heart disease Hypertensive emergency Hypertensive nephropathy Essential hypertension Secondary hypertension Renovascular hypertension Benign hypertension Pulmonary hypertension Systolic hypertension White coat hypertension Hypotension Orthostatic hypotension Biology portal Medicine portal Health portal LCCN : sh85063723 NDL : 00566266 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypertension&oldid=807292151 '' Categories : Hypertension Blood pressure Medical conditions related to obesity Aging - associated diseases Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from October 2013 Good articles Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers RTT ( full ) RTTNEURO Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 02 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the medical term for persistent high arterial blood pressure is
[ "Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.[8] High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms.[1] Long-term high blood pressure, however, is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, and chronic kidney disease.[2][3]" ]
[ "Hypertension" ]
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Iowa High School Athletic Association
Iowa High School Athletic Association - wikipedia Iowa High School Athletic Association Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Iowa High School Athletic Association Abbreviation IHSAA Legal status Association Purpose Athletic / Educational Headquarters 1605 South Story St . Boone , Iowa 50036 , United States Region served Iowa Membership 375 + high schools Official language English Executive Director Richard Wulkow Affiliations National Federation of State High School Associations Staff 17 Website iahsaa.org Remarks ( 515 ) 432 - 2011 The Iowa High School Athletic Association ( IHSAA ) is the regulating body for male Iowa high school interscholastic athletics and is a full member of the National Federation of State High School Associations . Its female counterpart , the Iowa Girls High School Athletic Union , ( IGHSAU ) is an associate member . Iowa is the only state that maintains separate governing bodies for boys ' and girls ' athletics . Sports overseen by the IHSAA are baseball , basketball , bowling , cross country , football , golf , soccer , swimming & diving , tennis , track & field , and wrestling . As classifications vary highly across sports , they are included under the individual sport section . Contents ( hide ) 1 Administrative staff 1.1 Board of directors 1.2 Board of control 2 Baseball 2.1 Classification guidelines 2.2 State Champions 2.2. 1 Summer Tournament 2.2. 2 Spring Tournament 2.2. 3 Fall Tournament 3 Basketball 3.1 Classification guidelines 3.2 State Champions 3.2. 1 Timeline 4 Bowling 4.1 State Champions 5 Cross country 5.1 Classification guidelines 5.2 State Champions 5.2. 1 Timeline 6 Football 6.1 Classification guidelines 6.2 State Champions 7 Golf 7.1 Classification guidelines 7.2 State Champions 7.3 Fall Tournament 8 Soccer 8.1 Classification guidelines 8.2 State Champions 9 Swimming & diving 9.1 Classification guidelines 9.2 State Champions 10 Tennis 10.1 Classification guidelines 10.2 State Champions 10.2. 1 Timeline 11 Track & Field 11.1 Classification guidelines 11.2 List of events 11.3 State Champions 12 Wrestling 12.1 Classification guidelines 12.2 Weight classifications 12.3 State Champions 13 Broadcasting 14 References Administrative staff ( edit ) The administrative staff that runs the IHSAA consists of the 7 members in the office of directors , and the 10 members of the board of control . Board of directors ( edit ) Executive Director - Alan Beste Assistant Executive Director - David Anderson Assistant Executive Director - Todd Tharp Assistant Executive Director - Director of Officials - Roger Barr Director of Community Outreach and Communication - Chad Elsberry Information Director - Bud Legg Board of control ( edit ) Chairperson : David Herold , Waukon , 2017 Vice-Chairperson : Gary Ross , Johnston , 2017 Treasurer : Greg Darling , Humboldt , 2016 Dr. Craig Scott , Chariton , IASB , 2017 Tom Keating , Xavier , Cedar Rapids , 2018 Rollie Wiebers , Charter Oak - Ute , 2018 Rod Earleywine , Sergeant Bluff - Luton , 2020 Russ Reiter , Oskaloosa , 2020 Dr. Ryan Wise , ex-officio , DOE Baseball ( edit ) The IHSAA , historically , has had 3 state baseball championships . Currently , there is only one : the Summer State Championship , whose winners are currently recognized as the State Champions . Historically , however , the winners of all 3 tournaments are given credit for State Championships . Iowa was the first State Association in the nation to hold a baseball championship meet in the summer . Classification guidelines ( edit ) 4A - Largest 48 schools 3A - Next 64 largest schools 2A - Next 96 largest schools 1A - Remaining ( 138 ) schools State champions ( edit ) Summer tournament ( edit ) The summer tournament was first held in 1946 , with one classification from 1946 -- 1972 . From 1973 -- 1980 , there were 2 classifications ( 1A and 2A ) , and since 1981 there have been 4 classifications ( 1A , 2A , 3A , and 4A ) . ( show ) Iowa Summer State Tournament Champions . Year 1A 2A 3A 4A 1969 Burlington 1969 Cedar Rapids Wilson 1969 Cedar Rapids Wilson 1969 Cedar Rapids Franklin 1969 Cedar Rapids Wilson 1969 Exira 1969 Colesburg 1969 Council Bluffs Thomas Jefferson 1954 Dubuque 1955 West Des Moines 1956 Muscatine 1957 Muscatine 1958 Muscatine 1959 Council Bluffs Thomas Jefferson 1960 Council Bluffs Thomas Jefferson 1961 Ames 1962 Council Bluffs Thomas Jefferson 1963 Clinton St. Mary 's 1964 Clinton 1965 Boone 1966 Cedar Rapids Washington 1967 Boone 1968 Dyersville Beckman 1969 Fort Dodge 1970 Decorah 1971 Van Horne Benton 1972 Mason City 1973 Lansing Kee Council Bluffs Thomas Jefferson Granville Spalding Catholic Dubuque Hempstead Granville Spalding Catholic Burlington 1976 Marshalltown Monona MFL 1977 Johnston Davenport West 1978 Gilbertville Don Bosco Dubuque Hempstead 1979 Independence St. John Davenport Central 1980 Lansing Kee Des Moines East 1981 Norway Lansing Kee Council Bluffs Saint Albert Marshalltown 1982 Norway Burlington Notre Dame Norwalk Davenport Assumption Norway Saint Mary 's , Remsen Maquoketa Dubuque Hempstead 1984 Norway Remsen St. Mary 's Forest City Dubuque Hempstead 1985 Bancroft St. John Remsen St. Mary 's Jackson Junction Turkey Valley Marshalltown 1986 Saint John Kee , Lansing Beckman Catholic , Dyersville Marshalltown Norway Tri-Center , Neola Camanche West , Davenport 1988 Norway Lynnville - Sully Centerville Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 1989 Spalding Catholic , Granville Kee , Lansing Central Lee , Donnellson Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 1990 Norway Kee , Lansing Spencer Decorah 1991 Norway Kee , Lansing Decorah West , Waterloo 1992 Kee , Lansing Postville Assumption , Davenport Ankeny 1993 Saint Mary 's , Storm Lake Wilton Assumption , Davenport Thomas Jefferson , Council Bluffs 1994 Lisbon Pella Christian Denison Washington , Cedar Rapids 1995 Gehlen Catholic , Le Mars Sumner Assumption , Davenport Valley , West Des Moines North Kossuth , Swea City Saint Albert , Council Bluffs Harlan Ottumwa 1997 North Kossuth , Swea City Mount Vernon Spencer Ottumwa 1998 Newman Catholic , Mason City Iowa Falls Washington , Vinton Lincoln , Des Moines 1999 Gehlen Catholic , Le Mars Saint Albert , Council Bluffs Assumption , Davenport Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 2000 Spalding Catholic , Granville Fort Madison Beckman Catholic , Dyersville Urbandale 2001 Spalding Catholic , Granville Emmetsburg Bishop Heelan Catholic , Sioux City Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 2002 Newman Catholic , Mason City Eagle Grove Knoxville Marshalltown 2003 Van Meter Carlisle Harlan Valley , West Des Moines Martensdale - St. Marys Mid-Prairie , Wellman Assumption , Davenport Valley , West Des Moines 2005 Kee , Lansing Wilton Bishop Heelan Catholic , Sioux City Valley , West Des Moines 2006 Lenox Assumption , Davenport Xavier , Cedar Rapids Valley , West Des Moines 2007 Iowa Mennonite School , Kalona Washington , Cherokee West Delaware , Manchester Urbandale 2008 North Sentral Kossuth Assumption , Davenport Centerville Johnston 2009 Newman Catholic , Mason City Saint Edmond , Fort Dodge Norwalk North , Sioux City Martensdale - St. Mary 's Solon Glenwood Kennedy , Cedar Rapids 2011 Martensdale - St. Mary 's Davis County , Bloomfield Solon Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 2012 Martensdale - St. Mary 's Beckman Catholic , Dyersville Dallas Center - Grimes Ankeny 2013 Newman Catholic , Mason City Beckman Catholic , Dyersville Clear Lake Johnston 2014 Twin Cedars , Bussey North Polk , Alleman Assumption , Davenport Southeast Polk 2015 Newman Catholic , Mason City Clear Lake Waverly - Shell Rock Southeast Polk Spring tournament ( edit ) The Spring Tournament was held every summer from 1928 -- 1972 , and is the oldest of the 3 state tournaments . In the 4 years prior to 1928 ( 1924 -- 1927 ) , Iowa State College hosted an `` invitational state tournament '' in the spring that attracted nearly 40 schools , but was unofficial in nature . Unlike the Summer tournament , the Spring tournament never divided into separate classes . ( show ) Iowa Spring State Tournament Champions . Year Champion 1928 Dows 1929 St. Ansgar 1930 Corning 1931 Des Moines North 1932 Armstrong 1933 Manson 1934 Des Moines North 1935 Mason City 1936 Des Moines North 1937 Mason City 1938 Mason City 1939 Everly 1940 Davenport 1941 Davenport 1942 Rockwell City 1943 Corwith 1944 Davenport 1945 Cedar Rapids Roosevelt 1946 Mason City 1947 Davenport 1948 Monona 1949 Davenport 1950 Davenport 1951 Dubuque Loras 1952 Kanawha 1953 Davenport St. Ambrose 1954 Waterloo East 1955 Des Moines Lincoln 1956 Mason City 1957 Council Bluffs Thomas Jefferson 1958 Bancroft St. John 1959 Corwith - Wesley 1960 Davenport 1961 Cedar Rapids Jefferson 1962 Council Bluffs Thomas Jefferson 1963 Davenport West 1964 Bancroft Saint John 1965 Davenport West 1966 Council Bluffs Thomas Jefferson 1967 Norway 1968 Norway 1969 Davenport Central 1970 Davenport Central 1971 Davenport Central 1972 Mason City Fall tournament ( edit ) The Fall Tournament was held every summer from 1939 -- 1985 . Unlike the Summer tournament , the Fall tournament never divided into separate classes ... ( show ) Iowa Fall State Tournament Champions . Year Champion 1939 Grand Junction 1940 Bancroft 1941 Martensdale 1942 No Fall Tournament Held 1943 Bancroft Saint John 1944 Wiota 1945 Pomeroy 1946 Van Meter 1947 Monona 1948 Kanawha 1949 Anthon 1950 Bancroft Saint John 1951 Rock Valley 1952 Van Home 1953 Auburn 1954 Corwith 1955 Tracy 1956 Central City 1957 Bancroft Saint John 1958 Corwith - Wesley 1959 Bancroft Saint John 1960 Bancroft Saint John 1961 Elwood 1962 Jewell - South Hamilton 1963 Keystone 1964 Lawton 1965 Norway 1966 Norway 1967 Norway 1968 Norway 1969 Fonda OLGC 1970 Norway 1971 Granville Spalding Catholic 1972 Norway 1973 Burlington Norway Breda Saint Bernard 1976 Granville Spalding Catholic 1977 Lansing Kee 1978 Lansing Kee 1979 Norway 1980 Remsen St. Mary 's 1981 Remsen St. Mary 's 1982 Norway Norway 1984 Remsen St. Mary 's 1985 Leo Holy Cross Basketball ( edit ) Classification guidelines ( edit ) 4A - Largest 48 schools 3A - Next 64 largest schools 2A - Next 96 largest schools * 1A - Remaining ( 155 ) schools * IHSAA Board policy allows schools to participate in a higher classification than their enrollment places them in a sport with four classes . Schools requesting this placement will remain in higher class for two years . As a result , In the 2014 - 15 school year , there were 97 schools in 2A basketball , even though regulations call for 96 State champions ( edit ) Timeline ( edit ) 1912 -- 1919 -- unsupervised , non IHSAA sponsored state championship crowning one state champion . 1920 -- 1922 -- unsupervised , non IHSAA sponsored state championship crowning two state champions , one in Iowa City and one in Ames . 1923 -- supervised , IHSAA sponsored state championship crowning one state champion ; round robin format 1924 -- no state champion listed according to IHSAA website 1925 -- 1926 -- supervised , IHSAA sponsored state championship crowning two state champions in `` A '' and `` B '' divisions ; round robin format 1927 -- 1955 -- supervised , IHSAA sponsored state championship crowning one state champion 1956 -- 1960 -- supervised , IHSAA sponsored state championship crowning two state champions in `` A '' and `` B '' divisions 1961 -- 1966 -- supervised , IHSAA sponsored state championship crowning one state champion 1967 -- 1974 -- supervised , IHSAA sponsored state championship crowning three state champions in `` 1A '' and `` 2A '' classes 1975 -- 1984 -- supervised , IHSAA sponsored state championship crowning three state champions in `` 1A '' , `` 2A '' , and `` 3A '' classes . 1985 -- 1992 -- supervised , IHSAA sponsored state championship crowning four state champions in `` A '' , `` 1A '' , `` 2A '' , and `` 3A '' classes . 1993 -- present -- supervised , IHSAA sponsored state championship crowning four state champions in `` 1A '' , `` 2A '' , `` 3A '' and `` 4A '' classes . Iowa State Basketball Tournament Champions ( Pre-IHSAA ) . Year Division / Class Champion 1912 * Ottumwa 1913 * Davenport 1914 * Cedar Rapids Washington 1915 * Ottumwa 1916 * Anna 1917 * Mount Pleasant 1918 * Mount Pleasant 1919 * Fort Dodge 1920 * Iowa City Ames Davenport Boone 1921 * Iowa City Ames Davenport Boone 1922 * Iowa City Davenport Cedar Rapids Washington Grinnell ( show ) IHSAA - Sponsored State Champions ( 1923 -- 66 ) Year 1923 Osage 1924 Champion unknown 1925 Waterloo West Champion unknown 1926 Newton Irwin 1927 Muscatine 1928 Ottumwa 1929 Davenport 1930 Davenport 1931 Boone 1932 Des Moines Roosevelt 1933 Dunkerton 1934 Sioux City East 1935 Mason City 1936 Ames 1937 Melrose 1938 Diagonal 1939 Creston 1940 Mason City 1941 Davenport 1942 Ottumwa 1943 Mason City 1944 Waverly 1945 Ames 1946 Iowa City 1947 Davenport 1948 Manning 1949 Ottumwa 1950 Davenport 1951 Davenport 1952 Davenport 1953 Clinton St. Mary 's 1954 Muscatine 1955 Ames 1956 Marshalltown Iowa City St. Mary 's 1957 West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Iowa City St. Mary 's 1958 Davenport Roland 1959 Sioux Center Calumet 1960 Marshalltown Wheatland 1961 Marshalltown 1962 Cedar Rapids Regis 1963 Newton 1964 Newton 1965 Des Moines Roosevelt 1966 Marshalltown ( show ) IHSAA - Sponsored State Champions ( 1967 -- present ) Year 1A 2A 3A 1967 Sioux Center Cedar Rapids Jefferson 1968 Paullina Storm Lake 1969 Paullina Cedar Rapids Washington 1970 Wheatland Davenport Central 1971 Montezuma Davenport West 1972 Alta Cedar Rapids Kennedy 1973 Mount Vernon Ames Orange City Unity Waterloo East Clinton St. Mary 's Council Bluffs St. Albert Des Moines Lincoln 1976 Iowa City Regina Forest City Ames 1977 Clinton st . Mary 's Story City Roland - Story Iowa City West 1978 Iowa City Regina Denison Des Moines Roosevelt 1979 Iowa City Regina Cedar Rapids Regis West Des Moines Dowling Catholic 1980 Dike Storm Lake Dubuque Wahlert Catholic 1981 Paullina Central Clinton Dewitt Dubuque Wahlert Catholic 1982 Paullina Cedar Rapids Regis Assumption , Davenport Palmer Cedar Rapids Regis Linn - Mar , Marion 1984 Denver Cedar Rapids Regis Cedar Rapids Kennedy Year 1A 2A 3A 1985 Lone Tree Nashua Hull Western Christian Carroll Kuemper 1986 Palmer Orange City Unity Christian Washington Bettendorf Palmer Pocahontas Estherville Burlington 1988 Palmer Orange City Maurice Perry Fort Dodge 1989 Keota Orange City Maurice Council Bluffs St. Albert Iowa City City High 1990 Nesco Colo Montezuma Pella Christian Waterloo East 1991 Aplington Fonda Newell Hull Western Christian Ames 1992 Aplington Iowa Mennonite Pella Christian Clinton Year 1A 2A 3A 4A 1993 Hudson Pella Christian New Hampton West Des Moines Valley 1994 Pomeroy Palmer Orange City Unity Christian Johnston Davenport West 1995 Winfield Mt . Union Osage Johnston Ankeny Rock Valley North Polk Alleman Hull Western Christian Mason City 1997 Fonda Newell Farrar Bondurant Creston Mason City 1998 Rock Valley Iowa Falls Cedar Rapids Prairie Iowa City West 1999 Fonda Newell Iowa Falls Assumption , Davenport Sioux City West 2000 Fonda Newell St. Edmond Assumption , Davenport Iowa City West 2001 Pomeroy Palmer Danville Western Dubuque Epworth Indianola 2002 Pomeroy Palmer Danville Pella Sioux City East 2003 Boyden - Hull Sioux Center Pella Waterloo East Dunkerton Prairie City - Monroe Harlan Linn - Mar Marion 2005 North Mahaska New Sharon Orange City Unity Christian MOC Floyd Valley Bettendorf 2006 George - Little Rock Nodaway Valley Greenfield Harlan Des Moines Hoover 2007 Northwood Kensett Hull Western Christian Waverly Shell - Rock Linn - Mar Marion 2008 Cedar Falls NUH Hull Western Christian Dubuque Wahlert Catholic Iowa City City High 2009 Rock Valley Solon Sioux City Bishop Heelan Ames Rock Valley Hull Western Christian Sioux City Bishop Heelan Ames 2011 Storm Lake St. Mary 's Sheffield West Fork Sioux City Bishop Heelan Linn - Mar Marion 2012 Boyden - Hull Mount Vernon Mount Pleasant Iowa City West 2013 Boyden - Hull Sheldon Waverly - Shell Rock Iowa City West 2014 West Lyon ( Inwood ) Hull Western Christian Dubuque Wahlert Catholic Iowa City West 2015 Gladbrook - Reinbeck Treynor Dubuque Wahlert Catholic North Scott , Eldridge 2016 Paullina South O'Brien Hull Western Christian Cedar Rapids Xavier West Des Moines Valley 2017 Grandview Park Baptist Hull Western Christian Cedar Rapids Xavier Iowa City West 2018 Grandview Park Baptist Cascade Glenwood Cedar Falls Bowling ( edit ) Bowling was first sanctioned by the IHSAA in 2009 -- 2010 . State Champions ( edit ) Iowa State Bowling Team Champions Year 1A 2A 3A Dubuque Wahlert Catholic Clinton 2011 Epworth , Western Dubuque Davenport North 2012 Epworth , Western Dubuque Dubuque Hempstead 2013 Dubuque Wahlert Catholic Davenport North 2014 Waverly - Shell Rock Davenport North 2015 Marshalltown Fort Dodge Camanche 2016 Cedar Falls Urbandale Vinton - Shellsburg 2017 Dubuque Urbandale West Delaware Cross country ( edit ) Cross Country was first contested in Iowa in 1922 , and is considered a fall sport . It is also the only sport that is jointly sanctioned by the IHSAA and the IGHSAU . The current official distance for cross country meets is 5000m ( approximately 3.1 miles ) . The standard format for team scoring , per NFHS guidelines , is to sum the places of the 5 highest placing runners among qualifying teams ( teams must have at least 5 runners to qualify in the context of the team competition ) to obtain the team 's score . Teams are then ranked with the lowest score winning . Additionally , a team may have up to 7 runners count in placing for team scores , although only the first 5 scores , with the 6th and 7th runners serving to displace and lower the position of runners on other teams . Classification guidelines ( edit ) In classifying Cross Country programs , due to the collaboration of the IHSAA and IGHSAU , teams are included in the largest 48 , next 64 , etc. , on the basis of having either a boys or a girls program , as not all schools have both . This is to avoid a situation where boys and girls from the same school do not compete in the same class . 4A - Largest 48 schools 3A - Next 64 largest schools 2A - Next 72 largest schools 1A - Remaining Schools ( 136 ) State Champions ( edit ) Timeline ( edit ) 1922 -- 1929 -- unsanctioned , unsupervised State Championship crowning one individual and one team state champion . Race length - 2 miles 1930 -- 1934 -- sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning one individual and one team state champion . Race length - 2 miles 1935 -- sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning one individual and one team state champion . Race length - 1.9 miles 1936 sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning one individual and two team state champions . Race length - 1.9 miles 1937 -- 1946 -- sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning three individual and three team state champions . Race length - 1.9 miles 1947 -- sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning four individual and no team state champions . Race length - 1.9 miles 1948 -- 1950 -- sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning four individual and four team state champions . Race length - 1.9 miles 1951 -- 1956 -- sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning four individual and four team state champions . Race length - 1.8 miles 1957 -- 1963 -- sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning five individual and five team state champions . Race length - 1.8 miles 1964 -- 1966 -- sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning six individual and six team state champions . Race length - 1.8 miles 1967 -- 1968 -- sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning six individual and six team state champions . Race length - 2.0 miles 1969 -- 1975 -- sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning seven individual and seven team state champions . Race length - 2.0 miles 1976 -- 1980 -- sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning four individual and four team state champions . Race length - 2.0 miles 1981 -- 1986 -- sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning three individual and three team state champions . Race length - 2.0 miles 1987 -- 2002 -- sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning three individual and three team state champions . Race length - 5000 meters 2003 -- present -- sanctioned , supervised State Championship crowning four individual and four team state champions . Race length - 5000 meters ( show ) Iowa State Cross Country Team Champions Year Division / Class Champion 1922 * Cedar Rapids 1923 * Iowa City 1924 * Shellsburg 1925 * ( tie ) Dubuque ( tie ) Fort Madison 1926 * Fort Madison 1927 * Iowa City University High 1928 * Keokuk 1929 * Muscatine 1930 Muscatine 1931 Ottumwa 1932 Ottumwa 1933 Ottumwa 1934 Muscatine 1935 Oskaloosa 1936 Oskaloosa Iowa City University High 1937 Des Moines East Iowa City University High Clarence 1938 Oskaloosa Iowa City University High Thornburg 1939 Knoxville Williamsburg Martinsburg 1940 Ottumwa Iowa City University High Leclaire 1941 Des Moines East Iowa City University High Minburn 1942 Des Moines East Iowa City University High No race contested 1943 Des Moines East Iowa City University High Clarence 1944 Des Moines North Iowa City University High Mechanicsville 1945 Des Moines North Marion Mechanicsville 1946 Des Moines North Marion Mechanicsville 1947 Individual race run but no team scores kept Not contested due to weather Not contested due to weather 1948 AA Council Bluffs Abraham Lincoln Cedar Rapids Roosevelt Marion Napier 1949 AA Des Moines East Fairfield Marion Ollie 1950 AA - Des Moines North Des Moines Tech ( tie ) Monroe ( tie ) Marion Fremont 1951 AA - Davenport ( tie ) Cedar Rapids Roosevelt ( tie ) Charles City Marion Stanley 1952 AA Des Moines North Marion Eldora Underwood 1953 AA Des Moines North Marion Eldora Underwood 1954 AA Des Moines Tech Marion Eldora Underwood 1955 AA Des Moines North West Des Moines Valley Leclaire Elliot 1956 AA Des Moines North Clarinda LeClaire Sheffield 1957 AAA AA Sioux City Central Oskaloosa Decorah Saydel Menlo 1958 AAA AA Sioux City Central Decorah Marion Sheffield LuVerne 1959 AAA AA Des Moines Tech Decorah College Springs South Page Underwood Luverne 1960 AAA AA Des Moines Tech Marshalltown Winterset College Springs South Page Luverne 1961 AAA AA Sioux City Central Marshalltown West Sioux Hawarden Obedolt Arthur Klemme 1962 AAA AA - Des Moines Tech West Des Moines Valley Clarinda ( tie ) Odebolt Arthur ( tie ) Sheffield Chapin LuVerne 1963 AAA AA Sioux City Central Grinnell Newburg Clarinda Anita Sheffield Chapin 1964 AAAA AAA AA Sioux City Central Marshalltown Decorah Obedolt Arthur Anita Miles 1965 AAAA AAA AA Sioux City Central Marshalltown Red Oak Cascade Aquin Madrid Charles City Immaculate Conception 1966 AAAA AAA AA - Sioux City Central Marshalltown ( tie ) Red Oak ( tie ) Decorah Aquin Cascade Farragut Gruver Lincoln Central 1967 AAAA AAA AA - Sioux City Central Ames Red Oak Decorah Packwood Pekin ( tie ) Decorah North Winneshiek ( tie ) Somers Cedar Valley 1968 AAAA AAA AA Des Moines Lincoln Ames Urbandale Decorah Packwood Pekin Miles 1969 AAAA AAA AA Cedar Falls Waterloo Columbus Ankeny Chariton Rock Rapids Central Lyon BCL Conrad Miles 1970 AAAA AAA AA Waterloo West Des Moines Hoover Urbandale Osage Fort Madison Aquinas BGM Brooklyn Garnavillo 1971 AAAA AAA AA Davenport Central Waterloo Columbus Indianola Sheldon Fort Madison Aquinas Johnston Cresco Notre Dame 1972 AAAA AAA AA Mason City Waterloo Columbus Indianola Decorah Johnston Tri-County Thornburg Garnavillo 1973 AAAA AAA AA - Mason City Ames Council Bluffs Lewis Central Hull Western Christian Johnston Milford ( tie ) Garnavillo ( tie ) Dike AAAA AAA AA Marshalltown West Des Moines Dowling Davenport Assumption Decorah Shenandoah Dike Sanborn AAAA AAA AA Marshalltown Ames Waverly Shell Rock Shenandoah Tipton Cascade Aquin Odebolt Arthur 1976 AA Clinton Decorah Orange City Unity Christian Bancroft St. John 1977 AA Des Moines Hoover Decorah Orange City Unity Christian Bancroft St. John 1978 AA Muscatine Decorah Fort Madison Aquinas Garnavillo 1979 AA Clinton Centerville Mason City Newman Catholic Fort Madison Aquinas 1980 AA Waverly Shell - Rock Knoxville Lansing Kee Keokuk Cardinal Stritch 1981 3A 2A 1A Clinton Sheldon Lansing Kee 1982 3A 2A 1A Clinton Hull Western Christian Lansing Kee 3A 2A 1A Ames Cascade Orange City Unity Christian 1984 3A 2A 1A Clinton Eagle Grove Cedar Falls NUH 1985 3A 2A 1A West Des Moines Dowling Cascade Cedar Falls NUH 1986 3A 2A 1A Clinton Cascade Woodbine 3A 2A 1A Dubuque Senior Eagle Grove Woodbine 1988 3A 2A 1A Iowa City West Shenandoah Lansing Kee 1989 3A 2A 1A Ames Shenandoah Lansing Kee 1990 3A 2A 1A Muscatine Decorah Jesup 1991 3A 2A 1A Iowa City City High Shenandoah Williamsburg 1992 3A 2A 1A Iowa City City High Decorah Council Bluffs St. Albert 1993 3A 2A 1A Iowa City City High Waukon Iowa City Regina 1994 3A 2A 1A Iowa City City High Humboldt Denver 1995 3A 2A 1A Dubuque Senior Waukon Kalona Iowa Mennonite 3A 2A 1A Iowa City City High Waukon Calamus - Wheatland 1997 3A 2A 1A Iowa City City High Waukon Iowa City Regina 1998 3A 2A 1A Dubuque Senior Waukon Iowa City Regina 1999 3A 2A 1A Iowa City City High Waukon West Sioux Hawarden 2000 3A 2A 1A Iowa City City High Central Clinton Dewitt Fairbank Wapsie Valley 2001 3A 2A 1A Des Moines Roosevelt Central Clinton Dewitt Bennett Durant 2002 3A 2A 1A Des Moines Roosevelt Waukon Greenfield Nodaway Valley 2003 4A 3A 2A 1A Des Moines Roosevelt Dubuque Wahlert Hull Western Christian Iowa City Regina 4A 3A 2A 1A Cedar Falls Dubuque Wahlert Iowa City Regina Fairbank Wapsie Valley 2005 4A 3A 2A 1A Cedar Falls Lisbon Mount Vernon Hull Western Christian Fairbank Wapsie Valley 2006 4A 3A 2A 1A Pleasant Valley Cedar Rapids Xavier Calmar South Winneshiek Iowa City Regina 2007 4A 3A 2A 1A Pleasant Valley Cedar Rapids Xavier Monticello Iowa City Regina 2008 4A 3A 2A 1A Pleasant Valley Algona Spirit Lake Calmar South Winneshiek 2009 4A 3A 2A 1A Burlington Pella Spirit Lake Iowa Mennonite School , Kalona 4A 3A 2A 1A Prairie , Cedar Rapids Dubuque Wahlert Iowa City Regina Northern University High , Cedar Falls 2011 4A 3A 2A 1A Dowling Catholic Pella Monticello St. Albert , Council Bluffs 2012 4A 3A 2A 1A Dowling Catholic Decorah Monticello St. Albert , Council Bluffs 2013 4A 3A 2A 1A Prairie , Cedar Rapids Boone Monticello Denver 2014 4A 3A 2A 1A Linn - Mar , Marion Gilbert East Marshall , LeGrand Bellevue Football ( edit ) Classification guidelines ( edit ) Football classifications remain the same for 2 years , starting in 2018 - 2019 . 4A - Largest 42 schools by enrollment 3A - Next Largest 54 2A - Next Largest 54 1A - Next Largest 54 A - Remaining 11 player schools ( 62 ) 8 - player - Option for schools with an enrollment of 120 or less ( 65 ) State champions ( edit ) Although different sources claim that certain schools to have been state champions in years prior to 1972 , these championships are not apparently recognized by the IHSAA and are not listed on its website , and it is not clear how these championships were determined . Iowa State Football Championship Game winners Year 8 - player 1A 2A 3A 4A 1972 Radcliffe Sioux Center Harlan Community Cedar Rapids Jefferson 1973 Dexfield , Redfield Britt LeMars Davenport Central AvoHa , Avoca Mount Vernon Decorah Davenport West Glidden - Ralston Hudson Urbandale Sioux City Bishop Heelan 1976 Conrad BCL Central Lyon Waterloo Columbus Davenport Central 1977 Manilla Central Lyon Emmetsburg Davenport West 1978 Eastwood ( Correctionville ) Sibley Cedar Rapids Regis Mason City 1979 Treynor Sigourney Emmetsburg Dubuque Hempstead 1980 Woodbury Central ( Moville ) Roland - Story Marion Newton 1981 Paullina Dike Roland - Story Cedar Rapids Prairie Bettendorf 1982 Lone Tree Pekin ( Packwood ) Cedar Rapids LaSalle Harlan Community Sioux City Bishop Heelan Sutherland Pekin ( Packwood ) Cedar Rapids LaSalle Harlan Community Davenport Central 1984 Schleswig Pocahontas Grundy Center Harlan Community Sioux City East 1985 Paton - Churdan Center Point Algona Bishop Garrigan Pleasant Valley Linn - Mar ( Marion ) 1986 Paton - Churdan Lynnville - Sully Wapsie Valley Waterloo Columbus Cedar Falls Green Mountain - Garwin Grundy Center Wapsie Valley Decorah Bettendorf 1988 Schleswig Grundy Center Solon Decorah Bettendorf 1989 Laurens - Marathon West Branch Emmetsburg Decorah Linn - Mar ( Marion ) 1990 Logan - Magnolia Southern Cal ( Lake City ) Emmetsburg Waverly - Shell Rock Linn - Mar ( Marion ) 1991 Madrid West Branch Garner - Hayfield West Delaware Bettendorf 1992 Bedford West Branch North Fayette Waverly - Shell Rock Bettendorf 1993 Riceville Aplington - Parkersburg Mount Vernon Harlan Community Iowa City High 1994 West Bend - Mallard Hudson Mount Vernon Spencer Iowa City High 1995 LeMars Gehlen Denver Sigourney / Keota Harlan Community Iowa City West Guthrie Center West Hancock Iowa Falls Oskaloosa Iowa City High 1997 West Central ( Maynard ) Wapsie Valley Emmetsburg Harlan Community Ankeny 1998 West Bend - Mallard Pekin ( Packwood ) West Lyon ( Inwood ) Harlan Community Iowa City West 1999 West Bend - Mallard West Marshall West Lyon ( Inwood ) New Hampton Iowa City West 2000 Adair - Casey Hubbard - Radcliffe Southern Cal ( Lake City ) Emmetsburg Clear Lake Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 2001 Adair - Casey Fredericksburg Aplington - Parkersburg Sigourney / Keota Western Dubuque ( Epworth ) Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 2002 Sentral ( Fenton ) Manning Akron - Westfield Emmetsburg Atlantic West Des Moines Valley 2003 Sentral ( Fenton ) Treynor Eldora - New Providence Emmetsburg Harlan Community West Des Moines Valley Remsen St. Mary 's West Bend - Mallard Council Bluffs St. Albert Waterloo Columbus Harlan Community Bettendorf 2005 Glidden - Ralston North Mahaska Iowa City Regina Sigourney / Keota Harlan Community West Des Moines Valley 2006 Northeast Hamilton IKM ( Manilla ) Council Bluffs St. Albert Central Lyon / George - Little Rock Humboldt Cedar Rapids Xavier 2007 Stanton Wapsie Valley Council Bluffs St. Albert Solon Keokuk Bettendorf 2008 Lenox Southern Cal ( Lake City ) Emmetsburg Solon Sioux City Bishop Heelan West Des Moines Valley 2009 Armstrong - Ringsted Southern Cal ( Lake City ) Council Bluffs St. Albert Solon Harlan Community Iowa City High Lenox North Tama West Lyon ( Inwood ) Iowa City Regina Solon Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 2011 Fremont - Mills , Tabor Lisbon Saint Ansgar Iowa City Regina Union West Des Moines Valley 2012 Marcus - Meriden - Cleghorn Wapsie Valley , Fairbank Iowa City Regina Spirit Lake Decorah Ankeny 2013 Don Bosco Gibertville West Lyon ( Inwood ) Iowa City Regina Kuemper Catholic Sioux City Bishop Heelan Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 2014 Newell - Fonda Logan - Magnolia Iowa City Regina North Fayette Valley Pella Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 2015 Marcus - Meriden - Cleghorn Gladbrook - Reinbeck Iowa City Regina Spirit Lake Pella Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 2016 Don Bosco , Gilbertsville Gladbrook - Reinbeck Western Christian , Hull Boyden - Hull / Rock Valley Pella Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 2017 Don Bosco , Gilbertsville West Sioux , Hawarden Van Meter Waukon Cedar Rapids Xavier Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines Golf ( edit ) The standard team scoring format for golf tournaments , per NFHS guidelines , is to add up the scores of 6 players with each player playing 2 rounds of 18 holes . Teams are then ranked according to lowest score . Classification guidelines ( edit ) 4A ( fall golf ) -- Largest 48 schools * 3A ( spring golf ) -- Next 64 2A ( spring golf ) -- Next 96 1A ( spring golf ) -- Remainder ( 129 ) * Plus golf schools that play in 4A conferences that wish to play in the fall . In 2006 -- 2007 there were 52 schools in class 4A State Champions ( edit ) ( show ) Iowa State Championship Golf Tournament winners Year Class Champion 1928 Des Moines East 1929 Des Moines Roosevelt 1930 Des Moines Roosevelt 1931 Des Moines Roosevelt 1932 Team Scores and placings not reported 1933 Des Moines Roosevelt 1934 Des Moines Roosevelt 1935 Tournament Rained Out 1936 Des Moines Roosevelt 1937 Des Moines Lincoln 1938 Des Moines Roosevelt 1939 ( tie ) Des Moines Roosevelt ( tie ) Des Moines Lincoln 1940 Des Moines Roosevelt 1941 Des Moines Roosevelt 1942 Cedar Rapids Franklin 1943 Ottumwa 1944 Ottumwa 1945 Ames 1946 ( tie ) Des Moines Roosevelt ( tie ) Boone 1947 ( tie ) Des Moines Roosevelt ( tie ) Cedar Rapids Franklin 1948 Cedar Rapids Franklin 1949 Ames 1950 Waterloo West 1951 Waterloo West 1952 Ottumwa 1953 Ottumwa 1954 Davenport St. Ambrose 1955 Waterloo West 1956 Waterloo West 1957 Waterloo West 1958 Clinton 1959 Clinton Marshalltown St. Mary 's 1960 Clinton Sheldon 1961 Muscatine Storm Lake 1962 Dubuque Oelwein 1963 Atlantic Iowa Falls 1964 AA Muscatine Independence 1965 AA Cedar Rapids Jefferson Dyersville Xavier 1966 AA Keokuk Washington Cherokee 1967 AA Des Moines Roosevelt Audubon 1968 AA Ames Decorah T. Roberts 1969 AA Waterloo Columbus Pella 1970 AA Boone Audubon 1971 AA Waterloo West Vinton 1972 AA Waterloo West Vinton 1973 AA Waterloo West Pella AA Estherville West Branch AA Oskaloosa Algona Bishop Garrigan 1976 AA West Des Moines Valley Algona Bishop Garrigan 1977 AAA AA Waterloo West Algona Bishop Garrigan Sibley 1978 AAA AA Bettendorf Algona Bishop Garrigan Sibley 1979 AAA AA Clinton Algona Bishop Garrigan Rock Valley 1980 AAA AA Clinton Cedar Rapids Regis Gowrie Prairie Valley 1981 AAA AA Cedar Rapids Washington Estherville Britt 1982 4A 3A 2A 1A Ames Algona Bishop Garrigan Denver Calamus 4A 3A 2A 1A Des Moines Lincoln Perry Burlington Notre Dame Calamus 1984 4A 3A 2A 1A West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Algona Bishop Garrigan Adel - DeSoto Avoca AvoHa 1985 4A 3A 2A 1A Oskaloosa Atlantic Durant Rockwell - Swaledale 1986 4A 3A 2A 1A Ames Vinton Tripoli Hartley - Melvin 4A 3A 2A 1A Ottumwa Algona Woodward - Grander Kingsley - Pierson 1988 4A 3A 2A 1A Ottumwa Grinnel Clarion Rock Valley 1989 4A 3A 2A 1A Ottumwa Oelwein West Branch Woodward - Granger 1990 4A 3A 2A 1A Newton Alta - Aurelia West Branch Woodward - Granger 1991 4A 3A 2A 1A Ottumwa Marion West Branch Newell - Fonda 1992 4A 3A 2A 1A Ottumwa Cedar Rapids Regis West Branch Rock Valley 1993 4A 3A 2A 1A Oskaloosa Clear Lake Wapello Rock Valley 1994 4A 3A 2A 1A West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Oskaloosa Aplington - Parkersburg Mason City Newman Catholic 1995 4A 3A 2A 1A West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Carroll Kuemper Hudson Mason City Newman Catholic 4A 3A 2A 1A Ottumwa Keokuk Hudson Fairfield Maharishi 1997 4A 3A 2A 1A Waterloo West Huxley Ballard Colfax - Mingo Hubbard - Radcliffe 1998 4A 3A 2A 1A Marshalltown Clear Lake Urbana Center Point LeMars Gehlen Catholic 1999 4A 3A 2A 1A Burlington Anamosa Gladbrook - Reinbeck 2000 4A 3A 2A 1A Marshalltown Waterloo Columbus Wapello Rockford 2001 4A 3A 2A 1A Muscatine Pella Ballard Sumner 2002 4A 3A 2A 1A Marshalltown Waterloo Columbus Belle Plaine Sumner 2003 4A 3A 2A 1A Bettendorf Pella Grundy Center Sumner 4A 3A 2A 1A Bettendorf Clear Lake Waterloo Columbus Mason City Newman Catholic 2005 4A 3A 2A 1A Bettendorf Clear Lake Grundy Center Onawa West Monona 2006 4A 3A 2A 1A Bettendorf Clear Lake Emmetsburg Hinton 2007 4A 3A 2A 1A West Des Moines Valley Ballard Hampton - Dumont Mason City Newman Catholic 2008 4A 3A 2A 1A Ottumwa Ballard Monroe PCM Cedar Falls Northern University High 2009 4A 3A 2A 1A West Des Moines Dowling Ballatd Carrol Kuemper Catholic Mason City Newman Catholic 4A 3A 2A 1A Waukee Ballard Carroll Kuemper Catholic Algona Bishop Garrigan 2011 4A 3A 2A 1A West Des Moines Valley Clear Lake Carroll Kuemper Catholic Mason City Newman Catholic 2012 4A 3A 2A 1A Waukee Decorah Columbus Catholic , Waterloo Bishop Garrigan , Algona Fall tournament ( edit ) In 1940 , 1941 , and 1986 -- 1993 , teams could also participate in a separate Fall Championship . Listed below are the champions of those tournaments . Beginning in 1994 , the Fall tournament became simply the 4A championship . Those results are included above . Iowa State Championship Fall Golf Tournament winners Year Champion 1940 Des Moines Roosevelt 1941 Des Moines Roosevelt 1986 Waterloo Columbus West Des Moines Dowling Catholic 1988 West Des Moines Valley 1989 West Des Moines Dowling Catholic 1990 Cedar Rapids Kennedy 1991 West Des Moines Dowling Catholic 1992 West Des Moines Dowling Catholic 1993 Newton Soccer ( edit ) Classification guidelines ( edit ) 3A - Largest 36 schools ( initiated in 2011 ) 2A - Next Largest 48 schools 1A - Remaining schools State champions ( edit ) The current State Champion is the winner of the spring tournament that has been held since 1995 and was divided into 2 classes in 1998 and 3 classes starting in 2011 . From 1994 -- 2000 , there was also a fall State Championship tournament that crowned a single champion . Winners of both tournaments are considered State Champions . Iowa State Soccer Fall Tournament winners ( BOYS ) Year Champion 1994 Marquette West Point 1995 Pella Christian Hull Western Christian 1997 Kalona Iowa Mennonite 1998 Orange City Unity Christian 1999 Orange City Unity Christian 2000 Orange City Unity Christian Iowa State Soccer Spring Tournament winners ( BOYS ) Year 1A champion 2A champion 3A champion 1995 Bettendorf West Des Moines Valley 1997 West Des Moines Valley 1998 Council Bluffs St. Albert Urbandale 1999 Waukee Bettendorf 2000 Nevada Iowa City West 2001 Waukee West Des Moines Valley 2002 Davenport Assumption Urbandale 2003 Davenport Assumption Iowa City West Cedar Rapids Xavier Bettendorf 2005 Cedar Rapids Xavier Iowa City West 2006 Cedar Rapids Xavier West Des Moines Valley 2007 Norwalk Ankeny 2008 Dubuque Wahlert Catholic West Des Moines Dowling 2009 Iowa City Regina Spencer Iowa City West Iowa City Regina Cedar Rapids Xavier Iowa City West 2011 Iowa City Regina Cedar Rapids Xavier West Des Moines Dowling Catholic 2012 Columbus Catholic , Waterloo Wahlert Catholic , Dubuque Iowa City West 2013 Iowa City Regina Cedar Rapids Xavier Iowa City West Swimming & diving ( edit ) Classification guidelines ( edit ) State Champions ( edit ) ( show ) Iowa Swimming Team State Champions Year Champion Runner - Up Site 1938 Des Moines North Clinton Des Moines 1939 Des Moines Roosevelt Des Moines North Ames 1940 Des Moines Roosevelt Clinton Ames 1941 Clinton Des Moines North Boone 1942 Des Moines North Clinton Ames 1943 Des Moines Roosevelt Clinton Ames 1944 Des Moines Roosevelt Des Moines North Ames 1945 Des Moines Roosevelt Clinton Des Moines 1946 Clinton Des Moines Roosevelt Iowa 1947 Clinton Des Moines Roosevelt Iowa City 1948 Des Moines Roosevelt Clinton Ames 1949 Clinton Des Moines North Iowa City 1950 Des Moines Roosevelt Clinton Des Moines 1951 ( tie ) Des Moines Roosevelt ( tie ) Clinton N / A Iowa City 1952 Des Moines Roosevelt Clinton Ames 1953 Des Moines Roosevelt Clinton Ames 1954 Clinton Des Moines Roosevelt Iowa City 1955 Clinton Des Moines Roosevelt Iowa City 1956 Clinton Des Moines Roosevelt Des Moines 1957 Clinton Des Moines Roosevelt Des Moines 1958 Clinton Des Moines Roosevelt Des Moines 1959 Des Moines Roosevelt Sioux City Central Cedar Rapids 1960 Muscatine Sioux City Central Des Moines 1961 Cedar Rapids Washington Clinton Cedar Rapids 1962 Clinton Des Moines Roosevelt Des Moines 1963 Des Moines Roosevelt ( tie ) Clinton & Cedar Rapids Washington Iowa City 1964 Cedar Rapids Washington Clinton Iowa City 1965 Cedar Rapids Washington Clinton Iowa City 1966 Cedar Rapids Washington Des Moines Roosevelt Ames 1967 Cedar Rapids Washington Clinton Ames 1968 Cedar Rapids Washington Clinton Ames 1969 Cedar Rapids Washington Davenport West Ames 1970 Cedar Rapids Washington Cedar Rapids Kennedy Ames 1971 Cedar Rapids Washington Des Moines Hoover Ames 1972 Cedar Rapids Washington Ames Ames 1973 Cedar Rapids Washington Davenport West Ames Cedar Rapids Washington Ames Ames Mason City Ames Ames 1976 Cedar Rapids Washington Mason City Ames 1977 Cedar Rapids Washington Bettendorf Ames 1978 Bettendorf Mason City Ames 1979 Mason City Cedar Rapids Washington Ames 1980 Cedar Rapids Washington West Des Moines Valley Ames 1981 Cedar Rapids Kennedy Bettendorf Ames 1982 Ames Cedar Rapids Washington Fort Dodge Cedar Rapids Washington Bettendorf Iowa City 1984 West Des Moines Valley Bettendorf Ames 1985 Cedar Rapids Washington Bettendorf Fort Dodge 1986 Bettendorf Cedar Rapids Washington Iowa City Cedar Rapids Washington West Des Moines Valley Iowa City 1988 Cedar Rapids Washington West Des Moines Valley Iowa City 1989 Cedar Rapids Washington Mason City Iowa City 1990 Cedar Rapids Washington Mason City Iowa City 1991 Mason City Cedar Rapids Washington Iowa City 1992 Cedar Rapids Washington Cedar Falls Iowa City 1993 Cedar Falls West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Iowa City 1994 Cedar Rapids Washington West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Iowa City 1995 Cedar Rapids Washington Ames Iowa City Cedar Rapids Washington West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Iowa City 1997 Cedar Rapids Washington Bettendorf Iowa City 1998 Cedar Falls Cedar Rapids Washington Iowa City 1999 Bettendorf West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Iowa City 2000 West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Bettendorf Iowa City 2001 West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Ames Iowa City 2002 West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Ames Iowa City 2003 West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Ames Iowa City Cedar Falls West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Iowa City 2005 Cedar Falls West Des Moines Valley Marshalltown 2006 Cedar Falls Cedar Rapids Washington Marshalltown 2007 Bettendorf Cedar Rapids Washington Marshalltown 2008 Cedar Rapids Washington Bettendorf Marshalltown 2009 Dubuque Senior Ames Marshalltown West Des Moines Valley West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Marshalltown 2011 Muscatine Dubuque Senior Marshalltown 2012 Muscatine West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Marshalltown 2013 Muscatine Dubuque Senior Marshalltown 2014 Iowa City West Cedar Rapids Washington Marshalltown 2015 Iowa City West Cedar Rapids Washington Marshalltown 2016 Waukee Iowa City West Marshalltown Tennis ( edit ) An IHSAA tennis team consists of 6 competitors . Each head - to - head competition is made of 6 singles and 3 doubles , each worth 1 point , and the first team to 5 points is the winner . Both singles and doubles matches are in a best - of - 3 - sets format . Classification guidelines ( edit ) 2A - Largest 48 1A - Remaining ( 61 ) schools State Champions ( edit ) Timeline ( edit ) 1929 -- 1977 -- one singles and one doubles championship awarded 1978 -- present -- two singles and two doubles championships awarded , one in each of 2 classes ( 1A and 2A ) 1983 -- present -- two team championships awarded , one in each of 2 classes ( 1A and 2A ) Iowa State Tennis Team Champions Year 2A 1A Cedar Rapids Washington Camanche 1984 Dubuque Hempstead Camanche 1985 West Des Moines Valley Camanche 1986 West Des Moines Valley Camanche Cedar Rapids Washington Denison 1988 Marion Linn - Marr Camanche 1989 Dubuque Wahlert Catholic Camanche 1990 Cedar Rapids Washington Camanche 1991 Waterloo West Fairfield Maharishi 1992 West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Camanche 1993 West Des Moines Valley Keokuk 1994 Cedar Rapids Washington Pella Christian 1995 Iowa City West Camanche Cedar Rapids Washington Decorah 1997 Urbandale Decorah 1998 Dubuque Senior Decorah 1999 Iowa City City High Fairfield Maharishi 2000 Des Moines Roosevelt Fairfield Maharishi 2001 West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Knoxville 2002 Des Moines Roosevelt Fairfield Maharishi 2003 Ankeny Red Oak Bettendorf Dubuque Wahlert Catholic 2005 Iowa City West Dubuque Wahlert Catholic 2006 Iowa City West Dubuque Wahlert Catholic 2007 Davenport Central Dubuque Wahlert Catholic 2008 Cedar Rapids Kennedy Dubuque Wahlert Catholic 2009 Des Moines Roosevelt Dubuque Wahlert Catholic West Des Moines Valley Columbus Catholic , Waterloo 2011 Ames Dubuque Wahlert Catholic 2012 Iowa City West Davenport Assumption 2013 Iowa City West St. Edmond Track & field ( edit ) Iowa 's official track season is currently outdoors . There was also an indoor State Track Meet from 1926 -- 1973 , and the IHSAA is in the process of collecting and publishing these champions . Classification guidelines ( edit ) 4A - Largest 48 schools 3A - Next 64 largest schools 2A - Next 96 largest schools 1A - Remaining ( 165 ) schools List of events ( edit ) The following is the current list of official track events according to the IHSAA Track : 100 meter dash 200 meter dash 400 meter dash 800 meter run 1600 meter run 3200 meter run 110 meter hurdles 400 meter hurdles 4 × 100 meter relay 4 × 200 meter relay 4 × 400 meter relay 4 × 800 meter relay 800 meter sprint Medley relay 1600 meter distance Medley relay 4 × 110 meter hurdle shuttle relay Field : High jump Long jump Discus throw Shot put Wheel Chair : 100 meter run wheelchair 200 meter run wheelchair 400 meter run wheelchair Shot put wheelchair State champions ( edit ) State track titles have been given every year since 1906 . Since 2003 , there has also been wheelchair events at the state meet . A separate wheelchair team championship is also awarded . In 2005 , the wheelchair championship has been co-ed . ( show ) Iowa State Outdoor Track & Field Champions Year 4A / AA 3A / A 2A / B 1A / CD 1906 Ida Grove 1907 Ida Grove 1908 Des Moines West 1909 Des Moines East 1910 Des Moines West 1911 Des Moines West 1912 Des Moines West 1913 Des Moines West 1914 Des Moines West 1915 Des Moines East 1916 Des Moines West 1917 Des Moines East 1918 Mason City 1919 Des Moines North 1920 Sioux City 1921 Cedar Rapids 1922 Cedar Rapids 1923 Cedar Rapids 1924 Cedar Rapids 1925 Cedar Rapids 1926 Des Moines East 1927 Carroll 1928 Des Moines East 1929 Mason City 1930 Mason City 1931 Davenport 1932 Clinton 1933 Clinton 1934 Des Moines North 1935 Davenport 1936 Des Moines East 1937 Dubuque 1938 Des Moines East 1939 Des Moines East 1940 Des Moines East 1941 Ames 1942 Davenport 1943 Des Moines East 1944 Des Moines East 1945 Sioux City East 1946 ( tie ) Clinton ( tie ) Des Moines Roosevelt 1947 Davenport 1948 Des Moines North Cedar Falls Teachers 1949 Ames Nevada 1950 Des Moines East Nevada 1951 Des Moines East DeWitt 1952 Davenport ( tie ) Lake City ( tie ) Lamoni 1953 Des Moines North Red Oak DeWitt Toledo Juvenile Home 1954 Des Moines North Harlan Lake City Elliott 1955 Ames West Des Moines Valley Lake City Council Bluffs Iowa City for the Deaf 1956 Ames Clarinda Anamosa Primgar 1957 Ames Dewitt Carroll Farragut 1958 Ames Indianola Tabor Wall Lake 1959 Des Moines North Clarion Clinton St. Mary 's West Chester 1960 Ames Belmond English Valleys North English LuVerne 1961 Des Moines Tech Clarion Maurice - Orange City Sioux Rapids 1962 Cedar Rapids Jefferson Perry Paullina 1963 Ames Winterset George Moville 1964 Ames Eagle Grove Seymour Redfield Dexfield 1965 Ames Eagle Grove Farragut Pomeroy 1966 Sioux City Central Washington Cherokee Villisca Treynor 1967 Sioux City Central Winterset Villisca Terril 1968 Ames Spirit Lake Gowrie Prairie Goldfield 1969 Clinton Ankeny Belle Plaine Miles 1970 Clinton Eagle Grove ( tie ) Boyden - Hull ( tie ) Mondamin West Harrison Woodward - Granger 1971 Ames Eagle Grove Belle Plain Pocahontas 1972 Ames Ankeny Alta Burnside Central Webster 1973 Davenport Central Red Oak Maurice - Orange City Terril Davenport Central ( tie ) Anamosa ( tie ) Iowa Falls Britt Hamburg Cedar Rapids Washington Anamosa Corning Hamburg 1976 Davenport Central Nevada Corning Hamburg 1977 Cedar Rapids Washington Nevada Corning ( tie ) Hamburg ( tie ) Jamaica Y-J-B 1978 Davenport Central Iowa Falls Kingsley - Pierson Kanawha 1979 Waterloo East Iowa Falls Pekin Kanawha 1980 Ames Davis County Bloomfield Sioux Center Trenynor 1981 Waterloo West Davis County Bloomfield Cedar Falls NUH Paullina 1982 Davenport Central Sheldon Sioux Center ( tie ) New Hartford ( tie ) BCLUW Davenport Central Tipton West Branch Allison - Bristow 1984 Davenport Central Tipton West Branch Sidney 1985 Marshalltown Tipton Iowa Valley Marengo ( tie ) Earlham ( tie ) Lone Tree 1986 Ames Pella Cedar Falls NUH Paton - Churdan Ames ( tie ) Turkey Valley ( tie ) Storm Lake Cedar Falls NUH Latimer CAL 1988 Ames Storm Lake Cedar Falls NUH Sanborn 1989 Ames Glenwood LeMars Gehlen Catholic Woodbine 1990 Ames Glenwood Cedar Falls NUH New Sharon North Mahaska 1991 Ames Knoxville Cedar Falls NUH Lawton - Bronson 1992 Iowa City City High Spirit Lake West Hancock Britt ( tie ) Fredericksburg ( tie ) Woodbine 1993 Iowa City City High Algona Council Bluffs St. Albert West Bend - Mallard 1994 Iowa City City High Washington Cherokee Huxley Ballard West Bend - Mallard 1995 Iowa City City High Humboldt Iowa Falls Keosauqua Van Buren Iowa City City High Centerville Garner - Hayfield LeMars Gehlen Catholic 1997 Iowa City City High Sioux City Bishop Heelan ( tie ) Dyersville Beckman ( tie ) Orange City Unity Christian Panora Panorama 1998 West Des Moines Valley Washington Monticello Cedar Falls NUH 1999 ( tie ) Des Moines Roosevelt ( tie ) Iowa City City High Waverly - Shell Rock Dyersville Beckman Kalona Iowa Mennonite 2000 Iowa City City High Mount Pleasant ( tie ) West Lyon Inwood ( tie ) Orange City Unity Christian Winthrop East Buchanan 2001 Iowa City City High Waverly - Shell Rock Neola Tri-Center Madrid 2002 Iowa City City High Storm Lake Williamsburg Madrid 2003 West Des Moines Valley Harlan Milford Okoboji Council Bluffs St. Albert Iowa City City High Decorah North Winneshiek Mount Vernon Treynor 2005 Davenport Central Charles City Arlington Starmont Griswold 2006 West Des Moines Valley Dubuque Walhert North Fayette West Union Conrad BCLUW 2007 Iowa City West Cedar Rapids Xavier Monticello Britt West Hancock 2008 Pleasant Valley Cedar Rapids Xavier Mid-Prairie West Hancock 2009 Cedar Rapids Washington Central Clinton Ft. Dodge St. Edmond Madrid Cedar Rapids Washington Sioux City Bishop Heelan Solon Madrid 2011 Cedar Falls Glenwood St. Edmond Madrid 2012 Iowa City West Decorah West Marshall Manson NW Webster Iowa State Track Wheelchair Team Champions Year Champion 2003 Marshalltown English Valley 2005 * Aplington - Parkersburg 2006 * Aplington - Parkersburg 2007 * Aplington - Parkersburg 2008 Truro Interstate 35 2009 Truro Interstate 35 Waterloo West 2011 Waterloo West * Co-ed champion Wrestling ( edit ) Classification guidelines ( edit ) 3A - Largest 64 schools 2A - Next 96 largest schools 1A - Remaining ( 129 ) schools Weight classifications ( edit ) 106 pounds -- recent champ -- Justin Portillo 113 pounds -- recent champ -- Josh Portillo 120 pounds -- recent champ -- Brook Stephens 126 pounds -- recent champ -- Cain Johanns 132 pounds -- recent champ -- Joel Haberman 138 pounds -- recent champ -- Reno Chiri 145 pounds -- recent champ -- Kollyn Buch 152 pounds -- recent champ - 160 pounds -- recent champ -- Mason Christe 170 pounds -- recent champ -- Tim Riggins 182 pounds -- recent champ -- Chance Turner 195 pounds -- recent champ -- Austin Smith 220 pounds -- recent champ -- Dedric Kettwick 285 pounds -- recent champ -- Spencer Trenary State champions ( edit ) The Iowa High School Athletic Association holds two separate team wrestling championships : the Traditional tournament , which also crowns individual champions , and a Dual Team tournament . The dual team tournament was held at the U.S. Cellular Center in Cedar Rapids a week after the traditional tournament , until 2012 , when it was held the Wednesday before the traditional tournament in Des Moines . This was the subject of much controversy , as several teams sat their state qualifiers for the Dual Team tournament . In 1921 -- 1925 , the State University of Iowa ( Iowa City ) and Iowa State University ( Ames ) held open state tournaments that were not supervised nor sanctioned by the IHSAA . ( show ) Iowa State Wrestling Team Champions Year Class Champion 1921 * Ames Cedar Rapids Washington 1922 * Ames Iowa City Mason City Marshalltown 1923 * Ames Iowa City Boone Ottumwa 1924 * Ames Iowa City Boone Marshalltown 1925 * Ames Iowa City Boone Marshalltown 1926 Marshalltown 1927 Fort Dodge 1928 Cresco 1929 Fort Dodge 1930 Fort Dodge 1931 ( tie ) Fort Dodge ( tie ) Eldora Training School 1932 Fort Dodge 1933 ( tie ) Cresco ( tie ) New Hampton 1934 Fort Dodge 1935 Cresco 1936 Fort Dodge 1937 Fort Dodge 1938 Clarion 1939 Cherokee 1940 Osage 1941 Fort Dodge 1942 Waterloo West 1943 Waterloo West 1944 Waterloo West 1945 Waterloo West 1946 Waterloo West 1947 Clarion 1948 Cresco 1949 Mason City 1950 Mason City 1951 Waterloo West 1952 Waterloo West 1953 Waterloo East 1954 Davenport 1955 Waterloo West 1956 Davenport 1957 Waterloo East New Hampton 1958 Waterloo East Cresco 1959 Waterloo West New Hampton 1960 Waterloo East Cresco Crestwood 1961 Waterloo East Britt 1962 Cedar Rapids Jefferson Britt 1963 Waterloo East New Hampton 1964 AA Waterloo East Cresco Crestwood 1965 AA Waterloo West Osage 1966 AA Waterloo West Algona 1967 AA Waterloo West Harlan 1968 AA Cedar Falls Humboldt 1969 AAA AA Waterloo West Algona Eldora 1970 AAA AA Cedar Rapids Washington Algona Adel 1971 AAA AA Waterloo West Arkeny Britt 1972 AAA AA Waterloo West Algona Britt 1973 AAA AA Cedar Rapids Jefferson Britt Lisbon AAA AA Cedar Rapids Jefferson Eagle Grove Lisbon AAA AA West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Algona Lisbon 1976 3A 2A 1A Cedar Falls Emmetsburg Belle Plaine 1977 3A 2A 1A Waterloo West Emmetsburg Lisbon 1978 3A 2A 1A West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Emmetsburg Lisbon 1979 3A 2A 1A Cedar Rapids Prairie Emmetsburg Gilbertville Don Bosco 1980 3A 2A 1A Fort Dodge Algona Lisbon 1981 3A 2A 1A Bettendorf Osage Gilbertville Don Bosco 1982 3A 2A 1A Bettendorf Emmetsburg Lisbon 3A 2A 1A Waterloo East Clarion Lisbon 1984 3A 2A 1A West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Griswold Dallas Center - Grimes 1985 3A 2A 1A Fort Dodge Emmetsburg Gilbertville Don Bosco 1986 3A 2A 1A Charles City Eagle Grove Lisbon 3A 2A 1A Clinton Eagle Grove Gilbertville Don Bosco 1988 3A 2A 1A West Des Moines Dowling Catholic Centerville Lisbon 1989 3A 2A 1A Waterloo West Glenwood Lisbon 1990 3A 2A 1A West Des Moines Dowling Catholic New Hampton Lisbon 1991 3A 2A 1A West Des Moines Dowling Catholic West Delaware Clarksville 1992 3A 2A 1A Iowa City City High Wapello Lisbon 1993 3A 2A 1A Cedar Falls New Hampton Lisbon 1994 3A 2A 1A Indianola Clarinda Riceville 1995 3A 2A 1A Cedar Rapids Prairie Davenport Assumption Columbus Junction Columbus 3A 2A 1A Urbandale Independence Oakland Riverside 1997 3A 2A 1A Cedar Falls Columbus Junction Columbus Wilton 1998 3A 2A 1A Cedar Falls Davenport Assumption Bondurant - Farrar 1999 3A 2A 1A Iowa City City High Davenport Assumption Underwood 2000 3A 2A 1A Lewis Central Emmetsburg / Armstrong - Ringsted Underwood 2001 3A 2A 1A Lewis Central Emmetsburg / Armstrong - Ringsted Belle Plain 2002 3A 2A 1A Iowa City City High Emmetsburg / Armstrong - Ringsted Wilton 2003 3A 2A 1A Oskaloosa Emmetsburg / Armstrong - Ringsted Hudson 3A 2A 1A Lewis Central Waterloo Columbus Hudson 2005 3A 2A 1A Waverly - Shell Rock Emmetsburg / Armstrong - Ringsted Logan Lo - Ma 2006 3A 2A 1A Iowa City West Emmetsburg / Armstrong - Ringsted Gilbertville Don Bosco 2007 3A 2A 1A Iowa City West Creston / Orient - Macksburg Gilbertville Don Bosco 2008 3A 2A 1A Waverly Shell - Rock Ballard Huxley Gilbertville Don Bosco 2009 3A 2A 1A Waverly Shell - Rock Ballard Huxley Gilbertville Don Bosco 3A 2A 1A Waverly Shell - Rock Denver - Tripoli Gilbertville Don Bosco 2011 3A 2A 1A Wavelry Shell - Rock Davenport Assumption Logan - Magnolia 2012 3A 2A 1A Bettendorf Denver - Tripoli Gilbertville Don Bosco 2013 3A 2A 1A Southeast Polk West Delaware Alburnett * Championship not IHSAA supervised or sanctioned 2015 2016 ( show ) Iowa State Team Dual Champions Year 1A 2A 3A Lisbon Eagle Grove Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 1988 Lisbon Mount Vernon Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 1989 Clarksville Osage Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 1990 Clarskville New Hampton Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 1991 Lisbon West Delaware Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 1992 Eagle Groce `` Tie '' Osage & Humboldt Dowling Catholic , West Des Moines 1993 Wilton New Hampton Cedar Falls 1994 Riceville Winterset Prairie , Cedar Rapids 1995 Don Bosco , Gilbertville Assumption , Davenport Pleasant Valley Columbus , Columbus Junction Assumption , Davenport Urbandale 1997 Bondurant - Farrar Independence Pleasant Valley 1998 Columbus , Columbus Junction Assumption , Davenport Prairie , Cedar Rapids 1999 Columbus , Columbus Junction Assumption , Davenport Iowa City , City High 2000 Lake Mills Emmetsburg / Armstrong - Ringsted Lewis Central 2001 Belle Plaine Osage Lewis Central 2002 Don Bosco , Gilbertville South Tama County Iowa City , City High 2003 Logan - Magnolia Emmetsburg / Armstrong - Ringsted Iowa City West Nashua - Plainfield Union , LaPorte City Iowa City West 2005 Don Bosco , Gilbertville New Hampton Waverly - Shell Rock 2006 Don Bosco , Gilbertville Osage Iowa City West 2007 Don Bosco , Gilbertville Creston / Orient - Macksburg Iowa City West 2008 Don Bosco , Gilbertville Ballard , Huxley Waverly - Shell Rock 2009 Don Bosco , Gilbertville Ballard Waverly - Shell Rock Don Bosco , Gilbertville Denver - Tripoli Waverly - Shell Rock 2011 Logan - Magnolia Assumption , Davenport Iowa City West 2012 Nashua - Plainfield Assumption , Davenport Bettendorf 2013 Alburnett Assumption , Davenport Southeast Polk 2013 Assumption , Davenport Bettendorf Union Davenport Assumption West Des Moines Valley Broadcasting ( edit ) Prior to 2016 , championship events in football , basketball and wrestling were carried across the state of Iowa on a network made up of local television stations . Beginning with the 2016 football championships , IHSAA reached a deal with NBCUniversal - owned Comcast SportsNet Chicago to become the exclusive provider of these sports , making them available across CSN 's footprint consisting of Iowa , Illinois and Indiana via television , online and the NBC Sports mobile app . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Iowa High School Athletic Association Board of Control ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Iowa High School State Baseball Tournament Jump up ^ http://www.iahsaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/state_results.pdf Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) ^ Jump up to : XC. 05. revised Jump up ^ Cross Country Scoring -- Ask a Coach Jump up ^ NFHS Rule Book Jump up ^ `` Football classification changes for 2018 - 19 approved '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ http://www.iahsaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/FB.4.CHAMPGAME.results.pdf Jump up ^ page 13 Jump up ^ NFHS rule book ^ Jump up to : http://www.iahsaa.org/Golf_Stat_07_08.pdf Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ `` Muscatine Repeats as Boys State Swim Champions '' . iowasportsconnection.com . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ pages 22 - 33 Jump up ^ http://www.iahsaa.org/track/2008_Results/4A_Results.htm Jump up ^ Index Page Jump up ^ pages 16 - 21 Jump up ^ http://www.iahsaa.org/track/2008_Results/080515F093.htm Jump up ^ http://www.iahsaa.org/track/2008_Results/080515F091.htm Jump up ^ http://www.iahsaa.org/track/2008_Results/080515F089.htm Jump up ^ http://www.iahsaa.org/track/2008_Results/080515F087.htm ^ Jump up to : The Des Moines Register Des Moines news , community , entertainment , yellow pages and classifieds . Serving Des Moines , Iowa desmoinesregister.com . Data.desmoinesregister.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.iahsaa.org/track/2013_Track&Field_StatBook.pdf Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Jump up ^ Linn - Mar , Prairie scramble at state duals . Metrosportsreport.com ( 2012 - 02 - 15 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ page 3 Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Jump up ^ Team Scores Jump up ^ Team Scores Jump up ^ Team Scores Jump up ^ http://50.56.204.142:8080/tw/teamtournaments/MainFrame.jsp?sport=wrestling&TIM=1329636475610&pageName=&ie=true&frameSize=500 Jump up ^ `` CSN NAMED THE NEW OFFICIAL HOME OF THE IOWA HIGH SCHOOL SPORTS NETWORK ( IHSSN ) '' . Comcast SportsNet Chicago . NBCUniversal . July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . National Federation of State High School Associations Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Texas Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Iowa High School Athletic Conferences Current Conferences Bluegrass CIML Corn Bowl Corner Hawkeye Ten Heart of Iowa Lakes Little Hawkeye MAC Mississippi Valley Missouri River NICL North Central North Iowa NEIC Pride of Iowa Raccoon River River Valley Rolling Valley SEISC Siouxland South Central SICL Southeast Tri-Rivers Twin Lakes Upper Iowa WaMaC War Eagle West Central Western Iowa Western Valley Former Conferences Big East Big Eight Boyer Valley Cornbelt Maple Valley Northwest Rolling Hills Sioux Valley Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iowa_High_School_Athletic_Association&oldid=830149984 '' Categories : High school sports associations in the United States Iowa High School Athletic Association Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2013 Articles lacking reliable references from December 2008 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 01 : 41 . About Wikipedia
how many high schools are there in iowa
[ "\nIowa High School Athletic Association\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAbbreviation\nIHSAA\n\n\nLegal status\nAssociation\n\n\nPurpose\nAthletic/Educational\n\n\nHeadquarters\n1605 South Story St.\nBoone, Iowa 50036, United States\n\n\n\nRegion served\n\nIowa\n\n\n\nMembership\n\n375+ high schools\n\n\n\nOfficial language\n\nEnglish\n\n\n\nExecutive Director\n\nRichard Wulkow\n\n\nAffiliations\nNational Federation of State High School Associations\n\n\n\nStaff\n\n17\n\n\nWebsite\niahsaa.org\n\n\nRemarks\n(515) 432-2011\n\n" ]
[ "375+" ]
-3438125193662431559
South Africa at the Rugby World Cup
South Africa at the Rugby World Cup - wikipedia South Africa at the Rugby World Cup South Africa have played at six of the eight Rugby World Cup tournaments , having been unable to compete in the first two tournaments due to a sports boycott during the apartheid era . Following the end of apartheid , they hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup and won the tournament , and were champions again at the 2007 tournament in France . With two tournament wins , they are one of the three best performing teams , along with Australia who have also won twice , and New Zealand with three wins , the only team to do better . Map of nations best results , excluding nations which unsuccessfully participated in qualifying tournaments . England playing South Africa in the 2007 World Cup . Contents 1 By position 2 By matches 2.1 1995 2.1. 1 Pool 2.1. 2 Knock - out stages 2.2 1999 2.2. 1 Pool 2.2. 2 Knock - out stages 2.3 2003 2.3. 1 Pool 2.3. 2 Knock - out stages 2.4 2007 2.4. 1 Pool 2.4. 2 Knock - out stages 2.5 2011 2.5. 1 Pool 2.5. 2 Knockout Stages 2.5. 3 Quarter - Final 2.6 2015 2.6. 1 Pool 2.6. 1.1 Knockout stages 3 References By position ( edit ) South Africa was barred from the first two World Cups due to its controversial apartheid regime . 1987 Disallowed due to apartheid 1991 Disallowed due to apartheid 1995 Champions 1999 Third 2003 Eliminated in the quarter finals 2007 Champions 2011 Eliminated in the quarter finals 2015 Third By matches ( edit ) 1995 ( edit ) Pool ( edit ) 1995 - 05 - 25 South Africa 27 -- 18 Australia Tries : Pieter Hendriks , Joel Stransky Con : Joel Stransky Pen : Joel Stransky ( 4 ) Drop : Joel Stransky Tries : Phil Kearns , Michael Lynagh Con : Michael Lynagh Pen : Michael Lynagh Newlands , Cape Town Attendance : 51 000 ( capacity ) Referee : Derek Bevan 1995 - 05 - 30 South Africa 21 -- 8 Romania Tries : Adriaan Richter ( 2 ) Con : Gavin Johnson Pen : Gavin Johnson ( 3 ) Tries : Andrei Guranescu Pen : Ilie Ivancuic Newlands , Cape Town Attendance : 35 000 Referee : Ken McCartney 1995 - 06 - 03 South Africa 20 -- 0 Canada Tries : Adriaan Richter ( 2 ) Con : Joel Stransky ( 2 ) Pen : Joel Stransky ( 2 ) Boet Erasmus Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 31 000 Referee : David McHugh ( Ireland ) Knock - out stages ( edit ) Quarter - final 1995 - 06 - 10 South Africa 42 -- 14 Western Samoa Tries : Chester Williams ( 4 ) , Chris Rossouw , Mark Andrews Con : Gavin Johnson ( 3 ) Pen : Gavin Johnson ( 2 ) Tries : Shem Tatupu , Toetu Nu'uali'itia Con : Tupo Fa'amasin ( 2 ) Ellis Park , Johannesburg Attendance : 52 000 Referee : Jim Fleming Semi-final 1995 - 06 - 17 South Africa 19 -- 15 France Tries : Ruben Kruger Con : Joel Stransky Pen : Joel Stransky ( 4 ) Pen : Thierry Lacroix ( 5 ) Kings Park Stadium , Durban Attendance : 50 000 ( capacity ) Referee : Derek Bevan Final 1995 - 06 - 24 South Africa 15 -- 12 ( a.e.t. ) New Zealand Pen : Joel Stransky ( 3 ) Drop : Joel Stransky ( 2 ) Pen : Andrew Mehrtens ( 3 ) Drop : Andrew Mehrtens Ellis Park , Johannesburg Attendance : 65 000 ( capacity ) Referee : Ed Morrison 1999 ( edit ) Pool ( edit ) 1999 - 10 - 03 Scotland 29 -- 46 South Africa Tries : Martin Leslie , Alan Tait Con : Kenny Logan ( 2 ) Pen : Kenny Logan ( 4 ) Drop : Gregor Townsend Tries : Ollie Le Roux , Deon Kayser , Joost van der Westhuizen , Robbie Fleck , Andre Venter , Brendan Venter Con : Jannie de Beer ( 5 ) Pen : Jannie de Beer ( 2 ) Murrayfield , Edinburgh Referee : Colin Hawke 1999 - 10 - 10 South Africa 47 -- 3 Spain Tries : André Vos ( 2 ) , Anton Leonard , Pieter Muller , Bob Skinstad , Werner Swanepoel Con : Jannie de Beer ( 6 ) Pen : Ferran Velazco Querol Murrayfield , Edinburgh Referee : Paul Honiss 1999 - 10 - 15 South Africa 39 -- 3 Uruguay Tries : Albert van den Berg ( 2 ) , Joost van der Westhuizen , Deon Kayser , Robbie Fleck Con : Jannie de Beer ( 4 ) Pen : Jannie de Beer ( 2 ) Pen : Diego Aguirre Hampden Park , Glasgow Referee : Peter Marshall Knock - out stages ( edit ) Quarter - final 1999 - 10 - 24 South Africa 44 -- 21 England Tries : Joost van der Westhuizen , Pieter Rossouw Con : Jannie de Beer ( 2 ) Pen : Jannie de Beer ( 5 ) Drop : Jannie de Beer ( 5 ) Pen : Paul Grayson ( 6 ) , Jonny Wilkinson Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 80,000 Referee : Jim Fleming Semi-final 1999 - 10 - 30 South Africa 21 -- 27 ( a.e.t ) Australia Pen : Jannie de Beer ( 6 ) Drop : Jannie de Beer Pen : Matthew Burke ( 8 ) Drop : Stephen Larkham Twickenham , London Attendance : 75,000 Referee : Derek Bevan Third place play - off 1999 - 11 - 04 South Africa 22 -- 18 New Zealand Tries : Breyton Paulse Con : Henry Honiball Pen : Henry Honiball ( 3 ) Drop goals : Percy Montgomery ( 2 ) Pen : Andrew Mehrtens ( 6 ) Millennium Stadium , Cardiff Attendance : 74,500 Referee : Peter Marshall 2003 ( edit ) Pool ( edit ) 2003 - 10 - 11 South Africa 72 -- 6 Uruguay Tries : van der Westhuizen ( 3 ) , van Niekerk , Botha , Delport , Fourie , Bands , Rossouw , Scholtz , Greef Con : Koen ( 5 ) , Hougaard Pen : Aguirre ( 2 ) Subiaco Oval , Perth Attendance : 16,906 Referee : Paddy O'Brien 2003 - 10 - 18 South Africa 6 -- 25 England Pen : Koen ( 2 ) Tries : Greenwood Con : Wilkinson Pen : Wilkinson ( 4 ) Drop : Wilkinson ( 2 ) Subiaco Oval , Perth Attendance : 38,834 Referee : Peter Marshall 2003 - 10 - 24 South Africa 46 -- 19 Georgia Tries : Rossouw ( 2 ) , Hougaard , van Niekerk , Fourie , Botha , Burger Con : Hougaard ( 4 ) Pen : Hougaard Tries : Dadunashvili Con : Jimsheladze Pen : Jimsheladze ( 3 ) , Kvirikashvili Aussie Stadium , Sydney Attendance : 34,308 Referee : Stuart Dickinson 2003 - 11 - 01 South Africa 60 -- 10 Samoa Tries : van Niekerk , Muller , Hougaard , Smith , Willemse , Fourie , van der Westhuyzen , de Kock Con : Hougaard ( 5 ) , Koen ( 2 ) Pen : Hougaard Drop : Hougaard Tries : Palepoi Con : Va'a Pen : Va'a Suncorp Stadium , Brisbane Attendance : 48,496 Referee : Chris White Knock - out stages ( edit ) Quarter - final 2003 - 11 - 08 New Zealand 29 -- 9 South Africa Tries : MacDonald 16 ' c Mealamu 59 ' m Rokocoko 72 ' m Con : MacDonald Pen : MacDonald ( 3 ) Drop : Mauger 45 ' Pen : Hougaard ( 3 ) Telstra Dome , Melbourne Attendance : 40,734 Referee : Tony Spreadbury 2007 ( edit ) Pool ( edit ) 9 September 2007 16 : 00 South Africa 59 -- 7 Samoa Tries : Habana ( 4 ) 33 ' m , 56 ' c , 66 ' c , 76 ' m Montgomery ( 2 ) 40 + ' c , 53 ' m Fourie 47 ' c JP Pietersen 80 + ' c Con : Montgomery ( 5 / 8 ) Pen : Montgomery ( 3 / 3 ) 3 ' , 10 ' , 15 ' Report Try : Williams 18 ' c Con : Williams ( 1 / 1 ) Parc des Princes , Paris Attendance : 46,575 Referee : Paul Honiss 14 September 2007 21 : 00 England 0 -- 36 South Africa Report Tries : Smith 6 ' c Pietersen ( 2 ) 38 ' c , 64 ' c Con : Montgomery ( 3 / 3 ) Pen : Steyn ( 1 / 1 ) 11 ' Montgomery ( 4 / 4 ) 36 ' , 46 ' , 55 ' , 79 ' Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 77,523 Referee : Joël Jutge 22 September 2007 14 : 00 South Africa 30 -- 25 Tonga Tries : Pienaar ( 2 ) 18 ' c , 65 ' m Smith 59 ' c Skinstad 62 ' m Con : Pretorius ( 1 / 1 ) Montgomery ( 1 / 3 ) Pen : Steyn ( 1 / 1 ) 54 ' Montgomery ( 1 / 1 ) 76 ' Report Tries : Pulu 44 ' c Hufanga 70 ' m Vaki 72 ' c Con : Hola ( 2 / 3 ) Pen : Hola ( 2 / 3 ) 9 ' , 78 ' Stade Félix Bollaert , Lens Attendance : 40,069 Referee : Wayne Barnes 30 September 2007 20 : 00 South Africa 64 -- 15 United States Tries : Burger 10 ' c Steyn 28 ' c Habana ( 2 ) 35 ' c , 42 ' m van der Linde 48 ' c du Preez 54 ' c Fourie ( 2 ) 64 ' c , 73 ' c Smith 77 ' c Con : Montgomery ( 6 / 7 ) James ( 2 / 2 ) Pen : Montgomery ( 1 / 1 ) 17 ' Report Tries : Ngwenya 39 ' c Wyles 51 ' m Con : Hercus ( 1 / 2 ) Pen : Hercus ( 1 / 1 ) 20 ' Stade de la Mosson , Montpellier Attendance : 28,750 Referee : Tony Spreadbury Knock - out stages ( edit ) Quarter - final 7 October 2007 15 : 00 South Africa 37 -- 20 Fiji Tries : Fourie 13 ' m Smit 35 ' m Pietersen 51 ' c Smith 70 ' c James 80 ' c Con : Montgomery ( 3 / 5 ) Pen : Steyn ( 1 / 1 ) 8 ' Montgomery ( 1 / 2 ) 63 ' Report Tries : Delasau 57 ' c Bobo 59 ' c Con : Bai ( 2 / 2 ) Pen : Bai ( 2 / 2 ) 26 ' , 44 ' Stade Vélodrome , Marseille Attendance : 55,943 Referee : Alan Lewis ( Ireland ) Semi-final 14 October 2007 21 : 00 South Africa 37 -- 13 Argentina Tries : du Preez 7 ' c Habana ( 2 ) 32 ' c , 76 ' c Rossouw 40 ' c Con : Montgomery ( 4 / 4 ) Pen : Montgomery ( 3 / 3 ) 17 ' , 71 ' , 75 ' Report Try : M. Contepomi 45 ' c Con : F. Contepomi ( 1 / 1 ) Pen : F. Contepomi ( 2 / 4 ) 15 ' , 30 ' Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 77,055 Referee : Steve Walsh Final Main article : 2007 Rugby World Cup Final 20 October 2007 21 : 00 England 6 -- 15 South Africa Pen : Wilkinson ( 2 / 2 ) 13 ' , 44 ' Report Pen : Montgomery ( 4 / 4 ) 7 ' , 16 ' , 40 ' , 51 ' Steyn ( 1 / 2 ) 62 ' Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 80,430 Referee : Alain Rolland ( Ireland ) 2011 ( edit ) Pool ( edit ) 2011 - 09 - 11 South Africa 17 -- 16 Wales Tries : F. Steyn , Hougaard Con : M. Steyn ( 2 ) Pen : M. Steyn ( Report ) Tries : Faletau Con : Hook Pen : Hook ( 3 ) Westpac Stadium , Wellington Attendance : 33,331 Referee : Wayne Barnes 2011 - 09 - 17 South Africa 49 -- 3 Fiji Tries : Steenkamp Fourie F. Steyn M. Steyn Mtawarira Rossouw Con : M. Steyn Pen : M. Steyn , F. Steyn ( Report ) Pen : Bai Westpac Stadium , Wellington Attendance : 33,262 Referee : Romain Poite 2011 - 09 - 22 South Africa 87 -- 0 Namibia Tries : Aplon ( 2 ) , Habana , Fourie , F. Steyn , M. Steyn , de Jongh ( 2 ) , Hougaard ( 2 ) Con : M. Steyn , Pienaar Pen : M. Steyn ( Report ) North Harbour Stadium , Auckland Attendance : 26,839 Referee : George Clancy ( Ireland ) 2011 - 09 - 30 South Africa 13 -- 5 Samoa Tries : Habana Con : M. Steyn ( 2 ) Pen : M. Steyn , F. Steyn ( Report ) Tries : Stowers North Harbour Stadium , Auckland Attendance : 29,734 Referee : Nigel Owens Knockout Stages ( edit ) Quarter - Final ( edit ) 2011 - 10 - 09 South Africa 9 -- 11 Australia Pen : M. Steyn ( 2 ) , Drop : M. Steyn ( Report ) Tries : Horwill , Pen : O'Connor ( 2 ) Regional Stadium , Wellington Attendance : 29,734 Referee : Bryce Lawrence 2015 ( edit ) Pool ( edit ) 19 September 2015 South Africa 32 -- 34 Japan Tries : Francois Louw 18'c Bismarck du Plessis 33 'm Lood de Jager 44'c Adriaan Strauss 62'c Con : Pat Lambie ( 2 / 3 ) 19 ' 45 ' Handre Pollard ( 1 / 1 ) 63 ' Pen : Pat Lambie ( 1 / 1 ) 57 ' Handre Pollard ( 1 / 1 ) 73 ' Tries : Leitch 30 ' c Goromaru 69 ' c Hesketh 80 ' m Con : Goromaru ( 2 / 3 ) 31 ' , 70 ' Pen : Goromaru ( 5 / 6 ) 8 ' , 43 ' , 49 ' , 53 ' , 60 ' Brighton Community Stadium , Brighton Attendance : 29,290 Referee : Jerome Garces 26 September 2015 16 : 45 South Africa 46 -- 6 Samoa Try : Pietersen ( 3 ) 15 ' m , 47 ' c , 78 ' m Burger 58 ' m Brits 71 ' m Habana 80 ' c Con : Pollard ( 1 / 4 ) 48 ' Lambie ( 1 / 2 ) 80 ' Pen : Pollard ( 4 / 4 ) 2 ' , 19 ' , 24 ' , 39 ' Report Pen : Stanley ( 2 / 5 ) 9 ' , 12 ' Villa Park , Birmingham Attendance : 39,526 Referee : Wayne Barnes ( England ) 3 October 2015 16 : 45 South Africa 34 -- 16 Scotland Try : Burger 13 ' c Pietersen 38 ' c Habana 73 ' m Con : Pollard ( 2 / 3 ) 13 ' , 40 ' Pen : Pollard ( 4 / 4 ) 17 ' , 27 ' , 62 ' , 68 ' Drop : Pollard 51 ' Report Try : Seymour 49 ' c Con : Laidlaw ( 1 / 1 ) 50 ' Pen : Laidlaw ( 2 / 3 ) 30 ' , 45 ' Weir ( 1 / 1 ) 60 ' St. James ' Park , Newcastle Attendance : 50,900 Referee : Nigel Owens ( Wales ) 7 October 2015 South Africa 64 -- 0 United States Tries : Tries : Olympic Stadium , London Knockout stages ( edit ) Quarter - final 17 October 2015 South Africa 23 -- 19 Wales Tries : F. du Preez Pen : H. Pollard ( 6 / 8 ) Tries : G. Davies Con : Dan Biggar Twickenham Referee : Wayne Barnes Semi-final 24 October 2015 16 : 00 BST ( UTC + 01 ) South Africa 18 -- 20 New Zealand Pen : Pollard ( 5 / 5 ) 3 ' , 11 ' , 21 ' , 39 ' , 58 ' Lambie ( 1 / 1 ) 69 ' Report Try : Kaino 6 ' c Barrett 52 ' c Con : Carter ( 2 / 2 ) 9 ' , 53 ' Pen : Carter ( 1 / 2 ) 60 ' Drop : Carter 46 ' Twickenham Stadium , London Attendance : 80,090 Referee : Jérôme Garcès ( France ) References ( edit ) Davies , Gerald ( 2004 ) The History of the Rugby World Cup ( Sanctuary Publishing Ltd , ( ISBN 1860746020 ) Farr - Jones , Nick , ( 2003 ) . Story of the Rugby World Cup , Australian Post Corporation , ( ISBN 0 - 642 - 36811 - 2 ) South Africa national rugby union team South African Rugby Union History History South African Rugby Board Rugby union and apartheid Invictus Records Kamp Staaldraad Players All Players Captains Under - 20 players Sevens players Tries by Bryan Habana Competitions and trophies Rugby World Cup The Rugby Championship Freedom Cup Mandela Challenge Plate Prince William Cup Africa Cup Related teams Sevens South Africa A Universities Amateur President 's XV U20s U18s Matches World Cup finals 1995 2007 By opponent Argentina Australia Barbarians British and Irish Lions England France Ireland Italy Japan New Zealand Samoa Scotland Wales See also New Zealand ( 1992 ) Tours Argentina and South America 1932 1959 1966 1972 1980 1993 2000 2005 Australia 1921 1937 1956 1965 1971 1993 Europe 1906 -- 07 1912 -- 13 1931 -- 32 1951 -- 52 1960 -- 61 1965 1969 -- 70 1994 2000 2001 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 New Zealand 1921 1937 1956 1965 1981 1994 North America 1981 2001 National team appearances in the Rugby World Cup by tier Tier 1 teams Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Tier 2 teams Canada Fiji Georgia Japan Namibia Portugal Romania Russia Samoa Spain Tonga United States Uruguay Tier 3 teams Ivory Coast Zimbabwe Rugby union in South Africa Governing body South African Rugby Union National teams Men 's Springboks ' A ' 7 's Amateurs U-21 U-20 U-19 Schoolboys Women 's Women 's 7 's Competitions International South Africa at the Rugby World Cup World Rugby Sevens Series South Africa Sevens World Rugby Under 20 Championship Super Rugby Pro14 Provincial Currie Cup Rugby Challenge Club SARU Gold Cup Varsity Rugby Youth rugby Craven Week Defunct Vodacom Cup Related articles International players Rugby union and apartheid Springbok colours Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa_at_the_Rugby_World_Cup&oldid=858085980 '' Categories : South Africa at the Rugby World Cup South Africa national rugby union team Rugby World Cup by nation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2018 , at 23 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
how many times did south africa win the rugby world cup
[ "South Africa have played at six of the eight Rugby World Cup tournaments, having been unable to compete in the first two tournaments due to a sports boycott during the apartheid era. Following the end of apartheid, they hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup and won the tournament, and were champions again at the 2007 tournament in France. With two tournament wins, they are one of the three best performing teams, along with Australia who have also won twice, and New Zealand with three wins, the only team to do better.\n" ]
[ "two" ]
-5712336626765220507
List of Impractical Jokers episodes
List of Impractical Jokers episodes - wikipedia List of Impractical Jokers episodes Impractical Jokers is an American hidden camera - practical joke reality television series that premiered on TruTV on December 15 , 2011 . It follows the 4 members including : Joe Gatto , James Murray , Brian Quinn , and Sal Vulcano of the comedy troupe The Tenderloins as they coerce one another into doing public pranks while being filmed by hidden cameras . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2018 ) 3 Specials 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 16 December 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 15 ) May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) 28 September 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 06 ) December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) 31 January 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 02 ) October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) 26 January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) 5 26 February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) 6 26 February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7 26 February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) November 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 01 ) Specials 28 February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original airdate Losing Joker ( s ) US viewers ( millions ) `` Pay It Forward '' December 15 , 2011 Sal 1.52 The Jokers pretend to be eccentric White Castle cashiers , gather signatures in Union Square for causes the other Jokers have written for them , answer tourist questions in Times Square , and act as Costco store employees . Punishment : Sal must pick up dog poop in the park and hold it for 20 seconds . `` Butterfly Crime Scene '' December 15 , 2011 Sal 1.33 The group is challenged to apply the most lotion to beach - goers , grab as many groceries from other customers at a grocery store as they can , survey amusement park guests at Six Flags Great Adventure , and pay the least at a frozen yogurt shop . Punishment : Sal has to make up a song called `` Butterfly Crime Scene '' to sing to hundreds of spectators at a baseball stadium . `` Unmotivational Speaker '' December 22 , 2011 Sal 1.50 The guys try off - color techniques of impressing women while speed - dating and act as fortune tellers at a boardwalk . Later , they talk to patrons through a bullhorn they ca n't control and ask surprising questions of people in a pharmacy . Punishment : Sal poses as a motivational speaker delivering ludicrous methods of work ethics . `` Boardwalk of Shame '' December 29 , 2011 Joe 1.31 The guys play a game of `` Do n't I Know You ? '' , invade beach - goers ' towels , play a humorous word game with customers at a grocery store , and act as salesmen at a car dealership . Punishment : Joe goes to the boardwalk and has to put a stranger 's toe in his mouth . 5 5 `` Drawing a Blank '' January 5 , 2012 Sal 1.48 The Jokers act as reporters preparing an interview , caricature artists in a mall , and oddball apartment dwellers looking for roommates , and cut in line for Broadway show tickets . Punishment : Sal has to pose as a published author and read an excerpt from a brand new book the other Jokers have created for him . However , the book is completely blank and Sal has to make up the excerpt of the book on the spot . 6 6 `` Panty Raid '' January 12 , 2012 Murr 1.35 The guys team up to teach karate classes , give interviews from Times Square , persuade shoppers at the pharmacy to not buy products , and give uncomfortable massages on the boardwalk . Punishment : At the laundromat , Murr must steal a pair of woman 's panties and wear them on his head for 10 seconds . 7 7 `` Out of TP '' January 19 , 2012 Joe 1.61 The guys analyze handwriting at the mall , steal food from customers ' plates at a buffet , teach foreign languages that they do not speak to prospective students , and dance with strangers at the park . Punishment : Joe sits on the toilet with his pants down at a restaurant and asks for toilet paper in full view of the customers . 8 8 `` Who Arted '' January 26 , 2012 Q 1.70 The guys pose as bakery salesmen , focus group analysts , and shoe salesmen , and teach classes at a local gym . Punishment : Q poses as a photographer / photo - shop artist and must explain many photos to a group of art enthusiasts , with the photos getting increasingly weirder . 9 9 `` A Loser Presents '' February 16 , 2012 Murr 1.62 The guys return to White Castle , where Q 's dad makes a cameo . Then , they pose as bouncers at a nightclub , read horoscopes at a mall , and give interviews at a train station . Punishment : Murr must give a presentation to a college class about social networking that the other Jokers created for him . 10 10 `` What Did I Eat ? '' March 29 , 2012 Q 1.27 The Jokers pose as furniture salesmen , pretend to be very unwelcoming members of a boardwalk welcoming committee , pitch some wacky memoirs to potential readers , and sell jewelry to couples . Punishment : Q must smell the breaths of strangers until he guesses correctly what they ate . 11 11 `` Starfart Macchiato '' March 29 , 2012 Murr 1.27 The lads play another round of `` Do n't I Know You ? '' with complete strangers , pose as driving school instructors and later shampoo boys at a women 's hair salon , and share embarrassing text messages in a waiting room . Punishment : Murr 's laptop at a café makes loud farting noises , irritating the customers . Eventually the patrons leave the room out of annoyance and frustration . 12 12 `` Bellydancer '' April 5 , 2012 Joe 1.31 The pranksters take jobs at a garden center , pose as deli employees , ask patrons questions about a drink , and try their luck as CPR instructors . Punishment : Joe poses as a nightclub belly dancer . 13 13 `` Charity Case '' April 12 , 2012 Murr 1.84 The guys pose as puppy dog salesmen , try to start a new baseball chant that has nothing to do with baseball , get donations for a Broadway play that does n't exist , hold the remote to a toy car they can not control , and teach golf . Punishment : Murr has to explain a promotional video for a charity that does n't exist , while embarrassment comes his way . 14 14 `` Theater del Absurdo '' April 19 , 2012 Joe 1.71 The guys raise donations for bizarre charities , eat food off other people 's plates at a Chinese restaurant , provide unsolicited advice to shoppers at the Jersey Gardens Mall , and play another round of `` Do n't I Know You ? '' . Punishment : Joe announces to a packed movie theater that he has had an accident in his pants . 15 15 `` Pick a Loser '' April 26 , 2012 Q 1.12 The Jokers eat food out of other people 's shopping carts , try to kiss strangers , play word games with people in a bookstore , pose as professional photographers , and invade people 's conversations for 30 seconds . Punishment : Q must pick his nose on the jumbo screen in front of a live audience of baseball stadium spectators . 16 16 `` Supercuts '' May 3 , 2012 Tie : Joe , Q , Sal , and then Murr 1.51 The guys utilize a variety of strange objects to mess with customers at a party supply store , nose strangers at a restaurant , try to get signatures for college clubs that do n't exist , and behave rudely at elevator etiquette . Punishment : The guys give each other gag haircuts in the first ever 4 - way punishment ; Joe gets a mullet , Q gets bright red curls , Sal gets two bleached horns , and Murr 's head is entirely shaved except for a little tuft at the front . Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original airdate Losing Joker ( s ) US viewers ( millions ) 17 `` Elephant in the Room '' September 6 , 2012 Sal 1.72 The Jokers work in a dentist 's office , annoy patrons at a movie theater , participate in a crazy photography shoot at a public park for their blogs , and do a Joker vs. Joker challenge telling strangers their humiliating thoughts . Punishment : Sal must unearth his car keys from a heap of elephant poop . When Sal has suffered enough , it turns out that Joe was holding his keys the entire time . 18 `` The Stoop Sessions Part 1 '' September 13 , 2012 clip show 1.52 The guys review their favorite moments from the past season , and they reveal the most surprising occurrences , the best overall reactions and never - before - seen footage . 19 `` Art Attack '' September 20 , 2012 Murr 1.72 The guys try get strangers to hold their hands in a park , annoy the patrons at a comic book store , participate in a competitive race down an aisle at a grocery store , and try to get strangers to volunteer their time for an odd event . Punishment : In revenge for Q 's photography punishment in the previous season , Murr has to explain some off - color art pieces the other guys have created for him to a roomful of art fanatics . 20 `` The Stoop Sessions Part 2 '' September 27 , 2012 clip show 1.20 The guys review their favorite moments from season one , and they reveal the most surprising occurrences , the best overall reactions and never - before - seen footage . 21 5 `` Strip High Five '' December 13 , 2012 Joe and Murr 1.69 The guys team up to offer inaccurate sensitivity training to strangers , observe surprise celebrities while on the street , and work as rude receptionists in an office . Punishment : Joe and Murr stand in front of hundreds of strangers and must get a high - five , but for every high - five they do n't get , they have to remove an article of clothing , and the punishment does n't end until one of them is naked . Murr loses the punishment and winds up naked , making Joe the winner . 22 6 `` Birds and the Bees '' December 13 , 2012 Q 1.87 The Jokers reveal confidential information in a park , work in a fast food drive - through , and attempt to persuade innocent bystanders to participate in a dance with them . Punishment : Q has to teach sex education to his parents , under the original impression that he would be teaching a room of 6th grade students . 23 7 `` Sound EffeXXX '' December 20 , 2012 Sal 1.56 The guys reveal strange devices to focus groups , attempt to use people as pillows in a park , and try to persuade grocery shoppers not to purchase their wanted items . Punishment : The guys broadcast sexual noises on Sal 's computer in a peaceful café . 24 8 `` Do Something To My Face '' December 27 , 2012 Joe 1.97 The Jokers go head - to - head utilizing mall shoppers to mediate their mindless conflicts , complete specialized tasks at an ice cream joint , and start protests for ridiculous causes at a park . Punishment : As a result of Joe taking the loss on the whole episode , he has to allow strangers to do as they please to his face while trapped in stocks . 25 9 `` Psychotic Not - Line '' January 3 , 2013 Sal 2.01 The guys shake hands with department store shoppers , spin `` The Wheel of Doom '' at the park , and work at a hibachi restaurant . Punishment : Sal poses as a psychic in front of a crowd and the punishment does n't end until he makes an accurate prediction . 26 10 `` The Truth Hurts '' January 10 , 2013 Murr 1.75 The Jokers attempt to successfully find a house - sitter despite the other guys ' interventions , convince strangers of the existence of obscure places , get food shoppers to agree about a strange weird word , and play `` Pick Your Poison '' in the park . Punishment : Murr takes a polygraph exam administered by Daniel Ribacoff that consists of asking Murr personal and humiliating questions in front of students at their old high school . 27 11 `` Get Out of Dodge '' January 17 , 2013 Murr 1.69 The guys try to work as optometrists , team up to provide incorrect financial advice , and attempt to secure numerous votes by campaigning on ridiculous political platforms . Punishment : Murr has to play dodgeball alone against a professional team , while one eye is blindfolded and one hand is covered by an oven mitt , and the punishment does not end until he manages to get a player out . 28 12 `` The Love Expert '' January 24 , 2013 Joe 1.81 The guys go head - to - head having debates at the mall , try to teach a dance class , attempt to sell fake tickets to Broadway shows , and get their fitness on at a local gym as personal trainers . Punishment : Joe gives a talk on relationship issues and must answer `` yes '' to questions supposedly written by the audience ; he does not know that the other Jokers have changed the questions . 29 13 `` Out of Fashion '' February 7 , 2013 Q 2.08 The guys host a taste test with uncomfortable survey questions afterward , negotiate for worthless items at a flea market , have conversations with strangers at the park for at least 30 seconds , and work as attendants at a gas station . Punishment : Q hosts a fashion show and must explain clothing designs supposedly created by him such as an extreme goth person with long black hair . Two people leave during the show mid-way and Q , in a face - saving gesture , tries to claim credit for designing their outfits . 30 14 `` Scaredy Cat '' February 14 , 2013 Sal 1.68 The jokers test themselves with the terrifying `` Wheel of Doom '' , team up to advertise terrible ideas to a bunch of agency professionals , work as custodians at the mall food court , and work at the dentist 's office again . Punishment : Sal 's fear of cats is put to the ultimate test when the other Jokers force him to step into a cage full of felines in front of a live crowd under the impression that he is teaching a cat - bonding seminar . 31 15 `` Joker vs. Joker '' February 21 , 2013 Q and Sal 1.93 The guys engage in a round of Joker vs. Joker challenges which include giving palm readings , free medical checkups , manicures and pedicures , act as receptionists , pose as pizza restaurant employees , and patrol the beach . Punishment : Q and Sal play `` Miss and a Swing '' , where they attempt to make a basketball shot and for each time they miss , they get whacked in the leg by a 5th grader holding a plastic bat . 32 16 `` Down in the Dump '' August 1 , 2013 Sal 1.64 The guys race to see who can slip the most pencils into the pockets of unsuspecting grocery shoppers , guide each other through the park wearing darkened sunglasses , and team up posing as vacation planners with unusual presentations . Punishment : Sal must locate his brand - new cellphone in an enormous pile of garbage while traveling on a moving barge . 33 17 `` Human Piñata '' August 8 , 2013 Murr 1.49 The Jokers compete to enhance inventions made by the other guys , try to get hugs as apologies for things they have `` done '' in the park , and ask strangers for help finding their missing wives at the mall . Punishment : Murr is elevated by a crane , and must endure getting hit by bats as if he were a Piñata ( by children ; Joe , Q , and Sal ; and Joe 's brother - in - law ) , the punishment does n't stop until candy comes out . 34 18 `` Sweat the Small Things '' August 15 , 2013 Sal 1.61 The guys teach art classes and test fate with the Dartboard of Destiny at a local bar . Punishment : Sal is forced to introduce a stress - relieving slideshow presentation . In the demo videos , it turns out that Joe , Murr , and Q broke into Sal 's house while he was on vacation and abused everything in the house , ending with pelvic thrusting while naked at the window in front of his neighbors . 35 19 `` Film Fail '' August 22 , 2013 Q 1.29 The guys have a race down the aisles while making eye contact with customers at the supermarket , pretend to be podiatrists , and ask for help burying mystery items in the park . Punishment : Q presents some clips from a short film ( directed by the other Jokers ) to an audience of movie buffs . 36 20 `` Not Safe For Work '' August 29 , 2013 Murr 1.34 The guys perform embarrassing tasks to the word `` Now ! '' in the park , team up for fire safety presentations , and have cafe patrons review and rate their dating profiles . Punishment : Murr is forced to pose nude for a classroom of art enthusiasts . 37 21 `` The Alliance '' September 5 , 2013 Joe with Sal and Murr 1.41 The guys compete head - to - head trying to avoid laughing during slide show presentations , search for celebrity look - alikes again in the park , and vote for each other to do horrible challenges using paddles with their names on them . Punishment : Since Sal , Murr , and Joe formed an alliance against Q and lost to him in the final challenge , they each end up losers in the show 's first triple punishment . Their punishment is to answer questions about Q 's life while standing on a cliff hanging over a reservoir called `` Q Falls '' . Every incorrect answer moves them closer to the edge , and three incorrect answers forces them to jump into the water . The punishment ends when one person is left standing and is officially declared `` Q 's best friend '' . With Sal and Murr ending up as the losers , Joe wins the challenge in the end and walks away with Q . 38 22 `` Everything 's Just Rosie '' September 12 , 2013 Q 1.28 The Jokers team up to hit the fast lanes as humiliating bowlers in teams , dump scoops of mashed potatoes onto the plates of restaurant patrons , and go cloud watching with strangers in the park . Punishment : Q poses as the lead scientist for the made - up science company Quinndustries and goes through a presentation on their achievements before announcing they have successfully completed the first cloning operation . This culminates in a surprise appearance from Rosie O'Donnell who emerges from a vault as Q 's so - called `` clone . '' 39 23 `` Enter the Dragons '' October 24 , 2013 Sal and Joe 1.08 The Jokers complete embarrassing tasks on the mall escalators , whisper `` sweet nothings '' to strangers at the supermarket , and ask offbeat survey questions at the zoo . Punishment : Sal and Joe must pretend to be a band called `` Senora Lonza , '' actually the name of their high school Spanish teacher , and open for special guests Imagine Dragons . 40 24 `` Dog Days of Bummer '' October 31 , 2013 Joe 1.17 The Jokers team up to take turns dipping fries into other peoples food at the mall food court , work at a beachside burger joint , and search for `` Beth '' in the park . Punishment : Joe must walk his dog while wearing a variety of different humiliating outfits , such as a bee , a cowboy with exposed buttcheeks , and a bride in a wedding dress , until someone comments that he is cuter than his dog . 41 25 `` Sorry for Your Loss '' November 7 , 2013 Sal 1.23 The guys go head - to - head tournament style attaching balloons to unsuspecting grocery store shoppers , work at the music store , and go head - to - head fishing for compliments about their unique outfit choices . Punishment : Since Sal is the most apologetic out of all 4 Jokers , he must do several rude things ( such as woofing at a baby and flipping off an old lady ) without saying `` sorry '' to anyone . 42 26 `` All the Wrong Moves '' November 14 , 2013 Q 1.48 The guys blindly follow each other 's humiliating direct ions at a water park , compete head - to - head to sell their ridiculous book ideas , and try to convince unknowing strangers to save their seats in Times Square . Punishment : Q is forced to perform some of his `` signature moves '' with his own dance group `` Q 's Crew '' in front of a live crowd at a baseball stadium . 43 27 `` Cyber Buddies '' December 5 , 2013 Murr 1.05 The Jokers work as grocery store cashiers and go head - to - head settling debates in the mall . Punishment : Murr hosts a computer cleanliness seminar while his laptop is controlled by the other guys , who plant embarrassing things for Murr to find . 44 28 `` Trouble Shoot '' December 12 , 2013 Q 1.00 The jokers do and say what they are told at a department store , team up to lead a business luncheon , and try to sell running shoes . Punishment : Q is sent on a `` video scavenger hunt '' for the season finale , with his arm trapped in a cast , and he must get footage of whatever the Jokers tell him to get , such as a man 's nipple and the inside of a Port - a-Potty . Season 3 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original airdate Losing Joker ( s ) US viewers ( millions ) 45 `` Look Out Below '' January 2 , 2014 Murr 1.37 The Jokers work as bellhops , serve up trouble at a hot dog cart , and go head - to - head presenting odd inventions to a focus group . Punishment : Under the original impression that all of the guys are teaching skydiving classes as a challenge , Murr is forced to conquer his fear of heights when he has to go skydiving himself . 46 `` The Great Escape '' January 9 , 2014 Joe 1.56 The guys teach music classes as instructors and go head - to - head participating in a focus group . Murr and Q ask the questions , while Joe and Sal go undercover as group members and provide them with embarrassing answers that Murr and Q wrote , to see if they can get through the whole survey without refusing to say an answer . Punishment : Posing as `` The Great Nose - ini '' at The Borgata in New Jersey , Joe is bound in a straitjacket , chains , and ropes , and lowered into a tank of water to perform an escape act . 47 `` Field of Screams '' January 16 , 2014 Sal 1.42 The guys must do dares in the park while attempting to guess the other Jokers ' voices on a voice changer , try to get applause while quitting their jobs , and team up for dinosaur presentations . Punishment : Sal must follow a rope through a cornfield maze and endure several obstacles and scares throughout . 48 `` Nationals Disaster '' January 23 , 2014 Joe 1.90 The Jokers cause mischief at the grocery store , try to give away items from the `` mystery bag '' , and search for `` The Chosen One '' at a food court . Punishment : Joe pretends to be a gymnast in a roomful of actual gymnasts and must , among other things , perform his `` routine '' in front of everyone . 49 5 `` Bonus Footage '' January 30 , 2014 clip show 1.25 The Jokers present never - before - seen footage . 50 6 `` Toasted '' February 6 , 2014 Sal 1.39 The guys work as waiters at the Carnegie Deli , and Joey Fatone makes a guest appearance , standing in for Q. Then , the guys go head - to - head settling ridiculous debates at another deli . Punishment : Sal pretends to be a wedding guest and must read a toast the other guys have prepared for him . Unbeknownst to Sal , the bride and groom are in on the joke while the other guests at the wedding are not . 51 7 `` Scarytales '' February 13 , 2014 Q 1.24 The Jokers attend a singles ' gathering and ask strangers in the park if they can borrow their phones . Punishment : Q pretends to be a disturbed children 's book author and reads to children an increasingly inappropriate story called `` The Remarkable Misadventures of Q the Dung Beetle . '' 52 8 `` Inside the Vault '' February 20 , 2014 clip show 1.15 The Jokers present footage from the cutting room floor , including a challenge that was never aired , and the reaction of someone being pranked . 53 9 `` Bigger in Texas '' March 27 , 2014 Q 1.48 While visiting the Lone Star State , the Jokers team up to teach classes at a dude ranch , sell cowboy boots , and wear blacked - out sunglasses . Punishment : During the final challenge , believing that Murr would never tell an elderly couple that they remember the Alamo , Q takes a loss on the whole episode in a bet and loses . As a result , he is announced as a horse wrangler at a rodeo . An actual professional enters the arena and ropes Q around the ankles , taking him on a trip through the arena as the crowd mocks him . 54 10 `` Snow Way Out '' April 1 , 2014 Sal and Murr 1.09 The guys work at a liquor store , obey commands written for them on deli tickets , and try to get signatures for a made - up holiday . Punishment : Suspended in a halted ski lift , Sal and Murr are pelted with snowballs and then shot at with paintball guns by Joe and Q . 55 11 `` Takes the Cake '' April 10 , 2014 Joe 1.07 The guys do what they are told at a ski lodge , and play the uninvited dinner guest at an Italian restaurant . Punishment : Joe is dressed up in a sailor 's outfit and jumps out of a cake to surprise what he thinks is a bachelorette party , but is really a celebration for army veterans . He must then do and say what he is told by the other Jokers . 56 12 `` Anniversary Edition '' April 17 , 2014 clip show 1.10 For the show 's three - year anniversary , the guys look back at some never before seen footage . 57 13 `` Jokers Playhouse '' May 15 , 2014 Murr 1.10 The guys conduct interviews while the others try to make them laugh from behind a window , and strike up a conversation with people using only a single word at the park . Punishment : Murr must watch as the other Jokers wreck his apartment on live TV under the guise of being a fake kids ' show . 58 14 `` Make Womb for Daddy '' May 22 , 2014 Q 1.22 The guys team up to work at a sandwich shop , team up to have each other guess their specific secret tasks at a food court , and repeat a cycle of tasks at the park in a Joker vs. Joker challenge . Punishment : Q must teach a class about childbirth to a roomful of pregnant women . But halfway through , a nurse enters and hooks Q up to a device that simulates the eight stages of painful child labor . 59 15 `` Puncture Perfect '' May 29 , 2014 Murr 1.24 The guys must obey three specialized commands at a video game store , coax rock climbers into repeating a specific word , and do a Joker vs. Joker challenge , selling fake tickets . Punishment : Murr must answer questions about the other guys , or spin the `` Wheel of Piercings '' , which assigns him a body part that he has to get pierced . Three correct answers ends the punishment ; Murr winds up having both nipples and his belly button pierced . 60 16 `` Junk in the Trunk '' June 12 , 2014 Sal 1.31 The guys team up for presentations that have nothing to do with the topic , try to touch people at a mall with different body parts , and quit their jobs again . Punishment : Sal must ride around town in a car 's trunk . Upon finding Sal in the trunk , the woman driving starts screaming and hitting Sal with groceries . The Jokers later reveal to Sal that the woman , Murr 's friend Melissa , knew he was in there the whole time , and that they are only a block away from where they started . 61 17 `` The Good , the Bad , and the Uncomfortable '' June 19 , 2014 clip show 0.96 The Jokers ( in the first episode presented to a live audience ) look back at compilations of memorable moments . 62 18 `` Baggage Shame '' June 24 , 2014 Joe 1.26 The guys share secrets with grocery store shoppers , team up to help customers at an art store , and try to get pictures for a fake blog . Punishment : At JFK International Airport , Joe is given a special itinerary with tasks to complete . These embarrassing tasks include posing as a police escort for `` Jugs McBulge '' , stealing people 's luggage and putting it back on the carousel , frisking people down , and announcing to strangers that he is picking up his naked blow up doll . 63 19 `` Quantum Mock - anics '' July 10 , 2014 Joe 1.15 The Jokers team up to work at a beauty supply store , coerce strangers into translating text messages written in Spanish in Times Square , and do another round of `` Do n't I Know You ? '' at the mall . Punishment : All four pose as scientists on a panel discussing quantum physics , with Joe having to explain to an audience several topics on the subject in the worst way he can . 64 20 `` Clash of the Jokers '' July 17 , 2014 Q , Murr and Sal 0.78 In the second episode shown to a live audience , the Jokers review clips of four Joker vs. Joker challenges . The challenges include participating in a focus group , competing to have their baseball team mascots approved , settling a dancing debate in the mall , and presenting their ridiculous book ideas . Punishment : Although it is a clip show , Joe counts up all the challenges they viewed and states that he has won the most ( Q , Murr , and Sal all lose two each ) . So to ' punish ' the other guys , ' King ' Joe has Q fan him with a palm frond , has Sal feed him grapes , and uses Murr as a throne while the credits roll . 