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-5042503463012924544	United States dollar	United States dollar - Wikipedia United States dollar Jump to : navigation , search `` USD '' redirects here . For other uses , see USD ( disambiguation ) . United States dollar Federal Reserve Notes ISO 4217 Code USD Number 840 Exponent Denominations Superunit 10 eagle 100 union 1000 grand Subunit ⁄ dime ⁄ cent ⁄ mill Symbol $ cent ¢ mill ₥ Nickname List ( show ) Ace , bank , bean , bread , bill , bone , buck , C - note , cheddar , dead president , deuce , dinero , dub , ducat , doubloon , fin , fiver , frog , grand , greenback , large , moolah , paper , sawbuck , scratch , scrilla , simoleons , single , skins , smackeroo , smackers , spondulix , stack , Tom , and yard Plural : dough , green , bread , bones , bucks , skrilla , clams Based on denomination : Washingtons , Jeffersons , Lincolns , Hamiltons , Jacksons , Grants , and Benjamins See also : peso in Puerto Rico , and piastre in Cajun Louisiana Banknotes Freq . used $1 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 Rarely used $2 Coins Freq . used 1 ¢ , 5 ¢ , 10 ¢ , 25 ¢ , $1 Rarely used 50 ¢ Demographics Official user ( s ) United States East Timor Ecuador El Salvador Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Panama Zimbabwe 3 non-U.S. territories ( show ) Caribbean Netherlands British Virgin Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Unofficial user ( s ) 31 other countries ( show ) Afghanistan Argentina The Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Bhutan Botswana Brazil Cambodia Costa Rica Guatemala Guyana Haiti Iraq Jamaica Kenya Laos Lebanon Liberia Malawi Maldives Mozambique Nicaragua Nigeria Peru Sierra Leone Tanzania Thailand Uganda Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zambia 5 non-U.S. territories ( show ) Cayman Islands ( UK ; de facto ) Bermuda ( UK ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ; de facto ) Ascension Island ( UK ; de facto ) British Indian Ocean Territory ( de facto ) 4 non-U.S. cities ( show ) Pyongyang , North Korea Tijuana , Mexico Cancún , Mexico Unrecognized Republic ( s ) ( show ) Luhansk People 's Republic ( rarely ) Issuance Central bank Federal Reserve System Website www.federalreserve.gov Printer Bureau of Engraving and Printing Website www.moneyfactory.gov Mint United States Mint Website www.usmint.gov Valuation Inflation 1.73 % ( July 2017 ) Source inflationdata.com Method CPI Pegged by 27 currencies ( show ) Aruban florin Bahamian dollar ( at par ) Bahraini dinar ( higher value ) Barbadian dollar Belize dollar Bermudian dollar ( at par ) Cayman Islands dollar ( higher value ) Cuban convertible peso ( at par ) Djiboutian franc East Caribbean dollar East Timor Centavo Coin ( at par ) Ecuadorian Centavo Coin ( at par ) Eritrean nakfa Hong Kong dollar ( narrow band ) Iraqi dinar Jordanian dinar ( higher value ) Kuwaiti dinar ( higher value ) Lebanese pound Netherlands Antillean guilder Omani rial ( higher value ) Panamanian balboa ( at par ) Qatari riyal Saudi riyal Trinidad and Tobago dollar United Arab Emirates dirham Venezuelan bolívar Zimbabwean Bond Coins and Zimbabwean Bond Notes ( at par ) The United States dollar ( sign : $ ; code : USD ; also abbreviated US $ and referred to as the dollar , U.S. dollar , or American dollar ) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution . For most practical purposes , it is divided into 100 smaller cent ( ¢ ) units , but officially it can be divided into 1000 mills ( ₥ ) . The circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars ( 12 U.S.C. § 418 ) . The U.S. dollar is commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 ⁄ grain ( 24.1 g ) pure or 416 grain ( 27.0 g ) standard silver . Since the currency is the most used in international transactions , it is the world 's primary reserve currency . Several countries use it as their official currency , and in many others it is the de facto currency . Besides the United States , it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean : the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands . A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money , while still minting their own coins , or also accept U.S. dollar coins ( such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar ) . As of July 12 , 2017 , there was approximately $1.56 trillion in circulation , of which $1.52 trillion was in Federal Reserve notes ( the remaining $40 billion is in the form of coins ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Etymology 2.1 Nicknames 3 Dollar sign 4 History 4.1 Continental currency 4.2 Silver and gold standards 5 Coins 5.1 Collector coins 5.2 Dollar coins 5.3 Mint marks 5.3. 1 Notes 6 Banknotes 7 Means of issue 8 Value 9 Exchange rates 9.1 Historical exchange rates 9.2 Current exchange rates 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links 14.1 Images of U.S. currency and coins Overview ( edit ) Article I , Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power `` To coin money '' . Laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U.S.C. § 5112 . Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued . These coins are both designated in Section 5112 as `` legal tender '' in payment of debts . The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar . The pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle . Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins , which have values ranging from one cent to 100 dollars . These other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar . The Constitution provides that `` a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time '' . That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code . The sums of money reported in the `` Statements '' are currently being expressed in U.S. dollars ( for example , see the 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government ) . The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States . The word `` dollar '' is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution . There , `` dollars '' is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar , a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency , or reales . In 1792 the U.S. Congress passed a Coinage Act . Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins , including `` DOLLARS OR UNITS -- each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current , and to contain three hundred and seventy - one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure , or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver '' . Section 20 of the act provided , `` That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars , or units ... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation '' . In other words , this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States . Unlike the Spanish milled dollar , the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values . In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one - thousandth of a dollar ( symbol ₥ ) , cent or one - hundredth of a dollar ( symbol ¢ ) , dime or one - tenth of a dollar , and eagle or ten dollars , with prescribed weights and composition of gold , silver , or copper for each . It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union , but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist . However , only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar ; `` dime '' is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10 ¢ , while `` eagle '' and `` mill '' are largely unknown to the general public , though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies , and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $ X. XX9 per gallon , e.g. , $3.599 , more commonly written as $3.59 ⁄ . When currently issued in circulating form , denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S. coins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes ( with the exception of gold , silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender , but worth far more as bullion ) . Both one - dollar coins and notes are produced today , although the note form is significantly more common . In the past , `` paper money '' was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar ( fractional currency ) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 ( known as the `` double eagle '' , discontinued in the 1930s ) . The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars , and subsequently was used in naming gold coins . Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination , known as `` fractional currency '' , was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as `` shinplasters '' . In 1854 , James Guthrie , then Secretary of the Treasury , proposed creating $100 , $50 and $25 gold coins , which were referred to as a `` Union '' , `` Half Union '' , and `` Quarter Union '' , thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100 . Series of 1917 $1 United States bill Today , USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper , unlike most common paper , which is made of wood fiber . U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint . U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and , since 1914 , have been issued by the Federal Reserve . The `` large - sized notes '' issued before 1928 measured 7.42 by 3.125 inches ( 188.5 by 79.4 mm ) ; small - sized notes , introduced that year , measure 6.14 by 2.61 by 0.0043 inches ( 155.96 by 66.29 by 0.11 mm ) . When the current , smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine - sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency . Etymology ( edit ) Further information : Dollar In the 16th century , Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers ( from German thal , or nowadays usually Tal , `` valley '' , cognate with `` dale '' in English ) , named for Joachimstal , the valley where the silver was mined ( St. Joachim 's Valley , now Jáchymov ; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia , now part of the Czech Republic ) . Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler , a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler , Norwegian as dalar and daler , Dutch as daler or daalder , Ethiopian as ታላሪ ( talari ) , Hungarian as tallér , Italian as tallero , and English as dollar . Alternatively , thaler is said to come from the German coin Guldengroschen ( `` great guilder '' , being of silver but equal in value to a gold guilder ) , minted from the silver from Joachimsthal . The coins minted at Joachimsthal soon lent their name to other coins of similar size and weight from other places . One such example , was a Dutch coin depicting a lion , hence its Dutch name leeuwendaler ( in English : lion daler ) . The leeuwendaler was authorized to contain 427.16 grains of . 