65 21 `` Tooth & Consequences '' July 24 , 2014 Murr 1.21 The guys work as attendants in a bridal dress shop and team up competing head - to - head to present fragrance advertising campaigns to focus groups . Punishment : During a normal challenge where the Jokers have to take selfies with strangers , Murr 's tooth unexpectedly falls out , resulting in him choosing to take a loss on the challenge . When the other Jokers tell him that his taking the loss means he 's the big loser for the whole episode , they decide his on - the - spot punishment will be to complete the task anyway with a gap in his teeth . 66 22 `` Fe - Mail '' July 31 , 2014 Joe 1.05 The guys must do what they are told while getting massages , reveal some uncomfortable thoughts to strangers in the park , and obey tasks given to them on a slot machine . Punishment : Joe must dress up like a woman , thinking he is going to participate in a fashion show , but it is actually a seminar for tech students involving new app ideas , and he has to go through the presentation dressed the way he is . 67 23 `` The Lost Boy '' August 7 , 2014 Q 1.08 The guys talk business with strangers at a networking event , team up to teach a photography class , and complete tasks in a certain amount of time in the park . Punishment : Q dresses up like Peter Pan , thinking he 's going to join a musical while it is going on , but it is really a wrestling match , where he faces off against Tommy Dreamer . 68 24 `` Up Loser 's Creek '' August 14 , 2014 Sal 0.96 The guys team up to present lousy telemarketing presentations , make odd wishes at a fountain at the mall , and try to analyze people 's dreams on the boardwalk . Punishment : Sal starts off giving a boat tour of New York City while reading from cards written by the other guys . At the end of the tour , the other Jokers surprise Sal by making him kayak on the high seas of the disgusting Hudson River . Sal later falls off the kayak into the water . 69 25 `` In Poor Taste Buds '' September 25 , 2014 Murr 0.88 The Jokers serve up some tips teaching indoor tennis and return to the park for another game of `` Now ! '' Punishment : Murr has to give a presentation on exotic foods after having novocaine injected into his gums , making it impossible to speak clearly or taste the food . 70 26 `` The Permanent Punishment '' October 2 , 2014 Q , Murr and Sal 1.01 The Jokers act as security guards at a drug store , and go head - to - head in a rematch clipping balloons onto grocery store shoppers . Punishment : Since Murr , Sal , and Q lost the balloon tournament , all 3 are punished with embarrassing tattoos . Q gets a cat tattoo that said `` 38 . Lives Alone . Has 3 Cats . '' . Murr gets a ferret skydiving , and Sal gets a tattoo of Jaden Smith . 71 27 `` Parks and Wreck '' October 9 , 2014 Sal 0.71 The Jokers must do what they are told at a public pool , and try to convince strangers to give the thumbs - up to their absurd emails . Punishment : Sal presents his new idea for a senior citizen 's park before a city council in an effort to get it approved . 72 28 `` A Legendary Fail '' October 16 , 2014 Murr 0.96 The guys work stadium security , team up to conduct a crime investigation class , and return to the park to test their memories again . Punishment : Murr has to open for Legends in Concert , while the other Jokers take control of what comes out of his microphone . 73 29 `` B-I-N-G - NO '' October 23 , 2014 Sal 1.14 The guys work at Katz 's Delicatessen and take turns running a popsicle cart in Union Square . Punishment : Sal is forced to take part in a Bingo tournament and shout `` Bingo ! '' at regular intervals , to the growing annoyance of the rest of the people in the room . Finally , someone calls security and Sal is escorted off the premises . 74 30 `` Just Say No '' October 28 , 2014 Q 0.98 The guys pose as blackjack dealers at a Connecticut casino , team up to play another hint and guess game at the park , and go head - to - head acting as shoe shiners . Punishment : At a Brooklyn Cyclones baseball game , Q has to publicly refuse a marriage proposal in front of everyone in the stadium . Then , he 'll have to take on the wrath of the crowd and the proposer . 75 31 `` Brother - in - Loss '' October 30 , 2014 Sal 0.92 The guys must explain their off - color resumes while applying for a job at a mobile phone shop , and complete a series of bizarre gestures at the ferry . Punishment : While strapped to a hand truck , Sal has to watch his sister , Jenna , marry Murr . In a video played at the wedding ceremony , he sees that both Murr and Jenna legally signed a marriage license . This was Murr 's revenge for his skydiving punishment . Season 4 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original airdate Losing Joker ( s ) US viewers ( millions ) 76 `` Welcome to Miami '' January 29 , 2015 Q 1.23 The guys head to Miami for the season 4 premiere . They ride around in scooters that are controlled by the other Jokers , complete embarrassing tasks on the beach , and team up posing as nightclub bouncers . Punishment : Q poses as an alligator expert , thinking he 's going to give a presentation to a crowd , when in actuality , he has to retrieve his backpack from one of the gators . However , after Q gets the backpack , the other Jokers reveal that the backpack is n't even his . 77 `` Below the Belt '' February 5 , 2015 Murr 1.00 The guys try to teach fencing , but Q unknowingly encounters an Olympic athlete at his own defense . Then , they do and say what they are told as hairstylists at a salon . Punishment : Sal , Q and Joe , hiding under a podium , are allowed to do whatever they please to the lower half of Murr 's body as he gives a presentation on climate change . 78 `` Uncool and the Gang '' February 12 , 2015 Joe 0.95 The guys team up to host a team building seminar , and head down to the shore to act as horrible caricature artists . Punishment : Joe interviews a motorcycling club with ridiculous questions that were written by the other Jokers . As this is going on , he repeatedly refers to the club as a `` gang '' , much to the bikers ' increasing anger . Joe 's final `` question '' is actually a request to give him a wedgie , which the bikers are only too happy to administer . 79 `` Wrong Playwright '' February 19 , 2015 Q 1.09 The guys go head to head playing hide - and - sneak at the supermarket , and draw straws at a BBQ joint causing trouble . Punishment : Q poses as a playwright giving workshop lessons to young actors , having them act out scenes based on real - life events of his . At the end of the session , he presents synopses for new plays that he is supposedly in the process of writing . 80 5 `` Elevating The Game '' February 26 , 2015 Sal 1.14 The guys serve up awkwardness at a burger restaurant , go head - to - head having no one to blame but themselves at a department store , and make up bizarre words with odd definitions at the park . Punishment : Thinking he 's on his way to a challenge , Sal steps into a hotel elevator , along with 2 strangers . The elevator is controlled by his friends . At the thirty - first floor , they stop the elevator , and while the crew fake a rescue , the passengers are revealed to be sick and carrying a cat , respectively . After a while , Sal notices the hidden camera , and is subsequently released from the elevator . 81 6 `` The Blunder Years '' March 5 , 2015 Murr 1.23 The jokers try to get convenience store shoppers to side with them after being soaked by an angry customer , and team up to showcase their event planning business at a wedding expo . Punishment : Under the original impression that he has to participate in a bodybuilding competition , Murr has to give an interview to his childhood celebrity crush Danica McKellar while greased up and wearing nothing but a patriotic speedo . 82 7 `` Deal With The Devils '' March 12 , 2015 Sal and Q 1.02 The guys go head - to - head acting not so silent at a library , and hunt for their imaginary wives again at the mall . Punishment : While Q and Sal dress up as goalies , they must block slap shots received by former Devils players Colin White and Grant Marshall at a New Jersey Devils game . 83 8 `` Damned If You Do '' March 26 , 2015 Murr 0.98 The guys go head - to - head hitting the ice rink to play a slippery balloon game and try to get support for ridiculous causes at the park . Punishment : Murr joins an audience of movie goers where it is revealed that the film of the night is his shameful 1998 short film Damned . Then , film critic Alison Bailes invites Murr downstage to speak about how he made the movie . 84 9 `` The Dream Crusher '' April 2 , 2015 Sal 0.93 The guys pucker up at the food court trying to find a selected stranger to kiss , and show focus group attendees their latest life stories , published as movies . Punishment : Sal poses as a judge for a children 's talent show , and is forced to do and say whatever he is told , such as complaining to a contestant that he still has n't gotten the chicken wings he ordered an hour prior . What he does n't know is that the participants are in on the joke , though the audience is not . 85 10 `` Joke & Dagger '' April 9 , 2015 Murr 0.95 The jokers annoy art - loving patrons at a gallery opening , and pass bizarre judgements on unsuspecting grocery store shoppers . Punishment : At the Coney Island circus sideshow performance , Murr is forced to volunteer for the brand new `` Wheel of Doom '' stunt , in which he is placed on a spinning wheel surrounded by balloons , which are to be popped with knives . However , the machine is actually rigged to pop the balloons on its own , and the stunt performer is only faking throwing the knives . 86 11 `` Psuedo - Sumo '' April 16 , 2015 Joe 1.09 The guys team up to work at a rink rental counter , tell strangers to mind their manners at the mall , and convince strangers to leave a cafe . Punishment : For Joe 's punishment he has to wear a baby costume and is misled that he must perform in a baby commercial although his real punishment is revealed to be fighting the 2009 US Champion sumo wrestler , Ulambayar Byambajav ( referred to as Byamba ) . 87 12 `` Car Sick '' April 23 , 2015 Q 1.05 The guys go head - to - head participating in a focus group again and go head - to - head playing a toilet paper battle at the grocery store . Punishment : Q has to eat a messy 3 - course meal in his Jeep as a stuntman known as `` Racecar Bob '' drives the jeep along an obstacle course . At one point he is joined by a guest named , `` Sloppy Joe , '' a shirtless overweight man who messily drinks milk . 88 13 `` Cruisin ' For A Bruisin ' '' May 7 , 2015 Murr , then Joe 1.08 The guys set sail for a special cruise ship mid-season finale episode . They make the pool deck their own playground , and team up to give out misinformation as entertainment directors . Punishments : Murr and Joe are given 2 different separate punishments . First , Murr poses as the ship 's Master of Ceremonies and has to read a speech written by the other Jokers . Then , Joe has to interrupt a cannonballing competition at one of the pools , and must continuously belly - flop into the water until the others allow him to stop . 89 14 `` Bathroom Break '' July 16 , 2015 Sal 1.33 The guys work to do what they 're told while selling auto parts , and team up to try to reel in unsuspecting shoppers ' luggage using a fish hook at the mall . Punishment : The three other Jokers make Sal put his hands into sludge to grab a toy fire truck that meant nothing for his punishment , just so they can have the perfect opportunity to make him go wash his hands while locked in a bathroom controlled by them . He must complete a set of riddles to escape . This features a special guest appearance from Sal 's father at the end of the punishment . 90 15 `` Kill the Centaur '' July 23 , 2015 Murr 1.01 The guys use their bad service skills as sporting goods salesmen , and compete head - to - head in a game called `` Do It Better '' on the streets . Punishment : Murr is dressed in ridiculous outfits as he plays a ring card girl at a televised boxing match . 91 16 `` Captain Fatbelly '' July 30 , 2015 Joe 0.93 The guys lend an unhelpful hand as high - tech store employees , and search for bizarre perps on the loose in the mall . Punishment : Under the original impression that the Jokers would be completing challenges aboard the Roosevelt Island Tramway , Joe must instead complete challenges on top of the tram as it travels high above the waters of Staten Island while dressed as a fictional superhero , Captain Fatbelly . This is also the guys ' revenge for the tattoo punishment . 92 17 `` Sneaking Number Twos , Going Number One '' August 6 , 2015 Sal 0.88 The guys compete in another game of `` Put - Pocket '' at the grocery store , and at the park the guys take over each other 's cell phones . Punishment : Sal is locked in a room with complete strangers who try to solve riddles in order to get out ( like a strategy escape room ) . But , in the middle of solving the riddles , Sal must pee his pants in front of all the strangers . Afterwards , he must finish figuring out how to escape while wearing soiled pants . 93 18 `` Blind Justice '' August 13 , 2015 Sal 0.92 The guys get punchy while giving boxing lessons , and head to the mall where they share the gift of music with strangers . Punishment : While wearing the infamous blacked - out sunglasses , Sal poses as a prison inmate thinking he 's going to give a presentation to a group of troubled teens , when he 's actually speaking at a senior citizen center . 94 19 `` Tied and Feathered '' August 20 , 2015 Murr 0.96 The guys teach a crash course in sorry behavior , go head - to - head settling bizarre debates at a discount store , and spread good news at the mall . Punishment : Murr is chained to a park bench and is forced to endure whatever punishments the other Jokers send to him , such as being doused in maple syrup and feathered , getting hit by tennis balls , having a wood chipper pointed at him , and spit - out fruits and vegetables . 95 20 `` Smushed '' August 27 , 2015 Q 0.98 The guys team up for security presentations , hold hands with others at the park , and compete head - to - head stumping each other at a florist . Punishment : Q has to do whatever the other guys tell him to do while dressed up as `` Smush '' the clown at a children 's birthday party . 96 21 `` Live Punishment Special '' September 3 , 2015 Joe 1.74 This live one - hour special is hosted by Howie Mandel in New York City to commemorate the show 's 100th episode . The pre-taped challenges shown : The guys conduct interviews while the others try to make them laugh from behind a window , fake injuries at a grocery store , and cross off their `` bucket list '' items . Punishment : During the one - hour special , all 4 are punished , in front of a live audience , for the second time , walking a tight - rope , high in the air . Although all four Jokers have to walk a tight - rope five stories above NYC , Joe is the loser of the pre-taped challenges . He has to reprise his role as `` Captain Fatbelly '' from a previous punishment . The Jokers who attempt a walk on the tight - rope earn $10,000 , while the Joker who walked the farthest earns $50,000 . All the prize winnings go to their charities . Q is the only one to make it across the whole rope , making him the winner . Murr walks 9.7 feet , Sal walks 9.2 feet , and Joe walks 5 feet . 97 22 `` The Big Uneasy '' September 10 , 2015 Sal 0.58 The guys visit New Orleans and team up to steal sips from people 's drinks at a bar , work with the wheel of voo - doom , and crash a horse and buggy ride . Punishment : Sal and the Jokers head to the New Orleans swamp , where Sal dresses as a Bog Monster for an ongoing tour . At the end , Sal is surprised by another Bog Monster that is camouflaged behind him . 98 23 `` Hopeless and Changeless '' September 24 , 2015 Murr 0.70 The guys ask people at the park if they agree or disagree with their bizarre points of view , team up to give lessons on real estate , and complete three assigned tasks at a greeting card store . Punishment : Murr has to sell concessions to patrons at a horse race track , and can not give any change back to them if they buy from him . After drawing an angry crowd , he ends up escaping on a track cart . 99 24 `` Stripped of Dignity '' October 8 , 2015 Joe 0.87 The guys do some babysitting and ask strangers to watch their kid while running an errand . They also conduct taste tests with grocery store shoppers while asking unrelated survey questions written by the other Jokers . Punishment : Joe has to pose as a stripogram at a park using different outfits . He has to find whomever has ordered a striptease . Joe strips several outfits such as a football player and police officer only to find out that nobody has ordered a stripogram . When Joe finds out , he retaliated by strip teasing Sal . 100 25 `` The Taunted House '' October 15 , 2015 Sal 0.98 The guys work at a pizza parlor , and then ask strangers to translate text messages written in Spanish on Wall Street . Punishment : Sal has to go into a haunted house to blow out candles in different rooms , each with something to scare him . 101 26 `` Doomed '' October 22 , 2015 Murr 0.71 The jokers act as tailors , and ask strangers if they can borrow their phones on the streets . Punishment : 3 months prior , Murr was asked to continue shaving his chest ( as he does every week ) , except for a circle around his nipples ( so it looked like a coconut bra ) . The day of his punishment , he must walk around showing off his chest . But it goes downhill as groups of people ( in various group costumes ) interrupt his `` punishment '' , ending with a group who puts Murr in shackles . During this part , Sal yells out that it is revenge for Murr marrying his sister . They then proceed to burn his very sentimental blankie ( which he still sleeps with every night since he was four and his grandmother knit it for him ) in front of him . The punishment ends and Joe tells Murr that he had the REAL blankie the whole time and the one the group burned was a decoy . While Murr sighs in relief , Joe throws the real blankie into the fire anyway . However , about a day later , Murr revealed that his actual , real blankie was on his chair at home and Joe used another decoy to trick him . The chest hair had nothing to do with the actual punishment . Season 5 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original airdate Losing Joker ( s ) US viewers ( millions ) 102 `` HellCopter '' February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) Murr and Sal 1.04 The guys work as receptionists in a waiting room , and try to mingle with the stiff crowd at the world famous Madame Tussauds wax museum in New York . Punishment : Murr and Sal made a bet that they can beat each other at a race . Since Murr does n't weigh as much as Sal does , he will be forced to wear a fat suit while racing . The fat suit slowed him down to the point where he lost his momentum , thus causing Sal to win the race . They are then forced to ride a helicopter with one seat ; Sal as the winner of the race receives the seat as his prize , and since Murr lost he has to sit on the side of a helicopter . Q and Joe ( knowing that Murr does n't have his fat suit on anymore ) , told the guys that the helicopter was about to crash , and the heaviest must jump out to prevent that from happening , Sal did n't think Joe was serious for a second ( since he won the race ) , but with scared hesitation he jumped out of the helicopter into a lake , despite winning the seat . 103 `` You 're Cut Off '' February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) Sal 0.81 The guys team up as employees at Unique Copy Center , do bizarre interviews with moviegoers , and stand up for ridiculous protests on the streets . Punishment : At a major beer and wine event , Sal works as a vendor , and must cut people off from drinking any more alcohol . 104 `` Ruffled Feathers '' February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) Sal 0.77 The guys showcase their inventions to a focus group , and get off on the wrong foot at a shoe store . Punishment : Sal has to give a presentation to zoo patrons , with Q chosen to `` assist '' him , all the while dealing with his fears of the animals attacking him . 105 `` Stare Master '' March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) Joe 0.87 The guys play copycat in the park while babysitting kids who are being told what to say and do , then head to the supermarket to play an epic battle of catch and release . Punishment : Joe heads into a gym , and must constantly stare at people working out , until the others allow him to stop . 106 5 `` Bidder Loser '' March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) Q 0.65 The guys ask strangers to help them bury bizarre items in the park , go head - to - head to see who can cling to a car the longest , and play another game of `` repeat after me '' . Punishment : Q has to go to an auction house to sell his items when they come up , and every time the auction is about to close on them , he has to change his mind about it and take them back . The last item is supposedly his tires , and he must let them go . 107 6 `` The Good , The Bad , and the Punished '' March 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) Q 0.88 The guys act as crabby NYC cab drivers and try to solicit undeserved congratulations from park goers . Punishment : Dressed as a sheriff , Q has to `` arrest '' outlaws in a Western setting . 108 7 `` Putting the P in Pool '' March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) Joe 0.85 The guys team up acting as crummy cashiers at a grocery store , head to the mall to play a touching game involving laser pointers , and confess to strangers at the park . Punishment : Joe must announce to everybody at a public swimming pool , that he is currently urinating in the pool . 109 8 `` Statue of Limitations '' April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) Sal 0.79 The guys act as inhospitable restaurant hosts and beg strangers to babysit their grandfathers . Punishment : In Season 4 , when Murr and Sal were playing a game of `` Do it Better '' in the park , Sal had taken the `` nose '' of a statue , and the Department of Homeland Security told Joe , Murr , and Q that they were n't allowed to play on a national landmark again . However , they never told Sal , so for his punishment , he must sit face - to - face with the Director of Homeland Security , explaining his behavior , while the other guys are telling the director what to say and do . Three weeks later , a group of representatives from the Department of Homeland Security go up to the jokers , while Sal thinks it 's a challenge , and pretend to shuts the show for the summer . The jokers then reveal that it was all a set - up , making this the longest punishment in the show 's history . 110 9 `` Brother of the Sisterhood '' April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) Q 0.83 The guys encourage strangers to fill out their questionnaires with a broken hand in a waiting room , and then head to the market where they solicit strangers for money they do n't deserve . Punishment : Q poses as a professional and award - winning women 's rights blogger at a feminist event and has to `` respectfully disagree '' with whatever statements are made . 111 10 `` Dark Side of the Moon '' April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) Murr 0.85 The guys go head - to - head making bizarre passes at supermarket shoppers and act as reporters asking ridiculous questions written by the other guys . Punishment : Murr must volunteer for a free prostate exam in front of strangers at a health seminar . 112 11 `` Whose Phone Is Ringing ? '' April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) Sal 0.68 The guys go face to face hitting the bulls - eye at a clothing store , and go head to head in a focus group sabotaging each other with strange inventions . Punishment : Sal has to pose as an author with a book at an authors ' presentation while his phone continuously plays an annoying ringtone , to the audience 's growing frustration . 113 12 `` Centaur of Attention '' May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) Murr 0.75 The guys compete head to head undermining each other in a focus group , spread much confusion while teaming up at a bagel shop , and pass ridiculous notes to strangers at the park . Punishment : Dressed in his centaur costume from a previous punishment , with deer antlers added , Murr must survive a five - mile jog to his parents ' house while the other Jokers are hunting for him . 114 13 `` Browbeaten '' May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) Murr 0.84 The guys take name calling to new heights as receptionists and try to get donations for bogus charities at a pizza shop . Punishment : Murr must have his eyebrows , his facial hair and his head shaved until completely bald , and then must apply for a new driver 's license , looking the way he is , much to his displeasure . 115 14 `` The Coward '' July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) Sal 0.95 The guys show who 's boss while working the counter at a fast - food joint , and then whisper sweet nothings to strangers at the supermarket . Punishment : Sal must help a cow give birth . 116 15 `` Virtual Insanity '' July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) Sal 1.03 The guys team up to bark up the wrong tree at a pet store , team up to play a game of catch with groceries in the market , and go head - to - head trying to get strangers ' signatures for ridiculous causes . Punishment : Sal is locked in a virtual reality room , where he is forced to play a horror game entitled `` Sisters '' while the crew redecorates the room to resemble the setting of the game . 117 16 `` Laundry Day '' August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) Joe 1.02 The guys go head - to - head on the prowl for partners in crime at a supermarket , and then throw caution to the wind as helpless romantics in the park . Punishment : Joe has to be the one - man pep rally squad shooting t - shirts from a shirt canon at the Philadelphia Soul arena football game . Unbeknownst to him , the prizes are outfits straight from his own wardrobe . 118 17 `` Water Torture '' August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) Sal 0.78 The guys head to the mall completing challenges while spinning the `` Wheel of Faces '' , play another round of `` Did I Deserve That ? '' , and save strangers from being shot with a water gun while saying something very awful to the stranger . Punishment : Although initially meant to be the final challenge of the episode , the other guys turn Sal 's growing annoyance with the child actors into a punishment . 119 18 `` Hitting the Wrong Note '' August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) Joe 0.83 The guys share sad stories in the park , hoping to get some sympathy back , then go head - to - head sharing new video game ideas in a focus group , then head to the floral shop going head - to - head to stump each other . Punishment : Joe is tricked into dishonoring a fake deceased boy 's family at a ( fake ) funeral held in a Mandarin community in New York . 120 19 `` Heckle and Hide '' August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) Q 0.91 The guys ask strangers to hold a random object for them chosen by the other guys in the grocery store , then team - up and teach business seminars , controlled by the others . Punishment : Q poses as a little league dad watching the game , where he must do and say whatever he is told by the other guys . 121 20 `` The Chairman '' September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) Q 0.73 The guys do and say whatever they are told , while barefoot at a department store , and start conversations with strangers using a single word in the park . Punishment : Q must spend time in `` The Death Chair '' , a remote controlled wheelchair with a bullhorn , a leaf blower and a confetti cannon attached to it , all completely controlled by the other guys . 122 21 `` Wrapper 's Delight '' September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) Joe 0.69 The guys pose as waiters in a Hooters restaurant , try to get people in a mall to remember lyrics to a song , and go head - to - head invading people 's personal space in the park . Punishment : Joe is sent on a small treasure hunt looking for clues . The final item that he finds is a paper that reads `` you should n't have left your house . '' Upon returning to his house , Joe discovers that the entire interior has been covered in wrapping paper while he was gone , and his photos have been stolen by the other guys and replaced with inappropriate photos . 123 22 `` Ash Clown '' October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) Murr 0.80 The guys are at a sunglasses store doing and saying whatever the guys tell them to do . Then they go to the store , going head - to - head posing as workers trying to get messages across through shoppers , and then get people on their side in a ridiculous protest . Punishment : At an elementary school `` career day , '' Murr has to pose as an employee for his own company that he operates , which turns out to be a pet cremator / grandparents ' divorce lawyer , and he has to explain his `` career '' to the uncomfortable audience . 124 23 `` Spider Man '' October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) Q 0.61 The guys do and say whatever they are told , while at a buffet restaurant , team - up for construction presentations at a hardware store , and play another game of `` repeat after me '' . Punishment : Q 's fear of spiders is put to the test when he has several tarantulas placed on him while strapped down to a board . 125 24 `` Stage Fright '' October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) Q 0.62 The jokers team up to work at a pawn shop , try to give free hugs after incredibly bizarre apologies in the park , and then complete designated tasks while riding the Roosevelt Island Tramway . Punishment : Before becoming a comedian , Q was a fire - fighter of the FDNY . Q has to take part in an embarrassing musical in front of all his firemen buddies . 126 25 `` Training Day '' October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) Joe , Sal , and Murr 0.82 The guys interact with supermarket shoppers while wearing jingle vests , and play another game of `` Do n't I Know You ? '' in the park . Punishment : Because of the musical Q went through in `` Stage Fright '' , he makes Joe , Sal , and Murr go through the Fire Academy 's training course in the fourth triple punishment , and the second time with Joe , Sal and Murr as the losers for his revenge from the last punishment . Joe had to take an axe through 1 of 2 roof windows that were either pictures of his wife and dogs or his baby daughter . Murr had to scale down a building on a rappel while being confronted by Sloppy Joe ( as revenge for Q 's punishment in `` Car Sick '' ) , Fat Crow , and the doctor who gave him the prostate exam ( from `` Dark Side of the Moon '' ) along the way . For Sal , he had to climb a ladder to rescue a cat from a tree , but he froze at the start . In the end , Q hosed down all 3 losing jokers until they respected him . 127 26 `` Nitro Circus Spectacular '' November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) Murr , then Sal 1.23 In this supersized 2 - hour episode , a Nitro Circus / X-Games inspired obstacle course was presented and aside from clips of regular challenges filmed prior to this live special , viewers were shown clips of the Jokers preparing to run the course ; the Joker who then ran the course the fastest won $100,000 for a charity of their choice . As Q was injured during the guys ' training sessions with Travis Pastrana , he was not cleared by doctors to compete in the actual obstacle course and chose Joey Fatone to perform in his place again . Challenges included getting strangers to watch their apartment , a trip back to the Castle of White , and a spin on the Wheel of `` Now ! '' . Punishment : This episode featured 2 punishments - one for the losing joker after a regular episode 's worth of challenges played and an automatic punishment for the joker who received the most votes from the public leading up to and during this episode . Murr lost the regular challenges and had to participate as an obstacle for professional jumpers to bike around and over on the Nitro Circus track . Sal , who got the most votes from the public , was hoisted into the air via harness and swung around for a bit . He was brought down to rest for a minute before being hoisted again and sent flying into a giant `` cake '' . Despite the Punishments , Murr had the fastest time , and won $100,000 for his Charity : Make a Wish Foundation . Season 6 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original airdate Losing Joker ( s ) US viewers ( millions ) 128 `` Swim Shady '' February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) Sal 0.97 The guys act as receptionists in a waiting room and ask strangers at the park for advice about their personal dilemmas . Punishment : Sal invades a water aerobics class to take pictures for a website . He must invade the students ' privacy in order to get shots . 129 `` Lady and the Tramp '' February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) Murr 0.83 The guys play a game of `` try not to laugh '' using the infamous two - way mirror and compete head - to - head in the grocery store to see who can get a customer to try more samples . Punishment : In a surprise punishment , Murr enters a car to drive to what he thinks is a challenge but it turns out to be Murr taking a bumpy ride on a boat dressed as the Statue of Liberty . 130 `` The Parent Trap '' February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) Joe 0.76 The guys go head - to - head getting stuck in a grocery post-it showdown , ask strangers for questionable quotes at the park , and give `` sound '' financial tips to hopefuls as advisors . Punishment : Being the only parent out of the quartet , Joe must enter an indoor playground for children , and instruct other parents on how to better parent their children . 131 `` Catastrophe '' March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) Sal 0.82 The guys pose as trainees at a juice bar and compete at a mall to untangle their phone cords before having their pants pulled down by a special actor . Punishment : Sal must go through what Q went through in `` Spider Man '' with his biggest fear , cats . 132 5 `` Vampire Weakened '' March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) Murr 0.85 The jokers work at an ice cream parlor , and get strangers to help them watch Joe 's dogs at the park . Punishment : Murr is told he has to perform in front of an audience as Dracula to deliver his character 's monologues . In a surprise twist , it turns out he actually has to sing and dance along with a gospel choir while wearing his Dracula outfit . 133 6 `` Footloose '' March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) Sal 0.84 The guys compete in a `` try not to laugh '' challenge while calling out ridiculous names the other guys have written for them , and then compete at the park to see whose online dating profile is better . Punishment : At the New York Boat Show , Sal must rub people 's feet using various condiments . 134 7 `` X-Man '' March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) Q 0.75 The guys compete in a waiting room trying to not to laugh in the first ever four - way challenge , ask park - goers if they agree or disagree on an odd topic , and try to lead a kid 's art class as the teachers . Punishment : With Q taking the final loss where he refused to cross out a child 's painting with red paint , the surprise punishment forced him to paint a red `` X '' over every painting instead . 135 8 `` Medium , Well Done '' April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) Sal 1.04 The guys compete head - to - head posing odd TV shows as execs to the public and team up to work the counter at a BBQ joint . Punishment : In Season 2 , Sal had to pose as a psychic for his punishment that does n't end until he predicts something accurate . Now , an actual psychic named Jesse Bravo is predicting Sal 's life from the other jokers ( most of it did n't actually happen ) . Sal must say that those predictions are correct . 136 9 `` Drum and Drummer '' April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) Q and Joe 0.77 The guys try to get shoppers to repeat an odd catchphrase given by the other guys and do what they are told as psychoanalysts . Punishment : As revenge for the punishment that Murr and Sal went through in `` Hellcopter '' , Q and Joe must participate in a drumline marching band , followed by dancing . 137 10 `` The Butt of the Joker '' April 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) Murr 0.88 The guys team up to work in pairs giving presentations about living life to its fullest while one of them hypes the other up as a member of the audience and pose as janitors giving responses to questions and statements over walkie - talkies . Punishment : Murr has to yank and put out cigarettes from the hands of smokers . The punishment does n't end until Murr steals a whole pack of cigarettes from a smoker . 138 11 `` Stuffed Turkey '' April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) Q 0.78 The guys act as not - so - handy - men assembling furniture , team up to drop underwear into shopper 's bags at the mall , and mistake strangers for someone they know at the supermarket . Punishment : Q is forced to attend a speed dating event while his hands have two very large turkey legs attached to them , and the punishment does not end until he eats all of the turkey . 139 12 `` Crickets '' May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) Sal 0.71 The guys work as salesmen for Lids and team up to serve some confused customers at Joey Fatone 's hot dog joint . Punishment : Sal has to perform a stand - up comedy routine for business people at the end of a three - day conference , but must purposely perform badly . 140 13 `` Universal Appeal '' May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) Q 0.94 In an hour - long special episode sponsored by Universal Orlando Resort , the guys do crazy challenges around the park . Their first challenge has them playing line employees for Transformers : The Ride . Except Sal , who brought in Harry Potter actor Matthew Lewis to fill in for him , the jokers awkwardly rode Jurassic Park : The Ride in the second challenge . Other challenges include misguiding park goers around the park and trying to find their missing relatives . Punishment : Q is dressed as a spider and has to perform on stage in a barnyard show at the Toon Lagoon Theater ; he also has to protect the barnyard from a mixed martial arts master dressed as a cow . 141 14 `` Paradise Lost '' July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) Murr 1.17 The guys attempt to get tips as fortune tellers , go head - to - head getting strangers to pass along messages , ask strangers if their `` proposal '' is ready , written by the other guys , team up to give presentations on Hawaiian culture , and invade stranger 's towel space at the beach . Punishment : As revenge for the tarantula punishment in Season 5 , Q punishes Murr with his # 2 fear : swimming with sharks . 142 15 `` Mime and Punishment '' July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) Q 0.94 The guys do and say what they are told while posing as meditation instructors , and attempt to get secrets from strangers . Punishment : Q is handcuffed to a mime for 24 hours while all of the jokers are on tour . 143 16 `` Three Men and Your Baby '' July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) Sal , Q , and Murr 0.83 The guys pose as photographers , and get strangers to fill out questionnaires with messed up hands . Punishment : As revenge for the parent punishment in `` The Parent Trap '' , Joe forces the guys to pitch their television show `` 3 Men & Your Baby '' , where they give parental tips knowing nothing about parenting to parents and their babies . 144 17 `` The Q - Pay '' August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) Murr 1.02 The guys get strangers ' help to reply to messages in a waiting room , compete head - to - head playing each other 's `` wingman '' at a mingling event , and attempt to get strangers ' encouragement in odd dilemmas . Punishment : Murr must wear Q 's hair as a wig for the rest of the season and must also apply for a new passport photo while wearing Q 's hair . 145 18 `` Rubbed the Wrong Way '' August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) Joe 0.96 The guys `` encourage '' strangers to reply to their texts at the food court , and team up going head - to - head to play catch with other people 's groceries at the supermarket . Punishment : Joe is forced to portray a genie in a play ; however , the guys control his harness , so they kept swinging Joe into the props and set pieces the entire time . 146 19 `` Flatfoot the Pirate '' August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) Sal 0.91 The guys try to justify a humiliating soaking at a mall retailer , play the `` Laugh Man Standing '' game , and record stranger 's conversations at the park . Punishment : Sal poses as a pirate for a children 's event , but the real punishment is he must drink a cup of a woman 's breast milk . Murr , who is assisting Sal in the event , is tricked into thinking that he lost as well and drinks some breast milk as well , ultimately to find that he did n't lose after all . In the end , the `` crew '' mutinies against Sal and force him to `` walk the plank '' - right into some murky filthy waters of the New Jersey river . 147 20 `` Remember the Pact '' August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) Murr 0.96 Murr , Sal , Joe and Q beg supermarket shoppers to hold on to a weird item for them , then make conversation in the park utilizing some outrageous words . Later , the guys volunteer to help teach tech to senior citizens . Punishment : After a successful secret pact goes off without a hitch , Murr 's turn is turned into an impromptu punishment ; he has to show his father on the computer what is on his cellphone such as embarrassing videos , pictures , etc . 148 21 `` Silence of the Lame '' August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) Sal 0.92 The guys compete head - to - head as toy inventors and must get strangers to approve emails written by the other guys . Punishment : In a crowded mall 's food court , Sal has to shush people for no reason . Eventually , he is reported by someone and he runs away and hides behind a counter out of embarrassment . 149 22 `` The Walking Dread '' September 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) Sal 0.83 The guys pose as employees at a botanical garden and team up to take turns dipping fries into other people 's food at the food court . Punishment : Sal is forced to enter a sewer and rescue his nieces while being attacked by zombies . 150 23 `` Take Me Out of The Ball Game '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Joe 1.00 The guys completed assigned tasks at Universal Orlando Resort 's Volcano Bay water park , go head - to - head playing another round of TP basketball shootout at the grocery store , and go head - to - head playing a game of hot potato with a strange item across a stranger in the park . Punishment : Joe goes to Citi Field , home of the New York Mets , and steals autographed baseballs that Noah Syndergaard autographs for children . Eventually , a furious mother snaps at Joe , leading Joe to leave embarrassed . 151 24 `` The Party Crasher '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Murr 0.74 The guys dodge shakedowns at the park , go head - to - head to see who can cling to a car the longest , and go head - to - head playing a game of attaching ribbons to strangers . Punishment : Murr must attend a cocktail party while repeatedly trying to pin Kayla Harrison , an Olympic Judo gold medalist . 152 25 `` Dover and Out '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) Q 0.77 The guys survey employees about customer satisfaction , and go cloud watching with strangers in the park . Punishment : Q poses as an artist presenting a town mural to the town of Dover , New Jersey to its residents ( including the whole board and the mayor ) that says `` DOVER SUCKS '' , and must talk his way out of it . 153 26 `` G.I. Jokers '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) Murr , then Q 0.87 In this hour - long season finale that 's part salute - to - the - troops , part pre-recorded - challenges , the Jokers team up to give phony presentations about aviation at the American Airpower Museum , plant American flags onto unsuspecting shoppers , and try to get a handshake after showing off their dubious rewards . The episode also features three veterans who receive the same three tattoos Q , Murr and Sal got in `` The Permanent Punishment '' and a visit to the Wounded Warrior Project . Punishment : Murr rides shotgun in a fighter aircraft ; then later , Q is forced to watch as his prized Jeep is destroyed by a M18 Hellcat . Season 7 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original airdate Losing Joker ( s ) US viewers ( millions ) 154 `` The Marathon Man '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) Murr 0.89 The guys go to Top of the Rock for some awkward interactions , and play a game of `` Did They Deserve That ? '' at a bagel shop . Punishment : As revenge for the Gary Busey incident in the `` Did They Deserve That ? '' challenge , Sal punishes Murr by forcing him to run across the Brooklyn Bridge with huge shoes and minimal clothing while it is below freezing outside , and he gets soaked with ice cold water on the way . When he finishes the run , he gets drenched with 2 giant buckets of ice cold water and some confetti . 155 `` Guilty as Charged '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) Q 0.65 The guys get strangers to watch their backs them from angry security guards at a grocery store , and team up to teach presentations on UFOs . Punishment : Q works at the front door at the Knitting Factory in Brooklyn , collecting cover charges for Tight Fright . Later , he goes into the audience and an announcement is made that the show is free , so everyone goes after him for their money . 156 `` No Good Deed '' February 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) Sal and Joe 0.63 The guys compete head - to - head posing odd TV shows as execs to the public , and do and say what they are told at a department store . Punishment : At a fundraising event for the Algonquin Arts Theatre , Joe and Sal present to charity donors how they spent the money on ridiculous and insensitive projects . 157 `` Stripteased '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) Murr 0.68 The guys do and say whatever they 're told while posing as dentists , and then compete head - to - head in trying not to laugh while the other makes a hilarious scene at a donut shop . Punishment : Before the punishment , Frank the prostate exam doctor injects Murr with the histamine drug that he is mildly allergic to . The jokers watch Murr perform a strip - tease with Australia 's Thunder from Down Under while dressed in a cowboy hat and boots . 158 5 `` Indecent Proposal '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) Sal 0.69 The guys attempt to trick unknowing receptionists with ridiculous disguises and try to get approval for an e-mail they 're writing . Punishment : Sal , acting as a dance teacher 's assistant , asks couples if they 'd be willing to meet them in a more passionate setting , similar to the movie Indecent Proposal . Later on , he shows the couples a briefcase full of money he has . 159 6 `` Turning the Tables '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) Joe 0.66 The guys take out the remote a controlled chairs for a spin , team up to work at a virtual reality gaming center , and attempt to blame strangers for unusual events . Punishment : Eight breakaway tables are placed in a busy restaurant and Joe must destroy every table by forcefully body - slamming into them , without knowing which tables were real or fake . This is later revealed as Murr 's revenge from the `` Party Crasher '' punishment . 160 7 `` Lords of the Ring '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) Q and Sal 0.65 Joe , Murr , Sal and Q skirt the law while posing as receptionists , then go fishing for people 's luggage at a mall . Punishment : Q and Sal are given a turquoise ring that they must sell by telephone while in an extremely hot room with only 1 gerbil water dispenser each to stay hydrated . After 4 hours of unsuccessful attempts to sell the ring , Q manages to sell it to the owner of a pizza joint that he regularly visits . 161 8 `` No Child Left Behind '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) Q 0.55 The guys compete head - to - head selling their toys to focus groups , and play a game in the grocery store . Punishment : Q goes into a kiddy 's playground where the guys have put a toddler wearing a soiled diaper . Q must find the child amongst several other kids by sniffing their diapers for the soiled one . Right as he is about to be removed from the playing area by security , Q successfully finds the kid and the punishment ends . 162 9 `` Pulling the Rug '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) Murr 0.65 The guys run a surprise challenge ; a stint at the Cake Boss 's counter is anything but sweet ; advice for children turns awkward when heard by strangers Punishment : As revenge for the `` No Child Left Behind '' punishment , Q punishes Murr by making him work as a waiter in a fancy , crowded restaurant to find out who is wearing a wig . He successfully finds the wig and the punishment ends . 163 10 `` Speech Impediment '' August 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 02 ) Murr 0.83 The guys try not to laugh at gags behind a glass mirror and head to the Top of the Rock to get opinions on their wedding proposals . Punishment : Murr takes a stab at performing a disasterous speech for the advisory board at Yonkers City Hall where he must read the blue cards everytime the jokers say `` line '' . Unaware that Yonkers mayor Mike Spano was already in on this punishment . 164 11 `` Card Against Humanity '' August 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) Sal 0.76 The guys compete in a 4 - way job - exchanging challenge , and then record people 's conversations for strange reasons . Punishment : Sal must attend a business meeting where he poses as a businessman . The punishment ? He must give a single business card to the people at the meeting , but then take it back in favor of `` a better person . '' 165 12 `` Bull Shiatsu '' August 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 16 ) TBA TBA 166 13 `` The Running Of The Bullies '' August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) TBA TBA 167 14 TBA August 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 30 ) TBA TBA Specials ( edit ) No . Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Joker 's Choice '' February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) 1.30 The guys go over their favorite challenges from the season and tell each other personal thoughts . `` Inside Jokes '' May 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 08 ) N / A In this 1 - hour special , there are repeats of `` Look Out Below '' and `` Strip High Five '' , but with special trivia displayed on the screen . `` Happy Father 's Day ! '' June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 0.77 The Jokers and their fathers show some classic scenes in a Father 's Day episode . This episode has a dedication at the end , in honor of Joseph S. Gatto , Joe 's dad : 1939 -- 95 . `` Practically Live '' March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) 0.98 In this 1 - hour special , the Jokers offer a behind - the - scenes look at their stand - up tour and personal lives . 5 `` Funny ' Cause It Hurts '' April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 0.75 In this special episode , the guys look back at the series ' best punishments , share new secrets and show never before seen footage . 6 `` Anatomy of a Challenge '' August 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 31 ) 0.82 In this special , the Jokers break down how to succeed in each challenge and how to make each other trip up and lose . 7 `` Unseen Scenes '' September 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) 0.56 In this special episode , the guys show more never before seen clips ... or in this case , `` unseen scenes '' . 8 `` Fan - tastic Countdown '' September 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 02 ) 0.90 The Jokers count down the most memorable moments of the show , according to their fans . 10 . Q speaking olde English at the `` Castle of White '' ( S1E01 ) 9 . Murr jumping on the couches with the over excited roommate ( S1E05 ) 8 . Sal doing the `` Double Dutch '' 7 . Joe freaking out while teaching CPR ( S1E12 ) 6 . Q putting whipped cream on the shopping cart ( S3E04 ) 5 . Sal chanting `` Let 's get sexy '' in the baseball stadium ( S1E13 ) 4 . Q 's encounter with the `` What does that mean '' guy ( S2E09 ) 3 . Joe singing `` Scoopski Potatoes '' ( S2E22 ) 2 . Murr 's skydive ( S3E01 ) 1 . All of Joe 's various `` Larry '' moments 9 `` One Night Stand up '' October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 0.61 Joe , Murr , Sal , and Q hit the stage for their sold out stand - up show in Torrington , Connecticut in this 90 - minute televised special . Included are never - before - seen clips and exclusive behind - the - scenes footage . 10 `` Impractical Jokers ' Joker Bowl : The Pros Weigh In '' February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) N / A Our host and two former NFL players are in the studio giving in - depth analysis of each Joker 's strategy and execution as well as statistical analysis and review of game - day footage . 11 `` NCAA March Madness Showdown '' March 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 0.65 Going head - to - head , the Jokers compete for the championship title in a Sweet Sixteen bracket from four divisions : Grocery Store , Mall , Park and Posing as Employees . Winner : Q 12 `` All Aboard '' May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 0.74 The Impractical Jokers show highlights and unseen clips and play games with the fans on their latest cruise that set sail early this year . 13 `` British Invasion '' July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 1.15 In this 1 - hour episode , the Jokers wreak havoc across the city of London . The guys serve up pints of awkwardness at a pub , try to sell ridiculous theatre tickets in the West End , team up to work at a fish and chips shop , and use their infamous bullhorns that are controlled by the other guys . Losing Joker ( s ) : Joe and Murr Punishment : For the 8th double punishment , the jokers travel to High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire , where Joe and Murr are set up to become goalies at a soccer ( or football ) game , though they 're actually merely target practice for professional soccer players Wycombe Wanderers F.C. . This was Sal and Q 's revenge for the last double punishment they faced in the Season 4 episode , `` Deal with the Devils '' . 14 `` One Night at the Grand '' September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 0.56 In this 90 - minute special , the Jokers have their usual shenanigans at the Grand Opera House in Wilmington , DE . This episode is similar to `` One Night Stand Up '' . 15 `` Fantastic Access '' September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 0.67 The Jokers answer questions from the fans by showing never - before - seen footage . 16 `` A Day in the Life '' October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) 0.49 In this special , a documentary crew gets a behind - the - scenes look at the making of Impractical Jokers . Subjects mentioned include how to place the cameras , the crew 's favorite moments and what happens when someone recognizes the Jokers . 17 `` NCAA March Madness Bracket Attack '' March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 0.52 Going head - to - head , the Jokers compete for the championship title in a Sweet 16 bracket , this time using punishments . Winner : Sal 18 `` After Party '' May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 0.64 Q , Murr , and host Joey Fatone take a behind - the - scenes look at the hour - long episode `` Universal Appeal '' . 19 `` The Murray Jury '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 0.69 20 `` Sizing up Sal '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 0.64 21 `` Judging Joe '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 0.62 22 `` Critiquing Q '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 0.58 23 `` Punishment Countdown '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 0.63 Joey Fatone counts down his favorable punishments . 24 `` Humiliation for the Holidays '' November 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) 0.44 The guys revisit wild moments , sharing their favorite toys and spending time at the mall . 25 `` The Joker Games '' February 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 0.54 Guest host Joey Fatone , along with special guest judges Kayla Harrison and Soren Thompson , determine who is the best all - around joker . Gold : Murr , Silver : Sal , Bronze ; Q 26 `` NCAA March Madness Breakdown '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 0.54 Guest host by Joey Fatone , along with NBA players Doug McDermott and Enes Kanter , decide which Joker would be their # 1 pick . Winners : Doug chooses Joe , while Enes chooses Q . 27 `` Spring Break Countdown '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 0.52 The guys count down their most cringeworthy and hilarious moments of fun in the sun . During the episode , a dozen totally ridiculous spring break tips are given . 28 `` Joker for a Day '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 0.65 The Jokers make members of the Impractical Jokers crew play the challenges they usually play , such as putting balloons , post-its and pencils on people without getting caught , looking for their wives , and so on . Whoever the Jokers declare the MVP gets a week off of work , with pay . MVP : Christine Morris References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` TruTV Renews ' Impractical Jokers ' , ' Carbonaro Effect ' , Orders 5 New Series & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Jaguars / Falcons Top Night + ' Burn Notice ' Season Finale , ' It 's Always Sunny , ' ' The League , ' ' Beyond Scared Straight ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Texans / Colts Top Night + ' The League , ' ' Weed Wars ' Finales , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : College Bowls Lead + NBA , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Jersey Shore ' Premieres Down Slightly , Still > Broadcast + ' Project Runway , ' ' The First 48 , ' ' Beyond Scared Straight ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Jersey Shore ' Slips , Still Well Above Broadcast at 10p + ' After The First 48 , ' ' Beyond Scared Straight , ' ' Project Runway ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Jersey Shore ' Drops , Still > 10pm Broadcast + ' Archer , ' ' Beyond Scared Straight , ' ' Unsupervised ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Jersey Shore ' Rises + ' Archer , ' ' Project Runway , ' ' Impractical Jokers ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Jersey Shore ' Slide Continues + ' Swamp People , ' ' Archer , ' ' I Just Want My Pants , ' ' Mudcats ' & More '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball , ' Punk 'd ' , ' Pauly D Project ' , ' Swamp People ' + More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Swamp People ' Wins Night , ' Mudcats ' , ' Punk 'd ' , ' Pauly D Project ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Swamp People ' Wins Night , ' Punk 'd ' , ' Sold ! ' , ' Sweet Genius ' , ' Pauly D Project ' , ' Chopped ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Swamp People ' ' Punk 'd ' , ' Sold ! ' , ' Real Housewives ATL ' , NBA Basketball + Premiere of ' Kathy ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NFL Draft Dominates + ' SportsCenter ' , ' Swamp People ' , ' Pauly D Project ' , & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Swamp People ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' , ' Pauly D Project ' , ' Eagleheart ' , ' Do n't Be Tardy For The Wedding ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Video Music Awards ' Win Night , DNC Coverage , ' Project Runway ' , ' Sullivan & Son ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' House Hunters ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2012 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football Tops Night , + ' Awkward ' , ' Sullivan & Son ' , ' Snooki & JWOWW ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2012 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Football , ' Awkward ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' , ' The Daily Show ' , ' Braxton Family Values ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2012 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football Wins Night + ' Daily Show ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' SportsCenter ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2012 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Jersey Shore ' , ' Burn Notice ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' , ' Project Runway All Stars ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Jersey Shore ' Wins Night + ' Burn Notice ' , NBA Basketball , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' , & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2012 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball & ' Impractical Jokers ' Win Night , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Project Runway All Stars ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Daily Preliminary Broadcast Cable Finals Broadcast Finals ( 2013 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Fiesta Bowl ' Wins Night , ' Buckwild ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' , ' Project Runway All Stars ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Daily Preliminary Broadcast Cable Finals Broadcast Finals ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Buckwild ' Wins Night + ' The Daily Show ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy ( 2013 - 01 - 18 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night + ' Buckwild ' , ' Suits ' , ' Oprah 's Next Chapter ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sara Bibel ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Buckwild ' Wins Night , ' Suits ' , ' Archer ' , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' , ' King of the Nerds ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sara Bibel ( 2013 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Buckwild ' Wins Night , ' Suits ' , ' Archer ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' , ' King of the Nerds ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy ( 2013 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Swamp People ' Beats NBA Basketball + ' Suits ' , ' Big Rig Bounty Hunters ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Sara Bibel ( 2013 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Swamp People ' Wins Night , ' Archer ' , ' Suits ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' , ' King of the Nerds ' , ' Project Runway ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night + ' Burn Notice ' , ' Sullivan & Son ' , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' & More '' . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Alien Sharks ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Burn Notice ' , ' Sullivan & Son ' , ' Graceland ' , ' Project Runway ' & More '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night , Pre-Season Football , ' Burn Notice ' , ' Sullivan & Son ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' Graceland ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night + Pre-Season Football , ' Burn Notice ' , ' Ridiculousness ' , ' Sullivan & Son ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : College Football Wins Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' Hatfields & McCoys : White Lightning ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Burn Notice ' Wins Night , ' Project Runway ' , ' Graceland ' , ' Ridiculousness ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Anger Management ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night ' Burn Notice ' Finale , ' Project Runway ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Graceland ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Leads Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Children 's Hospital ' , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football Tops Night + NBA Basketball , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Football Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Ground Floor ' , ' White Collar , ' Braxton Family Values ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , NBA Basketball , ' Mob Wives ' & More '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Weekly Rating Notes for Adult Swim , Cartoon Network , TBS , TNT , & TruTV : ' Eagleheart ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' South Beach Tow ' & More '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 3 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Sugar Bowl Wins Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Ground Floor ' , ' Mob Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night , NBA Basketball , ' White Collar ' , ' Ground Floor ' , ' Mob Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night + NBA Basketball , ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' , ' Ridiculousness ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night , ' Appalachian Outlaws ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Mob Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Leads Night + ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' , ' Ridiculousness ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night , ' Appalachian Outlaws ' , ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' , ' Mob Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Leads Night + ' Appalachian Outlaws ' , NBA Basketball , ' Ridiculousness ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Mob Wives ' , ' Ridiculousness ' , ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Coverage Leads Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Vikings ' & ' Pawn Stars ' Lead Night + ' Greatest Event in TV History ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Vikings ' & ' 30 for 30 : Bad Boys ' Win Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Sirens ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' The Challenge ' , ' The Carbonaro Effect ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night + ' Loiter Squad ' , ' The Challenge : Free Agents ' , NHL & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals Win Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Loiter Squad ' , ' The Challenge ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Day , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' The Challenge ' , ' The Carbonaro Effect ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Leads Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Kate Plus Eight ' , ' American Restoration ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night , ' Pawnography ' , ' Ridiculousness ' , ' Mythbusters ' , ' Defiance ' , ' Dominion ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night + ' Loiter Squad ' , ' Married ' , ' Pawnography ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night + ' Pawnography ' , ' Loiter Squad ' , ' The Daily Show ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Pawnography ' , ' Loiter Squad ' , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' , ' Dominion ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Black Jesus ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' Dominion ' , ' Defiance ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Preseason Football Leads Night + ' Sharkageddon ' , ' I Escaped Jaws II ' , ' Black Jesus ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' on NFL Network Tops Night + ' Black Jesus ' , ' College Football ' , ' Project Runway ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Football & Baseball Win Night , ' Black Jesus ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Leads Night + ' Black Jesus ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' The Daily Show ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Football & Baseball Win Night , ' Project Runway ' , ' Black Jesus ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Tops Night + ' Project Runway ' , ' Ridiculousness ' , ' Black Jesus ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night , NBA Basketball , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Project Runway All Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Smackdown ' Tops Night + ' Archer ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by he Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' Wins Night , NBA Basketball , ' Archer ' , ' Project Runway All Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' Thursday Night SmackDown ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Vikings ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' WWE Smackdown ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' Vikings ' , ' Thursday Night SmackDown ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sarah ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night , ' WWE Smackdown ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Archer ' , ' Dig ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' Vikings ' , ' Thursday Night SmackDown ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Tops Night + ' Thursday Night Smackdown ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 4.2. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals ( &Network Update & CHART NOW ADDED ) : 4.9. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 4.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 4.23. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 5.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom II ' Tops Night + ' Lip Sync Battle ' , ' Mountain Men ' , ' Braxton Family Values ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Alone ' , ' Mountain Men ' , ' WWE Smackdown ' , ' Braxton Family Values ' , ' Dominion ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Tops Night + ' Thursday Night SmackDown ' , ' Mountain Men ' , ' Alone ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 8.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 8.13. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 8.20. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 8.27. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 9.3. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 9.10. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Leads the Night + ' Teen Mom II ' + ' Project Runway ' & More '' . TV by the Number . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.22. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Vikings ' premieres well , ' WWE Smackdown ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.24. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.31. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.7. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.21. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.21. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.4. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.6. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.13. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.27. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.3. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Impractical Jokers -- Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.29. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Jersey Shore ' Slides + ' Archer , ' ' Project Runway , ' ' Impractical Jokers , ' ' I Just Want My Pants Back ' & More '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 3.26. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 4.30. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 8.31. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 9.1. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 9.2. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals ( &Network Update ) : 10.1. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.13. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.1. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.8. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-thursday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-2-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-24-2017.html Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Impractical_Jokers_episodes&oldid=854525024 '' Categories : Lists of American comedy television series episodes Lists of American non-fiction television series episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 00 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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when does season 7 of impractical jokers start
[ "SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired116December 15, 2011 (2011-12-15)May 3, 2012 (2012-05-03)228September 6, 2012 (2012-09-06)December 12, 2013 (2013-12-12)331January 2, 2014 (2014-01-02)October 30, 2014 (2014-10-30)426January 29, 2015 (2015-01-29)October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)526February 11, 2016 (2016-02-11)November 3, 2016 (2016-11-03)626February 9, 2017 (2017-02-09)November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)726[1]February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)November 1, 2018 (2018-11-01)Specials28February 2, 2012 (2012-02-02)TBA" ]
[ "February 1, 2018" ]
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Where the Heart Is (2000 film)
Where the Heart is ( 2000 film ) - Wikipedia Where the Heart is ( 2000 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2000 film . For other uses , see Where the Heart Is . Where The Heart Is Theatrical release poster Directed by Matt Williams Produced by Susan Cartsonis David McFadzean Patricia Whitcher Matt Williams Screenplay by Lowell Ganz Babaloo Mandel Based on Where the Heart Is by Billie Letts Starring Natalie Portman Ashley Judd Stockard Channing Joan Cusack Music by Mason Daring Cinematography Richard Greatrex Edited by Brooke Wilson Production company Kiah rainwater studios Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date April 28 , 2000 Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $40 million Where the Heart Is is a 2000 American romantic drama film directed by Matt Williams in his film directing debut . The film stars Natalie Portman , Stockard Channing , Ashley Judd , and Joan Cusack with supporting roles performed by James Frain , Dylan Bruno , Keith David , and Sally Field . The screenplay , written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel , is based on the best - selling novel by Billie Letts . The film follows five years in the life of Novalee Nation , a pregnant 17 - year - old , who is abandoned by her boyfriend at a Walmart in a small Oklahoma town . She secretly moves into the store , where she eventually gives birth to her baby , which attracts media attention . With the help of friends , she makes a new life for herself in the town . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Differences between novel and film 4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Novalee Nation ( Natalie Portman ) is seventeen years old and seven months pregnant . She sets off on a road trip from Tennessee to California with her boyfriend , Willy Jack Pickens ( Dylan Bruno ) in an old , broken down 1963 Plymouth . When driving through Sequoyah , Oklahoma , Novalee notices , after her nap , that her shoes have gone through the car 's floor boards . She asks Willy Jack to stop at the local Walmart so that she can go to the restroom and buy new shoes . The cashier is to give Novalee her change when she realizes the amount -- $5.55 . She believes the number five to be a bad omen . Barefoot , she runs outside to find Willy Jack gone and he having left behind her and her new Polaroid camera . Having no other place to go she walks back inside and meets Thelma `` Sister '' Husband ( Stockard Channing ) , who runs the Welcome Wagon in town . After Sister presents her with a buckeye tree , Novalee also meets Moses Whitecotton ( Keith David ) , a local photographer who advises her to give her baby a strong name . A sickly Novalee soon runs into the restroom to vomit , only to discover the store has closed for the day . She lives in the Walmart , undetected , while spending her days walking around town or visiting the library before returning to the store during the night . Meanwhile Willy Jack is charged with fraternizing with a minor , and stealing from a convenience store . During his tenure in prison he composes a country song , `` Beat of the Heart . '' Novalee soon meets Forney Hull ( James Frain ) , the surly libarian who looks after his alcoholic librarian sister Mary Elizabeth ( Margaret Hoard ) when Novalee seeks information on nurturing her buckeye tree , which she plants in Sister 's yard . During a thunderstorm , Novalee , who has been living in the Walmart since Willy Jack abandoned her , goes into labor and she collapses in aisle 5 . After struggling to pull herself into another aisle due to her phobia of fives , Forney , who is now in awe of Novalee , and had seen her enter the store at closing time , smashes through the window to help deliver her child . Novalee instantly becomes a media darling , and in hospital is befriended by Lexie Coop ( Ashley Judd ) , a nurse with four children by three different men . After she tells an astonished Novalee her children are all named after snack foods - Brownie , Praline , Cherry and Baby Ruth , Novalee declares her own daughter will be named Americus . Novalee 's estranged mother Mama Lil ( Sally Field ) , visits her daughter after hearing of the news on television , and offers to help her raise the baby , but Novalee soon realises to her dismay and disgust that money had been Mama Lil 's only motive after the latter scarpers off with the $500 that Novalee had received as a gift from the President of Walmart . Now homeless and penniless , Sister Husband arrives and offers to take in Novalee and Americus . One night , while Novalee and her new friend Forney are shopping for Christmas trees , Forney remarks that Americus is 5 months old that day . Novalee is alarmed at the realization and hurries home to check Americus . Upon arriving , she finds the police at her home and learns Americus has been kidnapped . Novalee remembers that in the hospital she received a card from Midnight , Mississippi saying her baby was an `` abomination under God , '' because she was born out of wedlock . The police quickly apprehend a vehicle with Mississippi plates and Americus is found safe in a nativity scene outside a church . Three years later , Novalee begins a career as a photographer with the help of Moses . When a tornado blows through Sequoyah , Sister Husband is killed , and their home is destroyed . In memory of Sister , Novalee shoots a picture of Americus and the still - standing buckeye tree amidst the damage from the storm . After the funeral , one of Sister Husband 's friends from Alcoholics Anonymous informs Novalee that she is the beneficiary of Sister 's estate , totaling around $40,000 . Novalee builds a new home for herself and Americus on Sister 's land . Upon being released from prison and making it to Nashville , Willy Jack becomes a one - hit - wonder after a slow start with the song he wrote in jail . He teams with the grizzled and cranky music agent , Ruth Meyers ( Joan Cusack ) , who gives him a makeover and the stage name `` Billy Shadow . '' In Las Vegas , he attempts to branch out his career and , behind Ruth Meyers 's back , starts shopping around for another agent . He meets with a well - known agent named Johnny DeSoto ( Richard Nance ) to discuss dumping Ruth . DeSoto warns a cocky Willy Jack that Ruth is a great ally but can also be a powerful enemy . At the same time , Novalee is also in Las Vegas to accept an award in a photo contest she has won . Novalee and Willy Jack just miss meeting each other . Ruth Meyers , who has gotten in his hotel room , informs Willy Jack that his old cellmate , Tommy Reynolds , is suing him claiming he is the true writer of Beat of a Heart , now a major radio hit . Willy Jack tells her that he wrote the song and asks Ruth what to do . Ruth tells Willy Jack that he should ask Johnny DeSoto to help him ( having somehow found out about his talk with him ) , and terminates her connections with Willy Jack . Novalee returns to Sequoyah after the awards event without realizing how close she came to seeing Willy Jack . One day , Novalee receives a garbled and panicked call from Brownie , Lexie 's oldest child . She rushes over to find Lexie bruised and battered with her kids crouched beside her . We learn that Lexie 's new love interest started to molest her two eldest children and nearly beat her to death as she attempted to protect them . Lexie 's injuries hinder her nursing job and she and her children have to move in with Novalee and Americus . Lexie breaks down feeling guilty and angry . She tearfully tells Novalee that she ignored her kid 's dislike for her boyfriend , now realizing her kids saw he was evil , but all Lexie saw was his new Buick ( referring to his material wealth ) . Lexie asks Novalee what is she supposed to say when her kids ask why this happened to them . Novalee comforts her providing Lexie with an answer from Novalee 's own life experiences . Mary Elizabeth later passes away and when Forney does not appear at the funeral , Novalee finds him in a hotel and comforts him . They act on their feelings they have denied for so long and spend the night together . Forney confesses his feelings for her . Novalee confides in Lexie but tells her she is confused about her own feelings for Forney . Novalee learns that Lexie is seeing someone new . Lexie is embarrassed to admit `` Ernie '' is an exterminator and does not have quite the physical attributes that have in the past attracted her interest . Lexie eventually falls in love with Ernie ( Bob Coonrod ) after learning he gave his ex-wife his restored 1967 Chevy Camaro in exchange for custody of his step - daughter whom he adopted as his own . They get married , and Lexie tells Novalee that she 's pregnant . After Forney returns from his sister 's burial on the east coast , Novalee feels deeply that she is not good enough for him , knowing he has a chance of going back to school . Knowing his life would be a dead end staying with her in Sequoyah , she struggles through lying to him saying she does not love him . Novalee feels she would be preventing Forney from living the life he is intended to live and becoming successful . Heartbroken and rejected by Novalee , Forney returns to school in Maine . Severely depressed at his ruined career following the lawsuit , Willy Jack becomes an alcoholic and starts popping pills while driving with a woman across country . He wanders off drunk and collapses on a railroad track where he is unable to move as a train approaches . On Americus 's 5th birthday , Novalee picks up a newspaper and sees an article about Willy Jack having lost his legs some months before and recently being robbed of his wheelchair . Novalee visits Willy Jack in the hospital and he reveals to her that he lied to her on their last day together when he said he could n't feel the baby 's heart . He confesses his whole life would 've been different if he 'd been able to undo this one lie . Novalee , realizing he is now a pathetically changed man , is able to finally forgive and let go of Willy Jack . Novalee realizes that her lies are similar mistakes with Forney . She drives Willy Jack home to Tennessee and then continues to Maine to find Forney at a college . Novalee tells him she really does love him and they return to Oklahoma and marry . The final scene is of their wedding , which takes place in a Walmart . Cast ( edit ) Natalie Portman as Novalee Nation Ashley Judd as Lexie Coop Stockard Channing as Thelma `` Sister '' Husband Joan Cusack as Ruth Meyers James Frain as Forney Hull Dylan Bruno as Willy Jack Pickens Keith David as Moses Whitecotton Richard Andrew Jones as Mr. Sprock Sally Field as Mama Lil Angee Hughes as Religious woman Margaret Hoard as Mary Elizabeth Hull Mackenzie Fitzgerald as Americus Nation David Alvarado as Tommy Reynolds Richard Nance as Johnny DeSotto Bob Coonrod as Ernie Cody Linley as Brownie Coop Adrian Garza as Young Brownie ( uncredited ) Differences between novel and film ( edit ) Novalee finds the number 5 unlucky in the movie , and the number 7 unlucky in the novel . Sister Husband has brown hair in the movie , and blue hair in the novel . In the novel , Lexie marries Leon Yoder . In the film , Forney returns to school . In the novel , Forney instead travels for some time before settling in Chicago . Novalee 's marriage to Forney only occurs in the film . In the novel , Lexie is obese . She is constantly trying new fad diets and weight loss schemes . This aspect of her character is removed from the film version . In the novel , Benny Goodluck gives Novalee a buckeye tree for good luck . In the film , the buckeye tree was given to Novalee by Sister Husband . In the novel , Moses has a wife named Certain whom Novalee also becomes close with . She is entirely omitted from the film , as is Benny Goodluck . Music ( edit ) Original music for the film was produced by Mason Daring . A soundtrack of the original music was released by RCA Records , as well as a music compilation soundtrack featuring songs used in the film by artists such as Emmylou Harris , Lyle Lovett , Martina McBride , and John Hiatt . The song `` That 's the Beat of a Heart '' was performed by The Warren Brothers and Sara Evans . A music video was made for the song , which is included as a bonus extra on the DVD release , and features a number of scenes from the film . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received mostly negative reviews . Metacritic gives it a score of 30 % based on reviews from 28 critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 35 % approval rating , based on reviews from 97 critics , with the sites consensus stating that the film 's `` poor script and messy plot undermines the decent cast . '' Box office ( edit ) The film opened in theaters in the United States on April 28 , 2000 . Where the Heart Is accumulated ( USD ) $8,292,939 in its opening weekend , opening at number 4 . The film went on to make $33,772,838 at the North American box office , and an additional $7,090,880 internationally for a worldwide total of $40,863,718 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Metacritic ( Where The Heart Is ) Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes ( Where The Heart Is ) Jump up ^ `` Where the Heart Is '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 15 April 2006 . External links ( edit ) Where the Heart Is on IMDb Where the Heart Is at Box Office Mojo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_the_Heart_Is_(2000_film)&oldid=811156433 '' Categories : English - language films 2000s drama films 2000 films 20th Century Fox films American comedy - drama films American teen drama films American films Country music films Directorial debut films Films based on American novels Films set in department stores Films set in Oklahoma Screenplays by Babaloo Mandel Screenplays by Lowell Ganz Teenage pregnancy in film Walmart Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 21 : 45 . 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who plays novalee in where the heart is
[ "Novalee Nation (Natalie Portman) is seventeen years old and seven months pregnant. She sets off on a road trip from Tennessee to California with her boyfriend, Willy Jack Pickens (Dylan Bruno) in an old, broken down 1963 Plymouth. When driving through Sequoyah, Oklahoma, Novalee notices, after her nap, that her shoes have gone through the car's floor boards. She asks Willy Jack to stop at the local Walmart so that she can go to the restroom and buy new shoes. The cashier is to give Novalee her change when she realizes the amount--$5.55. She believes the number five to be a bad omen. Barefoot, she runs outside to find Willy Jack gone and he having left behind her and her new Polaroid camera. Having no other place to go she walks back inside and meets Thelma \"Sister\" Husband (Stockard Channing), who runs the Welcome Wagon in town. After Sister presents her with a buckeye tree, Novalee also meets Moses Whitecotton (Keith David), a local photographer who advises her to give her baby a strong name. A sickly Novalee soon runs into the restroom to vomit, only to discover the store has closed for the day. She lives in the Walmart, undetected, while spending her days walking around town or visiting the library before returning to the store during the night. Meanwhile Willy Jack is charged with fraternizing with a minor, and stealing from a convenience store. During his tenure in prison he composes a country song, \"Beat of the Heart.\"" ]
[ "Natalie Portman" ]
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Winchester Cathedral (song)
Winchester Cathedral ( song ) - wikipedia Winchester Cathedral ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Crosby , Stills & Nash song `` Cathedral '' , see CSN ( album ) . `` Winchester Cathedral '' American issue of `` Winchester Cathedral '' Single by The New Vaudeville Band B - side `` Wait For Me Baby '' Released October 4 , 1966 Recorded July 1966 Genre Pop Length 2 : 20 Label Fontana Records Songwriter ( s ) Geoff Stephens Producer ( s ) Geoff Stephens `` Winchester Cathedral '' is a song by The New Vaudeville Band , a British novelty group established by the song 's composer , Geoff Stephens , and was released in late 1966 by Fontana Records . It reached # 1 in Canada on the RPM 100 national singles charts and shortly thereafter in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Stephens was a big fan of tunes from the British music hall era ( or what Americans would call `` vaudeville '' ) , so he wrote `` Winchester Cathedral '' in that vein , complete with a Rudy Vallée soundalike ( John Carter ) singing through his hands to imitate a megaphone sound . Although the song was recorded entirely by session musicians , when it became an international hit , an actual band had to be assembled , with Fontana trying unsuccessfully to recruit the Bonzo Dog Doo - Dah Band . The recording is one of the few charting songs to feature a bassoon . The band toured extensively under the tutelage of Peter Grant , who later went on to manage The Yardbirds and Led Zeppelin . The tune went to No. 4 in the UK Singles Chart . It went all the way to the top in the U.S. , however , displacing `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' by the Supremes on December 3 , 1966 . After a one - week run at No. 1 , `` Winchester Cathedral '' was knocked off the summit by the Beach Boys ' `` Good Vibrations '' , only to rebound to the top spot the following week . After two additional weeks , it was knocked off the top for good by `` I 'm a Believer '' by The Monkees . `` Winchester Cathedral '' topped the Billboard Easy Listening chart for four weeks . Cover records by Dana Rollin and The New Happiness reached no higher than No. 70 . The Shadows recorded an instrumental version of this song on their album , Jigsaw . Singer Rudy Vallée , whose voice and style the original recording imitated , did his own cover of the song in 1967 when he was in his late 60s . ( It did not chart . ) The Four Freshmen recorded a cover of the song on their 1968 album In a Class by Themselves . Frank Sinatra also recorded a version of the song for his 1966 album That 's Life . Global sales of the single were over three million , with the RIAA certification of gold disc status . The song won the 1967 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary ( R&R ) Recording , despite not being a rock and roll song . An initial long - playing album including the song was issued in late 1966 by Fontana Records , also titled Winchester Cathedral . Stephens received the 1966 Ivor Novello award for `` Best Song Musically and Lyrically '' . To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the song 's release , a new version by Geoff Stephens was released on CD by Signum Classics , sung by the choristers of Winchester Cathedral . The premier performance of this version was to take place during a Gala Concert in Winchester Cathedral on March 12 to help raise funds for the Cathedral 's Appeal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 38 -- The Rubberization of Soul : The great pop music renaissance . ( Part 4 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography by Steve Huey '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie ( 2000 ) . Urban Spacemen and Wayfaring Strangers . Hal Leondard Corporation . ISBN 9781617744815 . Jump up ^ `` Best Songs with Bassoon '' . Democratic Underground . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 392 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 178 . Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 209 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Winchester Cathedral by New Vaudeville Band Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com. 1966 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Lister , David , Pop ballads bite back in lyrical fashion , The Independent , 28 May 1994 Jump up ^ http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/2016/03/04/winchester-cathedral-re-released-50-years-on/ Preceded by `` Poor Side of Town '' by Johnny Rivers Canadian RPM 100 number - one single November 28 -- December 5 , 1966 Succeeded by `` Lady Godiva '' by Peter & Gordon Preceded by `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' by The Supremes US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single December 3 , 1966 December 17 -- 24 , 1966 Succeeded by `` Good Vibrations '' by The Beach Boys `` I 'm A Believer '' by The Monkees Preceded by `` The Wheel of Hurt '' by Margaret Whiting US Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single December 3 , 1966 Succeeded by `` That 's Life '' by Frank Sinatra Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winchester_Cathedral_(song)&oldid=790051438 '' Categories : 1966 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Geoff Stephens Petula Clark songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Fontana Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2017 , at 08 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the song winchester cathedral come out
[ "\"Winchester Cathedral\" is a song by The New Vaudeville Band, a British novelty group established by the song's composer, Geoff Stephens, and was released in late 1966 by Fontana Records." ]
[ "1966" ]
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Deep in the Heart of Texas
Deep in the Heart of Texas - wikipedia Deep in the Heart of Texas For the film , see Deep in the Heart of Texas ( film ) . `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' Single by Perry Como with Ted Weems and His Orchestra B - side `` Ollie Ollie Outs in Free '' Released 1942 ( 1942 ) Format 78 rpm record Recorded December 1941 , Los Angeles Genre Country & western Length 2 : 42 Label Decca Composer ( s ) Don Swander Lyricist ( s ) June Hershey `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' is an American popular song about Texas . The 1941 song features lyrics by June Hershey and music by Don Swander . There were no fewer than five versions in the Billboard charts in 1942 . `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' spent five weeks at the top of Your Hit Parade in 1942 during its twelve weeks stay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable recordings 1.1 1942 chart recordings 1.2 Other notable versions 2 Film appearances 3 Other usage 4 See also 5 References Notable recordings ( edit ) 1942 chart recordings ( edit ) Alvino Rey and his Orchestra ( vocal by Bill Schallen and Skeets Herfurt ) , recorded November 21 , 1941 , Bluebird 11391 ) - this topped the Billboard charts in 1942 during a ten - week stay . Ted Weems and His Orchestra ( vocal by Perry Como - recorded on December 9 , 1941 for Decca Records in Los Angeles , California . It was a single release ( 4138 A ) on the flip side of the song `` Ollie Ollie Out 's in Free . '' This also charted with a peak position of # 23 . The Merry Macs - recorded December 23 , 1941 for Decca Records , catalogue No. 4136 . Chart position peak No. 11 Bing Crosby with Woody Herman and his Woodchoppers ( recorded January 18 , 1942 , Decca 4162 ) This reached the No. 3 spot in the charts in 1942 . Horace Heidt 's Musical Knights - recorded January 28 , 1942 , Columbia 36525 - this achieved a top position of No. 7 . Other notable versions ( edit ) Tommy Tucker ( February 2 , 1942 , Okeh 6583 ) Gene Autry recorded February 24 , 1942 for Okeh Records 6643 . Bob Grant and His Orchestra - included in the album Songs Of Our Times 1942 ( 1959 ) Freddy Cannon on his debut 1960 album The Explosive Freddy Cannon . Ray Charles - included in his album The Genius Hits the Road ( 1960 ) Duane Eddy - his 1962 single reached No. 78 in the Billboard charts . Hank Thompson - included in the album The Best Of Hank Thompson . Vol. 2 ( 1967 ) Kidsongs on their `` Yankee Doodle Dandy '' , VHS , DVD , and album George Strait included in the album For the Last Time : Live from the Astrodome ( 2003 ) Nickel Creek - recorded for his album Little Cowpoke ( 2003 ) Film appearances ( edit ) 1942 The song 's title was borrowed for the name of a 1942 Western film of the same name starring Johnny Mack Brown as a man instrumental in restoring Texas to the United States following the American Civil War . It featured Tex Ritter and the Jimmy Wakely Trio singing the title song . 1942 Gene Autry , Smiley Burnette , and Joe Strauch Jr. sang the song in Heart of the Rio Grande ( 1942 ) . 1944 Wing and a Prayer - Sung by William Eythe in the cockpit of a fighter plane as a gun test with machine gun blasts for the handclaps . 1950 I 'll Get By - Performed by June Haver and Gloria DeHaven with the Harry James Orchestra . 1952 With a Song in My Heart 1985 Part of the chorus is sung by Pee - wee Herman in Pee - wee 's Big Adventure ( with the claps performed by passerby ) to prove he 's in Texas Other usage ( edit ) The Kidsongs Kids ' ancestors sing this song on Sing Out , America ! . The University of Texas Longhorn Band performs the song during each football pregame at Darrell K. Royal - Texas Memorial Stadium ; The Spirit of Houston Cougar Marching Band often performs the tune for home football games and the Texas Christian University Horned Frog Marching Band performs an arrangement before each game at Amon G. Carter Stadium . Fans sing `` Take Me Out to the Ballgame '' , followed by `` Deep In the Heart of Texas '' during the seventh - inning stretch of Houston Astros , San Antonio Missions , Rice Owls , and Houston Cougars baseball games , and in the middle of the fifth inning at Texas Rangers games . It is also played after every victorious San Antonio Spurs game . It is also played during a water break during Houston Dynamo games . In 1942 , the BBC banned the song during working hours on the grounds that its infectious melody might cause wartime factory - hands to neglect their tools while they clapped in time with the song . Country music singer and native Texan George Strait has the song played before he gets on stage . See also ( edit ) `` The Yellow Rose of Texas '' Culture of Texas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith , Kathleen E.R. God Bless America : Tin Pan Alley Goes to War . The University Press of Kentucky . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2256 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 491 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Perry Como Discography '' . kokomo.ca . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orodenker , M.H. ( February 28 , 1942 ) . `` On the Records '' . Billboard . p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orodenker , M.H. ( March 7 , 1942 ) . `` On the Records '' . Billboard . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pentis , Andrew . `` Stadium Songs - Houston Astros '' . ESPN.com . ESPN.com . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ French , Philip ( August 9 , 2008 ) . `` The golden age of BBC censorship ; Ex-radio producer Philip French recalls Auntie 's strangest strictures '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Surrender '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito hide Bing Crosby Discography Filmography Albums Music of Hawaii ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Patriotic Songs for Children ( 1939 ) Cowboy Songs ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . Two ( 1939 ) George Gershwin Songs , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Ballad for Americans ( 1940 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs ( 1940 ) Christmas Music ( 1940 ) Star Dust ( 1940 ) Hawaii Calls ( 1941 ) Small Fry ( 1941 ) Crosbyana ( 1941 ) Under Western Skies ( 1941 ) Song Hits from Holiday Inn ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1942 ) Merry Christmas ( 1945 ) Selections from Going My Way ( 1945 ) Selections from The Bells of St. Mary 's ( 1946 ) Do n't Fence Me In ( 1946 ) The Happy Prince ( 1946 ) Selections from Road to Utopia ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Stephen Foster ( 1946 ) What We So Proudly Hail ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . One ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . Two ( 1946 ) Blue Skies ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Jerome Kern ( 1946 ) St. Patrick 's Day ( 1947 ) Bing Crosby -- Victor Herbert ( 1947 ) Selections from Welcome Stranger ( 1947 ) Our Common Heritage ( 1947 ) El Bingo ( 1947 ) The Small One ( 1947 ) The Man Without a Country ( 1947 ) Drifting and Dreaming ( 1947 ) Blue of the Night ( 1948 ) Selections from Showboat ( 1948 ) The Emperor Waltz ( 1948 ) St. Valentine 's Day ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Al Jolson , Bob Hope , Dick Haymes and the Andrews Sisters ( 1948 ) Selections from Road to Rio ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Judy Garland , Mary Martin , Johnny Mercer ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Lionel Hampton , Eddie Heywood , Louis Jordan ( 1948 ) Auld Lang Syne ( 1948 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1949 ) Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1949 ) Christmas Greetings ( 1949 ) Ichabod -- The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1949 ) Top o ' the Morning / Emperor Waltz ( 1949 ) Songs from Mr. Music ( 1950 ) Go West Young Man ( 1950 ) Le Bing : Song Hits of Paris ( 1953 ) Some Fine Old Chestnuts ( 1954 ) Selections from White Christmas ( 1954 ) Bing : A Musical Autobiography ( 1954 ) High Tor ( 1956 ) A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World ( 1956 ) High Society ( w / Frank Sinatra , Grace Kelly , and Louis Armstrong ) ( 1956 ) Songs I Wish I Had Sung the First Time Around ( 1956 ) Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings ( 1956 ) Bing with a Beat ( 1957 ) A Christmas Story ( 1957 ) Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves ( 1957 ) Never Be Afraid ( 1957 ) Jack B. Nimble -- A Mother Goose Fantasy ( 1957 ) New Tricks ( 1957 ) Fancy Meeting You Here ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1958 ) How the West Was Won ( 1959 ) Bing & Satchmo ( w / Louis Armstrong ) ( 1960 ) 101 Gang Songs ( 1960 ) Holiday in Europe ( 1960 ) The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) On the Happy Side ( 1962 ) On the Sentimental Side ( 1962 ) I Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1962 ) Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre ( 1963 ) Return to Paradise Islands ( 1963 ) Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits ( 1963 ) America , I Hear You Singing ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) 12 Songs of Christmas ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) That Travelin ' Two - Beat ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1965 ) Bing ' n ' Basie ( w / Count Basie ) ( 1972 ) A Couple of Song and Dance Men ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1975 ) Seasons ( 1977 ) Bing Crosby : The Voice of Christmas ( 1998 ) Family Dixie Lee ( first wife ) Gary Crosby ( son ) Dennis Crosby ( son ) Phillip Crosby ( son ) Lindsay Crosby ( son ) Kathryn Crosby ( second wife ) Harry Crosby ( son ) Mary Crosby ( daughter ) Nathaniel Crosby ( son ) Denise Crosby ( granddaughter ) Larry Crosby ( brother ) Bob Crosby ( brother ) Related Songs Bing Crosby recorded multiple times A Tribute to Bing Crosby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_in_the_Heart_of_Texas&oldid=832399161 '' Categories : 1941 songs American folk songs Children 's songs Western music ( North America ) Texas culture Songs about Texas Okeh Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 19 : 31 . 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who originally sang deep in the heart of texas
[ "\nAlvino Rey and his Orchestra (vocal by Bill Schallen and Skeets Herfurt), recorded November 21, 1941, Bluebird 11391)[2] - this topped the Billboard charts in 1942 during a ten-week stay.[3]\nTed Weems and His Orchestra (vocal by Perry Como - recorded on December 9, 1941 for Decca Records in Los Angeles, California. It was a single release (4138 A) on the flip side of the song \"Ollie Ollie Out's in Free.\"[4] This also charted with a peak position of #23.[3]\nThe Merry Macs - recorded December 23, 1941 for Decca Records, catalogue No. 4136.[5] Chart position peak No. 11[3]\nBing Crosby with Woody Herman and his Woodchoppers (recorded January 18, 1942,[6] Decca 4162)[7] This reached the No. 3 spot in the charts in 1942.[3]\nHorace Heidt's Musical Knights - recorded January 28, 1942, Columbia 36525[8] - this achieved a top position of No.7.[3]\n" ]
[ "Perry Como" ]
-3723478913830643345
Las Vegas
Las Vegas - Wikipedia Las Vegas Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city proper . For the metropolitan area , see Las Vegas Valley . For the tourist destination , see Las Vegas Strip . For other uses , see Las Vegas ( disambiguation ) . `` Vegas '' redirects here . For other uses , see Vegas ( disambiguation ) . Las Vegas , Nevada City City of Las Vegas Clockwise from top : Downtown Las Vegas skyline , Stratosphere Tower , Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health , Clark County Government Center , World Market Center , Las Vegas Springs Preserve Flag Seal Etymology : Spanish : Las vegas ( The meadows ) Nickname ( s ) : `` Vegas '' , `` Sin City '' , `` City of Lights '' , `` The Gambling Capital of the World '' , `` The Entertainment Capital of the World '' , `` Capital of Second Chances '' , `` The Marriage Capital of the World '' , `` The Silver City '' , `` America 's Playground '' Location of the city of Las Vegas within Clark County , Nevada Las Vegas , Nevada Location in the contiguous United States Coordinates : 36 ° 10 ′ 30 '' N 115 ° 08 ′ 11 '' W  /  36.17500 ° N 115.13639 ° W  / 36.17500 ; - 115.13639 Coordinates : 36 ° 10 ′ 30 '' N 115 ° 08 ′ 11 '' W  /  36.17500 ° N 115.13639 ° W  / 36.17500 ; - 115.13639 Country United States State Nevada County Clark Founded May 15 , 1905 Incorporated March 16 , 1911 Government Type Council -- manager Mayor Carolyn Goodman ( I ) Mayor Pro Tem Steve Ross ( D ) City manager Betsy Fretwell Area City 135.8 sq mi ( 352 km ) Land 135.8 sq mi ( 352 km ) Water 0.05 sq mi ( 0.1 km ) Elevation 2,001 ft ( 610 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 583,756 Estimate ( 2016 ) 632,912 Density 4,300 / sq mi ( 1,700 / km ) Urban 1,314,356 Metro 1,951,269 CSA 2,362,015 ( US : 27th ) Demonym ( s ) Las Vegan Time zone PST ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) Area code ( s ) 702 & 725 FIPS code 32 - 40000 GNIS feature ID 0847388 Website www.lasvegasnevada.gov Las Vegas ( / lɑːs ˈveɪɡəs / , Spanish for `` The Meadows '' ) , officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas , is the 28th-most populated city in the United States , the most populated city in the state of Nevada , and the county seat of Clark County . The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert . Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city , known primarily for its gambling , shopping , fine dining , entertainment , and nightlife . The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial , commercial , and cultural center for Nevada . The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World , and is famous for its mega casino -- hotels and associated activities . It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry , claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any other city in the world . Today , Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations . The city 's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City , and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature , films , television programs , and music videos . Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911 . At the close of the 20th century , it was the most populated American city founded within that century ( a similar distinction earned by Chicago in the 1800s ) . Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s , and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled , increasing by 85.2 % . Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century , and according to a 2013 estimate , the population is 603,488 with a regional population of 2,027,828 . `` Las Vegas '' is often used to describe areas beyond official city limits -- especially the areas on and near the Las Vegas Strip , which is actually located within the unincorporated communities of Paradise , Winchester , and Enterprise . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Nearby communities 3 Demographics 4 Economy 4.1 Tourism 4.1. 1 Downtown casinos 4.1. 2 Las Vegas Strip 4.2 Development 5 Culture 6 Sports 6.1 Las Vegas sports teams 7 Parks and recreation 8 Government 8.1 City council 9 Education 9.1 Primary and secondary schools 9.2 Colleges and universities 10 Transportation 11 Notable people 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links History Main articles : History of Las Vegas and Timeline of Las Vegas Southern Paiutes at Moapa wearing traditional Paiute basket hats with Paiute cradleboard and rabbit robe Golden Nugget and Pioneer Club along Fremont Street in 1952 Fremont Street in the late 1960s This view of downtown Las Vegas shows a mushroom cloud in the background . Scenes such as this were typical during the 1950s . From 1951 to 1962 the government conducted 100 atmospheric tests at the nearby Nevada Test Site . Perhaps the earliest visitors to the Las Vegas area were nomadic Paleo - Indians , who traveled there 10,000 years ago , leaving behind petroglyphs . Anasazi and Paiute tribes followed at least 2,000 years ago . A young Mexican scout named Rafael Rivera is credited as the first non-Native American to encounter the valley , in 1829 . Trader Antonio Armijo led a 60 - man party along the Spanish Trail to Los Angeles , California in 1829 . The area was named Las Vegas , which is Spanish for `` the meadows , '' as it featured abundant wild grasses , as well as the desert spring waters needed by westward travelers . The year 1844 marked the arrival of John C. Frémont , whose writings helped lure pioneers to the area . Downtown Las Vegas 's Fremont Street is named after him . Eleven years later members of the LDS Church chose Las Vegas as the site to build a fort halfway between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles , where they would travel to gather supplies . The fort was abandoned several years afterward . The remainder of this Old Mormon Fort can still be seen at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue . Las Vegas was founded as a city in 1905 , when 110 acres ( 45 ha ) of land adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks were auctioned in what would become the downtown area . In 1911 , Las Vegas was incorporated as a city . 1931 was a pivotal year for Las Vegas . At that time , Nevada legalized casino gambling and reduced residency requirements for divorce to six weeks . This year also witnessed the beginning of construction on nearby Hoover Dam . The influx of construction workers and their families helped Las Vegas avoid economic calamity during the Great Depression . The construction work was completed in 1935 . In 1941 , the Las Vegas Army Air Corps Gunnery School was established . Currently known as Nellis Air Force Base , it is home to the aerobatic team called the Thunderbirds . Following World War II , lavishly decorated hotels , gambling casinos , and big - name entertainment became synonymous with Las Vegas . In the 1950s the Moulin Rouge opened and became the first racially integrated casino - hotel in Las Vegas . In 1951 , nuclear weapons testing began at the Nevada Test Site , 65 miles ( 105 km ) northwest of Las Vegas . City residents and visitors were able to witness the mushroom clouds ( and were exposed to the fallout ) until 1963 , when the limited Test Ban Treaty required that nuclear tests be moved underground . The iconic `` Welcome to Las Vegas '' sign , which was never located in the city , was created in 1959 by Betty Willis . During the 1960s , corporations and business powerhouses such as Howard Hughes were building and buying hotel - casino properties . Gambling was referred to as `` gaming '' which transitioned into legitimate business . The year 1995 marked the opening of the Fremont Street Experience in Las Vegas 's downtown area . This canopied five - block area features 12.5 million LED lights and 550,000 watts of sound from dusk until midnight during shows held on the top of each hour . Due to the realization of many revitalization efforts , 2012 was dubbed `` The Year of Downtown . '' Hundreds of millions of dollars ' worth of projects made their debut at this time . They included The Smith Center for the Performing Arts and DISCOVERY Children 's Museum , Mob Museum , Neon Museum , a new City Hall complex and renovations for a new Zappos.com corporate headquarters in the old City Hall building . Geography Astronaut photograph of Las Vegas at night Las Vegas is situated within Clark County in a basin on the floor of the Mojave Desert and is surrounded by mountain ranges on all sides . Much of the landscape is rocky and arid with desert vegetation and wildlife . It can be subjected to torrential flash floods , although much has been done to mitigate the effects of flash floods through improved drainage systems . The peaks surrounding Las Vegas reach elevations of over 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and act as barriers to the strong flow of moisture from the surrounding area . The elevation is approximately 2,030 ft ( 620 m ) above sea level . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 135.86 sq mi ( 351.9 km ) , of which 135.81 sq mi ( 351.7 km ) is land and 0.05 sq mi ( 0.13 km ) ( 0.03 % ) is water . Nevada is the third most seismically active state in the U.S. ( after Alaska and California ) ; it has been estimated by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) that over the next 50 years there is a 10 -- 20 % chance of a M6. 0 or greater earthquake occurring within 50 km of Las Vegas . Within the city there are many lawns , trees and other greenery . Due to water resource issues , there has been a movement to encourage xeriscapes . Another part of conservation efforts is scheduled watering days for residential landscaping . A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency grant in 2008 funded a program that analyzed and forecast growth and environmental impacts through the year 2019 . Climate Desert scene at the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area in the Las Vegas area Spring flowers at the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area in the Las Vegas area Las Vegas has a subtropical hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification : BWh ) , typical of the Mojave Desert in which it lies . This climate is typified by long , very hot summers ; warm transitional seasons ; and short , mild to chilly winters . There is abundant sunshine throughout the year , with an average of 310 sunny days and bright sunshine occurring during 86 % of all daylight hours . Rainfall is scarce , with an average of 4.2 in ( 110 mm ) dispersed between roughly 26 to 27 total rainy days per year . Las Vegas is among the sunniest , driest , and least humid locations in all of North America , with exceptionally low dew points and humidity that sometimes remains below 10 % . The summer months of June through September are very hot , though moderated by extremely low humidity . July is the hottest month with an average daytime high of 104.2 ° F ( 40.1 ° C ) . On average , 134 days per year reach or exceed 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , of which 74 days reach 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) and 7 days reach 110 ° F ( 43 ° C ) . During the peak intensity of summer , overnight lows frequently remain above 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) and occasionally above 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) . While most summer days are consistently hot , dry , and cloudless , the North American Monsoon sporadically interrupts this pattern and brings more cloud cover , thunderstorms , lightning , increased humidity , and brief spells of heavy rain to the area . The window of opportunity for the monsoon to affect Las Vegas usually falls between July and August , although this is inconsistent and varies considerably in its impact from year to year . Las Vegas winters are short and generally very mild , with chilly ( but rarely cold ) daytime temperatures . Like all seasons , sunshine during the winter is abundant . December is both the coolest and cloudiest month of the year , with an average daytime high of 56.6 ° F ( 13.7 ° C ) and sunshine occurring during 78 % of its daylight hours . Winter evenings are defined by clear skies and swift drops in temperature after sunset , with overnight lows sinking to 39 ° F ( 3.9 ° C ) or lower during the majority of nights in December and January . Owing to its elevation that ranges from 2,000 feet to 3,000 feet , Las Vegas experiences markedly cooler winters than other areas of the Mojave Desert and the adjacent Sonoran Desert that are closer to sea level . Consequently , the city records freezing temperatures an average of 16 nights per winter . However , it is exceptionally rare for temperatures to ever fall to or below 25 ° F ( − 4 ° C ) , or for temperatures to remain below 45 ° F ( 7 ° C ) for an entire day . Most of the annual precipitation falls during the winter months , but even the wettest month ( February ) averages only four days of measurable rain . The mountains immediately surrounding the Las Vegas Valley accumulate snow every winter , but significant or sustained accumulation of any kind within the city itself is rare . The most recent major event occurred on December 16 , 2008 , when Las Vegas received 3.6 inches ( 9.1 cm ) . ( show ) Climate data for McCarran International Airport ( Paradise , Nevada ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1937 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 77 ( 25 ) 87 ( 31 ) 92 ( 33 ) 99 ( 37 ) 109 ( 43 ) 117 ( 47 ) 117 ( 47 ) 116 ( 47 ) 113 ( 45 ) 103 ( 39 ) 87 ( 31 ) 78 ( 26 ) 117 ( 47 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 68.2 ( 20.1 ) 74.5 ( 23.6 ) 83.4 ( 28.6 ) 93.0 ( 33.9 ) 101.4 ( 38.6 ) 109.4 ( 43 ) 112.4 ( 44.7 ) 109.7 ( 43.2 ) 104.6 ( 40.3 ) 93.7 ( 34.3 ) 79.7 ( 26.5 ) 66.9 ( 19.4 ) 112.9 ( 44.9 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 58.0 ( 14.4 ) 62.5 ( 16.9 ) 70.3 ( 21.3 ) 78.3 ( 25.7 ) 88.9 ( 31.6 ) 98.7 ( 37.1 ) 104.2 ( 40.1 ) 102.0 ( 38.9 ) 94.0 ( 34.4 ) 80.6 ( 27 ) 66.3 ( 19.1 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 80.1 ( 26.7 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 48.7 ( 9.3 ) 52.9 ( 11.6 ) 59.9 ( 15.5 ) 67.2 ( 19.6 ) 77.3 ( 25.2 ) 86.7 ( 30.4 ) 92.5 ( 33.6 ) 90.6 ( 32.6 ) 82.6 ( 28.1 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 56.4 ( 13.6 ) 47.7 ( 8.7 ) 69.4 ( 20.8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 39.4 ( 4.1 ) 43.4 ( 6.3 ) 49.4 ( 9.7 ) 56.1 ( 13.4 ) 65.8 ( 18.8 ) 74.6 ( 23.7 ) 80.9 ( 27.2 ) 79.3 ( 26.3 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 58.5 ( 14.7 ) 46.5 ( 8.1 ) 38.7 ( 3.7 ) 58.7 ( 14.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 28.0 ( − 2.2 ) 30.6 ( − 0.8 ) 36.6 ( 2.6 ) 43.5 ( 6.4 ) 51.7 ( 10.9 ) 59.8 ( 15.4 ) 70.4 ( 21.3 ) 69.1 ( 20.6 ) 58.4 ( 14.7 ) 45.8 ( 7.7 ) 32.8 ( 0.4 ) 26.8 ( − 2.9 ) 24.7 ( − 4.1 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 8 ( − 13 ) 16 ( − 9 ) 19 ( − 7 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 38 ( 3 ) 48 ( 9 ) 56 ( 13 ) 54 ( 12 ) 43 ( 6 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 11 ( − 12 ) 8 ( − 13 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.54 ( 13.7 ) 0.76 ( 19.3 ) 0.44 ( 11.2 ) 0.15 ( 3.8 ) 0.12 ( 3 ) 0.07 ( 1.8 ) 0.40 ( 10.2 ) 0.33 ( 8.4 ) 0.25 ( 6.4 ) 0.27 ( 6.9 ) 0.36 ( 9.1 ) 0.50 ( 12.7 ) 4.19 ( 106.4 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 3.1 4.0 2.9 1.6 0.6 2.5 2.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 3.0 26.5 Average relative humidity ( % ) 45.1 39.6 33.1 25.0 21.3 16.5 21.1 25.6 25.0 28.8 37.2 45.0 30.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 245.2 246.7 314.6 346.1 388.1 401.7 390.9 368.5 337.1 304.4 246.0 236.0 3,825.3 Percent possible sunshine 79 81 85 88 89 92 88 88 91 87 80 78 86 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Nearby communities The entrance to the community of Summerlin . Affluent neighborhoods are located throughout the Las Vegas Valley . Above is the entrance to MacDonald Highlands . Henderson , Nevada , incorporated North Las Vegas , Nevada , incorporated Summerlin , Nevada , unincorporated Paradise , Nevada , unincorporated Enterprise , Nevada , unincorporated Sunrise Manor , Nevada , unincorporated Spring Valley , Nevada , unincorporated Boulder City , Nevada , incorporated Demographics Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1900 25 -- 1910 800 3,100.0 % 1920 2,304 188.0 % 1930 5,165 124.2 % 1940 8,422 63.1 % 1950 24,624 192.4 % 1960 64,405 161.6 % 1970 125,787 95.3 % 1980 164,674 30.9 % 1990 258,295 56.9 % 2000 478,434 85.2 % 583,756 22.0 % Est. 2016 632,912 8.4 % source : ( hide ) Demographic profile 2000 1990 1970 White 62.1 % 69.9 % 78.4 % 87.6 % -- Non-Hispanic 47.9 % 58.0 % 72.1 % 83.1 % Black or African American 11.1 % 10.4 % 11.4 % 11.2 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 31.5 % 23.6 % 12.5 % 4.6 % Asian 6.1 % 4.8 % 3.6 % 0.7 % Map of racial distribution in Las Vegas , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian Hispanic , or Other ( yellow ) According to the 2010 Census , the racial composition of Las Vegas was as follows : White : 62.1 % ( Non-Hispanic Whites : 47.9 % ; Hispanic Whites : 14.2 % ) Black or African American : 11.1 % Asian : 6.1 % ( 3.3 % Filipino , 0.7 % Chinese , 0.5 % Korean , 0.4 % Japanese , 0.4 % Indian , 0.2 % Vietnamese , 0.2 % Thai ) Two or more races : 4.9 % Native American : 0.7 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander : 0.6 % Source : The city 's most populous ethnic group , non-Hispanic Whites , have proportionally declined from 72.1 % of the population in 1990 to 47.9 % in 2010 , even as total numbers of all ethnicities have increased with the population . Hispanics or Latinos of any race make up 31.5 % of the population . Of those 24.0 % are of Mexican , 1.4 % of Salvadoran , 0.9 % of Puerto Rican , 0.9 % of Cuban , 0.6 % of Guatemalan , 0.2 % of Peruvian , 0.2 % of Colombian , 0.2 % of Honduran and 0.2 % of Nicaraguan descent . Hawaiians and Las Vegans sometimes refer to Las Vegas as the `` ninth island of Hawaii '' because so many Hawaiians have moved to the city . As of the census of 2010 , there were 583,756 people , 211,689 households , and 117,538 families residing in the city . The population density was 4,222.5 / sq mi ( 1,630.3 / km ) . There are 190,724 housing units at an average density of 1,683.3 / sq mi ( 649.9 / km ) . Downtown Las Vegas with Red Rock Canyon in the background . As of 2006 , there were 176,750 households , out of which 31.9 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 48.3 % were married couples living together , 12.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 33.5 % were non-families. 25.0 % of all households were made up of individuals and 7.5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.20 . In the city , the population was spread out with 25.9 % under the age of 18 , 8.8 % from 18 to 24 , 32.0 % from 25 to 44 , 21.7 % from 45 to 64 , and 11.6 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 34 years . For every 100 females there were 103.3 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 102.5 males . The median income for a household in the city was $53,000 and the median income for a family was $58,465 . Males had a median income of $35,511 versus $27,554 for females . The per capita income for the city was $22,060 . About 6.6 % of families and 8.9 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.4 % of those under age 18 and 6.3 % of those age 65 or over . According to a 2004 study , Las Vegas has one of the highest divorce rates . The city 's high divorce rate is not wholly due to Las Vegans themselves getting divorced . Since divorce is easier in Nevada than most other states , many people come from across the country for the easier process . Similarly , Nevada marriages are notoriously easy to get . Las Vegas has one of the highest marriage rates of U.S. cities , with many licenses issued to people from outside the area ( see Las Vegas weddings ) . Economy The primary drivers of the Las Vegas economy are tourism , gaming and conventions , which in turn feed the retail and restaurant industries . Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas Sign , welcoming tourists to the city Tourism World Market Center Building A Golden Nugget Las Vegas The Las Vegas Strip , primarily located in Paradise . A view of the Las Vegas Valley looking north from the Stratosphere Tower The major attractions in Las Vegas are the casinos and the hotels , although in recent years other new attractions have begun to emerge . Most casinos in the downtown area are located on the Fremont Street Experience , The Stratosphere being one of the exceptions . Fremont East , adjacent to the Fremont Street Experience , was granted variances to allow bars to be closer together , similar to the Gaslamp Quarter of San Diego , the goal being to attract a different demographic than the Strip attracts . Downtown casinos Main article : Downtown ( Nevada gaming area ) The Golden Gate Hotel & Casino , located downtown along the Fremont Street Experience , is the oldest continuously operating hotel and casino in Las Vegas ; it opened in 1906 as the Hotel Nevada . The year 1931 marked the opening of the Northern Club ( now the La Bayou ) . The most notable of the early casinos may have been Binion 's Horseshoe ( now Binion 's Gambling Hall and Hotel ) while it was run by Benny Binion . Boyd Gaming has a major presence downtown operating the California Hotel & Casino , Fremont Hotel & Casino and the Main Street Casino . Other casinos operations include the Four Queens Hotel & Casino , Las Vegas Club ( currently undergoing renovation ) and Mermaid 's Casino , which are also located downtown along the Fremont Street Experience . Downtown casinos that have undergone major renovations and revitalization in recent years include the Golden Nugget Hotel & Casino , The D Las Vegas Hotel Casino ( formerly Fitzgerald 's ) , Downtown Grand ( formerly Lady Luck ) , El Cortez Hotel & Casino and The Plaza Hotel & Casino . Las Vegas Strip Main article : Las Vegas Strip The center of the gambling and entertainment industry , however , is located on the Las Vegas Strip , outside the city limits in the surrounding unincorporated communities of Paradise and Winchester in Clark County . The largest and most notable casinos and buildings are located there . Development See also : List of tallest buildings in Las Vegas When The Mirage opened in 1989 , it started a trend of major resort development on the Las Vegas Strip outside of the city . This resulted in a drop in tourism in the downtown area , but many recent projects have increased the number of visitors to downtown . An effort has been made by city officials to diversify the economy by attracting health - related , high - tech and other commercial interests . No state tax for individuals or corporations , as well as a lack of other forms of business - related taxes , have aided the success of these efforts . With the Strip expansion in the 1990s , downtown Las Vegas -- which has maintained an old Las Vegas feel -- began to suffer . However , in recent years the city has made strides in turning around the fortunes of this urban area . The Fremont Street Experience was built in an effort to draw tourists back to the area , and has been popular since its startup in 1995 . The city purchased 61 acres ( 25 ha ) of property from the Union Pacific Railroad in 1995 with the goal of creating a better draw for more people to the downtown area . In 2004 , Las Vegas Mayor Oscar Goodman announced plans for Symphony Park , which could include a mixture of offerings , such as residential space and office buildings . Already operating in Symphony Park is the Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health ( opened in 2010 ) , The Smith Center for the Performing Arts ( opened in 2012 ) and the DISCOVERY Children 's Museum ( opened in 2013 ) . On land across from Symphony Park , the World Market Center Las Vegas opened in 2005 . It currently encompasses three large buildings with a total of 5.1 million square feet . Trade shows for the furniture and furnishing industries are held there semiannually . Also located nearby is the Las Vegas North Premium Outlets , one of the top - performing outlet centers in its company 's portfolio . A second expansion was completed in May 2015 , with the mall currently offering 175 stores . A new Las Vegas City Hall opened in February 2013 on downtown 's Main Street , another urban area ripe for development . The former City Hall building is now occupied by the corporate headquarters for the major online retailer , Zappos.com , which opened downtown in 2013 . Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh has taken a personal , as well as a professional , interest in the urban area and has contributed $350 million of his personal wealth toward a multifaceted , private revitalization effort called the Downtown Project . Projects funded include Las Vegas 's first independent bookstore , The Writer 's Block . Culture Main article : Las Vegas Valley § Culture and the arts The Smith Center for the Performing Arts & Discovery Museum Symphony Park in Downtown Las Vegas . A large mural by artist Shepard Fairey is seen in the Arts District . The city is home to several museums , including the Neon Museum ( the location for many of the historical signs from Las Vegas 's mid-20th century heyday ) , The Mob Museum , the Las Vegas Natural History Museum , the DISCOVERY Children 's Museum , the Nevada State Museum and the Old Las Vegas Mormon State Historic Park . The city is home to an extensive Downtown Arts District , which hosts numerous galleries and events including the annual Las Vegas Film Festival . `` First Friday '' is a monthly celebration that includes arts , music , special presentations and food in a section of the city 's downtown region called 18b , The Las Vegas Arts District . The festival extends into the Fremont East Entertainment District as well . The Thursday prior to First Friday is known in the arts district as `` Preview Thursday . '' This evening event highlights new gallery exhibitions throughout the district . The Las Vegas Academy of International Studies , Performing and Visual Arts is a Grammy award - winning magnet school located in downtown Las Vegas . The Smith Center for the Performing Arts is situated downtown in Symphony Park . The world - class performing arts center hosts Broadway shows and other major touring attractions , as well as orchestral , opera , ballet , choir , jazz , and dance performances . Las Vegas is also known as the Gambling Capital of the World , as the city currently has the largest strip of land - based casinos in the world . Sports Main article : Sports in the Las Vegas metropolitan area See also : Nevada § Sports , and Reno § Sports Cashman Field is the home to the Las Vegas 51s . T - Mobile Arena , located in neighboring Paradise , is the home to the Vegas Golden Knights . The Las Vegas Valley is the home of one major league professional team , the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League , an expansion team that began play in the 2017 -- 18 NHL season out of T - Mobile Arena in nearby Paradise . The Oakland Raiders of the National Football League plan to relocate to the under - construction Las Vegas Stadium , also in Paradise , by the 2020 NFL season . The only minor league sports team that plays in the city of Las Vegas is the Las Vegas 51s of the Pacific Coast League , the AAA farm club of the New York Mets . In response to the original rumors of the eventual NHL expansion team in Las Vegas , ESPN writer Scott Burnside noted several obstacles that would be faced by the city if it were to become a professional sports market , including the presence of legal sports betting , scheduling conflicts with the large number of residents who work nighttime and overnight shifts , and that the casinos would be unlikely to give away tickets to such events as a promotion , as they run contrary to a goal of encouraging patrons to remain in their facilities . Las Vegas sports teams Major league professional teams Las Vegas Raiders , NFL ( Football ) Vegas Golden Knights , NHL ( Ice hockey ) Las Vegas WNBA team , WNBA ( Basketball ) Minor league professional teams Las Vegas 51s , MiLB ( AAA - PCL ) ( Baseball ) Las Vegas Lights FC , USL ( Soccer ) Amateur league teams Las Vegas City FC , UPSL ( Soccer ) Las Vegas Mobsters , UPSL ( Soccer ) Las Vegas SC , UPSL ( Soccer ) College teams UNLV Rebels , NCAA ( Various sports ) CSN Coyotes , NJCAA ( Various sports ) Parks and recreation Las Vegas has 68 parks . The city owns the land for , but does not operate , four golf courses : Angel Park Golf Club , Desert Pines Golf Club , Durango Hills Golf Club , and the Las Vegas Municipal Golf Course . It is also responsible for 123 playgrounds , 23 softball fields , 10 football fields , 44 soccer fields , 10 dog parks , six community centers , four senior centers , 109 skates parks , six swimming pools , and more . Government This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Las Vegas City Hall in downtown Las Vegas The city of Las Vegas government operates as a council -- manager government . The Mayor sits as a Council member - at - large and presides over all of the City Council meetings . In the event that the Mayor can not preside over a City Council meeting , the Mayor Pro-Tem is the presiding officer of the meeting until such time as the Mayor returns to his / her seat . The City Manager is responsible for the administration and the day - to - day operations of all municipal services and city departments . The City Manager maintains intergovernmental relationships with federal , state , county and other local governments . Much of the Las Vegas metropolitan area is split into neighboring incorporated cities or unincorporated communities . Approximately 700,000 people live in unincorporated areas governed by Clark County , and another 465,000 live in incorporated cities such as North Las Vegas , Henderson and Boulder City . Las Vegas and Clark County share a police department , the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department , which was formed after a 1973 merger of the Las Vegas Police Department and the Clark County Sheriff 's Department . North Las Vegas , Henderson , Boulder City and some colleges have their own police departments . A Paiute Indian reservation occupies about 1 acre ( 0.40 ha ) in the downtown area . Las Vegas , home to the Lloyd D. George Federal District Courthouse and the Regional Justice Center , draws numerous companies providing bail , marriage , divorce , tax , incorporation and other legal services . City council This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2017 ) Name Position Term ends References Notes Carolyn Goodman Mayor 2015 Replaced her husband , Oscar Goodman , who was term - limited Lois Tarkanian 1st Ward Council member 2015 Steve Seroka 2nd Ward Council member 2017 Bob Coffin 3rd Ward Council member 2015 Stavros Anthony 4th Ward Council member 2017 Ricki Barlow 5th Ward Council member 2015 Michele Fiore 6th Ward Council member 2017 Education Main article : Las Vegas Valley § Education Primary and secondary schools Main article : Clark County School District Primary and secondary public education is provided by the Clark County School District , which is the fifth most populous school district in the nation . Students totaled 314,653 in grades K - 12 for school year 2013 -- 2014 . Colleges and universities The College of Southern Nevada ( the third largest community college in the United States by enrollment ) is the main higher education facility in the city . Other institutions include the University of Nevada School of Medicine , with a campus in the city , and the for - profit private school Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts . Educational opportunities exist around the city ; among them are the University of Nevada , Las Vegas and Nevada State College run by the Nevada System of Higher Education , Desert Research Institute , The International Academy of Design & Technology Las Vegas and Touro University Nevada . Transportation Main article : Transportation in Las Vegas Regional Transportation Commission ( RTC ) provides public transportation McCarran International Airport provides private and public aviation services to the city Inside Terminal 3 at McCarran International Airport , Paradise , Nevada RTC Transit is a public transportation system providing bus service throughout Las Vegas , Henderson , North Las Vegas and other areas of the valley . Inter-city bus service to and from Las Vegas is provided by Greyhound , BoltBus , Orange Belt Stages , Tufesa , and several smaller carriers . Amtrak trains have not served Las Vegas since the service via the Desert Wind was discontinued in 1997 . Though no Amtrak trains have served Las Vegas since the Desert Wind was cancelled in 1997 , Amtrak California operates Thruway Motorcoach dedicated service between the city and its passenger rail stations in Bakersfield , California , as well as Los Angeles Union Station via Barstow . A bus rapid - transit link in Las Vegas called the Strip & Downtown Express ( previously ACE Gold Line ) with limited stops and frequent service was launched in March 2010 , and connects downtown Las Vegas , the Strip and the Las Vegas Convention Center . With some exceptions , including Las Vegas Boulevard , Boulder Highway ( SR 582 ) and Rancho Drive ( SR 599 ) , the majority of surface streets in Las Vegas are laid out in a grid along Public Land Survey System section lines . Many are maintained by the Nevada Department of Transportation as state highways . The street numbering system is divided by the following streets : Westcliff Drive , US 95 Expressway , Fremont Street and Charleston Boulevard divide the north -- south block numbers from west to east . Las Vegas Boulevard divides the east -- west streets from the Las Vegas Strip to near the Stratosphere , then Main Street becomes the dividing line from the Stratosphere to the North Las Vegas border , after which the Goldfield Street alignment divides east and west . On the east side of Las Vegas , block numbers between Charleston Boulevard and Washington Avenue are different along Nellis Boulevard , which is the eastern border of the city limits . Interstates 15 , 515 , and US 95 lead out of the city in four directions . Two major freeways -- Interstate 15 and Interstate 515 / U.S. Route 95 -- cross in downtown Las Vegas . I - 15 connects Las Vegas to Los Angeles , and heads northeast to and beyond Salt Lake City . I - 515 goes southeast to Henderson , beyond which US 93 continues over the Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge towards Phoenix , Arizona . US 95 connects the city to northwestern Nevada , including Carson City and Reno . US 93 splits from I - 15 northeast of Las Vegas and goes north through the eastern part of the state , serving Ely and Wells . US 95 heads south from US 93 near Henderson through far eastern California . A partial beltway has been built , consisting of Interstate 215 on the south and Clark County 215 on the west and north . Other radial routes include Blue Diamond Road ( SR 160 ) to Pahrump and Lake Mead Boulevard ( SR 147 ) to Lake Mead . East -- west roads , north to south Ann Road Craig Road ( SR 573 ) Cheyenne Avenue ( SR 574 ) Smoke Ranch Road Washington Avenue ( SR 578 ) Summerlin Parkway Bonanza Road ( SR 579 ) Charleston Boulevard ( SR 159 ) Sahara Avenue ( SR 589 ) North -- south roads , west to east Fort Apache Road Durango Drive Buffalo Drive Rainbow Boulevard ( SR 595 ) Jones Boulevard ( SR 596 ) Decatur Boulevard Valley View Boulevard Rancho Drive Maryland Parkway Eastern Avenue ( SR 607 ) Pecos Road Lamb Boulevard ( SR 610 ) Nellis Boulevard ( SR 612 ) McCarran International Airport handles international and domestic flights into the Las Vegas Valley . The airport also serves private aircraft and freight / cargo flights . Most general aviation traffic uses the smaller North Las Vegas Airport and Henderson Executive Airport . The Union Pacific Railroad is the only Class I railroad providing rail freight service to the city . Until 1997 , the Amtrak Desert Wind train service ran through Las Vegas using the Union Pacific Railroad tracks . Notable people Main article : List of people from Las Vegas See also Nevada portal United States portal List of films set in Las Vegas List of films shot in Las Vegas List of Las Vegas casinos that never opened List of mayors of Las Vegas List of television shows set in Las Vegas Radio stations in Las Vegas Television stations in Las Vegas Notes Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . References Jump up ^ Merriam Webster 's Geographical Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Merriam - Webster . 1997 . p. 633 . ISBN 9780877795469 . Jump up ^ `` Words and Their Stories : Nicknames for New Orleans and Las Vegas '' . VOA News . March 13 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lovitt , Rob ( December 15 , 2009 ) . `` Will the real Las Vegas please stand up ? '' . MSNBC . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( DP - 1 ) : Las Vegas city , Nevada '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , Charisse ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Top convention destinations : Orlando , Chicago , Las Vegas '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Nancy Trejos , USA TODAY ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` AAA chooses Five Diamond hotels , restaurants for 2014 '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Cities to Get Hired in Hospitality '' . Hcareers.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Visitation Estimates for U.S. States , Cities , and Census Regions : 2013 '' ( PDF ) . International Visitation in the United States . US Office of Travel and Tourism Industries , US Department of Commerce . May 2014 . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Most - Visited Tourist Attractions '' . Travel + Leisure . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Las Vegas city , Nevada ; count revision of 01 - 07 - 2013 '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joe Schoenmann ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Vegas not alone in wanting in on . vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . Jump up ^ `` County Turns 100 July 1 , Dubbed ' Centennial Day ' '' ( Press release ) . Clark County , Nevada . June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simon , Steven ; Bouville , Andre ( 2006 ) . `` Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Tests and Cancer Risks '' . American Scientist . American Scientist.org . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Exposures 50 years ago still have health implications today that will continue into the future . Jump up ^ Lake , Richard ( December 17 , 2008 ) . `` Road Warrior Q&A : Foliage removed for widening '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas , how did Las Vegas get its name , groundwater depletion , Victor Miguel Ponce '' . Lasvegas.sdsu.edu . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of Las Vegas '' . Lvol.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barbara Land , Myrick Land , `` A short history of Las Vegas '' , University of Nevada Press , 2004 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Clark County , NV -- FAQs / History '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HOW DID LAS VEGAS GET ITS NAME ? '' . HOW DID LAS VEGAS GET ITS NAME ? . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . City of Las Vegas . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simon , Steven ; Bouville , Andre ( 2006 ) . `` Cesium 137 deposition density resulting from the cumulative effect of the Nevada tests '' . American Scientist . American Scientist.org . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Deposition ... generally decreases with distance from the test site in the direction of the prevailing wind across North America , although isolated locations received significant deposition as a result of rainfall . Jump up ^ Simon , Steven ; Bouville , Andre ( 2006 ) . `` Wind shear ( variations in wind speed and direction with altitude ) causes fallout to spread over large areas . '' . American Scientist . American Scientist.org . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Trajectories of the fallout debris clouds across the U.S. are shown for four altitudes . Each dot indicates six hours . Jump up ^ `` A Neon Come - Hither , Still Able to Flirt '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Downtown Las Vegas Visitors Guide , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Geography of Las Vegas , Nevada '' . geography.about.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flood control a success -- Las Vegas Review - Journal '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Loss - Estimation Modeling of Earthquake Scenarios for Each County in Nevada Using HAZUS - MH '' ( PDF ) . Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology . Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology / University of Nevada , Reno . 23 February 2006 . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . `` Probability of an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 or greater occurring within 50 km in 50 years ( from USGS probabilistic seismic hazard analysis ) 10 -- 20 % chance for Las Vegas area , magnitude 6 '' ( p. 65 ) ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Source : National Weather Service Forecast Office , November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Cities With Low Humidity in the USA '' . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KLAS - TV on many broadcasts along with other stations broadcasts '' . Lasvegasnow.com . November 13 , 2007 . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : NV LAS VEGAS MCCARRAN AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for LAS VEGAS / MCCARRAN , NV 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Moffatt , Riley . Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns , 1850 -- 1990 . Lanham : Scarecrow , 1996 , 159 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More , Ranked by July 1 , 2013 Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 ( PEPANNRSIP ) '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas ( city ) , Nevada '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Race and Hispanic or Latino : 2000 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nevada -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample Jump up ^ `` Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) '' . Factfinder2.census.gov . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas , Nevada 2010 Census Profile '' . census.gov . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas : Bright Lights , Big City , Small Town '' . State of the Reunion . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . `` Census '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Most Stressful US City '' . City Mayors . January 10 , 2004 . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blakeslee , Sandra ( December 16 , 1997 ) . `` Health : Suicide Rate Higher in 3 Gambling Cities , Study Says '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rinella , Heidi Knapp ( July 27 , 2000 ) . `` New book raises questions about Silver State '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ `` Fremont Street Experience Brings Downtown Las Vegas Into Next Century '' . Fremont Street Experience . Retrieved December 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2013 Fiscal Year In Review , city of Las Vegas Economic and Urban Development Projects , `` A New Downtown Emerges . '' Jump up ^ `` LVRDA '' . Lvrda.org . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Symphony Park , Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Economic and Urban Development Agency . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Premium Outlets : Las Vegas '' . Premiumoutlets.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Downtown Project -- Revitalizing Downtown Las Vegas '' . Downtownproject.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Despite E-Books , Independent Bookstore Gambling on Downtown Las Vegas '' . Webcitation.org . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 18b Las Vegas Art District -- 18b '' . 18b.org . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First Friday Main Menu -- First Friday Las Vegas Network '' . Firstfridaylasvegas.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Preview Thursday '' . 18b.org . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Gambling Capital '' . vegasmobilecasino.co.uk . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heitner , Darren ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` The NHL Leads the Way in Bringing Pro Sports to Las Vegas '' . Inc.com . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL owners vote 31 -- 1 to approve Raiders move to Las Vegas '' . ESPN.com . March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burnside , Scott ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` Expansion a tricky game for NHL '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City of Las Vegas -- Find Parks and Facilities '' . Lasvegasnevada.gov . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Municipal Primary Election April 5 , 2011 '' . Clark County , Nevada . April 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Municipal Primary Election April 5 , 2011 '' . Clark County , Nevada . April 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Municipal General Election '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Source : city of Las Vegas Planning Department , MAY 2014 . Jump up ^ AIBRA -- Nevada Jump up ^ `` California - Train and Thruway service '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Green , Steve ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Lawsuit prompts RTC to drop ' ACE ' name from bus lines '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Most arterial roads are shown , as indicated on the Nevada Department of Transportation 's Roadway functional classification : Las Vegas urbanized area map . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Further reading Brigham , Jay . `` Reno , Las Vegas , and the Strip : A Tale of Three Cities . '' Western Historical Quarterly 46.4 ( 2015 ) : 529 -- 530 . Chung , Su Kim ( 2012 ) . Las Vegas Then and Now , Holt : Thunder Bay Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60710 - 582 - 4 Moehring , Eugene P. Resort City in the Sunbelt : Las Vegas , 1930 -- 2000 ( 2000 ) . Moehring , Eugene , `` The Urban Impact : Towns and Cities in Nevada 's History , '' Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 57 ( 2014 ) : 177 -- 200 . Rowley , Rex J. Everyday Las Vegas : Local Life in a Tourist Town ( 2013 ) Stierli , Martino ( 2013 ) . Las Vegas in the Rearview Mirror : The City in Theory , Photography , and Film , Los Angeles : Getty Publications , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60606 - 137 - 4 Venturi , Robert ( 1972 ) . Learning from Las Vegas : The Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form , Cambridge : MIT Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 26272 - 006 - 9 External links Find more aboutLas Vegasat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website `` The Making of Las Vegas '' ( historical timeline ) Geologic tour guide of the Las Vegas area from American Geological Institute National Weather Service Forecast -- Las Vegas , NV City of Las Vegas Las Vegas -- Paradise , NV MSA State of Nevada Architecture Flag History Timeline Landmarks Skyscrapers Sports Transportation Category WikiProject Municipalities and communities of Clark County , Nevada , United States County seat : Las Vegas Cities Boulder City Henderson Las Vegas Mesquite ‡ North Las Vegas CDPs Blue Diamond Bunkerville Cal - Nev - Ari Enterprise Goodsprings Indian Springs Laughlin Moapa Town Moapa Valley Mount Charleston Nellis AFB Nelson Paradise Sandy Valley Searchlight Spring Valley Summerlin South Sunrise Manor Whitney Winchester Unincorporated communities Arden Cactus Springs Cottonwood Cove Coyote Springs Crystal Glendale Jean Las Vegas Chinatown Lone Mountain Logandale Lower Kyle Canyon Mountain Springs Overton Primm Red Rock Riverside Sloan Summerlin Stewarts Point Township Las Vegas Ghost towns Alturas Bonelli 's Ferry Buster Falls Callville Colorado City El Dorado City Gold Butte Louisville Lucky Jim Camp Nelson 's Landing Potosi Quartette Rioville San Juan Simonsville St. Thomas Stone 's Ferry Saint Joseph Indian reservations Fort Mojave Indian Reservation ‡ Moapa River Indian Reservation Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas -- Paradise , NV MSA State of Nevada Transportation Airports McCarran International Airport North Las Vegas Airport Henderson Executive Airport Las Vegas Monorail RTC Transit Amtrak station ( defunct ) Arts and museums 18b The Las Vegas Arts District Southern Nevada Zoological - Botanical Park Symphony Park Smith Center for the Performing Arts Huntridge Theater Lance Burton Theatre Las Vegas Little Theater Smith Center for the Performing Arts The AXIS Museums in Clark County , Nevada Active Boulder City / Hoover Dam Museum Burlesque Hall of Fame Clark County Museum Discovery Children 's Museum Erotic Heritage Museum Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum Imperial Palace Auto Collection Las Vegas Gambling Museum Las Vegas Historical Society Las Vegas Natural History Museum Lost City Museum Madame Tussauds Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art Mob Museum National Atomic Testing Museum Neon Museum Nevada State Museum Nevada Southern Railroad Museum Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park Pinball Hall of Fame Shelby Museum Southern Nevada Museum of Fine Art Thunderbirds Museum Previous Elvis - A-Rama Museum Guinness World of Records Guggenheim Hermitage Museum History of the Future Museum Hollywood Movie Museum Las Vegas Art Museum Liberace Museum Star Trek : The Experience Sports T - Mobile Arena Sam Boyd Stadium Cashman Field Thomas & Mack Center Darling Tennis Center Bettye Wilson Soccer Complex Las Vegas Motor Speedway Las Vegas Stadium Las Vegas Ballpark Government Las Vegas City Hall Clark County Government Center Lloyd D. George Federal Courthouse Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Communities Cities Henderson Las Vegas North Las Vegas Census - designated places Blue Diamond Enterprise Paradise Spring Valley Summerlin South Sunrise Manor Whitney Winchester Neighborhoods Aliante Anthem / Anthem Country Club Chinatown Downtown Las Vegas Green Valley Lake Las Vegas Las Vegas Country Club MacDonald Highlands Mountain 's Edge Paradise Palms Queensridge / One Queensridge Place Seven Hills Southern Highlands Summerlin Summerlin South The Lakes The Ridges West Las Vegas Research and education University of Nevada , Las Vegas University of Nevada Medical School Nevada State College National University Touro University Nevada College of Southern Nevada Roseman University of Health Sciences Parks and public spaces Acacia Demonstration Gardens Clark County Shooting Complex Clark County Wetlands Park Floyd Lamb Park at Tule Springs Lake Mead National Recreation Area Springs Preserve Mount Charleston Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Spring Mountains National Recreation Area Sunset Park Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument Valley of Fire State Park Area shopping Bonanza Gift Shop The Boulevard Mall The Shops at Crystals Downtown Summerlin Galleria at Sunset Grand Canal Shoppes Fantastic Indoor Swap Meet Fashion Outlets of Las Vegas Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops at Caesars Las Vegas Premium Outlets North Meadows Mall Miracle Mile Shops Stratosphere Tower Shops Studio Walk at MGM Grand Downtown Summerlin The Shoppes at the Palazzo Tivoli Village Town Square Other Architecture History Timeline Landmarks Skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip Category WikiProject Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Nevada State capital : Bob Crowell ( D ) ( Carson City ) Carolyn Goodman ( NP ) ( Las Vegas ) Debra March ( D ) ( Henderson ) Hillary Schieve ( NP ) ( Reno ) John Lee ( D ) ( North Las Vegas ) Other states AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY State of Nevada Carson City ( capital ) Topics Delegations Government History Nevada Territory World War II People Transportation Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Politics Regions Black Rock Desert Eagle Valley Great Basin Lake Mead Lake Tahoe Las Vegas Valley Mojave Desert Pahranagat Valley Sierra Nevada Trout Creek Mountains Truckee Meadows Metro areas Las Vegas -- Paradise Reno -- Sparks Carson City Counties Churchill Clark Douglas Elko Esmeralda Eureka Humboldt Lander Lincoln Lyon Mineral Nye Pershing Storey Washoe White Pine Cities and communities Alamo Amargosa Valley Austin Baker Battle Mountain Beatty Boulder City Caliente Carlin Carson City Elko Ely Enterprise Eureka Fallon Fernley Gardnerville Ranchos Gerlach Goldfield Hawthorne Henderson Incline Village Las Vegas Laughlin Lovelock Mesquite Minden North Las Vegas Panaca Pahrump Paradise Pioche Primm Rachel Reno Spanish Springs Sparks Spring Creek Spring Valley Stateline Summerlin South Sun Valley Sunrise Manor Tonopah Virginia City West Wendover Winnemucca Whitney Winchester Yerington Former counties Bullfrog Ormsby Roop VIAF : 134853092 ISNI : 0000 0004 0447 6890 GND : 4034659 - 6 BNF : cb11945535x ( data ) NDL : 00629398 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Vegas&oldid=808374450 '' Categories : Las Vegas Populated places established in 1905 Cities in the Mojave Desert Cities in Clark County , Nevada Gambling in Nevada County seats in Nevada 1905 establishments in Nevada Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2015 CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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what is the meaning of las vegas in english
[ "Las Vegas (/lɑːs ˈveɪɡəs/, Spanish for \"The Meadows\"), officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas, is the 28th-most populated city in the United States, the most populated city in the state of Nevada, and the county seat of Clark County. The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert.[6] Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city, known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment, and nightlife. The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial, commercial, and cultural center for Nevada." ]
[ "The Meadows" ]
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Tokyo
Tokyo - Wikipedia Tokyo Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Japanese prefecture and capital city . For other uses , see Tokyo ( disambiguation ) . Tokyo 東京 都 Metropolis Tokyo Metropolis Clockwise from top : Nishi - Shinjuku , Rainbow Bridge , National Diet Building , Shibuya , Tokyo Skytree Flag Seal Symbol Anthem : Tokyo Metropolitan Song ( 東京 都 歌 , Tōkyō - to Ka ) Location of Tokyo within Japan Coordinates : 35 ° 41 ′ N 139 ° 41 ′ E  /  35.683 ° N 139.683 ° E  / 35.683 ; 139.683 Coordinates : 35 ° 41 ′ N 139 ° 41 ′ E  /  35.683 ° N 139.683 ° E  / 35.683 ; 139.683 Country Japan Region Kantō Island Honshu Divisions 23 special wards , 26 cities , 1 district , and 4 subprefectures Government Type Metropolis Governor Yuriko Koike ( Ind ) Capital Tokyo Area Metropolis 2,187.66 km ( 844.66 sq mi ) Metro 13,572 km ( 5,240 sq mi ) Area rank 45th Elevation 40 m ( 130 ft ) Population ( July 31 , 2016 ) Metropolis 13,617,445 Density 6,224.66 / km ( 16,121.8 / sq mi ) Metro 37,800,000 Metro density 2,662 / km ( 6,890 / sq mi ) 23 Wards 8,967,665 ( 2015 per prefectural government ) Demonym ( s ) 江戸 っ 子 ( Edokko ) , 東京 人 ( Tokyo - jin ) , 東京 っ 子 ( Tokyokko ) , Tokyoite GDP ( Kanto Region ) ( Nominal ; 2014 ) Total $2.5 trillion Per capita $60,000 Time zone Japan Standard Time ( UTC + 9 ) ISO 3166 - 2 JP - 13 Flower Somei - Yoshino cherry blossom Tree Ginkgo tree ( Ginkgo biloba ) Bird Black - headed gull ( Larus ridibundus ) Website www.metro.tokyo.jp Tokyo Japanese name Kanji 東京 東京 都 Hiragana とうきょう とうきょう と Katakana トウキョウ トウキョウト Kyūjitai 東 亰 東 亰 都 ( show ) Transcriptions Romanization Tōkyō Tōkyō - to Revised Hepburn Toukyou Toukyou - to Tokyo ( Japanese : ( toːkjoː ) ( listen ) , English : / ˈtoʊkioʊ / ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis , is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures . The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world . It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands . Formerly known as Edo , it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters . It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868 ; at that time Edo was renamed Tokyo . Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京 府 , Tōkyō - fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京 市 , Tōkyō - shi ) . Tokyo is often referred to as a city , but is officially known and governed as a `` metropolitan prefecture '' , which differs from and combines elements of a city and a prefecture , a characteristic unique to Tokyo . The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo ( each governed as an individual city ) , which cover the area that was the City of Tokyo before it merged and became the metropolitan prefecture in 1943 . The metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains . The population of the special wards is over 9 million people , with the total population of the prefecture exceeding 13 million . The prefecture is part of the world 's most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people and the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . The city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world . Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit . The city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV , Tokyo MX , TV Tokyo , TV Asahi , Nippon Television , NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System . Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index . The city is considered an alpha+ world city -- as listed by the GaWC 's 2008 inventory -- and in 2014 , Tokyo was ranked first in the `` Best overall experience '' category of TripAdvisor 's World City Survey ( the city also ranked first in the following categories : `` helpfulness of locals '' , `` nightlife '' , `` shopping '' , `` local public transportation '' and `` cleanliness of streets '' ) . In 2015 , Tokyo was ranked as the 11th most expensive city for expatriates , according to the Mercer consulting firm , and also the world 's 11th most expensive city , according to the Economist Intelligence Unit 's cost - of - living survey . In 2015 , Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle . The Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world . Tokyo was ranked first out of all fifty cities in the 2015 Safe Cities Index . The 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd - best city in the world to be a university student . Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics , the 1979 G - 7 summit , the 1986 G - 7 summit , and the 1993 G - 7 summit , and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics and the 2020 Summer Paralympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-1869 ( Edo Period ) 2.2 1869 -- 1943 2.3 1943 -- present 3 Geography 3.1 Special wards 3.2 Tama Area ( Western Tokyo ) 3.2. 1 Cities 3.2. 2 Nishi - Tama District 3.3 Islands 3.4 National parks 3.5 Seismicity 3.5. 1 Common seismicity 3.5. 2 Infrequent powerful quakes 3.6 Climate 4 Cityscape 5 Environment 6 Demographics 7 Economy 8 Transportation 9 Education 10 Culture 11 Sports 12 In popular culture 13 International relations 13.1 Sister cities , sister states , and friendship agreements 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 Further reading 17.1 Guides 17.2 Contemporary 18 External links Etymology ( edit ) Tokyo was originally known as Edo ( 江戸 ) , which means `` estuary '' . Its name was changed to Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , 東 tō `` east '' , and 京 kyō `` capital '' ) when it became the imperial capital with the arrival of Emperor Meiji in 1868 , in line with the East Asian tradition of including the word capital ( 京 ) in the name of the capital city ( like Kyoto - 京都 , Peking - 北京 and Nanking - 南京 ) . During the early Meiji period , the city was also called `` Tōkei '' , an alternative pronunciation for the same Chinese characters representing `` Tokyo '' , making it a kanji homograph . Some surviving official English documents use the spelling `` Tokei '' . However , this pronunciation is now obsolete . The name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku ( ja ) ( Secret Plan of Commingling ) , written by Satō Nobuhiro . When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration , according to Oda Kanshi ( 織田 完 之 ) , he got the idea from that book . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Tokyo and Timeline of Tokyo Pre-1869 ( Edo period ) ( edit ) A painting depicting the Commodore Matthew Perry expedition and his first arrival to Japan in 1853 Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo , in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province . Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan , in the late twelfth century . In 1457 , Ōta Dōkan built Edo Castle . In 1590 , Tokugawa Ieyasu made Edo his base . When he became shogun in 1603 , the town became the center of his nationwide military government . During the subsequent Edo period , Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century . Edo became the de facto capital of Japan even while the emperor lived in Kyoto , the imperial capital . During this time , the city enjoyed a prolonged period of peace known as the Pax Tokugawa , and in the presence of such peace , Edo adopted a stringent policy of seclusion , which helped to perpetuate the lack of any serious military threat to the city . The absence of war - inflicted devastation allowed Edo to devote the majority of its resources to rebuilding in the wake of the consistent fires , earthquakes , and other devastating natural disasters that plagued the city . However , this prolonged period of seclusion came to an end with the arrival of American Commodore , Matthew C. Perry in 1853 . Commodore Perry negotiated the opening of the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate , leading to an increase in the demand for new foreign goods and subsequently a severe rise in inflation . Social unrest mounted in the wake of these higher prices and culminated in widespread rebellions and demonstrations , especially in the form of the `` smashing '' of rice establishments . Meanwhile , supporters of the Meiji Emperor leveraged the disruption that these widespread rebellious demonstrations were causing to further consolidate power by overthrowing the last Tokugawa shogun , Yoshinobu , in 1867 . After about 263 years , the Pax Tokugawa came to an end . 1869 -- 1943 ( edit ) Main articles : Tokyo City and Tokyo Prefecture Ginza area in 1933 In 1869 , the 17 - year - old Emperor Meiji moved to Edo , and in accordance the city was renamed Tokyo ( meaning Eastern Capital ) . The city was divided into Yamanote and Shitamachi . Tokyo was already the nation 's political and cultural center , and the emperor 's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well , with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace . The city of Tokyo was officially established on May 1 , 1889 . Central Tokyo , like Osaka , has been designed since about 1900 to be centered on major railway stations in a high - density fashion , so suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level and with their own right - of - way . This differs from many cities in the United States that are low - density and automobile - centric . Though expressways have been built in Tokyo , the basic design has not changed . Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century : the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake , which left 140,000 dead or missing ; and World War II . 1943 -- present ( edit ) Tokyo burning in 1945 In 1943 , the city of Tokyo merged with the `` Metropolitan Prefecture '' of Tokyo . Since then , the Tokyo Metropolitan Government served as both the prefecture government for Tokyo , as well as administering the special wards of Tokyo , for what had previously been Tokyo City . World War II wrought widespread destruction of most of the city due to the persistent Allied air raids on Japan and the use of incendiary bombs . The bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945 is estimated to have killed between 75,000 and 200,000 civilians and left more than half of the city destroyed . The deadliest night of the war came on March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , as nearly 700,000 incendiary bombs rained on the eastern half of the city , mainly in heavily residential wards . Two - fifths of the city were completely burned , more than 276,000 buildings were demolished , 100,000 civilians were killed , and 110,000 more were injured . Between 1940 and 1945 , the population of Japan 's capital city dwindled from 6,700,000 to less than 2,800,000 , with the majority of those who lost their homes living in `` ramshackle , makeshift huts '' . The Tokyo Tower , built in 1958 2011 Tōhoku earthquake did slight damage to the antenna of Tokyo Tower . After the war , Tokyo was completely rebuilt , and was showcased to the world during the 1964 Summer Olympics . The 1970s brought new high - rise developments such as Sunshine 60 , a new and controversial airport at Narita in 1978 ( some distance outside city limits ) , and a population increase to about 11 million ( in the metropolitan area ) . Tokyo 's subway and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world as more and more people moved to the area . In the 1980s , real estate prices skyrocketed during a real estate and debt bubble . The bubble burst in the early 1990s , and many companies , banks , and individuals were caught with mortgage backed debts while real estate was shrinking in value . A major recession followed , making the 1990s Japan 's `` Lost Decade '' from which it is now slowly recovering . Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land . Recent projects include Ebisu Garden Place , Tennozu Isle , Shiodome , Roppongi Hills , Shinagawa ( now also a Shinkansen station ) , and the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station . Buildings of significance are demolished for more up - to - date shopping facilities such as Omotesando Hills . Land reclamation projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries . The most prominent is the Odaiba area , now a major shopping and entertainment center . Various plans have been proposed for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan , in order to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country . These plans have been controversial within Japan and have yet to be realized . The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated much of the northeastern coast of Honshu was felt in Tokyo . However , due to Tokyo 's earthquake - resistant infrastructure , damage in Tokyo was very minor compared to areas directly hit by the tsunami , although activity in the city was largely halted . The subsequent nuclear crisis caused by the tsunami has also largely left Tokyo unaffected , despite occasional spikes in radiation levels . On September 7 , 2013 , the IOC selected Tokyo to host the 2020 Summer Olympics . Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice . Geography ( edit ) Main articles : Tokyo Metropolitan Government and List of mergers in Tokyo Satellite photo of Tokyo 's 23 Special wards taken by NASA 's Landsat 7 Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of Tokyo Bay and measures about 90 km ( 56 mi ) east to west and 25 km ( 16 mi ) north to south . The average elevation in Tokyo is 40 m ( 131 ft ) . Chiba Prefecture borders it to the east , Yamanashi to the west , Kanagawa to the south , and Saitama to the north . Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards ( occupying the eastern half ) and the Tama area ( 多摩 地域 ) stretching westwards . Also within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean directly south : the Izu Islands , and the Ogasawara Islands , which stretch more than 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) away from the mainland . Because of these islands and the mountainous regions to the west , Tokyo 's overall population density figures far underrepresent the real figures for the urban and suburban regions of Tokyo . Under Japanese law , Tokyo is designated as a to ( 都 ) , translated as metropolis . Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan 's other prefectures . The 23 special wards ( 特別 区 - ku ) , which until 1943 constituted the city of Tokyo , are now separate , self - governing municipalities , each having a mayor , a council , and the status of a city . In addition to these 23 special wards , Tokyo also includes 26 more cities ( 市 - shi ) , five towns ( 町 - chō or machi ) , and eight villages ( 村 - son or - mura ) , each of which has a local government . The Tokyo Metropolitan Government , which administers the whole metropolis , is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly . Its headquarters are located in Shinjuku Ward . Special wards ( edit ) A map of Tokyo 's 23 special wards The special wards ( 特別 区 , tokubetsu - ku ) of Tokyo comprise the area formerly incorporated as Tokyo City . On July 1 , 1943 , Tokyo City was merged with Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京 府 , Tōkyō - fu ) forming the current `` metropolitan prefecture '' . As a result , unlike other city wards in Japan , these wards are not conterminous with a larger incorporated city . While falling under the jurisdiction of Tokyo Metropolitan Government , each ward is also a borough with its own elected leader and council , like other cities of Japan . The special wards use the word `` city '' in their official English name ( e.g. Chiyoda City ) . The wards differ from other cities in having a unique administrative relationship with the prefectural government . Certain municipal functions , such as waterworks , sewerage , and fire - fighting , are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government . To pay for the added administrative costs , the prefecture collects municipal taxes , which would usually be levied by the city . The special wards of Tokyo are : Adachi Arakawa Bunkyo Chiyoda Chūō Edogawa Itabashi Katsushika Kita Kōtō Meguro Minato Nakano Nerima Ōta Setagaya Shibuya Shinagawa Shinjuku Suginami Sumida Taitō Toshima The `` three central wards '' of Tokyo -- Chiyoda , Chūō and Minato -- are the business core of the city , with a daytime population more than seven times higher than their nighttime population . Chiyoda Ward is unique in that it is in the very heart of the former Tokyo City , yet is one of the least populated wards . It is occupied by many major Japanese companies , and is also the seat of the national government , and the Japanese emperor . It is often called the `` political center '' of the country . Akihabara , known for being an otaku cultural center and a shopping district for computer goods , is also located in Chiyoda . Tama area ( western Tokyo ) ( edit ) A map of cities in western part of Tokyo . They border on the three westernmost special wards in the map above To the west of the special wards , Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities , towns and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan . While serving as `` bed towns '' for those working in central Tokyo , some of them also have a local commercial and industrial base . Collectively , these are often known as the Tama Area or Western Tokyo . Cities ( edit ) Twenty - six cities lie within the western part of Tokyo : Akiruno Akishima Chōfu Fuchū Fussa Hachiōji Hamura Higashikurume Higashimurayama Higashiyamato Hino Inagi Kiyose Kodaira Koganei Kokubunji Komae Kunitachi Machida Mitaka Musashimurayama Musashino Nishitōkyō Ōme Tachikawa Tama The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji , Tachikawa , Machida , Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centers of the Tama area , as part of its plans to disperse urban functions away from central Tokyo . Nishi - Tama district ( edit ) Map of Nishi - Tama District in green The far west is occupied by the district ( gun ) of Nishi - Tama . Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization . The highest mountain in Tokyo , Mount Kumotori , is 2,017 m ( 6,617 ft ) high ; other mountains in Tokyo include Takasu ( 1,737 m ( 5,699 ft ) ) , Odake ( 1,266 m ( 4,154 ft ) ) , and Mitake ( 929 m ( 3,048 ft ) ) . Lake Okutama , on the Tama River near Yamanashi Prefecture , is Tokyo 's largest lake . The district is composed of three towns ( Hinode , Mizuho and Okutama ) and one village ( Hinohara ) . Tama Hachioji Musashino Islands ( edit ) Map of the Izu Islands in black labels Map of the Ogasawara Islands in black labels Tokyo has numerous outlying islands , which extend as far as 1,850 km ( 1,150 mi ) from central Tokyo . Because of the islands ' distance from the administrative headquarters of the metropolitan government in Shinjuku , local offices administer them . The Izu Islands are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the Fuji - Hakone - Izu National Park . The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are Izu Ōshima , Toshima , Nii - jima , Shikine - jima , Kōzu - shima , Miyake - jima , Mikurajima , Hachijō - jima , and Aogashima . The Izu Islands are grouped into three subprefectures . Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns . The remaining islands are six villages , with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village . The Ogasawara Islands include , from north to south , Chichi - jima , Nishinoshima , Haha - jima , Kita Iwo Jima , Iwo Jima , and Minami Iwo Jima . Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands : Minami Torishima , the easternmost point in Japan and at 1,850 km ( 1,150 mi ) the most distant island from central Tokyo , and Okinotorishima , the southernmost point in Japan . Japan 's claim on an exclusive economic zone ( EEZ ) surrounding Okinotorishima is contested by China and South Korea as they regard Okinotorishima as uninhabitable rocks which have no EEZ . The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent population , but host Japanese Self - Defense Forces personnel . Local populations are only found on Chichi - jima and Haha - jima . The islands form both Ogasawara Subprefecture and the village of Ogasawara , Tokyo . Subprefecture Municipality Type Hachijō Hachijō Town Aogashima Village Miyake Miyake Village Mikurajima Village Ōshima Ōshima Town Toshima Village Niijima Village Kōzushima Village Ogasawara Ogasawara Village National Parks ( edit ) Ogasawara National Park , a UNESCO World Natural Heritage site As of March 31 , 2008 , 36 % of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks ( second only to Shiga Prefecture ) , namely the Chichibu Tama Kai , Fuji - Hakone - Izu , and Ogasawara National Parks ( the last a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) ; Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park ; and Akikawa Kyūryō , Hamura Kusabana Kyūryō , Sayama , Takao Jinba , Takiyama , and Tama Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Parks . A number of museums are located in Ueno Park : Tokyo National Museum , National Museum of Nature and Science , Shitamachi Museum and National Museum for Western Art , among others . There are also art works and statues at several places in the park . There is also a zoo in the park , and the park is a popular destination to view cherry blossoms . Seismicity ( edit ) A sign with instructions in case of an earthquake ( Shibuya ) Common seismicity ( edit ) Tokyo is near the boundary of three plates , making it an extremely active region for smaller quakes and slippage which frequently affect the urban area with swaying as if in a boat , ironically epicenters within mainland Tokyo ( excluding Tokyo 's 2000 km long island jurisdiction ) are quite rare . It 's not uncommon in the metro area to have hundreds of these such minor quakes ( magnitudes 4 - 6 ) that can be felt in single year , something local residents merely brush off but can be a source of anxiety to not only to foreign visitors but Japanese from elsewhere as well . They rarely cause much damage ( sometimes a few injuries ) as they are either too small or far away as quakes tend to dance around the region , particularly active are offshore regions and to a lesser extent Chiba and Ibaraki . Infrequent powerful quakes ( edit ) Tokyo has been hit by powerful megathrust earthquakes in 1703 , 1782 , 1812 , 1855 , 1923 , and much more indirectly ( some liquefaction in landfill zones ) in 2011 , the frequency of direct and large quakes is a relative rarity . The 1923 earthquake , with an estimated magnitude of 8.3 , killed 142,000 people , the last time the urban area was directly hit . The 2011 quake focus was hundreds of km away and resulted in no direct deaths in the metro area . Climate ( edit ) The former city of Tokyo and the majority of mainland Tokyo lie in the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) , with warm humid summers and generally cool winters with cold spells . The region , like much of Japan , experiences a one - month seasonal lag , with the warmest month being August , which averages 26.4 ° C ( 79.5 ° F ) , and the coolest month being January , averaging 5.2 ° C ( 41.4 ° F ) . The record low temperature is − 9.2 ° C ( 15.4 ° F ) on January 13 , 1876 while the record high is 39.5 ° C ( 103.1 ° F ) on July 20 , 2004 . Annual rainfall averages nearly 1,530 millimetres ( 60.2 in ) , with a wetter summer and a drier winter . Snowfall is sporadic , but does occur almost annually . Tokyo also often sees typhoons every year , though few are strong . The last one to hit was Fitow in 2007 , while the most rainy month since records began in 1876 has been October 2004 with 780 millimetres ( 30 in ) of rain , including 270.5 millimetres ( 10.6 in ) on the ninth of that month . ( hide ) Climate data for Kitanomaru Park , Chiyoda ward , Tokyo ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 36.2 ( 97.2 ) 39.5 ( 103.1 ) 39.1 ( 102.4 ) 38.1 ( 100.6 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 27.3 ( 81.1 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 39.5 ( 103.1 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 22.9 ( 73.2 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 21.5 ( 70.7 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) 5.7 ( 42.3 ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 0.9 ( 33.6 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 14.2 ( 57.6 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 9.2 ( 15.4 ) − 7.9 ( 17.8 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 3.1 ( 26.4 ) 2.2 ( 36 ) 8.5 ( 47.3 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) − 0.5 ( 31.1 ) − 3.1 ( 26.4 ) − 6.8 ( 19.8 ) − 9.2 ( 15.4 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 52.3 ( 2.059 ) 56.1 ( 2.209 ) 117.5 ( 4.626 ) 124.5 ( 4.902 ) 137.8 ( 5.425 ) 167.7 ( 6.602 ) 153.5 ( 6.043 ) 168.2 ( 6.622 ) 209.9 ( 8.264 ) 197.8 ( 7.787 ) 92.5 ( 3.642 ) 51.0 ( 2.008 ) 1,528.8 ( 60.189 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 5 ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) ( 0.4 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 11 ( 4.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.5 mm ) 5.3 6.2 11.0 11.0 11.4 12.7 11.8 9.0 12.2 10.8 7.6 4.9 114.0 Average snowy days 2.8 3.7 2.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 9.7 Average relative humidity ( % ) 52 53 56 62 69 75 77 73 75 68 65 56 65 Mean monthly sunshine hours 184.5 165.8 163.1 176.9 167.8 125.4 146.4 169.0 120.9 131.0 147.9 178.0 1,876.7 Source : Japan Meteorological Agency ( records 1872 -- present ) The western mountainous area of mainland Tokyo , Okutama also lies in the humid subtropical climate ( Köppen classification Cfa ) . ( hide ) Climate data for Ogouchi , Okutama town , Tokyo ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 10.3 ( 50.5 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 17.1 ( 62.8 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 1.3 ( 34.3 ) 1.8 ( 35.2 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 8.5 ( 47.3 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 2.7 ( 27.1 ) − 2.3 ( 27.9 ) 0.6 ( 33.1 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) 14.8 ( 58.6 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 10.3 ( 50.5 ) 4.6 ( 40.3 ) − 0.1 ( 31.8 ) 8.1 ( 46.6 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 44.1 ( 1.736 ) 50.0 ( 1.969 ) 92.5 ( 3.642 ) 109.6 ( 4.315 ) 120.3 ( 4.736 ) 155.7 ( 6.13 ) 195.4 ( 7.693 ) 280.6 ( 11.047 ) 271.3 ( 10.681 ) 172.4 ( 6.787 ) 76.7 ( 3.02 ) 39.9 ( 1.571 ) 1,623.5 ( 63.917 ) Mean monthly sunshine hours 147.1 127.7 132.2 161.8 154.9 109.8 127.6 148.3 99.1 94.5 122.1 145.6 1,570.7 Source : Japan Meteorological Agency Tokyo 's offshore territories ' climates vary significantly from the city . The climate of Chichi - jima in Ogasawara village is on the boundary between the tropical savanna climate ( Köppen classification Aw ) and the humid subtropical climate ( Köppen classification Cfa ) . It is approximately 1,000 km south of the Greater Tokyo Area resulting in different climatic conditions . Tokyo 's easternmost territory , the island of Minamitorishima ( Marcus Island ) in Ogasawara village , is in the tropical savanna climate zone ( Köppen classification Aw ) . Tokyo 's Izu and Ogasawara islands are affected by an average of 5.4 typhoons a year , compared to 3.1 in mainland Kantō . Cityscape ( edit ) Architecture in Tokyo has largely been shaped by Tokyo 's history . Twice in recent history has the metropolis been left in ruins : first in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and later after extensive firebombing in World War II . Because of this , Tokyo 's urban landscape consists mainly of modern and contemporary architecture , and older buildings are scarce . Tokyo features many internationally famous forms of modern architecture including Tokyo International Forum , Asahi Beer Hall , Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower , NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building and Rainbow Bridge . Tokyo also features two distinctive towers : Tokyo Tower and the new Tokyo Skytree which is the tallest tower in Japan and the second tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai . Tokyo also contains numerous parks and gardens . There are four national parks in Tokyo Prefecture , including the Fuji - Hakone - Izu National Park , which includes all of the Izu Islands . Panoramic view of Tokyo from Tokyo Skytree Environment ( edit ) Tokyo has enacted a measure to cut greenhouse gases . Governor Shintaro Ishihara created Japan 's first emissions cap system , aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emission by a total of 25 % by 2020 from the 2000 level . Tokyo is an example of an urban heat island , and the phenomenon is especially serious in its special wards . According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government , the annual mean temperature has increased by about 3 ° C ( 5.4 ° F ) over the past 100 years . Tokyo has been cited as a `` convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate . '' In 2006 , Tokyo enacted the `` 10 Year Project for Green Tokyo '' to be realised by 2016 . It set a goal of increasing roadside trees in Tokyo to 1 million ( from 480,000 ) , and adding 1,000 ha of green space 88 of which will be a new park named `` Umi no Mori '' ( sea forest ) which will be on a reclaimed island in Tokyo Bay which used to be a landfill . From 2007 to 2010 , 436 ha of the planned 1,000 ha of green space was created and 220,000 trees were planted bringing the total to 700,000 . In 2014 , road side trees in Tokyo have increased to 950,000 and a further 300 ha of green space has been added . Demographics ( edit ) As of October 2012 , the official intercensal estimate showed 13.506 million people in Tokyo with 9.214 million living within Tokyo 's 23 wards . During the daytime , the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas . This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of Chiyoda , Chūō , and Minato , whose collective population as of the 2005 National Census was 326,000 at night , but 2.4 million during the day . In 1889 , the Ministry of Home Affairs recorded 1,375,937 people in Tokyo City and a total of 1,694,292 people in Tokyo - fu . In the same year , a total of 779 foreign nationals were recorded as residing in Tokyo . The most common nationality was British ( 209 residents ) , followed by United States nationals ( 182 ) and nationals of the Qing dynasty ( 137 ) . Tokyo historical population since 1920 Registered foreign nationals Nationality Population ( 2012 ) China 161,169 South Korea 99,880 Philippines 27,929 United States 15,901 Nepal 8,669 India 8,313 Thailand 6,906 United Kingdom 5,522 Myanmar 4,781 France 4,635 This chart is growth rate of municipalities of Tokyo , Japan . It is estimated by census carried out in 2005 and 2010 . Increase 10.0 % and over 7.5 -- 9.9 % 5.0 -- 7.4 % 2.5 -- 4.9 % 0.0 -- 2.4 % Decrease 0.0 -- 2.4 % 2.5 -- 4.9 % 5.0 -- 7.4 % 7.5 -- 9.9 % 10.0 % and over Population of Tokyo By area Tokyo Special wards Tama Area Islands 12.79 million 8.653 million 4.109 million 28,000 By age Juveniles ( age 0 -- 14 ) Working ( age 15 -- 64 ) Retired ( age 65 + ) 1.461 million ( 11.8 % ) 8.546 million ( 69.3 % ) 2.332 million ( 18.9 % ) By hours Day Night 14.978 million 12.416 million By nationality Foreign residents 364,653 ( 2.9 % of total ) Estimates as of October 1 , 2007 . as of January 1 , 2007 . as of 2005 National Census . as of January 1 , 2006 . Economy ( edit ) Tokyo Skytree , the tallest tower in the world Tokyo Stock Exchange Ginza is a popular upscale shopping area of Tokyo as one of the most luxurious shopping districts in the world . Bank of Japan headquarters in Chuo , Tokyo Tokyo Tower at night Shibuya attracts many tourists . Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world . According to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers , the Tokyo urban area 38 million people had a total GDP of $2 trillion in 2012 ( at purchasing power parity ) , which topped that list . 51 of the companies listed on the Fortune Global 500 are based in Tokyo , almost twice that of the second - placed city ( Paris ) . Tokyo is a major international finance center , houses the headquarters of several of the world 's largest investment banks and insurance companies , and serves as a hub for Japan 's transportation , publishing , electronics and broadcasting industries . During the centralised growth of Japan 's economy following World War II , many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as Osaka ( the historical commercial capital ) to Tokyo , in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government . This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there . Tokyo was rated by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the most expensive ( highest cost - of - living ) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006 . Tokyo emerged as a leading international financial center ( IFC ) in the 1960s and has been described as one of the three `` command centers '' for the world economy , along with New York City and London . In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index , Tokyo was ranked as having the fifth most competitive financial center in the world ( alongside cities such as London , New York City , San Francisco , Chicago , Sydney , Boston , and Toronto in the top 10 ) , and third most competitive in Asia ( after Singapore and Hong Kong ) . The Japanese financial market opened up slowly in 1984 and accelerated its internationalisation with the `` Japanese Big Bang '' in 1998 . Despite the emergence of Singapore and Hong Kong as competing financial centers , the Tokyo IFC manages to keep a prominent position in Asia , for now . The Tokyo Stock Exchange is Japan 's largest stock exchange , and third largest in the world by market capitalization and fourth largest by share turnover . In 1990 at the end of the Japanese asset price bubble , it accounted for more than 60 % of the world stock market value . Tokyo had 8,460 ha ( 20,900 acres ) of agricultural land as of 2003 , according to the Ministry of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries , placing it last among the nation 's prefectures . The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo . Perishables such as vegetables , fruits , and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture . Komatsuna and spinach are the most important vegetables ; as of 2000 , Tokyo supplied 32.5 % of the komatsuna sold at its central produce market . With 36 % of its area covered by forest , Tokyo has extensive growths of cryptomeria and Japanese cypress , especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno , Ōme , Okutama , Hachiōji , Hinode , and Hinohara . Decreases in the price of timber , increases in the cost of production , and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo 's output . In addition , pollen , especially from cryptomeria , is a major allergen for the nearby population centers . Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish . Currently , most of Tokyo 's fish production comes from the outer islands , such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijōjima . Skipjack tuna , nori , and aji are among the ocean products . Tourism in Tokyo is also a contributor to the economy . In 2006 , 4.81 million foreigners and 420 million Japanese visits to Tokyo were made ; the economic value of these visits totaled 9.4 trillion yen according to the government of Tokyo . Many tourists visit the various downtowns , stores , and entertainment districts throughout the neighbourhoods of the special wards of Tokyo ; particularly school children on class trips , a visit to Tokyo Tower is de rigueur . Cultural offerings include both omnipresent Japanese pop culture and associated districts such as Shibuya and Harajuku , subcultural attractions such as Studio Ghibli anime center , as well as museums like the Tokyo National Museum , which houses 37 % of the country 's artwork national treasures ( 87 / 233 ) . The Tsukiji Fish Market in central Tokyo is the biggest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world and also one of the largest wholesale food markets of any kind . The Tsukiji market holds strong to the traditions of its predecessor , the Nihombashi fish market , and serves some 50,000 buyers and sellers every day . Retailers , whole - sellers , auctioneers , and public citizens alike frequent the market , creating a unique microcosm of organized chaos that still continues to fuel the city and its food supply after over four centuries . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Greater Tokyo Tokyo Station is the main intercity rail terminal in Tokyo . Haneda Airport Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway are two main subway operators in Tokyo . Hamazakibashi JCT in Shuto Expressway Tokyo , as the center of the Greater Tokyo Area , is Japan 's largest domestic and international hub for rail , ground , and air transportation . Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of clean and efficient trains and subways run by a variety of operators , with buses , monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role . There are up to 62 electric train lines and more than 900 train stations in Tokyo . Within Ōta , one of the 23 special wards , Haneda Airport offers domestic and international flights . Outside Tokyo , Narita International Airport , in Chiba Prefecture , is the major gateway for international travelers to Japan . Japan 's flag carrier Japan Airlines , as well as All Nippon Airways , Delta Air Lines , and United Airlines all have a hub at this airport . Various islands governed by Tokyo have their own airports . Hachijō - jima ( Hachijojima Airport ) , Miyakejima ( Miyakejima Airport ) , and Izu Ōshima ( Oshima Airport ) have services to Tokyo International and other airports . Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo , which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines . JR East operates Tokyo 's largest railway network , including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo . Two different organisations operate the subway network : the private Tokyo Metro and the governmental Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation . The metropolitan government and private carriers operate bus routes and one tram route . Local , regional , and national services are available , with major terminals at the giant railroad stations , including Tokyo , Shinagawa , and Shinjuku . Expressways link the capital to other points in the Greater Tokyo area , the Kantō region , and the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku . In order to build them quickly before the 1964 Summer Olympics , most were constructed above existing roads . Other transportation includes taxis operating in the special wards and the cities and towns . Also long - distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Tokyo Yasuda Auditorium at the University of Tokyo in Bunkyō Okuma Auditorium at Waseda University in Shinjuku Hibiya High School in Chiyoda Tokyo has many universities , junior colleges , and vocational schools . Many of Japan 's most prestigious universities are in Tokyo , including University of Tokyo , Hitotsubashi University , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Waseda University , Tokyo University of Science , and Keio University . Some of the biggest national universities in Tokyo are : Hitotsubashi University National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies Ochanomizu University Tokyo Gakugei University Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology Tokyo University of the Arts University of Electro - Communications University of Tokyo There is only one non-national public university : Tokyo Metropolitan University . There are also a few universities well known for classes conducted in English and for the teaching of the Japanese language . They include : Globis University Graduate School of Management International Christian University Sophia University Waseda University Tokyo is also the headquarters of the United Nations University . For an extensive list , see List of universities in Tokyo . Publicly run kindergartens , elementary schools ( years 1 through 6 ) , and Primary schools ( 7 through 9 ) are operated by local wards or municipal offices . Public Secondary schools in Tokyo are run by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education and are called `` Metropolitan High Schools '' . Tokyo also has many private schools from kindergarten through high school : Aoba - Japan International School The British School in Tokyo Jingumae International Exchange School K. International School Tokyo Tokyo International School Canadian International School Tokyo West International School St. Mary 's International School New International School Culture ( edit ) The National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation , also known as `` Miraikan '' Takeshita Street in Harajuku , the center of Japanese youth culture Tokyo has many museums . In Ueno Park , there is the Tokyo National Museum , the country 's largest museum and specializing in traditional Japanese art ; the National Museum of Western Art and Ueno Zoo . Other museums include the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Odaiba ; the Edo - Tokyo Museum in Sumida , across the Sumida River from the center of Tokyo ; the Nezu Museum in Aoyama ; and the National Diet Library , National Archives , and the National Museum of Modern Art , which are near the Imperial Palace . Tokyo has many theatres for performing arts . These include national and private theatres for traditional forms of Japanese drama . Noteworthy are the National Noh Theatre for noh and the Kabuki - za for kabuki . Symphony orchestras and other musical organisations perform modern and traditional music . Tokyo also hosts modern Japanese and international pop and rock music at venues ranging in size from intimate clubs to internationally known arenas such as the Nippon Budokan . The Sanja Festival in Asakusa Many different festivals occur throughout Tokyo . Major events include the Sannō at Hie Shrine , the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine , and the biennial Kanda Festivals . The last features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people . Annually on the last Saturday of July , an enormous fireworks display over the Sumida River attracts over a million viewers . Once cherry blossoms bloom in spring , many residents gather in Ueno Park , Inokashira Park , and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden for picnics under the blossoms . Harajuku , a neighbourhood in Shibuya , is known internationally for its youth style , fashion and cosplay . Cuisine in Tokyo is internationally acclaimed . In November 2007 , Michelin released their first guide for fine dining in Tokyo , awarding 191 stars in total , or about twice as many as Tokyo 's nearest competitor , Paris . Eight establishments were awarded the maximum of three stars ( Paris has 10 ) , 25 received two stars , and 117 earned one star . Of the eight top - rated restaurants , three offer traditional Japanese fine dining , two are sushi houses and three serve French cuisine . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Tokyo Tokyo Dome , the home stadium for the Yomiuri Giants Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo wrestling arena Tokyo , with a diverse array of sports , is home to two professional baseball clubs , the Yomiuri Giants who play at the Tokyo Dome and Tokyo Yakult Swallows at Meiji - Jingu Stadium . The Japan Sumo Association is also headquartered in Tokyo at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo arena where three official sumo tournaments are held annually ( in January , May , and September ) . Football clubs in Tokyo include F.C. Tokyo and Tokyo Verdy 1969 , both of which play at Ajinomoto Stadium in Chōfu , and FC Machida Zelvia at Nozuta Stadium in Machida . Basketball clubs include the Hitachi SunRockers , Toyota Alvark Tokyo and Tokyo Excellence . Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics , thus becoming the first Asian city to host the Summer Games . The National Stadium , also known as the Olympic Stadium , is host to a number of international sporting events . With a number of world - class sports venues , Tokyo often hosts national and international sporting events such as basketball tournaments , women 's volleyball tournaments , tennis tournaments , swim meets , marathons , rugby union and sevens rugby games , football , American football exhibition games , judo , and karate . Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium , in Sendagaya , Shibuya , is a large sports complex that includes swimming pools , training rooms , and a large indoor arena . According to Around the Rings , the gymnasium has played host to the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships , despite the International Gymnastics Federation 's initial doubt in Tokyo 's ability to host the championships following the March 11 tsunami . Tokyo was selected to host the 2020 Summer Olympics and the 2020 Summer Paralympics on September 7 , 2013 . In popular culture ( edit ) Akihabara is the most popular area for fans of anime , manga and games . Fuji TV headquarters As the largest population center in Japan and the site of the country 's largest broadcasters and studios , Tokyo is frequently the setting for many Japanese movies , television shows , animated series ( anime ) , web comics , and comic books ( manga ) . In the kaiju ( monster movie ) genre , landmarks of Tokyo are routinely destroyed by giant monsters such as Godzilla and Gamera . Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a backdrop for movies set in Japan . Postwar examples include Tokyo Joe , My Geisha , Tokyo Story and the James Bond film You Only Live Twice ; recent examples include Kill Bill , The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift , Lost in Translation , Babel , and Inception . Japanese author Haruki Murakami has based some of his novels in Tokyo ( including Norwegian Wood ( novel ) ) , and David Mitchell ( author ) 's first two novels number9dream and Ghostwritten ( novel ) featured the city . Contemporary British painter Carl Randall spent 10 years living in Tokyo as an artist , creating a body of work depicting the cities crowded streets and public spaces . International Relations ( edit ) Tokyo is the founder member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and is a member of the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations . Tokyo was also a founding member of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group . Sister cities , Sister States , and Friendship agreements ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan As of 2016 , Tokyo has twinning or friendship agreements with the following twelve cities and states : New York City , United States ( since February 1960 ) Beijing , China ( since March 1979 ) Paris , France ( `` Friendship and cooperation agreement '' , since July 1982 ) New South Wales , Australia ( since May 1984 ) Seoul , South Korea ( since September 1988 ) Jakarta , Indonesia ( since October 1989 ) São Paulo State , Brazil ( since June 1990 ) Cairo , Egypt ( since October 1990 ) Moscow , Russia ( since July 1991 ) Berlin , Germany ( since May 1994 ) Rome , Italy ( `` Friendship and cooperation agreement '' , since July 1996 ) London , United Kingdom ( since October 2015 ) See also ( edit ) Tokyo portal Japan portal Geography portal Largest cities in Asia List of cities proper by population List of cities with the most skyscrapers List of tallest structures in Tokyo List of development projects in Tokyo List of metropolitan areas in Asia List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees List of urban areas by population Megacity Tokyo dialect World 's largest cities Yamanote and Shitamachi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 東京 都 歌 ・ 市 歌 '' . 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Jump up ^ `` 東京 都 の 人口 ( 推計 ) '' . 東京 都 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population of Tokyo '' . Tokyo Metropolitan Government . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 東京 府 編 ( 1890 ) . 東京 府 統計 書 . 明治 22 年 ( Tōkyō - Fu Statistics Book ( 1889 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . 1 . 東京 府 . pp. 40 -- 41 . ( National Diet Library Digital Archive ) ( digital page number 32 ) Jump up ^ 東京 府 編 ( 1890 ) . 東京 府 統計 書 . 明治 22 年 ( Tōkyō - Fu Statistics Book ( 1889 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . 1 . 東京 府 . pp. 66 -- 67 . ( National Diet Library Digital Archive ) ( digital page number 46 ) Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Statistical Yearbook 2012 , Population : 2 -- 4 Foreign Residents by District and Nationality ( Year - End Data 2008 -- 2012 ) '' ( Excel 97 ) . Bureau of General Affairs , Tokyo Metropolitan Government . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Global 500 Our annual ranking of the world 's largest corporationns '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Centres , All shapes and sizes '' . The Economist . September 13 , 2007 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top 3 Things to See & Do in Shibuya - Tokyo 's Busiest District '' . Apr 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sassen , Saskia ( 2001 ) . The Global City : New York , London , Tokyo ( 2nd ed . ) . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 07063 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Financial Centres Index 21 '' ( PDF ) . Long Finance . March 2017 . Jump up ^ Takatoshi Ito , Michael Melvin ( July 1999 ) . `` NBER '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo stock exchange '' . Stock-market.in . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Horticulture Statistics Team , Production Statistics Division , Statistics and Information Department , Ministry of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries ( July 15 , 2003 ) . `` Statistics on Cultivated Land Area '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hannerz , Ulf ( 2005 ) . `` The Fish Market at the Center of the World ( Review ) '' . The Journal of Japanese Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 428 -- 31 . doi : 10.1353 / jjs. 2005.0044 . Jump up ^ `` A Country Study : Japan '' . The Library of Congress . pp. Chapter 2 , Neighbourhoods . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Orientation - Tokyo Travel Guide Planetyze '' . Planetyze . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Revamping Tokyo 's expressways could give capital a boost '' . Yomiuri Shimbun . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` QS University Rankings : Asia 2016 '' . QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Milner , Rebecca ( 2013 ) . `` Pocket Tokyo . '' 4th Edition . Lonely Planet Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74220 - 581 - 6 Jump up ^ Perry , Chris ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` Rebels on the Bridge : Subversion , Style , and the New Subculture '' ( Flash ) . Self - published ( Scribd ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo ' top city for good eating ' '' . BBC NEWS . November 20 , 2007 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Keeps Gymnastics Worlds , Bolsters Olympics Ambitions '' . Aroundtherings.com . May 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ BBC World Service : World Update . ' Carl Randall -- Painting the faces in Japan 's crowded cities '. , BBC World Service , 2016 Jump up ^ BBC News . ' Painting the faces in Japan 's crowded cities '. , BBC News -- Arts & Entertainment , 2016 Jump up ^ ' Tokyo Portraits by Carl Randall '. , The Daiwa Anglo Japanese Foundation , London , 2014 Jump up ^ ' The BP Portrait Awards 2013 '. , The National Portrait Gallery , London , 2012 Jump up ^ ' Japan Portraits '. , Carl Randall -- artist website , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities ( States ) of Tokyo -- Tokyo Metropolitan Government '' . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friendship and cooperation agreements '' . Paris : Marie de Paris . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Bibliography ( edit ) Fiévé , Nicolas and Paul Waley. ( 2003 ) . Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective : Place , Power and Memory in Kyoto , Edo and Tokyo . London : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 9780700714094 ; OCLC 51527561 McClain , James , John M Merriman and Kaoru Ugawa. ( 1994 ) . Edo and Paris : Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 9780801429873 ; OCLC 30157716 Nussbaum , Louis - Frédéric and Käthe Roth . ( 2005 ) . Japan encyclopedia . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01753 - 5 ; OCLC 58053128 Sorensen , Andre. ( 2002 ) . The Making of Urban Japan : Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty First Century . London : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 9780415226516 ; OCLC 48517502 Further reading ( edit ) Guides ( edit ) Bender , Andrew , and Timothy N. Hornyak . Tokyo ( City Travel Guide ) ( 2010 ) Mansfield , Stephen . Dk Eyewitness Top 10 Travel Guide : Tokyo ( 2013 ) Waley , Paul . Tokyo Now and Then : An Explorer 's Guide . ( 1984 ) . 592 pp Yanagihara , Wendy . Lonely Planet Tokyo Encounter ( 2012 ) Contemporary ( edit ) Allinson , Gary D. Suburban Tokyo : A Comparative Study in Politics and Social Change . ( 1979 ) . 258 pp . Bestor , Theodore . Neighbourhood Tokyo ( 1989 ) . online edition Bestor , Theodore . Tsukiji : The Fish Market at the Centre of the World . ( 2004 ) online edition Fowler , Edward . San'ya Blues : Labouring Life in Contemporary Tokyo . ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8570 - 3 . Friedman , Mildred , ed . Tokyo , Form and Spirit. ( 1986 ) . 256 pp . Jinnai , Hidenobu . Tokyo : A Spatial Anthropology. ( 1995 ) . 236 pp . Reynolds , Jonathan M. `` Japan 's Imperial Diet Building : Debate over Construction of a National Identity '' . Art Journal . 55 # 3 ( 1996 ) pp 38 + . Sassen , Saskia . The Global City : New York , London , Tokyo . ( 1991 ) . 397 pp . Sorensen , A. Land Readjustment and Metropolitan Growth : An Examination of Suburban Land Development and Urban Sprawl in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area ( 2000 ) Waley , Paul . `` Tokyo - as - world - city : Reassessing the Role of Capital and the State in Urban Restructuring '' . Urban Studies 2007 44 ( 8 ) : 1465 -- 1490 . ISSN 0042 - 0980 Fulltext : Ebsco External links ( edit ) Find more aboutTokyoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website Articles related to Tokyo Preceded by Heian - kyō Capital of Japan 1868 -- Succeeded by -- ( hide ) Tokyo Metropolis Tokyo -- Shinjuku ( capital ) Architecture Education Festivals History Neighborhoods Politics Sports Tourism Transportation Special Wards of Tokyo Adachi Arakawa Bunkyō Chiyoda Chūō Edogawa Itabashi Katsushika Kita Kōtō Meguro Minato Nakano Nerima Ōta Setagaya Shibuya Shinagawa Shinjuku Suginami Sumida Taitō Toshima Western ( Tama area ) Core city Hachiōji Cities Akiruno Akishima Chōfu Fuchū Fussa Hamura Higashikurume Higashimurayama Higashiyamato Hino Inagi Kiyose Kodaira Koganei Kokubunji Komae Kunitachi Machida Mitaka Musashimurayama Musashino Nishitōkyō Ōme Tachikawa Tama Nishitama District Hinode Mizuho Okutama Hinohara Izu Islands Ōshima Subprefecture Ōshima To - shima Niijima Kōzushima Miyake Subprefecture Miyake Mikurajima Hachijō Subprefecture Hachijō Aogashima Ogasawara Islands Ogasawara Subprefecture Ogasawara List of mergers in Tokyo Metropolis Portal Regions and administrative divisions of Japan Regions Hokkaido Tōhoku Kantō Nanpō Islands Chūbu Hokuriku Kōshin'etsu Shin'etsu Tōkai Kansai Chūgoku San'in San'yō Shikoku Kyushu Northern Southern Okinawa 47 Prefectures Hokkaido Hokkaido Tōhoku Aomori Iwate Miyagi Akita Yamagata Fukushima Kantō Ibaraki Tochigi Gunma Saitama Chiba Tokyo Kanagawa Chūbu Niigata Toyama Ishikawa Fukui Yamanashi Nagano Gifu Shizuoka Aichi Kansai Mie Shiga Kyoto Osaka Hyōgo Nara Wakayama Chūgoku Tottori Shimane Okayama Hiroshima Yamaguchi Shikoku Tokushima Kagawa Ehime Kōchi Kyushu Fukuoka Saga Nagasaki Kumamoto Ōita Miyazaki Kagoshima Okinawa Metropolitan cities of Japan Tokyo Metropolis Special wards of Tokyo ( Adachi Arakawa Bunkyo Chiyoda Chūō Edogawa Itabashi Katsushika Kita Koto Meguro Minato Nakano Nerima Ōta Setagaya Shibuya Shinagawa Shinjuku Suginami Sumida Toshima Taitō ) Designated cities Chiba Fukuoka Hamamatsu Hiroshima Kawasaki Kitakyushu Kobe Kumamoto Kyoto Nagoya Niigata Okayama Osaka Sagamihara Saitama Sakai Sapporo Sendai Shizuoka Yokohama Core cities Akita Amagasaki Aomori Asahikawa Fukuyama Funabashi Gifu Hachinohe Hachiōji Hakodate Higashiōsaka Himeji Hirakata Iwaki Kagoshima Kanazawa Kashiwa Kawagoe Kōchi Kōriyama Koshigaya Kurashiki Kure Kurume Maebashi Matsuyama Miyazaki Morioka Naha Nagano Nagasaki Nara Nishinomiya Ōita Okazaki Ōtsu Sasebo Shimonoseki Takamatsu Takasaki Takatsuki Toyama Toyohashi Toyonaka Toyota Utsunomiya Wakayama Yokosuka Special cities Akashi Atsugi Chigasaki Fuji Fukui Hiratsuka Ibaraki Ichinomiya Isesaki Jōetsu Kakogawa Kasugai Kasukabe Kawaguchi Kishiwada Kōfu Kumagaya Matsue Matsumoto Mito Nagaoka Neyagawa Numazu Odawara Ōta Saga Sōka Suita Takarazuka Tokorozawa Tottori Tsukuba Yamagata Yamato Yao Yokkaichi Prefectural capitals Fukushima Tsu Tokushima Yamaguchi Note : also a prefectural capital Capitals of Asia Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics North and Central Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West and Southwest Asia Ashgabat , Turkmenistan Astana , Kazakhstan * Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan Dushanbe , Tajikistan Moscow , Russia * Tashkent , Uzbekistan East Asia Beijing , China Hong Kong , Hong Kong ( China ) Macau , Macau ( China ) Pyongyang , North Korea Seoul , South Korea Taipei , Taiwan ( ROC ) Tokyo , Japan Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia Kabul , Afghanistan Dhaka , Bangladesh Diego Garcia , BIOT ( UK ) Islamabad , Pakistan Kathmandu , Nepal Kotte , Sri Lanka Malé , Maldives New Delhi , India Thimphu , Bhutan Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei Bangkok , Thailand Dili , East Timor Flying Fish Cove , Christmas Island ( Australia ) Hanoi , Vietnam Jakarta , Indonesia * Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Manila , Philippines Naypyidaw , Myanmar Phnom Penh , Cambodia Central Area , Singapore Vientiane , Laos West Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Amman , Jordan Ankara , Turkey * Baghdad , Iraq Baku , Azerbaijan * Beirut , Lebanon Cairo , Egypt * Sana'a , Yemen Stepanakert , Nagorno - Karabakh * Sukhumi , Abkhazia * Tbilisi , Georgia * Tehran , Iran Tskhinvali , South Ossetia * Yerevan , Armenia * * Transcontinental country . † See : Positions on Jerusalem . Both Israel and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as capital . Jerusalem contains the Israeli parliament and almost all Israeli government ministries . Tel Aviv contains most foreign embassies in Israel ; Ramallah is the administrative seat of the Palestinian Authority . 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Denis 2005 : Helsinki 2007 : Osaka 2009 : Berlin 2011 : Daegu 2013 : Moscow 2015 : Beijing 2017 : London 2019 : Doha 2021 : Eugene Host cities of Asian Games Summer 1951 : Delhi 1954 : Manila 1958 : Tokyo 1962 : Jakarta 1966 : Bangkok 1970 : Bangkok 1974 : Tehran 1978 : Bangkok 1982 : Delhi 1986 : Seoul 1990 : Beijing 1994 : Hiroshima 1998 : Bangkok 2002 : Busan 2006 : Doha 2010 : Guangzhou 2014 : Incheon 2018 : Jakarta / Palembang 2022 : Hangzhou Winter 1986 : Sapporo 1990 : Sapporo 1996 : Harbin 1999 : Kangwon 2003 : Aomori 2007 : Changchun 2011 : Astana - Almaty 2017 : Sapporo World 's twenty most populous metropolitan areas 1 Tokyo - Yokohama 2 Jakarta 3 Shanghai 4 Karachi 5 Delhi 6 Seoul - Incheon 7 Mexico City 8 Beijing 9 Lagos 10 São Paulo 11 Mumbai 12 New York 13 Osaka 14 Dhaka 15 Kolkata 16 Tehran 17 Istanbul 18 London 19 Los Angeles 20 Buenos Aires World 's fifty most - populous urban areas Tokyo -- Yokohama ( Keihin ) Jakarta ( Jabodetabek ) Delhi Manila ( Metro Manila ) Seoul -- Incheon ( Sudogwon ) Shanghai Karachi Beijing New York City Guangzhou -- Foshan ( Guangfo ) São Paulo Mexico City ( Valley of Mexico ) Mumbai Osaka -- Kobe -- Kyoto ( Keihanshin ) Moscow Dhaka Greater Cairo Los Angeles Bangkok Kolkata Greater Buenos Aires Tehran Istanbul Lagos Shenzhen Rio de Janeiro Kinshasa Tianjin Paris Lima Chengdu Greater London Nagoya ( Chūkyō ) Lahore Chennai Bengaluru Chicago Bogotá Ho Chi Minh City Hyderabad Dongguan Johannesburg -- East Rand Wuhan Taipei - 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Narita Kanamachi Oshiage KS Narita Sky Access Odakyu Odawara Enoshima Tama Seibu Ikebukuro Sayama Seibu Chichibu Seibu Yūrakuchō Toshima Seibu Shinjuku Haijima Kokubunji Seibu - en Tamagawa Tamako Sotetsu Sotetsu Main Izumino Tobu TS Skytree Kameido Daishi TI Isesaki Sano Koizumi Kiryū TN Nikkō Kinugawa Utsunomiya TD Urban Park TJ Tōjō Ogose Tokyu DT Den - en - toshi IK Ikegami MG Meguro OM Oimachi TM Tokyu Tamagawa TY Toyoko KD Kodomonokuni Other commuter rail lines HS Hokusō Kantō Jōsō Ryūgasaki Nagareyama R Rinkai Saitama Rapid SR Shibayama SL Shin - Keisei TR Tōyō Rapid Tsukuba Express Minatomirai 21 Monorails and light transit Monorails Chiba Monorail Disney Resort Shōnan Monorail Tama Monorail MO Tokyo Monorail People movers New Shuttle Kanazawa Seaside Nippori - Toneri Seibu Yamaguchi Yūkarigaoka Yurikamome Trams Enoden SG Setagaya Arakawa ( Tokyo Sakura Tram ) Hinterland Chichibu Main Line Fujikyuko Line Cable cars and aerial tramways Ōyama Cable Car Hodosan Ropeway ( Takao Tozan Railway Mitake Tozan Cable Car ) ( Nokogiriyama Ropeway Mount Tsukuba Cable Car Mount Tsukuba Ropeway ) Akechidaira Ropeway Ikaho Ropeway Bus Willer Express List of bus operating companies in Japan ( east ) Public ferries Tokyo - 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where is tokyo located on a world map
[ "\nCoordinates: 35°41′N 139°41′E / 35.683°N 139.683°E / 35.683; 139.683Coordinates: 35°41′N 139°41′E / 35.683°N 139.683°E / 35.683; 139.683\n" ]
[ "35°41′N 139°41′E / 35.683°N 139.683°E / 35.683; 139.683Coordinates: 35°41′N 139°41′E / 35.683°N 139.683°E" ]
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Fly Me to the Moon
Fly Me to the Moon - wikipedia Fly Me to the Moon For other uses , see Fly Me to the Moon ( disambiguation ) . `` In Other Words '' First recording titled `` In Other Words '' Song by Kaye Ballard Released April 1954 Recorded 1954 Genre Jazz Length 2 : 14 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Bart Howard `` Fly Me to the Moon '' , originally titled `` In Other Words '' , is a song written in 1954 by Bart Howard . Kaye Ballard made the first recording of the song the year it was written . Since then , it has become a frequently recorded jazz standard often featured in popular culture ; Frank Sinatra 's 1964 version was closely associated with the Apollo missions to the Moon , and the Japanese animated series Neon Genesis Evangelion played the song at the end of each episode . In 1999 , the US - based Songwriters Hall of Fame recognized the importance of `` Fly Me to the Moon '' by inducting it as a `` Towering Song '' which is an award `` ... presented each year to the creators of an individual song that has influenced our culture in a unique way over many years . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Early recordings 3 `` Fly Me to the Moon '' 3.1 Other releases 4 NASA association 5 References 6 External links Background and composition ( edit ) In 1954 , when writing the song which would become `` Fly Me to the Moon '' , Bart Howard had been pursuing a career in music for over 20 years . He played piano to accompany cabaret singers but also wrote songs with Cole Porter , his idol , in mind . In response to a publisher 's request for a simpler song , Bart Howard wrote a cabaret ballad in waltz time which he titled `` In Other Words '' . A publisher tried to make him change some words from `` fly me to the moon '' to `` take me to the moon '' , but Howard refused to do this . Many years later Howard commented that `` ... it took me 20 years to find out how to write a song in 20 minutes '' . He used his position as a piano accompanist and presenter at the Blue Angel cabaret venue to promote the song , and it was soon introduced in cabaret performances by Felicia Sanders . Early recordings ( edit ) Kaye Ballard circa late 1950s Kaye Ballard made the first commercial recording of `` In Other Words '' . It was released by Decca in April 1954 . A brief review published on 8 May 1954 in Billboard said that `` In Other Words '' was `` A love song sung with feeling by Miss Ballard . '' This recording was released as the flipside of `` Lazy Afternoon '' which Kaye Ballard was currently performing as star of the stage show The Golden Apple . Over the next few years , jazz and cabaret singers released cover versions of `` In Other Words '' on EP or LP record albums , including Chris Connor , Johnny Mathis , Portia Nelson and Nancy Wilson . Eydie Gormé featured the song on her 1958 album Eydie In Love , which reached # 20 in the Cashbox Album Charts and was nominated for a Grammy Award . `` Fly Me to the Moon '' ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1960 , Peggy Lee released the song on the album Pretty Eyes , then made it more popular when she performed it in front of a large television audience on The Ed Sullivan Show . As the song 's popularity increased , it became better known as `` Fly Me to the Moon '' , and in 1963 Peggy Lee convinced Bart Howard to make the name change official . In the early 1960s , versions of the song were released under its new name by many well - known singers , including Nat King Cole , Sarah Vaughan and Brenda Lee . Connie Francis released two non-English versions of the song in 1963 : in Italian as `` Portami Con Te '' and in Spanish as `` Llévame a la Luna '' . Fly Me to the Moon Bossa Nova 1963 album by Joe Harnell In 1962 , Joe Harnell arranged and recorded an instrumental version in a bossa nova style . It was released as a single in late 1962 . Harnell 's version spent 13 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , reaching No. 14 on February 23 , 1963 , while reaching No. 4 on Billboard 's Middle - Road Singles chart . Harnell 's version was ranked No. 89 on Billboard 's end of year ranking `` Top Records of 1963 '' . Harnell 's recording won him a Grammy Award at the 5th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Performance by an Orchestra -- for Dancing . Harnell 's version was included on his album Fly Me to the Moon and the Bossa Nova Pops released in early 1963 , which reached No. 3 stereo album on the Billboard Top LP 's chart . Versions of the song were released by many other 1960s instrumental artists , including Roy Haynes , Al Hirt and Oscar Peterson . Frank Sinatra included the song on his 1964 album It Might as Well Be Swing , accompanied by Count Basie . The music for this album was arranged by Quincy Jones , who had worked with Count Basie a year earlier on the album This Time by Basie , which also included a version of `` Fly Me to the Moon '' . Will Friedwald commented that `` Jones boosted the tempo and put it into an even four / four '' for Basie 's version , but `` when Sinatra decided to address it with the Basie / Jones combination they recharged it into a straight swinger ... ( which ) ... all but explodes with energy '' . Other releases ( edit ) Bart Howard estimated that by the time Frank Sinatra covered the song in 1964 , more than 100 other versions had been recorded . By 1995 , it had been recorded more than 300 times . NASA association ( edit ) Quincy Jones presents platinum copies of Frank Sinatra 's album to Senator John Glenn and Apollo 11 Commander Neil Armstrong Frank Sinatra 's 1964 recording of `` Fly Me to the Moon '' became closely associated with NASA 's Apollo space program . A copy of the song was played on the Apollo 10 mission which orbited the Moon . It became the first music heard on the Moon when played on a portable cassette player by Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin after he stepped onto the Moon . The song 's association with Apollo 11 was reprised many years later when Diana Krall sang it at the mission 's 40th anniversary commemoration ceremony . She also sang a `` slow and solemn version '' in 2012 at the national memorial service for Apollo 11 mission commander Neil Armstrong . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1999 Award and Induction Ceremony '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . 1999 - 06 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Towering Song '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Iowans - Bart Howard The Des Moines Register DesMoinesRegister.com '' . Data.desmoinesregister.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : STEPHEN HOLDEN ( 2004 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Bart Howard , 88 , Songwriter Known for ' Fly Me to the Moon ' - New York Times '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Fly Me to the Moon `` : Song History , Commentary , Discography , Performances on Video '' . Greatamericansongbook.net. 2004 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Will Friedwald , `` Sinatra ! The Song Is You : A Singer 's Art '' , Scribner , New York , 1995 , page 411 ^ Jump up to : Stephen Holden ( December 19 , 1988 ) . `` Product of 20 Minutes : A Million Dollar Song '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kaye Ballard - In Other Words / Lazy Afternoon - Decca - USA - 9 - 29114 '' . 45cat.com. 2012 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.com. 1954 - 05 - 08 . p. 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Liz Smith , Liner Notes for the CD Portia Nelson , `` Let Me Love You : Portia Nelson Sings the Songs of Bart Howard '' , DRG 91442 , 1995 Jump up ^ `` ABC - Paramount Album Discography , Part 2 '' . Bsnpubs.com. 2005 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Hope ( 2007 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Barry 's Hits of All Decades Pop rock n roll Music Chart Hits '' . Hitsofalldecades.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Eyes - Peggy Lee '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bart Howard : 1915 - 2004 '' . Jazzhouse.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Francis - Mala Femmena / Portami Con Te ( Fly Me To The Moon ) - MGM - Italy - K 2078 '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Francis - Connie Francis Canta En Español - MGM - Spain '' . 45cat.com. 2015 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews of New Singles '' , Billboard , November 10 , 1962 . p. 52 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Dave ( 2016 ) . Standard Catalog of American Records , F + W Media , Inc. p. 567 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 - Joe Harnell and His Orchestra Fly Me to the Moon - Bossa Nova Chart History , Billboard.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Middle - Road Singles '' , Billboard , February 23 , 1963 . p. 42 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adult Contemporary - Joe Harnell and His Orchestra Fly Me to the Moon - Bossa Nova Chart History , Billboard.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Records of 1963 '' , Billboard , Section II , December 28 , 1963 . p. 30 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Joe Harnell , Recording Academy Grammy Awards , grammy.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Harnell , 80 ; Pianist , Conductor , Composer , Arranger - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com. 1994 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Fly Me to the Moon and the Bossa Nova Pops - Joe Harnell & His Orchestra , Joe Harnell '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top LP 's for Week Ending March 16 '' . Billboard. 1963 - 03 - 16 . p. 66 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` It Might as Well Be Swing - Count Basie , Frank Sinatra '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It Might as Well Be Swing - Count Basie , Frank Sinatra - Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` This Time by Basie : Hits of the 50 's - Count Basie '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Collections : April 2006 '' . Apollotribute2.blogspot.com.au. 2006 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Diane K. Shah ( November 18 , 1990 ) . `` '' On Q `` '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NASA TV 's This Week @ NASA , July 24 '' . Nasa.gov. 2009 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Armstrong remembered at public memorial '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ASCAP Foundation : Bart Howard Provides A Musical Gift Fly Me to the Moon Chord Study for Guitar `` Fly Me to the Moon ( In Other Words ) '' at MusicBrainz ( information and list of recordings ) Brenda Lee Albums Grandma , What Great Songs You Sang ! Brenda Lee This Is ... Brenda Emotions All the Way Sincerely , Brenda Lee Brenda , That 's All All Alone Am I ... `` Let Me Sing '' Gospel Duets with Treasured Friends Other albums The Winning Hand Singles `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` One Step at a Time '' `` Let 's Jump the Broomstick '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` Sweet Nothin 's '' `` That 's All You Gotta Do '' `` I 'm Sorry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Emotions '' `` You Can Depend on Me '' `` Dum Dum '' `` Fool # 1 `` Break It to Me Gently '' `` Speak to Me Pretty '' `` Everybody Loves Me But You '' `` Here Comes That Feeling '' `` Heart in Hand '' `` It Started All Over Again '' `` All Alone Am I '' `` Your Used to Be '' `` She 'll Never Know '' `` Losing You '' `` I Wonder '' `` My Whole World Is Falling Down '' `` The Grass Is Greener '' `` As Usual '' `` Think '' `` Alone with You '' `` When You Loved Me '' `` Truly , Truly True '' `` Is It True '' `` Jingle Bell Rock '' `` Too Many Rivers '' `` Rusty Bells '' `` Coming on Strong '' `` Johnny One Time '' `` Let It Be Me '' `` Always on My Mind '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` Wrong Ideas '' `` Big Four Poster Bed '' `` Rock on Baby '' `` He 's My Rock '' `` Tell Me What It 's Like '' `` The Cowgirl and the Dandy '' `` Broken Trust '' Other singles `` Hallelujah , I Love You So '' `` America the Beautiful '' Songs `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` The Letter '' `` Our Day Will Come '' Related topics Discography Connie Francis Skeeter Davis Ricky Nelson Lesley Gore Red Foley Muruga Booker Book : Brenda Lee Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Surrender '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Category Westlife singles Discography Westlife `` Swear It Again '' `` If I Let You Go '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' `` Fool Again '' Coast to Coast `` Against All Odds '' `` My Love '' `` What Makes a Man '' `` I Lay My Love on You '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` When You 're Looking Like That '' World of Our Own `` Queen of My Heart '' `` Evergreen '' `` World of Our Own '' `` Bop Bop Baby '' Unbreakable `` Unbreakable '' `` Tonight / Miss You Nights '' Turnaround `` Hey Whatever '' `` Mandy '' `` Obvious '' Allow Us to Be Frank `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` Smile '' Face to Face `` You Raise Me Up '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Amazing '' The Love Album `` The Rose '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Back Home `` Home '' `` Us Against the World '' `` Something Right '' Where We Are `` What About Now '' Gravity `` Safe '' Greatest Hits `` Lighthouse '' `` Beautiful World '' Book Category Neon Genesis Evangelion Media Anime episodes Manga chapters Angelic Days Petit Eva : Evangelion@School Campus Apocalypse Films Death & Rebirth The End of Evangelion Rebuild of Evangelion 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 + 1.0 Video games Ayanami Raising Project Shinji Ikari Raising Project Girlfriend of Steel 2nd Neon Genesis Evangelion Shinji and Good Friends Battle Orchestra Misato Katsuragi 's Reporting Plan City Shrouded in Shadow Music `` A Cruel Angel 's Thesis '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` Beautiful World '' `` Sakura Nagashi '' Studios Gainax Khara Production I.G Tatsunoko Production Characters Shinji Ikari Rei Ayanami Asuka Langley Soryu Misato Katsuragi Gendo Ikari Kaworu Nagisa People Hideaki Anno Mahiro Maeda Yoshiyuki Sadamoto Shirō Sagisu Kazuya Tsurumaki Related Angels Evangelions Themes Aoki Uru `` Arue '' Japan Animator Expo Antônio Carlos Jobim Studio albums The Composer of Desafinado , Plays ( 1963 ) The Wonderful World of Antonio Carlos Jobim ( 1965 ) A Certain Mr. Jobim ( 1967 ) Wave ( 1967 ) Tide ( 1970 ) Stone Flower ( 1970 ) Jobim ( 1973 ) Urubu ( 1976 ) Terra Brasilis ( 1980 ) Antonio Brasileiro ( 1995 ) Live albums Jazzvisions ( 1986 ) Compilations Sinatra -- Jobim Sessions ( 1979 ) Soundtracks Lost Highway ( 1997 ) Collaborations Getz / Gilberto ( 1963 , Stan Getz ) Jazz Samba Encore ! ( 1963 , Stan Getz and Luiz Bonfá ) Getz / Gilberto Vol. 2 ( 1963 , Stan Getz ) Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim ( 1967 , Frank Sinatra ) Sinatra & Company ( 1971 , Frank Sinatra ) Elis & Tom ( 1974 , Elis Regina ) `` Fly Me to the Moon '' ( 1994 , Frank Sinatra ) Compositions `` Água de Beber '' ( Drinking - Water ) `` Waters of March '' `` Chega de Saudade '' ( No More Blues ) `` Corcovado '' ( Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ) `` Desafinado '' ( Slightly Out of Tune ) `` Dindi '' `` The Girl from Ipanema '' `` How Insensitive '' `` Inútil Paisagem '' ( If You Never Come to Me ) `` Meditation '' `` One Note Samba '' `` Someone to Light Up My Life '' `` Wave '' As contributor Canção do Amor Demais ( 1958 , Elizete Cardoso ) Chega de Saudade ( 1959 , João Gilberto ) Do the Bossa Nova with Herbie Mann , Latin Fever ( 1962 , Herbie Mann ) The Swinger from Rio ( 1965 , Sérgio Mendes ) Love , Strings and Jobim ( 1966 , various ) Abandoned Garden ( 1995 , Michael Franks ) VIAF : 177805984 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fly_Me_to_the_Moon&oldid=844068702 '' Categories : 1954 songs 1962 singles Songs written by Bart Howard Frank Sinatra songs Trini Lopez songs Tony Bennett songs Judy Garland songs Perry Como songs Patti Page songs Bobby Womack songs Westlife songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Ella Fitzgerald songs Johnny Mathis songs Michael Bolton songs Al Hirt songs Neon Genesis Evangelion songs Bossa nova jazz standards Pop standards Outer space themed songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references MusicBrainz work same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz work links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 11 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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when was the song fly me to the moon written
[ "\"Fly Me to the Moon\", originally titled \"In Other Words\", is a song written in 1954 by Bart Howard. Kaye Ballard made the first recording of the song the year it was written. Since then, it has become a frequently recorded jazz standard often featured in popular culture; Frank Sinatra's 1964 version was closely associated with the Apollo missions to the Moon, and the Japanese animated series Neon Genesis Evangelion played the song at the end of each episode." ]
[ "1954" ]
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Holy orders
Holy orders - wikipedia Holy orders Jump to : navigation , search In the Christian churches , Holy Orders are ordained ministries such as bishop , priest or deacon . In the Roman Catholic ( Latin : sacri ordines ) , Eastern Catholic , Eastern Orthodox ( ιερωσύνη ( hierōsynē ) , ιεράτευμα ( hierateuma ) , Священство ( Svyashchenstvo ) ) , Oriental Orthodox , Anglican , Assyrian , Old Catholic , Independent Catholic and some Lutheran churches , holy orders is comprised is the three ministerial orders of bishop , priest and deacon , or the sacrament or rite by which candidates are ordained to those orders . Except for Lutherans and some Anglicans , these churches regard ordination as a sacrament ( the sacramentum ordinis ) . The Anglo - Catholic tradition within Anglicanism identifies more with the Roman Catholic position about the sacramental nature of ordination . Denominations have varied conceptions of Holy Orders . In the Anglican churches and some Lutheran churches the traditional orders of bishop , priest and deacon are bestowed using ordination rites . The extent to which ordination is considered sacramental in these traditions has , however , been a matter of some internal dispute . Many other denominations do not consider ministry as being sacramental in nature and would not think of it in terms of `` holy orders '' as such . Historically , the word `` order '' ( Latin ordo ) designated an established civil body or corporation with a hierarchy , and ordinatio meant legal incorporation into an ordo . The word `` holy '' refers to the Church . In context , therefore , a holy order is set apart for ministry in the Church . Other positions , such as pope , patriarch , cardinal , monsignor , archbishop , archimandrite , archpriest , protopresbyter , hieromonk , protodeacon and archdeacon , are not sacramental orders but particular ministry positions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eastern Christianity 2 Anglicanism 3 Lutheranism 4 Roman Catholicism 5 Process and sequence 5.1 Recognition of other churches ' orders 5.2 Marriage and holy orders 6 Other concepts of ordination 6.1 Methodist churches 6.2 Presbyterian churches 6.3 Congregationalist churches 6.4 Latter Day Saint Movement 6.4. 1 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints 6.4. 2 Community of Christ 7 Ordination of women 8 Ordination of homosexual clergy 9 Footnotes 10 Print resources 11 Further reading 12 External links Eastern christianity ( edit ) Metropolitan Hilarion ( Kapral ) performs the laying on of hands ( Cheirotonia ) , conferring the holy order of presbyter ( priest ) upon an Orthodox deacon . After the transmutation of the Holy Gifts , the bishop presents to the newly ordained priest a portion of the Lamb ( i.e. , the Body of Christ ) '' The laying on of hands ( Cheirotonia ) , conferring the holy order of deacon upon an Orthodox subdeacon . The Eastern Orthodox Church considers ordination ( known as Cheirotonia , `` laying on of hands '' ) to be a Sacred Mystery ( what in the West is called a sacrament ) . Although all other mysteries may be performed by a presbyter , ordination may only be conferred by a bishop , and ordination of a bishop may only be performed by several bishops together . Cheirotonia always takes place during the Divine Liturgy . It was the mission of the Apostles to go forth into all the world and preach the Gospel , baptizing those who believed in the name of the Holy Trinity ( Matthew 28 : 18 -- 20 ) . In the Early Church those who presided over congregations were referred to variously as episcopos ( bishop ) or presbyteros ( priest ) . These successors of the Apostles were ordained to their office by the laying on of hands , and according to Orthodox theology formed a living , organic link with the Apostles , and through them with Jesus Christ himself . This link is believed to continue in unbroken succession to this day . Over time , the ministry of bishops ( who hold the fullness of the priesthood ) and presbyters or priests ( who hold a portion of the priesthood as bestowed by their bishop ) came to be distinguished . In Orthodox terminology , priesthood or sacerdotal refers to the ministry of bishops and priests . The Eastern Orthodox Church also has ordination to minor orders ( known as cheirothesia , `` imposition of hands '' ) which is performed outside of the Divine Liturgy , typically by a bishop , although certain archimandrites of stavropegial monasteries may bestow cheirothesia on members of their communities . A bishop is the Teacher of the Faith , the carrier of Sacred Tradition , and the living Vessel of Grace through whom the energeia ( divine grace ) of the Holy Spirit flows into the rest of the church . A bishop is consecrated through the laying on of hands by several bishops . ( With the consent of several other bishops , a single bishop has performed the ordination of another bishop , in emergency situations , such as times of persecution ) , The consecration of a bishop takes place near the beginning of the Liturgy , since a bishop can , in addition to performing the Mystery of the Eucharist , also ordain priests and deacons . Before the commencement of the Holy Liturgy , the bishop - elect professes , in the middle of the church before the seated bishops who will consecrate him , in detail the doctrines of the Orthodox Christian Faith and pledges to observe the canons of the Apostles and Councils , the Typikon and customs of the Orthodox Church and to obey ecclesiastical authority . After the Little Entrance , the arch - priest and arch - deacon conduct the bishop - elect before the Royal Gates where he is met by the bishops and kneels before the altar on both knees and the Gospel Book is laid over his head and the consecrating bishops lay their hands upon the Gospel Book , while the prayers of ordination are read by the eldest bishop ; after this , the newly consecrated bishop ascends the synthranon ( bishop 's throne in the sanctuary ) for the first time . Customarily , the newly consecrated bishop ordains a priest and a deacon at the Liturgy during which he is consecrated . A priest may serve only at the pleasure of his bishop . A bishop bestows faculties ( permission to minister within his diocese ) giving a priest chrism and an antimins ; he may withdraw faculties and demand the return of these items . The ordination of a priest occurs before the Anaphora ( Eucharistic Prayer ) in order that he may on the same day take part in the celebration of the Eucharist : During the Great Entrance , the candidate for ordination carries the Aër ( chalice veil ) over his head ( rather than on his shoulder , as a deacon otherwise carries it then ) as a symbol of giving up his diaconate , and comes last in the procession and stands at the end of the pair of lines of the priests . After the Aër is taken from the candidate to cover the chalice and diskos , a chair is brought for the bishop to sit on by the northeast corner of the Holy Table ( altar ) . Two deacons go to priest - elect who , at that point , had been standing alone in the middle of the church , and bow him down to the west ( to the people ) and to the east ( to the clergy ) , asking their consent by saying `` Command ye ! '' and then lead him through the holy doors of the altar where the archdeacon asks the bishop 's consent , saying , `` Command , most sacred master ! '' after which a priest escorts the candidate three times around the Holy Table , during which he kisses each corner of the Holy Table as well as the bishop 's epigonation and right hand and prostrates himself before the holy table at each circuit . The candidate is then taken to the southeast corner of the Holy Table and kneels on both knees , resting his forehead on the edge of the Holy Table . The ordaining bishop then places his omophor and right hand over the ordinand 's head and recites aloud the first Prayer of Cheirotonia and then prays silently the other two prayers of cheirotonia while a deacon quietly recites a litany and the clergy , then the congregation , chant `` Lord , have mercy '' . Afterwards , the bishop brings the newly ordained priest to stand in the Holy Doors and presents him to the faithful . He then clothes the priest in each of his sacerdotal vestments , at each of which the people sing , Worthy ! . Later , after the Epiklesis of the Liturgy , the bishop hands him a portion of the Lamb ( Host ) saying : Receive thou this pledge , and preserve it whole and unharmed until thy last breath , because thou shalt be held to an accounting therefore in the second and terrible Coming of our great Lord , God , and Saviour , Jesus Christ . A deacon may not perform any Sacrament and performs no liturgical services on his own but serves only as an assistant to a priest and may not even vest without the blessing of a priest . The ordination of a deacon occurs after the Anaphora ( Eucharistic Prayer ) since his role is not in performing the Holy Mystery but consists only in serving ; the ceremony is much the same as at the ordination of a priest , but the deacon - elect is presented to the people and escorted to the holy doors by two sub-deacons ( his peers , analogous to the two deacons who so present a priest - elect ) is escorted three times around the Holy Table by a deacon , and he kneels on only one knee during the Prayer of Cheirotonia . After being vested as a deacon and given a liturgical fan ( ripidion or hexapterygion ) , he is led to the side of the Holy Table where he uses the ripidion to gently fan the Holy Gifts ( consecrated Body and Blood of Christ ) . Anglicanism ( edit ) The Anglican churches hold their bishops to be in apostolic succession , although there is some difference of opinion with regard to whether ordination is to be regarded as a sacrament . The Anglican Articles of Religion hold that only Baptism and the Lord 's Supper are to be counted as sacraments of the gospel , and assert that other rites considered to be sacraments by such as the Roman Catholic and Eastern churches were not ordained by Christ and do not have the nature of a sacrament in the absence of any physical matter such as the water in Baptism and the bread and wine in the Eucharist . The Book of Common Prayer provides rites for ordination of bishops , priests and deacons . Only bishops may ordain . Within Anglicanism , three bishops are normally required for ordination to the episcopate , while one bishop is sufficient for performing ordinations to the priesthood and diaconate . Lutheranism ( edit ) Lutherans reject the Roman Catholic understanding of holy orders because they do not think sacerdotalism is supported by the Bible . Martin Luther taught that each individual was expected to fulfill his God - appointed task in everyday life . The modern usage of the term vocation as a life - task was first employed by Martin Luther . In Luther 's Small Catechism , the holy orders include , but are not limited to the following : bishops , pastors , preachers , governmental offices , citizens , husbands , wives , children , employees , employers , young people , and widows . However , also according to the Book of Concord : `` But if ordination be understood as applying to the ministry of the Word , we are not unwilling to call ordination a sacrament . For the ministry of the Word has God 's command and glorious promises , Rom. 1 : 16 : The Gospel is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth . Likewise , Isa. 55 : 11 : So shall My Word be that goeth forth out of My mouth ; it shall not return unto Me void , but it shall accomplish that which I please . 12 . ) If ordination be understood in this way , neither will we refuse to call the imposition of hands a sacrament . For the Church has the command to appoint ministers , which should be most pleasing to us , because we know that God approves this ministry , and is present in the ministry ( that God will preach and work through men and those who have been chosen by men ) . '' Roman catholicism ( edit ) See : Holy orders ( Catholic Church ) , Priesthood ( Catholic Church ) and Bishop ( Catholic Church ) Ordination to the Catholic priesthood ( Latin rite ) . Devotional card , 1925 . The ministerial orders of the Catholic Church include the orders of bishops , deacons and presbyters , which in Latin is sacerdos . The ordained priesthood and common priesthood ( or priesthood of the all the baptized ) are different in function and essence . A distinction is to be made between `` priest '' and `` presbyter '' . In the 1983 Code of Canon Law , `` The Latin words sacerdos and sacerdotium are used to refer in general to the ministerial priesthood shared by bishops and presbyters . The words presbyter , presbyterium and presbyteratus refer to priests ( in the English use of the word ) and presbyters '' . While the consecrated life is neither clerical nor lay by definition , clerics can be members of institutes of consecrated or secular ( diocesan ) life . Process and sequence ( edit ) At priestly ordination the bishop imposes hands upon the deacon who is by that matter and the form of the consecratory preface ordained to the priesthood . Pictured is the third imposition of hands as in the pre-1968 Roman Pontifical , in 1999 , France . The sequence in which holy orders are received are : minor orders , deacon , priest , bishop . For Catholics , it is typical in the year of seminary training that a man will be ordained to the diaconate , which Catholics since the Second Vatican Council sometimes call the `` transitional diaconate '' to distinguish men bound for priesthood from permanent deacons . They are licensed to preach sermons ( under certain circumstances a permanent deacon may not receive faculties to preach ) , to perform baptisms , and to witness Catholic marriages , but to perform no other sacraments . They assist at the Eucharist or the Mass , but are not able to consecrate the bread and wine . Normally , after six months or more as a transitional deacon , a man will be ordained to the priesthood . Priests are able to preach , perform baptisms , confirm ( with special dispensation from their ordinary ) , witness marriages , hear confessions and give absolutions , anoint the sick , and celebrate the Eucharist or the Mass . Orthodox seminarians are typically tonsured as readers before entering seminary , and may later be made subdeacons or deacons ; customs vary between seminaries and between Orthodox jurisdictions . Some deacons remain permanently in the diaconate while most subsequently are ordained as priests . Orthodox clergy are typically either married or monastic . Monastic deacons are called hierodeacons , monastic priests are called hieromonks . Orthodox clergy who marry must do so prior to ordination to the subdiaconate ( or diaconate , according to local custom ) and typically one is either tonsured a monk or married before ordination . A deacon or priest may not marry , or remarry if widowed , without abandoning his clerical office . Often , widowed priests take monastic vows . Orthodox bishops are always monks ; a single or widowed man may be elected a bishop but he must be tonsured a monk before consecration as a bishop . For Anglicans , a person is usually ordained a deacon once he ( or she ) has completed training at a theological college . The historic practice of a bishop tutoring a candidate himself ( `` reading for orders '' ) is still to be found . The candidate then typically serves as an assistant curate and may later be ordained as a priest at the discretion of the bishop . Other deacons may choose to remain in this order . Anglican deacons can preach sermons , perform baptisms and conduct funerals , but , unlike priests , can not celebrate the Eucharist . In most branches of the Anglican church , women can be ordained as priests , and in some of them , can also be ordained bishops . Anointment of the hands of a newly ordained priest . Bishops are chosen from among priests in churches that adhere to Catholic usage . In the Roman Catholic Church , bishops , like priests , are celibate and thus unmarried ; further , a bishop is said to possess the fullness of the sacrament of holy orders , empowering him to ordain deacons , priests , and -- with papal consent -- other bishops . If a bishop , especially one acting as an ordinary -- a head of a diocese or archdiocese -- is to be ordained , three bishops must usually co-consecrate him with one bishop , usually an archbishop or the bishop of the place , being the chief consecrating prelate . Among Eastern Rite Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches , which permit married priests , bishops must either be unmarried or agree to abstain from contact with their wives . It is a common misconception that all such bishops come from religious orders ; while this is generally true , it is not an absolute rule . In the case of both Catholics -- ( Western and ) Eastern Catholic , Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox , they are usually leaders of territorial units called dioceses ( or its equivalent in the east , an eparchy ) . Only bishops can validly administer the sacrament of holy orders . Recognition of other churches ' orders ( edit ) The Roman Catholic Church unconditionally recognizes the validity of ordinations in the Eastern churches . Some Eastern Orthodox churches reordain Catholic priests who convert while others accept their Roman Catholic ordination using the concept of economia ( church economy ) . Anglican churches claim to have maintained apostolic succession . The succession of Anglican bishops is not universally recognized , however . The Roman Catholic Church judged Anglican orders invalid when Pope Leo XIII in 1896 wrote in Apostolicae curae that Anglican orders lack validity because the rite by which priests were ordained was not correctly worded from 1547 to 1553 and from 1559 to the time of Archbishop William Laud , ( Archbishop of Canterbury 1633 -- 1645 ) . The Papacy claimed the form and matter was inadequate to make a Catholic bishop . The actual ' mechanical ' succession , prayer and laying on hands was not disputed . Two of the four consecrators of Mathew Parker in 1559 had been consecrated using the English Ordinal and two using the Roman Pontifical . Nonetheless , they believed that this caused a break of continuity in apostolic succession , making all further ordinations null and void . Eastern Orthodox bishops have , on occasion , granted `` economy '' when Anglican priests convert to Orthodoxy . Various Orthodox churches have also declared Anglican orders valid subject to a finding that the bishops in question did indeed maintain the true faith , the Orthodox concept of Apostolic Succession being one in which the faith must be properly adhered to and transmitted , not simply that the ceremony by which a man is made a bishop is conducted correctly . Changes in the Anglican Ordinal since King Edward VI , and a fuller appreciation of the pre-Reformation ordinals , suggest that the correctness of the enduring dismissal of Anglican orders is questionable . To reduce doubt concerning Anglican apostolic succession , especially since the 1930 Bonn agreement between the Anglican and Old Catholic churches , some Anglican bishops have included among their consecrators bishops of the Old Catholic Church , whose holy orders are recognised as valid and regular by the Roman Catholic Church . Neither Roman Catholics nor Anglicans recognize the validity of ordinations of ministers in Protestant churches that do not maintain Apostolic Succession ; but some Anglicans , especially Low Church or Evangelical Anglicans , commonly treat Protestant ministers and their sacraments as valid . Rome also does not recognize the apostolic succession of those Lutheran bodies which retained Apostolic Succession . Officially , the Anglican Communion accepts the ordinations of those denominations which are in full communion with their own churches , such as the Lutheran state churches of Scandinavia . Those clergy may preside at services requiring a priest if one is not otherwise available . Marriage and holy orders ( edit ) See also : Clerical celibacy and Clerical celibacy ( Catholic Church ) The rules discussed in this section are not considered to be among the infallible dogmas of the Catholic Church , but are mutable rules of discipline . See clerical celibacy for a more detailed discussion . Married men may be ordained to the diaconate as Permanent Deacons , but in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church generally may not be ordained to the priesthood . In the Eastern Catholic Churches and in the Eastern Orthodox Church , married deacons may be ordained priests but may not become bishops . Bishops in the Eastern Rites and the Eastern Orthodox churches are almost always drawn from among monks , who have taken a vow of celibacy . They may be widowers , though ; it is not required of them never to have been married . In some cases , widowed permanent deacons have been ordained to the priesthood . There have been some situations in which men previously married and ordained to the priesthood in an Anglican church or in a Lutheran church have been ordained to the Catholic priesthood and allowed to function much as an Eastern Rite priest but in a Latin Rite setting . This is never sub conditione ( conditionally ) , as there is in Catholic canon law no true priesthood in Protestant denominations . Such ordination may only happen with the approval of the priest 's Bishop and a special permission by the Pope . Anglican clergy may be married and / or may marry after ordination . In the Old Catholic Church and the Independent Catholic Churches there are no ordination restrictions related to marriage . Other concepts of ordination ( edit ) Ordination ritual and procedures vary by denomination . Different churches and denominations specify more or less rigorous requirements for entering into office , and the process of ordination is likewise given more or less ceremonial pomp depending on the group . Many Protestants still communicate authority and ordain to office by having the existing overseers physically lay hands on the candidates for office . Methodist churches ( edit ) The American Methodist model is an episcopal system loosely based on the Anglican model , as the Methodist Church arose from the Anglican Church . It was first devised under the leadership of Bishops Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the late 18th century . In this approach , an elder ( or `` presbyter '' ) is ordained to word ( preaching and teaching ) , sacrament ( administering Baptism and the Lord 's Supper ) , order ( administering the life of the church and , in the case of bishops , ordaining others for mission and ministry ) , and service . A deacon is a person ordained only to word and service . In the United Methodist Church , for instance , seminary graduates are examined and approved by the Conference Board of Ordained Ministry and then the Clergy Session . They are accepted as `` probationary ( provisional ) members of the conference . '' The resident bishop may commission them to full - time ministry as `` provisional '' ministers . ( Before 1996 , the graduate was ordained as a transitional deacon at this point , a provisional role since eliminated . The order of deacon is now a separate and distinct clergy order in the United Methodist Church . ) After serving the probationary period , of a minimum of two years , the probationer is then examined again and either continued on probation , discontinued altogether , or approved for ordination . Upon final approval by the Clergy Session of the Conference , the probationer becomes a full member of the Conference and is then ordained as an elder or deacon by the resident Bishop . Those ordained as elders are members of the Order of Elders , and those ordained deacons are members of the Order of Deacons . The British Methodist Conference has two distinct orders of presbyter and deacon . It does not have bishops as a separate order of ministry . John Wesley appointed Thomas Coke ( above mentioned as bishop ) as ' Superintendent ' , his translation of the Greek ' episcopos ' -- which is normally translated ' bishop ' in English . The British Methodist Church has more than 500 Superintendents who are not a separate order of ministry but a role within the order of Presbyters . In British Methodism the roles normally undertaken by bishops are expressed in ordaining presbyters and deacons by the annual Conference through its President ( or a past president ) ; in confirmation by all presbyters ; in local oversight by Superintendents and in regional oversight by Chairs of District . Presbyterian churches ( edit ) Presbyterian churches , following their Scottish forebears , reject the traditions surrounding overseers and instead identify the offices of bishop ( episkopos in Greek ) and elder ( presbuteros in Greek , from which the term `` presbyterian '' comes ) . The two terms seem to be used interchangeably in the Bible ( compare Titus 1.5 -- 9 and I Tim . 3.2 -- 7 ) . Their form of church governance is known as presbyterian polity . While there is increasing authority with each level of gathering of elders ( ' Session ' over a congregation or parish , then presbytery , then possibly a synod , then the General Assembly ) , there is no hierarchy of elders . Each elder has an equal vote at the court on which they stand . Elders are usually chosen at their local level , either elected by the congregation and approved by the Session , or appointed directly by the Session . Some churches place limits on the term that the elders serve , while others ordain elders for life . Presbyterians also ordain ( by laying on of hands ) ministers of Word and Sacrament ( sometimes known as ' teaching elders ' ) . These ministers are regarded simply as Presbyters ordained to a different function , but in practice they provide the leadership for local Session . Some Presbyterians identify those appointed ( by the laying on of hands ) to serve in practical ways ( Acts 6.1 -- 7 ) as deacons ( diakonos in Greek , meaning `` servant '' ) . In many congregations , a group of men or women is thus set aside to deal with matters such as congregational fabric and finance , releasing elders for more ' spiritual ' work . These persons may be known as ' deacons ' , ' board members ' or ' managers ' , depending on the local tradition . Unlike elders and minister , they are not usually ' ordained ' , and are often elected by the congregation for a set period of time . Other Presbyterians have used an ' order of deacons ' as full - time servants of the wider Church . Unlike ministers , they do not administer sacraments or routinely preach . The Church of Scotland has recently begun ordaining deacons to this role . Unlike the Episcopalian system , but similar to the United Methodist system described above , the two Presbyterian offices are different in kind rather than in degree , since one need not be a deacon before becoming an elder . Since there is no hierarchy , the two offices do not make up an `` order '' in the technical sense , but the terminology of holy orders is sometimes still developed . Congregationalist churches ( edit ) Congregationalist churches implement different schemes , but the officers usually have less authority than in the presbyterian or episcopalian forms . Some ordain only ministers and rotate members on an advisory board ( sometimes called a board of elders or a board of deacons ) . Because the positions are by comparison less powerful , there is usually less rigor or fanfare in how officers are ordained . Latter day Saint movement ( edit ) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( edit ) Main article : Priesthood ( LDS ) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) accepts the legal authority of clergy to perform marriages but does not recognize any other sacraments performed by ministers not ordained to the Latter - day Saint priesthood . Although the Latter - day Saints do claim a doctrine of a certain spiritual `` apostolic succession , '' it is significantly different from that claimed by Catholics and Protestants since there is no succession or continuity between the first century and the lifetime of Joseph Smith , the founder of the LDS church . Mormons teach that the priesthood was lost in ancient times not to be restored by Christ until the nineteenth century when it was given to Joseph Smith directly . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints has a relatively open priesthood , ordaining nearly all worthy adult males and boys of the age of twelve and older . Latter - day Saint priesthood consists of two divisions : the Melchizedek Priesthood and Aaronic Priesthood . The Melchizedek Priesthood because Melchizedek was such a great high priest . Before his day it was called the Holy Priesthood , after the Order of the Son of God . But out of respect or reverence to the name of the Supreme Being , to avoid the too frequent repetition of his name , the church , in ancient days , called that priesthood after Melchizedek . The lesser priesthood is an appendage to the Melchizedek Priesthood . It is called the Aaronic Priesthood because it was conferred on Aaron and his sons throughout all their generations . The offices , or ranks , of the Melchizedek order ( in roughly descending order ) include apostle , seventy , patriarch , high priest , and elder . The offices of the Aaronic order are bishop , priest , teacher , and deacon . The manner of ordination consists of the laying on of hands by two or more men holding at least the office being conferred while one acts as voice in conferring the priesthood and / or office and usually pronounces a blessing upon the recipient . Teachers and deacons do not have the authority to ordain others to the priesthood . All church members are authorized to teach and preach regardless of priesthood ordination so long as they maintain good standing within the church . The church does not use the term `` holy orders . '' Community of Christ ( edit ) Main article : Priesthood ( Community of Christ ) Community of Christ has a largely volunteer priesthood , and all members of the priesthood are free to marry ( as traditionally defined by the Christian community ) . The priesthood is divided into two orders , the Aaronic priesthood and the Melchisedec priesthood . The Aaronic order consists of the offices of deacon , teacher and priest . The Melchisedec Order consists of the offices of elder ( including the specialized office of seventy ) and high priest ( including the specialized offices of evangelist , bishop , apostle , & prophet ) . Paid ministers include `` appointees '' and the general officers of the church , which include some specialized priesthood offices ( such as the office of president , reserved for the three top members of the church leadership team ) . As of 1984 , women have been eligible for priesthood , which is conferred through the sacrament of ordination by the laying - on - of - hands . While there is technically no age requirement for any office of priesthood , there is no automatic ordination or progression as in the LDS Church . Young people are occasionally ordained as deacon , and sometimes teacher or priest , but generally most priesthood members are called following completion of post secondary school education . In March 2007 a woman was ordained for the first time to the office of president . Ordination of women ( edit ) Main article : Ordination of women The Roman Catholic Church does not ordain women to any of the orders and has officially declared that it does not have authority to ordain women as priests or bishops . `` Ordaining '' women as deaconesses is not a possibility in any sacramental sense of the diaconate , for a deaconess is not simply a woman who is a deacon but instead holds a position of lay service . As such , she does not receive the sacrament of holy orders . Many Anglican and Protestant churches ordain women , but in many cases , only to the office of deacon . Various branches of the Orthodox churches , including the Greek Orthodox , currently set aside women as deaconesses . Some churches are internally divided on whether the Scriptures permit the ordination of women . When one considers the relative size of the churches ( 1.1 billion Roman Catholics , 300 million Orthodox , 590 million Anglicans and Protestants ) , it is a minority of Christian churches that ordain women . Protestants constitute about 27 percent of Christians worldwide , and most of their churches that do ordain women have only done so within the past century . In some traditions women may be ordained to the same orders as men . In others women are restricted from certain offices . Women may be ordained bishop in the Old Catholic churches and in the Anglican / Episcopal churches in Scotland , Ireland , Wales , Cuba , Brazil , South Africa , Canada , US , Australia , Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia . The Church of Ireland had installed Pat Storey in 2013 . On 19 September 2013 , Storey was chosen by the House of Bishops to succeed Richard Clarke as Bishop of Meath and Kildare . She was consecrated to the episcopate at Christ Church Cathedral , Dublin , on 30 November 2013 . She is the first woman to be elected as a bishop in the Church of Ireland and the first woman to be an Anglican Communion bishop in Ireland and Great Britain . The Church of England 's General Synod voted in 2014 to allow women to be ordained to the episcopate , with Libby Lane being the first woman to be ordained bishop . Continuing Anglican churches of the world do not permit women to be ordained . In some Protestant denominations , women may serve as assistant pastors but not as pastors in charge of congregations . In some denominations , women can be ordained to be an elder or deacon . Some denominations allow for the ordination of women for certain religious orders . Within certain traditions , such as the Anglican and Lutheran , there is a diversity of theology and practice regarding ordination of women . The Roman Catholic Church , in accordance with its understanding of the theological tradition on the issue , and the definitive clarification found in the encyclical letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis ( 1994 ) written by Pope John Paul II , officially teaches that it has no authority to ordain women as priests and thus there is no possibility of women becoming priests at any time in the future . Ordination of homosexual clergy ( edit ) Main articles : Ordination of LGBT Christian clergy and Homosexuality and Christianity The ordination of lesbian , gay , bisexual or transgender clergy who are sexually active , and open about it , represents a fiercely contested subject within many mainline Protestant communities . The majority of churches are opposed to such ordinations because they view homosexuality as incompatible with Biblical teaching and traditional Christian practice . Yet there are an increasing number of Christian congregations and communities that are open to ordaining people who are gay or lesbian . These are liberal Protestant denominations , such as the Episcopal Church the United Church of Christ , and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America , plus the small Metropolitan Community Church , founded as a church intending to minister primarily to LGBT people , and the Church of Sweden where such clergy may serve in senior clerical positions . The issue of ordination has caused particular controversy in the worldwide Anglican Communion , following the approval of Gene Robinson to be Bishop of New Hampshire in the US Episcopal Church . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Father Gregory ( 1979 ) , The Sacramental Life : An Orthodox Christian Perspective ( 3rd ed . ) , Liberty TN : St. John of Kronstadt Press ( published 1986 ) , pp. 43 -- 47 ^ Jump up to : Sokolof , Archpriest Dimitrii ( 1899 ) , Manual of the Orthodox Church 's Divine Services , Jordanville , New York : Holy Trinity Monastery ( published 2001 ) , p. 166 , ISBN 0 - 88465 - 067 - 7 Jump up ^ Hapgood , Isabel F. ( 1922 ) . Service Book of the Holy Orthodox - Catholic Apostolic Church ( 5th ed . ) . Englewood NJ : Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese ( published 1975 ) . p. 106 . Jump up ^ Max Weber , The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , trans . Talcott Parsons , Ch. 3 , p. 79 & note 1 . Jump up ^ See Luther 's Small Catechism Jump up ^ See Jump up ^ Catechism 1547 Jump up ^ Lumen Gentium 10 Jump up ^ Woesteman , Wm . The Sacrament of Orders and the Clerical State St Paul 's University Press : Ottawa , 2006 , pg 8 , see also De Ordinatione Jump up ^ can . 588 , CIC 1983 Jump up ^ can . 266 , CIC 1983 Jump up ^ The Ecumenical Patriarch on Anglican Orders Archived 2002 - 01 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Gospel Principles Chapter 14 : Priesthood Organization '' . Lds.org. 2012 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bishop Clarke '' . Diocese of Meath and Kildare . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish Anglicans install Rev Pat Storey as bishop '' . BBC News . 30 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Erlanger , Steven ( 20 September 2013 ) . `` Anglicans Name First Female Bishop in Ireland '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Print resources ( edit ) Campbell , Dennis . Yoke of Obedience , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 687 - 46660 - 1 Oden , Thomas . Pastoral Theology : Essentials of Ministry , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 066353 - 7 Willimon , William . Calling & Character : Virtues of the Ordained Life , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 687 - 09033 - 4 Willimon , William . Pastor : The Theology and Practice of Ordained Ministry , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 687 - 04532 - 0 Further reading ( edit ) Bray , Gerald L. Sacraments & Ministry in Ecumenical Perspective , in series , Latimer Studies , 18 . Oxford , Eng. : Latimer House , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 946307 - 17 - 2 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holy Orders . Priesthood -- Catholic Sacrament of Holy Orders -- Ordination The Steps to Orders in The United Methodist Church ( PDF ) Elder 's Orders in the UMC : The Disciplinary Questions and Sample Answers by Gregory S. Neal VISION Vocation Guide Information on Roman Catholic priesthood and religious life Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis of Assisi , CFP We are located in the United States , Europe and Brazil . We are a Regular Third Order Roman Catholic congregation . Catholic Church History ( Timeline ) Jesus Holy Family Mary Joseph Apostles Early Christianity History of the papacy Ecumenical Councils Missions Great Schism of East Crusades Great Schism of West Protestant Reformation Council of Trent Counter-Reformation Catholic Church by country Vatican City index Vatican II Definition of the Church Ecumenism Dei verbum Dignitatis humanae Gaudium et spes Lumen gentium Nostra aetate Sacrosanctum Concilium Hierarchy ( Precedence ) Pope ( List ) Pope Francis ( 2013 -- ) conclave inauguration theology canonizations visits Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI ( 2005 -- 2013 ) Roman Curia College of Cardinals Cardinal Patriarch Major archbishop Primate Metropolitan Archbishop Diocesan bishop Coadjutor bishop Auxiliary bishop Titular bishop Bishop emeritus Priest Abbot Abbess Brother Monk Hermit Friar Nun Master of novices Novice Oblate Postulant Provincial superior Prior Superior general Laity Theology Body and soul Bible Catechism Divine grace Dogma Ecclesiology Four Marks of the Church Original sin List Salvation Sermon on the Mount Ten Commandments Trinity Worship Mariology Assumption History Immaculate Conception Mariology of the popes Mariology of the saints Mother of God Perpetual virginity Veneration Philosophy Natural law Moral theology Personalism Social teaching Philosophers Sacraments Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Penance Anointing of the Sick Last rites Holy orders Matrimony Saints Mary Apostles Archangels Confessors Disciples Doctors of the Church Evangelists Church Fathers Martyrs Patriarchs Prophets Virgins Doctors of the Church Gregory the Great Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Athanasius of Alexandria Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem John of Damascus Bede the Venerable Ephrem the Syrian Thomas Aquinas Bonaventure Anselm of Canterbury Isidore of Seville Peter Chrysologus Leo the Great Peter Damian Bernard of Clairvaux Hilary of Poitiers Alphonsus Liguori Francis de Sales Peter Canisius John of the Cross Robert Bellarmine Albertus Magnus Anthony of Padua Lawrence of Brindisi Teresa of Ávila Catherine of Siena Thérèse of Lisieux John of Ávila Hildegard of Bingen Gregory of Narek Institutes , orders , and societies Assumptionists Annonciades Augustinians Basilians Benedictines Bethlehemites Blue nuns Camaldoleses Camillians Carmelites Carthusians Cistercians Clarisses Conceptionists Crosiers Dominicans Franciscans Good Shepherd Sisters Hieronymites Jesuits Mercedarians Minims Olivetans Oratorians Piarists Premonstratensians Redemptorists Servites Theatines Trappists Trinitarians Visitandines Associations of the faithful International Federation of Catholic Parochial Youth Movements International Federation of Catholic Universities International Kolping Society Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement International Union of Catholic Esperantists Community of Sant'Egidio Charities Aid to the Church in Need Caritas Internationalis Catholic Home Missions Catholic Relief Services CIDSE Particular churches ( By country ) Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches : Albanian Armenian Belarusian Bulgarian Chaldean Coptic Croatian and Serbian Eritrean Ethiopian Georgian Greek Hungarian Italo - Albanian Macedonian Maronite Melkite Romanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Syriac Syro - Malabar Syro - Malankara Ukrainian Liturgical rites Alexandrian Antiochian Armenian Byzantine East Syrian Latin Anglican Use Ambrosian Mozarabic Roman West Syrian Index Outline Media Templates WikiProject Book Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_orders&oldid=800432813 '' Categories : Catholic orders and societies Anglican sacraments Anglican ecclesiastical offices Lutheran sacraments and rites Catholic Church offices Eastern Christian ecclesiastical offices Sacraments Christian terminology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ܐܪܡܝܐ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Ido Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 14 : 27 . 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who are the three ministers who receive holy orders
[ "In the Christian churches, Holy Orders are ordained ministries such as bishop, priest or deacon. In the Roman Catholic (Latin: sacri ordines), Eastern Catholic, Eastern Orthodox (ιερωσύνη [hierōsynē], ιεράτευμα [hierateuma], Священство [Svyashchenstvo]), Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Assyrian, Old Catholic, Independent Catholic and some Lutheran churches, holy orders is comprised is[clarification needed] the three ministerial orders of bishop, priest and deacon[citation needed], or the sacrament or rite by which candidates are ordained to those orders. Except for Lutherans and some Anglicans, these churches regard ordination as a sacrament (the sacramentum ordinis). The Anglo-Catholic tradition within Anglicanism identifies more with the Roman Catholic position about the sacramental nature of ordination.", "In the Christian churches, Holy Orders are ordained ministries such as bishop, priest or deacon. In the Roman Catholic (Latin: sacri ordines), Eastern Catholic, Eastern Orthodox (ιερωσύνη [hierōsynē], ιεράτευμα [hierateuma], Священство [Svyashchenstvo]), Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Assyrian, Old Catholic, Independent Catholic and some Lutheran churches, holy orders is comprised is[clarification needed] the three ministerial orders of bishop, priest and deacon[citation needed], or the sacrament or rite by which candidates are ordained to those orders. Except for Lutherans and some Anglicans, these churches regard ordination as a sacrament (the sacramentum ordinis). The Anglo-Catholic tradition within Anglicanism identifies more with the Roman Catholic position about the sacramental nature of ordination.", "In the Christian churches, Holy Orders are ordained ministries such as bishop, priest or deacon. In the Roman Catholic (Latin: sacri ordines), Eastern Catholic, Eastern Orthodox (ιερωσύνη [hierōsynē], ιεράτευμα [hierateuma], Священство [Svyashchenstvo]), Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Assyrian, Old Catholic, Independent Catholic and some Lutheran churches, holy orders is comprised is[clarification needed] the three ministerial orders of bishop, priest and deacon[citation needed], or the sacrament or rite by which candidates are ordained to those orders. Except for Lutherans and some Anglicans, these churches regard ordination as a sacrament (the sacramentum ordinis). The Anglo-Catholic tradition within Anglicanism identifies more with the Roman Catholic position about the sacramental nature of ordination." ]
[ "bishop", "priest", "deacon" ]
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A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)
A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) - wikipedia A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 August 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Lucy Punch Avi Lake Dylan Kingwell Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Jim Dooley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Neil Patrick Harris Rose Lam Barry Sonnenfeld Producer ( s ) Neil Patrick Harris Production location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on Lemony Snicket 's children 's novel series of the same name . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch , Avi Lake , and Dylan Kingwell joining the cast in the second season . The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are informed of this terrible news by their executor Arthur Poe and are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and his followers while uncovering the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past as they are placed in the custody of different guardians . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle , which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and an inventor talented in mechanics . Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child , interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker at Mulctuary Money Management and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong provides Sunny 's babbling sound effects , the meaning of which is often translated in subtitles . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor , who becomes an ally and love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan Quagmire , Isadora 's brother . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring ( edit ) Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe who does n't have a specific gender . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a tall bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit including the Anxious Clown , Prufrock Preparatory 's cafeteria , and Café Salmonella . Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight and even becomes the latest Madame Lulu . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant who made some films that had certain codes in it . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Matthew Walker as the Ticket Seller , an unnamed Ticket Seller at Tedia 's movie theater who is a friend of Montgomery and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Mark Kandborg portrays him in a flashback seen in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears since the loss of her husband Ike and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner who is friendly towards the Baudelaires . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose . Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 ( edit ) Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a person that Arthur Poe talks to on the phone . Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School and struggling musician with an egotistic personality , a talent for mimicking what someone says in a high voice , and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf while on her way back to Prufrock Preparatory School with the pep squad and the sports team . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in teaching his personal anecdotes and is always seen eating a banana . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Sage Brocklebank as Doorman , an unnamed doorman who works at 667 Dark Avenue . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders who often quotes `` silence '' when a non-police officer and / or a non-banker consultant attempts to violate the `` No one may talk while on the platform '' rule . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a soft - spoken member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a gruff - speaking member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . Serge Houde as Milt , the shopkeeper of the Last Chance General Store in the Hinterlands . Gabe Khouth as Lou , the newspaper delivery boy who brings the Daily Punctilio 's newspapers to the Last Chance General Store . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Lauren McGibbon as the perky member of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital . David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidextrous `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . David Burtka as Mr. Willums , a heckler with a pimpled chin who attends Caligari Carnival . He is based on The Man With Pimples On His Chin from `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' book . Jill Morrison as Mrs. Willums , the wife of Mr. Willums . Harper and Gideon Burtka - Harris as Trixie and Skip Willums , the children of Mr. Willums . Allison Williams as an as - yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir escapes in the chaos while Count Olaf and the Hook - Handed Man get away . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian Olivia Caliban and the surviving Quagmire triplets Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher named Coach Genghis . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail . The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant Cafe Salmonella , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom . 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . They try to warn Esmé of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . At the auction in Veblen Hall , the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which they believe contains the Quagmires . Though they win the item , they find the box contains only doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires , who are hidden inside a red herring statue . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home . The Baudelaires soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police . Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow . While the villagers accost the disguised villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Allan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator Babs , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Allan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name ; to find her , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for . Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Hal is left depressed over the loss of the Library of Records . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the burning hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune - teller , Madame Lulu , about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information . While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children 's parents surviving the fire , Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor , and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them . Meanwhile , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled , while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed . The next day , Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival as Lemony Snicket claims that she is someone he knows . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay . About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series . Casting ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming ( edit ) Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . '' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music ( edit ) In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , `` Look Away '' , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In the second season , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . `` Look Away '' , the theme song for the opening titles of the series , is performed by Neil Patrick Harris . In keeping with the tone of the book series , the song warns the viewer against continuing to watch the unpleasant story any further . The lyrics of one verse of the song change for each pair of episodes , comprising a brief synopsis of those episodes ' premise . Visual effects ( edit ) Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release ( edit ) All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception ( edit ) Audience viewership ( edit ) As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books . Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 ( edit ) As with the first season , the second season received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 13 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Season two of A Series of Unfortunate Events is as gothic , twisted and absurd as the first , to the delight of moody tweens of all ages . '' Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaires ' adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound . IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won Peabody Awards Children 's & Youth Programming A Series of Unfortunate Events Won 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Music Composition For A Series ( Original Dramatic Score ) James Newton Howard Nominated 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated 70th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program A Series of Unfortunate Events Pending 70th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Fantasy / Sci - Fi Costumes `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Pending Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 Cast & Character Guide '' . March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Walsh , Megan ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Harper & Gideon Make A Cameo On ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' In The Most Surprising Way '' . Romper.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris on What It Was Like Working with His Kids on A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . People . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Production '' . www.creativebc.com . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Film Production Update - October 2017 '' . www.vancouverfilm.net . ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Urges You to `` Look Away '' in the Series of Unfortunate Events Theme Song `` . Slate . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If you 're watching Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events , ' do n't skip the opening credits '' . Business Insider . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlighting the Best Storytelling of 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` Emmys 2017 : Full List of Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Television Academy . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Editors , Vulture . `` Here Are the 2018 Emmy Nominations '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV series ) A Series Of Unfortunate Events on Netflix A Series of Unfortunate Events on IMDb Works by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events Novels The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Related works The Unauthorized Autobiography The Beatrice Letters Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid Media Feature film Soundtrack Video game The Tragic Treasury TV series Other Characters All the Wrong Questions Who Could That Be at This Hour ? When Did You See Her Last ? 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count olaf a series of unfortunate events netflix
[ "Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf,[4] an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself. He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle, which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised." ]
[ "Neil Patrick Harris" ]
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The British Soap Awards
The British Soap awards - wikipedia The British Soap awards The British Soap Awards Awarded for Best in British Soap Opera Location BBC Television Centre ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Granada Studios ( 2011 ) The London Studios ( 2012 ) MediaCityUK ( 2013 ) Hackney Empire ( 2014 , 2016 , 2018 ) Palace Theatre ( 2015 ) The Lowry ( 2017 ) Country United Kingdom Presented by Phillip Schofield ( 2006 - ) Fern Britton ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Paul O'Grady ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Des O'Connor ( 2003 ) Melanie Sykes ( 2003 ) Matthew Kelly ( 2002 ) Richard Madeley ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Judy Finnigan ( 1999 -- 2001 ) First awarded 1999 Website www.britishsoapawards.tv The British Soap Awards is an annual awards ceremony in the United Kingdom which honours the best of British soap operas . The ceremony is televised on ITV and currently presented by Phillip Schofield . The trophies given to the winners are made from metal and glass and have been manufactured by British firm Creative Awards since their inception . Contents 1 History 2 Ceremonies 2.1 Awards summary table 3 2018 winners 4 2017 winners 5 2016 winners 6 2015 winners 7 2014 winners 8 2013 winners 9 2012 winners 10 2011 winners 11 2010 winners 12 2009 winners 13 2008 winners 14 2007 winners 15 2006 winners 16 2005 winners 17 2004 winners 18 2003 winners 19 2002 winners 20 2001 winners 21 2000 winners 22 1999 winners 23 Awards statistics 23.1 Awards by soap 24 References 25 External links History The first event took place in 1999 and the event takes place in May each year . Although it is an ITV production , the events were held at the BBC Television Centre , in London until 2010 . The 2011 awards relocated to Granada Studios in Manchester , then to The London Studios for the 2012 awards . The 2014 awards took place at the Hackney Empire , as did the 2016 and 2018 awards . The 2015 awards were held at Palace Theatre , Manchester . The soap operas nominated for awards are Coronation Street , Doctors , EastEnders , Emmerdale and Hollyoaks . Now - defunct soaps that were formerly nominated for awards were Brookside , Crossroads , Family Affairs and Night and Day . Coronation Street and EastEnders had been the only two soaps to win the `` Best British Soap '' award from 1999 to 2013 , until Hollyoaks won it in 2014 . Emmerdale became the fourth soap to win the award in 2016 , meaning that only Doctors have yet to win the award out of the current contenders . As of 2017 , EastEnders actress Lacey Turner is the most decorated performer with 10 wins . In 2016 , it was reported that the award for outstanding achievement off - screen would be known as the Tony Warren award following the death of Tony Warren , the creator of Coronation Street . It was confirmed on 2 May 2017 that for the first time in the history of the Soap Awards , the 2017 awards would be broadcast live on ITV . However , on 31 May 2017 , it was announced the event would not be broadcast live in 2017 , due to a scheduling conflict that had resulted in ITV moving forward the live grand final of Britain 's Got Talent . On 1 May 2018 , ITV announced that for the 20th anniversary of the show , it will be broadcast live ( for first time ) on Saturday 2 June 2018 . As of 2018 , Coronation Street have the most awards with 111 , followed by EastEnders with 106 , Emmerdale with 44 , Hollyoaks with 35 , Doctors with 14 , Brookside with 9 , Family Affairs with 3 , Home and Away with 2 and Night and Day with 1 . Ceremonies Year Presenters Location 1999 Richard Madeley and Judy Finnigan BBC Television Centre , London 2000 2001 2002 Matthew Kelly 2003 Des O'Connor and Melanie Sykes Paul O'Grady 2005 2006 Phillip Schofield and Fern Britton 2007 2008 2009 Phillip Schofield 2011 Granada Studios , Manchester 2012 The London Studios , London 2013 MediaCityUK , Salford 2014 Hackney Empire , London 2015 Palace Theatre , Manchester 2016 Hackney Empire , London 2017 The Lowry , Salford 2018 Hackney Empire , London Awards summary table Ceremony `` Best British Soap '' Winner Most wins Number Soap opera ( s ) 1999 Coronation Street 5 Coronation Street and EastEnders 2000 EastEnders 7 EastEnders 2001 7 EastEnders 2002 9 EastEnders 2003 Coronation Street 9 Coronation Street EastEnders 7 EastEnders 2005 Coronation Street 7 Coronation Street 2006 EastEnders 7 EastEnders 2007 Coronation Street 7 Coronation Street 2008 EastEnders 6 Hollyoaks 2009 6 EastEnders 10 2011 8 Coronation Street 2012 7 Coronation Street and EastEnders 2013 Coronation Street 8 Coronation Street 2014 Hollyoaks 8 2015 EastEnders 8 EastEnders 2016 Emmerdale 5 EastEnders and Emmerdale 2017 6 Emmerdale 2018 Coronation Street 6 Coronation Street 2018 winners The 2018 awards were broadcast live for first time on 2 June 2018 . Liz Dawn , who played Vera Duckworth in Coronation Street , was remembered during the ceremony after passing away in September 2017 . Award Winners Nominees `` Best British Soap '' Coronation Street Doctors EastEnders Emmerdale Hollyoaks `` Best Actor '' Jack P. Shepherd ( David Platt in Coronation Street ) Connor McIntyre ( Pat Phelan in Coronation Street ) Michael Parr ( Ross Barton in Emmerdale ) Ryan Hawley ( Robert Sugden in Emmerdale ) Theo Graham ( Hunter McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Actress '' Presented by Sally Lindsay Lucy Fallon ( Bethany Platt in Coronation Street ) Catherine Tyldesley ( Eva Price in Coronation Street ) Lacey Turner ( Stacey Fowler in EastEnders ) Emma Atkins ( Charity Dingle in Emmerdale ) Anna Passey ( Sienna Blake in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Newcomer '' Lorraine Stanley ( Karen Taylor in EastEnders ) Nicola Thorp ( Nicola Rubinstein in Coronation Street ) Reis Bruce ( Austin Lonsdale in Doctors ) Andrew Scarborough ( Graham Foster in Emmerdale ) Lauren McQueen ( Lily Drinkwell in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Presented by Sherrie Hewson and Tony Maudsley Ian Midlane ( Al Haskey in Doctors ) Louiza Patikas ( Moira Pollock in Coronation Street ) Nitin Ganatra ( Masood Ahmed in EastEnders ) Sally Dexter ( Faith Dingle in Emmerdale ) Nicole Barber - Lane ( Myra McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Presented by Andrea McLean and Stacey Solomon Theo Graham & Malique Thompson - Dwyer ( Hunter & Prince McQueen in Hollyoaks ) Bhavna Limbachia & Faye Brookes ( Rana Nazir & Kate Connor in Coronation Street ) Matthew Chambers & Elisabeth Dermot Walsh ( Daniel Granger & Zara Carmichael in Doctors ) Jake Wood & Lacey Turner ( Max Branning & Stacey Fowler in EastEnders ) Ned Porteous & Andrew Scarborough ( Joe Tate & Graham Foster in Emmerdale ) `` Best Male Dramatic Performance '' Ross Adams ( Scott Drinkwell in Hollyoaks ) Connor McIntyre ( Pat Phelan in Coronation Street ) Chris Walker ( Rob Hollins in Doctors ) Jake Wood ( Max Branning in EastEnders ) Jeff Hordley ( Cain Dingle in Emmerdale ) `` Best Female Dramatic Performance '' Presented by Shirley Ballas Lucy Fallon ( Bethany Platt in Coronation Street ) Laura Rollins ( Ayesha Lee in Doctors ) Lacey Turner ( Stacey Fowler in EastEnders ) Natalie J. Robb ( Moira Dingle in Emmerdale ) Nadine Rose Mulkerrin ( Cleo McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Young Actor '' Isobel Steele ( Liv Flaherty in Emmerdale ) Matilda Freeman ( Summer Spellman in Coronation Street ) Maisie Smith ( Tiffany Butcher in EastEnders ) Ela - May Dermican ( Leah Barnes in Hollyoaks ) `` Villain of the Year '' Connor McIntyre ( Pat Phelan in Coronation Street ) Ryan Prescott ( Liam Slade in Doctors ) Jake Wood ( Max Branning in EastEnders ) Gillian Kearney ( Emma Barton in Emmerdale ) David Easter ( Mac Nightingale in Hollyoaks ) `` Scene of the Year '' Presented by Brooke Kinsella and Maggie Oliver Bollywood proposal ( Doctors ) Lauren and Abi 's rooftop fall ( EastEnders ) The grooming of Bethany ( Coronation Street ) Emma meets her fate ( Emmerdale ) Scott 's suicide note ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Storyline '' Presented by Ranvir Singh Lily 's self - harm ( Hollyoaks ) Phelan 's reign of terror ( Coronation Street ) `` Consequences '' - Rob Hollins 's PTSD ( Doctors ) Karma for Max ( EastEnders ) Who Killed Emma ? ( Emmerdale ) `` Best Single Episode '' Presented by Louise Redknapp `` Three Mothers , Three Daughters '' ( Hollyoaks ) Eva and Aidan 's wedding debacle ( Coronation Street ) `` Stop All The Clocks '' ( Doctors ) Max 's last stand ( EastEnders ) Cain and Faith flashback ( Emmerdale ) `` Outstanding Achievement Award '' Rudolph Walker ( Patrick Trueman in EastEnders ) N / A `` The Tony Warren Award '' Kieran Roberts ( Coronation Street producer ) N / A `` Greatest Moment '' Hotten bypass crash ( Emmerdale , 2016 ) Richard Hillman drives his family into the canal ( Coronation Street , 2003 ) Vivien 's rape ( Doctors , 2008 ) `` You ai n't my mother '' ( EastEnders , 2001 ) Jade says goodbye to Alfie ( Hollyoaks , 2016 ) 2017 winners The 2017 awards took place on 3 June 2017 at The Lowry in Salford . It was originally planned for the event to be broadcast live for the first time but due to ITV moving the live grand final of Britain 's Got Talent into its scheduled timeslot , the awards were instead pre-recorded as before and broadcast on ITV on 6 June 2017 . After the end credits in the broadcast version , dedications appeared to Jean Alexander ( Hilda Ogden in Coronation Street ) , who died in October 2016 , and Roy Barraclough ( Alec Gilroy in Coronation Street ) , who died in June 2017 . Award Winners Nominees `` Best British Soap '' Emmerdale Coronation Street Doctors EastEnders Hollyoaks `` Best Actor '' John Middleton ( Ashley Thomas in Emmerdale ) Jack P. Shepherd ( David Platt in Coronation Street ) Danny Miller ( Aaron Dingle in Emmerdale ) Jamie Lomas ( Warren Fox in Hollyoaks ) Gregory Finnegan ( James Nightingale in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Actress '' Charlotte Bellamy ( Laurel Thomas in Emmerdale ) Kym Marsh ( Michelle Connor in Coronation Street ) Lucy Fallon ( Bethany Platt in Coronation Street ) Lacey Turner ( Stacey Fowler in EastEnders ) Anna Passey ( Sienna Blake in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Newcomer '' Rob Mallard ( Daniel Osbourne in Coronation Street ) Rita Arya ( Dr. Megan Sharma in Doctors ) Zack Morris ( Keegan Baker in EastEnders ) Sally Dexter ( Faith Dingle in Emmerdale ) Duncan James ( Ryan Knight in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Dolly - Rose Campbell ( Gemma Winter in Coronation Street ) Elisabeth Dermot Walsh ( Zara Carmichael in Doctors ) Tameka Empson ( Kim Fox - Hubbard in EastEnders ) Dominic Brunt ( Paddy Kirk in Emmerdale ) Nicole Barber - Lane ( Myra McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Richard Linnell & Kassius Nelson ( Alfie Nightingale & Jade Albright in Hollyoaks ) Malcolm Hebden & Patti Clare ( Norris Cole & Mary Taylor in Coronation Street ) Matthew Chambers & Elisabeth Dermot Walsh ( Daniel Granger & Zara Carmichael in Doctors ) James Bye & Lacey Turner ( Martin & Stacey Fowler in EastEnders ) John Middleton & Charlotte Bellamy ( Ashley & Laurel Thomas in Emmerdale ) `` Best Male Dramatic Performance '' John Middleton ( Ashley Thomas in Emmerdale ) Simon Gregson ( Steve McDonald in Coronation Street ) Ian Midlane ( Al Haskey in Doctors ) Steve McFadden ( Phil Mitchell in EastEnders ) Kieron Richardson ( Ste Hay in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Female Dramatic Performance '' Presented by Martine McCutcheon Kym Marsh ( Michelle Connor in Coronation Street ) Dido Miles ( Emma Reid in Doctors ) Diane Parish ( Denise Fox in EastEnders ) Charlotte Bellamy ( Laurel Thomas in Emmerdale ) Nadine Rose Mulkerrin ( Cleo McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Young Actor '' Elle Mulvaney ( Amy Barlow in Coronation Street ) Bleu Landau ( Dennis Rickman Jnr in EastEnders ) Isobel Steele ( Liv Flaherty in Emmerdale ) Ela - May Demircan ( Leah Barnes in Hollyoaks ) `` Villain of the Year '' Presented by Gray O'Brien Lucy - Jo Hudson ( Rhiannon Davis in Doctors ) Connor McIntyre ( Pat Phelan in Coronation Street ) Jake Wood ( Max Branning in EastEnders ) Gillian Kearney ( Emma Barton in Emmerdale ) Persephone Swales - Dawson ( Nico Blake in Hollyoaks ) `` Scene of the Year '' Jade says goodbye to Alfie ( Hollyoaks ) Michelle 's goodbye to Ruairi ( Coronation Street ) Haunted by his voices ( Doctors ) Ronnie and Roxy 's exit ( EastEnders ) The Hotten bypass pile - up ( Emmerdale ) `` Best Storyline '' Ashley 's dementia ( Emmerdale ) The grooming of Bethany ( Coronation Street ) Rhiannon 's second chance ( Doctors ) Lee 's mental health ( EastEnders ) Teenage cancer ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Single Episode '' Ashley 's point of view ( Emmerdale ) Kylie 's death ( Coronation Street ) `` A Christmas Carol '' ( Doctors ) Lee on the edge ( EastEnders ) `` What is Consent ? '' ( Hollyoaks ) `` Outstanding Achievement Award '' Nick Pickard ( Tony Hutchinson in Hollyoaks ) N / A The Tony Warren Award '' Gillian Richmond ( EastEnders writer ) N / A 2016 winners Peter Baldwin ( Derek Wilton in Coronation Street ) , Stephen Hancock ( Ernest Bishop in Coronation Street ) , Shirley Stelfox ( Edna Birch in Emmerdale ) , Kitty McGeever ( Lizzie Lakely in Emmerdale ) , Kristian Ealey ( Matt Musgrove in Brookside and Hollyoaks ) and Morag Siller ( Marilyn Dingle in Emmerdale ) were remembered during the ceremony which was held on 29 May . Award Winners Nominees `` Best British Soap '' Presented by Joan Collins Emmerdale Coronation Street Doctors EastEnders Hollyoaks `` Best Actor '' Presented by Brenda Blethyn Danny Miller ( Aaron Livesy in Emmerdale ) Jack P. Shepherd ( David Platt in Coronation Street ) Danny Dyer ( Mick Carter in EastEnders ) Charlie Clapham ( Freddie Roscoe in Hollyoaks ) Kieron Richardson ( Ste Hay in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Actress '' Presented by Patrick Baladi Lacey Turner ( Stacey Fowler in EastEnders ) Alison King ( Carla Connor in Coronation Street ) Rakhee Thakrar ( Shabnam Masood in EastEnders ) Lucy Pargeter ( Chas Dingle in Emmerdale ) Jennifer Metcalfe ( Mercedes McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Newcomer '' Presented by Vicky Pattison and George Shelley Bonnie Langford ( Carmel Kazemi in EastEnders ) Shayne Ward ( Aidan Connor in Coronation Street ) Bharti Patel ( Ruhma Hanif in Doctors ) Isobel Steele ( Liv Flaherty in Emmerdale ) Duayne Boachie ( Zack Loveday in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Presented by Al Murray Patti Clare ( Mary Taylor in Coronation Street ) Sarah Moyle ( Valerie Pitman in Doctors ) Tameka Empson ( Kim Fox - Hubbard in EastEnders ) Matthew Wolfenden ( David Metcalfe in Emmerdale ) Ross Adams ( Scott Drinkwell in Hollyoaks ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Presented by Dom and Steph Parker Joe Duttine & Sally Dynevor ( Tim & Sally Metcalfe in Coronation Street ) Ian Kelsey & Dido Miles ( Howard Bellamy & Emma Reid in Doctors ) Danny Dyer & Kellie Bright ( Mick & Linda Carter in EastEnders ) Danny Miller & Ryan Hawley ( Aaron Dingle & Robert Sugden in Emmerdale ) Ashley Taylor Dawson & Jessica Fox ( Darren & Nancy Osborne in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Female Dramatic Performance '' Presented by Jason Watkins Lacey Turner ( Stacey Fowler in EastEnders ) Tina O'Brien ( Sarah Platt in Coronation Street ) Sarah Moyle ( Valerie Pitman in Doctors ) Charlotte Bellamy ( Laurel Thomas in Emmerdale ) Zöe Lucker ( Reenie McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Male Dramatic Performance '' Presented by Amanda Mealing Danny Miller ( Aaron Livesy in Emmerdale ) Jack P. Shepherd ( David Platt in Coronation Street ) Adrian Lewis Morgan ( Jimmi Clay in Doctors ) Steve McFadden ( Phil Mitchell in EastEnders ) Jeremy Sheffield ( Patrick Blake in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Young Performance '' Presented by Reggie and Bollie Ruby O'Donnell ( Peri Lomax in Hollyoaks ) Elle Mulvaney ( Amy Barlow in Coronation Street ) Grace ( Janet Mitchell in EastEnders ) Amelia Flanagan ( April Windsor in Emmerdale ) `` Villain of the Year '' Presented by Steve Pemberton Connor McIntyre ( Pat Phelan in Coronation Street ) Adam Astill ( Anthony Harker in Doctors ) Ellen Thomas ( Claudette Hubbard in EastEnders ) Ryan Hawley ( Robert Sugden in Emmerdale ) Sophie Austin ( Lindsey Roscoe in Hollyoaks ) `` Scene of the Year '' Presented by Nadiya Hussain Val 's death ( Emmerdale ) Callum 's death ( Coronation Street ) Valerie leaves Barry at the altar ( Doctors ) Mick and Linda finally get married ( EastEnders ) Nico kills Patrick ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Storyline '' Presented by Kay Burley Stacey 's postpartum psychosis ( EastEnders ) Callum 's reign of terror & Sarah 's baby ( Coronation Street ) Treehouse ( Doctors ) Aaron 's abuse ( Emmerdale ) The McQueen 's cycle of abuse ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Single Episode '' Presented by John Prescott `` The Heart of England '' ( Doctors ) The Live Episode ( Coronation Street ) Shabnam 's stillbirth ( EastEnders ) Aftermath of Village Hall explosion ( Emmerdale ) Patrick 's right to die decision ( Hollyoaks ) `` Outstanding Achievement Award '' Presented by Adam Woodyatt Steve McFadden ( Phil Mitchell in EastEnders ) N / A `` The Tony Warren Award '' Presented by Charlie Lawson James Bain ( Coronation Street and Emmerdale Casting Director ) N / A 2015 winners Anne Kirkbride , who played Deirdre Barlow in Coronation Street , was remembered during the ceremony after passing away in January 2015 . John Bardon , who played Jim Branning in EastEnders , was also remembered during the ceremony , after passing away in September 2014 . Award Winners Nominees `` Best British Soap '' EastEnders Coronation Street Doctors Emmerdale Hollyoaks `` Best Actor '' Adam Woodyatt ( Ian Beale in EastEnders ) Simon Gregson ( Steve McDonald in Coronation Street ) David Neilson ( Roy Cropper in Coronation Street ) Danny Dyer ( Mick Carter in EastEnders ) Michael Parr ( Ross Barton in Emmerdale ) `` Best Actress '' Kellie Bright ( Linda Carter in EastEnders ) Alison King ( Carla Connor in Coronation Street ) Laurie Brett ( Jane Beale in EastEnders ) Natalie Anderson ( Alicia Metcalfe in Emmerdale ) Nikki Sanderson ( Maxine Minniver in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Newcomer '' Jessica Regan ( Niamh Donoghue in Doctors ) Sean Ward ( Callum Logan in Coronation Street ) Davood Ghadami ( Kush Kazemi in EastEnders ) Ryan Hawley ( Robert Sugden in Emmerdale ) Twinnie Lee Moore ( Porsche McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Sally Dynevor ( Sally Webster in Coronation Street ) Sarah Moyle ( Valerie Pitman in Doctors ) Tameka Empson ( Kim Fox - Hubbard in EastEnders ) Laura Norton ( Kerry Wyatt in Emmerdale ) Fabrizio Santino ( Ziggy Roscoe in Hollyoaks ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Adam Woodyatt & Laurie Brett ( Ian & Jane Beale in EastEnders ) Joe Duttine & Sally Dynevor ( Tim Metcalfe & Sally Webster in Coronation Street ) Ian Midlane & Jessica Regan ( Al Haskey & Niamh Donoghue in Doctors ) Michael Parr & Verity Rushworth ( Ross Barton & Donna Windsor in Emmerdale ) Ellis Hollins & Ruby O'Donnell ( Tom Cunningham & Peri Lomax in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Kellie Bright ( Linda Carter in EastEnders ) Simon Gregson ( Steve McDonald in Coronation Street ) Lorna Laidlaw ( Mrs. Tembe in Doctors ) Natalie Anderson ( Alicia Metcalfe in Emmerdale ) Keith Rice ( Finn O'Connor in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Young Performance '' Amelia Flanagan ( April Windsor in Emmerdale ) Ellie Leach ( Faye Windass in Coronation Street ) Jack Carroll ( Peter Harker in Doctors ) Eliot Carrington ( Bobby Beale in EastEnders ) Ruby O'Donnell ( Peri Lomax in Hollyoaks ) `` Villain of the Year '' Jeremy Sheffield ( Patrick Blake in Hollyoaks ) Sean Ward ( Callum Logan in Coronation Street ) Daniel Schutzmann ( Franc Christophe in Doctors ) John Altman ( Nick Cotton in EastEnders ) Ryan Hawley ( Robert Sugden in Emmerdale ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' Donna 's goodbye ( Emmerdale ) Deirdre throws the trifle ( Coronation Street ) Strictly dancing ( Doctors ) Kathy comes home ( EastEnders ) The train crash ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Storyline '' Who Killed Lucy Beale ? ( EastEnders ) Steve and Michelle - Hearts and Minds ( Coronation Street ) Kevin and Poppy 's underage relationship ( Doctors ) Donna 's demise ( Emmerdale ) John Paul 's rape ordeal ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Single Episode '' EastEnders Live ( EastEnders ) Rob 's confession ( Coronation Street ) `` Unfinished Business '' ( Doctors ) Andy goes to the brink ( Emmerdale ) Ste 's HIV diagnosis ( Hollyoaks ) `` Outstanding Achievement Award '' Presented by William Roache and Beverley Callard Anne Kirkbride ( Deirdre Barlow in Coronation Street ) ; posthumously N / A `` Outstanding Achievement Award '' ( off - screen ) Presented by Diane Parish and Gillian Taylforth Rob Gittins ( EastEnders writer ) N / A This year 's ceremony incorporated a `` Social Issue Storyline '' mention , which is where all of the soap operas ' most controversial stories were specially mentioned . These include : Steve 's depression ( Coronation Street ) John Paul 's rape ( Hollyoaks ) Zara 's breast - feeding campaign ( Doctors ) Val 's HIV diagnosis ( Emmerdale ) Linda 's rape ( EastEnders ) 2014 winners Richard Thorp , who played Alan Turner in Emmerdale , was remembered during the ceremony , after passing away in May 2013 . This was also the final ceremony where `` Sexiest Male '' and `` Sexiest Female '' were awarded ; Michelle Keegan , who plays Tina McIntyre in Coronation Street , won `` Sexiest Female '' for the sixth time in a row . Award Winners Nominees `` Best British Soap '' Hollyoaks Coronation Street Doctors EastEnders Emmerdale `` Best Actor '' Presented by Lynda La Plante David Neilson ( Roy Cropper in Coronation Street ) Danny Dyer ( Mick Carter in EastEnders ) Jeff Hordley ( Cain Dingle in Emmerdale ) Jeremy Sheffield ( Patrick Blake in Hollyoaks ) Kieron Richardson ( Ste Hay in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Actress '' Presented by Colin Salmon Julie Hesmondhalgh ( Hayley Cropper in Coronation Street ) Lacey Turner ( Stacey Branning in EastEnders ) Lindsey Coulson ( Carol Jackson in EastEnders ) Stephanie Davis ( Sinead Roscoe in Hollyoaks ) Nikki Sanderson ( Maxine Minniver in Hollyoaks ) `` Sexiest Male '' Presented by Ashley Roberts and Myleene Klass Danny Mac ( Dodger Savage in Hollyoaks ) Ryan Thomas ( Jason Grimshaw in Coronation Street ) Danny Dyer ( Mick Carter in EastEnders ) Matthew Wolfenden ( David Metcalfe in Emmerdale ) Ashley Taylor Dawson ( Darren Osborne in Hollyoaks ) `` Sexiest Female '' Presented by Ashley Banjo and Perri Kiely Michelle Keegan ( Tina McIntyre in Coronation Street ) Georgia May Foote ( Katy Armstrong in Coronation Street ) Jacqueline Jossa ( Lauren Branning in EastEnders ) Jorgie Porter ( Theresa McQueen in Hollyoaks ) Jennifer Metcalfe ( Mercedes Browning in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Newcomer '' Presented by Sam Bailey and Charlotte Hawkins Maddy Hill ( Nancy Carter in EastEnders ) Amy Kelly ( Maddie Heath in Coronation Street ) Michael Parr ( Ross Barton in Emmerdale ) Charlie Clapham ( Freddie Roscoe in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Presented by Vic Reeves Simon Gregson ( Steve McDonald in Coronation Street ) Sarah Moyle ( Valerie Pitman in Doctors ) Linda Henry ( Shirley Carter in EastEnders ) Laura Norton ( Kerry Wyatt in Emmerdale ) Dan Tetsell ( Jim McGinn in Hollyoaks ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Presented by Marvin and Rochelle Humes David Neilson & Julie Hesmondhalgh ( Roy & Hayley Cropper in Coronation Street ) Danielle Henry & Lu Corfield ( Mandy Marquez & Lois Wilson in Doctors ) Danny Dyer & Kellie Bright ( Mick & Linda Carter in EastEnders ) Chris Chittell & Charlie Hardwick ( Eric & Val Pollard in Emmerdale ) Joseph Thompson & Jennifer Metcalfe ( Dr. Paul & Mercedes Browning in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Presented by Lesley Nicol and Roger Allam David Neilson ( Roy Cropper in Coronation Street ) Chris Walker ( Rob Hollins in Doctors ) Lindsey Coulson ( Carol Jackson in EastEnders ) Charley Webb ( Debbie Dingle in Emmerdale ) Stephanie Davis ( Sinead Roscoe in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Young Performance '' Presented by Joey Essex and Dani Harmer Ellis Hollins ( Tom Cunningham in Hollyoaks ) Alex Bain ( Simon Barlow in Coronation Street ) Oliver Woollford ( Tom Finlayson in Doctors ) Mimi Keene ( Cindy Williams in EastEnders ) Joe Warren - Plant ( Jacob Gallagher in Emmerdale ) `` Villain of the Year '' Presented by Martin Kemp Anna Passey ( Sienna Blake in Hollyoaks ) Charlie Brooks ( Janine Butcher in EastEnders ) Dominic Power ( Cameron Murray in Emmerdale ) Greg Wood ( Trevor Royle in Hollyoaks ) Jesse Birdsall ( Fraser Black in Hollyoaks ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' Presented by David Weir and David Seaman The Woolpack siege and flood ( Emmerdale ) Nick and David 's car crash ( Coronation Street ) Opening of Austenland ( Doctors ) Johnny comes out to Mick ( EastEnders ) Hollyoaks Blast ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Storyline '' Presented by Ray Meagher and Ada Nicodemou Hayley 's cancer battle ( Coronation Street ) Jas ' stalking ( Doctors ) Hello Stacey , Goodbye Janine ( EastEnders ) Killer Cameron ( Emmerdale ) Sienna steals Nancy 's life ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Single Episode '' Presented by Terry Wogan Hayley 's Death ( Coronation Street ) `` Perfect '' ( Doctors ) Lucy 's death - The Aftermath ( EastEnders ) The Woolpack siege ( Emmerdale ) John Paul 's rape ordeal ( Hollyoaks ) `` Outstanding Achievement Award '' Helen Worth ( Gail McIntyre in Coronation Street ) N / A `` Outstanding Achievement Award ( Off - screen ) '' Carolyn Weinstein ( EastEnders ) N / A 2013 winners Bill Tarmey , who played Jack Duckworth in Coronation Street , was remembered during the ceremony , after passing away in November 2012 . Award Winners Nominees `` Best British Soap '' Coronation Street Doctors EastEnders Emmerdale Hollyoaks `` Best Actor '' Presented by Emma Samms Alan Halsall ( Tyrone Dobbs in Coronation Street ) Nitin Ganatra ( Masood Ahmed in EastEnders ) Shane Richie ( Alfie Moon in EastEnders ) Jeff Hordley ( Cain Dingle in Emmerdale ) Emmett J. Scanlan ( Brendan Brady in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Actress '' Presented by Larry Lamb Claire Cooper ( Jacqui McQueen in Hollyoaks ) Jennie McAlpine ( Fiz Stape in Coronation Street ) Michelle Keegan ( Tina McIntyre in Coronation Street ) Jessie Wallace ( Kat Moon in EastEnders ) Nina Wadia ( Zainab Khan in EastEnders ) `` Sexiest Male '' Presented by Amanda Donohoe Danny Mac ( Dodger Savage in Hollyoaks ) Chris Fountain ( Tommy Duckworth in Coronation Street ) David Witts ( Joey Branning in EastEnders ) Matthew Wolfenden ( David Metcalfe in Emmerdale ) Kieron Richardson ( Ste Hay in Hollyoaks ) `` Sexiest Female '' Presented by Union J Michelle Keegan ( Tina McIntyre in Coronation Street ) Georgia May Foote ( Katy Armstrong in Coronation Street ) Jacqueline Jossa ( Lauren Branning in EastEnders ) Natalie Anderson ( Alicia Gallagher in Emmerdale ) Jorgie Porter ( Theresa McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Newcomer '' Presented by Alan Fletcher and Saskia Hampele Joseph Thompson ( Dr. Paul Browning in Hollyoaks ) Marc Baylis ( Rob Donovan in Coronation Street ) Ian Midlane ( Al Haskey in Doctors ) Khali Best ( Dexter Hartman in EastEnders ) Laura Norton ( Kerry Wyatt in Emmerdale ) `` Best Exit '' Presented by Mark Wright and Zoe Hardman Nigel Havers ( Lewis Archer in Coronation Street ) Lu Corfield ( Freya Wilson in Doctors ) Jamie Foreman ( Derek Branning in EastEnders ) Tom Lister ( Carl King in Emmerdale ) Emmett J. Scanlan ( Brendan Brady in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Presented by Tommy Cannon and Bobby Ball Patti Clare ( Mary Taylor in Coronation Street ) Ian Kelsey ( Howard Bellamy in Doctors ) Ricky Norwood ( Fatboy in EastEnders ) Dominic Brunt ( Paddy Kirk in Emmerdale ) Nicole Barber - Lane ( Myra McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Presented by Ashleigh and Pudsey Emmett J. Scanlan & Kieron Richardson ( Brendan Brady & Ste Hay in Hollyoaks ) Alan Halsall & Jennie McAlpine ( Tyrone Dobbs & Fiz Stape in Coronation Street ) Matthew Chambers & Elisabeth Dermot Walsh ( Daniel Granger & Zara Carmichael in Doctors ) Nitin Ganatra & Nina Wadia ( Masood Ahmed & Zainab Khan in EastEnders ) Dominic Power & Lucy Pargeter ( Cameron Murray & Chas Spencer in Emmerdale ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Presented by James and Ola Jordan Natalie Gumede ( Kirsty Soames in Coronation Street ) Dido Miles ( Emma Reid in Doctors ) Jo Joyner ( Tanya Cross in EastEnders ) Lucy Pargeter ( Chas Spencer in Emmerdale ) Claire Cooper ( Jacqui McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Young Performance '' Presented by Daniel Roche and Tyger Drew - Honey Eden Taylor - Draper ( Belle Dingle in Emmerdale ) Ellie Leach ( Faye Windass in Coronation Street ) Maisie Smith ( Tiffany Butcher in EastEnders ) Ellis Hollins ( Tom Cunningham in Hollyoaks ) `` Villain of the Year '' Presented by Jon Culshaw Natalie Gumede ( Kirsty Soames in Coronation Street ) Nigel Havers ( Lewis Archer in Coronation Street ) Jamie Foreman ( Derek Branning in EastEnders ) Dominic Power ( Cameron Murray in Emmerdale ) Emmett J. Scanlan ( Brendan Brady in Hollyoaks ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' Presented by Nicola Adams and Luke Campbell The bus crash ( Hollyoaks ) The Rovers fire ( Coronation Street ) Julia 's car crash ( Doctors ) The Olympic torch comes live to Walford ( EastEnders ) Cain 's clifftop rescue of Zak ( Emmerdale ) `` Best Storyline '' Presented by Kate Silverton Kirsty 's abuse of Tyrone ( Coronation Street ) Sam 's assisted suicide ( Doctors ) The demise of Derek Branning ( EastEnders ) Zak 's depression ( Emmerdale ) Esther 's bullying ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Single Episode '' Presented by Mary Berry Emmerdale Live ( Emmerdale ) Kirsty 's treachery ends in Tyrone 's arrest ( Coronation Street ) `` The Scales '' ( Doctors ) The identity of Kat 's lover is revealed ( EastEnders ) The bus crash ( Hollyoaks ) `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' Presented by Gillian Taylforth Adam Woodyatt ( Ian Beale in EastEnders ) N / A 2012 winners Betty Driver , who played Betty Williams in Coronation Street , was remembered during the ceremony , after passing away in October 2011 . Award Winners Nominees `` Best British Soap '' Presented by Rupert Everett EastEnders Coronation Street Doctors Emmerdale Hollyoaks `` Best Actor '' Danny Miller ( Aaron Livesy in Emmerdale ) Chris Gascoyne ( Peter Barlow in Coronation Street ) Shane Richie ( Alfie Moon in EastEnders ) Emmett J. Scanlan ( Brendan Brady in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Actress '' Alison King ( Carla Connor in Coronation Street ) Jo Joyner ( Tanya Jessop in EastEnders ) Nina Wadia ( Zainab Masood in EastEnders ) Karen Hassan ( Lynsey Nolan in Hollyoaks ) `` Sexiest Male '' Presented by Emma Bunton and Melanie C Scott Maslen ( Jack Branning in EastEnders ) Chris Fountain ( Tommy Duckworth in Coronation Street ) Matthew Wolfenden ( David Metcalfe in Emmerdale ) Danny Mac ( Dodger Savage in Hollyoaks ) `` Sexiest Female '' Presented by Keith Lemon Michelle Keegan ( Tina McIntyre in Coronation Street ) Jacqueline Jossa ( Lauren Branning in EastEnders ) Preeya Kalidas ( Amira Masood in EastEnders ) Jorgie Porter ( Theresa McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Newcomer '' Presented by Marcus Collins and Dionne Bromfield Natalie Gumede ( Kirsty Soames in Coronation Street ) Lu Corfield ( Freya Wilson in Doctors ) Jamie Foreman ( Derek Branning in EastEnders ) Gemma Oaten ( Rachel Breckle in Emmerdale ) `` Best Exit '' Katherine Kelly ( Becky McDonald in Coronation Street ) Pam St Clement ( Pat Evans in EastEnders ) James Thornton ( John Barton in Emmerdale ) Kim Tiddy ( Heidi Costello in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Presented by Bradley Walsh Stephanie Cole ( Sylvia Goodwin in Coronation Street ) Jan Pearson ( Karen Hollins in Doctors ) Tameka Empson ( Kim Fox in EastEnders ) Joe Tracini ( Dennis Savage in Hollyoaks ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Jake Wood & Jo Joyner ( Max Branning & Tanya Jessop in EastEnders ) Matthew Chambers & Elisabeth Dermot Walsh ( Daniel Granger & Zara Carmichael in Doctors ) Jeff Hordley & Emma Atkins ( Cain Dingle & Charity Sharma in Emmerdale ) Ashley Taylor Dawson & Jessica Fox ( Darren & Nancy Osborne in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Presented by Jerry Hall Jo Joyner ( Tanya Jessop in EastEnders ) Alison King ( Carla Connor in Coronation Street ) Owen Brenman ( Heston Carter in Doctors ) Jeff Hordley ( Cain Dingle in Emmerdale ) `` Best Young Performance '' Lorna Fitzgerald ( Abi Branning in EastEnders ) Alex Bain ( Simon Barlow in Coronation Street ) Charlie Kenyon ( Cameron Waterhouse in Doctors ) Eden Taylor - Draper ( Belle Dingle in Emmerdale ) `` Villain of the Year '' Andrew Lancel ( Frank Foster in Coronation Street ) Ace Bhatti ( Yusef Khan in EastEnders ) Joshua Pascoe ( Ben Mitchell in EastEnders ) Jeff Rawle ( Silas Blissett in Hollyoaks ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' John and Moira 's car accident ( Emmerdale ) Carla 's car crash ( Coronation Street ) Fire at the B&B ( EastEnders ) Rae 's murder ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Storyline '' Presented by Andrea McLean and Lisa Maxwell Jackson 's choice ( Emmerdale ) Carla 's rape ordeal ( Coronation Street ) Lauren 's murder ( Doctors ) The Brannings deal with Tanya 's cancer diagnosis ( EastEnders ) `` Best Single Episode '' Presented by Danny Dyer and Denise van Outen Becky 's Final Farewell ( Coronation Street ) `` Last Words '' ( Doctors ) Pat : The End of an Era ( EastEnders ) The Longest Day ( Emmerdale ) `` Special Achievement Award '' Presented by Jake Wood Simon Ashdown ( EastEnders ) N / A `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' Pam St Clement ( Pat Evans in EastEnders ) N / A 2011 winners Award Winners Nominees `` Best British Soap '' Presented by Jesse Metcalfe EastEnders Coronation Street Doctors Emmerdale Hollyoaks `` Best Actor '' Danny Miller ( Aaron Livesy in Emmerdale ) Chris Gascoyne ( Peter Barlow in Coronation Street ) Shane Richie ( Alfie Moon in EastEnders ) Emmett J. Scanlan ( Brendan Brady in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Actress '' Jessie Wallace ( Kat Moon in EastEnders ) Katherine Kelly ( Becky McDonald in Coronation Street ) Jane Cox ( Lisa Dingle in Emmerdale ) Claire Cooper ( Jacqui McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Sexiest Male '' Presented by Sugababes Scott Maslen ( Jack Branning in EastEnders ) Keith Duffy ( Ciaran McCarthy in Coronation Street ) Chris Fountain ( Tommy Duckworth in Coronation Street ) Danny Miller ( Aaron Livesy in Emmerdale ) `` Sexiest Female '' Presented by McFly Michelle Keegan ( Tina McIntyre in Coronation Street ) Alison King ( Carla Connor in Coronation Street ) Rita Simons ( Roxy Mitchell in EastEnders ) Jennifer Metcalfe ( Mercedes McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Newcomer '' Emmett J. Scanlan ( Brendan Brady in Hollyoaks ) Paula Lane ( Kylie Turner in Coronation Street ) Ricky Norwood ( Fatboy in EastEnders ) Pauline Quirke ( Hazel Rhodes in Emmerdale ) `` Best Exit '' Bill Tarmey ( Jack Duckworth in Coronation Street ) Lacey Turner ( Stacey Branning in EastEnders ) Andy Devine ( Shadrach Dingle in Emmerdale ) Carley Stenson ( Steph Roach in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Patti Clare ( Mary Taylor in Coronation Street ) Tameka Empson ( Kim Fox in EastEnders ) Charlie Hardwick ( Val Pollard in Emmerdale ) Alex Carter ( Lee Hunter in Hollyoaks ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Shane Richie & Jessie Wallace ( Alfie & Kat Moon in EastEnders ) Simon Gregson & Katherine Kelly ( Steve & Becky McDonald in Coronation Street ) Jeff Hordley & Emma Atkins ( Cain Dingle & Charity Tate in Emmerdale ) Emmett J. Scanlan & Kieron Richardson ( Brendan Brady & Ste Hay in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Jane Danson ( Leanne Battersby in Coronation Street ) Lindsey Coulson ( Carol Jackson in EastEnders ) Danny Miller ( Aaron Livesy in Emmerdale ) Claire Cooper ( Jacqui McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Young Performance '' Alex Bain ( Simon Barlow in Coronation Street ) Maisie Smith ( Tiffany Butcher in EastEnders ) Eden Taylor - Draper ( Belle Dingle in Emmerdale ) Ellis Hollins ( Tom Cunningham in Hollyoaks ) `` Villain of the Year '' Emmett J. Scanlan ( Brendan Brady in Hollyoaks ) Kate Ford ( Tracy Barlow in Coronation Street ) Charlie Brooks ( Janine Malloy in EastEnders ) Don Gilet ( Lucas Johnson in EastEnders ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' The tram crash ( Coronation Street ) The Queen Vic fire ( EastEnders ) The train crash ( Emmerdale ) The lift shaft ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Storyline '' End of the line for the Websters and Dobbs ( Coronation Street ) Karen 's abortion ( Doctors ) Ronnie swaps her baby for Kat 's ( EastEnders ) Holly 's drug addiction ( Emmerdale ) `` Best Single Episode '' Coronation Street Live ( Coronation Street ) 23 August ( Doctors ) Billie 's death ( EastEnders ) The Betrayed ( Emmerdale ) `` Special Achievement Award '' Presented by Danny Miller Gavin Blyth ( Emmerdale ) ; posthumously N / A `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' Bill Tarmey ( Jack Duckworth in Coronation Street ) N / A 2010 winners Maggie Jones , who played Blanche Hunt in Coronation Street , was remembered during the ceremony , after passing away in December 2009 . Award Winners Nominees `` Best British Soap '' EastEnders Coronation Street Doctors Emmerdale Hollyoaks `` Best Actor '' Scott Maslen ( Jack Branning in EastEnders ) Chris Gascoyne ( Peter Barlow in Coronation Street ) Nitin Ganatra ( Masood Ahmed in EastEnders ) Danny Miller ( Aaron Livesy in Emmerdale ) `` Best Actress '' Lacey Turner ( Stacey Branning in EastEnders ) Katherine Kelly ( Becky McDonald in Coronation Street ) Nina Wadia ( Zainab Masood in EastEnders ) Charlotte Bellamy ( Laurel Thomas in Emmerdale ) `` Sexiest Male '' Scott Maslen ( Jack Branning in EastEnders ) Keith Duffy ( Ciaran McCarthy in Coronation Street ) John Partridge ( Christian Clarke in EastEnders ) Ricky Whittle ( Calvin Valentine in Hollyoaks ) `` Sexiest Female '' Michelle Keegan ( Tina McIntyre in Coronation Street ) Kym Marsh ( Michelle Connor in Coronation Street ) Preeya Kalidas ( Amira Masood in EastEnders ) Samantha Womack ( Ronnie Mitchell in EastEnders ) `` Best Newcomer '' Presented by Ben Richards and Louie Spence Marc Elliott ( Syed Masood in EastEnders ) Sophie Abelson ( Cherry Malone in Doctors ) Lyndon Ogbourne ( Nathan Wylde in Emmerdale ) Bronagh Waugh ( Cheryl Brady in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Exit '' Charlie Clements ( Bradley Branning in EastEnders ) Reece Dinsdale ( Joe McIntyre in Coronation Street ) Maxwell Caulfield ( Mark Wylde in Emmerdale ) Jamie Lomas ( Warren Fox in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Craig Gazey ( Graeme Proctor in Coronation Street ) Nina Wadia ( Zainab Masood in EastEnders ) Dominic Brunt ( Paddy Kirk in Emmerdale ) Bronagh Waugh ( Cheryl Brady in Hollyoaks ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Chris Walker & Jan Pearson ( Rob & Karen Hollins in Doctors ) Simon Gregson & Katherine Kelly ( Steve & Becky McDonald in Coronation Street ) Sid Owen & Patsy Palmer ( Ricky & Bianca Butcher in EastEnders ) Nick Miles & Nicola Wheeler ( Jimmy King & Nicola De Souza in Emmerdale ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Lacey Turner ( Stacey Branning in EastEnders ) Chris Gascoyne ( Peter Barlow in Coronation Street ) Danny Miller ( Aaron Livesy in Emmerdale ) Glen Wallace ( Malachy Fisher in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Dramatic Performance from a Young Actor or Actress '' Presented by Tom Felton Ami Metcalf ( Sapphire Cox in Doctors ) Alex Bain ( Simon Barlow in Coronation Street ) Maisie Smith ( Tiffany Butcher in EastEnders ) Oscar Lloyd ( Will Wylde in Emmerdale ) `` Villain of the Year '' Larry Lamb ( Archie Mitchell in EastEnders ) Gray O'Brien ( Tony Gordon in Coronation Street ) Don Gilet ( Lucas Johnson in EastEnders ) Sian Reeves ( Sally Spode in Emmerdale ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' Sarah 's parachute death ( Hollyoaks ) Joe drowns ( Coronation Street ) Master of the Universe - Siege ( Doctors ) Home Farm Shop Crash ( Emmerdale ) `` Best Storyline '' Who Killed Archie ? ( EastEnders ) Peter 's alcoholism ( Coronation Street ) Zara 's revenge ( Doctors ) Aaron 's gay self - loathing ( Emmerdale ) `` Best Single Episode '' EastEnders Live ( EastEnders ) Peter falls off the wagon ( Coronation Street ) ' Master of the Universe ' ( Doctors ) Aaron confesses his sexuality ( Emmerdale ) `` Special Achievement Award '' Bill Lyons ( Emmerdale writer ) N / A `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' Betty Driver ( Betty Williams in Coronation Street ) N / A 2009 winners Clive Hornby , who played Jack Sugden in Emmerdale , was remembered during the ceremony , after passing away in July 2008 . Wendy Richard , who played Pauline Fowler in EastEnders , was also remembered during the ceremony , after passing away in February 2009 . Award Winners Nominees `` Best British Soap '' EastEnders Coronation Street Doctors Emmerdale Hollyoaks `` Best Actor '' Robert Kazinsky ( Sean Slater in EastEnders ) Simon Gregson ( Steve McDonald in Coronation Street ) Gray O'Brien ( Tony Gordon in Coronation Street ) Jamie Lomas ( Warren Fox in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Actress '' Katherine Kelly ( Becky Granger in Coronation Street ) Samantha Janus ( Ronnie Mitchell in EastEnders ) Jo Joyner ( Tanya Branning in EastEnders ) Carley Stenson ( Steph Cunningham in Hollyoaks ) `` Sexiest Male '' Scott Maslen ( Jack Branning in EastEnders ) Robert Kazinsky ( Sean Slater in EastEnders ) Chris Fountain ( Justin Burton in Hollyoaks ) Ricky Whittle ( Calvin Valentine in Hollyoaks ) `` Sexiest Female '' Michelle Keegan ( Tina McIntyre in Coronation Street ) Kara Tointon ( Dawn Swann in EastEnders ) Lacey Turner ( Stacey Slater in EastEnders ) Emma Rigby ( Hannah Ashworth in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Newcomer '' Craig Gazey ( Graeme Proctor in Coronation Street ) Selina Chilton ( Ruth Pearce in Doctors ) Shona McGarty ( Whitney Dean in EastEnders ) Jorgie Porter ( Theresa McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Exit '' Rob James - Collier ( Liam Connor in Coronation Street ) Michael McKell ( Nick West in Doctors ) Matt Healy ( Matthew King in Emmerdale ) Matt Littler ( Max Cunningham in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Nina Wadia ( Zainab Masood in EastEnders ) Simon Gregson ( Steve McDonald in Coronation Street ) Dominic Brunt ( Paddy Kirk in Emmerdale ) Hollie - Jay Bowes ( Michaela McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Nitin Ganatra & Nina Wadia ( Masood Ahmed & Zainab Masood in EastEnders ) Simon Gregson & Katherine Kelly ( Steve McDonald & Becky Granger in Coronation Street ) Mark Charnock & Dominic Brunt ( Marlon Dingle & Paddy Kirk in Emmerdale ) Nico Mirallegro & Marc Silcock ( Newt & Eli in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Anita Carey ( Vivien March in Doctors ) Patsy Palmer ( Bianca Jackson in EastEnders ) Jenna Coleman ( Jasmine Thomas in Emmerdale ) Carley Stenson ( Steph Cunningham in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Dramatic Performance from a Young Actor or Actress '' Maisie Smith ( Tiffany Dean in EastEnders ) Alex Bain ( Simon Barlow in Coronation Street ) Isabel Hodgins ( Victoria Sugden in Emmerdale ) Ellis Hollins ( Tom Cunningham in Hollyoaks ) `` Villain of the Year '' Gray O'Brien ( Tony Gordon in Coronation Street ) Chris Coghill ( Tony King in EastEnders ) Larry Lamb ( Archie Mitchell in EastEnders ) Barry Sloane ( Niall Rafferty in Hollyoaks ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' Victoria falls through the ice ( Emmerdale ) The Homecoming ( Doctors ) The Millers ' explosion ( EastEnders ) Church explosion ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Storyline '' Vivien 's Rape ( Doctors ) Tony 's revenge ( Coronation Street ) Bianca discovers Tony'sa paedophile ( EastEnders ) Niall 's revenge ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Single Episode '' `` A Kind of Hush '' ( Doctors ) Steve and Becky 's failed wedding ( Coronation Street ) Bianca discovers the truth about Tony ( EastEnders ) Max and Steph 's wedding ( Hollyoaks ) `` Special Achievement Award '' Peter Whalley ( Coronation Street writer ) N / A `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' Barbara Windsor ( Peggy Mitchell in EastEnders ) N / A 2008 winners Mike Reid , who played Frank Butcher in EastEnders , was remembered during the ceremony , after passing away in July 2007 . Award Winners `` Best British Soap '' EastEnders `` Best Actor '' Chris Fountain ( Justin Burton in Hollyoaks ) ' Best Actress '' Emma Rigby ( Hannah Ashworth in Hollyoaks ) `` Sexiest Male '' Rob James - Collier ( Liam Connor in Coronation Street ) `` Sexiest Female '' Roxanne McKee ( Louise Summers in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Newcomer '' Michelle Keegan ( Tina McIntyre in Coronation Street ) `` Best Exit '' Gemma Bissix ( Clare Devine in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Maggie Jones ( Blanche Hunt in Coronation Street ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Matt Littler & Darren Jeffries ( Max Cunningham & Sam `` O.B. '' O'Brien in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Jo Joyner ( Tanya Branning in EastEnders ) `` Best Dramatic Performance from a Young Actor or Actress '' Jamie Borthwick ( Jay Brown in EastEnders ) `` Villain of the Year '' Jack P. Shepherd ( David Platt in Coronation Street ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' Clare and Katy drive off a cliff ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Storyline '' The aftermath of Max and Stacey 's affair ( EastEnders ) `` Best Single Episode '' Daniel 's death ( Emmerdale ) `` Special Achievement Award '' Tim Fee ( a line producer for Emmerdale ) `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' Liz Dawn ( Vera Duckworth in Coronation Street ) 2007 winners Award Winners `` Best British Soap '' Coronation Street `` Best Actor '' Antony Cotton ( Sean Tully in Coronation Street ) `` Best Actress '' Kate Ford ( Tracy Barlow in Coronation Street ) `` Sexiest Male '' Rob James - Collier ( Liam Connor in Coronation Street ) `` Sexiest Female '' Roxanne McKee ( Louise Summers in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Newcomer '' Kym Marsh ( Michelle Connor in Coronation Street ) `` Best Exit '' Bill Ward ( Charlie Stubbs in Coronation Street ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Gemma Merna ( Carmel McQueen in Hollyoaks ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Seán Gleeson & Stirling Gallacher ( Ronnie & George Woodson in Doctors ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Lacey Turner ( Stacey Slater in EastEnders ) `` Best Dramatic Performance from a Young Actor or Actress '' Eden Taylor - Draper ( Belle Dingle in Emmerdale ) `` Villain of the Year '' Gemma Bissix ( Clare Devine in Hollyoaks ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' King 's River explosion ( Emmerdale ) `` Best Storyline '' Charlie 's cheating and Tracy 's revenge ( Coronation Street ) `` Best Single Episode '' `` Shreds & Aftermath '' ( Doctors ) `` Special Achievement Award '' Tony Jordan ( EastEnders writer ) `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' Wendy Richard ( Pauline Fowler in EastEnders ) 2006 winners Award Winners `` Best British Soap '' EastEnders `` Best Actor '' Ross Kemp ( Grant Mitchell in EastEnders ) `` Best Actress '' Lacey Turner ( Stacey Slater in EastEnders ) `` Sexiest Male '' Richard Fleeshman ( Craig Harris in Coronation Street ) `` Sexiest Female '' Louisa Lytton ( Ruby Allen in EastEnders ) `` Best Newcomer '' Charlie Clements ( Bradley Branning in EastEnders ) `` Best Exit '' Leah Bracknell ( Zoe Tate in Emmerdale ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Charlie Hardwick ( Val Lambert in Emmerdale ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Malcolm Hebden & Barbara Knox ( Norris Cole & Rita Sullivan in Coronation Street ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Bradley Walsh ( Danny Baldwin in Coronation Street ) `` Best Dramatic Performance from a Young Actor or Actress '' Ellis Hollins ( Tom Cunningham in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Bitch '' Nicola Wheeler ( Nicola Blackstock in Emmerdale ) `` Villain of the Year '' Billy Murray ( Johnny Allen in EastEnders ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' Belle and Daz trapped in a mine shaft ( Emmerdale ) `` Best Storyline '' Justin and Becca 's affair ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Single Episode '' Armistice Day episode ( EastEnders ) `` Special Achievement Award '' Tony Prescott ( Coronation Street and Emmerdale director ) `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' Johnny Briggs ( Mike Baldwin in Coronation Street ) 2005 winners Stan Richards , who played Seth Armstrong in Emmerdale , was remembered during the ceremony , after passing away in February 2005 . Award Winners `` Best British Soap '' Coronation Street `` Best Actor '' Shane Richie ( Alfie Moon in EastEnders ) `` Best Actress '' Suranne Jones ( Karen McDonald in Coronation Street ) `` Sexiest Male '' Nigel Harman ( Dennis Rickman in EastEnders ) `` Sexiest Female '' Jodi Albert ( Debbie Dean in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Newcomer '' Andrea Green ( Sarah Finch in Doctors ) `` Best Exit '' Charlie Brooks ( Janine Butcher in EastEnders ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Maggie Jones ( Blanche Hunt in Coronation Street ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' John Bardon & June Brown ( Jim & Dot Branning in EastEnders ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Kazia Pelka ( Chrissy Costello in Family Affairs ) `` Best Dramatic Performance from a Young Actor or Actress '' Sam Aston ( Chesney Battersby - Brown in Coronation Street ) `` Best Bitch '' Kate Ford ( Tracy Barlow in Coronation Street ) `` Villain of the Year '' Sasha Behar ( Maya Sharma in Coronation Street ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' Maya takes Dev and Sunita hostage and blows up the shop ( Coronation Street ) `` Best Storyline '' Gary and Chrissy learn friend Bradley has been abusing their daughter Chloe ( Family Affairs ) `` Best Single Episode '' Charity and Tom 's wedding ( Emmerdale ) `` Special Achievement Award '' John Stevenson ( Coronation Street writer ) `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' June Brown ( Dot Branning in EastEnders ) 2004 winners Award Winners `` Best British Soap '' EastEnders `` Best Actor '' Shane Richie ( Alfie Moon in EastEnders ) `` Best Actress '' Suranne Jones ( Karen McDonald in Coronation Street ) `` Sexiest Male '' Nigel Harman ( Dennis Rickman in EastEnders ) `` Sexiest Female '' Jessie Wallace ( Kat Moon in EastEnders ) `` Best Newcomer '' Nigel Harman ( Dennis Rickman in EastEnders ) `` Best Exit '' Sheree Murphy ( Tricia Dingle in Emmerdale ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Alex Carter ( Lee Hunter in Hollyoaks ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' David Neilson & Julie Hesmondhalgh ( Roy & Hayley Cropper in Coronation Street ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Mark Charnock ( Marlon Dingle in Emmerdale ) `` Best Dramatic Performance from a Young Actor or Actress '' Natalie Cassidy ( Sonia Jackson in EastEnders ) `` Best Bitch '' Kate Ford ( Tracy Barlow in Coronation Street ) `` Villain of the Year '' Charlie Brooks ( Janine Butcher in EastEnders ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' The Storm ( Emmerdale ) `` Best Storyline '' Tracy tricks Roy and tries to ruin Karen and Steve 's wedding ( Coronation Street ) `` Best Single Episode '' `` Say a Little Prayer '' ( Doctors ) `` Special Achievement Award '' Mal Young ( Creator of Family Affairs and ex-executive producer of EastEnders ) `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' Barbara Knox ( Rita Sullivan in Coronation Street ) 2003 winners Award Winners `` Best British Soap '' Coronation Street `` Best Actor '' Brian Capron ( Richard Hillman in Coronation Street ) `` Best Actress '' Kacey Ainsworth ( Little Mo Mitchell in EastEnders ) `` Sexiest Male '' Shane Richie ( Alfie Moon in EastEnders ) `` Sexiest Female '' Jessie Wallace ( Kat Moon in EastEnders ) `` Best Newcomer '' Jack McMullen ( Josh McLoughlin in Brookside ) `` Best Exit '' Brian Capron ( Richard Hillman in Coronation Street ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Andrew Whyment ( Kirk Sutherland in Coronation Street ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Jack McMullen & Sarah White ( Josh & Bev McLoughlin in Brookside ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Sue Nicholls ( Audrey Roberts in Coronation Street ) `` Hero of the Year '' Sue Nicholls ( Audrey Roberts in Coronation Street ) `` Villain of the Year '' Brian Capron ( Richard Hillman in Coronation Street ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' Richard Hillman 's confessions of murder ( Coronation Street ) `` Best Storyline '' Richard Hillman murders ( Coronation Street ) `` Best Single Episode '' Marlon and Tricia 's wedding plans ( Emmerdale ) `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' Dean Sullivan ( Jimmy Corkhill in Brookside ) 2002 winners Award Winners `` Best British Soap '' EastEnders `` Best Actor '' Martin Kemp ( Steve Owen in EastEnders ) `` Best Actress '' Kacey Ainsworth ( Little Mo Morgan in EastEnders ) `` Sexiest Male '' Martin Kemp ( Steve Owen in EastEnders ) `` Sexiest Female '' Jessie Wallace ( Kat Slater in EastEnders ) `` Best Newcomer '' Alex Ferns ( Trevor Morgan in Eastenders ) `` Best Exit '' Batley the dog ( Emmerdale ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Malcolm Hebden ( Norris Cole in Coronation Street ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' John Bardon & June Brown ( Jim & Dot Branning in EastEnders ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Raymond Quinn ( Anthony Murray in Brookside ) `` Best Storyline '' Bullying Plot ( Brookside ) `` Hero of the Year '' Stuart Manning ( Sam Armstrong in Night and Day ) `` Villain of the Year '' Alex Ferns ( Trevor Morgan in EastEnders ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' Adam and Mandy 's car crash ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Single Episode '' Zoe discovers that Kat is her mother ( EastEnders ) `` Special Achievement Award '' Tony Holland ( Co-creator of EastEnders ) 2001 winners Award Winners `` Best British Soap '' EastEnders `` Best Actor '' Martin Kemp ( Steve Owen in EastEnders ) `` Best Actress '' Natalie Cassidy ( Sonia Jackson in EastEnders ) `` Sexiest Male '' Martin Kemp ( Steve Owen in EastEnders ) `` Sexiest Female '' Tamzin Outhwaite ( Mel Healy in EastEnders ) `` Best Newcomer '' Jessie Wallace ( Kat Slater in EastEnders ) `` Best Exit '' Naomi Radcliffe ( Alison Webster in Coronation Street ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Sarah White ( Bev McLoughlin in Brookside ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Bill Tarmey & Liz Dawn ( Jack & Vera Duckworth in Coronation Street ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Georgia Taylor ( Toyah Battersby in Coronation Street ) `` Hero of the Year '' Clive Hornby ( Jack Sugden in Emmerdale ) `` Villain of the Year '' Steve McFadden ( Phil Mitchell in EastEnders ) `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' Andy burning the barn ( Emmerdale ) `` Best Storyline '' Mark , Linda and Mike love triangle ( Coronation Street ) `` Best Single Episode '' The Live Episode ( 8 December 2000 , Coronation Street ) `` Special Achievement Award '' Phil Redmond ( Creator of Brookside and Hollyoaks ) 2000 winners Award Winners `` Best British Soap '' EastEnders `` Best Actor '' Joe Absolom ( Matthew Rose in EastEnders ) `` Best Actress '' Patsy Palmer ( Bianca Butcher in EastEnders ) `` Sexiest Male '' Michael Greco ( Beppe di Marco in EastEnders ) `` Sexiest Female '' Tamzin Outhwaite ( Mel Healy in EastEnders ) `` Best Newcomer '' Gary Lucy ( Luke Morgan in Hollyoaks ) `` Best Exit '' Paul Loughran ( Butch Dingle in Emmerdale ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' Sue Nicholls ( Audrey Roberts in Coronation Street ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' Dean Sullivan & Sue Jenkins ( Jimmy & Jackie Corkhill in Brookside ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Lindsey Coulson ( Carol Jackson in EastEnders ) `` Villain of the Year '' Martin Kemp ( Steve Owen in EastEnders ) `` Best Storyline '' The teenage pregnancy of Sarah - Louise Platt ( Coronation Street ) `` Best Foreign Soap '' Home and Away `` Spectacular Scene of the Year '' `` Millennium Club Explosion '' ( Brookside ) 1999 winners Award Winners Nominees `` Best British Soap '' Coronation Street Brookside EastEnders Emmerdale Family Affairs Hollyoaks `` Best Actor '' Ross Kemp ( Grant Mitchell in EastEnders ) Dean Sullivan ( Jimmy Corkhill in Brookside ) David Neilson ( Roy Cropper in Coronation Street ) Kelvin Fletcher ( Andy Sugden in Emmerdale ) `` Best Actress '' Barbara Windsor ( Peggy Mitchell in EastEnders ) Julie Hesmondhalgh ( Hayley Patterson in Coronation Street ) Patsy Palmer ( Bianca Jackson in EastEnders ) Lisa Riley ( Mandy Dingle in Emmerdale ) `` Sexiest Male '' Michael Greco ( Beppe di Marco in EastEnders ) Adam Rickitt ( Nick Tilsley in Coronation Street ) Ross Kemp ( Grant Mitchell in EastEnders ) Stuart Wade ( Biff Fowler in Emmerdale ) `` Sexiest Female '' Tamzin Outhwaite ( Mel Healy in EastEnders ) Tracy Shaw ( Maxine Peacock in Coronation Street ) Denise Welch ( Natalie Barnes in Coronation Street ) Claire King ( Kim Tate in Emmerdale ) `` Best Exit '' Claire King ( Kim Tate in Emmerdale ) Philip Middlemiss ( Des Barnes in Coronation Street ) Martine McCutcheon ( Tiffany Mitchell in EastEnders ) `` Best Comedy Performance '' John Savident ( Fred Elliott in Coronation Street ) Gladys Ambrose ( Julia Brogan in Brookside ) David Neilson ( Roy Cropper in Coronation Street ) June Brown ( Dot Cotton in EastEnders ) `` Best Dramatic Performance '' Kelvin Fletcher ( Andy Sugden in Emmerdale ) Georgia Taylor ( Toyah Battersby in Coronation Street ) Barbara Windsor ( Peggy Mitchell in EastEnders ) Kerrie Taylor ( Lucy Benson in Hollyoaks ) `` Best On - Screen Partnership '' David Neilson & Julie Hesmondhalgh ( Roy Cropper & Hayley Patterson in Coronation Street ) Dean Sullivan & Sue Jenkins ( Jimmy & Jackie Corkhill in Brookside ) Bill Tarmey & Liz Dawn ( Jack & Vera Duckworth in Coronation Street ) Dominic Brunt & Lisa Riley ( Paddy Kirk & Mandy Dingle in Emmerdale ) `` Villain of the Year '' Stephen Billington ( Greg Kelly in Coronation Street ) Martin Kemp ( Steve Owen in EastEnders ) Ross Kemp ( Grant Mitchell in EastEnders ) Claire King ( Kim Tate in Emmerdale ) `` Best Storyline '' Tiffany discovering her mother Louise 's affair with Grant ( EastEnders ) Sinbad and the gas explosion on the parade ( Brookside ) Roy and Hayley 's courtship leading to their marriage ( Coronation Street ) Mandy 's triumph over her sexually abusive father ( Hollyoaks ) `` Best Foreign Soap '' Home and Away Neighbours Sunset Beach The Bold and the Beautiful `` Special Achievement Award '' William Roache ( Ken Barlow in Coronation Street ) N / A Awards statistics Awards by Soap Key BR Brookside CO Coronation Street DO Doctors EE EastEnders EM Emmerdale FA Family Affairs HO Hollyoaks HA Home and Away ND Night and Day MS Multiple Soaps Award 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Best Actor EE EE EE EE CO EE EE EE CO HO EE EE EM EM CO CO EE EM EM CO Best Actress EE EE EE EE EE CO CO EE CO HO CO EE EE CO HO CO EE EE EM CO Best Bitch CO CO EM Best British Soap CO EE EE EE CO EE CO EE CO EE EE EE EE EE CO HO EE EM EM CO Best Comedy Performance CO CO BR CO CO HO CO EM HO CO EE CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO DO Best Dramatic Performance EM EE CO BR CO EM FA CO EE EE DO EE CO EE CO CO EE Best Female Dramatic Performance EE CO CO Best Male Dramatic Performance EM EM HO Best Exit EM EM CO EM CO EM EE EM CO HO CO EE CO CO CO Best Foreign Soap HA HA Best Newcomer HO EE EE BR EE DO EE CO CO CO EE HO CO HO EE DO EE CO EE Best On - Screen Partnership CO BR CO EE BR CO EE CO DO HO EE DO EE EE HO CO EE CO HO HO Best Single Episode CO EE EM DO EM EE DO EE DO EE CO CO EM CO EE DO EM HO Best Storyline EE CO CO BR CO CO FA HO CO EE DO EE CO EM CO CO EE EE EM HO Best Young Performance EE CO HO EM EE EE DO CO EE EM HO EM HO CO EM Best Villain CO EE EE EE CO EE CO EE HO CO CO EE HO CO CO HO HO CO DO CO Hero of the Year EM ND CO Lifetime / Outstanding Achievement BR CO EE CO EE CO EE CO CO EE EE CO CO EE HO EE Outstanding Achievement Off - Screen EE EE Sexiest Male EE EE EE EE EE EE EE CO CO CO EE EE EE EE HO HO Sexiest Female EE EE EE EE EE EE HO EE HO HO CO CO CO CO CO CO Special Achievement CO BR EE IN CO IN EE EM CO EM EM EE Scene of the Year / Spectacular Scene BR EM HO CO EM CO EM EM HO EM HO CO EM HO EM EM EM HO MS The Tony Warren Award MS EE CO Greatest Moment EM Note : Crossroads was nominated from 2001 to 2003 , but did not receive any awards . The `` Best Foreign Soap '' category also featured Neighbours , Sunset Beach and The Bold and the Beautiful in 1999 . ^ A. James Bain was a casting director who worked for both Coronation Street and Emmerdale . ^ B. In 2018 , Doctors and EastEnders tied in the `` Scene of the Year '' award , so they both won . References Jump up ^ Deen , Sarah ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` Late Coronation Street creator Tony Warren gets an award named after him at British Soap Awards '' . Metro . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` Coronation Street 's Tony Warren honoured by the British Soap Awards as a prize is renamed in his memory '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British Soap Awards 2017 : Ceremony to be broadcast live for first time '' . 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British Soap Awards 2016 : Emmerdale wins Best Soap for the first time , Danny Miller and Lacey Turner win in acting categories -- plus full list of winners '' . Daily Telegraph . 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EastEnders cleans up soap awards '' . BBC News . 28 May 2000 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Harpin , Lee ( 16 May 1999 ) . `` Lee Harpin 's Hot People column : Sexy Mel 's Got Man A-Beale ! ; Soap Awards Special : She wins TV top totty title '' . The People . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . External links Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_British_Soap_Awards&oldid=855798682 '' Categories : British television awards ITV television programmes Television series by ITV Studios 1999 establishments in the United Kingdom Awards established in 1999 Annual events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 22 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who won best newcomer at the soap awards 2017
[ "\n\n\nAward\nWinners\nNominees\n\n\n\"Best British Soap\"\nEmmerdale\nCoronation StreetDoctorsEastEndersHollyoaks\n\n\n\"Best Actor\"\nJohn Middleton (Ashley Thomas in Emmerdale)\nJack P. Shepherd (David Platt in Coronation Street)Danny Miller (Aaron Dingle in Emmerdale)Jamie Lomas (Warren Fox in Hollyoaks)Gregory Finnegan (James Nightingale in Hollyoaks)\n\n\n\"Best Actress\"\nCharlotte Bellamy (Laurel Thomas in Emmerdale)\nKym Marsh (Michelle Connor in Coronation Street)Lucy Fallon (Bethany Platt in Coronation Street)Lacey Turner (Stacey Fowler in EastEnders)Anna Passey (Sienna Blake in Hollyoaks)\n\n\n\"Best Newcomer\"\nRob Mallard (Daniel Osbourne in Coronation Street)\nRita Arya (Dr. Megan Sharma in Doctors)Zack Morris (Keegan Baker in EastEnders)Sally Dexter (Faith Dingle in Emmerdale)Duncan James (Ryan Knight in Hollyoaks)\n\n\n\"Best Comedy Performance\"\nDolly-Rose Campbell (Gemma Winter in Coronation Street)\nElisabeth Dermot Walsh (Zara Carmichael in Doctors)Tameka Empson (Kim Fox-Hubbard in EastEnders)Dominic Brunt (Paddy Kirk in Emmerdale)Nicole Barber-Lane (Myra McQueen in Hollyoaks)\n\n\n\"Best On-Screen Partnership\"\nRichard Linnell & Kassius Nelson (Alfie Nightingale & Jade Albright in Hollyoaks)\nMalcolm Hebden & Patti Clare (Norris Cole & Mary Taylor in Coronation Street)Matthew Chambers & Elisabeth Dermot Walsh (Daniel Granger & Zara Carmichael in Doctors)James Bye & Lacey Turner (Martin & Stacey Fowler in EastEnders)John Middleton & Charlotte Bellamy (Ashley & Laurel Thomas in Emmerdale)\n\n\n\"Best Male Dramatic Performance\"\nJohn Middleton (Ashley Thomas in Emmerdale)\nSimon Gregson (Steve McDonald in Coronation Street)Ian Midlane (Al Haskey in Doctors)Steve McFadden (Phil Mitchell in EastEnders)Kieron Richardson (Ste Hay in Hollyoaks)\n\n\n\"Best Female Dramatic Performance\"Presented by Martine McCutcheon\nKym Marsh (Michelle Connor in Coronation Street)\nDido Miles (Emma Reid in Doctors)Diane Parish (Denise Fox in EastEnders)Charlotte Bellamy (Laurel Thomas in Emmerdale)Nadine Rose Mulkerrin (Cleo McQueen in Hollyoaks)\n\n\n\"Best Young Actor\"\nElle Mulvaney (Amy Barlow in Coronation Street)\nBleu Landau (Dennis Rickman Jnr in EastEnders)Isobel Steele (Liv Flaherty in Emmerdale)Ela-May Demircan (Leah Barnes in Hollyoaks)\n\n\n\"Villain of the Year\"Presented by Gray O'Brien\nLucy-Jo Hudson (Rhiannon Davis in Doctors)\nConnor McIntyre (Pat Phelan in Coronation Street)Jake Wood (Max Branning in EastEnders)Gillian Kearney (Emma Barton in Emmerdale)Persephone Swales-Dawson (Nico Blake in Hollyoaks)\n\n\n\"Scene of the Year\"\nJade says goodbye to Alfie (Hollyoaks)\nMichelle's goodbye to Ruairi (Coronation Street)Haunted by his voices (Doctors)Ronnie and Roxy's exit (EastEnders)The Hotten bypass pile-up (Emmerdale)\n\n\n\"Best Storyline\"\nAshley's dementia (Emmerdale)\nThe grooming of Bethany (Coronation Street)Rhiannon's second chance (Doctors)Lee's mental health (EastEnders)Teenage cancer (Hollyoaks)\n\n\n\"Best Single Episode\"\nAshley's point of view (Emmerdale)\nKylie's death (Coronation Street)\"A Christmas Carol\" (Doctors)Lee on the edge (EastEnders)\"What is Consent?\" (Hollyoaks)\n\n\n\"Outstanding Achievement Award\"\nNick Pickard (Tony Hutchinson in Hollyoaks)\nN/A\n\n\nThe Tony Warren Award\"\nGillian Richmond (EastEnders writer)\nN/A\n\n" ]
[ "Rob Mallard (Daniel Osbourne in Coronation Street)" ]
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Distribution of wealth
Distribution of wealth - wikipedia Distribution of wealth Jump to : navigation , search The distribution of wealth is a comparison of the wealth of various members or groups in a society . It differs from the income distribution in that it looks at the economic distribution of ownership of the assets in a society , rather than the current income of members of that society . The distribution of wealth shows economic differences as per the Gini index . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition of wealth 2 Data about global distribution of wealth 2.1 Wealth distribution pyramid 2.1. 1 Wealth distribution in 2012 3 Statistical distributions 4 Redistribution of wealth and public policy 5 Wealth surveys 6 21st century 6.1 Wealth inequality 6.2 Real estate 6.3 Credit Suisse Report -- Wealth Distribution & Gini ( 2013 ) 7 In the United States 8 Data , charts , and graphs 8.1 World distribution of wealth 8.1. 1 By region 9 World distribution of financial wealth 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Definition of wealth ( edit ) Main article : Wealth Wealth in the context of this article is defined as a person 's net worth , expressed as : wealth = assets − liabilities The word wealth is often confused with income . These two terms describe different but related things . Wealth consists of those items of economic value that an individual owns , while income is an inflow of items of economic value . ( See Stock and flow . ) The relation between wealth , income , and expenses is : change of wealth = income − expense . The distribution of income is substantially different from the distribution of wealth . According to the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth , `` the world distribution of wealth is much more unequal than that of income . '' If an individual has a large income but also large expenses , the net effect of that income on her or his wealth could be small or even negative . The United Nations definition of inclusive wealth is a monetary measure which includes the sum of natural , human and physical assets . Data about global distribution of wealth ( edit ) Main articles : List of countries by distribution of wealth and List of countries by income equality Share of wealth globally by year The gap between the rich and poor can be illustrated by the fact that the three wealthiest individuals in the world have assets that exceed those of the poorest 10 percent of the world 's population . The net worth of the world 's billionaires increased from less than $1 trillion in 2000 to over $7 trillion in 2015 so the gap is growing up dramatically . Wealth distribution pyramid ( edit ) Personal wealth varies across adults for many reasons . Some individuals with little wealth may be at early stages in their careers , with little chance or motivation to accumulate assets . Others may have suffered business setbacks or personal misfortunes , or live in parts of the world where opportunities for wealth creation are severely limited . At the other end of the spectrum , there are individuals who have acquired a large fortune through a combination of inheritance , talent , hard work or simply being in the right place at the right time . The wealth pyramid below was prepared by Credit Suisse in 2013 ; it captures these differences in striking detail . It has a large base of low wealth holders , alongside upper tiers occupied by progressively fewer people . In 2013 Credit - suisse estimate that 3.2 billion individuals -- more than two thirds of adults in the world -- have wealth below 10,000 USD . A further one billion ( adult population ) fall within the 10,000 -- 100,000 USD range . While the average wealth holding is modest in the base and middle segments of the pyramid , their total wealth amounts to USD 40 trillion , underlining the potential for novel consumer products and innovative financial services targeted at this often neglected segment . The pyramid reveals that : half of the world 's wealth belongs to the top 1 % , top 10 % of adults hold 85 % , while the bottom 90 % hold the remaining 15 % of the world 's total wealth , top 30 % of adults hold 97 % of the total wealth . Pyramid of global wealth distribution in 2013 Wealth distribution in 2012 ( edit ) According to the OECD in 2012 the top 0.6 % of world population ( consisting of adults with more than 1 million USD in assets ) or the 42 million richest people in the world held 39.3 % of world wealth . The next 4.4 % ( 311 million people ) held 32.3 % of world wealth . The bottom 95 % held 28.4 % of world wealth . The large gaps of the report get by the Gini index to 0.893 , and are larger than gaps in global income inequality , measured in 2009 at 0.38 . For example , in 2012 the bottom 60 % of the world population held same wealth in 2012 as the people on Forbes ' Richest list consisting of 1,226 richest billionaires of the world . Statistical distributions ( edit ) There are many ways in which the distribution of wealth can be analyzed . One example is to compare the wealth of the richest one percent with the wealth of the median ( or 50th ) percentile . In many societies , the richest ten percent control more than half of the total wealth . Pareto Distribution has often been used to mathematically quantify the distribution of wealth , since it models a random distribution . Wealth over people ( WOP ) curves are a visually compelling way to show the distribution of wealth in a nation . WOP curves are modified distribution of wealth curves . The vertical and horizontal scales each show percentages from zero to one hundred . We imagine all the households in a nation being sorted from richest to poorest . They are then shrunk down and lined up ( richest at the left ) along the horizontal scale . For any particular household , its point on the curve represents how their wealth compares ( as a proportion ) to the average wealth of the richest percentile . For any nation , the average wealth of the richest 1 / 100 of households is the topmost point on the curve ( people , 1 % ; wealth , 100 % ) or ( p = 1 , w = 100 ) or ( 1 , 100 ) . In the real world two points on the WOP curve are always known before any statistics are gathered . These are the topmost point ( 1 , 100 ) by definition , and the rightmost point ( poorest people , lowest wealth ) or ( p = 100 , w = 0 ) or ( 100 , 0 ) . This unfortunate rightmost point is given because there are always at least one percent of households ( incarcerated , long term illness , etc . ) with no wealth at all . Given that the topmost and rightmost points are fixed ... our interest lies in the form of the WOP curve between them . There are two extreme possible forms of the curve . The first is the `` perfect communist '' WOP . It is a straight line from the leftmost ( maximum wealth ) point horizontally across the people scale to p = 99 . Then it drops vertically to wealth = 0 at ( p = 100 , w = 0 ) . The other extreme is the `` perfect tyranny '' form . It starts on the left at the Tyrant 's maximum wealth of 100 % . It then immediately drops to zero at p = 2 , and continues at zero horizontally across the rest of the people . That is , the tyrant and his friends ( the top percentile ) own all the nation 's wealth . All other citizens are serfs or slaves . An obvious intermediate form is a straight line connecting the left / top point to the right / bottom point . In such a `` Diagonal '' society a household in the richest percentile would have just twice the wealth of a family in the median ( 50th ) percentile . Such a society is compelling to many ( especially the poor ) . In fact it is a comparison to a diagonal society that is the basis for the Gini values used as a measure of the disequity in a particular economy . These Gini values ( 40.8 in 2007 ) show the United States to be the third most dis - equitable economy of all the developed nations ( behind Denmark and Switzerland ) . More sophisticated models have also been proposed . Redistribution of wealth and public Policy ( edit ) See also : Redistribution of income and wealth and Distribution of wealth in year 2000 In many societies , attempts have been made , through property redistribution , taxation , or regulation , to redistribute wealth , sometimes in support of the upper class , and sometimes to diminish economic inequality . Examples of this practice go back at least to the Roman republic in the third century B.C. , when laws were passed limiting the amount of wealth or land that could be owned by any one family . Motivations for such limitations on wealth include the desire for equality of opportunity , a fear that great wealth leads to political corruption , to the belief that limiting wealth will gain the political favor of a voting bloc , or fear that extreme concentration of wealth results in rebellion . Various forms of socialism attempt to diminish the unequal distribution of wealth and thus the conflicts and social problems ( see image below ) arising from it . During the Age of Reason , Francis Bacon wrote `` Above all things good policy is to be used so that the treasures and monies in a state be not gathered into a few hands ... Money is like fertilizer , not good except it be spread . '' Communism arose as a reaction to a distribution of wealth in which a few lived in luxury while the masses lived in extreme poverty . In The Communist Manifesto , Marx and Engels wrote `` From each according to his ability , to each according to his need . '' While the ideas of Marx have nominally been embraced by various states ( Russia , Cuba , Vietnam and China in the 20th century ) , Marxist utopia remains elusive . On the other hand , the combination of labor movements , technology , and social liberalism has diminished extreme poverty in the developed world today , though extremes of wealth and poverty continue in the Third World . In the Outlook on the Global Agenda 2014 from the World Economic Forum the widening income disparities come second as a worldwide risk . Wealth surveys ( edit ) Many countries have national wealth surveys , for example : The British Wealth and Assets Survey The Italian Survey on Household Income and Wealth The euro area Household Finance and Consumption Survey The US Survey of Consumer Finances The Canadian Survey of Financial Security The German Armuts - und Reichtumsbericht der Bundesregierung 21st century ( edit ) At the end of the 20th century , wealth was concentrated among the G8 and Western industrialized nations , along with several Asian and OPEC nations . Wealth inequality ( edit ) A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1 % of adults alone owned 40 % of global assets in the year 2000 , and that the richest 10 % of adults accounted for 85 % of the world total . The bottom half of the world adult population owned 1 % of global wealth . Moreover , another study found that the richest 2 % own more than half of global household assets . Real estate ( edit ) While sizeable numbers of households own no land , few have no income . For example , 10 % of land owners ( all corporations ) in Baltimore , Maryland own 58 % of the taxable land value . The bottom 10 % of those who own any land own less than 1 % of the total land value . This form of analysis as well as Gini coefficient analysis has been used to support land value taxation . Credit Suisse report -- wealth distribution & Gini ( 2013 ) ( edit ) This table was created from information provided by the Credit Suisse , Research Institute 's `` Global Wealth Databook '' , published 2013 . Country Adults ( 1000s ) Wealth per adult ( USD ) Proportion of adults ( % ) by wealth range ( USD ) Gini ( % ) Mean Median Under 10k 10k -- 100k 100k -- 1M Over 1M Total Denmark 4,190 255,066 57,675 39.5 17 37.8 5.7 100 107.7 Russian Federation 110,365 10,976 871 93.7 5.6 0.6 0.1 100 93.1 Ukraine 35,912 3,413 419 97.4 2.3 0.2 0 100 90 Kazakhstan 10,958 7,161 1,176 93.1 6.3 0.6 0.1 100 86.7 Lebanon 2,953 30,868 6,076 66.8 29.8 3.2 0.3 100 86.3 United States of America 239,279 301,140 44,911 30.7 33 30.7 5.5 100 85.1 Zimbabwe 6,690 2,913 479 93.9 5.8 0.3 0 100 83.8 Turkey 51,687 25,909 5,326 67 30.3 2.5 0.2 100 83.7 South Africa 31,034 19,613 3,051 72.3 24.9 2.6 0.1 100 83.6 Hong Kong , China 6,052 153,312 32,384 30.3 49.7 18.3 1.7 100 83.1 Philippines 56,730 8,799 1,849 88.1 11.1 0.8 0.1 100 82.9 Indonesia 157,869 11,839 2,393 81.1 17.6 1.3 0.1 100 82.8 Thailand 49,642 7,772 1,855 90.5 8.8 0.6 0 100 82.6 Venezuela 18,991 6,900 1,505 90.9 8.5 0.6 0 100 82.5 Brazil 135,385 23,278 5,117 66.6 30.5 2.7 0.2 100 82.1 Malaysia 18,382 27,007 5,831 61.4 35.3 3.1 0.2 100 81.5 Chile 12,461 49,032 11,742 45 48 6.6 0.4 100 81.4 India 767,612 4,706 1,040 94.4 5.2 0.3 0 100 81.3 Switzerland 6,101 512,562 95,916 5.2 46 38.8 10 100 80.6 Sweden 7,299 299,441 52,677 15.6 48.3 29.2 6.9 100 80.3 Egypt 52,710 7,285 1,852 90.4 9 0.6 0 100 80.3 Nigeria 80,462 3,620 894 94.9 4.9 0.3 0 100 80 Colombia 30,464 26,222 6,228 60.2 35.8 3.9 0.2 100 79.7 Seychelles 54 60,003 14,617 40 50 9.2 0.8 100 79.6 Argentina 28,265 15,638 4,032 72.1 26.1 1.7 0.1 100 79.6 Saudi Arabia 16,694 37,346 9,772 53.3 41.1 5.3 0.3 100 79.3 Namibia 1,256 19,899 4,531 67.5 28.3 4.2 0.1 100 78.7 Israel 4,947 137,351 38,164 30 44.8 23.7 1.5 100 78.7 Comoros 388 2,872 670 93.8 6.1 0.2 0 100 78.7 Cyprus 694 119,568 34,874 23.8 56.3 18.6 1.4 100 78.3 Mexico 73,380 35,872 9,718 53.5 40.6 5.7 0.3 100 78 Norway 3,733 380,473 92,859 19.4 32.5 40.6 7.5 100 77.8 Austria 6,761 203,931 57,450 28.2 31.8 37 100 77.8 Libya 4,291 28,397 6,563 58.1 35.7 6 0.1 100 77.7 Botswana 1,181 10,348 2,649 81 17.6 1.4 0 100 77.2 Germany 67,068 192,232 49,370 29 33.3 35.1 2.6 100 77.1 Haiti 5,813 3,532 960 92.3 7.5 0.2 0 100 76.1 Angola 9,273 14,708 3,934 69.1 28.8 2.1 0 100 75.6 Central African Republic 2,370 800 241 99.1 0.9 0 0 100 74.8 Bolivia 5,800 4,604 1,368 89.3 10.4 0.3 0 100 74.4 Zambia 6,151 1,817 548 96.8 3.2 0 0 100 74.1 Czech Republic 8,437 44,975 15,541 40 53.2 6.4 0.3 100 74 Singapore 3,955 281,764 90,466 20 34.2 41.4 4.4 100 73.9 Kuwait 2,291 119,101 42,897 21.8 55.5 21.5 1.2 100 73.8 Poland 30,255 26,056 9,109 55 41.5 3.3 0.1 100 73.7 Taiwan 18,359 151,752 53,336 22.5 45.1 30.8 1.7 100 73.6 Netherlands 12,914 185,588 83,631 23.3 30.9 43.6 2.2 100 73.2 Belize 188 9,998 3,130 76.3 22.6 1.1 0 100 73.1 Suriname 344 14,250 4,544 68.8 29.6 1.6 0 100 73 Nicaragua 3,424 3,432 1,147 92.5 7.3 0.1 0 100 73 Romania 16,692 14,044 5,137 69.3 29.2 1.4 0.1 100 73 Lesotho 1,079 3,457 1,105 92.4 7.5 0.1 0 100 72.9 Paraguay 3,910 10,934 3,726 73.2 25.6 1.3 0 100 72.8 Swaziland 628 4,360 1,393 90 9.8 0.2 0 100 72.7 Panama 2,322 22,292 7,509 57.3 38.5 4.2 0 100 72.7 Rwanda 5,306 723 245 99.3 0.7 0 0 100 72.7 Sao Tome and Principe 86 2,721 959 94.3 5.7 0.1 0 100 72.7 Canada 27,173 251,034 90,252 30 21.5 44.9 3.7 100 72.7 South Korea 38,350 79,475 30,938 25.3 59.5 14.5 0.7 100 72.6 Papua New Guinea 3,752 8,470 2,821 81.1 18 0.8 0 100 72.4 Cape Verde 295 16,313 5,478 65 32.5 2.5 0 100 72.3 Antigua and Barbuda 63 19,011 6,281 58.8 38.3 0 100 72.2 Costa Rica 3,246 28,124 9,532 54.1 40.2 5.7 0.1 100 72.2 Dominica 50 24,086 8,349 55 40.3 4.7 0.1 100 72 St. Kitts and Nevis 34 23,613 8,185 56.3 39.1 4.6 0.1 100 71.9 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 71 10,196 3,492 73.8 25.1 1.1 0 100 71.9 Grenada 67 14,473 5,017 67.5 30.7 1.7 0 100 71.9 New Zealand 3,234 182,548 76,607 25.6 34.1 38.1 2.3 100 71.8 Ecuador 8,723 12,350 4,403 69.8 28.8 1.4 0 100 71.4 El Salvador 3,738 12,039 4,483 70 28.7 1.3 0 100 71 Ireland 3,488 183,804 75,573 20.9 36.5 40.4 2.2 100 70.9 Kenya 20,757 2,843 1,049 94.2 5.7 0.1 0 100 70.9 Oman 1,872 48,415 18,152 40 47.8 12 0.2 100 70.8 Peru 18,865 18,227 6,705 58.5 38.9 2.6 0 100 70.8 Gambia 908 864 324 99.2 0.8 0 0 100 70.8 Congo - Brazzaville 2,024 3,892 1,420 91.2 8.6 0.1 0 100 70.8 United Arab Emirates 3,777 126,791 51,882 20 50.6 28.2 1.3 100 70.5 Qatar 1,278 153,294 58,237 25 38.3 35 1.7 100 70.5 Portugal 8,614 89,074 38,846 25.8 54.8 18.7 0.8 100 70.1 Mozambique 11,441 811 313 99.3 0.7 0 0 100 70 Jamaica 1,719 11,401 4,393 70 28.8 1.2 0 100 69.9 Uruguay 2,400 47,002 17,998 39.6 48.3 11.9 0.2 100 69.8 Uganda 15,107 750 294 99.4 0.6 0 0 100 69.6 DR Congo 31,854 321 124 99.9 0.1 0 0 100 69.6 China 998,254 22,230 8,023 58.4 39.1 2.4 0.1 100 69.5 Madagascar 10,359 448 177 99.8 0.2 0 0 100 69.4 Guyana 474 3,801 1,506 91.6 8.3 0.1 0 100 69.2 Fiji 523 6,473 2,630 85 14.6 0.4 0 100 69 France 48,124 295,933 141,850 21.7 22.9 50.8 4.6 100 69 Barbados 200 22,289 8,108 55 41.5 3.5 0 100 69 Eritrea 2,781 2,125 875 96.3 3.7 0 0 100 68.9 Macedonia , FYR 1,561 11,543 4,743 69.3 29.6 1.1 0 100 68.8 Sierra Leone 2,897 681 273 99.6 0.4 0 0 100 68.8 Ghana 13,501 1,811 743 97.7 2.3 0 0 100 68.6 St. Lucia 119 13,087 5,296 66.3 32.5 1.2 0 100 68.5 Tunisia 7,452 21,084 8,823 55 41.5 3.5 0 100 68.2 Gabon 869 21,860 9,240 55 41.3 3.7 0 100 68.2 Solomon Islands 298 9,868 4,261 73.8 25.3 0 100 68.1 Morocco 21,355 11,398 4,750 70 28.9 1.1 0 100 68.1 Côte d'Ivoire 11,501 2,640 1,104 95 4.9 0.1 0 100 68.1 Sri Lanka 14,326 5,033 2,101 87.9 11.9 0.2 0 100 68 Turkmenistan 3,352 36,570 15,305 40 52.1 7.8 0.1 100 68 Georgia 3,172 21,640 9,178 54.7 41.8 3.5 0 100 68 Togo 3,693 2,450 1,049 95.6 4.3 0 0 100 67.9 United Kingdom 48,220 243,570 111,524 18 28.8 50 3.2 100 67.7 Mauritania 1,832 1,967 865 97 0 0 100 67.7 Burkina Faso 7,721 1,273 543 98.7 1.3 0 0 100 67.7 Djibouti 508 3,465 1,488 92.8 7.2 0.1 0 100 67.5 Chad 5,485 1,131 483 99 0 0 100 67.5 Trinidad and Tobago 987 15,088 6,459 60 38.5 1.5 0 100 67.4 Malawi 7,417 207 89 100 0 0 0 100 67.3 Guinea 5,301 882 380 99.4 0.6 0 0 100 67.3 Iceland 253 211,592 104,733 20 30 47.3 2.7 100 67.3 Tonga 54 15,905 7,217 58.8 39.8 1.5 0 100 67.2 Senegal 6,423 2,597 1,125 95.3 4.7 0 0 100 67.2 Cameroon 10,459 2,603 1,115 95.2 4.8 0 0 100 67.2 Vanuatu 138 6,068 2,753 85 14.7 0.3 0 100 67.1 Benin 4,733 3,187 1,398 93.6 6.3 0.1 0 100 67.1 Samoa 92 34,537 15,132 40 53 6.9 0.1 100 67 Cambodia 9,151 2,644 1,155 95 4.9 0 0 100 67 Yemen 12,192 4,951 2,193 88.3 11.6 0.2 0 100 66.8 Iran 53,270 8,727 3,846 75 24.4 0.6 0 100 66.8 Liberia 2,118 2,173 987 96.5 3.5 0 0 100 66.7 Tanzania 22,038 951 423 99.3 0.7 0 0 100 66.6 Laos 3,618 5,393 2,411 86.7 13.1 0.2 0 100 66.5 Lithuania 2,537 23,411 10,635 47.5 48.5 3.9 0 100 66.5 Myanmar 34,180 2,214 941 97 0 0 100 66.4 Finland 4,195 171,821 95,095 29 22.3 47.2 1.6 100 66.4 Maldives 210 5,556 2,480 85 14.8 0.2 0 100 66.3 Bahamas 242 41,106 17,842 35 55.9 9 0.1 100 66.2 Spain 37,206 123,997 63,306 17.4 52.4 29 1.1 100 66.1 Mongolia 1,855 14,214 6,433 61.1 37.6 1.3 0 100 66.1 Syrian Arab Republic 13,352 7,073 3,198 82.7 16.9 0.4 0 100 66 Latvia 1,787 24,285 11,338 45 50.9 0 100 66 Greece 9,105 102,971 53,937 20.4 53.7 25.1 0.8 100 65.9 Jordan 3,858 14,364 6,589 60.3 38.3 1.4 0 100 65.9 Kyrgyz Republic 3,568 5,385 2,432 85.9 13.9 0.2 0 100 65.9 Viet Nam 61,765 4,857 2,215 87.8 12 0.2 0 100 65.8 West Bank and Gaza 1,739 8,979 4,200 73.1 26.3 0.6 0 100 65.8 Equatorial Guinea 365 19,525 9,130 55 42.6 2.4 0 100 65.8 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,985 11,173 5,139 68.2 30.9 0.9 0 100 65.8 Luxembourg 390 315,240 182,768 15 22.5 57 5.5 100 65.7 Estonia 1,055 33,701 15,724 40 53.3 6.6 0.1 100 65.7 Guinea - Bissau 836 424 199 99.9 0.1 0 0 100 65.7 Albania 2,237 9,450 4,451 72.7 26.6 0.7 0 100 65.6 Niger 7,014 937 434 99.3 0.7 0 0 100 65.5 Algeria 23,982 10,100 4,673 70 29.2 0.7 0 100 65.5 Sudan 23,811 1,291 595 98.9 1.1 0 0 100 65.4 Burundi 4,729 293 137 99.9 0.1 0 0 100 65.2 Azerbaijan 6,276 16,344 7,721 57.1 41.4 1.5 0 100 65.1 Croatia 3,498 26,551 12,639 41.2 54.1 4.7 0 100 65.1 Italy 49,117 241,383 138,653 20 20.5 56.5 100 65 Mali 6,464 955 455 99.4 0.6 0 0 100 64.7 Moldova 2,692 3,854 1,874 91.8 8.1 0.1 0 100 64.7 Nepal 17,273 1,998 951 97.7 2.3 0 0 100 64.7 Bangladesh 104,135 1,894 908 97.9 2.1 0 0 100 64.6 Mauritius 935 37,308 19,247 40 52.5 7.4 0.1 100 64.5 Hungary 7,915 28,379 14,068 40 55 4.9 0 100 64 Armenia 2,263 5,613 2,793 85.5 14.3 0.2 0 100 63.9 Tajikistan 4,022 3,168 1,581 94.3 5.7 0.1 0 100 63.8 Pakistan 106,365 4,248 2,106 90.8 9 0.1 0 100 63.8 Ethiopia 42,750 411 207 99.9 0.1 0 0 100 63.6 Australia 16,617 402,578 219,505 6.9 23.7 62.6 6.8 100 63.6 Japan 104,315 216,694 110,294 9.2 37.7 50.6 2.5 100 63.5 Montenegro 467 21,340 10,929 45 52.6 2.4 0 100 63.4 Belgium 8,387 255,573 148,141 17.4 22.1 57.3 3.2 100 62.6 Serbia 7,527 15,175 7,978 56.8 42 1.3 0 100 62.5 Bulgaria 5,991 16,818 8,825 55.2 43.4 1.4 0 100 62.5 Belarus 7,543 2,407 1,271 96.8 3.1 0 0 100 62.2 Malta 330 71,448 42,898 18.8 65 15.9 0.3 100 59.5 Bahrain 571 44,822 26,675 28.7 60 11.2 0 100 58.5 Brunei Darussalam 286 51,373 31,527 26.2 58.7 15 0 100 58.5 Slovenia 1,655 64,067 44,932 19.4 60.6 19.9 0.1 100 53.5 Slovakia 4,303 27,224 20,740 19.8 77.8 2.4 0 100 44.7 In the United States ( edit ) See also : Wealth inequality in the United States , Income inequality in the United States , and Wealth in the United States < div class = `` transborder '' style = `` position : absolute ; width : 100px ; line - height : 0 ; Distribution of net worth in the United States ( 2007 ) . The net wealth of many people in the lowest 20 % is negative because of debt . Top 1 % ( 35 % ) Next 4 % ( 27 % ) Next 5 % ( 11 % ) Next 10 % ( 12 % ) Upper Middle 20 % ( 11 % ) Middle 20 % ( 4 % ) Bottom 40 % ( < 1 % ) According to PolitiFact , in 2011 the 400 wealthiest Americans `` have more wealth than half of all Americans combined . '' Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a `` substantial head start '' . In September 2012 , according to the Institute for Policy Studies , `` over 60 percent '' of the Forbes richest 400 Americans `` grew up in substantial privilege '' . In 2007 , the richest 1 % of the American population owned 34.6 % of the country 's total wealth ( excluding human capital ) , and the next 19 % owned 50.5 % . The top 20 % of Americans owned 85 % of the country 's wealth and the bottom 80 % of the population owned 15 % . From 1922 to 2010 , the share of the top 1 % varied from 19.7 % to 44.2 % , the big drop being associated with the drop in the stock market in the late 1970s . Ignoring the period where the stock market was depressed ( 1976 -- 1980 ) and the period when the stock market was overvalued ( 1929 ) , the share of wealth of the richest 1 % remained extremely stable , at about a third of the total wealth . Financial inequality was greater than inequality in total wealth , with the top 1 % of the population owning 42.7 % , the next 19 % of Americans owning 50.3 % , and the bottom 80 % owning 7 % . However , after the Great Recession which started in 2007 , the share of total wealth owned by the top 1 % of the population grew from 34.6 % to 37.1 % , and that owned by the top 20 % of Americans grew from 85 % to 87.7 % . The Great Recession also caused a drop of 36.1 % in median household wealth but a drop of only 11.1 % for the top 1 % , further widening the gap between the 1 % and the 99 % . During the economic expansion between 2002 and 2007 , the income of the top 1 % grew 10 times faster than the income of the bottom 90 % . In this period 66 % of total income gains went to the 1 % , who in 2007 had a larger share of total income than at any time since 1928 . Dan Ariely and Michael Norton show in a study ( 2011 ) that US citizens across the political spectrum significantly underestimate the current US wealth inequality and would prefer a more egalitarian distribution of wealth , raising questions about ideological disputes over issues like taxation and welfare . Wealth proportion by population by year Year Bottom 99 % Top 1 % 1922 63.3 % 36.7 % 1929 55.8 % 44.2 % 1933 66.7 % 33.3 % 1939 63.6 % 36.4 % 1945 70.2 % 29.8 % 1949 72.9 % 27.1 % 1953 68.8 % 31.2 % 1962 68.2 % 31.8 % 1965 65.6 % 34.4 % 1969 68.9 % 31.1 % 1972 70.9 % 29.1 % 1976 80.1 % 19.9 % 1979 79.5 % 20.5 % 1981 75.2 % 24.8 % 69.1 % 30.9 % 1986 68.1 % 31.9 % 64.3 % 35.7 % 62.8 % 37.2 % 1995 61.5 % 38.5 % 1998 61.9 % 38.1 % 66.6 % 33.4 % 65.7 % 34.3 % 2007 65.4 % 34.6 % 64.6 % 35.4 % Data , charts , and graphs ( edit ) Wealth , Income , and Power by G. William Domhoff PowerPoint presentation : Inequalities of Development -- Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient ) The World Distribution of Household Wealth Article on The World Distribution of Household Wealth report . The Federal Reserve Board -- Survey of Consumer Finances Survey of Consumer Finances 1998 -- 2004 charts -- pdf Survey of Consumer Finances 1998 -- 2004 data and resulting Gini indices for mean incomes : 1989 : 51.1 , 1992 : 47.8 , 1995 : 49.0 , 1998 : 50.4 , 2001 : 52.6 , 2004 : 51.4 Changes in the Distribution of Wealth in the U.S. , 1989 -- 2001 Report on Net Worth and Asset Ownership of Households Projections of the Number of Households in the U.S. 1995 -- 2010 The System of National Accounts ( SNA ) : comparison of U.S. national accounts statistics with those of other countries World Trade Organization : Resources Champagne Glass infographic of global wealth distribution from Dalton Conley 's You May Ask Yourself : An Introduction to Thinking Like a Sociologist textbook which was adapted from the 1992 UNDP original World distribution of wealth ( edit ) Main article : World distribution of wealth world distribution of wealth by country ( PPP ) world distribution of wealth by region ( PPP ) world distribution of wealth by country ( exchange rates ) world distribution of wealth by region ( exchange rates ) By region ( edit ) Region Proportion of world ... ( % ) Population Net worth ... GDP ... PPP Exchange rates PPP Exchange rates North America 5.2 27.1 34.4 23.9 33.7 Central / South America 8.5 6.5 4.3 8.5 6.4 Europe 9.6 26.4 29.2 22.8 32.4 Africa 10.7 1.5 0.5 2.4 1.0 Middle East 9.9 5.1 3.1 5.7 4.1 Asia 52.2 29.4 25.6 31.1 24.1 Other 3.2 3.7 2.6 5.4 3.4 Totals ( rounded ) 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % World distribution of Financial wealth ( edit ) In 2007 , 147 companies controlled nearly 40 percent of the monetary value of all transnational corporations . See also ( edit ) Generational accounting Kinetic exchange models of markets Wealth concentration References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James B. Davies ; Susanna Sandström ; Anthony F. Shorrocks ; Edward N. Wolff . `` Estimating the World Distribution of Household Wealth '' ( PDF ) . Institution / Country : University of Western Ontario , Canada ; WIDER - UNU . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sponsored by ( 2012 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Free exchange : The real wealth of nations '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Inclusive Wealth Report -- IHDP '' . Ihdp.unu.edu. 2012 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 62 people own same as half world -- Oxfam Press releases Oxfam GB '' . Oxfam.org.uk. 2016 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Distribution of Wealth and Income '' . Boundless.com. 2016 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Wealth Report 2013 '' . credit-suisse.com . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Why it is hard to share the wealth '' . New Scientist. 2005 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Livy , Rome and Italy : Books VI - X of the History of Rome from its Foundation , Penguin Classics , ISBN 0 - 14 - 044388 - 6 Jump up ^ `` ... A perceived sense of inequity is a common ingredient of rebellion in societies ... '' , Amartya Sen , 1973 Jump up ^ `` The Spirit Level '' by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett ; Bloomsbury Press 2009 Jump up ^ Francis Bacon , Of Seditions and Troubles Jump up ^ Karl Marx and Frederick Engels , The Communist Manifesto , Filiquarian , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59986 - 995 - 7 Jump up ^ Archie Brown , The Rise and Fall of Communism , Ecco , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113879 - 9 Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Sachs , The End of Poverty , Penguin , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303658 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Outlook on the Global Agenda 2014 -- Reports '' . Reports.weforum.org . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 178 Oxfam Briefing Paoer '' ( PDF ) . Oxfam.org. 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : The World Distribution of Household Wealth . James B. Davies , Susanna Sandstrom , Anthony Shorrocks , and Edward N. Wolff. 5 December 2006 . Launch of the WIDER study on The World Distribution of Household Wealth ( includes press release , summary , and data ) Estimating the Level and Distribution of Global Household Wealth ( copy of full report with a cover page added ) The World Distribution of Household Wealth ( exact copy of report published at United Nations website ) Jump up ^ The rich really do own the world 5 December 2006 Jump up ^ Kromkowski , `` Who owns Baltimore '' , CSE / HGFA , 2007 . Jump up ^ Source Credit Suisse , Research Institute -- Global Wealth Databook 2013 ^ Jump up to : Working Paper No. 589 Recent Trends in Household Wealth in the United States : Rising Debt and the Middle - Class Squeeze -- an Update to 2007 by Edward N. Wolff , Levy Economics Institute of Bard College , March 2010 Jump up ^ Kertscher , Tom ; Borowski , Greg ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Truth - O - Meter Says : True -- Michael Moore says 400 Americans have more wealth than half of all Americans combined '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore , Michael ( March 6 , 2011 ) . `` America Is Not Broke '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore , Michael ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Forbes 400 vs. Everybody Else '' . michaelmoore.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pepitone , Julianne ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Forbes 400 : The super-rich get richer '' . CNN . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bruenig , Matt ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` You call this a meritocracy ? How rich inheritance is poisoning the American economy '' . Salon . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Inequality -- Inherited wealth '' . The Economist . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pizzigati , Sam ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` The ' Self - Made ' Hallucination of America 's Rich '' . Institute for Policy Studies . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wealth , Income , and Power by G. William Domhoff of the UC - Santa Barbara Sociology Department ^ Jump up to : Occupy Wall Street And The Rhetoric of Equality Forbes November 1 , 2011 by Deborah L. Jacobs Jump up ^ Norton , M.I. , & Ariely , D. , `` Building a Better America -- One Wealth Quintile at a Time '' , Perspectives on Psychological Science , January 2011 6 : 9 - 12 Jump up ^ 1922 -- 1989 data from Wolff ( 1996 ) , 1992 -- 2010 data from Wolff ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Data for the following table obtained from UNU - WIDER World Distribution of Household Wealth Report ( The University of California also hosts a copy of the report ) Jump up ^ Financial world dominated by a few deep pockets . By Rachel Ehrenberg . September 24 , 2011 ; Vol. 180 # 7 ( p. 13 ) . Science News . Citation is in the right sidebar . Paper is here ( 1 ) with PDF here ( 2 ) . External links ( edit ) U.N. statistics -- Distribution of Income and Consumption ; wealth and poverty Research on the World Distribution of Household Wealth ( UNU - WIDER ) CIA World Factbook : Field Listing -- Distribution of family income -- Gini index Annual income of richest 100 people enough to end global poverty four times over . Oxfam International , 19 January 2013 . ( hide ) Extreme wealth Concepts Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High - net - worth individual UHNWI National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Individuals Wealthiest historical figures Wealthiest Americans Female billionaires ‎ Wealthiest families Wealthiest animals Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Wealthiest organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization See also Business magnate Business oligarch Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Philanthropy The Giving Pledge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_of_wealth&oldid=801414380 '' Categories : Distribution of wealth Hidden categories : Articles prone to spam from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Deutsch فارسی Hrvatski Português Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 14 : 44 . 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Mexican War of Independence
Mexican war of independence - Wikipedia Mexican war of independence See also : Spanish American wars of independence See also : Celebration of Mexican political anniversaries in 2010 Not to be confused with the Mexican Revolution in the early 20th century . This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish . ( August 2012 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Spanish article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . 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( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mexican War of Independence Part of the Spanish American wars of independence Clockwise from top left : Miguel Hidalgo , José María Morelos , Embrace of Acatempan between Iturbide and Guerrero , Trigarante Army in Mexico City , Mural of independence by O'Gorman Date 16 September 1810 -- 27 September 1821 ( 11 years , 1 week and 4 days ) Location Mexico Result Insurgent victory : Treaty of Córdoba First Mexican Empire is established Signing of the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire Territorial changes Spain loses the continental area of Viceroyalty of New Spain with the exception of the port San Juan de Ulúa , Veracruz Belligerents Insurgents Army of the Three Guarantees ( 1821 ) Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of New Spain Commanders and leaders Miguel Hidalgo ( 1810 -- 11 ) Ignacio Allende ( 1810 -- 11 ) Ignacio López Rayon ( POW ) ( 1810 -- 13 ) José María Morelos ( 1810 -- 15 ) Vicente Guerrero ( 1810 -- 21 ) Mariano Matamoros ( 1811 -- 14 ) Guadalupe Victoria ( 1812 -- 21 ) Francisco Xavier Mina ( 1817 ) Agustín de Iturbide ( 1821 ) Ferdinand VII Francisco Venegas ( 1810 -- 13 ) Félix María Calleja ( 1810 -- 16 ) Juan Ruiz de A. ( 1816 -- 21 ) Francisco Novella ( 1821 ) Juan O'Donojú ( 1821 ) Casualties and losses 250,000 -- 500,000 killed Mexican War of Independence First Stage ( 1810 -- 1811 ) Alhóndiga de Granaditas Puerto de Carroza Valladolid Monte de las Cruces Zacoalco Aculco Guadalajara Guanajuato Real del Rosario Tres Palos Aguanueva Urepetiro Calderon Bridge Puerto del Carnero San Ignacio de Piaxtla Mexican War of Independence Organizational phase ( 1811 -- 1815 ) Puerto de Piñones Zacatecas El Veladero El Maguey Llanos de Santa Juana Zitácuaro Tecualoya Tenancingo Cuautla Izúcar Huajuapan de León Tenango del Valle Escamela Zitlala Orizaba Oaxaca Rosillo Creek Acapulco La Chincúa Alazan Creek Medina Lomas de Santa María Puruarán Temalaca Mexican War of Independence Resistance and Consummation Phases ( 1815 -- 1821 ) Cañada de Los Naranjos Valle de Maíz Soto la Marina Peotillos Los Arrastraderos Fuerte del Sombrero Cerro de Cóporo San Diego de la Unión El Tamo Cerro de Barrabás Agua Zarca Zapotepec Córdoba Azcapotzalco Spanish colonial campaigns Canary Islands ( 1402 -- 96 ) Guinea ( 1478 ) Morocco ( 1497 ) Orán ( 1509 ) Bugia ( 1510 ) Tripoli ( 1510 ) Djerba ( 1510 ) Algeria ( 1516 ) Algeria ( 1517 -- 18 ) Djerba ( 1520 ) Mexico ( 1519 -- 1821 ) Mexico ( 1519 -- 21 ) Chiapas ( 1523 -- 1695 ) Guatemala ( 1524 -- 1697 ) Petén ( 1618 -- 97 ) El Salvador ( 1524 - 39 ) Honduras ( 1524 -- 39 ) Yucatán ( 1527 -- 1697 ) Algeria ( 1529 ) Peru ( 1531 -- 72 ) Tunisia ( 1534 ) Tunisia ( 1535 ) Chile ( 1536 -- 1810 ) Colombia ( 1537 - 1540 ) Algeria ( 1541 ) Tunisia ( 1550 ) Libya ( 1551 ) Algeria ( 1555 ) Algeria ( 1556 ) Algeria ( 1558 ) Tunisia ( 1560 ) Algeria ( 1563 ) Philippines ( 1565 -- 1900 ) Philippines ( 1567 -- 1872 ) Tunisia ( 1574 ) Puerto Rico ( 1595 ) Cuba ( 1596 ) Puerto Rico ( 1598 ) Morocco ( 1614 ) Formosa ( 1626 ) St. Kitts ( 1629 ) Philippines ( 1646 ) Hispaniola ( 1655 ) Jamaica ( 1655 ) Canary Islands ( 1657 ) Jamaica ( 1657 ) Jamaica ( 1658 ) North America ( 1702 -- 13 ) Chiloé ( 1712 ) Bahamas ( 1720 ) Banda Oriental ( 1735 -- 37 ) North America ( 1739 -- 48 ) Sacramento ( 1762 -- 63 ) Cuba ( 1762 ) Nicaragua ( 1762 ) Philippines ( 1762 ) Sacramento ( 1776 -- 77 ) North America ( 1779 -- 83 ) Americas ( 1796 -- 1808 ) Río de la Plata ( 1806 -- 07 ) Ecuador ( 1809 ) Peru ( 1811 -- 24 ) Bolivia ( 1809 -- 25 ) Florida ( 1810 ) Paraguay ( 1810 -- 11 ) Argentina ( 1810 -- 18 ) Mexico ( 1810 -- 21 ) Chile ( 1810 -- 26 ) El Salvador ( 1811 ) Uruguay ( 1811 ) Venezuela ( 1811 -- 23 ) Colombia ( 1815 -- 16 ) Colombia ( 1819 -- 20 ) Ecuador ( 1820 -- 22 ) Mexico ( 1821 -- 29 ) Balanguingui ( 1848 ) Cochinchina ( 1858 -- 62 ) Morocco ( 1859 -- 60 ) Dominican Republic ( 1863 -- 65 ) Chile / Peru ( 1864 -- 66 ) Cuba ( 1868 -- 78 ) Cuba ( 1879 -- 80 ) Cuba ( 1895 -- 98 ) Philippines ( 1896 -- 98 ) Puerto Rico ( 1898 ) Guam ( 1898 ) Morocco ( 1920 -- 26 ) Morocco ( 1957 -- 58 ) Part of a series on the History of Mexico Pre-Columbian Spanish rule ( hide ) Conquest Colonial period War of Independence First Empire First Republic ( show ) Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican -- American War Second Federal Republic ( show ) La Reforma Reform War French intervention 1864 -- 1928 ( show ) Second Empire Restored Republic The Porfiriato Revolution La decena trágica Plan of Guadalupe Tampico Affair Occupation of Veracruz Cristero War Modern ( show ) Maximato ( 1928 -- 1934 ) Petroleum nationalization Mexican miracle Students of 1968 La Década Perdida 1982 economic crisis Chiapas conflict Mexican peso crisis PRI downfall Mexican Drug War Timeline Mexico portal The Mexican War of Independence ( Spanish : Guerra de Independencia de México ) was an armed conflict , and the culmination of a political and social process which ended the rule of Spain in 1821 in the territory of New Spain . The war had its antecedent in Napoleon 's French invasion of Spain in 1808 ; it extended from the Grito de Dolores by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla on September 16 , 1810 , to the entrance of the Army of the Three Guarantees led by Agustín de Iturbide to Mexico City on September 27 , 1821 . September 16 is celebrated as Mexican Independence Day . The movement for independence was inspired by the Age of Enlightenment and the American and French Revolutions . By that time the educated elite of New Spain had begun to reflect on the relations between Spain and its colonial kingdoms . Changes in the social and political structure occasioned by Bourbon Reforms and a deep economic crisis in New Spain caused discomfort among the native - born Creole elite . The dramatic political events in Europe , the French Revolutionary Wars and the conquests of Napoleon deeply influenced events in New Spain . In 1808 , Charles IV and Ferdinand VII were forced to abdicate in favor of the French Emperor , who then made his elder brother Joseph king . The same year , the ayuntamiento ( city council ) of Mexico City , supported by viceroy José de Iturrigaray , claimed sovereignty in the absence of the legitimate king . That led to a coup against the viceroy ; when it was suppressed , the leaders of the movement were jailed . Despite the defeat in Mexico City , small groups of rebels met in other cities of New Spain to raise movements against colonial rule . In 1810 , after being discovered , Querétaro conspirators chose to take up arms on September 16 in the company of peasants and indigenous inhabitants of Dolores ( Guanajuato ) , who were called to action by the secular Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo , former rector of the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo . After 1810 the independence movement went through several stages , as leaders were imprisoned or executed by forces loyal to Spain . At first they recognized the sovereignty of Ferdinand VII over Spain and its colonies , but later the leaders took more radical positions , including such issues of social order as the abolition of slavery . Secular priest José María Morelos called the separatist provinces to form the Congress of Chilpancingo , which gave the insurgency its own legal framework . After the defeat of Morelos , the movement survived as a guerrilla war under the leadership of Vicente Guerrero . By 1820 , the few rebel groups survived most notably in the Sierra Madre del Sur and Veracruz . The reinstatement of the liberal Constitution of Cadiz in 1820 caused a change of mind among the elite groups who had supported Spanish rule . Monarchist Creoles affected by the constitution decided to support the independence of New Spain ; they sought an alliance with the former insurgent resistance . Agustín de Iturbide led the military arm of the conspirators and in early 1821 he met Vicente Guerrero . Both proclaimed the Plan of Iguala , which called for the union of all insurgent factions and was supported by both the aristocracy and clergy of New Spain . It called for monarchy in an independent Mexico . Finally , the independence of Mexico was achieved on September 27 , 1821 . After that , the mainland of New Spain was organized as the Mexican Empire . This ephemeral Catholic monarchy changed to a federal republic in 1823 , due to internal conflicts and the separation of Central America from Mexico . After some Spanish reconquest attempts , including the expedition of Isidro Barradas in 1829 , Spain under the rule of Isabella II recognized the independence of Mexico in 1836 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Course of the war 2.1 First phase of the insurgency : the Hidalgo revolt ( 1810 -- 1815 ) 2.2 Second phase of the insurgency and independence ( 1815 -- 1821 ) 3 Treaty of Córdoba 4 Aftermath 4.1 Creation of the First Mexican Empire 4.2 Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico 5 Construction of Historical Memory of Independence 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background Mexican resistance and struggle for independence began with the brutal Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire when Spanish conquerors had considerable autonomy from crown control . Don Martín Cortés ( son of Hernán Cortés ) , the second marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca , led a conspiracy of holders of encomiendas against the Spanish crown after it sought to eliminate privileges for the conquistadors , particularly putting limitations on encomiendas . After the suppression of that mid-16th - century conspiracy , elites raised no substantial challenge to royal rule until the Hidalgo revolt of 1810 . Elites in Mexico City in the seventeenth century did force the removal of a reformist viceroy , the Marqués de Gelves , following an urban riot in 1624 fomented by those elites . He attempted to eliminate corrupt practices by creole elites as well as rein in the opulent displays of the clergy 's power , but ecclesiastical authorities in conjunction with creole elites mobilized urban plebeians to oust the viceroy . The crowd was reported to shout , `` Long live the King ! Love live Christ ! Death to bad government ! Death to the heretic Lutheran ( Viceroy Gelves ) ! Arrest the viceroy ! '' The attack was against Gelves as a bad representative of the crown and not against the monarchy or colonial rule itself . There was also a brief conspiracy in the mid-seventeenth century to unite creole elites , blacks , and indigenous against the Spanish crown and proclaim Mexican independence . The man pushing this notion called himself Don Guillén Lampart y Guzmán , an Irishman born William Lamport . Lamport 's conspiracy was discovered , and he was arrested by the Inquisition in 1642 , and executed fifteen years later for sedition . There is a statue of Lamport in the mauseleum at the base of the Angel of Independence in Mexico City . At the end of the seventeenth century , there was a major riot in Mexico City where a mob attempted to burn down the viceroy 's palace and the archbishop 's residence . A painting by Cristóbal Villalpando shows the damage of the 1692 tumulto . Unlike the earlier one in 1624 in which elites were involved , the viceroy ousted , and no repercussions against the instigators , the 1692 riot was by plebeians alone and racially charged . The rioters attacked key symbols of Spanish power and shouted political slogans . `` Kill the ( American - born ) Spaniards and the Gachupines ( Iberian - born Spaniards ) who eat our corn ! We go to war happily ! God wants us to finish off the Spaniards ! We do not care if we die without confession ! Is this not our land ? '' The viceroy attempted to address the apparent cause of the riot , higher maize prices that affected the urban poor . But the 1692 riot `` represented class warfare that put Spanish authority at risk . Punishment was swift and brutal , and no further riots in the capital challenged the Pax Hispanica . '' The various indigenous rebellions in the colonial era were often to throw off crown rule , but they were not an independence movement as such . However , during the war of independence , issues at the local level in rural areas constituted what one historian has called `` the other rebellion . '' American - born Spaniards in New Spain developed a special understanding and ties to their New World homeland , what has been seen the formation of Creole patriotism . They did not , however , pursue political independence from Spain until the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian peninsula and defeat of Spain destabilized the monarchy . With the implementation of the Bourbon Reforms starting in the mid-eighteenth century , the Spanish crown sought to impose restrictions on creole elites . In the early 19th century , Napoleon 's occupation of Spain led to an outbreak of numerous revolts against colonial government across Spanish America . After the abortive Conspiracy of the Machetes in 1799 , a massive revolt in the Bajío region was led by secular cleric Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla . His Grito de Dolores was the first stage of the insurgency for Mexican independence . Before 1810 , there was no significant support for independence . Once the Hidalgo revolt was underway , it received major support only in the Bajío and parts of Jalisco . Course of the war First phase of the insurgency : the Hidalgo revolt ( 1810 -- 1815 ) See also : Cry of Dolores Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , a priest and member of a group of educated Criollos in Querétaro City , hosted secret gatherings in his home to discuss whether it was better to obey or to revolt against a tyrannical government , as he defined the Spanish colonial government in Mexico . Famed military leader Ignacio Allende was among the attendees . In 1810 Hidalgo concluded that a revolt was needed because of injustices against the poor of Mexico . By this time Hidalgo was known for his achievements at the prestigious San Nicolás Obispo school in Valladolid ( now Morelia ) , and later service there as rector . He also became known as a top theologian . When his older brother died in 1803 , Hidalgo took over as priest for the town of Dolores . Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , by José Clemente Orozco , Jalisco Governmental Palace , Guadalajara Hidalgo was in Dolores on 15 September 1810 , with other rebel leaders including commander Allende , when they learned their conspiracy had been discovered . Hidalgo ran to the church , calling for all the people to gather , where from the pulpit he called upon them to revolt . They all shouted in agreement . The people were a comparatively small group , and poorly armed with whatever was at hand , including sticks and rocks . On the morning of 16 September 1810 , Hidalgo called upon the remaining locals who happened to be in the market , and again , from the pulpit , exhorted the people of Dolores to join him . Most did : Hidalgo had a mob of some 600 men within minutes . This became known as the Grito de Dolores or Cry of Dolores . Hidalgo and Allende marched their little army through towns including San Miguel and Celaya , where the angry rebels killed all the Spaniards they found . Along the way they adopted the standard of the Virgin of Guadalupe as their symbol and protector . When they reached the town of Guanajuato on September 28 , they found Spanish forces barricaded inside the public granary , Alhóndiga de Granaditas . Among them were some ' forced ' Royalists , creoles who had served and sided with the Spanish . By this time , the rebels numbered 30,000 and the battle was horrific . They killed more than 500 Spanish and creoles , and marched on toward Mexico City . The Viceroy quickly organized a defense , sending out the Spanish general Torcuato Trujillo with 1,000 men , 400 horsemen , and 2 cannons - all that could be found on such short notice . Ignacio Lopez Rayon joined Hidalgo 's forces whilst passing near Maravatío , Michoacan while en route to Mexico City and on October 30 , Hidalgo 's army encountered Spanish military resistance at the Battle of Monte de las Cruces , fought them , and achieved victory . When the cannons were captured by the rebels , the surviving Royalists retreated to the City . Despite having the advantage , Hidalgo retreated , against the counsel of Allende . This retreat , on the verge of apparent victory , has puzzled historians and biographers ever since . They generally believe that Hidalgo wanted to spare the numerous Mexican citizens in Mexico City from the inevitable sacking and plunder that would have ensued . His retreat is considered Hidalgo 's greatest tactical error . Father José María Morelos Rebel survivors sought refuge in nearby provinces and villages . The insurgent forces planned a defensive strategy at a bridge on the Calderón River , pursued by the Spanish army . In January 1811 , Spanish forces , led by Félix María Calleja del Rey fought the Battle of the Bridge of Calderón and defeated the insurgent army , forcing the rebels to flee north towards the United States , hoping they would attain financial and military support . But they were intercepted by Ignacio Elizondo , who pretended to join the fleeing insurgent forces . Hidalgo and his remaining soldiers were captured in the state of Coahuila at the Wells of Baján ( Norias de Baján ) . All of the rebel leaders were found guilty of treason and sentenced to death , except for Mariano Abasolo . He was sent to Spain to serve a life sentence in prison . Allende , Jiménez and Aldama were executed on 26 June 1811 , shot in the back as a sign of dishonor . Hidalgo , as a priest , had to undergo a civil trial and review by the Inquisition . He was eventually stripped of his priesthood , found guilty , and executed on 30 July . The heads of Hidalgo , Allende , Aldama and Jiménez were preserved and hung from the four corners of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas of Guanajuato as a warning to those who dared follow in their footsteps . After Ignacio Lopez Rayon -- stationed in Saltillo , Coahuila with 3,500 men and 22 cannons -- heard of the capture of the insurgent leaders , he decided to flee back south on 26 March , 1811 to continue the fight . He subsequently fought the Spanish in the battles of Puerto de Piñones , Zacatecas , El Maguey , and Zitácuaro . Following the execution of Hidalgo , José María Morelos took over leadership of the insurgency . He achieved the occupation of the cities of Oaxaca and Acapulco . In 1813 , he convened the Congress of Chilpancingo to bring representatives together and , on 6 November of that year , the Congress signed the first official document of independence , known as the Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America . A long period of war followed in the Siege of Cuautla . In 1815 , Morelos was captured by Spanish colonial authorities , tried and executed for treason . Second phase of the insurgency and independence ( 1815 -- 1821 ) From 1815 to 1821 most of the fighting for independence from Spain was done by small and isolated guerrilla bands . From these , two leaders arose : Guadalupe Victoria ( born José Miguel Fernández y Félix ) in Puebla and Vicente Guerrero in Oaxaca , both of whom gained allegiance and respect from their followers . Believing the situation under control , the Spanish viceroy issued a general pardon to every rebel who would lay down his arms . After ten years of civil war and the death of two of its founders , by early 1820 the independence movement was stalemated and close to collapse . The rebels faced stiff Spanish military resistance and the apathy of many of the most influential criollos . Oil painting of Agustín de Iturbide , leader of independence who was declared Emperor Augustín I , in 1822 following independence In what was supposed to be the final government campaign against the insurgents , in December 1820 , Viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca sent a force led by a royalist criollo Colonel Agustín de Iturbide , to defeat Guerrero 's army in Oaxaca . Iturbide , a native of Valladolid ( now Morelia ) , had gained renown for his zeal against Hidalgo 's and Morelos 's rebels during the early independence struggle . A favorite of the Mexican church hierarchy , Iturbide symbolized conservative criollo values ; he was devoutly religious , and committed to the defense of property rights and social privileges . He also resented his lack of promotion and failure to gain wealth . Portrait of Vicente Guerrero , mixed - race guerrilla leader of independence and later president of Mexico Iturbide 's assignment to the Oaxaca expedition coincided with a successful military coup in Spain against the monarchy of Ferdinand VII . The coup leaders , part of an expeditionary force assembled to suppress the independence movements in the Americas , had turned against the monarchy . They compelled the reluctant Ferdinand to reinstate the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 that created a constitutional monarchy . When news of the liberal charter reached Mexico , Iturbide perceived it both as a threat to the status quo and a catalyst to rouse the criollos to gain control of Mexico . Independence was achieved when conservative Royalist forces in the colonies chose to rise up against the liberal regime in Spain ; it was an about - face compared to their previous opposition to the peasant insurgency . After an initial clash with Guerrero 's forces , Iturbide assumed command of the royal army . At Iguala , he allied his formerly royalist force with Guerrero 's radical insurgents to discuss the renewed struggle for independence . While stationed in the town of Iguala , Iturbide proclaimed three principles , or `` guarantees , '' for Mexican independence from Spain . Mexico would be an independent monarchy governed by King Ferdinand , another Bourbon prince , or some other conservative European prince ; criollos would be given equal rights and privileges to peninsulares ; and the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico would retain its privileges and position as the established religion of the land . After convincing his troops to accept the principles , which were promulgated on February 24 , 1821 as the Plan of Iguala , Iturbide persuaded Guerrero to join his forces in support of this conservative independence movement . A new army , the Army of the Three Guarantees , was placed under Iturbide 's command to enforce the Plan of Iguala . The plan was so broadly based that it pleased both patriots and loyalists . The goal of independence and the protection of Roman Catholicism brought together all factions . Treaty of Córdoba Main article : Treaty of Córdoba Iturbide 's army was joined by rebel forces from all over Mexico . When the rebels ' victory became certain , the Viceroy resigned . On August 24 , 1821 , representatives of the Spanish crown and Iturbide signed the Treaty of Córdoba , which recognized Mexican independence under the Plan of Iguala . Aftermath Creation of the first Mexican Empire On September 27 , 1821 the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City , and the following day Iturbide proclaimed the independence of the Mexican Empire , as New Spain was henceforth to be called . The Treaty of Córdoba was not ratified by the Spanish Cortes . Iturbide included a special clause in the treaty that left open the possibility for a criollo monarch to be appointed by a Mexican congress if no suitable member of the European royalty would accept the Mexican crown . Half of the new government employees appointed were Iturbide 's followers . On the night of the May 18 , 1822 , a mass demonstration led by the Regiment of Celaya , which Iturbide had commanded during the war , marched through the streets and demanded their commander - in - chief to accept the throne . The following day , the Congress declared Iturbide Emperor of Mexico . On October 31 , 1822 Iturbide dissolved Congress and replaced it with a sympathetic junta . Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico Main article : Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico Despite the creation of the Mexican nation , the Spanish still managed to retain a port in Veracruz that Mexico did n't manage to get control of until 23 November 1825 . On 28 December 1836 , Spain recognized the independence of Mexico under the Santa María -- Calatrava Treaty , signed in Madrid by the Mexican Commissioner Miguel Santa María and the Spanish state minister José María Calatrava . Mexico was the first former colony whose independence was recognized by Spain ; the second was Ecuador on 16 February 1840 . Construction of historical memory of independence See also : Celebration of Mexican political anniversaries in 2010 Flag of the Army of the Three Guarantees Flag of the Mexican Empire of Iturbide , the template for the modern Mexican flag with the eagle perched on a cactus . The crown on the eagle 's head symbolizes monarchy in Mexico . In 1910 , as part of the celebrations marking the centennial of the Hidalgo revolt of 1810 , President Porfirio Díaz inaugurated the monument to Mexico 's political separation from Spain , the Angel of Independence on Avenida Reforma . The creation of this architectural monument is part of the long process of the construction of historical memory of Mexican independence . Although Mexico gained its independence in September 1821 , the marking of this historical event did not take hold immediately . The choice of date to celebrate was problematic , because Iturbide , who achieved independence from Spain , was rapidly created Emperor of Mexico . His short - lived reign from 1821 -- 22 ended when he was forced by the military to abdicate . This was a rocky start for the new nation , which made celebrating independence on the anniversary of Iturbide 's Army of the Three Guarantees marching into Mexico City in triumph a less than perfect day for those who had opposed him . Celebrations of independence during his reign were marked on September 27 . Following his ouster , there were calls to commemorate Mexican independence along the lines that the United States celebrated in grand style its Independence Day on July 4 . The creation of a committee of powerful men to mark independence celebrations , the Junta Patriótica , organized celebrations of both September 16 , to commemorate Hidalgo 's grito and the start of the independence insurgency , and September 27 , to celebrate actual political independence . During the Díaz regime ( 1876 -- 1911 ) , the president 's birthday coincided with the September 15 / 16 celebration of independence . The largest celebrations took place and continue to do so in the capital 's main square , the zócalo , with the pealing of the Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico City 's bells . In the 1880s , government officials attempted to move the bell that Hidalgo rang in 1810 to gather parishioners in Dolores for what became his famous `` grito '' . Initially the pueblo 's officials said the bell no longer existed , but in 1896 , the bell , known as the Bell of San José , was taken to the capital . It was renamed the `` Bell of Independence '' and ritually rung by Díaz . It is now an integral part of Independence Day festivities . See also Spanish American wars of independence portal Mexico portal Afro - Mexicans in the Mexican War of Independence List of wars involving Mexico Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico References Jump up ^ Scheina . Latin America 's Wars . p. 84 . Jump up ^ John Charles Chasteen . Born in Blood and Fire : A Concise History of Latin America . New York , Norton , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97613 - 7 Jump up ^ Ida Altman , Sarah Cline , and Javier Pescador , The Early History of Greater Mexico . Prentice Hall 2003 , pp. 246 - 247 . Jump up ^ Jonathan I. Israel . Race , Class , and Politics in Colonial Mexico , 1610 - 1670 . Oxford : Oxford University Press 1975 . Jump up ^ Altman et al , The Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 247 . Jump up ^ quoted in Altman et al , The Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Altman et al , The Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Eric Van Young , The Other Rebellion : Popular Violence , Ideology , and the Mexican Struggle for Independence , 1810 - 1821 . Stanford : Stanfor University Press 2001 . Jump up ^ D.A. Brading , The First America : the Spanish Monarchy , Creole Patriots , and the Liberal State , 1492 - 1867 . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press 1991 . Jump up ^ John Tutino , From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico : Social Bases of Agrarian Violence , 1750 - 1940 . Princeton : Princeton University Press 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Hugh Hamill , The Hidalgo Revolt . Gainesville : University of Florida Press 1966 , pp. 90 - 94 . Jump up ^ John Tutino , From Insurrection to Revolution , pp. 126 - 138 . Jump up ^ Tutino , From Insurrection to Revolution , pp. 138 - 183 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Harvey ( 2000 ) . Liberators : Latin America 's Struggle For Independence . Woodstock : The Overlook Press . Jump up ^ Philip Young . History of Mexico : Her Civil Wars and Colonial and Revolutionary Annals . Gardners Books , ( 1847 ) 2007 , pp. 84 - 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 548 - 32604 - 6 Jump up ^ Leslie Bethell ( 1987 ) . The Independence of Latin America . Cambridge University Press . p. 65 . Jump up ^ Timothy J. Henderson ( 2009 ) . The Mexican Wars for Independence . pp. 115 -- 16 . Jump up ^ . Christon I. Archer , `` Royalist Scourge or Liberator of the Patria ? Agustín de Iturbide and Mexico 's War of Independence , 1810 - 1821 , '' Mexican Studies / Estudios Mexicanos ( 2008 ) 24 # 2 pp 325 - 361 Jump up ^ Michael S. Werner ( 2001 ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico . Taylor & Francis . pp. 308 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Nettie Lee Benson ( 1992 ) . The Provincial Deputation in Mexico : Harbinger of Provincial Autonomy , Independence , and Federalism . University of Texas Press . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Philip Russell ( 2011 ) . The History of Mexico : From Pre-Conquest to Present . Routledge . p. 132 . Jump up ^ Christon I. Archer ( 2007 ) . The Birth of Modern Mexico , 1780 - 1824 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` Fechas históricas de México '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Tratado Definitivo de Paz entre Mexico y España '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Michael Costeloe , `` The Junta Patriótica and the Celebration of Independence in Mexico City , 1825 - 1855 '' in ! Viva Mexico ! ! Viva la Independencia ! Celebrations of September 16 , eds . William H. Beezley and David E. Lorey . Wilmington : SR Books 2001 , pp. 44 - 45 . Jump up ^ Isabel Fernández Tejedo and Carmen Nava Nava , `` Images of Independence in the Nineteenth Century : The ' Grito de Dolores ' , History and Myth '' in ! Viva Mexico ! ! Viva la Independencia ! Celebrations of September 16 , eds . William H. Beezley and David E. Lorey . Wilmington : SR Books 2001 , pp. 33 - 34 . Further reading Anna , Timothy E. ( 1978 ) . The Fall of Royal Government in Mexico City . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 0957 - 6 . Beezley , William H. and David E. Lorey , eds . ! Viva Mexico ! ! Viva la Independencia ! : Celebrations of September 16 . Wilmington DL : Scholarly Resources Books 2001 . Benjamin , Thomas . ( 2000 ) . Revolución : Mexico 's Great Revolution as Memory , Myth , and History ( University of Texas Press ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70880 - 8 Christon I. Archer , ed. ( 2003 ) . The Birth of Modern Mexico . Willmington , Delaware : SR Books . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 5126 - 0 . Dominguez , Jorge . Insurrection or Loyalty : the Breakdown of the Spanish American Empire . Cambridge : Harvard University Press 1980 . García , Pedro . Con el cura Hidalgo en la guerra de independencia en México . Mexico City : Fondo de Cultura Económica 1982 . Hamill , Jr . Hugh M. `` Early Psychological Warfare in the Hidalgo Revolt , '' Hispanic American Historical Review ( 1961 ) 41 # 2 pp. 206 -- 235 in JSTOR Hamill , Hugh M. ( 1966 ) . The Hidalgo Revolt : Prelude to Mexican Independence . Gainesville : University of Florida Press . Hamnett , Brian R. ( 1986 ) . Roots of Insurgency : Mexican Regions , 1750 -- 1824 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521 - 3214 - 88 . Hamnett , Brian . `` Royalist Counterinsurgency and the Continuity of Rebellion : Guanajuato and Michoacán , 1813 - 1820 '' Hispanic American Historical Review 62 ( 1 ) February 1982 , pp. 19 -- 48 . Knight , Alan ( 2002 ) . Mexico : The Colonial Era . Cambridge University Press . Timmons , Wilbert H. ( 1963 ) . Morelos : Priest , Soldier , Statesman of Mexico . El Paso : Texas Western College Press . Jaime E. Rodríguez O , ed. ( 1989 ) . The Independence of Mexico and the Creation of the New Nation . UCLA Latin American Studies . Los Angeles : UCLA Latin American Center Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87903 - 070 - 4 . Tutino , John . From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico : Social Bases of Agrarian Violence , 1750 - 1940 . Princeton : Princeton University Press 1986 . 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Alhucemas Lost Capo d'Orso Vienna ( 1529 ) Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Balearic Islands ( 1558 ) Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Trafalgar Somosierra Annual New World Won Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Reynogüelén Penco Guadalupe Island Recife San Juan ( 1595 ) Bahia Colonia del Sacramento Comuneros ( Paraguay ) Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Túpac Amaru II Túpac Katari Pensacola Newfoundland San Juan ( 1797 ) Lost La Noche Triste Iguape Tucapel Guiana Comuneros ( New Granada ) Trinidad ( 1797 ) Chacabuco Boyacá Carabobo Pichincha Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Manila Bay Asomante Spanish colonizations Canary Islands The Americas Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Chile Inca The Philippines Other civil topics Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Colonial universities in Latin America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Castas Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire Asiento Law of coartación ( which allowed slaves to buy their freedom , and that of others ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican_War_of_Independence&oldid=840743688 '' Categories : Mexican War of Independence History of Mexico 1810s conflicts Wars involving Mexico Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles to be expanded from August 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from Spanish Wikipedia Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 21 : 45 . 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where did mexico win its independence from spain
[ "On September 27, 1821 the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City, and the following day Iturbide proclaimed the independence of the Mexican Empire, as New Spain was henceforth to be called. The Treaty of Córdoba was not ratified by the Spanish Cortes. Iturbide included a special clause in the treaty that left open the possibility for a criollo monarch to be appointed by a Mexican congress if no suitable member of the European royalty would accept the Mexican crown. Half of the new government employees appointed were Iturbide's followers.[21]" ]
[ "Mexico City" ]
5199319693143662986
Truth or Dare (2018 film)
Truth or Dare ( 2018 film ) - wikipedia Truth or Dare ( 2018 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Truth or Dare Theatrical release poster Directed by Jeff Wadlow Produced by Jason Blum Screenplay by Michael Reisz Jillian Jacobs Chris Roach Jeff Wadlow Story by Michael Reisz Starring Lucy Hale Tyler Posey Violett Beane Hayden Szeto Sophia Taylor Ali Landon Liboiron Music by Matthew Margeson Cinematography Jacques Jouffret Edited by Sean Albertson Production company Blumhouse Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3.5 million Box office $82.4 million Blumhouse 's Truth or Dare , or simply Truth or Dare , is a 2018 American supernatural horror film directed by Jeff Wadlow and written by Michael Reisz , Jillian Jacobs , Chris Roach and Wadlow . It stars Lucy Hale , Tyler Posey , Violett Beane , Hayden Szeto , and Landon Liboiron , and follows a group of college students who play a game of truth or dare ? while on vacation in Mexico , only to realize it has deadly consequences if they do n't follow through on their tasks . Jason Blum produced through his Blumhouse Productions banner , and Universal Pictures distributed the film . Released in theaters on April 13 , 2018 , the film received negative reviews from critics , who said it was `` neither inventive nor scary enough to set itself apart from the decades of dreary slashers that came before it '' . Despite this , the film was a massive box office success and grossed $82 million worldwide , over twenty - times its $3.5 million production budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Olivia Barron , her best friend Markie Cameron , Markie 's boyfriend Lucas Moreno , along with Penelope Amari and her boyfriend Tyson Curran , and Brad Chang go on a trip to Rosarito , Mexico . In Mexico , Olivia runs into fellow student Ronnie who proceeds to harass her until a man intervenes on her behalf . The man introduces himself as Carter and eventually convinces her and her friends to join him for drinks at the ruins of a mansion . There , Carter initiates a game of `` Truth or Dare ? '' with Olivia and her friends , plus Ronnie , who followed the group . Eventually , the game ends when Carter reveals that he deceived Olivia as a means of tricking her and her friends to the mission to offer them in his place in the supernatural game of Truth or Dare . As Carter leaves , he explains to Olivia that the game will follow them and they must not refuse it . Upon returning Olivia begins to see `` Truth or Dare ? '' written in several places , initially believing it to be a prank . However , at the library she sees everyone asking her `` Truth or Dare ? '' until she picks truth and is forced to say that Markie cheated on Lucas . Olivia realized that only she saw / heard the truth or dare challenge . Later at a local college bar Ronnie dies when he fails to complete a dare . Olivia , having become convinced that Carter was telling the truth , gathers and attempts to convince her friends that the game is real . The game , playing in accordance to the order the group played in Mexico , turns to Markie , having already appeared to Olivia and Lucas , and she is forced to break Olivia 's hand . At the hospital , Brad is then forced by the game into revealing to his father , Officer Han Chang , his homosexuality . The next day , the skeptical Tyson lies when forced to tell a truth and , as a result , dies . A drunken Penelope is next forced by the game to drink and finish a full bottle of vodka whilst walking along the edge of the roof of a house . She eventually falls from the roof after finishing the bottle , but is saved by Brad , Markie , and Olivia . The group manage to come into contact with a woman named Giselle , who is also a participant in a separate incarnation of the game , and the group go to meet her . Giselle reveals that she and her friends played the game and her friend Sam , the only other survivor of her incarnation of the game , was responsible for the game becoming reality in the first place , having wrecked the ruins of the mission . Giselle reveals that a truth can only be chosen twice before the next player is forced to choose dare . Giselle draws a handgun on Olivia and shoots , confessing that she was dared to kill her . However , Penelope jumps in front of Olivia and is shot and killed . Failing to kill Olivia , Giselle shoots herself in the head . Olivia and Lucas drive to Tijuana and meet with a mute woman and former nun who operated out of the church in which they originally played the game . The woman informs them that they are dealing with a demon she first summoned , who possessed the game of Truth or Dare and can only be stopped if the last person who evoked it sacrifices their tongue into an urn and seals it with wax after an incantation is made in the church . Later , following Olivia , Lucas , and Markie 's turns in the game , Brad is dared to withdraw his father 's gun and make him beg for his life . However , in the act , Brad is shot and killed by an approaching officer . At the precinct , Olivia learns that Carter is Sam . Olivia , Markie , and Lucas find Sam and force him at gunpoint back to the ruins of the church in Mexico . There , Sam begins the ritual and is about to sever his tongue when it becomes Lucas ' turn to play the game . Lucas is dared to kill either Olivia or Markie , which he refuses . Possessed by the demon controlling the game , Lucas is forced to kill Sam , before the latter can complete the ritual to end the game . He then proceeds to slit his throat and die . Olivia forces the demon to reveal to her whether or not there was a definitive way to end the game with Markie and herself alive . The demon reveals that now that Sam is dead , there is not - but they can draw more people into the game and prolong their turn in it . Olivia hastily records and uploads a video to YouTube , warning of the game and its rules , before challenging the viewers around the world to Truth or Dare , initiating them . Cast ( edit ) Lucy Hale as Olivia Barron Tyler Posey as Lucas Moreno Violett Beane as Markie Cameron Hayden Szeto as Brad Chang Landon Liboiron as Carter / Sam Nolan Gerard Funk as Tyson Curran Sophia Ali as Penelope Amari Sam Lerner as Ronnie Aurora Perrineau as Giselle Hammond Tom Choi as Officer Han Chang Gary Anthony Williams as the voice of Calax , the demonic entity controlling the game . Production ( edit ) Initially , director Jeff Wadlow explained that he was hired to direct the film after spitballing an opening scene based on the title of the movie in his initial meetings with Blumhouse . Subsequently , he joined with his friend Chris Roach , and his wife , Jill Jacobs , and started thinking of ideas to approach the final concept . Principal photography on the film began on June 7 , 2017 , and wrapped on July 12 , 2017 in Los Angeles . Release ( edit ) The film was initially set for release on April 27 , 2018 , but in January 2018 , the date was moved up two weeks , to April 13 , 2018 , Friday the 13th . The official trailer for the film was released on January 3 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of May 27 , 2018 , Truth or Dare has grossed $40.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $41.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $82.4 million , against a production budget of $3.5 million . In the United States and Canada , Truth or Dare was released alongside the openings of Rampage and Sgt . Stubby : An American Hero , as well as the wide expansion of Isle of Dogs , and was projected to gross $12 -- 15 million from 3,029 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $8.2 million on its first day ( including $750,000 from Thursday night previews ) , $6.8 million on Saturday and a total of $19.1 million over the weekend , finishing third behind Rampage ( $34.5 million ) and fellow horror film A Quiet Place ( $32.6 million ) . It fell 58 % in its second weekend ( slightly above - average for Blumhouse horror films ) , grossing $7.8 million and finishing fifth . The film continued to hold well in its third weekend , dropping 58 % again to $3.2 million , finishing seventh . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 14 % based on 127 reviews , and an average rating of 3.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Truth or Dare 's slick presentation is n't enough to make this mediocre horror outing much more frightening than an average round of the real - life game . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Simon Abrams of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2 / 4 stars and wrote that `` director Jeff Wadlow and his three credited co-writers do n't go far enough towards either of their film 's primary impulses -- humanizing their immature subjects and / or making them die amusingly sadistic deaths . '' Exclaim ! 's Alex Hudson called the film a `` by - the - numbers horror that delivers clichés rather than surprises , '' though added `` as dumb as this movie was , I kind of enjoyed it . '' Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called it a `` scare - free horror film '' and wrote , `` The movie is n't scary , it is n't gripping , it is n't fun , and it is n't fueled by any sort of clever compulsion . It 's just a strangely arduous exercise that feels increasingly frantic and arbitrary as it goes along . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rampage ' Stomps Into Theaters in Need of Big Overseas Launch '' . TheWrap . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Truth or Dare ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Blumhouse Claims Ownership Over Lucy Hale 's ' Truth Or Dare ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Star Lucy Hale Joins Blumhouse 's ' Truth or Dare ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Rampage Is Exactly What You Think It Is '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` The Bizarre Way Truth Or Dare 's Director Pitched The Movie '' . CinemaBlend . GatewayBlend Entertainment . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Deckelmeier , Joe ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Wadlow Interview : Truth or Dare '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Full Cast Prepares For a Game of ' Truth or Dare ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wadlow , Jeff ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` First day of photography ! Lucky shirt : check 🍀 @ lucyhale @ tylerposey58 @ nolanfunk @ haydenszeto @ sophiatali '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hale , Lucy ( @ lucyhale ) ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` THAT IS A MF WRAP ON TRUTH OR DARE 🎥 thanks for the memories guys ! Ca n't wait for y'all to see this '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Truth or Dare stars Tyler Posey , Lucy Hale share their spring break stories '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Blumhouse 's Truth Or Dare ' Moves Up Two Weeks To Friday The 13th -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ KimmiKillZombie ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ( Trailer ) Death Plays Games in TRUTH OR DARE '' . Nightmare on Film Street . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Faughnder , Ryan ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Rampage ' is poised for top box - office spot as Dwayne Johnson fights video game movie curse '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Rock Rebounds : ' Rampage ' Shushes ' A Quiet Place ' With $34 M+ No. 1 Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Still Noisy With $21.7 M As ' Rampage ' Beats Chest , ' Super Trooper 2 ' Surprises -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Conquering ' Force Awakens ' With Record $248 M - $250 M Opening ; Posts Record $82 M Saturday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blumhouse 's Truth or Dare ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Truth or Dare Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Simon ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Truth or Dare '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Truth or Dare ' '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Truth or Dare ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Truth or Dare on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Jeff Wadlow Cry Wolf ( 2005 ) Never Back Down ( 2008 ) Kick - Ass 2 ( 2013 ) True Memoirs of an International Assassin ( 2016 ) Truth or Dare ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truth_or_Dare_(2018_film)&oldid=843611549 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2018 horror films 2010s teen horror films 2010s horror thriller films American films American horror films American thriller films American horror thriller films American slasher films American supernatural horror films American supernatural thriller films Demons in film American teen horror films Supernatural horror films Spirit possession in fiction Films about games Films directed by Jeff Wadlow Films produced by Jason Blum Films set in Mexico Blumhouse Productions films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 08 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did truth or dare come out in the us
[ "\n\nTruth or Dare\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nJeff Wadlow\n\n\nProduced by\nJason Blum\n\n\nScreenplay by\n\n\n\nMichael Reisz\nJillian Jacobs\nChris Roach\nJeff Wadlow\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\nMichael Reisz\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nLucy Hale\nTyler Posey\nViolett Beane\nHayden Szeto\nSophia Taylor Ali\nLandon Liboiron\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nMatthew Margeson\n\n\nCinematography\nJacques Jouffret\n\n\nEdited by\nSean Albertson\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nBlumhouse Productions\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nUniversal Pictures\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n100 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$3.5 million[1]\n\n\nBox office\n$82.4 million[2]\n\n" ]
[ "April 13, 2018" ]
1482665216842600273
NBA All-Star Game
NBA All - Star Game - wikipedia NBA All - Star Game Jump to : navigation , search National Basketball Association All - Star Game Frequency Annual Inaugurated 1951 Most recent 2018 ( Los Angeles ) Previous event 2017 ( New Orleans ) Next event 2019 ( Charlotte ) Participants Eastern Conference and Western Conference All - Stars Organized by National Basketball Association The National Basketball Association All - Star Game is a basketball exhibition game hosted every February by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , matching a mix of the league 's star players , who are drafted by the two players with the most votes . Each team consists of 12 players , making it 24 in total . It is the featured event of NBA All - Star Weekend . NBA All - Star Weekend is a three - day event which goes from Friday to Sunday . The All - Star Game was first played at the Boston Garden on March 2 , 1951 . The starting lineup for each squad is selected by a combination of fan , player , and media voting , while the reserves are chosen by a vote among the head coaches from each squad 's respective conference . Coaches are not allowed to vote for their own players . If a selected player is injured and can not participate , the NBA commissioner selects a replacement . The vote leaders for each conferences are assigned as captains and can choose from a pool of players named as all - stars to form their teams . The newly formed teams will also play for a charity of choice to help the games remain competitive . On January 25 , 2018 , LeBron James and Stephen Curry became the first players to form their own teams according to the new selection format for the 2018 All - Star Game . The head coach of the team with the best record in each conference is chosen to lead their respective conference in the All - Star Game , with a prohibition against repeat appearances . Known as the `` Riley Rule '' , it was created after perennially successful Los Angeles Lakers head coach Pat Riley earned the right to coach the Western Conference team eight times in nine seasons between 1982 and 1990 . The coach of the team with the next best record serves instead . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features of the All - Star Game 3 All - Star Game records 4 All - Star Game results 5 Other All - Star events 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The idea of holding an All - Star Game was conceived during a meeting between NBA President Maurice Podoloff , NBA publicity director Haskell Cohen and Boston Celtics owner Walter A. Brown . At that time , the basketball world had just been stunned by the college basketball point - shaving scandal . In order to regain public attention to the league , Cohen suggested the league to host an exhibition game featuring the league 's best players , similar to Major League Baseball 's All - Star Game . Although most people , including Podoloff , were pessimistic about the idea , Brown remained confident that it would be a success , and he even offered to host the game and to cover all the expenses or potential losses incurred from the game . In the first All - Star Game , the Eastern All - Stars team defeated the Western All - Stars team 111 -- 94 . Boston Celtics ' Ed Macauley was named as the first NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player , and the All - Star Game became a success , drawing an attendance of 10,094 , much higher than that season 's average attendance of 3,500 . In 2010 , the NBA All Star Game attendance record was set when 108,713 fans jammed Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas . This shattered the existing attendance record previously held at Ford Field on Dec. 13 , 2003 when 78,129 attendees watched Michigan State play Kentucky . The 2017 All - Star Weekend was originally awarded to Charlotte , North Carolina . On March 23 , 2016 , North Carolina passed House Bill 2 as a remedy to Charlotte Ordinance 7056 . This led to the NBA threatening to pull the game from Charlotte if the bill was not repealed or revised so as to not discriminate against the LGBT community . The NBA announced on July 21 , 2016 that the game would be moved from Charlotte to New Orleans . On October 3 , 2017 , the NBA and NBPA announced the changes to the NBA All - Star Game format starting with the 2018 NBA All - Star Game . The vote leaders for each conferences will be assigned as team captains and will be able to select players from the rest of the starters and the reserves , regardless of the conference they play in , to form their own teams . This marks the first time , the conferences will not play against each other since the inaugural All - Star Game . Features of the All - Star Game ( edit ) The starting five from each conference consists of three frontcourt players and two guards , selected by a combination of fan , player , and media voting . In 2017 , the NBA moved from a pure fan vote to a weighted process wherein fan voting accounts for 50 % of the total and player and media voting account for 25 % each . The league made the change in response to social media campaigns that resulted in mediocre players such as journeyman Zaza Pachulia nearly being voted as All - Star starters over more deserving players. , Prior to 2013 , fans selected two forwards and one center instead of generic frontcourt players . The NBA in 2003 began offering All - Star ballots in three languages -- English , Spanish and Chinese -- for fan voting of the starters . NBA coaches vote for the reserves for their respective conferences , none of which can be players on their own team . Each coach selects two guards , three frontcourt players and two wild cards , with each selected player ranked in order of preference within each category . If a multi-position player is to be selected , coaches are encouraged to vote for the player at the position that is `` most advantageous for the All - Star team '' , regardless of where the player is listed on the All - Star ballot or the position he is listed in box scores . If a player is unavailable for the game due to injury , the NBA commissioner selects a replacement for the roster . If the replacement is for a fan - selected starter , the all - star coach chooses the replacement in the starting lineup , and is not limited to the commissioner 's addition to the roster . It is also possible for more than one All - Star to be selected from one team , but there has never been more than 4 All - Stars represent a team in the game . Most recently was the 2017 Golden State Warriors who had 4 players represent that team ( Stephen Curry , Kevin Durant , Draymond Green , and Klay Thompson . ) This has only occurred 8 times dating back to 1962 Boston Celtics and the 1962 Los Angeles Lakers . The Game is played under normal NBA rules , but there are notable differences from an average game . Since the starting All - Stars are selected by fan vote , players sometimes start the game at atypical positions . For instance , in 2007 Kobe Bryant and Tracy McGrady had the two highest fan vote totals among Western Conference guards . As both players normally play shooting guard , Bryant , who is 6'6 '' ( 198 cm ) , started the game as a point guard , despite him also manning the shooting guard position on his team . The player introductions are usually accompanied by a significant amount of fanfare , including lighting effects , dance music , and pyrotechnics . Special uniforms are designed for the game each year , usually red for the Western Conference and blue for the Eastern Conference , but the 1997 -- 2002 games allowed players the opportunity to wear their respective team uniforms , and until 2009 and from 2015 to the present , the host conference wore light uniforms . Originally players from the same team who share a number have the option to either keep or change numbers ( e.g. Patrick Ewing trading his familiar # 33 for # 3 because of Larry Bird wearing the same number ) , but since 1997 players from the same team can keep their customary uniform numbers even if they share them . A major recording artist typically sings `` O Canada '' and `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' prior to tipoff . One of the more memorable performances was given by Marvin Gaye during the 1983 game ; Gaye was accompanied by Gordon Banks , who played a tape from an all night session that used numerous elements of soul music and funk , and Banks still has that historic tape of the music to which Gaye sang his soulful version . Gameplay usually involves players attempting spectacular slam dunks and alley oops . Defensive effort is usually limited and the final score of the game is generally much higher than an average NBA game . The coaches also try to give most of the reserve players some time on the court instead of using a limited rotation as they would in a normal game , but giving the starters more minutes because that 's who the fans want to see most . The fourth quarter of the game is often played in a more competitive fashion , if the game is close . Halftime is also longer than a typical NBA game due to musical performances by popular artists . Recent guests have included Michael Jackson , Snoop Dogg , Ariana Grande , Elton John , Beyoncé , Mariah Carey , OutKast , Alicia Keys , Shakira , Rihanna , Nicki Minaj , Kendrick Lamar , Christina Aguilera , Pharrell Williams , Migos , and John Legend . All - Star Game records ( edit ) Main article : NBA All - Star Game records All - Star Game results ( edit ) This is a list of each All - Star Game , the venue at which it was played , and the Game MVP . Parenthesized numbers indicate multiple times that venue , city , or player has occurred as of that instance ( e.g. `` Michael Jordan ( 2 ) '' in 1996 indicates that was his second All - Star MVP award ) . As of the 2017 All - Star Game ( the 2016 -- 17 NBA season ) , the Eastern Conference leads with a record of 37 wins and 29 losses . The Western Conference has won the last 3 games . Eastern Conference ( 37 wins ) Western Conference ( 29 wins ) Note : Stadium names are named based on the name at the day of the All - Star Game . Year Result Host arena Host city Game MVP 1951 East 111 , West 94 Boston Garden Boston , Massachusetts Ed Macauley , Boston Celtics 1952 East 108 , West 91 Boston Garden ( 2 ) Boston , Massachusetts ( 2 ) Paul Arizin , Philadelphia Warriors 1953 West 79 , East 75 Allen County War Memorial Coliseum Fort Wayne , Indiana George Mikan , Minneapolis Lakers 1954 East 98 , West 93 ( OT ) Madison Square Garden III * * New York City , New York Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics 1955 East 100 , West 91 Madison Square Garden III * * ( 2 ) New York City , New York ( 2 ) Bill Sharman , Boston Celtics 1956 West 108 , East 94 Rochester War Memorial Coliseum Rochester , New York Bob Pettit , St. Louis Hawks 1957 East 109 , West 97 Boston Garden ( 3 ) Boston , Massachusetts ( 3 ) Bob Cousy ( 2 ) , Boston Celtics 1958 East 130 , West 118 St. Louis Arena St. Louis , Missouri Bob Pettit ( 2 ) , St. Louis Hawks 1959 West 124 , East 108 Olympia Stadium Detroit , Michigan Elgin Baylor , Minneapolis Lakers Bob Pettit ( 3 ) , St. Louis Hawks 1960 East 125 , West 115 Convention Hall Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors 1961 West 153 , East 131 Onondaga County War Memorial Coliseum Syracuse , New York Oscar Robertson , Cincinnati Royals 1962 West 150 , East 130 St. Louis Arena ( 2 ) St. Louis , Missouri ( 2 ) Bob Pettit ( 4 ) , St. Louis Hawks 1963 East 115 , West 108 LA Sports Arena Los Angeles , California Bill Russell , Boston Celtics 1964 East 111 , West 107 Boston Garden ( 4 ) Boston , Massachusetts ( 4 ) Oscar Robertson ( 2 ) , Cincinnati Royals 1965 East 124 , West 123 St. Louis Arena ( 3 ) St. Louis , Missouri ( 3 ) Jerry Lucas , Cincinnati Royals 1966 East 137 , West 94 Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati , Ohio Adrian Smith , Cincinnati Royals 1967 West 135 , East 120 Cow Palace Daly City , California Rick Barry , San Francisco Warriors 1968 East 144 , West 124 Madison Square Garden III * * ( 3 ) New York City , New York ( 3 ) Hal Greer , Philadelphia 76ers 1969 East 123 , West 112 Baltimore Civic Center Baltimore , Maryland Oscar Robertson ( 3 ) , Cincinnati Royals 1970 East 142 , West 135 The Spectrum Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 2 ) Willis Reed , New York Knicks 1971 West 108 , East 107 San Diego Sports Arena San Diego , California Lenny Wilkens , Seattle SuperSonics 1972 West 112 , East 110 The Forum Inglewood , California Jerry West , Los Angeles Lakers 1973 East 104 , West 84 Chicago Stadium Chicago , Illinois Dave Cowens , Boston Celtics West 134 , East 123 Seattle Center Coliseum Seattle , Washington Bob Lanier , Detroit Pistons East 108 , West 102 Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum Phoenix , Arizona Walt Frazier , New York Knicks 1976 East 123 , West 109 The Spectrum ( 2 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 3 ) Dave Bing , Washington Bullets 1977 West 125 , East 124 Milwaukee Arena Milwaukee , Wisconsin Julius Erving , Philadelphia 76ers 1978 East 133 , West 125 Omni Coliseum Atlanta , Georgia Randy Smith , Buffalo Braves 1979 West 134 , East 129 Pontiac Silverdome Pontiac , Michigan † David Thompson , Denver Nuggets 1980 East 144 , West 136 ( OT ) Capital Centre Landover , Maryland George Gervin , San Antonio Spurs 1981 East 123 , West 120 Coliseum at Richfield Richfield , Ohio Nate Archibald , Boston Celtics 1982 East 120 , West 118 Brendan Byrne Arena East Rutherford , New Jersey Larry Bird , Boston Celtics East 132 , West 123 The Forum ( 2 ) Inglewood , California ( 2 ) Julius Erving ( 2 ) , Philadelphia 76ers 1984 East 154 , West 145 ( OT ) McNichols Sports Arena Denver , Colorado Isiah Thomas , Detroit Pistons 1985 West 140 , East 129 Hoosier Dome Indianapolis , Indiana † Ralph Sampson , Houston Rockets 1986 East 139 , West 132 Reunion Arena Dallas , Texas Isiah Thomas ( 2 ) , Detroit Pistons West 154 , East 149 ( OT ) Kingdome Seattle , Washington † ( 2 ) Tom Chambers , Seattle SuperSonics 1988 East 138 , West 133 Chicago Stadium ( 2 ) Chicago , Illinois ( 2 ) Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls 1989 West 143 , East 134 Astrodome Houston , Texas † Karl Malone , Utah Jazz 1990 East 130 , West 113 Miami Arena Miami , Florida Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers 1991 East 116 , West 114 Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte , North Carolina Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers 1992 West 153 , East 113 Orlando Arena Orlando , Florida Magic Johnson ( 2 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 1993 West 135 , East 132 ( OT ) Delta Center Salt Lake City , Utah Karl Malone ( 2 ) , Utah Jazz John Stockton , Utah Jazz 1994 East 127 , West 118 Target Center Minneapolis , Minnesota Scottie Pippen , Chicago Bulls 1995 West 139 , East 112 America West Arena § Phoenix , Arizona ( 2 ) Mitch Richmond , Sacramento Kings East 129 , West 118 Alamodome San Antonio , Texas Michael Jordan ( 2 ) , Chicago Bulls 1997 East 132 , West 120 Gund Arena Cleveland , Ohio Glen Rice , Charlotte Hornets 1998 East 135 , West 114 Madison Square Garden * * * New York City , New York ( 4 ) Michael Jordan ( 3 ) , Chicago Bulls 1999 Canceled due to the league 's lockout . The game was originally set to play at the First Union Center in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . 2000 West 137 , East 126 The Arena in Oakland Oakland , California Tim Duncan , San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers 2001 East 111 , West 110 MCI Center Washington , D.C. Allen Iverson , Philadelphia 76ers 2002 West 135 , East 120 First Union Center Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 4 ) Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers 2003 West 155 , East 145 ( 2 OT ) Philips Arena Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) Kevin Garnett , Minnesota Timberwolves West 136 , East 132 Staples Center Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) Shaquille O'Neal ( 2 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 2005 East 125 , West 115 Pepsi Center Denver , Colorado ( 2 ) Allen Iverson ( 2 ) , Philadelphia 76ers 2006 East 122 , West 120 Toyota Center Houston , Texas ( 2 ) LeBron James , Cleveland Cavaliers 2007 West 153 , East 132 Thomas & Mack Center Las Vegas , Nevada * Kobe Bryant ( 2 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 2008 East 134 , West 128 New Orleans Arena § New Orleans , Louisiana LeBron James ( 2 ) , Cleveland Cavaliers 2009 West 146 , East 119 US Airways Center ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona ( 3 ) Kobe Bryant ( 3 ) , Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal ( 3 ) , Phoenix Suns East 141 , West 139 Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas # † Dwyane Wade , Miami Heat 2011 West 148 , East 143 Staples Center ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California ( 3 ) Kobe Bryant ( 4 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 2012 West 152 , East 149 Amway Center Orlando , Florida ( 2 ) Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder 2013 West 143 , East 138 Toyota Center ( 2 ) Houston , Texas ( 3 ) Chris Paul , Los Angeles Clippers 2014 East 163 , West 155 Smoothie King Center ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) Kyrie Irving , Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 West 163 , East 158 Madison Square Garden ( 2 ) * * * / Barclays Center New York City , New York ( 5 ) Russell Westbrook , Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 West 196 , East 173 Air Canada Centre Toronto , Ontario Russell Westbrook ( 2 ) , Oklahoma City Thunder 2017 West 192 , East 182 Smoothie King Center ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) Anthony Davis , New Orleans Pelicans 2018 Team LeBron 148 , Team Stephen 145 Staples Center ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California ( 4 ) LeBron James ( 3 ) , Cleveland Cavaliers 2019 TBA vs. TBA Spectrum Center Charlotte , North Carolina ( 2 ) 2020 TBA vs. TBA United Center Chicago , Illinois ( 3 ) 2021 TBA vs. TBA Bankers Life Fieldhouse Indianapolis , Indiana ( 2 ) Notes * denotes a city without an NBA team in play during that calendar year . * * denotes game played at the `` third '' Madison Square Garden on 8th Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets , which the first three NBA All - Star Games played in Madison Square Garden ( 1954 , 1955 and 1968 ) were . * * * denotes game played at the `` fourth '' ( or current as of 2017 ) Madison Square Garden that runs from 31st to 33rd Streets from 8th to west of 7th Avenues above the western half of Penn Station in Manhattan that opened in February 1968 , approximately one month after the 1968 game was played in the `` old '' MSG . † denotes an NBA All - Star Game that is held at an NFL or MLB stadium . § denotes a stadium or arena whose venue name has since changed AND the venue has hosted a subsequent NBA All - Star Game under the alternate name . Portland , Sacramento , Memphis , and Oklahoma City are the only current NBA cities that have not yet hosted an NBA All - Star Game . New arenas that have not hosted the All - Star Game are BMO Harris Bradley Center in Milwaukee , United Center in Chicago ( set to host the 2020 game ) , TD Garden in Boston , American Airlines Arena in Miami , Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis ( set to host the 2021 game ) , American Airlines Center in Dallas , Spectrum Center in Charlotte ( set to host the 2019 game ) , AT&T Center in San Antonio , and Little Caesars Arena in Detroit . # Arlington , Texas does not have an NBA team within its city limits , but it is a part of the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex that has an NBA team ( the Dallas Mavericks ) . Other All - Star events ( edit ) Main article : NBA All - Star Weekend The All - Star Game is the featured event of All - Star Weekend , and it is held on a Sunday night . All - Star Weekend also includes a number of popular exhibition games and competitions featuring NBA players and alumni as well as players from the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) and NBA G League ( G League ) . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of NBA All - Stars WNBA All - Star Game Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although Brooklyn has not hosted an All - Star Game , New York City has hosted at the third and current Madison Square Gardens , both home to the New York Knicks . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` How NBA 's new voting format determined All - Star starters , snubs '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anthony snubbed when All - Star reserves announced '' . espn.com . Associated Press . February 1 , 2007 . Retrieved February 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All - Star Game format '' . NBA.com . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnewall , Chris . `` NBA All - Star Game draft results : LeBron James , Stephen Curry select their teams '' . CBS Sports . CBS . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( July 3 , 2000 ) . `` Haskell Cohen , 86 , Publicist ; Created N.B.A. All - Star Game '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Forrester , Paul ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` That 's entertainment ; Counting down the top 15 All - Star Weekend moments '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Warner Company . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Penikis , Andrejs. `` 57 Memorable All - Star Moments -- 1950s '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim . `` Jones , Cuban hoping to break 100,000 '' . ESPNDallas.com . Jump up ^ `` Players and media can now vote on NBA All - Star starters '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` The All - Star Center is Officially Extinct '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . The N.B.A. , bowing to new realities in a multi-positional era , has eliminated `` center '' from its All - Star ballots for the 2012 -- 13 season . Instead , fans will vote for three frontcourt players and two guards . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( January 12 , 2003 ) . `` Fans in Shanghai Are Voting in the Mainstream '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` 1 . Reserve Judgment : Stein 's All - Star Benches '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DeMarcus Cousins to replace Kobe Bryant in 2015 NBA All - Star Game '' ( Press release ) . NBA . January 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia : NBA Teams with 4 All - Stars '' . Jump up ^ Steele , David ( December 9 , 1998 ) . `` NBA Drops All - Stars -- What 's Left ? February game in Philly latest casualty of lockout '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte to host NBA All - Star 2019 '' . NBA.com . May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago to host NBA All - Star 2020 '' . NBA.com . November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CIndianapolis selected to host NBA All - Star 2021 '' . NBA.com . December 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) NBA All - Star Game at NBA.com NBA All - Star Game at Basketball-Reference.com NBA All - Star Game at ESPN.com NBA All - Star Games All - Star Weekend Rising Stars Challenge Shooting Stars Competition Skills Challenge Three - Point Contest Slam Dunk Contest H-O-R-S-E Competition Celebrity Game Legends Classic All - Star Game MVP Award Records List of NBA All - Stars Vote leaders Head coaches Broadcasters TV ratings G League All - Star Game WNBA All - Star Game 1950s 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_All-Star_Game&oldid=839843474 '' Categories : Recurring sporting events established in 1951 National Basketball Association All - Star Game Basketball All - Star Games Annual sporting events in the United States 1951 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 01 : 50 . 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who won last year's nba all star game
[ "\n\nYear\nResult\nHost arena\nHost city\nGame MVP\n\n\n1951\nEast 111, West 94\nBoston Garden\nBoston, Massachusetts\nEd Macauley, Boston Celtics\n\n\n1952\nEast 108, West 91\nBoston Garden (2)\nBoston, Massachusetts (2)\nPaul Arizin, Philadelphia Warriors\n\n\n1953\nWest 79, East 75\nAllen County War Memorial Coliseum\nFort Wayne, Indiana\nGeorge Mikan, Minneapolis Lakers\n\n\n1954\nEast 98, West 93 (OT)\nMadison Square Garden III**\nNew York City, New York\nBob Cousy, Boston Celtics\n\n\n1955\nEast 100, West 91\nMadison Square Garden III** (2)\nNew York City, New York (2)\nBill Sharman, Boston Celtics\n\n\n1956\nWest 108, East 94\nRochester War Memorial Coliseum\nRochester, New York\nBob Pettit, St. Louis Hawks\n\n\n1957\nEast 109, West 97\nBoston Garden (3)\nBoston, Massachusetts (3)\nBob Cousy (2), Boston Celtics\n\n\n1958\nEast 130, West 118\nSt. Louis Arena\nSt. Louis, Missouri\nBob Pettit (2), St. Louis Hawks\n\n\n1959\nWest 124, East 108\nOlympia Stadium\nDetroit, Michigan\nElgin Baylor, Minneapolis Lakers\nBob Pettit (3), St. Louis Hawks\n\n\n1960\nEast 125, West 115\nConvention Hall\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\nWilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia Warriors\n\n\n1961\nWest 153, East 131\nOnondaga County War Memorial Coliseum\nSyracuse, New York\nOscar Robertson, Cincinnati Royals\n\n\n1962\nWest 150, East 130\nSt. Louis Arena (2)\nSt. Louis, Missouri (2)\nBob Pettit (4), St. Louis Hawks\n\n\n1963\nEast 115, West 108\nLA Sports Arena\nLos Angeles, California\nBill Russell, Boston Celtics\n\n\n1964\nEast 111, West 107\nBoston Garden (4)\nBoston, Massachusetts (4)\nOscar Robertson (2), Cincinnati Royals\n\n\n1965\nEast 124, West 123\nSt. Louis Arena (3)\nSt. Louis, Missouri (3)\nJerry Lucas, Cincinnati Royals\n\n\n1966\nEast 137, West 94\nCincinnati Gardens\nCincinnati, Ohio\nAdrian Smith, Cincinnati Royals\n\n\n1967\nWest 135, East 120\nCow Palace\nDaly City, California\nRick Barry, San Francisco Warriors\n\n\n1968\nEast 144, West 124\nMadison Square Garden III** (3)\nNew York City, New York (3)\nHal Greer, Philadelphia 76ers\n\n\n1969\nEast 123, West 112\nBaltimore Civic Center\nBaltimore, Maryland\nOscar Robertson (3), Cincinnati Royals\n\n\n1970\nEast 142, West 135\nThe Spectrum\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania (2)\nWillis Reed, New York Knicks\n\n\n1971\nWest 108, East 107\nSan Diego Sports Arena\nSan Diego, California\nLenny Wilkens, Seattle SuperSonics\n\n\n1972\nWest 112, East 110\nThe Forum\nInglewood, California\nJerry West, Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n1973\nEast 104, West 84\nChicago Stadium\nChicago, Illinois\nDave Cowens, Boston Celtics\n\n\n1974\nWest 134, East 123\nSeattle Center Coliseum\nSeattle, Washington\nBob Lanier, Detroit Pistons\n\n\n1975\nEast 108, West 102\nArizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum\nPhoenix, Arizona\nWalt Frazier, New York Knicks\n\n\n1976\nEast 123, West 109\nThe Spectrum (2)\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania (3)\nDave Bing, Washington Bullets\n\n\n1977\nWest 125, East 124\nMilwaukee Arena\nMilwaukee, Wisconsin\nJulius Erving, Philadelphia 76ers\n\n\n1978\nEast 133, West 125\nOmni Coliseum\nAtlanta, Georgia\nRandy Smith, Buffalo Braves\n\n\n1979\nWest 134, East 129\nPontiac Silverdome\nPontiac, Michigan†\nDavid Thompson, Denver Nuggets\n\n\n1980\nEast 144, West 136 (OT)\nCapital Centre\nLandover, Maryland\nGeorge Gervin, San Antonio Spurs\n\n\n1981\nEast 123, West 120\nColiseum at Richfield\nRichfield, Ohio\nNate Archibald, Boston Celtics\n\n\n1982\nEast 120, West 118\nBrendan Byrne Arena\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey\nLarry Bird, Boston Celtics\n\n\n1983\nEast 132, West 123\nThe Forum (2)\nInglewood, California (2)\nJulius Erving (2), Philadelphia 76ers\n\n\n1984\nEast 154, West 145 (OT)\nMcNichols Sports Arena\nDenver, Colorado\nIsiah Thomas, Detroit Pistons\n\n\n1985\nWest 140, East 129\nHoosier Dome\nIndianapolis, Indiana†\nRalph Sampson, Houston Rockets\n\n\n1986\nEast 139, West 132\nReunion Arena\nDallas, Texas\nIsiah Thomas (2), Detroit Pistons\n\n\n1987\nWest 154, East 149 (OT)\nKingdome\nSeattle, Washington† (2)\nTom Chambers, Seattle SuperSonics\n\n\n1988\nEast 138, West 133\nChicago Stadium (2)\nChicago, Illinois (2)\nMichael Jordan, Chicago Bulls\n\n\n1989\nWest 143, East 134\nAstrodome\nHouston, Texas†\nKarl Malone, Utah Jazz\n\n\n1990\nEast 130, West 113\nMiami Arena\nMiami, Florida\nMagic Johnson, Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n1991\nEast 116, West 114\nCharlotte Coliseum\nCharlotte, North Carolina\nCharles Barkley, Philadelphia 76ers\n\n\n1992\nWest 153, East 113\nOrlando Arena\nOrlando, Florida\nMagic Johnson (2), Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n1993\nWest 135, East 132 (OT)\nDelta Center\nSalt Lake City, Utah\nKarl Malone (2), Utah Jazz\nJohn Stockton, Utah Jazz\n\n\n1994\nEast 127, West 118\nTarget Center\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\nScottie Pippen, Chicago Bulls\n\n\n1995\nWest 139, East 112\nAmerica West Arena§\nPhoenix, Arizona (2)\nMitch Richmond, Sacramento Kings\n\n\n1996\nEast 129, West 118\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio, Texas\nMichael Jordan (2), Chicago Bulls\n\n\n1997\nEast 132, West 120\nGund Arena\nCleveland, Ohio\nGlen Rice, Charlotte Hornets\n\n\n1998\nEast 135, West 114\nMadison Square Garden***\nNew York City, New York (4)\nMichael Jordan (3), Chicago Bulls\n\n\n1999\nCanceled due to the league's lockout.\nThe game was originally set to play at the First Union Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[15]\n\n\n2000\nWest 137, East 126\nThe Arena in Oakland\nOakland, California\nTim Duncan, San Antonio Spurs\nShaquille O'Neal, Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n2001\nEast 111, West 110\nMCI Center\nWashington, D.C.\nAllen Iverson, Philadelphia 76ers\n\n\n2002\nWest 135, East 120\nFirst Union Center\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania (4)\nKobe Bryant, Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n2003\nWest 155, East 145 (2 OT)\nPhilips Arena\nAtlanta, Georgia (2)\nKevin Garnett, Minnesota Timberwolves\n\n\n2004\nWest 136, East 132\nStaples Center\nLos Angeles, California (2)\nShaquille O'Neal (2), Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n2005\nEast 125, West 115\nPepsi Center\nDenver, Colorado (2)\nAllen Iverson (2), Philadelphia 76ers\n\n\n2006\nEast 122, West 120\nToyota Center\nHouston, Texas (2)\nLeBron James, Cleveland Cavaliers\n\n\n2007\nWest 153, East 132\nThomas & Mack Center\nLas Vegas, Nevada*\nKobe Bryant (2), Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n2008\nEast 134, West 128\nNew Orleans Arena§\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\nLeBron James (2), Cleveland Cavaliers\n\n\n2009\nWest 146, East 119\nUS Airways Center (2)\nPhoenix, Arizona (3)\nKobe Bryant (3), Los Angeles Lakers\nShaquille O'Neal (3), Phoenix Suns\n\n\n2010\nEast 141, West 139\nCowboys Stadium\nArlington, Texas#†\nDwyane Wade, Miami Heat\n\n\n2011\nWest 148, East 143\nStaples Center (2)\nLos Angeles, California (3)\nKobe Bryant (4), Los Angeles Lakers\n\n\n2012\nWest 152, East 149\nAmway Center\nOrlando, Florida (2)\nKevin Durant, Oklahoma City Thunder\n\n\n2013\nWest 143, East 138\nToyota Center (2)\nHouston, Texas (3)\nChris Paul, Los Angeles Clippers\n\n\n2014\nEast 163, West 155\nSmoothie King Center (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana (2)\nKyrie Irving, Cleveland Cavaliers\n\n\n2015\nWest 163, East 158\nMadison Square Garden (2)*** / Barclays Center\nNew York City, New York (5)\nRussell Westbrook, Oklahoma City Thunder\n\n\n2016\nWest 196, East 173\nAir Canada Centre\nToronto, Ontario\nRussell Westbrook (2), Oklahoma City Thunder\n\n\n2017\nWest 192, East 182\nSmoothie King Center (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana (3)\nAnthony Davis, New Orleans Pelicans\n\n\n2018[3]\nTeam LeBron 148, Team Stephen 145\nStaples Center (3)\nLos Angeles, California (4)\nLeBron James (3), Cleveland Cavaliers\n\n\n2019[16]\nTBA vs. TBA\nSpectrum Center\nCharlotte, North Carolina (2)\n\n\n\n2020[17]\nTBA vs. TBA\nUnited Center\nChicago, Illinois (3)\n\n\n\n2021[18]\nTBA vs. TBA\nBankers Life Fieldhouse\nIndianapolis, Indiana (2)\n\n\n" ]
[ "New Orleans Pelicans" ]
4829844937438553742
Canada at the FIFA World Cup
Canada at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Canada at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Canada 's results at the FIFA World Cup . Canada has appeared in the FIFA World Cup on one occasion , which was in 1986 . Contents ( hide ) 1 FIFA World Cup 2 1986 FIFA World Cup 2.1 Canada Squad 2.1. 1 Group C 3 References FIFA World Cup ( edit ) FIFA World Cup record Year Result Position Pld GF GA 1930 Did not enter 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 Did not qualify 1962 Did not enter 1966 1970 Did not qualify 1978 1982 1986 Group stage 24th of 24 0 0 0 5 Did not qualify 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 To be determined 2026 Total Group stage 1 / 21 0 0 0 5 Jump up ^ FIFA has yet to decide whether the 2026 tournament co-hosts will qualify automatically or not . 1986 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Canada Squad ( edit ) Head coach : Tony Waiters No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Club 1GK Tino Lettieri ( 1957 - 09 - 27 ) September 27 , 1957 ( aged 28 ) Minnesota Strikers 2DF Bob Lenarduzzi ( 1955 - 05 - 01 ) May 1 , 1955 ( aged 31 ) Tacoma Stars 2DF Bruce Wilson ( c ) ( 1951 - 06 - 20 ) June 20 , 1951 ( aged 34 ) no club 3MF Randy Ragan ( 1959 - 06 - 07 ) June 7 , 1959 ( aged 26 ) no club 5 2DF Terry Moore ( 1958 - 06 - 02 ) June 2 , 1958 ( aged 27 ) Glentoran 6 2DF Ian Bridge ( 1959 - 09 - 18 ) September 18 , 1959 ( aged 26 ) La Chaux - de-Fonds 7 4FW Carl Valentine ( 1958 - 07 - 04 ) July 4 , 1958 ( aged 27 ) Cleveland Force 8 3MF Gerry Gray ( 1961 - 01 - 20 ) January 20 , 1961 ( aged 25 ) Chicago Sting 9 4FW Branko Segota ( 1961 - 06 - 08 ) June 8 , 1961 ( aged 24 ) San Diego Sockers 10 4FW Igor Vrablic ( 1965 - 07 - 19 ) July 19 , 1965 ( aged 20 ) Seraing 11 3MF Mike Sweeney ( 1959 - 12 - 25 ) December 25 , 1959 ( aged 26 ) Cleveland Force 12 2DF Randy Samuel ( 1963 - 12 - 23 ) December 23 , 1963 ( aged 22 ) PSV Eindhoven 13 3MF George Pakos ( 1952 - 08 - 14 ) August 14 , 1952 ( aged 33 ) Victoria Athletic Association 14 4FW Dale Mitchell ( 1958 - 04 - 21 ) April 21 , 1958 ( aged 28 ) Tacoma Stars 15 3MF Paul James ( 1963 - 11 - 11 ) November 11 , 1963 ( aged 22 ) CF Monterrey 16 3MF Greg Ion ( 1963 - 03 - 12 ) March 12 , 1963 ( aged 23 ) Los Angeles Lazers 17 3MF David Norman ( 1962 - 05 - 06 ) May 6 , 1962 ( aged 24 ) Tacoma Stars 18 3MF Jamie Lowery ( 1961 - 01 - 15 ) January 15 , 1961 ( aged 25 ) no club 19 3MF Pasquale De Luca ( 1962 - 05 - 26 ) May 26 , 1962 ( aged 24 ) Cleveland Force 20 2DF Colin Miller ( 1964 - 10 - 04 ) October 4 , 1964 ( aged 21 ) Rangers 21 1GK Sven Habermann ( 1961 - 11 - 03 ) November 3 , 1961 ( aged 24 ) no club 22 1GK Paul Dolan ( 1966 - 04 - 16 ) April 16 , 1966 ( aged 20 ) Edmonton Brickmen Group C ( edit ) Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Soviet Union 0 9 + 8 5 France 0 5 + 4 5 Hungary 0 9 − 7 Canada 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 June 1 , 1986 4 : 00 PM CST Canada 0 -- 1 France Report Papin 79 ' Estadio Nou Camp , León Attendance : 36,000 Referee : Hernán Silva ( Chile ) June 6 , 1986 12 : 00 PM CST Hungary 2 -- 0 Canada Esterházy 2 ' Détári 75 ' Report Estadio Sergio León Chavez , Irapuato Attendance : 13,800 Referee : Jamal Al Sharif ( Syria ) June 9 , 1986 12 : 00 PM CST Soviet Union 2 -- 0 Canada Blokhin 58 ' Zavarov 74 ' Report Estadio Sergio León Chavez , Irapuato Attendance : 14,200 Referee : Idrissa Traoré ( Mali ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Canada World Cup Record '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Remembering Canada 's ' 86 World Cup team '' . www.cbc.ca . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Jamie ; Molinaro , John ; Sasha , Kalra . `` One and Only : Remembering Canada 's lone World Cup appearance '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( April 5 , 1986 ) . `` Soccer ; Canadians and M.I.S.L. at Odds for Cup '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canada wins vote to co-host 2026 FIFA World Cup with U.S. and Mexico - Sportsnet.ca '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Canada World Cup Squad '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . hide Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=848729091 '' Categories : Countries at the FIFA World Cup Canada men 's national soccer team Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 22 : 17 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
when did canada last qualify for the world cup
[ "\nThis is a record of Canada's results at the FIFA World Cup. Canada has appeared in the FIFA World Cup on one occasion, which was in 1986.[1][2][3][4]\n" ]
[ "1986" ]
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List of Switched at Birth episodes
List of Switched at Birth episodes - wikipedia List of Switched at Birth episodes Jump to : navigation , search Switched at Birth is an American television drama series which premiered on ABC Family on June 6 , 2011 . Created by Lizzy Weiss , the series follows two teenage girls who learn that they were switched at birth . On August 17 , 2012 , ABC Family renewed Switched at Birth for a second season , which premiered on January 7 , 2013 . All of the episode titles take their names from pieces of artwork . On July 30 , 2013 , ABC Family renewed the series for a full 22 - episode third season , which premiered in January 2014 . The second half of season 3 premiered on June 16 , 2014 . On August 13 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a fourth season , which premiered on January 6 , 2015 . ABC Family , which changed its name to Freeform in January 2016 , announced on Wednesday October 21 , 2015 , that it had renewed the series for a fifth and final season . The fifth season began airing on January 31 , 2017 , and concluded on April 11 , 2017 . During the course of the series , 103 episodes of Switched at Birth aired over five seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 Episodic viewership 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 30 June 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 06 ) October 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 22 ) 21 January 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 07 ) August 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) 22 January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 20 January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 5 10 January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : Switched at Birth ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` This Is Not a Pipe '' Steve Miner Lizzy Weiss June 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 06 ) 3.30 `` American Gothic '' Steve Miner Lizzy Weiss June 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 13 ) 2.92 `` Portrait of My Father '' Michael Schultz Becky Hartman Edwards June 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 20 ) 2.77 `` Dance Amongst Daggers '' Steve Miner Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux June 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 27 ) 2.80 5 5 `` Dogs Playing Poker '' Bethany Rooney Joy Gregory July 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 04 ) 1.68 6 6 `` The Persistence of Memory '' James L. Conway Henry Robles July 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 11 ) 2.63 7 7 `` The Stag Hunt '' Michael Lange Sean Reycraft July 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 18 ) 2.69 8 8 `` Pandora 's Box '' Elodie Keene Becky Hartman Edwards & Lizzy Weiss July 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 25 ) 3.14 9 9 `` Paradise Lost '' Ron Lagomarsino Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux August 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 01 ) 2.79 10 10 `` The Homecoming '' David Paymer Lizzy Weiss August 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 08 ) 2.84 11 11 `` Starry Night '' Steve Miner Lizzy Weiss January 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 03 ) 2.74 12 12 `` The Tempest '' Mel Damski Anne Kenney January 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) 2.07 13 13 `` Self - Portrait With Bandaged Ear '' Steve Miner Becky Hartman Edwards January 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) 1.99 14 14 `` Les Soeurs d'Estrées '' Arlene Sanford Joy Gregory January 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 24 ) 1.90 15 15 `` Expulsion From the Garden of Eden '' Steve Miner Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux January 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 31 ) 1.93 16 16 `` Las Dos Fridas '' Chris Grismer Henry Robles February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) 1.82 17 17 `` Protect Me From What I Want '' David Paymer Becky Hartman Edwards & Lizzy Weiss February 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 14 ) 1.46 18 18 `` The Art of Painting '' Norman Buckley Joy Gregory & Anne Kenney February 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 21 ) 1.79 19 19 `` Write a Lonely Soldier '' Bethany Rooney Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux February 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 28 ) 1.51 20 20 `` Game On '' Ron Lagomarsino Becky Hartman Edwards & Lizzy Weiss March 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) 1.48 21 21 `` The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters '' Elodie Keene Joy Gregory & Henry Robles March 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) 1.70 22 22 `` Venus , Cupid , Folly , and Time '' Michael Lange Lizzy Weiss March 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) 1.71 23 23 `` This Is the Color of My Dreams '' Steve Miner Lizzy Weiss September 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) 2.25 24 24 `` The Intruder '' Patrick Norris Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux September 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) 1.67 25 25 `` The Shock of Being Seen '' Steve Miner Joy Gregory & Becky Hartman Edwards September 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 17 ) 1.58 26 26 `` Tree of Forgiveness '' David Paymer Ariel Rubin & Michael V. Ross September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) 1.41 27 27 `` The Declaration of Independence '' Steve Miner Anne Kenney October 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 01 ) 1.44 28 28 `` We Are the Kraken of Our Own Sinking Ships '' Ron Lagomarsino Henry Robles October 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) 1.56 29 29 `` The Trial '' Bethany Rooney Joy Gregory & Becky Hartman Edwards October 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) 1.45 30 30 `` Street Noises Invade the House '' Steve Miner Lizzy Weiss October 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 22 ) 1.78 Season 2 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Switched at Birth ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` The Door to Freedom '' Steve Miner Lizzy Weiss January 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 07 ) 1.70 32 `` The Awakening Conscience '' Fred Gerber Joy Gregory & Bekah Brunstetter January 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) 1.65 33 `` Duel of Two Women '' John Behring Anne Kenney January 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) 1.74 34 `` Dressing for the Charade '' Melanie Mayron Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux January 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) 1.76 35 5 `` The Acquired Inability to Escape '' Zetna Fuentes Joy Gregory & Henry Robles February 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) 1.79 36 6 `` Human / Need / Desire '' Norman Buckley Lizzy Weiss & Bekah Brunstetter February 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 11 ) 1.65 37 7 `` Drive in the Knife '' Steve Miner Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux February 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) 1.52 38 8 `` Tight Rope Walker '' Joanna Kerns Anne Kenney & Henry Robles February 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) 1.69 39 9 `` Uprising '' Steve Miner Lizzy Weiss March 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 04 ) 1.63 40 10 `` Introducing the Miracle '' Ron Lagomarsino Becky Hartman Edwards & Lizzy Weiss March 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 11 ) 1.75 41 11 `` Mother and Child Divided '' Ron Lagomarsino Lizzy Weiss June 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) 1.66 42 12 `` Distorted House '' Fred Gerber Joy Gregory & Henry Robles June 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) 1.62 43 13 `` The Good Samaritan '' Zetna Fuentes Becky Hartman Edwards & Bekah Brunstetter June 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 24 ) 1.76 44 14 `` He Did What He Wanted '' Steve Miner Lizzy Weiss & Michael Ross July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) 1.61 45 15 `` Ecce Mono '' David Paymer Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux July 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) 2.02 46 16 `` The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living '' Melanie Mayron Darla Lansu July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) 1.75 47 17 `` Prudence , Avarice , Lust , Justice , Anger '' Lea Thompson Terrence Coli & Becky Hartman Edwards July 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 22 ) 1.76 48 18 `` As The Shadows Deepen '' Wendey Stanzler Joy Gregory & Henry Robles July 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 29 ) 1.76 49 19 `` What Goes Up Must Come Down '' Joanna Kerns Bekah Brunstetter & Lizzy Weiss August 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) 1.68 50 20 `` The Merrymakers '' Zetna Fuentes James Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) 1.60 51 21 `` Departure of Summer '' Steve Miner Becky Hartman Edwards & Lizzy Weiss August 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) 1.96 Season 3 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Switched at Birth ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Drowning Girl '' Jim Hayman Lizzy Weiss January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1.76 53 `` Your Body Is a Battleground '' Lea Thompson James Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 1.56 54 `` Fountain '' Allan Arkush Joy Gregory & Terrence Coli January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1.55 55 `` It Hurts to Wait With Love if Love Is Somewhere Else '' Melanie Mayron Linda Gase & Henry Robles February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) 1.62 56 5 `` Have You Really the Courage ? '' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter February 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 1.70 57 6 `` The Scream '' Jonathan Frakes Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1.70 58 7 `` Memory Is Your Image of Perfection '' Lee Rose Terrence Coli February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1.63 59 8 `` Dance Me to the End of Love '' Millicent Shelton Michael V. Ross & Lizzy Weiss March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1.61 60 9 `` The Past ( Forgotten - Swallowed ) '' Fred Gerber Joy Gregory March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1.39 61 10 `` The Ambush '' Allan Arkush Henry Robles & Bekah Brunstetter March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1.18 62 11 `` Love Seduces Innocence , Pleasure Entraps , and Remorse Follows '' Steve Miner Linda Gase & Lizzy Weiss March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 1.30 63 12 `` Love Among the Ruins '' Norman Buckley Lizzy Weiss June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 1.17 64 13 `` Like a Snowball Down a Mountain '' Melanie Mayron James Patrick Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 1.41 65 14 `` Oh , Future ! '' Zetna Fuentes Henry Robles June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 1.15 66 15 `` And We Bring the Light '' James Hayman Joy Gregory & Alexander Georgakis July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 1.33 67 16 `` The Image Disappears '' Wendey Stanzler Terrence Coli & Linda Gase July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 1.56 68 17 `` Girl With Death Mask ( She Plays Alone ) '' Joanna Kerns Bekah Brunstetter & Lizzy Weiss July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 1.36 69 18 `` It Is n't What You Think '' Ron Lagomarsino J.R. Phillips & Henry Robles July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 1.13 70 19 `` You Will Not Escape '' Michael Lange Joy Gregory August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 1.29 71 20 `` Girl on the Cliff '' D.W. Moffett Linda Gase August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 1.06 72 21 `` And Life Begins Right Away '' Melanie Mayron Lizzy Weiss & William H. Brown August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 1.29 73 22 `` Yuletide Fortune Tellers '' Michael Grossman Terrence Coli & Lizzy Weiss December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 1.40 Season 4 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Switched at Birth ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 74 `` And It Cannot Be Changed '' Steve Miner Lizzy Weiss January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 1.29 75 `` Bracing the Waves '' Michael Lange Henry Robles January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 1.15 76 `` I Lock the Door Upon Myself '' Glenn L. Steelman William H. Brown & Terrence Coli January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) 1.21 77 `` We Were So Close That Nothing Used to Stand Between Us '' Allan Arkush Linda Gase & Bekah Brunstetter January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 1.30 78 5 `` At First Clear Word '' Melanie Mayron Lizzy Weiss & Joy Gregory February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 1.24 79 6 `` Black and Gray '' Ron Lagomarsino Henry Robles & Darla Lansu February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 1.34 80 7 `` Fog and Storm and Rain '' Lea Thompson William H. Brown February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 1.25 81 8 `` Art Like Love Is Dedication '' Jonathan Frakes Linda Gase February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 0.95 82 9 `` The Player 's Choice '' David Paymer Terrence Coli March 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 0.96 83 10 `` There Is My Heart '' Norman Buckley Lizzy Weiss & Bekah Brunstetter March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 1.06 84 11 `` To Repel Ghosts '' Millicent Shelton Lizzy Weiss August 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 24 ) 0.98 85 12 `` How Does a Girl Like You Get to Be a Girl Like You '' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter August 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 31 ) 0.87 86 13 `` Between Hope and Fear '' David Paymer Lizzy Weiss & Dayna Lynne North September 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 07 ) 0.99 87 14 `` We Mourn , We Weep , We Love Again '' Ron Lagomarsino Henry Robles & Alexander Georgakis September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 1.00 88 15 `` Instead of Damning the Darkness , It 's Better to Light a Little Lantern '' Michael Lange Linda Gase & Lizzy Weiss September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 0.70 89 16 `` Borrowing Your Enemy 's Arrows '' D.W. Moffett William H. Brown September 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) 0.76 90 17 `` To the Victor Belong the Spoils '' Jay Karas T.J. Brady and Rasheed Newson October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) 0.79 91 18 `` The Accommodations of Desire '' Michael Grossman Henry Robles & Dayna Lynne North October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) 0.75 92 19 `` A Mad Tea Party '' Carlos Gonzalez Linda Gase October 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 0.95 93 20 `` And Always Searching for Beauty '' Melanie Mayron Lizzy Weiss & Bekah Brunstetter October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 0.83 Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Switched at Birth ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 94 `` The Call '' Allan Arkush Lizzy Weiss January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 0.60 95 `` This Has to Do with Me '' D.W. Moffett William H. Brown & Liz Sczudlo February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 0.54 96 `` Surprise '' Stephen Tolkin Terrence Coli & Colin Waite February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 0.52 97 `` Relation of Lines and Colors '' Carlos González Linda Gase & J.R. Phillips February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 0.52 98 5 `` Occupy Truth '' Jeff Byrd Talicia Raggs & Lizzy Weiss February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 0.51 99 6 `` Four Ages in Life '' Janice Cooke Terrence Coli & Lenn K. Rosenfeld March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 0.44 100 7 `` Memory ( The Heart ) '' Lea Thompson Linda Gase March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 0.50 101 8 `` Left in Charge '' Dawn Wilkinson Liz Sczudlo March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 0.47 102 9 `` The Wolf Is Waiting '' Jill D'Agnenica Terrence Coli & William H. Brown April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 0.43 103 10 `` Long Live Love '' Steve Miner Lizzy Weiss & Linda Gase April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 0.49 Episodic viewership ( edit ) Switched at Birth : Viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Episode number 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Season 1a 3.30 2.92 2.77 2.8 1.68 2.63 2.69 3.14 2.79 2.84 N / A Season 1b 2.74 2.07 1.99 1.90 1.93 1.82 1.46 1.79 1.51 1.48 1.70 1.71 N / A Season 1c 2.25 1.67 1.58 1.41 1.44 1.56 1.45 1.78 N / A Season 2 1.70 1.65 1.74 1.76 1.79 1.65 1.52 1.69 1.63 1.75 1.66 1.62 1.76 1.61 2.02 1.75 1.76 1.76 1.68 1.60 1.96 N / A Season 3 1.76 1.56 1.55 1.62 1.70 1.70 1.63 1.61 1.39 1.18 1.30 1.17 1.41 1.15 1.33 1.56 1.36 1.13 1.29 1.06 1.29 1.40 Season 4 1.29 1.15 1.21 1.30 1.24 1.34 1.25 0.95 0.96 1.06 0.98 0.87 0.99 1.00 0.70 0.76 0.79 0.75 0.95 0.83 N / A Season 5 0.60 0.54 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.44 0.50 0.47 0.43 0.49 N / A Source : References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Family Expands Schedule To 3 Nights Of Original Programming '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - switched at birth on freeform '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Renews ' Melissa & Joey ' , ' Baby Daddy ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & Orders Additional Episodes of ' Bunheads ' - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 3b Return Date -- Plus ' Bunny ' Return Date '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Switched at Birth ' Renewed by ABC Family for Third Season + ' The Fosters ' & ' Twisted ' Get Back Order Pick - Ups '' . Tv By The Numbers . July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Switched at Birth Renewed : Season 5 Coming to ABC Family / Freeform '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` This Long - Running Freeform / ABC Family Show Is Saying Goodbye '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night ; Plus ' WWE Raw , ' ' Secret Life , ' NHL Stanley Cup Finals , ' American Pickers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Keeps Growing ; Plus ' WWE Raw , ' ' Secret Life , ' ' Real Housewives , ' ' American Pickers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw , ' ' Secret Life , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Teen Wolf , ' ' Sanctuary ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw , ' ' Secret Life , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Single Ladies , ' ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 6 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' Joey Chestnut , ' Single Ladies , ' ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : `` All - Star '' Softball Edges Out ' Pawn Stars , ' ' Home Run Derby ' + ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Alphas , ' ' Eureka ' & More `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars , ' ' American Pickers ' Top Night + ' Eureka ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Alphas , ' ' Teen Wolf ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Rules + ' WWE RAW , ' ' American Pickers , ' ' Basketball Wives , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Warehouse 13 , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Alphas , ' ' Teen Wolf ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' on Top + ' WWE RAW , ' ' American Pickers , ' ' Basketball Wives , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Warehouse 13 , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Alphas , ' ' Eureka ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars , ' ' American Pickers , ' ' WWE RAW ' Top Night + ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Switched At Birth , ' ' Eureka ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sugar Bowl ' Is Sweetest + ' Storage Wars , ' ' Teen Mom , ' ' Hardcore Pawn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Returns on Top + ' Storage Wars , ' ' Teen Mom , ' ' Dance Moms , ' ' Let 's Stay Together ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game , ' ' Teen Mom , ' ' Storage Wars ' Top ' White Collar , ' ' Justified , ' ' Southland ' Premieres & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Teen Mom , ' ' Storage Wars ' Tops + ' The Game , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Justified , ' ' Southland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Edges ' Tosh. 0 ' Premiere + ' The Game , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Justified , ' ' Southland , ' ' Key & Peele ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ′ Wins Easily + ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' The Game , ' ' Key & Peele , `` White Collar , ' ' Justified , ' ' Southland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Tops + ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' The Game , ' ' Westminster Dog Show , ' ' Justified , ' ' Southland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Special & Tosh. 0 Lead + ' Justified , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Chopped , ' ' Ink Master , ' ' Hardcore Pawn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Holds Strong , ' Teen Mom II ' Falls Considerably '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 7 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' on Top + ' The Game ' , ' Storage Wars Texas ' , ' Southland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Again + ' The Game , ' ' Storage Wars Texas , ' ' The Real Housewives of Orange County ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , ' The Game ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Switched at Birth ' and More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. and Tiny ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Perception ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Monday Night Football Rules Night , + ' Monday Night Raw ' , ' SportsCenter ' , ' TI & Tiny ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Bad Girls Club ' , ' Perception ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Rules Night + ' SportsCenter ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Chrissy & Mr. Jones ' , ' TI & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Warehouse 13 ′ , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Alphas ' , ' WWE Raw ' , & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2012 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night + ' SportsCenter ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , MLB , ' American Chopper ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Alphas ' , ' T.I. and Tiny ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2012 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/10/23/monday-cable-ratings-monday-night-football-triumphs-presidential-debate-ratings-on-the-record-monday-night-raw-sportscenter-more/154273/ Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : College Football Dominates Night + ' WWE Monday Night RAW ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Love & Hip Hop 3 ' , ' Teen Mom II ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers. 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy ( 15 January 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Wins Night + ' Catfish ' , ' Teen Mom II ' , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom 2 ′ , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Love and Hip Hop ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Raw ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom II ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Catfish ' , ' American Pickers ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ′ Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dallas ' , ' Being Human ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Teen Mom II ' , ' American Pickers ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' & ' Teen Mom 2 ′ Win Night , ' Catfish ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Dallas ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE RAW ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom II ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Catfish ' , ' American Pickers ' + More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom 2 ′ , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Dallas ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Being Human ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom II ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Lizard Lick Towing ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Longmire ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Wins Night + NHL Stanley Cup , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Hit The Floor ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Warehouse 13 ′ & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Real Housewives of OC ' + More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Updated Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads + ' WWE RAW , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Major Crimes , ' ' Longmire ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Home Run Derby ' Wins Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Hit the Floor ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Fast N Loud ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. and Tiny ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. & Tiny ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : NFL Preseason Wins Night + ' RAW ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' TI & Tiny ' , ' Marrying the Game ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' & ' Love & Hip Hop ' Tie for Lead + ' Single Ladies ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Klondike ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Swamp People ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & Mo '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Swamp People ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Swamp People ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night + ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Tops Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Jaws Strikes Back ' , ' Monster Hammerhead ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Football Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Dallas ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Hollywood ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' & ' Fixer Upper ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : College Basketball & ' Being Mary Jane ' Win NIght , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Top Night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + Preseason Football , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Real Housewives of Orange County ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Switched At Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : College Football Dominates Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood ' , ' Black Ink Crew ; & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NFL Football Wins Night + ' SportsCenter ' , ' Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood ' , ' Rick & Morty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NFL Football Wins Night + ' Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood ' , ' SportsCenter ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 9.28. 2015 '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' dominates , plus ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' Real Housewives , ' WWE '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' on top , plus ' Fargo ' premiere , ' Love & Hip Hop ' and WWE '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : The Force is strong with ' Monday Night Football ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' leads the way , plus ' Real Housewives of OC , ' ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' WWE Raw ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.21. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) List of Switched at Birth episodes at TV.com List of Switched at Birth episodes at TheFutoncritic.com List of Switched at Birth episodes at MSN TV Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Switched_at_Birth_episodes&oldid=792174207 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2017 , at 22 : 41 . About Wikipedia
how many episodes are there of switched at birth
[ "Switched at Birth is an American television drama series which premiered on ABC Family on June 6, 2011.[1][2] Created by Lizzy Weiss, the series follows two teenage girls who learn that they were switched at birth. On August 17, 2012, ABC Family renewed Switched at Birth for a second season,[3] which premiered on January 7, 2013.[4] All of the episode titles take their names from pieces of artwork. On July 30, 2013, ABC Family renewed the series for a full 22-episode third season, which premiered in January 2014. The second half of season 3 premiered on June 16, 2014. On August 13, 2014, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 6, 2015.[5] ABC Family, which changed its name to Freeform in January 2016, announced on Wednesday October 21, 2015, that it had renewed the series for a fifth and final season.[6][7] The fifth season began airing on January 31, 2017, and concluded on April 11, 2017. During the course of the series, 103 episodes of Switched at Birth aired over five seasons." ]
[ "103" ]
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2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup
2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup - Wikipedia 2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup 2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Dates 13 January -- 3 February 2018 Administrator ( s ) International Cricket Council Cricket format 50 overs Tournament format ( s ) Round - robin and knockout Host ( s ) New Zealand Champions India ( 4th title ) Runners - up Australia Participants 16 Matches played 48 Player of the series Shubman Gill Most runs Alick Athanaze ( 418 ) Most wickets Anukul Roy ( 14 ) Qais Ahmad ( 14 ) Faisal Jamkhandi ( 14 ) Official website Official website ← 2016 2020 → The 2018 ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup was an international limited - overs cricket tournament that was held in New Zealand from 13 January to 3 February 2018 . It was the twelfth edition of the Under - 19 Cricket World Cup , and the third to be held in New Zealand ( after the 2002 and 2010 events ) . New Zealand was the first country to host the event three times . The opening ceremony took place on 7 January 2018 . The West Indies were the defending champions . However , they failed to defend their title , after losing their first two group fixtures . Following the group stage fixtures , Afghanistan , Australia , Bangladesh , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan and South Africa had all qualified for the Super League quarter - final stage of the tournament . The other eight teams moved to the Plate League to determine their final placements in the competition . Sri Lanka went on to win the Plate League , giving them a final position of ninth overall in the tournament . In the first Super League semi-final , Australia beat Afghanistan by 6 wickets to progress to the final . In the second semi-final , India beat Pakistan by 203 runs to advance into the final . In the third - place playoff , no play was possible due to rain and a wet outfield . Pakistan therefore finished in third place , as they finished their group ahead of Afghanistan on net run rate . In the final , India beat Australia by 8 wickets to win their fourth Under - 19 World Cup , the most by any side . Contents 1 Qualification 2 Venues 3 Umpires 4 Squads 5 Group stage 5.1 Group A 5.2 Group B 5.3 Group C 5.4 Group D 6 Plate League 6.1 Plate quarter - finals 6.2 Plate playoff semi-finals 6.3 Plate semi-finals 7 Super League 7.1 Super League quarter - finals 7.2 Super League playoff semi-finals 7.3 Super League semi-finals 8 Placement matches 8.1 15th - place playoff 8.2 13th - place playoff 8.3 11th - place playoff 8.4 9th - place playoff ( Plate Final ) 8.5 7th - place playoff 8.6 5th - place playoff 8.7 3rd - place playoff 8.8 Final 9 Final standings 10 References 11 External links Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup qualification The ten full members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , as of 2016 , qualified automatically for the tournament . Namibia , which placed seventh at the 2016 World Cup , also qualified automatically as the highest ranked associate member . The other five places in the tournament were awarded to the winners of the five regional under - 19 tournaments . Team Mode of qualification Australia ICC Full Member Bangladesh ICC Full Member England ICC Full Member India ICC Full Member New Zealand ICC Full Member Pakistan ICC Full Member South Africa ICC Full Member Sri Lanka ICC Full Member West Indies ICC Full Member Zimbabwe ICC Full Member Namibia Highest - ranked associate team at 2016 World Cup Afghanistan Champion of ACC Under - 19 Premier League Kenya Champion of Africa Under - 19 Championship Canada Champion of Americas Under - 19 Championship Papua New Guinea Champion of EAP Under - 19 Trophy Ireland Champion of Europe Under - 19 Championship Venues ( edit ) Christchurch Rangiora Lincoln Queenstown Mount Maunganui Whangarei Seven venues in six cities will host matches at the 2018 World Cup : Hagley Oval , Christchurch Rangiora Oval , Rangiora Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Lincoln Green , Lincoln John Davies Oval , Queenstown Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires ( edit ) On 3 January 2018 , the ICC appointed the officials for the tournament . Along with the seventeen umpires , Jeff Crowe , Dev Govindjee , David Jukes and Graeme Labrooy were also named as the match referees . Rob Bailey Gregory Brathwaite Anil Chaudhary Nigel Duguid Shaun George Shaun Haig Mark Hawthorne Ranmore Martinesz C.K. Nandan David Odhiambo Buddhi Pradhan Ian Ramage Ahsan Raza Shozab Raza Tim Robinson Langton Rusere Paul Wilson Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup squads Each team selected a 15 - man squad for the tournament . Any players born on or after 1 September 1998 were eligible to be selected for the competition . Group stage ( edit ) The fixtures for the tournament were confirmed by the ICC on 17 August 2017 . Group a ( edit ) Team Pld NR BP Pts NRR New Zealand 0 0 0 0 6 + 2.576 South Africa 0 0 0 + 1.160 West Indies 0 0 0 + 0.660 Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 - 4.227 13 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard West Indies 233 / 8 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 234 / 2 ( 39.3 overs ) Keagan Simmons 92 * ( 132 ) Rachin Ravindra 3 / 30 ( 7 overs ) Finn Allen 115 * ( 100 ) Alick Athanaze 1 / 22 ( 4 overs ) New Zealand won by 8 wickets Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Ahsan Raza ( Pak ) and Shaun George ( SA ) Player of the match : Finn Allen ( NZ ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to field . 14 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard South Africa 341 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Kenya 172 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Raynard van Tonder 143 ( 121 ) Jasraj Kundi 2 / 49 ( 8 overs ) Jasraj Kundi 41 ( 53 ) Akhona Mnyaka 2 / 9 ( 4 overs ) South Africa won by 169 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Ian Ramage ( Sco ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Raynard van Tonder ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . 17 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard New Zealand 436 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Kenya 193 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Jakob Bhula 180 ( 144 ) Sukhdeep Singh 1 / 29 ( 2 overs ) Aman Gandhi 63 ( 106 ) Rachin Ravindra 2 / 33 ( 10 overs ) New Zealand won by 243 runs Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Jakob Bhula ( NZ ) Kenya won the toss and elected to field . 17 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard South Africa 282 / 8 ( 50 overs ) West Indies 206 ( 45.3 overs ) Wandile Makwetu 99 * ( 99 ) Jeavor Royal 1 / 34 ( 10 overs ) Alick Athanaze 76 ( 100 ) Hermann Rolfes 4 / 33 ( 10 overs ) South Africa won by 76 runs Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Ahsan Raza ( Pak ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Wandile Makwetu ( SA ) West Indies won the toss and elected to field . New Zealand and South Africa qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match . 20 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard West Indies 318 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Kenya 96 ( 24.4 overs ) Alick Athanaze 116 * ( 93 ) Aveet Desai 3 / 54 ( 10 overs ) Aman Gandhi 37 ( 42 ) Bhaskar Yadram 5 / 18 ( 7 overs ) West Indies won by 222 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Alick Athanaze ( WI ) West Indies won the toss and elected to bat . 20 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard New Zealand 279 / 8 ( 50 overs ) South Africa 208 ( 46.2 overs ) Rachin Ravindra 76 ( 89 ) Kgaudise Molefe 2 / 49 ( 10 overs ) Hermann Rolfes 108 ( 124 ) Rachin Ravindra 4 / 32 ( 9.2 overs ) New Zealand won by 71 runs Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Rachin Ravindra ( NZ ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat . Group b ( edit ) Team Pld NR BP Pts NRR India 0 0 0 0 6 + 3.930 Australia 0 0 0 + 2.721 Zimbabwe 0 0 0 - 0.892 Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 - 5.977 13 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Papua New Guinea 95 ( 20 overs ) Zimbabwe 98 / 0 ( 14 overs ) Igo Mahuru 26 ( 26 ) Wesley Madhevere 3 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Wesley Madhevere 53 * ( 44 ) Zimbabwe won by 10 wickets Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) Player of the match : Wesley Madhevere ( Zim ) Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field . Rain reduced the match to 20 overs per side . 14 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard India 328 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Australia 228 ( 42.5 overs ) Prithvi Shaw 94 ( 100 ) Jack Edwards 4 / 65 ( 9 overs ) Jack Edwards 73 ( 90 ) Kamlesh Nagarkoti 3 / 29 ( 7 overs ) India won by 100 runs Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Rob Bailey ( Eng ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Prithvi Shaw ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat . 16 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard Papua New Guinea 64 ( 21.5 overs ) India 67 / 0 ( 8 overs ) Ovia Sam 15 ( 25 ) Anukul Roy 5 / 14 ( 6.5 overs ) Prithvi Shaw 57 * ( 39 ) India won by 10 wickets Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Anukul Roy ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to field . 17 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Zimbabwe 134 ( 33.2 overs ) Australia 135 / 3 ( 18.2 overs ) Robert Chimhinya 27 ( 31 ) Xavier Bartlett 3 / 20 ( 7 overs ) Max Bryant 44 ( 27 ) Liam Roche 1 / 14 ( 3 overs ) Australia won by 7 wickets Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Shaun Haig ( NZ ) and David Odhiambo ( Ken ) Player of the match : Xavier Bartlett ( Aus ) Australia won the toss and elected to field . 19 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Australia 370 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Papua New Guinea 59 ( 24.5 overs ) Nathan McSweeney 156 ( 154 ) James Tau 2 / 42 ( 10 overs ) Leke Morea 20 ( 66 ) Jason Ralston 7 / 15 ( 6.5 overs ) Australia won by 311 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Nathan McSweeney ( Aus ) Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to field . Jason Ralston ( Aus ) took the best bowling figures in a group stage match at the U19 Cricket World Cup . However , his record was surpassed by Lloyd Pope who took the best bowling figures of 8 / 35 in U19 Cricket World Cup history in the knockout stages . 19 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard Zimbabwe 154 ( 48.1 overs ) India 155 / 0 ( 21.4 overs ) Milton Shumba 36 ( 151 ) Anukul Roy 4 / 20 ( 7.1 overs ) Shubman Gill 90 * ( 59 ) India won by 10 wickets Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Shubman Gill ( Ind ) Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat . India and Australia qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match . Group c ( edit ) Team Pld NR BP Pts NRR England 0 0 0 0 6 + 4.165 Bangladesh 0 0 0 + 0.438 Canada 0 0 0 - 2.107 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 - 2.689 13 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh 190 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Namibia 103 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Saif Hassan 84 ( 48 ) Dewald Nell 1 / 22 ( 3 overs ) Eben van Wyk 55 ( 52 ) Hasan Mahmud 2 / 12 ( 4 overs ) Bangladesh won by 87 runs Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Saif Hassan ( Ban ) Namibia won the toss and elected to field . Rain reduced the match to 20 overs per side . 15 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh 264 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Canada 198 ( 49.3 overs ) Towhid Hridoy 122 ( 126 ) Faisal Jamkhandi 5 / 48 ( 8 overs ) Arslan Khan 63 ( 108 ) Afif Hossain 5 / 43 ( 10 overs ) Bangladesh won by 66 runs Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : Afif Hossain ( Ban ) Canada won the toss and elected to field . 15 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Namibia 196 / 9 ( 50 overs ) England 198 / 2 ( 24.1 overs ) Shaun Fouché 44 ( 75 ) Luke Hollman 3 / 41 ( 10 overs ) Will Jacks 73 * ( 44 ) Gerhard Lottering 2 / 33 ( 4 overs ) England won by 8 wickets John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) Player of the match : Will Jacks ( Eng ) Namibia won the toss and elected to bat . 18 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Namibia 193 ( 46 overs ) Canada 197 / 6 ( 42 overs ) Lohan Louwrens 38 ( 52 ) Akash Gill 4 / 43 ( 8 overs ) Arslan Khan 72 ( 89 ) Petrus Burger 2 / 29 ( 10 overs ) Canada won by 4 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Akash Gill ( Can ) Namibia won the toss and elected to bat . 18 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh 175 ( 49.2 overs ) England 177 / 3 ( 29.3 overs ) Afif Hossain 63 ( 85 ) Ethan Bamber 3 / 19 ( 6 overs ) Harry Brook 102 * ( 84 ) Qazi Onik 1 / 19 ( 4 overs ) England won by 7 wickets John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) Player of the match : Harry Brook ( Eng ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat . 20 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard England 383 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Canada 101 ( 31.5 overs ) Liam Banks 120 ( 114 ) Faisal Jamkhandi 3 / 68 ( 9 overs ) Pranav Sharma 24 ( 42 ) Prem Sisodiya 3 / 23 ( 10 overs ) England won by 282 runs John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Shaun George ( SA ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : Liam Banks ( Eng ) Canada won the toss and elected to field . England and Bangladesh qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match . Group d ( edit ) Team Pld NR BP Pts NRR Pakistan 0 0 0 + 1.404 Afghanistan 0 0 0 + 0.639 Sri Lanka 0 0 0 - 0.464 Ireland 0 0 0 - 1.896 13 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Pakistan 188 ( 47.4 overs ) Afghanistan 194 / 5 ( 47.3 overs ) Rohail Nazir 81 ( 105 ) Azmatullah Omarzai 3 / 34 ( 7.4 overs ) Darwish Rasooli 76 ( 78 ) Hasan Khan 2 / 45 ( 10 overs ) Afghanistan won by 5 wickets Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : David Odhiambo ( Ken ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : Darwish Rasooli ( Afg ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat . 14 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 207 / 8 ( 48 overs ) Sri Lanka 208 / 3 ( 37.3 overs ) Jamie Grassi 75 ( 117 ) Kamindu Mendis 3 / 35 ( 10 overs ) Dhananjaya Lakshan 101 * ( 120 ) Aaron Cawley 2 / 26 ( 6 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : Shaun Haig ( NZ ) and C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) Player of the match : Dhananjaya Lakshan ( SL ) Ireland won the toss and elected to bat . Rain reduced the match to 48 overs per side . 16 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 97 ( 28.5 overs ) Pakistan 98 / 1 ( 8.5 overs ) Joshua Little 24 * ( 20 ) Shaheen Afridi 6 / 15 ( 8.5 overs ) Zaid Alam 43 * ( 19 ) Aaron Cawley 1 / 27 ( 3 overs ) Pakistan won by 9 wickets Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : Rob Bailey ( Eng ) and C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) Player of the match : Shaheen Afridi ( Pak ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to field . 17 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan 284 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 202 ( 37.3 overs ) Ibrahim Zadran 86 ( 112 ) Nipun Malinga 2 / 56 ( 10 overs ) Jehan Daniel 48 ( 57 ) Naveen - ul - Haq 4 / 35 ( 8 overs ) Afghanistan won by 32 runs ( D / L method ) Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Ibrahim Zadran ( Afg ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . Rain reduced the match to 38 overs due to rain . Afghanistan qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match . 19 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Sri Lanka 188 ( 48.2 overs ) Pakistan 190 / 7 ( 43.3 overs ) Jehan Daniel 53 ( 70 ) Thisaru Rashmika 3 / 47 ( 9 overs ) Ali Zaryab 59 ( 94 ) Suleman Shafqat 3 / 29 ( 7.2 overs ) Pakistan won by 3 wickets Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : David Odhiambo ( Ken ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Ali Zaryab ( Pak ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to field . Pakistan qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match . 20 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 225 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Afghanistan 221 ( 49.2 overs ) Graham Kennedy 37 * ( 24 ) Qais Ahmad 3 / 32 ( 10 overs ) Baheer Shah 34 ( 49 ) Harry Tector 3 / 37 ( 10 overs ) Ireland won by 4 runs Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : Shaun Haig ( NZ ) and David Odhiambo ( Ken ) Player of the match : Harry Tector ( Ire ) Afghanistan won the toss and elected to field . Plate League ( edit ) 13th - place playoff Plate playoff semi-finals Plate quarter - finals Plate semi-finals Plate final C3 Canada 265 / 8 ( 50 ) B4 Papua New Guinea 185 ( 44.3 ) B4 Papua New Guinea 121 ( 37.1 ) C3 Canada 136 ( 47.3 ) D4 Ireland 122 / 7 ( 41.5 ) A3 West Indies 323 / 8 ( 50 ) A3 West Indies 281 / 6 ( 48.2 ) D4 Ireland 278 / 8 ( 50 ) D4 Ireland 288 / 6 ( 50 ) A3 West Indies 254 / 5 ( 50 ) C4 Namibia 186 ( 39.1 ) D3 Sri Lanka 255 / 7 ( 49.4 ) B3 Zimbabwe 114 / 3 ( 19.3 ) C4 Namibia 113 ( 40.1 ) C4 Namibia 180 / 2 ( 27 ) B3 Zimbabwe 259 / 4 ( 50 ) 15th - place playoff A4 Kenya 176 ( 46.5 ) D3 Sri Lanka 260 / 5 ( 45.3 ) 11th - place playoff B4 Papua New Guinea 162 ( 48.3 ) D3 Sri Lanka 419 / 4 ( 50 ) C3 Canada 134 ( 37.5 ) A4 Kenya 176 ( 50 ) A4 Kenya 108 ( 35.5 ) B3 Zimbabwe 272 / 8 ( 50 ) Plate quarter - finals ( edit ) 22 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Canada 265 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Papua New Guinea 185 ( 44.3 overs ) Akash Gill 120 ( 127 ) James Tau 2 / 37 ( 9 overs ) Simon Atai 85 ( 117 ) Aran Pathmanathan 3 / 23 ( 9 overs ) Canada won by 70 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Ian Ramage ( Sco ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Akash Gill ( Can ) Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to field . 22 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Namibia 113 ( 40.1 overs ) Zimbabwe 114 / 3 ( 19.3 overs ) Eben van Wyk 24 ( 40 ) Nkosilathi Nungu 2 / 11 ( 3.1 overs ) Wesley Madhavere 47 ( 38 ) Gerhard Lottering 1 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Zimbabwe won by 7 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) Player of the match : Wesley Madhevere ( Zim ) Namibia won the toss and elected to bat . 23 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Sri Lanka 419 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Kenya 108 ( 35.5 overs ) Hasitha Boyagoda 191 ( 152 ) Abhishekh Chidambaran 2 / 68 ( 10 overs ) Thomas Ochieng 45 ( 63 ) Haren Buddila 4 / 27 ( 10 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 311 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Hasitha Boyagoda ( SL ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat . Hasitha Boyagoda ( SL ) made the highest individual score in U19 ODIs as well as in the history of the U19 Cricket World Cup ( 191 ) . 23 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 278 / 8 ( 50 overs ) West Indies 281 / 6 ( 48.2 overs ) Neil Rock 91 ( 101 ) Jeavor Royal 3 / 59 ( 10 overs ) Nyeem Young 55 * ( 33 ) Max Neville 2 / 53 ( 6 overs ) West Indies won by 4 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and David Odhiambo ( Ken ) Player of the match : Nyeem Young ( WI ) Ireland won the toss and elected to bat . Plate playoff semi-finals ( edit ) 25 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Papua New Guinea 121 ( 37.1 overs ) Ireland 122 / 7 ( 41.5 overs ) Igo Mahuru 45 ( 83 ) JJ Garth 4 / 18 ( 8.1 overs ) Neil Rock 43 ( 76 ) James Tau 4 / 45 ( 10 overs ) Ireland won by 3 wickets Rangiora Recreation Ground , Rangiora Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : JJ Garth ( Ire ) Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to bat . 25 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Kenya 176 ( 46.5 overs ) Namibia 180 / 2 ( 27 overs ) Aman Gandhi 52 ( 80 ) Petrus Burger 5 / 24 ( 10 overs ) Lohan Louwrens 114 ( 76 ) Aveet Desai 1 / 10 ( 2 overs ) Namibia won by 8 wickets Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Lohan Louwrens ( Nam ) Namibia won the toss and elected to field . Plate semi-finals ( edit ) 25 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Zimbabwe 259 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 260 / 5 ( 45.3 overs ) Jayden Schadendorf 74 ( 78 ) Thisaru Rashmika 2 / 58 ( 10 overs ) Nishan Madushka 109 * ( 135 ) Nkosilathi Nungu 2 / 49 ( 7 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : David Odhiambo ( Ken ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Nishan Madushka ( SL ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . 26 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard West Indies 323 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Canada 136 ( 47.3 overs ) Keagan Simmons 166 ( 137 ) Akash Gill 4 / 54 ( 9 overs ) Kavian Naress 61 ( 112 ) Ronaldo Alimohamed 2 / 17 ( 5 overs ) West Indies won by 187 runs Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Keagan Simmons ( WI ) West Indies won the toss and elected to bat . Super League ( edit ) 5th - place playoff Super League playoff semi-finals Super League quarter - finals Super League semi-finals Final C1 England 96 ( 23.4 ) B2 Australia 127 ( 33.3 ) C1 England 216 ( 47.2 ) B2 Australia 182 / 4 ( 37.3 ) C2 Bangladesh 220 / 5 ( 47.3 ) D2 Afghanistan 181 ( 48 ) A1 New Zealand 107 ( 28.1 ) D2 Afghanistan 309 / 6 ( 50 ) A2 South Africa 180 / 2 ( 38.3 ) B1 India 220 / 2 ( 38.5 ) C2 Bangladesh 178 ( 41.4 ) B2 Australia 216 ( 47.2 ) D1 Pakistan 190 / 7 ( 47.5 ) A2 South Africa 189 / 9 ( 50 ) A1 New Zealand 211 ( 43.5 ) D1 Pakistan 69 ( 29.3 ) 7th - place playoff A2 South Africa 284 / 6 ( 50 ) B1 India 272 / 9 ( 50 ) 3rd - place playoff A1 New Zealand 229 ( 47.1 ) B1 India 265 ( 49.2 ) D1 Pakistan C1 England 261 / 7 ( 50 ) C2 Bangladesh 134 ( 42.1 ) D2 Afghanistan Super League quarter - finals ( edit ) 23 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Australia 127 ( 33.3 overs ) England 96 ( 23.4 overs ) Jason Sangha 58 ( 91 ) Will Jacks 3 / 21 ( 7 overs ) Tom Banton 58 ( 53 ) Lloyd Pope 8 / 35 ( 9.4 overs ) Australia won by 31 runs John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Lloyd Pope ( Aus ) Australia won the toss and elected to bat . Lloyd Pope ( Aus ) took the best bowling figures in a U19 World Cup match . 24 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard South Africa 189 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan 190 / 7 ( 47.5 overs ) Wandile Makwetu 60 ( 65 ) Muhammad Musa 3 / 29 ( 10 overs ) Ali Zaryab 74 * ( 111 ) Jason Niemand 2 / 31 ( 10 overs ) Pakistan won by 3 wickets Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Ali Zaryab ( Pak ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to field . 25 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan 309 / 6 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 107 ( 28.1 overs ) Rahmanullah Gurbaz 69 ( 67 ) Sandeep Patel 2 / 13 ( 3 overs ) Katene Clarke 38 ( 56 ) Mujeeb Ur Rahman 4 / 14 ( 8.1 overs ) Afghanistan won by 202 runs Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Azmatullah Omarzai ( Afg ) Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat . 26 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard India 265 ( 49.2 overs ) Bangladesh 134 ( 42.1 overs ) Shubman Gill 86 ( 94 ) Qazi Onik 3 / 48 ( 10 overs ) Pinak Ghosh 43 ( 75 ) Kamlesh Nagarkoti 3 / 18 ( 7.1 overs ) India won by 131 runs John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Shaun George ( SA ) Player of the match : Shubman Gill ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat . Super League playoff semi-finals ( edit ) 27 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard South Africa 284 / 6 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 211 ( 43.5 overs ) Raynard van Tonder 117 ( 129 ) Matthew Fisher 2 / 59 ( 9 overs ) Dale Phillips 74 ( 82 ) Gerald Coetzee 5 / 32 ( 9.5 overs ) South Africa won by 73 runs Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Raynard van Tonder ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . 28 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard England 216 ( 47.2 overs ) Bangladesh 220 / 5 ( 47.3 overs ) Liam Banks 74 ( 82 ) Afif Hossain 3 / 18 ( 5.2 overs ) Afif Hossain 71 ( 86 ) Adam Finch 2 / 36 ( 8 overs ) Bangladesh won by 5 wickets John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Afif Hossain ( Ban ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field . Super League semi-finals ( edit ) 29 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan 181 ( 48 overs ) Australia 182 / 4 ( 37.3 overs ) Ikram Ali Khil 80 ( 119 ) Jonathan Merlo 4 / 24 ( 10 overs ) Jack Edwards 72 ( 65 ) Qais Ahmad 2 / 35 ( 10 overs ) Australia won by 6 wickets Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : Shaun George ( SA ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Jack Edwards ( Aus ) Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat . 30 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard India 272 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan 69 ( 29.3 overs ) Shubman Gill 102 * ( 94 ) Muhammad Musa 4 / 67 ( 10 overs ) Rohail Nazir 18 ( 39 ) Ishan Porel 4 / 17 ( 6 overs ) India won by 203 runs Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Shubman Gill ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat . Placement matches ( edit ) 15th - place playoff ( edit ) 27 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Kenya 176 ( 50 overs ) Papua New Guinea 162 ( 48.3 overs ) Jayant Mepani 44 ( 79 ) Semo Kamea 3 / 24 ( 10 overs ) Nou Rarua 47 ( 94 ) Gerard Mwendwa 4 / 37 ( 9.3 overs ) Kenya won by 14 runs Rangiora Recreation Ground , Rangiora Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : Jayant Mepani ( Ken ) Kenya won the toss and elected to bat . 13th - place playoff ( edit ) 27 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 288 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Namibia 186 ( 39.1 overs ) Harry Tector 101 ( 113 ) Mauritius Ngupita 2 / 41 ( 10 overs ) Lohan Louwrens 62 ( 88 ) Joshua Little 3 / 33 ( 6.1 overs ) Ireland won by 102 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : David Odhiambo ( Ken ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Harry Tector ( Ire ) Namibia won the toss and elected to field . 11th - place playoff ( edit ) 28 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Zimbabwe 272 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Canada 134 ( 37.5 overs ) Wesley Madhavere 93 ( 84 ) Faisal Jamkhandi 2 / 65 ( 9 overs ) Akash Gill 60 ( 63 ) Wesley Madhevere 4 / 24 ( 7.5 overs ) Zimbabwe won by 138 runs Rangiora Recreation Ground , Rangiora Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Wesley Madhevere ( Zim ) Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat . 9th - place playoff ( Plate final ) ( edit ) 28 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard West Indies 254 / 5 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 255 / 7 ( 49.4 overs ) Alick Athanaze 110 * ( 110 ) Praveen Jayawickrama 2 / 33 ( 10 overs ) Hasitha Boyagoda 116 ( 124 ) Bhaskar Yadram 2 / 42 ( 10 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 3 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Hasitha Boyagoda ( SL ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . 7th - place playoff ( edit ) 30 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard England 261 / 7 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 229 ( 47.1 overs ) Tom Banton 112 ( 122 ) Luke Georgeson 3 / 29 ( 10 overs ) Finn Allen 87 ( 100 ) Will Jacks 3 / 41 ( 9.1 overs ) England won by 32 runs John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Ian Ramage ( Sco ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Tom Banton ( Eng ) England won the toss and elected to bat . 5th - place playoff ( edit ) 31 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh 178 ( 41.4 overs ) South Africa 180 / 2 ( 38.3 overs ) Afif Hossain 63 ( 59 ) Fraser Jones 5 / 32 ( 8 overs ) Raynard van Tonder 82 * ( 99 ) Roni Hossain 1 / 21 ( 7 overs ) South Africa won by 8 wickets John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) Player of the match : Fraser Jones ( SA ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat . 3rd - place playoff ( edit ) 1 February 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan Pakistan Match abandoned John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) No toss . No play was possible due to a wet outfield . Pakistan finished in third place as they finished their group ahead of Afghanistan on net run rate . Final ( edit ) 3 February 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard Australia 216 ( 47.2 overs ) India 220 / 2 ( 38.5 overs ) Jonathan Merlo 76 ( 102 ) Ishan Porel 2 / 30 ( 7 overs ) Manjot Kalra 101 * ( 102 ) Will Sutherland 1 / 36 ( 6.5 overs ) India won by 8 wickets Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Shaun George ( SA ) Player of the match : Manjot Kalra ( Ind ) Australia won the toss and elected to bat . India won their fourth U19 World Cup , the most by any team . Manjot Kalra ( Ind ) became the fifth batsman to score a hundred in an U19 World Cup final . Final standings ( edit ) Pos . Team India Australia Pakistan Afghanistan 5 South Africa 6 Bangladesh 7 England 8 New Zealand 9 Sri Lanka 10 West Indies 11 Zimbabwe 12 Canada 13 Ireland 14 Namibia 15 Kenya 16 Papua New Guinea References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tauranga , Whangarei to host U-19 World Cup games '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 10 January 2016 ) . `` BACK TO THE FUTURE - History of ICC U19 Cricket World Cup '' -- International Cricket Council . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICC U19 Cricket World Cup opens in New Zealand '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies win U-19 world cup '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan , New Zealand and South Africa qualify for super league as Windies fail to defend title '' . International Cricket Council . 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan , NZ , South Africa qualify for Super League '' . Times of India . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC U-19 World Cup : Australia , Pakistan Join India in Quarter - finals '' . News18 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC U-19 World Cup : India face Bangladesh in quarter - finals '' . Times of India . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teams look for crack combinations in Super League '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boyagoda , Lakshan help Sri Lanka beat Windies and win Plate Championship '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia coast into Final on back of Merlo four - for , Edwards half - century '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ruthless India seal spot in final with 203 - run win '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan finish third after rain forces abandonment '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stats : The key numbers from India 's U19 CWC Final triumph '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Nixon ( 11 February 2016 ) . `` Namibia beat Nepal -- secure 2018 qualification '' -- CricketEurope . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 4 February 2016 ) . `` Outcomes from ICC Board and committee meetings '' -- International Cricket Council . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan Qualifies For U19 WC 2018 '' . Tolo News . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya stun Uganda to qualify for U19 World Cup 2018 '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan seals U19s World Cup spot '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PNG Garamuts off to eighth U19 Cricket World Cup '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland hold nerve to qualify for U19 World Cup '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match officials appointed for U19 Cricket World Cup '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Under 19 Cricket World Cup 2018 Squads '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan pick fresh faces ahead of world - beater Rashid '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC U19 Cricket World Cup 2018 schedule announced '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WI U-19s to open 2018 World Cup campaign against hosts NZ '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Makwetu , Rolfes lead South Africa into quarter - finals '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Record wicket haul was ' unreal ' - Ralston '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` McSweeney 156 , Ralston 7 for 15 bulldoze PNG '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gill , spinners lead rout of Zimbabwe '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England march into quarter - finals with massive win '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan beat Sri Lanka to seal quarter - final berth '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan seal quarter - final berth , Sri Lanka knocked out '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hasitha Boyagoda 's 191 helps Sri Lanka go past Kenya '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd Pope spins Australia to stunning comeback win '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manjot Kalra 's ton leads India Under - 19 to World Cup glory '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 3 Feb 2018 . External links ( edit ) ICC U19 Cricket World Cup 2018 at ICC ICC U19 Cricket World Cup 2018 at New Zealand Cricket Series home at ESPN Cricinfo Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Tournaments Australia 1988 South Africa 1998 Sri Lanka 2000 New Zealand 2002 Bangladesh 2004 Sri Lanka 2006 Malaysia 2008 New Zealand 2010 Australia 2012 UAE 2014 Bangladesh 2016 New Zealand 2018 South Africa 2020 Squads 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Qualification 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Regional Africa Americas Asia East Asia - Pacific Europe International cricket in 2017 -- 18 Preceding season : International cricket in 2017 September 2017 Australia in India Netherlands in Zimbabwe Sri Lanka vs. Pakistan in United Arab Emirates Bangladesh in South Africa October 2017 Sri Lanka women in West Indies West Indies in Zimbabwe England women in Australia New Zealand in India Hong Kong Cricket Sixes New Zealand women vs. Pakistan in United Arab Emirates November 2017 Sri Lanka in India England in Australia The Ashes Scotland vs. PNG in United Arab Emirates Sri Lanka in South Africa December 2017 West Indies in New Zealand Ireland vs. Afghanistan in United Arab Emirates Zimbabwe in South Africa January 2018 India in South Africa Pakistan in New Zealand United Arab Emirates Tri-Nation Series Bangladesh Tri-Nation Series Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Sri Lanka in Bangladesh February 2018 India women in South Africa Trans - Tasman Tri-Series Zimbabwe vs. Afghanistan in United Arab Emirates World Cricket League Division Two England in New Zealand March 2018 Australia in South Africa ball - tampering scandal Cricket World Cup Qualifier West Indies women in New Zealand Nidahas Trophy Australia women in India Pakistan women in Sri Lanka India women 's Tri-Nation Series April 2018 West Indies in Pakistan England women in India Ongoing Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Championship Women 's Championship Following season : International cricket in 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup&oldid=861278116 '' Categories : ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup 2018 in cricket International cricket competitions in New Zealand International cricket competitions in 2017 -- 18 2018 ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup January 2018 sports events in Oceania February 2018 sports events in Oceania Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2017 Use New Zealand English from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी मैथिली मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2018 , at 09 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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who won the icc u19 world cup 2018
[ "In the first Super League semi-final, Australia beat Afghanistan by 6 wickets to progress to the final.[11] In the second semi-final, India beat Pakistan by 203 runs to advance into the final.[12] In the third-place playoff, no play was possible due to rain and a wet outfield. Pakistan therefore finished in third place, as they finished their group ahead of Afghanistan on net run rate.[13] In the final, India beat Australia by 8 wickets to win their fourth Under-19 World Cup, the most by any side.[14]\n" ]
[ "Afghanistan" ]
2468750340886416640
Perfect (Ed Sheeran song)
Perfect ( Ed Sheeran song ) - wikipedia Perfect ( Ed Sheeran song ) `` Perfect '' Single by Ed Sheeran from the album ÷ Language English Italian ( `` Perfect Symphony '' ) Released 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) Format CD single digital download Genre Classical crossover ( `` Perfect Symphony '' ) Length 4 : 23 4 : 19 ( `` Perfect Duet '' ) 4 : 25 ( `` Perfect Symphony '' ) Label Asylum Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Ed Sheeran Beyoncé ( `` Perfect Duet '' ) Andrea Bocelli ( `` Perfect Symphony '' ) Producer ( s ) Ed Sheeran Will Hicks Benny Blanco Ed Sheeran singles chronology `` Galway Girl '' ( 2017 ) `` Perfect '' ( 2017 ) `` Boa Me '' ( 2017 ) Beyoncé singles chronology `` Walk on Water '' ( 2017 ) `` Perfect Duet '' ( 2017 ) `` Family Feud '' ( 2018 ) Andrea Bocelli singles chronology `` E Più Ti Penso '' ( 2015 ) `` Perfect Symphony '' ( 2017 ) Alternative cover Duet with Beyoncé Music video `` Perfect '' on YouTube `` Perfect '' is a song by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran from his third studio album , ÷ ( 2017 ) . After the album 's release it charted at number four on the UK Singles Chart . On 21 August 2017 , Billboard announced that `` Perfect '' would be the fourth single from the album . The song was serviced to pop radio on 26 September 2017 , as the third single from the album in the United States ( fourth overall ) . The song eventually reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 in December 2017 . `` Perfect '' became the UK Christmas number - one song for 2017 , and also peaked at number one in sixteen other countries , including Australia , Canada , Ireland and New Zealand . The second version of the single , titled `` Perfect Duet '' , with American singer Beyoncé was released on 1 December 2017 . Another duet with Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli , titled `` Perfect Symphony '' , was released on 15 December 2017 . The song and its official music video received three nominations at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards . Contents 1 Composition and production 2 Commercial performance 3 Music videos 4 Remixes and duets 5 Formats and track listings 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 All - time charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 See also 10 References Composition and production ( edit ) `` Perfect '' was the first track Sheeran wrote for his third studio album ÷ . The song is a romantic ballad written about his girlfriend Cherry Seaborn , whom he knew from school and reconnected with when she was working in New York . Sheeran revealed that the inspiration for the lyrics came after visiting James Blunt 's house in Ibiza , where the two singers had listened to the rapper Future 's music at six in the morning . He said : `` Barefoot on the grass , dancing to our favorite song , which happened to be Future 's `` March Madness '' ... I booked the studio for the day , and I had that and I was like , right , let me just flesh that out . And the song happened and was sort of finished that day . I knew it was special . '' In an interview with Zane Lowe , Sheeran said that he needed to write the best love song of his career with `` Perfect '' . He said : `` I need to do it 100 % me , so everyone will listen to that will be like , `` Ah ! He can actually do it ! '' ... I wanted to beat `` Thinking Out Loud '' , ' cause I know that song was going to define me . '' He also produced the song himself with help from Will Hicks , and strings orchestration from his brother Matthew Sheeran . This is the first time the brothers had collaborated on a song as it was the final wish of their grandmother to see the brothers working together before she died . A fully orchestral version of the song was recorded at Abbey Road Studios although only parts of it were used in the original release of the song . The full orchestral version was used in the duet with Andrea Bocelli . The song is performed in the key of A ♭ major with a tempo of 63 beats per minute in time ( if not using triplets ) or time ( if using triplets ) . `` Perfect '' moves at a chord progression of A ♭ 5 -- Fm 7 -- D ♭ sus2 -- E ♭ . The vocals span from E ♭ to A ♭ in the song . Commercial performance ( edit ) In March 2017 , Sheeran broke the record set by Frankie Laine in 1953 , occupying all of the top five positions in the United Kingdom , and placing nine songs in the top ten of the UK Singles Chart . Also , every single one of the sixteen tracks from his new album ÷ entered the top twenty . `` Perfect '' debuted at number four , selling 62,599 copies . After Sheeran 's performance of `` Perfect '' on The X Factor on 26 November 2017 , the song reached a new peak in the UK , advancing to number three and selling 32,507 units . The Beyoncé version , released on 1 December 2017 , drove consumption of the track to 89,359 sales ( including 45,460 from sales - equivalent streams ) as it became Sheeran 's second number - one song from ÷ , following `` Shape of You '' -- and his fourth number - one single in total . With UK sales of 1,048,313 , `` Perfect '' became Sheeran 's tenth million - selling single . It was the Christmas number - one song for 2017 , and held the summit for six consecutive weeks before being displaced by Eminem 's `` River '' , which features Sheeran as a guest artist . In the United States , ten songs from ÷ debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 2017 , including `` Perfect '' at number thirty - seven . In October , the song ascended to number eighteen and became the third song from ÷ to reach the country 's top twenty . It also lifted 4 -- 3 on Digital Songs ( 50,000 downloads sold ) , 34 -- 30 on Radio Songs ( 45 million ) and 46 -- 35 on Streaming Songs ( 11.5 million ) . On 30 October 2017 , `` Perfect '' soared to the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . The ballad gained in all metrics , holding at number three on Digital Song Sales ( 53,000 , up 7 percent ) and climbing 30 - 22 on Radio Songs ( 53 million , up 16 percent ) and 35 -- 27 on Streaming Songs ( 13.1 million , up 14 percent ) . On 20 November 2017 , `` Perfect '' pushed to a new Billboard Hot 100 high ( 8 -- 7 ) and reached the Radio Songs top ten ( 17 -- 10 ; 73 million , up 16 percent ) . Sheeran scored his seventh Radio Songs top ten and the third from his album ÷ , following `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' . The next week , `` Perfect '' hit top five on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the second - highest - charting hit from his album ÷ , following `` Shape of You '' . `` Perfect '' became Sheeran 's third top five hit overall ; his first , `` Thinking Out Loud '' , rose to number two in 2015 . `` Perfect '' remained at number three on Digital Song Sales ( 60,000 , down 6 percent ) and powered 10 -- 6 on Radio Songs ( 80 million , up 10 percent ) and 38 -- 15 on Streaming Songs ( 18.9 million , up 61 percent ) . On 4 December 2017 , `` Perfect '' pushed to a new number three Billboard Hot 100 high , and became Sheeran 's third number one on Digital Song Sales ( 69,000 , down 1 percent ) . He previously topped the chart for a week in 2015 with `` Thinking Out Loud '' and for ten weeks earlier in 2017 with `` Shape of You '' . `` Perfect '' reached number one on Digital Song Sales , aided by the first few hours of tracking for its duet version , released before the end of the sales ( and streaming ) tracking week at 7 p.m. ET on 30 November . For the full week , the Beyoncé version accounted for 18 percent of the song 's sales . On 11 December 2017 , after a full tracking week , the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Sheeran 's second number - one song in the United States and Beyoncé 's sixth as a solo act . `` Perfect '' remained at number - one on the Digital Songs chart with sales of 181,000 copies ( up 202 percent ) . The duet version accounted for 63 percent of the song 's total sales for the week . `` Perfect '' also rose 11 -- 3 on the Streaming Songs chart with 34.9 million US streams , up 87 percent , while on Radio Songs , it pushed 4 -- 3 ( 102 million in audience , up 14 percent ) . The duet topped the Hot 100 for five weeks . The original version of the song would later take over at the top on the week ending 20 January 2018 . After six total weeks at number one , the song was dethroned by `` Havana '' by Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug . `` Perfect '' was the seventh best - selling song of 2017 in the US , with 1,340,000 copies sold that year . The original version peaked at number one in Austria , Belgium , France , Luxembourg , Malaysia , Netherlands , Philippines , Poland , Scotland , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Switzerland . After the Beyoncé duet release , `` Perfect '' also reached number one in Australia , Denmark , Germany , Ireland , Italy , New Zealand , Sweden , the United Kingdom , and the United States . The song is Sheeran 's fourth to reach number one in Australia , and held the country 's top spot for eight consecutive weeks before `` God 's Plan '' by Drake displaced it . It went to number one as well in Canada , becoming Sheeran 's second number one there and Beyoncé 's first . Music Videos ( edit ) The video for `` Perfect '' narrates a romantic story that happened in the Hintertux Mountains , Austria On 22 September 2017 , a lyric video for `` Perfect '' was released on Sheeran 's YouTube channel . The music video for `` Perfect '' was released on Sheeran 's YouTube channel on 9 November 2017 . The video stars Zoey Deutch and was directed by Jason Koenig , who also directed the video for `` Shape of You '' . The video was filmed at the Austrian ski resort of Hintertux and shows Sheeran and Deutch going on a ski trip with friends , with the two dancing in the snow and ending up in a cabin together . Ross McNeilage who writes for MTV UK called the video a `` Christmas dream '' for its wintery visual . While praising the simple story and the video 's cinematography , McNeilage noted that Zoey Deutch acts opposite to the superstar as his love interest and we watch as they `` coyly flirt until they realise their love for one another and slow dance in the snow together . '' As of August 2018 , the music video has received over 1.3 billion views on YouTube . It received nominations for Song of the Year , Best Pop Video and Best Direction at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards . On 15 December 2017 , a music video for `` Perfect Symphony '' ( duet with Andrea Bocelli ) was also released . Remixes and duets ( edit ) In November 2017 , Sheeran released an acoustic version of `` Perfect '' and two remixes by Mike Perry and Robin Schulz . A version of `` Perfect '' , titled `` Perfect Duet '' , with American singer Beyoncé was released on 1 December 2017 . The song is a stripped down , acoustic version of the original , with Beyoncé singing the second verse from a female perspective . Sheeran stated the song was Beyoncé 's favorite from the album , and reached out to her to re-record the song . Beyoncé agreed , and the two recorded the song in May 2017 . An operatic version of `` Perfect '' with Andrea Bocelli , titled `` Perfect Symphony '' and sung partly in Italian , was released on 15 December 2017 . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' 4 : 23 Digital download -- acoustic No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' ( acoustic ) 4 : 20 Digital download -- Mike Perry remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' ( Mike Perry remix ) 3 : 41 Digital download -- Robin Schulz remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' ( Robin Schulz remix ) 4 : 09 Digital download -- duet with Beyoncé No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect Duet '' ( with Beyoncé ) 4 : 19 Digital download -- duet with Andrea Bocelli No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect Symphony '' ( with Andrea Bocelli ) 4 : 25 German CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' 4 : 23 2 . `` Perfect '' ( acoustic ) 4 : 20 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original version Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 7 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Bolivia ( Monitor Latino ) 12 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Costa Rica ( Monitor Latino ) 17 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Ecuador ( National - Report ) El Salvador ( Monitor Latino ) 6 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Airplay ( IFPI ) 11 Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Guatemala ( Monitor Latino ) 19 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 66 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Paraguay ( Monitor Latino ) 16 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) 5 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 53 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Singapore ( RIAS ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Korea International ( Gaon ) 36 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Uruguay ( Monitor Latino ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 37 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart entries where Beyoncé duet is credited Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Brazil Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 30 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 5 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 8 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 61 Portugal ( AFP ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 13 South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 18 Chart entries where Andrea Bocelli duet is credited Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 26 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 18 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 62 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 53 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 36 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 8 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 34 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Poland ( ZPAV ) 55 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position US Billboard Hot 100 91 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 9 × Platinum 630,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 3 × Platinum 0 Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 640,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 3 × Platinum 270,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 233,333 Germany ( BVMI ) Diamond 1,000,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 × Platinum 350,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Platinum 10,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 6 × Platinum 180,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 1,340,000 Beyoncé remix only Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 5,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref . United States 26 September 2017 Contemporary hit radio Original Atlantic 2 October 2017 Hot adult contemporary radio Worldwide 10 November 2017 Digital download Acoustic Mike Perry remix 24 November 2017 Robin Schulz remix Germany CD single Original Warner Music International Italy 1 December 2017 Contemporary hit radio Duet ( with Beyoncé ) Warner Worldwide Digital download Atlantic Italy 15 December 2017 Contemporary hit radio Symphony ( with Andrea Bocelli ) Warner Worldwide Digital download Atlantic See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Austria ) List of Ultratop 50 number - one singles of 2017 List of Ultratop 50 number - one singles of 2018 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one songs of the 2010s ( Czech Republic ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Denmark ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Denmark ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2017 List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one hits of 2017 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Italy ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Italy ) List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Malaysia ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Malaysia ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2017 List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Poland ) List of Scottish number - one singles of 2017 List of Scottish number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Singapore ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Slovenia ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Slovenia ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2018 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Perfect Symphony ' Featuring Andrea Bocelli : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Roisin ( 3 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran , Divide , album review : Singer - songwriter 's third record is impressive for ambition alone '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Divide and conquer : Ed Sheeran smashes UK chart records with new album and dominates singles rankings '' . The Telegraph . 10 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' on Hot 100 : Second Song Ever to Lead for at Least 15 Weeks '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on 29 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : White , Jack ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's Perfect remix features Beyonce '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Perfect Symphony ( with Andrea Bocelli ) -- Single by Ed Sheeran '' . iTunes Store . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Melton , Lori ( 5 September 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran talks collaborating with his brother on ' Perfect ' '' . AXS . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran : ' I 've got a song that 's better than Thinking Out Loud ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Drewe , Ian ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran : How I Won Over My ' Wonderful ' Girlfriend '' . US Magazine . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zane Lowe ( 3 February 2017 ) . Zane Lowe and Ed Sheeran , Pt 2 . iTunes . Event occurs at 15 : 50 -- 23 : 20 . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline ( 3 March 2017 ) . `` Hear the Ballad Ed Sheeran Calls ' The Best Love Song ' of His Career '' . MTV News . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Delivers ' Perfect Symphony ' Featuring Andrea Bocelli '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Sheeran , Ed . `` Ed Sheeran `` Perfect '' Sheet Music in Ab Major ( transposable ) -- Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Jones ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Ed Sheeran dominates singles chart with nine of Top 10 songs '' . Music Week . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Alan Jones ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` OCharts Analysis : Camila Cabello makes it five weeks at the top '' . Music Week . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Jones ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` Charts Analysis : Ed Sheeran 's Perfect result on singles chart '' . Music Week . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 22 December 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran claims Christmas Number 1 : `` It 's an actual dream '' `` . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 19 January 2018 ) . `` Eminem claims his ninth Number 1 with River on the Official Singles Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Stays Atop Hot 100 , Clean Bandit Bounds to Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( 24 October 2017 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Gucci Mane , P ! nk , Ed Sheeran & Camila Cabello Hit the Top 20 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Post Malone & 21 Savage Lead Hot 100 , Camila Cabello & Ed Sheeran Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Post Malone 's ' Rockstar ' Tops Hot 100 , Camila Cabello 's ' Havana ' Is Top Seller & Imagine Dragons ' ' Thunder ' Rules Radio '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` Post Malone 's ' Rockstar ' Rules Billboard Hot 100 , Ed Sheeran 's ' Perfect ' Hits Top Five '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( 4 December 2017 ) . `` Post Malone 's ' Rockstar ' Leads Billboard Hot 100 for Eighth Week , G - Eazy 's ' No Limit ' Lifts to Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran & Beyonce 's ' Perfect ' Tops Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 22 January 2018 ) . `` Camila Cabello Earns First Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 With ' Havana , ' Featuring Young Thug '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Is Nielsen Music 's Top Album of 2017 in U.S. '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. 11 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's Perfect Hits # 1 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 3 February 2018 ) . `` Australian Singles : Drake ' God 's Plan ' Is The First New No 1 of 2018 '' . Noise11.com . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beyonce Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Ed Sheeran 's lyric video for new single ' Perfect ' '' . NME . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Around The World With Ed Sheeran : 5 of His ' Divide ' Destination Music Videos '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Elizabeth ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` Zoey Deutch Stars in Ed Sheeran 's New Music Video , `` Perfect '' `` . W Magazine . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Releases Heartbreakingly Sweet ' Perfect ' Video '' . MTV UK . 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Perfect ( Official Music Video ) '' . 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Cardi B , Beyonce , Jay - Z Lead 2018 MTV VMA Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Perfect Symphony ( with Andrea Bocelli ) '' . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Perfect ( Acoustic ) -- Single by Ed Sheeran '' . iTunes Store . 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Perfect ( Mike Perry Remix ) -- Single by Ed Sheeran '' . iTunes Store . 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Perfect ( Robin Schulz Remix ) -- Single by Ed Sheeran '' . iTunes Store . 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran & Beyonce Team for ' Perfect ' Duet '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran and Andrea Bocelli collaborate on new Perfect remix '' . music-news.com. 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect Duet ( with Beyoncé ) -- Single by Ed Sheeran '' . iTunes Store . 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Perfect ( 2 - Track ) -- Ed Sheeran '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de. 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 9 al 15 de Abril , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 16 April 2018 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bolivia General '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica General '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20183 into search . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201748 into search . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Ecuador '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . Archived from the original on 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` El Salvador General '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on 10 May 2018 . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : Perfect '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Chart '' ( in Greek ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Song Sales : Jan 27 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guatemala General '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Ed Sheeran '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Perfect Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Ed Sheeran '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard. 4 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay : Dec 23 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 48 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Mega Top 50 -- AVROTROS -- NPO 3FM '' . Mega Top 50 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paraguay General '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on 9 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 50 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 2 `` '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201747 into search . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201741 into search . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Issue date : 2017.11. 26 -- 2017.12. 02 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay General '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ed Sheeran with Beyoncé -- Perfect '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Brasil '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201822 into search . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201749 into search . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran , beyoncé : Perfect Duet ( Ed Sheeran & Beyoncé ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 49 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Mega Top 50 -- AVROTROS -- NPO 3FM '' . Mega Top 50 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 1 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Ed Sheeran / Beyoncé -- Perfect '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201749 into search . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Issue date : 2017.12. 03 -- 2017.12. 09 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones lista ( Ventas en España ) -- Semana del 10.12. 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ed Sheeran / Andrea Bocelli -- Perfect '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. 25 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 ARIA Singles Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles Annuel ( physique + téléchargement + streaming ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 -- eladási darabszám alapján -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Singles : Page 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Enter Ed Sheeran in the field Interpret . Enter Perfect in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran `` Perfect '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Perfect ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Archived from the original on 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Perfect ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Perfect in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Archived from the original on 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect duet ( with Beyoncé ) '' elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' ( To access , enter the search parameter `` Ed Sheeran '' and select `` Search by Keyword '' ) ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC > Future Releases '' . All Access . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/ed-sheeran-beyonce-perfect-duet-177124-01-12-2017-radiodate/ Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/ed-sheeran-with-andrea-bocelli-perfect-symphony-177187-15-12-2017-radiodate/ Ed Sheeran songs Discography + `` The A Team '' `` Drunk '' `` Small Bump '' `` Lego House '' `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' `` Give Me Love '' `` The Parting Glass '' x `` One '' `` I 'm a Mess '' `` Sing '' `` Do n't '' `` Photograph '' `` Bloodstream '' `` Tenerife Sea '' `` The Man '' `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Afire Love '' ÷ `` Eraser '' `` Castle on the Hill '' `` Dive '' `` Shape of You '' `` Perfect '' `` Galway Girl '' `` Happier '' `` New Man '' `` Hearts Do n't Break Around Here '' `` What Do I Know ? '' `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' `` Supermarket Flowers '' `` Nancy Mulligan '' Other songs `` All of the Stars '' `` Candle in the Wind '' `` I See Fire '' `` Make It Rain '' Featured songs `` All About It '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Dreamers '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Hush Little Baby '' `` If I Could '' `` Lay It All on Me '' `` Old School Love '' `` Reuf '' `` Teardrop '' `` Watchtower '' `` Young Guns '' `` Boa Me '' `` End Game '' `` River '' Category Beyoncé songs Discography Dangerously in Love `` Crazy in Love '' `` Naughty Girl '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Me , Myself and I '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' `` Daddy '' Live at Wembley `` What 's It Gonna Be '' `` Wishing on a Star '' B'Day `` Déjà Vu '' `` Get Me Bodied '' `` Suga Mama '' `` Upgrade U '' `` Ring the Alarm '' `` Kitty Kat '' `` Freakum Dress '' `` Green Light '' `` Irreplaceable '' `` Resentment '' `` Check on It '' `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Welcome to Hollywood '' `` Flaws and All '' `` Still in Love ( Kissing You ) '' `` Listen '' `` Amor Gitano '' I Am ... Sasha Fierce `` If I Were a Boy '' `` Halo '' `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` Radio '' `` Diva '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Video Phone '' `` Ego '' `` Honesty '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Poison '' `` 1 + 1 '' `` I Care '' `` I Miss You '' `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` Party '' `` Rather Die Young '' `` Start Over '' `` Love On Top '' `` Countdown '' `` End of Time '' `` I Was Here '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Lay Up Under Me '' `` Schoolin ' Life '' `` Dance for You '' Beyoncé `` Pretty Hurts '' `` Haunted '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Blow '' `` No Angel '' `` Partition '' `` Jealous '' `` Rocket '' `` Mine '' `` XO '' `` Flawless '' `` Superpower '' `` Heaven '' `` 7 / 11 '' `` Ring Off '' Lemonade `` Pray You Catch Me '' `` Hold Up '' `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` Sorry '' `` 6 Inch '' `` Daddy Lessons '' `` Love Drought '' `` Sandcastles '' `` Forward '' `` Freedom '' `` All Night '' `` Formation '' Everything Is Love `` Apeshit '' As featured artist `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Fighting Temptation '' `` Hollywood '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` I Got That '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lift Off '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Mi Gente '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Say Yes '' `` See Me Now '' `` Shining '' `` Telephone '' `` Top Off '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Walk on Water '' `` What More Can I Give '' Other songs `` A Woman Like Me '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Back to Black '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` Die with You '' `` Fever '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` Sexy Lil Thug '' `` One Night Only '' `` Perfect Duet '' `` Summertime '' `` Work It Out '' Book Category Andrea Bocelli Discography Awards and nominations Teatro del Silenzio Studio albums Il Mare Calmo della Sera ( 1994 ) Bocelli ( 1995 ) Viaggio Italiano ( 1996 / 1997 ) Aria : The Opera Album ( 1998 ) Sogno ( 1999 ) Sacred Arias ( 1999 ) Verdi ( 2000 ) Cieli di Toscana ( 2001 ) Sentimento ( 2002 ) Andrea ( 2004 ) Amore ( 2006 ) Incanto ( 2008 ) My Christmas ( 2009 ) Passione ( 2013 ) Cinema ( 2015 ) Live albums Under the Desert Sky ( 2006 ) Vivere Live in Tuscany ( 2008 ) Concerto : One Night in Central Park ( 2011 ) Compilations Romanza ( 1997 ) The Best of Andrea Bocelli : Vivere ( 2007 ) Opera ( 2012 ) Romanza ( 20th Anniversary Edition ) ( 2016 ) Other albums Carmen : Duets & Arias ( 2010 ) Notte Illuminata ( 2011 ) Opera recordings La Bohème ( 2000 ) Tosca ( 2003 ) Il Trovatore ( 2004 ) Werther ( 2005 ) Pagliacci ( 2006 ) Cavalleria Rusticana ( 2007 ) Carmen ( 2008 / 2010 ) Andrea Chénier ( 2010 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 2012 ) Manon Lescaut ( 2014 ) Turandot ( 2015 ) Aida ( 2016 ) Video albums A Night in Tuscany ( 1998 ) Sacred Arias : The Home Video ( 2000 ) Tuscan Skies ( Cieli di Toscana ) ( 2002 ) Credo : John Paul II ( 2006 ) Under the Desert Sky ( 2006 ) Vivere Live in Tuscany ( 2008 ) Incanto : The Documentary ( 2008 ) My Christmas Special ( 2009 ) Concerto : One Night in Central Park ( 2011 ) Love in Portofino ( 2013 ) Cinema ( 2015 ) Category UK Christmas number - one singles in the 2010s `` When We Collide '' ( Matt Cardle , 2010 ) `` Wherever You Are '' ( Military Wives with Gareth Malone , 2011 ) `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( The Justice Collective , 2012 ) `` Skyscraper '' ( Sam Bailey , 2013 ) `` Something I Need '' ( Ben Haenow , 2014 ) `` A Bridge over You '' ( NHS Choir , 2015 ) `` Rockabye '' ( Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul and Anne - Marie , 2016 ) `` Perfect '' ( Ed Sheeran , 2017 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfect_(Ed_Sheeran_song)&oldid=854322653 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom 2010s ballads 2017 songs Ed Sheeran songs Beyoncé songs Andrea Bocelli songs Songs written by Ed Sheeran Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Denmark Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Mega Top 50 number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Greece Number - one singles in Hungary Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland 2017 singles Pop ballads UK Singles Chart number - one singles Vocal duets Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Ireland3 Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Philippines Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 13 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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who wrote the song perfect that ed sheeran sings
[ "\"Perfect\" was the first track Sheeran wrote for his third studio album ÷.[8] The song is a romantic ballad written about his girlfriend Cherry Seaborn, whom he knew from school and reconnected with when she was working in New York.[9][10] Sheeran revealed that the inspiration for the lyrics came after visiting James Blunt's house in Ibiza, where the two singers had listened to the rapper Future's music at six in the morning.[11] He said: \"Barefoot on the grass, dancing to our favorite song, which happened to be Future's \"March Madness\"... I booked the studio for the day, and I had that and I was like, right, let me just flesh that out. And the song happened and was sort of finished that day. I knew it was special.\"[11][12]\n" ]
[ "Sheeran" ]
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Slow-wave sleep
Slow - wave sleep - wikipedia Slow - wave sleep For a better video playback experience we recommend an HTML5 video browser . Ostriches sleeping , with REM and slow - wave sleep phases Slow - wave sleep ( SWS ) , often referred to as deep sleep , consists of stage three ( combined stages 3 and 4 ) of non-rapid eye movement sleep . Initially , SWS consisted of both Stage 3 , which has 20 - 50 percent delta wave activity , and Stage 4 , which has more than 50 percent delta wave activity . However , as of 2008 , the American Academy of Sleep Medicine ( AASM ) has discontinued the use of Stage four as a separate stage . Thus , the two stages are now combined as `` Stage three '' or N3 . An epoch ( 30 seconds of sleep ) which consists of 20 % or more slow - wave ( delta ) sleep is now considered to be stage three . Contents 1 Overview 2 Electroencephalographic characteristics 3 Functions of slow - wave sleep 3.1 Neural control of slow - wave sleep 3.2 Physical healing and growth 3.3 Learning and synaptic homeostasis 4 Problems associated with slow - wave sleep 4.1 Effects of sleep deprivation 4.2 Amyloid - beta pathology 5 Individual differences in slow - wave sleep 6 Brain regions 7 Drugs 8 See also 9 References Overview ( edit ) This period of sleep is called slow - wave sleep because the EEG activity is synchronized , producing slow waves with a frequency range of 0.5 - 2 Hz and peak - to - peak amplitude greater than 75μV . The first section of the wave signifies a `` down state , '' which is an inhibition or hyperpolarizing phase in which the neurons in the neocortex are silent . This is the period when the neocortical neurons are able to rest . The second section of the wave signifies an `` up state , '' which is an excitation or depolarizing phase in which the neurons fire briefly at a high rate . The principal characteristics during slow - wave sleep that contrast with REM sleep are moderate muscle tone , slow or absent eye movement , and lack of genital activity . Slow - wave sleep is considered important for memory consolidation . This is sometimes referred to as `` sleep - dependent memory processing '' . Impaired memory consolidation has been seen in individuals with primary insomnia who thus do not perform as well as those who are healthy in memory tasks following a period of sleep . Furthermore , slow - wave sleep improves declarative memory ( which includes semantic and episodic memory ) . A central model has been hypothesized that the long - term memory storage is facilitated by an interaction between the hippocampal and neocortical networks . In several studies , after the subjects have had training to learn a declarative memory task , the density of human sleep spindles present was significantly higher than the signals observed during the control tasks that involved similar visual stimulation and cognitively - demanding tasks but did not require learning . This associated with the spontaneously occurring wave oscillations that account for the intracellular recordings from thalamic and cortical neurons . Sleep deprivation studies with humans suggest that the primary function of slow - wave sleep may be to allow the brain to recover from its daily activities . Glucose metabolism in the brain increases as a result of tasks that demand mental activity . Another function affected by slow - wave sleep is the secretion of growth hormone , which is always greatest during this stage . It is also thought to be responsible for a decrease in sympathetic and increase in parasympathetic neural activity . Electroencephalographic characteristics ( edit ) Polysomnogram demonstrating SWS , stage four . High amplitude EEG is highlighted in red . Large 75 - microvolt ( 0.5 -- 2.0 Hz ) delta waves predominate the electroencephalogram ( EEG ) . Stage N3 is defined by the presence of 20 % delta waves in any given 30 - second epoch of the EEG during sleep , by the current 2007 AASM guidelines . Longer periods of SWS occur in the first part of the night , primarily in the first two sleep cycles ( roughly three hours ) . Children and young adults will have more total SWS in a night than older adults . The elderly may not go into SWS at all during many nights of sleep . Slow - wave sleep is an active phenomenon probably brought about by the activation of serotonergic neurons of the raphe system . The slow wave seen in the cortical EEG is generated through thalamocortical communication through the thalamocortical neurons . In the TC neurons this is generated by the `` slow oscillation '' and is dependent on membrane potential bistability , a property of these neurons due to an electrophysiological component known as `` I t window '' . `` I t window '' is due to the overlap underneath activation and inactivation curves if plotted for T - type calcium channels ( inward current ) . If these two curves are multiplied , and another line superimposed on the graph to show a small Ik leak current ( outward ) , then the interplay between these inward ( I t window ) and outward ( small Ik leak ) , three equilibrium points are seen at − 90 , − 70 and − 60 mv , − 90 and − 60 being stable and − 70 unstable . This property allows the generation of slow waves due to an oscillation between two stable points . It is important to note that in in vitro , mGluR must be activated on these neurons to allow a small Ik leak , as seen in in vivo situations . Functions of slow - wave sleep ( edit ) Slow - wave sleep is necessary for survival . Some animals , such as dolphins and birds , have the ability to sleep with only one hemisphere of the brain , leaving the other hemisphere awake to carry out normal functions and to remain alert . Neural control of slow - wave sleep ( edit ) Several neurotransmitters are involved in sleep and waking patterns : acetylcholine , norepinephrine , serotonin , histamine , and orexin . Neocortical neurons fire spontaneously during slow - wave sleep , thus they seem to play a role during this period of sleep . Also , these neurons appear to have some sort of internal dialogue , which accounts for the mental activity during this state where there is no information from external signals because of the synaptic inhibition at the thalamic level . The rate of recall of dreams during this state of sleep is relatively high compared to the other levels of the sleep cycle . This indicates that the mental activity is closer to real life events . Physical healing and growth ( edit ) Slow - wave sleep is the constructive phase of sleep for recuperation of the mind - body system in which it rebuilds itself after each day . Substances that have been ingested into the body while an organism is awake are synthesized into complex proteins of living tissue . Growth hormones are also secreted to facilitate the healing of muscles as well as repairing damage to any tissues . Lastly , glial cells within the brain are restored with sugars to provide energy for the brain . Learning and synaptic homeostasis ( edit ) Learning and memory formation occurs during wakefulness by the process of long - term potentiation ; SWS is associated with the regulation of synapses thus potentiated . SWS has been found to be involved in the downscaling of synapses , in which strongly stimulated or potentiated synapses are kept while weakly potentiated synapses either diminish or are removed . This may be helpful for recalibrating synapses for the next potentiation during wakefulness and for maintaining synaptic plasticity . Notably , new evidence is showing that reactivation and rescaling may be co-occurring during sleep . Problems associated with slow - wave sleep ( edit ) Bedwetting , night terrors , and sleepwalking are all common behaviors that can occur during stage three of sleep . These occur most frequently amongst children , who then generally outgrow them . Another problem that may arise is sleep - related eating disorder . An individual will sleep - walk leaving his or her bed in the middle of the night seeking out food , and will eat not having any memory of the event in the morning . Over half of individuals with this disorder become overweight . Sleep - related eating disorder can usually be treated with dopaminergic agonists , or topiramate , which is an anti-seizure medication . This nocturnal eating throughout a family suggests that heredity may be a potential cause of this disorder . Effects of sleep deprivation ( edit ) See also : Fatal familial insomnia J.A. Horne ( 1978 ) reviewed several experiments with humans and concluded that sleep deprivation has no effects on people 's physiological stress response or ability to perform physical exercise . It did , however , have an effect on cognitive functions . Some people reported distorted perceptions or hallucinations and lack of concentration on mental tasks . Thus , the major role of sleep does not appear to be rest for the body , but rest for the brain . When sleep - deprived humans sleep normally again , the recovery percentage for each stage of sleep is not the same . Only seven percent of stages one and two are regained , but 68 percent of stage - four slow - wave sleep and 53 percent of REM sleep are regained . This suggests that stage - four sleep ( known today as the deepest part of stage - three sleep ) is more important than the other stages . During slow - wave sleep , there is a significant decline in cerebral metabolic rate and cerebral blood flow . The activity falls to about 75 percent of the normal wakefulness level . The regions of the brain that are most active when awake have the highest level of delta waves during slow - wave sleep . This indicates rest is geographical . The `` shutting down '' of the brain accounts for the grogginess and confusion if someone is awakened during deep sleep since it takes the cerebral cortex time to resume its normal functions . According to J. Siegel ( 2005 ) , sleep deprivation results in the build - up of free radicals and superoxides in the brain . Free radicals are oxidizing agents that have one unpaired electron , making them highly reactive . These free radicals interact with electrons of biomolecules and damage cells . In slow - wave sleep , the decreased rate of metabolism reduces the creation of oxygen byproducts , thereby allowing the existing radical species to clear . This is a means of preventing damage to the brain . Amyloid - beta pathology ( edit ) The accumulation of Amyloid beta ( Aβ ) in the prefrontal cortex is associated with the disruption or reduction of slow waves of NREM sleep . Therefore , this may reduce the ability for memory consolidation in older adults . Individual differences in slow - wave sleep ( edit ) Though SWS is fairly consistent within the individual , it can vary across individuals . Age and gender have been noted as two of the biggest factors that affect this period of sleep . Aging is inversely proportional to the amount of SWS beginning by midlife and therefore , SWS declines with age . Sex differences have also been found , such that females tend to have higher levels of SWS compared to males , at least up until menopause . There have also been studies that have shown differences between races . The results showed that there was a lower percentage of SWS in African Americans compared to Caucasians , but since there are many influencing factors ( e.g. body mass index , sleep - disordered breathing , obesity , diabetes , and hypertension ) this potential difference must be investigated further . Brain regions ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Some of the brain regions implicated in the induction of slow - wave sleep include : the parafacial zone ( GABAergic neurons ) , located within the medulla oblongata the nucleus accumbens core ( GABAergic medium spiny neurons ; specifically , the subset of these neurons that expresses both D2 - type dopamine receptors and adenosine A receptors ) , located within the striatum the ventrolateral preoptic area ( GABAergic neurons ) , located within the hypothalamus the lateral hypothalamus ( melanin - concentrating hormone - releasing neurons ) , located within the hypothalamus Drugs ( edit ) The chemical gamma - hydroxybutyric acid ( GHB ) has been studied to increase SWS . In the United States , the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) permits the use of GHB under the trade name Xyrem to reduce cataplexy attacks and excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy . See also ( edit ) Delta sleep - inducing peptide Gaboxadol Non-rapid eye movement sleep ( NREM ) Preconscious Sleep and learning Subconscious Unconscious mind Unihemispheric slow - wave sleep Large irregular activity Sharp wave -- ripple complexes References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Lesku , J.A. ; Meyer , L.C.R. ; Fuller , A. ; Maloney , S.K. ; Dell'Omo , G. ; Vyssotski , A.L. ; Rattenborg , N.C. ( 2011 ) . Balaban , Evan , ed . `` Ostriches Sleep like Platypuses '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 8 ) : e23203 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0023203 . PMC 3160860 . PMID 21887239 . Jump up ^ Rechtschaffen , A ; Kales , A ( 1968 ) . A Manual of Standardized Terminology , Techniques and Scoring System For Sleep Stages of Human Subjects . US Dept of Health , Education , and Welfare ; National Institutes of Health . Jump up ^ Carlson , Neil R. ( 2012 ) . Physiology of Behavior . Pearson . p. 291 . ISBN 0205239390 . Jump up ^ Schulz , Hartmut ( 2008 ) . `` Rethinking sleep analysis . Comment on the AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events '' . J Clin Sleep Med . American Academy of Sleep Medicine . 4 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 103 . PMC 2335403 . PMID 18468306 . Although the sequence of non-REM ( NREM ) sleep stages one to four ( R&K classification ) or N1 to N3 ( AASM classification ) fulfills the criteria ... Jump up ^ `` Glossary . A resource from the Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School , in partnership with WG Education Foundation '' . Harvard University . 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . The 1968 categorization of the combined Sleep Stages 3 - 4 was reclassified in 2007 as Stage N3 . ^ Jump up to : Iber , C ; Ancoli - Israel , S ; Chesson , A ; Quan , SF . for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine . The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events : Rules , Terminology and Technical Specifications . Westchester : American Academy of Sleep Medicine ; 2007 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Neil R. ( 2012 ) . Physiology of Behavior . Pearson . p. 291,293 . ISBN 0205239390 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/28/health/brain-aging-linked-to-sleep-related-memory-decline.html Jump up ^ Walker , Matthew P. ( 1 January 2008 ) . `` Sleep - Dependent Memory Processing '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Review of Psychiatry . 16 ( 5 ) : 287 -- 298 . doi : 10.1080 / 10673220802432517 . ISSN 1067 - 3229 . ^ Jump up to : http://walkerlab.berkeley.edu/reprints/Walker_JCSM_2009.pdf Jump up ^ Walker , Matthew P. ( 15 April 2009 ) . `` The Role of Slow Wave Sleep in Memory Processing '' . Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine . 5 ( 2 Suppl ) : S20 -- S26 . ISSN 1550 - 9389 . PMC 2824214 . PMID 19998871 . Jump up ^ Steriade , M. ( 1 January 2006 ) . `` Grouping of brain rhythms in corticothalamic systems '' ( PDF ) . Neuroscience. 137 ( 4 ) : 1087 -- f1106 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroscience. 2005.10. 029 . Jump up ^ Gais , Steffen ; Mölle , Matthias ; Helms , Kay ; Born , Jan ( 1 August 2002 ) . `` Learning - Dependent Increases in Sleep Spindle Density '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 22 ( 15 ) : 6830 -- 6834 . ISSN 0270 - 6474 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.architalbiol.org/aib/article/viewFile/411/370 ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Neil R. ( 2012 ) . Physiology of Behavior . Pearson . pp. 297 -- 298 . ISBN 0205239390 . ^ Jump up to : Slow - Wave Sleep : Beyond Insomnia . Wolters Kluwer Pharma Solutions . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9561387 - 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jones , BE ( 1 May 2003 ) . `` Arousal systems '' . Frontiers in Bioscience. 8 : s438 -- 51 . doi : 10.2741 / 1074 . ISSN 1093 - 9946 . PMID 12700104 . Jump up ^ Williams SR , Tóth TI , Turner JP , Hughes SW , Crunelli W ( 1997 ) The window component of the low threshold Ca2+ current produces input signal amplification and bistability in cat and rat thalamocortical neurons . J Physiol 505 : 689 -- 705 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Neil R. ( 2012 ) . Physiology of Behavior . Pearson . p. 305 - 307 . ISBN 0205239390 . Jump up ^ http://www.hgi.org.uk/archive/sleepanddream1.htm#.U2kpm8fhjys Jump up ^ Tononi , Giulio ; Cirelli , Chiara ( February 2006 ) . `` Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis '' . Sleep Medicine Reviews . 10 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / j. smrv. 2005.05. 002 . PMID 16376591 . Jump up ^ Gulati , Tanuj ; Guo , Ling ; Ramanathan , Dhakshin S. ; Bodepudi , Anitha ; Ganguly , Karunesh ( 2017 ) . `` Neural reactivations during sleep determine network credit assignment '' . Nature Neuroscience. 20 : 1277 -- 1284 . doi : 10.1038 / nn. 4601 . PMID 28692062 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Neil R. ( 2012 ) . Physiology of Behavior . Pearson . p. 298 . ISBN 0205239390 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Neil R. ( 2012 ) . Physiology of Behavior . Pearson . p. 299 - 300 . ISBN 0205239390 . Jump up ^ Mander , Bryce A ; Marks , Shawn M ; Vogel , Jacob W ; Rao , Vikram ; Lu , Brandon ; Saletin , Jared M ; Ancoli - Israel , Sonia ; Jagust , William J ; Walker , Matthew P ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` β - amyloid disrupts human NREM slow waves and related hippocampus - dependent memory consolidation '' . Nature Neuroscience. 18 ( 7 ) : 1051 -- 1057 . doi : 10.1038 / nn. 4035 . PMC 4482795 . Jump up ^ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00959.x/ Jump up ^ Anaclet C , Ferrari L , Arrigoni E , Bass CE , Saper CB , Lu J , Fuller PM ( September 2014 ) . `` The GABAergic parafacial zone is a medullary slow wave sleep - promoting center '' . Nat . Neurosci. 17 ( 9 ) : 1217 -- 1224 . doi : 10.1038 / nn. 3789 . PMC 4214681 . PMID 25129078 . In the present study we show , for the first time , that activation of a delimited node of GABAergic neurons located in the medullary PZ can potently initiate SWS and cortical SWA in behaving animals ... For now however it remains unclear if the PZ is interconnected with other sleep -- and wake -- promoting nodes beyond the wake -- promoting PB ... The intensity of cortical slow -- wave -- activity ( SWA : 0.5 -- 4Hz ) during SWS is also widely accepted as a reliable indicator of sleep need ... In conclusion , in the present study we demonstrated that all polygraphic and neurobehavioral manifestation of SWS , including SWA , can be initiated in behaving animals by the selective activation of a delimited node of GABAergic medullary neurons . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz MD , Kilduff TS ( December 2015 ) . `` The Neurobiology of Sleep and Wakefulness '' . The Psychiatric Clinics of North America . 38 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 644 . doi : 10.1016 / j. psc. 2015.07. 002 . PMC 4660253 . PMID 26600100 . More recently , the medullary parafacial zone ( PZ ) adjacent to the facial nerve was identified as a sleep - promoting center on the basis of anatomical , electrophysiological and chemo - and optogenetic studies . GABAergic PZ neurons inhibit glutamatergic parabrachial ( PB ) neurons that project to the BF , thereby promoting NREM sleep at the expense of wakefulness and REM sleep ... Sleep is regulated by GABAergic populations in both the preoptic area and the brainstem ; increasing evidence suggests a role for the melanin - concentrating hormone cells of the lateral hypothalamus and the parafacial zone of the brainstem ^ Jump up to : Brown RE , McKenna JT ( June 2015 ) . `` Turning a Negative into a Positive : Ascending GABAergic Control of Cortical Activation and Arousal '' . Front . Neurol. 6 : 135 . doi : 10.3389 / fneur. 2015.00135 . PMC 4463930 . PMID 26124745 . The sleep - promoting action of GABAergic neurons located in the preoptic hypothalamus ( 6 -- 8 ) is now well - known and accepted ( 9 ) . More recently , other groups of sleep - promoting GABAergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus ( melanin - concentrating hormone neurons ) and brainstem ( parafacial zone ; ( 10 ) ) have been identified . Jump up ^ Valencia Garcia S , Fort P ( December 2017 ) . `` Nucleus Accumbens , a new sleep - regulating area through the integration of motivational stimuli '' . Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 39 : 165 -- 166 . doi : 10.1038 / aps. 2017.168 . PMID 29283174 . The nucleus accumbens comprises a contingent of neurons specifically expressing the post-synaptic A2A - receptor ( A2AR ) subtype making them excitable by adenosine , its natural agonist endowed with powerful sleep - promoting properties ( 4 ) ... In both cases , large activation of A2AR - expressing neurons in NAc promotes slow wave sleep ( SWS ) by increasing the number and duration of episodes ... After optogenetic activation of the core , a similar promotion of SWS was observed , whereas no significant effects were induced when activating A2AR - expressing neurons within the shell . Jump up ^ Oishi Y , Xu Q , Wang L , Zhang BJ , Takahashi K , Takata Y , Luo YJ , Cherasse Y , Schiffmann SN , de Kerchove d'Exaerde A , Urade Y , Qu WM , Huang ZL , Lazarus M ( September 2017 ) . `` Slow - wave sleep is controlled by a subset of nucleus accumbens core neurons in mice '' . Nature Communications . 8 ( 1 ) : 734 . doi : 10.1038 / s41467 - 017 - 00781 - 4 . PMC 5622037 . PMID 28963505 . Here , we show that chemogenetic or optogenetic activation of excitatory adenosine A2A receptor - expressing indirect pathway neurons in the core region of the NAc strongly induces slow - wave sleep . Chemogenetic inhibition of the NAc indirect pathway neurons prevents the sleep induction , but does not affect the homoeostatic sleep rebound . Jump up ^ Yuan XS , Wang L , Dong H , Qu WM , Yang SR , Cherasse Y , Lazarus M , Schiffmann SN , d'Exaerde AK , Li RX , Huang ZL ( October 2017 ) . `` Striatal adenosine A2A receptor neurons control active - period sleep via parvalbumin neurons in external globus pallidus '' . eLife. 6 : e29055 . doi : 10.7554 / eLife. 29055 . PMC 5655138 . PMID 29022877 . Jump up ^ Varin C , Rancillac A , Geoffroy H , Arthaud S , Fort P , Gallopin T ( 2015 ) . `` Glucose Induces Slow - Wave Sleep by Exciting the Sleep - Promoting Neurons in the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus : A New Link between Sleep and Metabolism '' . The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 ( 27 ) : 9900 -- 11 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 0609 - 15.2015 . PMID 26156991 . Jump up ^ Monti JM , Torterolo P , Lagos P ( 2013 ) . `` Melanin - concentrating hormone control of sleep - wake behavior '' . Sleep Medicine Reviews . 17 ( 4 ) : 293 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. smrv. 2012.10. 002 . PMID 23477948 . MCHergic neurons are silent during wakefulness ( W ) , increase their firing during slow wave sleep ( SWS ) and still more during REM sleep ( REMS ) . Studies in knockout mice for MCH ( MCH ( - / - ) ) have shown a reduction in SWS and an increase of W during the light and the dark phase of the light - dark cycle . Jump up ^ Torterolo P , Lagos P , Monti JM ( 2011 ) . `` Melanin - concentrating hormone : a new sleep factor ? '' . Frontiers in Neurology . 2 : 14 . doi : 10.3389 / fneur. 2011.00014 . PMC 3080035 . PMID 21516258 . Neurons containing the neuropeptide melanin - concentrating hormone ( MCH ) are mainly located in the lateral hypothalamus and the incerto - hypothalamic area , and have widespread projections throughout the brain ... Intraventricular microinjection of MCH increases both slow wave sleep ( SWS ) and REM sleep ; however , the increment in REM sleep is more pronounced ... Although both SWS and REM sleep are facilitated by MCH , REM sleep seems to be more sensitive to MCH modulation . Jump up ^ Roehrs , Timothy ; Roth , Thomas ( December 2010 ) . `` Drug - Related Sleep Stage Changes : Functional Significance and Clinical Relevance '' . Sleep Medicine Clinics . 5 ( 4 ) : 559 -- 570 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsmc. 2010.08. 002 . PMC 3041980 . PMID 21344068 . Jump up ^ http://www.theodora.com/drugs/eu/xyrem.html Further reading M. Massimini , G. Tononi , et al. , `` Breakdown of Cortical Effective Connectivity During Sleep , '' Science , vol. 309 , 2005 , pp. 2228 -- 32 . P. Cicogna , V. Natale , M. Occhionero , and M. Bosinelli , `` Slow Wave and REM Sleep Mentation , '' Sleep Research Online , vol. 3 , no . 2 , 2000 , pp. 67 -- 72 . D. Foulkes et al. , `` Ego Functions and Dreaming During Sleep Onset , '' in Charles Tart , ed. , Altered States of Consciousness , p. 75 . Rock , Andrea ( 2004 ) . The Mind at Night . Warren , Jeff ( 2007 ) . `` The Slow Wave '' . The Head Trip : Adventures on the Wheel of Consciousness . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 31408 - 0 . Psychophysiology : Sleep and sleep disorders ( F51 and G47 / 307.4 and 327 ) Sleep stages Rapid eye movement ( REM ) Non-rapid eye movement Slow - wave Brain waves Alpha wave Beta wave Delta wave Gamma wave K - complex Mu rhythm Sensorimotor rhythm Sleep spindle Theta wave Sleep disorders Dyssomnia Hypersomnia Insomnia Kleine -- Levin syndrome Narcolepsy Sleep apnea Central hypoventilation syndrome Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Sleep state misperception Circadian rhythm disorder Advanced sleep phase disorder Delayed sleep phase disorder Irregular sleep -- wake rhythm Jet lag Non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder Shift work sleep disorder Parasomnia Catathrenia Night terror Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder Sleepwalking Somniloquy Other Bruxism Cyclic alternating pattern Night eating syndrome Nocturia Nocturnal myoclonus Benign phenomena Dream Exploding head syndrome False awakening Hypnagogia / Sleep onset Hypnic jerk Lucid dream Nightmare Nocturnal clitoral tumescence Nocturnal emission Nocturnal penile tumescence Sleep paralysis Somnolence Related topics Bed Bunk bed Daybed Four - poster bed Futon Hammock Mattress Sleeping bag Bed bug Bedding Bedroom Bedtime Bedtime story Bedtime toy Biphasic and polyphasic sleep Chronotype Dream journal Excessive daytime sleepiness Hypnopompic state Lullaby Microsleep Nap Nightwear Polysomnography Power nap Second wind Siesta Sleep and creativity Sleep and learning Sleep debt Sleep deprivation Sleep diary Sleep hygiene Sleep induction Sleep inertia Sleep medicine `` Sleeping sickness '' Sleeping while on duty Sleepover Snoring Somnology Not a sleep disorder . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slow-wave_sleep&oldid=864342454 '' Categories : Sleep physiology Electroencephalography Biology of bipolar disorder Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from February 2018 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 16 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which stage of sleep is represented by delta waves
[ "Slow-wave sleep (SWS), often referred to as deep sleep, consists of stage three (combined stages 3 and 4) of non-rapid eye movement sleep.[2] Initially, SWS consisted of both Stage 3, which has 20-50 percent delta wave activity, and Stage 4, which has more than 50 percent delta wave activity.[3] However, as of 2008, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) has discontinued the use of Stage four as a separate stage.[4][5][6] Thus, the two stages are now combined as \"Stage three\" or N3. An epoch (30 seconds of sleep) which consists of 20% or more slow-wave (delta) sleep is now considered to be stage three.\n" ]
[ "three" ]
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One Ring
One Ring - wikipedia One Ring Jump to : navigation , search `` Ring - bearer '' and `` The One Ring '' redirect here . For the attendant in a wedding ceremony , see Page boy ( wedding attendant ) . For the role - playing game , see The One Ring Roleplaying Game . This Middle - earth - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The One Ring Artist 's unofficial representation of the One Ring Plot element from the Lord of the Rings franchise First appearance The Hobbit ( 1937 ) Created by J.R.R. Tolkien Genre Fantasy In - story information Type Magical ring Function Invisibility Control over other Rings of Power Specific traits and abilities Plain gold ring ; glowing inscription appears when ring is placed in flames Affiliation Sauron Isildur Gollum Bilbo Baggins Frodo Baggins Samwise Gamgee Celebrimbor The One Ring is an artefact that appears as the central plot element in J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings ( 1954 -- 55 ) . It is described in an earlier story , The Hobbit ( 1937 ) , as a magic ring of invisibility . In the sequel , The Lord of the Rings , Tolkien ascribes to the Ring a darker character , with malevolent power going far beyond conferring invisibility : it was created by Sauron the Dark Lord as part of his design to win domination over Middle - earth . The Lord of the Rings concerns the quest to destroy the Ring to keep Sauron from fulfilling his design . Contents ( hide ) 1 Literature 1.1 Description 1.2 Appearance 1.2. 1 Inscription 1.3 Ring - bearers 1.4 Internal history 1.5 Powers 1.6 Fate of the Ring - bearers 2 Symbolism 3 Adaptations 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Literature ( edit ) In The Lord of the Rings and the posthumously published The Silmarillion , Tolkien provides a detailed internal development from the forging of the Ring to its destruction . In the fictional context of Middle - earth , these events take place during several thousand years in the Second and Third Age of Arda . Description ( edit ) The One Ring was forged by the Dark Lord Sauron during the Second Age to gain dominion over the free peoples of Middle - earth . In disguise as Annatar , or `` Lord of Gifts '' , he aided the Elven smiths of Eregion and their leader Celebrimbor in the making of the Rings of Power . He then forged the One Ring himself in the fires of Mount Doom . Sauron intended it to be the most powerful of all Rings , able to rule and control those who wore the others . Since the other Rings were themselves powerful , Sauron was obliged to place much of his own power into the One to achieve his purpose . Creating the Ring simultaneously strengthened and weakened Sauron 's power . On the one hand , as long as Sauron had the Ring , he could control the power of all the other Rings , and thus he was significantly more powerful after its creation than before ; and putting such a great portion of his own power into the Ring ensured Sauron 's continued existence so long as the Ring existed . On the other hand , by binding his power within the Ring , Sauron became dependent on it -- without it his power was significantly diminished . Appearance ( edit ) The Ring seemed to be made simply of gold , but it was impervious to damage . It could be destroyed only by throwing it into the pit of the volcanic Mount Doom where it was originally forged . Unlike other rings , the One Ring was not susceptible to dragon fire . Like some lesser rings forged by the Elves as `` essays in the craft '' -- but unlike the other Rings of Power -- the One Ring bore no gem . Its identity could be determined by a little - known but simple test : when placed in a fire , it displayed a fiery Tengwar inscription in the Black Speech of Mordor , with two lines from a rhyme of lore describing the Rings : Three Rings for the Elven - kings under the sky , Seven for the Dwarf - lords in their halls of stone , Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die , One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie . One Ring to rule them all , One Ring to find them , One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie . The lines inscribed on the Ring ( in boldface above ) were pronounced by Sauron when he forged the Ring . The Elven smiths heard him chanting them , and thereupon became aware of his purpose and took off their own Rings to foil his plan . A person wearing the Ring would enter a shadowy world revealing the physical world from a different aspect , from which physical objects were harder to see . The wearer was mostly invisible to ordinary beings , such as Men , but highly visible to the Nazgûl . The Ring dimmed the wearer 's sight , while at the same time sharpening the other senses . The enigmatic Tom Bombadil appeared to be unaffected by the Ring and to have some power over it ; when he wore the Ring , it did not make him invisible , and Frodo could not become invisible to him by wearing the Ring . Also , Tom played with the Ring like a conjurer borrowing someone 's watch for a trick , seemingly making it disappear and reappear . The Ring slowly but inevitably corrupted its bearer , regardless of the bearer 's initial intent . For this reason the Wise , including Gandalf , Elrond , and Galadriel , refused to wield it themselves , but determined instead that it should be destroyed . The corrupting power of the ring was apparently stronger on individuals more inclined to evil and selfishness : it took almost immediate hold of the greedy Sméagol as soon as he saw it , and corrupted Boromir after a few months of near proximity , while its effects were only starting to be seen in the well - meaning Bilbo after his sixty years ' possession . The Ring had the ability to change size . As well as adapting to fingers of varying size , from Sauron 's to Frodo 's , it sometimes suddenly expanded to escape from its wearer . Inscription ( edit ) The words of the ring - inscription are in Black Speech , a language devised by Sauron and used in the land of Mordor . The inscription reflects the One Ring 's power to control the other Rings of Power . The writing uses Elvish letters ( tengwar ) , in a mode ( i.e. orthography ) adapted to the Black Speech . Normally the One Ring appeared perfectly plain and featureless , but when heated its inscription appeared in fiery letters . A drawing of the inscription and a translation provided by Gandalf appears in Book I , Chapter 2 of The Fellowship of the Ring , `` The Shadow of the Past '' . Gandalf speaks the words in Black Speech in Book II , Chapter 2 , `` The Council of Elrond '' : Ash nazg durbatulûk , ash nazg gimbatul , Ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum - ishi krimpatul . Translated , the words mean : One ring to rule them all , one ring to find them , One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them . When Isildur took the Ring from Sauron 's hand , it was burning hot , so the letters were legible . Isildur was able to transcribe the inscription before it faded as the Ring cooled . This transcription survived in a document Isildur left in Gondor before marching north to the Gladden Fields , where he was killed and the Ring lost . Gandalf learned of the Ring 's inscription when he read Isildur 's account . When Gandalf subsequently heated the ring that Bilbo Baggins had left to Frodo , the inscription reappeared . The wizard then had no doubt that Frodo 's ring was the One Ring . When Gandalf recited the inscription in Black Speech at the Council of Elrond , everyone trembled : The change in the wizard 's voice was astounding . Suddenly it became menacing , powerful , harsh as stone . A shadow seemed to pass over the high sun , and the porch for a moment grew dark . All trembled , and the Elves stopped their ears . The first Ballantine paperback edition of The Fellowship of the Ring printed the inscription upside - down . Some recent editions accidentally omit the first half of the translation in Book I , Chapter 2 . This error was corrected in the 50th Anniversary edition . Ring - bearers ( edit ) The term Ring - bearer is used in The Lord of the Rings to describe a person who has possessed the One Ring . The term is also used to refer to bearers of other Rings of Power . In The Lord of the Rings , Frodo Baggins was appointed Ring - bearer by the Council of Elrond in Rivendell . His task was to carry the One Ring from Rivendell to the Crack of Doom in Mordor and to destroy it before Sauron or his servants could recover it . During this journey , Frodo 's companion Samwise Gamgee also carried the ring briefly while Frodo was held captive in the Tower of Cirith Ungol . Near the onset of this journey the Ring was handled also by Tom Bombadil , upon whom the Ring had no apparent effect , and by Gandalf , who cast it into Frodo 's fireplace to verify that it was the One Ring . Frodo inherited the Ring from his uncle Bilbo Baggins . In Tolkien 's earlier novel , The Hobbit , Bilbo found the Ring in the caverns beneath the Misty Mountains . It had been lost in the caverns by Gollum , who used the invisibility it conferred to hunt orcs to eat . Gollum , a hobbit previously known as Sméagol , had kept the Ring for hundreds of years . He had murdered his friend Déagol to get the Ring shortly after Déagol found it in the river Anduin . Many centuries earlier the Ring had betrayed Isildur and fallen from his finger into the Anduin as he was eluding orcs -- who killed him when he became visible . Isildur in turn had cut the Ring from the hand of Sauron , who had made the Ring and let much of his power flow into it . Sauron was the Ring 's true master , and the only being who could bend it completely to his will . Though Déagol and Gandalf had handled the Ring , the only individuals ever to wear it were Sauron , Isildur , Sméagol / Gollum , Bilbo , Frodo , Tom Bombadil , and Samwise . None but Bilbo , Frodo , and Samwise are actually called `` Ring - bearers '' in any of Tolkien 's works . As Ring - bearers , they were granted passage to the Undying Lands , though Sam lived in the Shire for many years after the departure of Bilbo and Frodo before making the journey himself . Internal history ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of Arda After its original forging ( about S.A. 1600 ) Sauron waged the War of the Elves and Sauron against the Elves and all who opposed him . Sauron invaded and destroyed Eregion , and killed Celebrimbor , the maker of the three rings of the Elves . However , King Tar - Minastir of Númenor sent a great fleet to Middle - earth , and with this aid Gil - galad destroyed Sauron 's army and forced Sauron to return to Mordor . In S.A. 3261 , Ar - Pharazôn , the last and most powerful king of Númenor , landed at Umbar at the head of an immense army to do battle with Sauron . The sheer size and might of the Númenórean army was enough to force Sauron 's armies to flee . Sauron surrendered to Ar - Pharazôn and was taken back to Númenor as a prisoner . Tolkien , in a letter written in 1958 ( # 211 ) wrote that the surrender was both `` voluntary and cunning '' so he could gain access to Númenor . Sauron was able to use the Númenóreans ' fear of death as a way to turn them against the Valar , and manipulate them into worshipping his master , Morgoth , and performing human sacrifice . Although Sauron 's body was destroyed in the Fall of Númenor , his spirit was able to travel back to Middle - earth and wield the One Ring in his renewed war against the Last Alliance of Elves and Men between S.A. 3429 and 3441 . Tolkien emphasized that Sauron used his ring in Númenor to gain complete control over its people ; and while Sauron 's body perished in the Fall , the Ring somehow made it back to Middle - earth . Tolkien wrote , `` I do not think one need boggle at this spirit carrying off the One Ring , upon which his power of dominating minds now largely depended . '' ( letter # 211 ) . Sauron was killed again by Gil - galad and Elendil at the end of the Last Alliance . The Ring was cut from Sauron 's hand by Elendil 's son , Isildur , on the slopes of Mount Doom . Though counselled to destroy the Ring , he was swayed by its power and kept it safe instead , `` as weregild for my father , and my brother '' . A few years later , Isildur was ambushed by orcs by the River Anduin near the Gladden Fields ; he put on the Ring to escape , but it slipped from his finger as he swam across the river , and , suddenly visible , he was killed by the orcs . Since the Ring indirectly caused Isildur 's death , it was known in Gondorian lore as `` Isildur 's Bane '' . The Ring remained hidden on the river bed for almost two and a half millennia , until it was discovered on a fishing trip by a Stoor hobbit named Déagol . His friend and relative Sméagol , who had gone fishing with him , was immediately ensnared by the Ring 's power and demanded that Déagol give it to him as a `` birthday present '' ; when Déagol refused , Sméagol strangled him and took it for himself . The Ring corrupted his body and mind , turning him into the creature known as Gollum . The Ring , which Sauron had endowed with a will of its own , manipulated Gollum into hiding in a cave under the Misty Mountains near Mirkwood , where Sauron was beginning to resurface . There Gollum remained for nearly 500 years , until the Ring tired of him and fell off his finger as he was hunting an orc . As is told in The Hobbit , Bilbo found the Ring shortly afterward while lost in the tunnels near Gollum 's lair . When The Hobbit was written , Tolkien had not yet conceived of the Ring 's sinister history . Thus , in the first edition of The Hobbit , Gollum surrenders the Ring to Bilbo as a reward for winning the Riddle Game . When Tolkien revised the nature of the Ring for The Lord of the Rings , he realized that the Ring 's grip on Gollum would never permit him to give it up willingly . Tolkien therefore revised the second edition of The Hobbit : after losing the Riddle Game to Bilbo , Gollum went to get his `` Precious '' ( as he always called it ) so he could kill and eat Bilbo , but flew into a rage when he found the Ring missing . Deducing from Bilbo 's last question -- `` What have I got in my pocket ? '' -- that Bilbo had found the Ring , Gollum chased him through the caves , not realizing that the hobbit had discovered the Ring 's powers of invisibility and was following him to the cave 's exit . Bilbo escaped Gollum and the goblins by remaining invisible , but when he rejoined Gandalf and the dwarves he was travelling with , he decided not to tell them that the Ring had made him invisible . In fact he told them a story that closely followed the first edition of The Hobbit : that Gollum had given him the Ring and showed him the way out . Gandalf was not convinced and later forced the real story from Bilbo ; he was thus immediately suspicious of the Ring . Gollum eventually left the Misty Mountains to track down and reclaim the Ring . He wandered for decades , and was drawn to Mordor , where he was captured by Sauron 's forces . He was interrogated by Sauron himself , who learned that the Ring had been found and was currently held by one `` Baggins '' in the land of `` Shire '' . In T.A. 3001 , the Ring was beginning to strain Bilbo , leaving him feeling `` stretched - out and thin '' , and so he decided to leave the Shire , intending to pass the Ring to his adopted heir Frodo Baggins . He briefly gave in to the Ring 's power , even calling it `` my precious '' ; alarmed , Gandalf spoke harshly to his old friend to persuade him to give it up , which Bilbo eventually did , becoming the first Ringbearer to surrender it willingly . By this time Sauron had regained much of his power , and the Dark Tower in Mordor had been rebuilt . Gollum , released from Mordor , was captured by Gandalf and Aragorn , and from him Gandalf learned that Sauron now knew where to find the Ring . To prevent Sauron from reclaiming his Ring , Frodo and eight other companions set out from Rivendell for Mordor in an attempt to destroy the Ring in the fires of Mount Doom . During the quest , Frodo gradually became more and more susceptible to the Ring 's power , and feared that it was going to corrupt him . When he and his faithful companion Samwise Gamgee discovered Gollum on their trail and `` tamed '' him into guiding them to Mordor , Frodo began to feel a strange bond with the wretched , treacherous creature , while Gollum warmed to Frodo 's kindness and made at least some effort to keep his promise . Gollum eventually gave in to the Ring 's temptation , however , and betrayed them to the spider Shelob . Believing Frodo to be dead , Sam bore the Ring himself for a short time and experienced the temptation it induced ; he wore it briefly twice , but never succumbed to it . Sam rescued Frodo from a band of orcs at the Tower of Cirith Ungol . The hobbits , followed by Gollum , eventually arrived at Mount Doom , where Frodo was overcome by the Ring 's power and claimed it for himself . At that moment , however , Gollum attacked him and bit off his finger , taking back the Ring . Gollum was too close to the edge : as he gloated over his prize he fell into the fires of Mount Doom , taking the Ring with him , thus destroying it and Sauron 's power . Powers ( edit ) The Ring 's primary power was control of the other Rings of Power and domination of the wills of their users . The Ring also conferred power to dominate the wills of other beings whether they were wearing Rings or not -- but only in proportion to the user 's native capacity . In the same way , it amplified any inherent power its owner possessed . A mortal wearing the Ring became effectively invisible except to those able to perceive the non-physical world , with only a thin , shaky shadow discernible in the brightest sunlight . The Ring would also extend the life of a mortal possessor indefinitely by preventing natural aging . Gandalf explained that it does not `` grant new life '' , but that the possessor merely `` continues '' until life becomes unbearably wearisome . However , the Ring could not protect its bearer from destruction ; Gollum perished in the Crack of Doom while in possession of the Ring , and even Sauron himself could not preserve his body from destruction during the downfall of Númenor . Likewise , the Ring could not protect its bearer from physical harm ; Frodo was seriously injured by the Witch - king on Weathertop , and lost a finger when Gollum bit it off -- on both occasions while wearing the Ring . Sauron himself suffered the death of his physical body at the hands of Gil - galad and Elendil while wearing the Ring . Like the Nine Rings , the One Ring could physically corrupt mortals who wear it for extended periods of time , eventually transforming them into wraiths . Hobbits were more resistant to this process than Men : Gollum , who possessed the ring for five - hundred years did not become wraith - like because he did not wear the ring often after taking it to the tunnels of the Misty Mountains . The Ring might also have given its wielder the ability to read minds , as Galadriel suggested to Frodo when he wondered why he could not read the thoughts of others as she did . Within the land of Mordor where it was forged , the Ring 's power increased so significantly that even without wearing it the bearer could draw upon it , and could acquire an aura of terrible power . When Sam encountered an orc in the Tower of Cirith Ungol while holding the Ring , he appeared to the orc as a powerful warrior cloaked in shadow `` ( holding ) some nameless menace of power and doom . '' The orc was so terrified that it fled . Similarly at Mount Doom , when Frodo and Sam were attacked by Gollum , Frodo grabbed the Ring and appeared as `` a figure robed in white ... ( that ) held a wheel of fire . '' Frodo told Gollum `` in a commanding voice '' that `` If you touch me ever again , you shall be cast yourself into the Fire of Doom , '' a statement fulfilled when Gollum fell into Mount Doom with the Ring . Although the Ring was certainly invoked with this statement , it is unclear whether Frodo was prophesying ( Frodo had previously seen less sinister visions while in possession of the Ring ) , or if Frodo was actively laying a curse upon Gollum . As the Ring contained a large part of Sauron 's power , it was endowed with a malevolent sentience of sorts . While separated from Sauron , the Ring would strive to return to him by manipulating its bearer to claim ownership of it , or by abandoning the bearer at an opportune moment . For example , it slipped from Isildur 's finger during the ambush at Gladden Fields ; moments later he was killed by orcs , leaving the Ring 's whereabouts unknown to Sauron 's enemies . It also slipped off Gollum 's finger when the time was right for it to be brought back into the world at large . Warned by Bilbo of the Ring 's tendency to slip off , Frodo carried the Ring on a chain . To master all of the Ring 's capabilities , a Ring wielder would need a disciplined and well - trained mind , a strong will , and great native power . Those with weaker minds , such as Hobbits and lesser Men , would gain little benefit from the Ring , let alone realize its full potential . Even for someone with the necessary strength , it would have taken time to master the Ring 's power to the point where he was strong enough to overthrow Sauron . The prospect of mastery is the main appeal that the Ring holds for those who come in contact with it . The Ring appears as a symbol of hope , offering the power to defeat Sauron and bring peace to the world . Yet in the end , its inherent malevolence would twist its bearer into another Dark Lord as evil as Sauron , regardless of one 's intentions at the outset . Despite its power , the Ring did not render its bearer omnipotent . Three times Sauron suffered military defeat while bearing the Ring , first by Gil - galad in the War of Sauron and the Elves , again by Ar - Pharazôn when Númenórean power so overawed his armies that they deserted him , and again at the end of the Second Age with his personal defeat by Gil - galad and Elendil . Tolkien indicates , however , that such a defeat would not have been possible in the waning years of the Third Age , when the strength of the free peoples was greatly diminished . There were no remaining heroes of the stature of Gil - galad , Elendil , or Isildur ; the strength of the Elves was fading and they were departing to the Blessed Realm ; the Dwarves had been driven out of Moria and would have been unwilling to concentrate their strength in any event ; and the Númenórean kingdoms had either declined or been destroyed , and had few allies . Fate of the Ring - bearers ( edit ) Of the several bearers of the One Ring , three were still alive following the Ring 's destruction , the hobbits Bilbo Baggins , Frodo Baggins , and Samwise Gamgee . Bilbo , having borne the Ring longest of the three , had reached a very advanced age for a hobbit . Frodo suffered both physical and psychological scars from his strenuous quest to destroy the Ring . Samwise , having only briefly kept the Ring , was affected the least and simply carried on a normal life following the Ring 's destruction . In consideration of the trials the Ring - bearers had endured , special dispensation was granted them by the Valar to travel to the Undying Lands , where it was hoped they could find rest and healing . At the close of The Return of the King , Bilbo and Frodo embark for the voyage to the West along with Galadriel , Elrond , and many of their folk , as well as Gandalf . Near the end of his life , Samwise is also said to have been taken to the Undying Lands , after living in the Shire for many years and raising a large family . Tolkien emphasized that the restorative sojourn of the Ring - bearers in the Undying Lands would not have been permanent . As mortals , subject to the Gift of Men , they would eventually die and leave the world of Eä . Symbolism ( edit ) Tolkien wrote the following about the idea behind the One Ring : `` I should say that it was a mythical way of representing the truth that potency ( or perhaps potentiality ) if it is to be exercised , and produce results , has to be externalized and so as it were passes , to a greater or lesser degree , out of one 's direct control . '' ( Letter # 211 , 1958 ) . Tolkien always strongly held that The Lord of the Rings was not allegorical , particularly in reference to political events of his time such as World War II or the Cold War . At the same time he conceded `` applicability '' as being within the `` freedom '' of the reader , and indeed many people have been inclined to view the One Ring as a symbol or metaphor . The notion of a power too great for humans to safely possess is an evocative one , and already in the 1930s there were technologies available to suggest the idea . By the time the work was published , though not when most of it was written , the existence of nuclear power and nuclear weapons were common knowledge , and the Ring was often taken as symbolic of them . The effect of the Ring and its physical and spiritual after - effects on Bilbo and Frodo are obsessions that have been compared with drug addiction ; actor Andy Serkis who played Gollum in the film trilogy cited drug addiction as an inspiration for his performance . Parallels have been drawn between the literary device of Tolkien 's Cursed Ring and the titular ring in Richard Wagner 's Der Ring des Nibelungen . Tolkien dismissed critics ' direct comparisons to Wagner , telling his publisher , `` Both rings were round , and there the resemblance ceases . '' According to Humphrey Carpenter 's biography of Tolkien , the author held Wagner 's interpretation of the relevant Germanic myths in contempt . In the contrary sense , some critics hold that Tolkien 's work borrows so liberally from Wagner that Tolkien 's work exists in the shadow of Wagner 's . Others , such as Tom Shippey and Gloriana St. Clair , attribute the resemblances to the fact that Tolkien and Wagner have created homologue works based in the same sources . However , Shippey and other researchers have written on an intermediary position , stating that both the authors , indeed , used the same source materials but that Tolkien was , in fact , indebted to some of the original developments , insights and artistic uses made upon those sources that first appeared in Wagner , and sought to improve upon them . Adaptations ( edit ) The One Ring in Peter Jackson 's films . In the 1981 BBC Radio serial of The Lord of the Rings , the Nazgûl chant the Ring - inscription . In The Lord of the Rings film trilogy , the wearer of the Ring is always portrayed as moving through a shadowy realm where everything is distorted . In the book , neither Bilbo Baggins nor Frodo Baggins ever mentioned anything about this while using the Ring , but when Sam puts on the Ring at the end of The Two Towers he does experience something similar to this . Sam never wore the Ring on screen in Jackson 's films . The actual Ring for the movies was designed and created by Jens Hansen Gold & Silversmith in Nelson , New Zealand , and was based on a simple wedding ring . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Ring of Gyges Ring of the Nibelung Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Shadow of the Past '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1977 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Silmarillion , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age '' , p. 287 -- 288 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` Letter 131 '' , p. 153 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ J.R.R. Tolkien , The Lord of the Rings , `` The Shadow of the Past '' , p. 61 ( Houghton Mifflin , 50th Anniversary Edition , Boston & New York , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ JRR Tolkien : The Lord of the Rings . George Allen & Unwin , London , 1968 . ISBN 0 - 04 - 823087 - 1 . Page 60 . Jump up ^ For example , The Fellowship of the Ring , ISBN 0 - 618 - 00222 - 7 , from the Houghton - Mifflin boxed paperback set of 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1981 , # 131 pg 152 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. The Lord of the Rings . p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1981 , # 246 pg 332 Jump up ^ Letters , Number 246 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 203 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 226 Jump up ^ `` Andy Serkis BBC interview '' . BBC News . March 21 , 2003 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Alex Ross , `` The Ring and the Rings > Wagner vs Tolkien '' , The New Yorker , December 22 , 2003 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 229 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1977 ) , Tolkien : A Biography , New York : Ballantine Books , ISBN 0 - 04 - 928037 - 6 Jump up ^ Tom Shippey , The Road to Middle - earth , page 296 Jump up ^ `` CMU Libraries : Book : Tolkien 's Cauldron '' . Shelf1.library.cmu.edu. 2001 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Project MUSE - Tolkien Studies - Roots and Branches : Selected Papers on Tolkien ( review ) '' . Muse.jhu.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Roots and Branches References ( edit ) Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 ( hide ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Writings Principal works The Silmarillion The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Ring&oldid=814223528 '' Categories : Fictional elements introduced in 1937 Magic objects Middle - earth rings and jewels Fictional gemstones and jewelry Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Tolkien articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Aragonés Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Interlingua Italiano ქართული Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 15 : 09 . 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name of ring in lord of the rings
[ "The One Ring is an artefact that appears as the central plot element in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1954–55). It is described in an earlier story, The Hobbit (1937), as a magic ring of invisibility. In the sequel, The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien ascribes to the Ring a darker character, with malevolent power going far beyond conferring invisibility: it was created by Sauron the Dark Lord as part of his design to win domination over Middle-earth. The Lord of the Rings concerns the quest to destroy the Ring to keep Sauron from fulfilling his design." ]
[ "One Ring" ]
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Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year - wikipedia Chinese New Year Jump to : navigation , search For other traditions of celebrating the Lunar New Year , see Lunar New Year . For the 1991 Chinese film , see The Spring Festival . Chinese New Year Official name Ancient Chinese : 歲 首 ; literally : `` year 's start '' Also called Lunar New Year , Spring Festival , Chinese new year Observed by The Chinese Worldwide Type Cultural , religious ( Chinese folk religion , Buddhist , Confucian , Daoism ) Celebrations Lion dances , dragon dances , fireworks , family gathering , family meal , visiting friends and relatives ( 拜年 , bàinián ) , giving red envelopes , decorating with chunlian Date Chinese lunar new year 2018 date Friday , 16 February , Dog 2019 date Tuesday , 5 February , Pig Frequency Annual Related to Lantern Festival , which concludes the celebration of the Chinese New Year . Mongol New Year ( Tsagaan Sar ) , Tibetan New Year ( Losar ) , Japanese New Year ( Shōgatsu ) , Korean New Year ( Seollal ) , Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) Chinese New Year `` Spring Festival ( Chinese New Year ) '' in Traditional ( top ) and Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters Traditional Chinese 春節 Simplified Chinese 春节 Literal meaning `` Spring Festival '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chūn jié Wade -- Giles Ch'un chieh IPA ( ʈʂhwə́n tɕjě ) Wu Suzhounese Tshen tsìh Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Chēun jit Jyutping Ceon1 zit3 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Chhun cheh Tâi - lô Tshun tseh Chinese New Year , also known as the `` Spring Festival '' ( traditional Chinese : 春節 ; simplified Chinese : 春节 ; Pinyin : Chūn Jié ) in modern China , is an important Chinese festival celebrated at the turn of the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar . Celebrations traditionally run from the evening preceding the first day , to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first calendar month . The first day of the New Year falls on the new moon between 21 Jan and 20 Feb . In 2017 , the first day of the Chinese New Year was on Saturday , 28 January , initiating the year of the Rooster . The New Year festival is centuries old and gains significance because of several myths and customs . Traditionally , the festival was a time to honor deities as well as ancestors . Chinese New Year is celebrated in countries and territories with significant Chinese populations , including Mainland China , Taiwan , Hong Kong , Macau , Singapore , Indonesia , Malaysia , Thailand , Vietnam , Cambodia , Mauritius , Australia , and the Philippines . Chinese New Year is considered a major holiday for the Chinese and has had influence on the lunar new year celebrations of its geographic neighbors . Within China , regional customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely . Often , the evening preceding Chinese New Year 's Day is an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner . It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house , in order to sweep away any ill - fortune and to make way for incoming good luck . Windows and doors are decorated with red color paper - cuts and couplets with popular themes of `` good fortune '' or `` happiness '' , `` wealth '' , and `` longevity '' . Other activities include lighting firecrackers and giving money in red paper envelopes . In about one third of the Mainland population , or 500 million Northerners , dumplings ( especially those of vegetarian fillings ) feature prominently in the meals celebrating the festival . It is one of the world 's most prominent and celebrated festivals , with the `` largest annual mass human migration in the world '' . Offerings to the gods . House doorway decorated for the New Year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dates in Chinese Lunar Calendar 2 Mythology 3 Public holiday 4 Festivities 4.1 Preceding days 4.2 New Year 's Eve 4.3 First day 4.4 Second day 4.5 Third day 4.6 Fourth day 4.7 Fifth day 4.8 Seventh day 4.9 Eighth day 4.10 Ninth day 4.11 Tenth day 4.12 Fifteenth day 5 Traditional food 6 Practices 6.1 History 6.2 Red envelopes 6.3 Gift exchange 6.4 Markets 6.5 Fireworks 6.5. 1 Firecracker ban 6.6 Music 6.7 Clothing 6.8 Family portrait 6.9 Symbolism 6.10 Nianhua 6.11 Flowers 6.12 Icons and ornaments 6.13 Spring travel 7 Festivities outside China 7.1 Southeast Asia 7.2 Australia and New Zealand 7.3 North America 7.3. 1 New York 7.3. 2 California 7.4 Europe 7.5 India and Pakistan 8 Greetings 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References Dates in Chinese Lunar calendar ( edit ) Chinese New Year in Singapore Chinatown . Chinese New Year eve in Meizhou on 8 February 2005 . Chinese New Year in Kobe , Japan Southeast Asia 's largest temple -- Kek Lok Si in Penang , Malaysia -- illuminated in preparation for the Lunar New Year . Interactive chart of the dates of Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 . In the SVG graphic , hover over or click a year on the left to highlight an almost - repeating block of 19 years starting with that year . Main article : Chinese calendar The lunisolar Chinese calendar determines the date of Chinese New Year . The calendar is also used in countries that have been influenced by , or have relations with , China -- such as Korea , Japan and Vietnam , though occasionally the date celebrated may differ by one day or even one moon cycle due to using a meridian based on a different capital city in a different time zone or different placements of intercalary months . In the Gregorian calendar , Chinese Lunar New Year begins at the new moon that falls between 21 January and 20 February . The median date of Chinese New Year 's Day is lichun ( Chinese : 立春 ; literally : `` start of spring '' ) on 4 or 5 February , the solar term next to Dahan ( Chinese : 大寒 ; literally : `` major cold '' ) . Chinese calendar defines the lunar month with winter solstice as the 11th month , which means that Chinese New Year usually falls on the second new moon after the winter solstice ( rarely the third if an intercalary month intervenes ) . The Gregorian Calendar dates for Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 are below , along with the year 's presiding animal zodiac and its Stem - branch . The traditional Chinese calendar follows a Metonic cycle ( like the modern Jewish Calendar ) , and returns to the same date in Gregorian calendar roughly . The names of the Earthly Branches have no English counterparts and are not the Chinese translations of the animals . Alongside the 12 - year cycle of the animal zodiac there is a 10 - year cycle of heavenly stems . Each of the ten heavenly stems is associated with one of the five elements of Chinese astrology , namely : Wood , Fire , Earth , Metal , and Water . The elements are rotated every two years while a yin and yang association alternates every year . The elements are thus distinguished : Yang Wood , Yin Wood , Yang Fire , Yin Fire , etc . These produce a combined cycle that repeats every 60 years . For example , the year of the Yang Fire Rat occurred in 1936 and in 1996 , 60 years apart . Many people inaccurately calculate their Chinese birth - year by converting it from their Gregorian birth - year . As the Chinese New Year starts in late January to mid-February , the previous Chinese year dates through 1 January until that day in the new Gregorian year , remaining unchanged from the previous Gregorian year . For example , the 1989 year of the Snake began on 6 February 1989 . The year 1989 is generally aligned with the year of the Snake . However , the 1988 year of the Dragon officially ended on 5 February 1989 . This means that anyone born from 1 January to 5 February 1989 was actually born in the year of the Dragon rather than the year of the Snake . Many online Chinese Sign calculators do not account for the non-alignment of the two calendars , using Gregorian - calendar years rather than official Chinese New Year dates . One scheme of continuously numbered Chinese - calendar years assigns 4709 to the year beginning , 2011 , but this is not universally accepted ; the calendar is traditionally cyclical , not continuously numbered . Although the Chinese calendar traditionally does not use continuously numbered years , outside China its years are sometimes numbered from the purported reign of the mythical Yellow Emperor in the 3rd millennium BCE . But at least three different years numbered 1 are now used by various scholars , making the year beginning CE 2015 the `` Chinese year '' 4712 , 4713 , or 4652 . Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week 24 Jan Snake Wednesday 2026 17 Feb Horse Tuesday 2002 12 Feb Horse Tuesday 2027 6 Feb Goat Saturday 2003 1 Feb Goat Saturday 2028 26 Jan Monkey Wednesday 22 Jan Monkey Thursday 2029 13 Feb Rooster Tuesday 2005 9 Feb Rooster Wednesday 2030 3 Feb Dog Sunday 2006 29 Jan Dog Sunday 2031 23 Jan Pig Thursday 2007 18 Feb Pig Sunday 2032 11 Feb Rat Wednesday 2008 7 Feb Rat Thursday 2033 31 Jan Ox Monday 2009 26 Jan Ox Monday 2034 19 Feb Tiger Sunday 14 Feb Tiger Sunday 2035 8 Feb Rabbit Thursday 2011 3 Feb Rabbit Thursday 2036 28 Jan Dragon Monday 2012 23 Jan Dragon Monday 2037 15 Feb Snake Sunday 2013 10 Feb Snake Sunday 2038 4 Feb Horse Thursday 2014 31 Jan Horse Friday 2039 24 Jan Goat Monday 2015 19 Feb Goat Thursday 2040 12 Feb Monkey Sunday 2016 8 Feb Monkey Monday 2041 1 Feb Rooster Friday 2017 28 Jan Rooster Saturday 2042 22 Jan Dog Wednesday 2018 16 Feb Dog Friday 2043 10 Feb Pig Tuesday 2019 5 Feb Pig Tuesday 2044 30 Jan Rat Saturday 2020 25 Jan Rat Saturday 2045 17 Feb Ox Friday 2021 12 Feb Ox Friday 2046 6 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2022 1 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2047 26 Jan Rabbit Saturday 2023 22 Jan Rabbit Sunday 2048 14 Feb Dragon Friday 2024 10 Feb Dragon Saturday 2049 2 Feb Snake Tuesday 2025 29 Jan Snake Wednesday 2050 23 Jan Horse Sunday Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week 2051 11 Feb Goat Saturday 2076 5 Feb Monkey Wednesday 2052 1 Feb Monkey Thursday 2077 24 Jan Rooster Sunday 2053 19 Feb Rooster Wednesday 2078 12 Feb Dog Saturday 2054 8 Feb Dog Sunday 2079 2 Feb Pig Thursday 2055 28 Jan Pig Thursday 2080 22 Jan Rat Monday 2056 15 Feb Rat Tuesday 2081 9 Feb Ox Sunday 2057 4 Feb Ox Sunday 2082 29 Jan Tiger Thursday 2058 24 Jan Tiger Thursday 2083 17 Feb Rabbit Wednesday 2059 12 Feb Rabbit Wednesday 2084 6 Feb Dragon Sunday 2060 2 Feb Dragon Monday 2085 26 Jan Snake Friday 2061 21 Jan Snake Friday 2086 14 Feb Horse Thursday 2062 9 Feb Horse Thursday 2087 3 Feb Goat Monday 2063 29 Jan Goat Monday 2088 24 Jan Monkey Saturday 2064 17 Feb Monkey Sunday 2089 10 Feb Rooster Thursday 2065 5 Feb Rooster Thursday 2090 30 Jan Dog Monday 2066 26 Jan Dog Tuesday 2091 18 Feb Pig Sunday 2067 14 Feb Pig Monday 2092 7 Feb Rat Thursday 2068 3 Feb Rat Friday 2093 27 Jan Ox Tuesday 2069 23 Jan Ox Wednesday 2094 15 Feb Tiger Monday 2070 11 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2095 5 Feb Rabbit Saturday 2071 31 Jan Rabbit Saturday 2096 25 Jan Dragon Wednesday 2072 19 Feb Dragon Friday 2097 12 Feb Snake Tuesday 2073 7 Feb Snake Tuesday 2098 1 Feb Horse Saturday 2074 27 Jan Horse Saturday 2099 21 Jan Goat Wednesday 2075 15 Feb Goat Friday 2100 9 Feb Monkey Tuesday The date of Chinese New Year 's Day ( 1912 -- 2101 ) Year Date 1 - 19AM 20 - 38AM 39 - 57AM 58 - 76AM 77 - 95AM 96 - 114AM 115 - 133AM 134 - 152AM 153 - 171AM 172 - 190AM 1912 -- 1930 1931 -- 1949 1950 -- 1968 1969 -- 1987 1988 -- 2006 2007 -- 2025 2026 -- 2044 2045 -- 2063 2064 -- 2082 2083 -- 2101 17 Feb Rat Rènzǐ Goat Xīnwèi Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu Dragon Wùchén Pig Dīnghaì + Horse Bíngwǔ Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn Rabbit Guìmǎo 6 Feb Ox Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū Snake Jǐsì Rat Wùzǐ + Goat Dīngwèi Tiger Bíngyín Rooster Yǐyǒu − Dragon Jiǎchén 26 Jan Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén + Pig Xīnhaì + Horse Gēngwǔ + Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì 14 Feb Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū Snake Guìsì Rat Rènzǐ + Goat Xīnwèi + Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu − Dragon ' Wùchén Pig Dīnghaì Horse Bíngwǔ 3 Feb Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì + Horse Jiǎwǔ Ox Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn + Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū Snake Jǐsì − Rat Wùzǐ Goat Dīngwèi 23 Jan Snake Dīngsì Rat Bíngzǐ + Goat Yǐwèi + Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén Pig Xīnhaì Horse Gēngwǔ Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn + 11 Feb Horse Wùwǔ Ox Dīngchǒu Monkey Bíngshēn + Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū − Snake Guìsì − Rat Rènzǐ Goat Xīnwèi Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu − 31 Jan Goat Jǐwèi + Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì Horse Jiǎwǔ Ox Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn + Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū − 19 Feb Monkey Gēngshēn + Rabbit Jǐmǎo Dog Wùxū − Snake Dīngsì − Rat Bíngzǐ Goat Yǐwèi Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén Pig Xīnhaì − 8 Feb Rooster Xīnyǒu Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − Ox Dīngchǒu − Monkey Bíngshēn Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū Snake Guìsì − Rat Rènzǐ − 28 Jan Dog Rènxū Snake Xīnsì − Rat Gēngzǐ Goat Jǐwèi Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì Horse Jiǎwǔ − Ox Guìchǒu − 15 Feb Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn + Rabbit Jǐmǎo + Dog Wùxū + Snake Dīngsì Rat ' Bíngzǐ Goat Yǐwèi Tiger Jiǎyín 5 Feb Rat Jiǎzǐ Goat Guìwèi Tiger Rènyín Rooster Xīnyǒu Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − Ox Dīngchǒu − Monkey Bíngshēn Rabbit Yǐmǎo 24 Jan Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn + Rabbit Guìmǎo + Dog Rènxū + Snake Xīnsì Rat Gēngzǐ + Goat Jǐwèi Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén + 12 Feb Tiger Bíngyín + Rooster Yǐyǒu + Dragon Jiǎchén + Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn Rabbit Jǐmǎo Dog Wùxū Snake Dīngsì 2 Feb Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì Rat Jiǎzǐ Goat Guìwèi − Tiger Rènyín − Rooster Xīnyǒu − Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − 22 Jan Dragon Wùchén + Pig Dīnghaì Horse Bíngwǔ − Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn Rabbit Guìmǎo Dog Rènxū Snake Xīnsì − Rat Gēngzǐ Goat Jǐwèi − 9 Feb Snake Jǐsì + Rat Wùzǐ + Goat Dīngwèi Tiger Bíngyín Rooster Yǐyǒu Dragon Jiǎchén + Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn 29 Jan Horse Gēngwǔ + Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn + Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì Rat Jiǎzǐ + Goat Guìwèi Tiger Rènyín Rooster Xīnyǒu − Note : a day later ; Note : a day earlier . Note : The New Year 's Day of 1985 is 20 Feb , a month later . Note : AM = anno Mínguó Mythology ( edit ) Hand - written Chinese New Year 's poetry pasted on the sides of doors leading to people 's homes , Lijiang , Yunnan According to tales and legends , the beginning of the Chinese New Year started with a mythical beast called the Nian . Nian would eat villagers , especially children . One year , all the villagers decided to go hide from the beast . An old man appeared before the villagers went into hiding and said that he 's going to stay the night , and decided to get revenge on the Nian . All the villagers thought he was insane . The old man put red papers up and set off firecrackers . The day after , the villagers came back to their town to see that nothing was destroyed . They assumed that the old man was a deity who came to save them . The villagers then understood that the Nian was afraid of the color red and loud noises . When the New Year was about to come , the villagers would wear red clothes , hang red lanterns , and red spring scrolls on windows and doors . People also used firecrackers to frighten away the Nian . From then on , Nian never came to the village again . The Nian was eventually captured by Hongjun Laozu , an ancient Taoist monk . The Nian became Hongjun Laozu 's mount . Public holiday ( edit ) Chinese New Year is observed as a public holiday in a number of countries and territories where there is a sizable Chinese population . Since Chinese New Year falls on different dates on the Gregorian calendar every year on different days of the week , some of these governments opt to shift working days in order to accommodate a longer public holiday . In some countries , a statutory holiday is added on the following work day when the New Year falls on a weekend , as in the case of 2013 , where the New Year 's Eve ( 9 February ) falls on Saturday and the New Year 's Day ( 10 February ) on Sunday . Depending on the country , the holiday may be termed differently ; common names are `` Chinese New Year '' , `` Lunar New Year '' , `` New Year Festival '' , and `` Spring Festival '' . For New Year celebrations that are lunar but not based on the Chinese New Year ( such as Korea 's Seollal and Vietnam 's Tết ) , see the article on Lunar New Year . For other countries where Chinese New Year is celebrated but not an official holiday , see the section below on Festivities outside China . Country and region Official name Description Number of days Brunei Tahun Baru Cina New Year 's Eve ( half - day ) and New Year 's Day . Hong Kong Lunar New Year The first 3 days . Indonesia Tahun Baru Imlek ( Sin Cia ) New Year 's Day . Macau Chinese New Year The first 3 days . Malaysia Tahun Baru Cina The first 2 days and a half - day on New Year 's Eve . Mainland China Spring Festival ( Chūn Jié ) The first 3 days . Usually , the Saturday before and the Sunday after Chinese New Year are declared working days , and the 2 additionally gained holidays are added to the official 3 days of holiday , so that people have 7 consecutive days , including weekends . 7 ( de jure ) 3 ( de facto ) Philippines Bagong Taón ng mga Tsino New Year 's Day . Taiwan Spring Festival New Year 's Eve and the first 3 working days . Singapore Chinese New Year The first 2 days and a half - day on New Year 's Eve . Festivities ( edit ) `` Red couplets and red lanterns are displayed on the door frames and light up the atmosphere . The air is filled with strong Chinese emotions . In stores in Beijing , Shanghai , Wuhan , and other cities , products of traditional Chinese style have started to lead fashion trend ( s ) . Buy yourself a Chinese - style coat , get your kids tiger - head hats and shoes , and decorate your home with some beautiful red Chinese knots , then you will have an authentic Chinese - style Spring Festival . '' -- Xinwen Lianbo , January 2001 , quoted by Li Ren , Imagining China in the Era of Global Consumerism and Local Consciousness Preceding days ( edit ) On the eighth day of the lunar month prior to Chinese New Year , the Laba holiday ( simplified Chinese : 腊八 ; traditional Chinese : 臘八 ; pinyin : làbā ) , a traditional porridge , Laba porridge ( simplified Chinese : 腊八粥 ; traditional Chinese : 臘八粥 ; pinyin : làbā zhōu ) , is served in remembrance of an ancient festival , called La , that occurred shortly after the winter solstice . Pickles such as Laba garlic , which turns green from vinegar , are also made on this day . For those that believe in Buddhism , the Laba holiday is also considered Bodhi Day . Layue ( simplified Chinese : 腊月 ; traditional Chinese : 臘月 ; pinyin : Làyuè ) is a term often associated with Chinese New Year as it refers to the sacrifices held in honor of the gods in the twelfth lunar month , hence the cured meats of Chinese New Year are known as larou ( simplified Chinese : 腊肉 ; traditional Chinese : 臘肉 ; pinyin : làròu ) . The porridge was prepared by the women of the household at first light , with the first bowl offered to the family 's ancestors and the household deities . Every member of the family was then served a bowl , with leftovers distributed to relatives and friends . It 's still served as a special breakfast on this day in some Chinese homes . The concept of the `` La month '' is similar to Advent in Christianity . Many families eat vegetarian on Chinese New Year eve , the garlic and preserved meat are eaten on Chinese New Year day . Receive the Gods in Chinese New Year , ( 1900s ) On the days immediately before the New Year celebration , Chinese families give their homes a thorough cleaning . There is a Cantonese saying `` Wash away the dirt on nin ya baat '' ( Chinese : 年 廿 八 , 洗 邋遢 ; pinyin : nián niàn bā , xǐ lātà ; Jyutping : nin4 jaa6 baat3 , sai2 laap6 taap3 ( laat6 taat3 ) ) , but the practice is not restricted to nin ya baat ( the 28th day of month 12 ) . It is believed the cleaning sweeps away the bad luck of the preceding year and makes their homes ready for good luck . Brooms and dust pans are put away on the first day so that the newly arrived good luck can not be swept away . Some people give their homes , doors and window - frames a new coat of red paint ; decorators and paper - hangers do a year - end rush of business prior to Chinese New Year . Homes are often decorated with paper cutouts of Chinese auspicious phrases and couplets . Purchasing new clothing and shoes also symbolize a new start . Any hair cuts need to be completed before the New Year , as cutting hair on New Year is considered bad luck due to the homonymic nature of the word `` hair '' ( fa ) and the word for `` prosperity '' . Businesses are expected to pay off all the debts outstanding for the year before the new year eve , extending to debts of gratitude . Thus it is a common practice to send gifts and rice to close business associates , and extended family members . In many households where Buddhism or Taoism is prevalent , home altars and statues are cleaned thoroughly , and decorations used to adorn altars over the past year are taken down and burned a week before the new year starts , to be replaced with new decorations . Taoists ( and Buddhists to a lesser extent ) will also `` send gods back to heaven '' ( Chinese : 送 神 ; pinyin : sòngshén ) , an example would be burning a paper effigy of Zao Jun the Kitchen God , the recorder of family functions . This is done so that the Kitchen God can report to the Jade Emperor of the family household 's transgressions and good deeds . Families often offer sweet foods ( such as candy ) in order to `` bribe '' the deities into reporting good things about the family . Prior to the Reunion Dinner , a prayer of thanksgiving is held to mark the safe passage of the previous year . Confucianists take the opportunity to remember their ancestors , and those who had lived before them are revered . Some people do not give a Buddhist prayer due to the influence of Christianity , with a Christian prayer offered instead . New Year 's Eve ( edit ) The biggest event of any Chinese New Year 's Eve is the annual Reunion dinner . Dishes consisting of special meats are served at the tables , as a main course for the dinner and offering for the New Year . This meal is comparable to Thanksgiving dinner in the U.S. and remotely similar to Christmas dinner in other countries with a high percentage of Christians . In northern China , it is customary to make dumplings ( jiaozi ) after dinner to eat around midnight . Dumplings symbolize wealth because their shape resembles a Chinese sycee . In contrast , in the South , it is customary to make a glutinous new year cake ( niangao ) and send pieces of it as gifts to relatives and friends in the coming days . Niángāo ( Pinyin ) literally means `` new year cake '' with a homophonous meaning of `` increasingly prosperous year in year out '' . After dinner , some families go to local temples hours before the new year begins to pray for a prosperous new year by lighting the first incense of the year ; however in modern practice , many households hold parties and even hold a countdown to the new year . Traditionally , firecrackers were lit to scare away evil spirits with the household doors sealed , not to be reopened until the new morning in a ritual called `` opening the door of fortune '' ( simplified Chinese : 开 财 门 ; traditional Chinese : 開 財 門 ; pinyin : kāicáimén ) . Beginning in 1982 , the CCTV New Year 's Gala is broadcast in China four hours before the start of the New Year and lasts until the succeeding early morning . A tradition to go to bed late on New Year 's Eve , or even keeping awake the whole night and morning , known as shousui ( 守岁 ) , is still practised as it is thought to add on to one 's parents ' longevity . First day ( edit ) The first day is for the welcoming of the deities of the heavens and earth , officially beginning at midnight . It is a traditional practice to light fireworks , burn bamboo sticks and firecrackers and to make as much of a din as possible to chase off the evil spirits as encapsulated by nian of which the term Guo Nian was derived . Many Buddhists abstain from meat consumption on the first day because it is believed to ensure longevity for them . Some consider lighting fires and using knives to be bad luck on New Year 's Day , so all food to be consumed is cooked the days before . On this day , it is considered bad luck to use the broom , as good fortune is not to be `` swept away '' symbolically . Most importantly , the first day of Chinese New Year is a time to honor one 's elders and families visit the oldest and most senior members of their extended families , usually their parents , grandparents and great - grandparents . For Buddhists , the first day is also the birthday of Maitreya Bodhisattva ( better known as the more familiar Budai Luohan ) , the Buddha - to - be . People also abstain from killing animals . Lion Dance for Chinese New Year celebration in Surabaya , Indonesia Some families may invite a lion dance troupe as a symbolic ritual to usher in the Chinese New Year as well as to evict bad spirits from the premises . Members of the family who are married also give red envelopes containing cash known as lai see ( Cantonese dialect ) or angpow ( Hokkien dialect / Fujian ) , or hongbao ( Mandarin ) , a form of blessings and to suppress the aging and challenges associated with the coming year , to junior members of the family , mostly children and teenagers . Business managers also give bonuses through red packets to employees for good luck , smooth - sailing , good health and wealth . While fireworks and firecrackers are traditionally very popular , some regions have banned them due to concerns over fire hazards . For this reason , various city governments ( e.g. , Kowloon , Beijing , Shanghai for a number of years ) issued bans over fireworks and firecrackers in certain precincts of the city . As a substitute , large - scale fireworks display have been launched by governments in such city - states as Hong Kong and Singapore . However , it is a tradition that the indigenous peoples of the walled villages of New Territories , Hong Kong are permitted to light firecrackers and launch fireworks in a limited scale . Second day ( edit ) Incense is burned at the graves of ancestors as part of the offering and prayer ritual . The second day of the Chinese New Year , known as `` beginning of the year '' ( simplified Chinese : 开 年 ; traditional Chinese : 開 年 ; pinyin : kāinián ) , was when married daughters visited their birth parents , relatives and close friends . ( Traditionally , married daughters did n't have the opportunity to visit their birth families frequently . ) During the days of imperial China , `` beggars and other unemployed people circulate ( d ) from family to family , carrying a picture ( of the God of Wealth ) shouting , `` Cai Shen dao ! '' ( The God of Wealth has come ! ) . '' Householders would respond with `` lucky money '' to reward the messengers . Business people of the Cantonese dialect group will hold a ' Hoi Nin ' prayer to start their business on the 2nd day of Chinese New Year so they will be blessed with good luck and prosperity in their business for the year . As this day is believed to be The Birthday of Che Kung , a deity worshipped in Hong Kong , worshippers go to Che Kung Temples to pray for his blessing . A representative from the government asks Che Kung about the city 's fortune through kau cim . Some believe that the second day is also the birthday of all dogs and remember them with special treats . Third day ( edit ) The third day is known as `` red mouth '' ( Chinese : 赤口 ; pinyin : Chìkǒu ) . Chikou is also called `` Chigou 's Day '' ( Chinese : 赤 狗 日 ; pinyin : Chìgǒurì ) . Chigou , literally `` red dog '' , is an epithet of `` the God of Blazing Wrath '' ( Chinese : 熛 怒 之 神 ; pinyin : Biāo nù zhī shén ) . Rural villagers continue the tradition of burning paper offerings over trash fires . It is considered an unlucky day to have guests or go visiting . Hakka villagers in rural Hong Kong in the 1960s called it the Day of the Poor Devil and believed everyone should stay at home . This is also considered a propitious day to visit the temple of the God of Wealth and have one 's future told . Fourth day ( edit ) In those communities that celebrate Chinese New Year for 15 days , the fourth day is when corporate `` spring dinners '' kick off and business returns to normal . Other areas that have a longer Chinese New Year holiday will celebrate and welcome the gods that were previously sent on this day . Fifth day ( edit ) This day is the god of Wealth 's birthday . In northern China , people eat jiaozi , or dumplings , on the morning of powu ( Chinese : 破五 ; pinyin : pòwǔ ) . In Taiwan , businesses traditionally re-open on the next day ( the sixth day ) , accompanied by firecrackers . It is also common in China that on the 5th day people will shoot off firecrackers to get Guan Yu 's attention , thus ensuring his favor and good fortune for the new year . Seventh day ( edit ) Main article : Renri The seventh day , traditionally known as Renri ( the common person 's birthday ) , is the day when everyone grows one year older . In some overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia , such as Malaysia and Singapore , it is also the day when tossed raw fish salad , yusheng , is eaten for continued wealth and prosperity . For many Chinese Buddhists , this is another day to avoid meat , the seventh day commemorating the birth of Sakra , lord of the devas in Buddhist cosmology who is analogous to the Jade Emperor . Chinese New Year 's celebrations , on the eighth day , in the Metro Vancouver suburb of Richmond , British Columbia , Canada . Eighth day ( edit ) Another family dinner is held to celebrate the eve of the birth of the Jade Emperor , the ruler of heaven . People normally return to work by the eighth day , therefore the Store owners will host a lunch / dinner with their employees , thanking their employees for the work they have done for the whole year . Approaching 12 midnight on this day , Hokkien people prepare for the `` Jade Emperor ritual '' ( Hokkien : 拜 天公 Pài Thin - kong ) during which incense is burnt and food offerings made to the Jade Emperor and also to Zao Jun , the Kitchen god who reports on each family to the Jade Emperor . Some people will hold a ritual prayer after midnight on the eighth day . In Malaysia , especially , people light fireworks , often more than on the first day . This practice of Bai Ti Gong can also be seen in Singapore . Ninth day ( edit ) The ninth day of the New Year is a day for Chinese to offer prayers to the Jade Emperor of Heaven in the Daoist Pantheon . The ninth day is traditionally the birthday of the Jade Emperor . This day , called Ti Kong Dan ( Hokkien : 天公 诞 Thin - kong Tan ) , Ti Kong Si ( Hokkien : 天公 生 Thin - kong Sin ) or Pai Ti Kong ( Hokkien : 拜 天公 Pài Thin - kong ) , is especially important to Hokkiens , even more important than the first day of the Chinese New Year . Come midnight of the eighth day of the new year , Hokkiens will offer thanks to the Emperor of Heaven . A prominent requisite offering is sugarcane . Legend holds that the Hokkien were spared from a massacre by Japanese pirates by hiding in a sugarcane plantation during the eighth and ninth days of the Chinese New Year , coinciding with the Jade Emperor 's birthday . Since `` sugarcane '' ( Hokkien : 甘蔗 kam - chià ) is a near homonym to `` thank you '' ( Hokkien : 感谢 kám - siā ) in the Hokkien dialect , Hokkiens offer sugarcane on the eve of his birthday , symbolic of their gratitude . In the morning of this birthday ( traditionally anytime from midnight to 7 am ) , Taiwanese households set up an altar table with 3 layers : one top ( containing offertories of six vegetables ( Chinese : 六 斋 ; pinyin : liù zhāi ) , noodles , fruits , cakes , tangyuan , vegetable bowls , and unripe betel , all decorated with paper lanterns ) and two lower levels ( containing the five sacrifices and wines ) to honor the deities below the Jade Emperor . The household then kneels three times and kowtows nine times to pay obeisance and wish him a long life . Incense , tea , fruit , vegetarian food or roast pig , and gold paper is served as a customary protocol for paying respect to an honored person . Tenth day ( edit ) The Jade Emperor 's party is celebrated on this day . Fifteenth day ( edit ) The fifteenth day of the new year is celebrated as `` Yuanxiao Festival '' ( simplified Chinese : 元宵 节 ; traditional Chinese : 元宵 節 ; pinyin : Yuán xiāo jié ) , also known as `` Shangyuan Festival '' ( simplified Chinese : 上 元 节 ; traditional Chinese : 上 元 節 ; pinyin : Shàng yuán jié ) or the Lantern Festival ( otherwise known as Chap Goh Mei Chinese : 十 五 暝 ; pinyin : Shíwǔmíng ; literally : `` the fifteen night '' in Fujian dialect ) . Rice dumplings tangyuan ( simplified Chinese : 汤圆 ; traditional Chinese : 湯圓 ; pinyin : tang yuán ) , a sweet glutinous rice ball brewed in a soup , are eaten this day . Candles are lit outside houses as a way to guide wayward spirits home . This day is celebrated as the Lantern Festival , and families walk the street carrying lighted lanterns . In China , Malaysia and Singapore , this day is celebrated by individuals seeking for a romantic partner , akin to Valentine 's Day . Normally , single women would write their contact number on mandarin oranges and throw it in a river or a lake while single men would collect them and eat the oranges . The taste is an indication of their possible love : sweet represents a good fate while sour represents a bad fate . This day often marks the end of the Chinese New Year festivities . Traditional food ( edit ) One version of niangao , Chinese New Year cake A reunion dinner , named as `` Nian Ye Fan '' , is held on New Year 's Eve during which family members gather for celebration . The venue will usually be in or near the home of the most senior member of the family . The New Year 's Eve dinner is very large and sumptuous and traditionally includes dishes of meat ( namely , pork and chicken ) and fish . Most reunion dinners also feature a communal hot pot as it is believed to signify the coming together of the family members for the meal . Most reunion dinners ( particularly in the Southern regions ) also prominently feature specialty meats ( e.g. wax - cured meats like duck and Chinese sausage ) and seafood ( e.g. lobster and abalone ) that are usually reserved for this and other special occasions during the remainder of the year . In most areas , fish ( traditional Chinese : 魚 ; simplified Chinese : 鱼 ; pinyin : yú ) is included , but not eaten completely ( and the remainder is stored overnight ) , as the Chinese phrase `` may there be surpluses every year '' ( traditional Chinese : 年 年 有餘 ; simplified Chinese : 年 年 有余 ; pinyin : niánnián yǒu yú ) sounds the same as `` let there be fish every year . '' Eight individual dishes are served to reflect the belief of good fortune associated with the number . If in the previous year a death was experienced in the family , seven dishes are served . Red packets for the immediate family are sometimes distributed during the reunion dinner . These packets often contain money in certain numbers that reflect good luck and honorability . Several foods are consumed to usher in wealth , happiness , and good fortune . Several of the Chinese food names are homophones for words that also mean good things . Like many other New Year dishes , certain ingredients also take special precedence over others as these ingredients also has similar - sounding names with prosperity , good luck , or even counting money . Food item Description Buddha 's delight An elaborate vegetarian dish served by Chinese families on the eve and the first day of the New Year . A type of black hair - like algae , pronounced `` fat choy '' in Cantonese , is also featured in the dish for its name , which sounds like `` prosperity '' . Hakkas usually serve kiu nyuk ( Chinese : 扣 肉 ; pinyin : kòuròu ) and ngiong teu fu . Chicken Boiled chicken is served because it is figured that any family , no matter how humble their circumstances , can afford a chicken for Chinese New Year . Fish Is usually eaten or merely displayed on the eve of Chinese New Year . The pronunciation of fish ( 魚 yú ) makes it a homophone for `` surpluses '' ( 餘 yú ) . Leek Is usually served in a dish with rondelles of Chinese sausage or Chinese cured meat during Chinese New Year . The pronunciation of leek ( 蒜苗 / 大蒜 Suàn miáo / Dà suàn ) makes it a homophone for `` calculating ( money ) '' ( 算 Suàn ) . The Chinese cured meat is so chosen because it is traditionally the primary method for storing meat over the winter and the meat rondelles resemble coins . Jau gok The main Chinese new year dumpling for Cantonese families . It is believed to resemble a sycee or yuánbǎo , the old Chinese gold and silver ingots , and to represent prosperity for the coming year . Jiaozi The common dumpling eaten in northern China , also believed to resemble sycee . Mandarin oranges Oranges , particularly mandarin oranges , are a common fruit during Chinese New Year . They are particularly associated with the festival in southern China , where its name is a homophone of the word for `` luck '' in dialects such as Teochew ( in which 橘 , jú , and 吉 , jí , are both pronounced gik ) . Melon seed / Guazi ( Chinese : 瓜子 ; pinyin : guāzi ) Other variations include sunflower , pumpkin and other seeds . It symbolizes fertility and having many children . Niangao Most popular in eastern China ( Jiangsu , Zhejiang and Shanghai ) because its pronunciation is a homophone for `` a more prosperous year ( 年 高 lit . year high ) '' . Nian gao is also popular in the Philippines because of its large Chinese population and is known as tikoy ( Chinese : 甜 粿 , from Min Nan ) there . Known as Chinese New Year pudding , nian gao is made up of glutinous rice flour , wheat starch , salt , water , and sugar . The color of the sugar used determines the color of the pudding ( white or brown ) . Noodles Families may serve uncut noodles ( making them as long as they can ) , which represent longevity and long life , though this practice is not limited to the new year . Sweets Sweets and similar dried fruit goods are stored in a red or black Chinese candy box . Rougan ( Yok Gon ) Chinese salty - sweet dried meat , akin to jerky , which is trimmed of the fat , sliced , marinated and then smoked for later consumption or as a gift . Taro cakes ( Chinese : 芋頭 糕 , yùtougāo ) Made from the vegetable taro , the cakes are cut into squares and often fried . Turnip cakes ( Chinese : 蘿蔔 糕 , luóbogāo ) A dish made of shredded radish and rice flour , usually fried and cut into small squares . Yusheng or Yee sang ( traditional Chinese : 魚 生 ; simplified Chinese : 鱼 生 ; pinyin : yúshēng ) Raw fish salad . Eating this salad is said to bring good luck . This dish is usually eaten on the seventh day of the New Year , but may also be eaten throughout the period . Practices ( edit ) History ( edit ) In 1928 , the ruling Kuomintang party in China decreed that Chinese New Year will fall on 1 Jan of the Gregorian Calendar , but this was abandoned due to overwhelming opposition from the populace . In 1967 during the Cultural Revolution , official Chinese New Year celebrations were banned in China . The State Council of the People 's Republic of China announced that the public should `` Change Customs '' , have a `` revolutionized and fighting Spring Festival '' , and since people needed to work on Chinese New Year Eve , they did n't have holidays during Spring Festival day . The public celebrations were reinstated by the time of the Chinese economic reform . Red envelopes ( edit ) Red packets for sale in a market in Taipei , Taiwan , before the Year of the Rat Shoppers at a New Year market in Chinatown , Singapore Traditionally , red envelopes or red packets ( Cantonese : lai sze or lai see ; 利 是 , 利 市 or 利 事 ; Pinyin : lìshì ; Mandarin : hóngbāo 红包 ; Hokkien : ang pow ; POJ : âng - pau ; Hakka : fung bao ) are passed out during the Chinese New Year 's celebrations , from married couples or the elderly to unmarried juniors . It is also common for adults or young couples to give red packets to children . During this period , red packets are also known as 壓歲錢 / 压岁钱 ( yàsuìqián , which was evolved from 壓 祟 錢 / 压 祟 钱 , literally , `` the money used to suppress or put down the evil spirit '' ) . Red packets almost always contain money , usually varying from a couple of dollars to several hundred . Per custom , the amount of money in the red packets should be of even numbers , as odd numbers are associated with cash given during funerals ( 帛 金 : báijīn ) . The number 8 is considered lucky ( for its homophone for `` wealth '' ) , and $8 is commonly found in the red envelopes in the US . The number six ( 六 , liù ) is also very lucky as it sounds like `` smooth '' ( 流 , liú ) , in the sense of having a smooth year . The number four ( 四 ) is the worst because its homophone is `` death '' ( 死 ) . Sometimes chocolate coins are found in the red packets . Odd and even numbers are determined by the first digit , rather than the last . Thirty and fifty , for example , are odd numbers , and are thus appropriate as funeral cash gifts . However , it is common and quite acceptable to have cash gifts in a red packet using a single bank note -- with ten or fifty yuan bills used frequently . It is customary for the bills to be brand new printed money . Everything regarding the New Year has to be new in order to have good luck and fortune . The act of asking for red packets is normally called ( Mandarin ) : 讨 紅包 tǎo - hóngbāo , 要 利 是 or ( Cantonese ) : 逗 利 是 . A married person would not turn down such a request as it would mean that he or she would be `` out of luck '' in the new year . Red packets are generally given by established married couples to the younger non-married children of the family . It is custom and polite for children to wish elders a happy new year and a year of happiness , health and good fortune before accepting the red envelope . Red envelopes are then kept under the pillow and slept on for seven nights after Chinese New Year before opening because that symbolizes good luck and fortune . In Taiwan in 2000s , some employers also gave red packets as a bonus to maids , nurses or domestic workers from Southeast Asian countries , although whether this is appropriate is controversial . The Japanese have a similar tradition of giving money during the New Year , called Otoshidama . Gift exchange ( edit ) Chinese candy box In addition to red envelopes , which are usually given from older people to younger people , small gifts ( usually food or sweets ) are also exchanged between friends or relatives ( of different households ) during Chinese New Year . Gifts are usually brought when visiting friends or relatives at their homes . Common gifts include fruits ( typically oranges , and never pears ) , cakes , biscuits , chocolates , and candies . Certain items should not be given , as they are considered taboo . Taboo gifts include : items associated with funerals ( i.e. handkerchiefs , towels , chrysanthemums , items colored white and black ) items that show that time is running out ( i.e. clocks and watches ) sharp objects that symbolize cutting a tie ( i.e. scissors and knives ) items that symbolize that you want to walk away from a relationship ( examples : shoes and sandals ) mirrors homonyms for unpleasant topics ( examples : `` clock '' sounds like `` the funeral ritual '' , green hats because `` wear a green hat '' sounds like `` cuckold '' , `` handkerchief '' sounds like `` goodbye '' , `` pear '' sounds like `` separate '' , and `` umbrella '' sounds like `` disperse '' ) . Markets ( edit ) Markets or village fairs are set up as the New Year is approaching . These usually open - air markets feature new year related products such as flowers , toys , clothing , and even fireworks and firecrackers . It is convenient for people to buy gifts for their new year visits as well as their home decorations . In some places , the practice of shopping for the perfect plum tree is not dissimilar to the Western tradition of buying a Christmas tree . Hong Kong filmmakers also release `` New Year celebration films '' ( 賀歲 片 ) , mostly comedies , at this time of year . Fireworks ( edit ) A Chinese man setting off fireworks during Chinese New Year in Shanghai . Bamboo stems filled with gunpowder that were burnt to create small explosions were once used in ancient China to drive away evil spirits . In modern times , this method has eventually evolved into the use of firecrackers during the festive season . Firecrackers are usually strung on a long fused string so it can be hung down . Each firecracker is rolled up in red papers , as red is auspicious , with gunpowder in its core . Once ignited , the firecracker lets out a loud popping noise and , as they are usually strung together by the hundreds , the firecrackers are known for their deafening explosions that are thought to scare away evil spirits . The burning of firecrackers also signifies a joyful time of year and has become an integral aspect of Chinese New Year celebrations . Firecracker ban ( edit ) The use of firecrackers , although a traditional part of celebration , has over the years led to many unfortunate outcomes . There have been reported incidents every year of users of fireworks being blinded , losing body parts , or suffering other grievous injuries , especially during the Chinese New Year season . Hence , many governments and authorities eventually enacted laws completely banning the use of firecrackers privately , primarily because of safety issues . Taiwan -- Beginning 2008 , firecrackers are banned in urban areas , but still allowed in rural areas . Mainland China -- As of 2008 , most urban areas in mainland China permit firecrackers . In the first three days of the traditional New Year , it is a tradition that people compete with each other by playing with firecrackers . However , many urban areas banned them in the 1990s . For example , they were banned in Beijing 's urban districts from 1993 to 2005 . In 2004 , 37 people were killed in a stampede when four million people gathered for a rumoured Lantern Festival firework display in nearby Miyun . Since the ban was lifted , the firecracker barrage has been tremendous . In Beijing , firecrackers are typically not allowed inside the 5th ring road . But this is overlooked by authorities for the holiday , provided there are no government buildings nearby ; some residents in major cities look down on street - level fireworks from their tower blocks . Bans are rare in rural areas . Vietnam -- 1996 , fireworks were banned across the country because of its dangers . Hong Kong -- Fireworks are banned for security reasons -- some speculate a connection between firework use and the 1967 Leftist Riot . However , the government would put on a fireworks display in Victoria Harbour on the second day of the Chinese New Year for the public . Similar displays are also held in many other cities in and outside China . Singapore -- a partial ban on firecrackers was imposed in March 1970 after a fire killed six people and injured 68 . This was extended to a total ban in August 1972 , after an explosion that killed two people and an attack on two police officers attempting to stop a group from letting off firecrackers in February 1972 . As a result of this ban , the Chingay Parade was set up to preserve the spirit and culture . However , in 2003 , the government allowed firecrackers to be set off during the festive season . At the Chinese New Year light - up in Chinatown , at the stroke of midnight on the first day of the Chinese New Year , firecrackers are set off under controlled conditions by the Singapore Tourism Board with assistance from demolition experts from the Singapore Armed Forces . Other occasions where firecrackers are allowed to be set off are determined by the tourism board or other government organizations . However , they are not allowed to be commercially sold . Malaysia -- firecrackers are banned for the similar reasons as in Singapore . However , many Malaysians manage to smuggle them from Thailand and the Philippines to meet their private needs . Indonesia -- Firecrackers and fireworks are forbidden in public during the Chinese New Year , especially in areas with significant non-Chinese population in order to avoid any conflict between the two . However , there were some exceptions . The usage of firecrackers is legal in some metropolitan areas such as Jakarta and Medan , where the degree of racial and cultural tolerance is higher . United States -- In 2007 , New York City lifted its decade - old ban on firecrackers , allowing a display of 300,000 firecrackers to be set off in Chinatown 's Chatham Square . Under the supervision of the fire and police departments , Chinatown , Los Angeles regularly lights firecrackers every New Year 's Eve , mostly at temples and the shrines of benevolent associations . The San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade , the largest outside China , is accompanied by numerous firecrackers , both officially sanctioned and illicit . Australia -- Australia , except the Northern Territory , does not allow use of fireworks at all , except when used by a licensed pyrotechnician . These rules also need a permit from local government , and from any relevant local bodies such as maritime or aviation authorities ( as relevant to the types of fireworks being used ) and hospitals , schools , etc. , within a certain range . Philippines -- Despite the rise in firecracker - related injuries in 2009 , the Department of Health has acknowledged that a total ban on firecrackers in the country will be hard to implement . Davao City , the first city in the country to impose a firecracker ban , has enjoyed injury - free celebrations for at least the last 15 years . Their ban has been in effect since 2002 . Music ( edit ) `` Happy New Year ! '' ( Chinese : 新年 好 呀 ; pinyin : Xīn Nián Hǎo Ya ; literally : `` New Year 's Good , Ya '' ) is a popular children 's song for the New Year holiday . The melody is similar to the American folk song , Oh My Darling , Clementine . Due to the influence of `` New Year 's Day '' , others use Auld Lang Syne instead of this song . Chorus : Happy New Year ! Happy New Year ! ( Chinese : 新年 好 呀 ! 新年 好 呀 ! ; pinyin : Xīnnián hǎo ya ! Xīnnián hǎo ya ! ) Happy New Year to you all ! ( Chinese : 祝贺 大家 新年 好 ! ; pinyin : Zhùhè dàjiā xīnnián hǎo ! ) We are singing ; we are dancing . ( Chinese : 我们 唱歌 , 我们 跳舞. ; pinyin : Wǒmen chànggē , wǒmen tiàowǔ . ) Happy New Year to you all ! ( Chinese : 祝贺 大家 新年 好 ! ; pinyin : Zhùhè dàjiā xīnnián hǎo ! ) Clothing ( edit ) Girls dressed in red ( Hong Kong ) . Clothing mainly featuring the color red or bright colors is commonly worn throughout the Chinese New Year because it was once believed that red could scare away evil spirits and bad fortune . In addition , people typically wear new clothes from head to toe to symbolize a new beginning in the new year . Wearing new clothes also symbolizes having more than enough things to use and wear in the new year . Red is a color of good luck . Family portrait ( edit ) In some places the taking of a family portrait is an important ceremony after the relatives are gathered . The photo is taken at the hall of the house or taken in front of the house . The most senior male head of the family sits in the center . Symbolism ( edit ) See also : Fu character An inverted character fu is a sign of arriving blessings . As with all cultures , Chinese New Year traditions incorporate elements that are symbolic of deeper meaning . One common example of Chinese New Year symbolism is the red diamond - shaped fu characters ( Chinese : 福 ; pinyin : fú ; Cantonese Yale : fuk1 ; literally : `` blessings , happiness '' ) , which are displayed on the entrances of Chinese homes . This sign is usually seen hanging upside down , since the Chinese word dao ( Chinese : 倒 ; pinyin : dào ; literally : `` upside down '' ) , is homophonous or nearly homophonous with ( Chinese : 到 ; pinyin : dào ; literally : `` arrive '' ) in all varieties of Chinese . Therefore , it symbolizes the arrival of luck , happiness , and prosperity . For the Cantonese - speaking people , if the fuk sign is hung upside down , the implied dao ( upside down ) sounds like the Cantonese word for `` pour '' , producing `` pour the luck ( away ) '' , which would usually symbolize bad luck ; this is why the fuk character is not usually hung upside - down in Cantonese communities . Red is the predominant color used in New Year celebrations . Red is the emblem of joy , and this color also symbolizes virtue , truth and sincerity . On the Chinese opera stage , a painted red face usually denotes a sacred or loyal personage and sometimes a great emperor . Candies , cakes , decorations and many things associated with the New Year and its ceremonies are colored red . The sound of the Chinese word for `` red '' ( simplified Chinese : 红 ; traditional Chinese : 紅 ; pinyin : hóng ; Cantonese Yale : hung4 ) is in Mandarin homophonous with the word for `` prosperous '' . Therefore , red is an auspicious color and has an auspicious sound . Nianhua ( edit ) Chinese New Year festival in Chinatown , Boston Nianhua can be a form of Chinese colored woodblock printing , for decoration during Chinese New Year . Flowers ( edit ) The following are popular floral decorations for the New Year and are available at new year markets . Floral Decor Meaning Plum Blossom symbolizes luckiness Kumquat symbolizes prosperity Narcissus symbolizes prosperity Bamboo a plant used for any time of year Sunflower means to have a good year Eggplant a plant to heal all of your sickness Chom Mon Plant a plant which gives you tranquility Icons and ornaments ( edit ) Icons Meaning Illustrations Lanterns These lanterns that differ from those of Mid-Autumn Festival in general . They will be red in color and tend to be oval in shape . These are the traditional Chinese paper lanterns . Those lanterns , used on the fifteenth day of the Chinese New Year for the Lantern Festival , are bright , colorful , and in many different sizes and shapes . Decorations Decorations generally convey a New Year greeting . They are not advertisements . Fai Chun -- Chinese calligraphy of auspicious Chinese idioms on typically red posters -- are hung on doorways and walls . Other decorations include a New year picture , Chinese knots , and papercutting and couplets . Dragon dance and Lion dance Dragon and lion dances are common during Chinese New Year . It is believed that the loud beats of the drum and the deafening sounds of the cymbals together with the face of the Dragon or lion dancing aggressively can evict bad or evil spirits . Lion dances are also popular for opening of businesses in Hong Kong and Macau . Fortune gods Cai Shen Ye , Che Kung , etc . Spring travel ( edit ) Scene of the 2009 Chunyun period inside Beijing West Railway Station Main article : Chunyun Traditionally , families gather together during the Chinese New Year . In modern China , migrant workers in China travel home to have reunion dinners with their families on Chinese New Year 's Eve . Owing to the large number of interprovincial travellers , special arrangements were made by railways , buses and airlines starting from 15 days before the New Year 's Day . This 40 - day period is called chunyun , and is known as the world 's largest annual migration . More interurban trips are taken in mainland China in this period than the total population of China . In Taiwan , spring travel is also a major event . The majority of transportation in western Taiwan is in a north - south direction : long distance travel between urbanized north and hometowns in rural south . Transportation in eastern Taiwan and that between Taiwan and its islands is less convenient . Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China began in 2003 as part of Three Links , mostly for `` Taiwanese businessmen '' to return to Taiwan for the new year . Festivities outside China ( edit ) Decorations on the occasion of Chinese New Year - River Hongbao 2016 , Singapore Chinese New Year is also celebrated annually in many countries with significant Chinese populations . These include countries throughout Asia , Oceania , and North America . Sydney , London , and San Francisco claim to host the largest New Year celebration outside of Asia and South America . Southeast Asia ( edit ) In some countries of Southeast Asia , Chinese New Year is a national public holiday and considered to be one of the most important holidays of the year . Chinese New Year 's Eve is typically a half - day holiday for Malaysia and Singapore . The biggest celebrations take place in Malaysia ( notably in Kuala Lumpur , Penang and Klang ) and Singapore . In Sabah , Malaysia , the Dusun Tatana in Kuala Penyu also celebrate Chinese New Year , mixed with traditional customs of the native population . Gaya Street in Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia filled with Chinese lanterns during the New Year celebration . Chinese New Year in Singapore is accompanied by various festive activities . One of the main highlights is the Chinatown celebrations . In 2010 , this included a Festive Street Bazaar , nightly staged shows at Kreta Ayer Square and a lion dance competition . The Chingay Parade also features prominently in the celebrations . It is an annual street parade in Singapore , well known for its colorful floats and wide variety of cultural performances . The highlights of the Parade for 2011 include a Fire Party , multi-ethnic performances and an unprecedented travelling dance competition . Lanterns hanged around Senapelan street , the Pekanbaru Chinatown Chinese New Year is considered to be the most important festival for Filipino - Chinese in the Philippines , and its celebration has also extended to the non-Chinese majority Filipinos . In 2012 , Chinese New Year was included in public holidays in the Philippines , which is only the New Year 's Day itself . Chinese New Year , officially named Tahun Baru Imlek or Sin Cia in Hokkien , has also been celebrated by Chinese - Indonesians since 1999 after President Suharto stepped down . It was declared as a 1 - day public holiday in 2003 and the other two days were unofficial Chinese New Year holidays , celebrated by all Indonesians ( 2 days ) and Chinese Indonesians ( 3 days ) . Big Chinese population cities and towns like Jakarta , Medan , Singkawang , Pangkal Pinang , Binjai , Bagansiapiapi , Tanjungbalai , Pematangsiantar , Selat Panjang , Tanjung Pinang , Batam , Ketapang and Pontianak always have its own New Year 's celebration every years with parade and fireworks . A lot shopping malls decorated its building with lantern , chinese words and lion or dragon with red and gold as main color . Lion dance is a common sight around Chinese houses , temples and its shophouses . Usually , the Buddhist , Confucian and Taoist chinese will burn a big incesce made by aloeswood with dragon - decorated at front of their house. The temple is open 24 hours at the first day , their also distributes a red envelopes and sometimes rice , fruits or sugar to the poor around . Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) Melbourne : Chinese New Year in Chinatown With one of the largest Chinese populations outside of Asia , Sydney also claims to have the largest Chinese New Year Celebrations outside of Asia with over 600,000 people attending the celebrations in Chinatown annually . The events there span over three weeks including the launch celebration , outdoor markets , evening street food stalls , Chinese top opera performances , dragon boat races , a film festival and multiple parades that incorporate Chinese , Japanese , Korean people and Vietnamese performers . More than 100,000 people attend notably the main parade with over 3,500 performers . The festival also attracts international media coverage , reaching millions of viewers in Asia . The festival in Sydney is organized in partnership with a different Chinese province each year . Apart from Sydney , other state capital cities in Australia also celebrate Chinese New Year due to large number of Chinese residents . The cities include : Brisbane , Adelaide , Melbourne Box Hill and Perth . The common activities are lion dance , dragon dance , New Year market and food festival . In the Melbourne suburb of Footscray , Victoria a Lunar New Year celebration initially focusing on the Vietnamese New Year has expanded into a celebration of the Chinese New Year as well as the April New Year celebrations of the Thais , Cambodians , Laotians and other Asian Australian communities who celebrate the New Year in either January / February or April . The city of Wellington hosts a two - day weekend festival for Chinese New Year . North America ( edit ) Play media Chinese lunar new year in Washington DC Many cities in North America sponsor official parades for Chinese New Year . Among the cities with such parades are San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York City , Boston , Chicago , Mexico City , Toronto , and Vancouver . However , even smaller cities that are historically connected to Chinese immigration , such as Butte , Montana , have recently hosted parades . New York ( edit ) Multiple groups in New York City cooperate to sponsor a week - long Lunar New Year celebration . The festivities include cultural festival , music concert , fireworks on the Hudson River near the Chinese Consulate , and special exhibits . In June 2015 , New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio declared that the Lunar New Year would be made a public school holiday . California ( edit ) Lion costume for New Year parade , Los Angeles , 1953 The San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade is the oldest and largest event of its kind outside of Asia , and the largest Asian cultural event in North America . The festival incorporates Grant and Kearny Streets into its street festival and parade route , respectively . The use of these streets traces its lineage back to early parades beginning the custom in San Francisco . In 1849 , with the discovery of gold and the ensuing California Gold Rush , over 50,000 people had come to San Francisco to seek their fortune or just a better way of life . Among those were many Chinese , who had come to work in the gold mines and on the railroad . By the 1860s , the residents of San Francisco 's Chinatown were eager to share their culture with their fellow San Francisco residents who may have been unfamiliar with ( or hostile towards ) it . The organizers chose to showcase their culture by using a favorite American tradition -- the parade . They invited a variety of other groups from the city to participate , and they marched down what today are Grant Avenue and Kearny Street carrying colorful flags , banners , lanterns , drums and firecrackers to drive away evil spirits . In San Francisco , over 100 units participate in the annual Chinese New Year Parade held since 1958 . The parade is attended by some 500,000 people along with another 3 million TV viewers . Europe ( edit ) London : Chinatown with Chinese New Year decoration In London , the celebrations take place throughout Chinatown , Leicester Square and Trafalgar Square . Festivities include a parade , cultural feast , fireworks , concerts and performances . The celebration attracts between 300,000 and 500,000 people yearly according to the organisers . In Paris , the celebrations are held since the 1980s in several districts during one month with many performances and the main of the three parades with 40 groups and 4,000 performers is attended alone by more than 200,000 people in the 13th arrondissement . India and Pakistan ( edit ) Chinese New Year 2014 Celebration in Kolkata The Chinese New Year celebrated in Kolkata The Chinese New Year celebrated in Kolkata Many celebrate the festival in Chinatown , Kolkata , India where a significant community of people of Chinese origin exists . In Kolkata , Chinese New Year is celebrated with lion and dragon dance . In Pakistan , the Chinese New Year is also celebrated among the sizable Chinese expatriate community that lives in the country . During the festival , the Chinese embassy in Islamabad arranges various cultural events in which Pakistani arts and cultural organizations and members of the civil society also participate . Greetings ( edit ) The Chinese New Year is often accompanied by loud , enthusiastic greetings , often referred to as 吉祥 話 ( jíxiánghuà ) in Mandarin or 吉利 說話 ( Kat Lei Seut Wa ) in Cantonese , loosely translated as auspicious words or phrases . New Year couplets printed in gold letters on bright red paper , referred to as chunlian ( 春聯 ) or fai chun ( 揮 春 ) , are another way of expressing auspicious new year wishes . They probably predate the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , but did not become widespread until then . Today , they are ubiquitous with Chinese New Year . Some of the most common greetings include : simplified Chinese : 新年 快乐 ; traditional Chinese : 新年 快樂 ; pinyin : Xīnniánkuàilè ; Jyutping : san1 nin4 faai3 lok6 ; Pe̍h - ōe - jī : Sin - nî khòai - lo̍k ; Hakka : Sin Ngen Kai Lok ; Taishanese : Slin Nen Fai Lok . A more contemporary greeting reflective of Western influences , it literally translates from the greeting `` Happy new year '' more common in the west . But in northern parts of China , traditionally people say simplified Chinese : 过年 好 ; traditional Chinese : 過年 好 ; pinyin : Guònián Hǎo instead of simplified Chinese : 新年 快乐 ; traditional Chinese : 新年 快樂 ( Xīnniánkuàile ) , to differentiate it from the international new year . And 過年 好 ( Guònián Hǎo ) can be used from the first day to the fifth day of Chinese New Year . However , 過年 好 ( Guònián Hǎo ) is considered very short and therefore somewhat discourteous . simplified Chinese : 恭喜 发财 ; traditional Chinese : 恭喜 發財 ; pinyin : Gōngxǐfācái ; Hokkien : Kiong hee huat chai ( POJ : Kiong - hí hoat - châi ) ; Cantonese : Gung1 hei2 faat3 coi4 ; Hakka : Gong Hei Fat Choy which loosely translates to `` Congratulations and be prosperous '' . Often mistakenly assumed to be synonymous with `` Happy New Year '' , its usage dates back several centuries . While the first two words of this phrase had a much longer historical significance ( legend has it that the congratulatory messages were traded for surviving the ravaging beast of Nian , in practical terms it may also have meant surviving the harsh winter conditions ) , the last two words were added later as ideas of capitalism and consumerism became more significant in Chinese societies around the world . The saying is now commonly heard in English speaking communities for greetings during Chinese New Year in parts of the world where there is a sizable Chinese - speaking community , including overseas Chinese communities that have been resident for several generations , relatively recent immigrants from Greater China , and those who are transit migrants ( particularly students ) . Numerous other greetings exist , some of which may be exclaimed out loud to no one in particular in specific situations . For example , as breaking objects during the new year is considered inauspicious , one may then say 歲 歲 平安 ( Suìsuì - píng'ān ) immediately , which means `` everlasting peace year after year '' . Suì ( 歲 ) , meaning `` age '' is homophonous with 碎 ( suì ) ( meaning `` shatter '' ) , in demonstration of the Chinese love for wordplay in auspicious phrases . Similarly , 年 年 有餘 ( niánnián yǒu yú ) , a wish for surpluses and bountiful harvests every year , plays on the word yú that can also refer to 魚 ( yú meaning fish ) , making it a catch phrase for fish - based Chinese new year dishes and for paintings or graphics of fish that are hung on walls or presented as gifts . The most common auspicious greetings and sayings consist of four characters , such as the following : 金玉 滿堂 Jīnyùmǎntáng -- `` May your wealth ( gold and jade ) come to fill a hall '' 大 展 鴻圖 Dàzhǎnhóngtú -- `` May you realize your ambitions '' 迎春 接 福 Yíngchúnjiēfú -- `` Greet the New Year and encounter happiness '' 萬事 如意 Wànshìrúyì -- `` May all your wishes be fulfilled '' 吉慶 有餘 Jíqìngyǒuyú -- `` May your happiness be without limit '' 竹 報 平安 Zhúbàopíng'ān -- `` May you hear ( in a letter ) that all is well '' 一本萬利 Yīběnwànlì -- `` May a small investment bring ten - thousandfold profits '' 福 壽 雙全 Fúshòushuāngquán -- `` May your happiness and longevity be complete '' 招財 進 寶 Zhāocáijìnbǎo -- `` When wealth is acquired , precious objects follow '' These greetings or phrases may also be used just before children receive their red packets , when gifts are exchanged , when visiting temples , or even when tossing the shredded ingredients of yusheng particularly popular in Malaysia and Singapore . Children and their parents can also pray in the temple , in hopes of getting good blessings for the new year to come . Children and teenagers sometimes jokingly use the phrase 恭喜 發財 , 紅包 拿 來 ( in Traditional Chinese ; Simplified Chinese : 恭喜 发财 , 红包 拿 来 ; Pinyin : gōngxǐfācái , hóngbāo nálái ; Cantonese : 恭喜 發財 , 利 是 逗 來 ; English : usually written as Gong Hei Fat Choy , roughly translated as `` Congratulations and be prosperous , now give me a red envelope ! '' . In the Hakka dialect the saying is more commonly said as ' Gung hee fatt choy , hung bao diu loi ' which would be written as 恭喜 發財 , 紅包 逗 來 -- a mixture of the Cantonese and Mandarin variants of the saying . Back in the 1960s , children in Hong Kong used to say 恭喜 發財 , 利 是 逗 來 , 斗 零 唔 愛 ( Cantonese , Gung Hei Fat Choy , Lai Si Tau Loi , Tau Ling M Ngoi ) , which was recorded in the pop song Kowloon Hong Kong by Reynettes in 1966 . Later in the 1970s , children in Hong Kong used the saying : 恭喜 發財 , 利 是 逗 來 , 伍 毫 嫌 少 , 壹 蚊 唔 愛 ( Cantonese ) , roughly translated as , `` Congratulations and be prosperous , now give me a red envelope , fifty cents is too little , do n't want a dollar either . '' It basically meant that they disliked small change -- coins which were called `` hard substance '' ( Cantonese : 硬 嘢 ) . Instead , they wanted `` soft substance '' ( Cantonese : 軟 嘢 ) , which was either a ten dollar or a twenty dollar note . See also ( edit ) Overseas Chinese Lunar New Year Fireworks Display in Hong Kong The Birthday of Che Kung Celebrations of Lunar New Year in other parts of Asia : Korean New Year ( Seollal ) Japanese New Year ( Shōgatsu ) Mongolian New Year ( Tsagaan Sar ) Tibetan New Year ( Losar ) Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) Similar Asian Lunisolar New Year celebrations that occur in April : Burmese New Year ( Thingyan ) Cambodian New Year ( Chaul Chnam Thmey ) Lao New Year ( Pii Mai ) Sri Lankan New Year ( Aluth Avuruddu ) Thai New Year ( Songkran ) Chinese New Year Gregorian Holiday in Malaysia Malaysia Chinese New Year Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Asia welcomes lunar New Year '' . BBC . 1 February 2003 . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : 中國 古代 歲 首 分 那 幾 種 ? 各 以 何 為 起點 ? ( In ancient China , how to decide the starting point of a year ? ) ( in Chinese ) . Central Weather Bureau . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ And extremely rarely , 21 February , such as in 2033 , the first occurrence since the 1645 calendar reform -- Helmer Aslaksen , `` The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar '' Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year '' . History . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year 2011 '' . YourSingapore.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Festivals , Cultural Events and Public Holidays in Mauritius '' . Mauritius Tourism Authority . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines adds Chinese New Year to holidays -- Yahoo ! News Philippines '' . Ph.news.yahoo.com. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Updated 3 December 2011 -- 12 : 00 am ( 1 October 2013 ) . `` List of nationwide holidays for 2014 The Official Gazette '' . gov.ph . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Aslaksen , Helmer ( July 17 , 2010 ) , The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar ( PDF ) , National University of Singapore Jump up ^ Chiu , Lisa . `` The History of Chinese New Year '' . About.com . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year Calendar '' . Chinese New Year . chinesenewyears.info . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See Chinese calendar for details and references . Jump up ^ `` The Origin of Lunar New Year and the legend of Nian '' . Ancient Origins. 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy Holidays '' . Embassy of the United States : Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei Darussalam . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General holidays for 2015 '' . GovHK . Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Public Holidays in Indonesia '' . AngloINFO , the global expat network : INDONESIA . AngloINFO Limited . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Schedule '' . Embassy of the United States : Jakarta , Indonesia . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays in 2014 '' . Macao SARG Portal . Macao SAR of the People 's Republic of China . 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jadual hari kelepasan am persekutuan 2012 '' ( Federal Public Holiday Schedule 2012 ) ( PDF ) ( in Malay ) . Putrajaya , Malaysia : Jabatan Perdana Menteri ( Department of the Prime Minister ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HOLIDAYS '' . Embassy of the United States : Kuala Lumpur , Mayalsia . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public Holiday Calendar '' . TravelChinaGuide . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Schedule '' . Embassy of the United States : Beijing , China . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation No. 831 , s . 2014 by the President of the Philippines , Declaring the Regular Holidays , Special ( Non-Working ) Days , and Special Holiday ( for all Schools ) for the Year 2015 '' ( Press release ) . Malacañang Palace , Manila : Republic of the Philippines . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of nationwide holidays for 2015 '' . Official Gazette . Republic of the Philippines . 23 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Before You Go : Useful Information : Public Holidays '' . Taiwan , the heart of Asia . Tourism Bureau , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Chinese Lunar year : Lunar New Year 's Eve ; 1st , 2nd , 3rd of the 1st month by lunar calendar Jump up ^ 2015 Work Calendar ( Revised Version ) , Directorate - General of Personnel Administration , 27 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` AIT Offices to Close for Multiple Holidays in February '' ( Press release ) . American Institute in Taiwan . 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Public Holidays 2013 '' ( Press release ) . Ministry of Manpower , Government of Singapore . 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Holidays '' . Embassy of the United States : Singapore . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Li Ren ( 2003 ) . `` Imagining China in the Era of Global Consumerism and Local Consciousness : Media , Mobility , and the Spring Festival '' . PhD thesis , College of Communications , Ohio University . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Edited for grammar . Jump up ^ Bodde , Derk . Festivals in Classical China : New Year and other Annual Observances during the Han Dynasty , Princeton University Press , 1975 , pp. 49 ff . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Kong , Shiu L. Chinese Culture and Lore . HK : University of Toronto Press , 1989 , p. 48 Jump up ^ `` ¬ K _̧ ' '' ... ctps.tp.edu.tw . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ( 赤 狗 日 ) '' . 140.111. 34.46 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz and Brandauer , Folk Religion in an Urban Setting , Hong Kong , 1969 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Greg . `` Chinese New Year Traditions '' . About.com . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lin Meirong ( 2011 ) . `` Jade Emperor '' . Encyclopedia of Taiwan . Council for Cultural Affairs . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Conceicao , Jeanne Louise ( 2009 ) . `` Hokkien community '' . Singapore Infopedia . National Library Board Singapore . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands throw oranges to mark Chap Goh Meh '' . Thestar.com.my. 1 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Thianchai Iamworamet . Chinese - Thai Dictionary . Bangkok : Ruamsarn , 1998 . page 73 , 272 . ( เธียร ชัย เอี่ยม วร เมธ . พจนานุกรม จีน - ไทย . กรุงเทพฯ : รวม สาส์น , 2541 . หน้า 73 , 272 . ) ISBN 978 - 974 - 246 - 307 - 6 Jump up ^ Symbolic Foods Of Chinese New Year -- Hungry History Jump up ^ Huang , Wei ; Xie , Ying ( January 2012 ) . `` The New Year That Was n't '' . NewsChina . NewsChinaMagazine . Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Alice K. Chinese New Year . Compass Point Books . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ofw chinese new year things to remember '' ( PDF ) . South East Asia Group ( an agency introducing foreign workers to work in Taiwan ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ 家庭 外 傭 過年 習俗 應 注意 事項 ( JPEG ) ( in Chinese , Vietnamese , Indonesian , Thai , and English ) . South East Asia Group . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Culture : New Years -- Cantonese Culture Notes and Phrases '' . chinese-lessons.com . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ David ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` Green Hat a No - No '' . Jump up ^ Mack , Lauren ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Chinese Gift - Giving : What Not to Buy -- Avoid These Chinese Gift - Giving Blunders '' . About.com . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Firecrackers '' . Infopedia.nlb.gov.sg. 15 April 1999 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing to loose 12 - year ban on firecrackers '' . People 's Daily . 20 July 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ This is the figure given by the China Daily , citing the official news agency Xinhua . However , some caution should be exercised over it : although a small proportion of Beijing 's population , it is ten times the normal population of Miyun County . Mandarin handles large numbers differently from English , so translation errors are common . Jump up ^ `` Rumors of fireworks display lead to stampede '' . China Daily . 11 February 2004 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Soulprints : 1970 '' . BOOKSOUL . BOOKSOUL International Pte Ltd. 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Chingay Past '' . Chingay Parade Singapore . 2006 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Peer , Akbur M. ( 2002 ) . Policing Singapore in the 19th and 20th centuries . Singapore Police Force . p. 100 . ISBN 981 - 04 - 7024 - X . Jump up ^ Chin , Ava ( 17 February 2007 ) . `` Can you pig it ? New York goes hog - wild for Chinese New Year '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 19 February 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 新年 好 ( xīnniánhǎo ) Happy New Year '' . eChineseLearning.com . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wood , Frances . `` The Boxer Rebellion , 1900 : A Selection of Books , Prints and Photographs '' . British Library . Retrieved 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ China 's holiday rush begins early , BBC Jump up ^ Shan , Shelley ( 7 January 2012 ) . `` Ministry warns of heavy Lunar New Year holiday traffic '' . Taipei Times . Lee , I - chia ( 25 January 2012 ) . `` Despite rain , millions hit the road '' . Taipei Times . Lee , I - chia ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` Early start beats tolls and congestion as holiday ends '' . Taipei Times ... total traffic volume on Friday was 2.7 million vehicles , about 1.7 times the average daily traffic volume of about 1.6 million . `` We estimate the total traffic volume ( yesterday ) was between 2.1 million and 2.3 million vehicles , '' Chen said . `` Northbound traffic volume was much higher than southbound and peak hours were between 3 pm and 6 pm . '' Jump up ^ Chinese New Year parade doomed as Baird government 's new route ' too narrow ' for floats Jump up ^ `` London -- Chinese New Year -- `` The largest celebrations outside of Asia '' `` . BBC . 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kim , Ryan ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Year of the Tiger off to roaring start at parade '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year in Southeast Asia '' . Goseasia.about.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore in spring : Chinatown Chinese New Year Celebrations 2010 '' ... yoursingapore.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chingay Parade Singapore 2011 '' . YourSingapore.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chinggay Parade 2011 Highlights '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . `` Chinggay Parade 2011 Highlights '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang - Yau Hoon ( 2009 ) . `` The politics of Imlek '' . Inside Indonesia . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ AFP ( 22 January 2012 ) . `` Chinese - Indonesians celebrate once - forbidden roots '' . Taipei Times . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Sydney Chinese New Year Twilight Parade '' . sydneychinesenewyear.com. 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Sydney to ring in Chinese New Year , bigpondnews.com Jump up ^ `` City of Sydney Official Chinese New Year Website '' . Cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au. 1 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year in Australia '' . www.chinesenewyear.net.au . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ East Meets West Lunar New Year Festival Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year Festival , Wellington New Zealand '' . Chinesenewyear.co.nz . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Airlines Chinese New Year Parade in San Francisco '' . Chineseparade.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Dragon Parade '' . Chinese Chamber of Commerce of Los Angeles . 2014 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , Heather . `` Chinese Lunar New Year in New York City : 2015 -- Do n't miss out on Lunar New Year festivities in NYC '' . About.com . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Chinatown , Boston '' . Chinatown Main Street . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce Events '' . Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce . 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Realizarán desfile en DF por Año Nuevo chino '' . El Universal . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year Parade in Vancouver '' . Seechinatown.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Rhein , Jamie ( 16 February 2007 ) . `` A Chinese New Year Parade in Butte , Montana ? Sure '' . Gadling.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fireworks Fly on Hudson River For Chinese Lunar New Year '' . CBSNewYork. 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` With Lunar New Year Show , Another Link to China for a New York Fireworks Family '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Harris , Elizabeth A. ; Grynbaum , Michael M. ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Mayor de Blasio to Make Lunar New Year a School Holiday '' . New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year festival & Parade '' . chineseparade.com. 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best San Francisco Bay Area Events , Weekends & Festivals 2013 '' . hiddensf.com. 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year 2013 -- Year of the Snake starts in style '' . chinatownlondon.org. 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London 's Chinese New Year is More Chinese than Ever Before '' . londonnet.co.uk. 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Le Nouvel An Chinois à Paris 2013 '' . sortiraparis.com. 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Le Nouvel An Chinois '' . mairie13.paris.fr. 2 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Le grand défilé du Nouvel An Chinois '' . mairie13.paris.fr. 2 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Iqbal , Myra ( 15 February 2013 ) . `` Chinese New Year : Celebrating spring and all it brings '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese new year : Pakistan in photo show '' . The Express Tribune . 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CELEBRATING THE CHINESE NEW YEAR WITH THE PAKISTAN - CHINA INSTITUTE '' . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year celebrated in Islamabad '' . CCTV English . 15 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 22 References ( edit ) Media related to Chinese New Year at Wikimedia Commons Welch , Patricia Bjaaland ( 1997 ) . Chinese New Year . Oxford University Press . Public holidays in China Golden weeks Spring Festival National Day Other holidays New Year 's Day Lantern Festival Qingming Festival Workers ' Day Duanwu Festival Mid-Autumn Festival Public holidays in Hong Kong New Year 's Day Lunar New Year ( first 3 days of the period ) Ching Ming Festival Good Friday Holy Saturday Easter Monday Buddha 's Birthday Labour Day Tuen Ng Festival Hong Kong SAR Establishment Day Mid-Autumn Festival PRC National Day Chung Yeung Festival Christmas Day Boxing Day Cancelled Queen 's Birthday Liberation Day Double Ten Day Remembrance Day Chinese New Year Culture of China Topics Nian Lion dance Dragon dance New Year picture Red envelope Reunion dinner Fireworks Firecracker Chinese dragon Fu Food Nian gao Spring pancake Jiaozi Bakkwa Buddha 's delight Fa gao Fat choy Yau gok Kralan Kuih Lotus seed Pineapple tart Squab Taro cake Turnip cake Yusheng Melon seed Mandarin orange Fish Other CCTV New Year 's Gala Chinese calendar Chunyun Color in Chinese culture San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade Golden Week China portal Holidays portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_New_Year&oldid=815568305 '' Categories : Buddhist holidays Chinese New Year Chinese - Australian culture Non-Gregorian January observances Non-Gregorian February observances New Year celebrations Public holidays in China Public holidays in Malaysia Observances set by the Chinese calendar Hidden categories : CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Malay - language sources ( ms ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Thai - language sources ( th ) Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Use dmy dates from February 2016 Articles containing Chinese - language text Infobox holiday with missing field Moveable holidays ( to check ) Infobox holiday ( other ) All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 17 : 01 . 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what day does the chinese lunar new year fall on the gregorian calendar this year
[ "Chinese New Year,[2] also known as the \"Spring Festival\" (traditional Chinese: 春節; simplified Chinese: 春节; Pinyin: Chūn Jié) in modern China, is an important Chinese festival celebrated at the turn of the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar. Celebrations traditionally run from the evening preceding the first day, to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first calendar month. The first day of the New Year falls on the new moon between 21 Jan and 20 Feb.[3] In 2017, the first day of the Chinese New Year was on Saturday, 28 January, initiating the year of the Rooster." ]
[ "Saturday, 28 January" ]
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40th parallel north
40th parallel north - wikipedia 40th parallel north Jump to : navigation , search 40 ° 40th parallel north ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF The 40th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 40 degrees north of the Earth 's equatorial plane . It crosses Europe , the Mediterranean Sea , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , North America , and the Atlantic Ocean . At this latitude the sun is visible for 15 hours , 1 minute during the summer solstice and 9 hours , 20 minutes during the winter solstice . On 21 June , the maximum altitude of the sun is 73.83 degrees and 26.17 degrees on 21 December . Contents ( hide ) 1 Around the world 2 United States 3 See also 4 References Around the world ( edit ) Starting in Spain at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards , the parallel 40 ° north passes through : Co-ordinates Country , territory or sea Notes 40 ° 0 ′ N 0 ° 0 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 0.000 ° E  / 40.000 ; 0.000  ( Prime Meridian ) Spain Valencian Community 40 ° 0 ′ N 0 ° 2 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 0.033 ° E  / 40.000 ; 0.033  ( Mediterranean Sea ) Mediterranean Sea Passing just north of the island of Majorca , Spain 40 ° 0 ′ N 3 ° 48 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 3.800 ° E  / 40.000 ; 3.800  ( Spain ) Spain Island of Menorca 40 ° 0 ′ N 4 ° 13 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 4.217 ° E  / 40.000 ; 4.217  ( Mediterranean Sea ) Mediterranean Sea 40 ° 0 ′ N 8 ° 24 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 8.400 ° E  / 40.000 ; 8.400  ( Italy ) Italy Island of Sardinia 40 ° 0 ′ N 9 ° 42 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 9.700 ° E  / 40.000 ; 9.700  ( Mediterranean Sea ) Mediterranean Sea Tyrrhenian Sea 40 ° 0 ′ N 15 ° 20 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 15.333 ° E  / 40.000 ; 15.333  ( Italy ) Italy Campania 40 ° 0 ′ N 15 ° 26 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 15.433 ° E  / 40.000 ; 15.433  ( Mediterranean Sea ) Mediterranean Sea Gulf of Policastro 40 ° 0 ′ N 15 ° 41 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 15.683 ° E  / 40.000 ; 15.683  ( Italy ) Italy Basilicata , Calabria 40 ° 0 ′ N 16 ° 37 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 16.617 ° E  / 40.000 ; 16.617  ( Mediterranean Sea ) Mediterranean Sea Gulf of Taranto 40 ° 0 ′ N 18 ° 0 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 18.000 ° E  / 40.000 ; 18.000  ( Italy ) Italy Apulia 40 ° 0 ′ N 18 ° 25 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 18.417 ° E  / 40.000 ; 18.417  ( Mediterranean Sea ) Mediterranean Sea Strait of Otranto 40 ° 0 ′ N 19 ° 53 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 19.883 ° E  / 40.000 ; 19.883  ( Albania ) Albania Passing just north of Sarandë and just south of Gjirokastër 40 ° 0 ′ N 20 ° 23 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 20.383 ° E  / 40.000 ; 20.383  ( Greece ) Greece 40 ° 0 ′ N 22 ° 37 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 22.617 ° E  / 40.000 ; 22.617  ( Aegean Sea ) Mediterranean Sea Aegean Sea 40 ° 0 ′ N 23 ° 23 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 23.383 ° E  / 40.000 ; 23.383  ( Greece ) Greece Kassandra and Sithonia 40 ° 0 ′ N 24 ° 0 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 24.000 ° E  / 40.000 ; 24.000  ( Aegean Sea ) Mediterranean Sea Aegean Sea 40 ° 0 ′ N 25 ° 6 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 25.100 ° E  / 40.000 ; 25.100  ( Greece ) Greece Island of Lemnos 40 ° 0 ′ N 25 ° 26 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 25.433 ° E  / 40.000 ; 25.433  ( Aegean Sea ) Mediterranean Sea Aegean Sea 40 ° 0 ′ N 26 ° 11 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 26.183 ° E  / 40.000 ; 26.183  ( Turkey ) Turkey Passing just north of Ankara 40 ° 0 ′ N 44 ° 24 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 44.400 ° E  / 40.000 ; 44.400  ( Armenia ) Armenia 40 ° 0 ′ N 45 ° 36 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 45.600 ° E  / 40.000 ; 45.600  ( Azerbaijan ) Azerbaijan Passing through Nagorno - Karabakh 40 ° 0 ′ N 49 ° 27 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 49.450 ° E  / 40.000 ; 49.450  ( Caspian Sea ) Caspian Sea 40 ° 0 ′ N 52 ° 46 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 52.767 ° E  / 40.000 ; 52.767  ( Turkmenistan ) Turkmenistan 40 ° 0 ′ N 62 ° 26 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 62.433 ° E  / 40.000 ; 62.433  ( Uzbekistan ) Uzbekistan 40 ° 0 ′ N 68 ° 48 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 68.800 ° E  / 40.000 ; 68.800  ( Tajikistan ) Tajikistan 40 ° 0 ′ N 69 ° 31 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 69.517 ° E  / 40.000 ; 69.517  ( Kyrgyzstan ) Kyrgyzstan 40 ° 0 ′ N 70 ° 32 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 70.533 ° E  / 40.000 ; 70.533  ( Tajikistan ) Tajikistan For about 9 km 40 ° 0 ′ N 70 ° 39 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 70.650 ° E  / 40.000 ; 70.650  ( Kyrgyzstan ) Kyrgyzstan 40 ° 0 ′ N 71 ° 5 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 71.083 ° E  / 40.000 ; 71.083  ( Uzbekistan ) Uzbekistan Sokh exclave - for about 7 km 40 ° 0 ′ N 71 ° 10 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 71.167 ° E  / 40.000 ; 71.167  ( Kyrgyzstan ) Kyrgyzstan 40 ° 0 ′ N 71 ° 48 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 71.800 ° E  / 40.000 ; 71.800  ( Uzbekistan ) Uzbekistan Shohimardon exclave - for about 4 km 40 ° 0 ′ N 71 ° 50 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 71.833 ° E  / 40.000 ; 71.833  ( Kyrgyzstan ) Kyrgyzstan 40 ° 0 ′ N 73 ° 58 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 73.967 ° E  / 40.000 ; 73.967  ( China ) People 's Republic of China Xinjiang Gansu Inner Mongolia Shanxi Hebei Beijing ( passing just north of the city centre ) Hebei Tianjin Hebei Liaoning ( for about 8 km ) 40 ° 0 ′ N 119 ° 54 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 119.900 ° E  / 40.000 ; 119.900  ( Yellow Sea ) Pacific Ocean Liaodong Bay , Yellow Sea 40 ° 0 ′ N 121 ° 53 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 121.883 ° E  / 40.000 ; 121.883  ( China ) People 's Republic of China Liaoning ( Liaodong Peninsula ) 40 ° 0 ′ N 124 ° 21 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 124.350 ° E  / 40.000 ; 124.350  ( North Korea ) North Korea North Pyeongan Province - Passing through Sinuiju Jagang Province South Hamgyeong Province - Passing just north of Hamheung 40 ° 0 ′ N 127 ° 57 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 127.950 ° E  / 40.000 ; 127.950  ( Sea of Japan ) Pacific Ocean Sea of Japan 40 ° 0 ′ N 128 ° 10 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 128.167 ° E  / 40.000 ; 128.167  ( North Korea ) North Korea Mayang Island 40 ° 0 ′ N 128 ° 13 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 128.217 ° E  / 40.000 ; 128.217  ( Sea of Japan ) Pacific Ocean Sea of Japan 40 ° 0 ′ N 139 ° 54 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 139.900 ° E  / 40.000 ; 139.900  ( Japan ) Japan Island of Honshū -- Akita Prefecture -- Iwate Prefecture 40 ° 0 ′ N 141 ° 57 ′ E  /  40.000 ° N 141.950 ° E  / 40.000 ; 141.950  ( Pacific Ocean ) Pacific Ocean 40 ° 0 ′ N 124 ° 1 ′ W  /  40.000 ° N 124.017 ° W  / 40.000 ; - 124.017  ( United States ) United States California Nevada Utah Colorado Nebraska / Kansas border Missouri Illinois Indiana Ohio West Virginia Pennsylvania New Jersey 40 ° 0 ′ N 31 ° 7 ′ W  /  40.000 ° N 31.117 ° W  / 40.000 ; - 31.117  ( Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Passing just north of Corvo Island , Azores , Portugal 40 ° 0 ′ N 8 ° 55 ′ W  /  40.000 ° N 8.917 ° W  / 40.000 ; - 8.917  ( Portugal ) Portugal Passing near Pombal and Covilhã 40 ° 0 ′ N 6 ° 51 ′ W  /  40.000 ° N 6.850 ° W  / 40.000 ; - 6.850  ( Spain ) Spain Extremadura Castile - La Mancha Community of Madrid - for about 10 km Castile - La Mancha Valencian Community - Rincón de Ademuz exclave , for about 4 km Castile - La Mancha - for about 5 km Aragon Valencian Community United states ( edit ) The 40th parallel defines the border between Nebraska and Kansas . Survey marker on the Kansas / Nebraska state line The parallel 40 ° north forms the boundary between the states of Kansas and Nebraska . On 30 May 1854 , the Kansas -- Nebraska Act created the Territory of Kansas and the Territory of Nebraska divided by the parallel 40 ° north . Both territories were required to determine for themselves whether to permit slavery . Open conflict between free - state and pro-slavery forces in the Kansas Territory was one of the root causes of the American Civil War . The parallel 40 ° north formed the original northern boundary of the British Colony of Maryland . A subsequent royal grant gave the Colony of Pennsylvania land north of the 40th parallel but mistakenly assumed it would intersect the Twelve Mile Circle , which it does not . Pennsylvania 's border was thus unclear and the colony pushed for a border far south of the 40th parallel . The Mason -- Dixon Line was drawn between 1763 and 1767 as the compromise boundary between the overlapping claims of these two colonies . 40th parallel marker at The Ohio State University ( Columbus , Ohio ) The parallel 40 ° north passes through the cities of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and Columbus , Ohio ; as well as northern suburbs of Indianapolis , Indiana and Denver , Colorado . The parallel goes directly through the John Glenn Columbus International Airport , with runway 10L - 28R lying immediately north of the line , runway 10R - 28L lying slightly south of it , and the line going through the northernmost edges of the terminal . It also passes through the main campus of The Ohio State University ; specifically , it cuts directly across the Oval greenspace , between University Hall and the William Oxley Thompson Memorial Library . Baseline Road in Boulder , Colorado , traces the parallel 40 ° north . Thistle , Utah , a ghost town since 1983 , is slightly ( 30 seconds ) below 40 ° north . See also ( edit ) 40th parallel south 39th parallel north 41st parallel north Baseline ( surveying ) Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/Dur_OneYear.php Circles of latitude / Meridians Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W 0 ° E 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 0 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 5 ° N 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 5 ° S 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=40th_parallel_north&oldid=802671841 '' Categories : Lines of latitude Geographic history of the United States Borders of Nebraska Borders of Kansas Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ilokano 日本 語 Português ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 18 : 15 . 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what three continents extend north of the arctic circle
[ "The 40th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 40 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.", "The 40th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 40 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.", "The 40th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 40 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean." ]
[ "Europe", "Asia", "North America" ]