75 fine silver and passed locally for between 36 and 42 stuivers . It was lighter than the large - denomination coins then in circulation , thus it was more advantageous for a Dutch merchant to pay a foreign debt in leeuwendalers and it became the coin of choice for foreign trade . The leeuwendaler was popular in the Dutch East Indies and in the Dutch New Netherland Colony ( New York ) , and circulated throughout the Thirteen Colonies during the 17th and early 18th centuries . It was also popular throughout Eastern Europe , where it led to the current Romanian and Moldovan currency being called leu ( literally `` lion '' ) . Among the English - speaking community , the coin came to be popularly known as lion dollar -- and is the origin of the name dollar . The modern American - English pronunciation of dollar is still remarkably close to the 17th - century Dutch pronunciation of daler . By analogy with this lion dollar , Spanish pesos -- with the same weight and shape as the lion dollar -- came to be known as Spanish dollars . By the mid-18th century , the lion dollar had been replaced by the Spanish dollar , the famous `` piece of eight '' , which was distributed widely in the Spanish colonies in the New World and in the Philippines . Eventually , dollar became the name of the first official American currency . Nicknames ( edit ) See also : Slang terms for money § United States The colloquialism `` buck '' ( s ) ( much like the British word `` quid '' ( s , pl ) for the pound sterling ) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations , including the U.S. dollar . This term , dating to the 18th century , may have originated with the colonial leather trade . It may also have originated from a poker term . `` Greenback '' is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North . The original note was printed in black and green on the back side . It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar ( but not to the dollars of other countries ) . Other well - known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include `` greenmail '' , `` green '' and `` dead presidents '' ( the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills ) . A `` grand '' , sometimes shortened to simply `` G '' , is a common term for the amount of $1,000 . The suffix `` K '' or `` k '' ( from `` kilo - '' ) is also commonly used to denote this amount ( such as `` $10 k '' to mean $10,000 ) . However , the $1,000 note is no longer in general use . A `` large '' or `` stack '' , it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 ( such as `` fifty large '' meaning $50,000 ) . The $100 note is nicknamed `` Benjamin '' , `` Benji '' , `` Ben '' , or `` Franklin '' ( after Benjamin Franklin ) , `` C - note '' ( C being the Roman numeral for 100 ) , `` Century note '' or `` bill '' ( e.g. `` two bills '' being $200 ) . The $50 note is occasionally called a `` yardstick '' or a `` grant '' ( after President Ulysses S. Grant , pictured on the obverse ) . The $20 note is referred to as a `` double sawbuck '' , `` Jackson '' ( after Andrew Jackson ) , or `` double eagle '' . The $10 note is referred to as a `` sawbuck '' , `` ten - spot '' or `` Hamilton '' ( after Alexander Hamilton ) . The $5 note as `` Lincoln '' , `` fin '' , `` fiver '' or `` five - spot '' . The infrequently - used $2 note is sometimes called `` deuce '' , `` Tom '' , or `` Jefferson '' ( after Thomas Jefferson ) . The $1 note as a `` single '' or `` buck '' . The dollar has also been referred to as a `` bone '' and `` bones '' in plural ( e.g. `` twenty bones '' is equal to $20 ) . The newer designs , with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse ( rather than in cameo insets ) , upon paper color - coded by denomination , are sometimes referred to as `` bigface '' notes or `` Monopoly money '' . `` Piastre '' was the original French word for the U.S. dollar , used for example in the French text of the Louisiana Purchase . Calling the dollar a piastre is still common among the speakers of Cajun French and New England French . Modern French uses dollar for this unit of currency as well . The term is still used as slang for U.S. dollars in the French - speaking Caribbean islands , most notably Haiti . Dollar sign ( edit ) Main article : Dollar sign Spanish silver real or peso of 1768 The symbol $ , usually written before the numerical amount , is used for the U.S. dollar ( as well as for many other currencies ) . The sign was the result of a late 18th - century evolution of the scribal abbreviation `` p '' for the peso , the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries . These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America , namely in Mexico City ; Potosí , Bolivia ; and Lima , Peru . The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $ . Another popular explanation is that it is derived from the Pillars of Hercules on the Spanish Coat of arms of the Spanish dollar . These Pillars of Hercules on the silver Spanish dollar coins take the form of two vertical bars ( ) and a swinging cloth band in the shape of an `` S '' . Yet another explanation suggests that the dollar sign was formed from the capital letters U and S written or printed one on top of the other . This theory , popularized by novelist Ayn Rand in Atlas Shrugged , does not consider the fact that the symbol was already in use before the formation of the United States . History ( edit ) See also : History of the United States dollar Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note , featuring a portrait of President William McKinley . Reverse of a $500 Federal Reserve Note . The American dollar coin was initially based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar , used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries . The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint ( founded 1792 ) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar , minted in Mexico and Peru . The Spanish , U.S. silver dollars , and later , Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States , and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857 . The coinage of various English colonies also circulated . The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony ( New York ) , but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century . Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable , thus they were sometimes referred to as `` dog dollars '' . The U.S. dollar was first defined by the Coinage Act of 1792 , which specified a `` dollar '' to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains ( 27.0 g ) of standard silver and an `` eagle '' to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains ( 17 g ) of gold ( again depending on purity ) . The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton 's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars . Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains . A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight , and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar . The same coinage act also set the value of an eagle at 10 dollars , and the dollar at ⁄ eagle . It called for 90 % silver alloy coins in denominations of 1 , ⁄ , ⁄ , ⁄ , and ⁄ dollars ; it called for 90 % gold alloy coins in denominations of 1 , ⁄ , ⁄ , and ⁄ eagles . The value of gold or silver contained in the dollar was then converted into relative value in the economy for the buying and selling of goods . This allowed the value of things to remain fairly constant over time , except for the influx and outflux of gold and silver in the nation 's economy . The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents , as is the custom now ; although today , by law , only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency . In fact , the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency , a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs . The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century ; before that `` heads '' side of coinage used profile faces and striding , seated , and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans . The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime ( 1946 ) and the Dollar ( 1971 ) . For articles on the currencies of the colonies and states , see Connecticut pound , Delaware pound , Georgia pound , Maryland pound , Massachusetts pound , New Hampshire pound , New Jersey pound , New York pound , North Carolina pound , Pennsylvania pound , Rhode Island pound , South Carolina pound and Virginia pound . Continental currency ( edit ) Continental One Third Dollar Bill ( obverse ) See also : Continental currency During the American Revolution the thirteen colonies became independent states . Freed from British monetary regulations , they each issued £ sd paper money to pay for military expenses . The Continental Congress also began issuing `` Continental Currency '' denominated in Spanish dollars . The dollar was valued relative to the states ' currencies at the following rates : 5 shillings -- Georgia 6 shillings -- Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Virginia 7 ⁄ shillings -- Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , Pennsylvania 8 shillings -- New York , North Carolina 32 ⁄ shillings -- South Carolina Continental currency depreciated badly during the war , giving rise to the famous phrase `` not worth a continental '' . A primary problem was that monetary policy was not coordinated between Congress and the states , which continued to issue bills of credit . Additionally , neither Congress nor the governments of the several states had the will or the means to retire the bills from circulation through taxation or the sale of bonds . The currency was ultimately replaced by the silver dollar at the rate of 1 silver dollar to 1000 continental dollars . Silver and gold standards ( edit ) From 1792 , when the Mint Act was passed , the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains ( 24.056 g ) of silver . Many historians erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver ; however , there is no evidence of Congress making this law . This has to do with Alexander Hamilton 's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15 : 1 ratio of silver to gold , respectively . The gold coins that were minted however , were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar . 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains ( 1.50 g ) , followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains ( 1.505 g ) in 1837 ( 16 : 1 ratio ) . In 1862 , paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals , due to the Civil War . Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated . This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812 . The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788 . With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited , the continentals quickly lost their value , giving rise to the phrase `` not worth a continental '' . This was a primary reason for the `` No state shall ... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts '' clause in article 1 , section 10 of the United States Constitution . In order to finance the War of 1812 , Congress authorized the issuance of Treasury Notes , interest - bearing short - term debt that could be used to pay public dues . While they were intended to serve as debt , they did function `` to a limited extent '' as money . Treasury Notes were again printed to help resolve the reduction in public revenues resulting from the Panic of 1837 and the Panic of 1857 , as well as to help finance the Mexican -- American War and the Civil War . In addition to Treasury Notes , in 1861 , Congress authorized the Treasury to borrow $50 million in the form of Demand Notes , which did not bear interest but could be redeemed on demand for precious metals . However , by December 1861 , the Union government 's supply of specie was outstripped by demand for redemption and they were forced to suspend redemption temporarily . The following February , Congress passed the Legal Tender Act of 1862 , issuing United States Notes , which were not redeemable on demand and bore no interest , but were legal tender , meaning that creditors had to accept them at face value for any payment except for public debts and import tariffs . However , silver and gold coins continued to be issued , resulting in the depreciation of the newly printed notes through Gresham 's Law . In 1869 , Supreme Court ruled in Hepburn v. Griswold that Congress could not require creditors to accept United States Notes , but overturned that ruling the next year in the Legal Tender Cases . In 1875 , Congress passed the Specie Payment Resumption Act , requiring the Treasury to allow US Notes to be redeemed for gold after January 1 , 1879 . The Treasury ceased to issue United States Notes in 1971 . The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains ( 1.505 g ) of gold , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67 . Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964 , when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters , and the half dollar was reduced to 40 % silver . Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970 . Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt . The gold standard was changed to 13.71 grains ( 0.888 g ) , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35 . This standard persisted until 1968 . Between 1968 and 1975 , a variety of pegs to gold were put in place , eventually culminating in a sudden end , on August 15 , 1971 , to the convertibility of dollars to gold later dubbed the Nixon Shock . The last peg was $42.22 per ounce before the U.S. dollar was let to freely float on currency markets . According to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing , the largest note it ever printed was the $100,000 Gold Certificate , Series 1934 . These notes were printed from December 18 , 1934 , through January 9 , 1935 , and were issued by the Treasurer of the United States to Federal Reserve Banks only against an equal amount of gold bullion held by the Treasury . These notes were used for transactions between Federal Reserve Banks and were not circulated among the general public . Coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the United States dollar Official United States coins have been produced every year from 1792 to the present . Denomination Common name Obverse Reverse Portrait and design date Reverse motif and design date Weight Diameter Material Edge Circulation Cent 1 ¢ penny Abraham Lincoln Union Shield 2.50 g 19.05 mm 97.5 % Zn 2.5 % Cu plain Wide Five - Cent 5 ¢ nickel Thomas Jefferson Monticello 5.00 g 21.21 mm 75 % Cu 25 % Ni plain Wide Dime 10 ¢ dime Franklin D. Roosevelt olive branch , torch , oak branch 2.27 g 17.91 mm 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 118 reeds Wide Quarter Dollar 25 ¢ quarter George Washington Various ; five designs per year 5.67 g 24.26 mm 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 119 reeds Wide Half Dollar 50 ¢ half John F. Kennedy Presidential Seal 11.34 g 30.61 mm 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 150 reeds Limited Dollar coin $1 dollar coin , golden dollar Profile of Sacagawea with her child , Jean Baptiste Charbonneau Bald eagle in flight ( 2000 -- 2008 ) , Various ; new design per year 8.10 g 26.50 mm 88.5 % Cu 6 % Zn 3.5 % Mn 2 % Ni Lettered Limited Discontinued coin denominations include : Half cent : ⁄ ¢ , 1793 -- 1857 Fugio Cent : 1 ¢ , 1787 Two - cent piece : 2 ¢ , 1863 -- 1873 Three - cent bronze : 3 ¢ , 1863 ( not circulated ) Three - cent nickel : 3 ¢ , 1865 -- 1889 Trime : 3 ¢ , 1851 -- 1873 Half dime : 5 ¢ , 1792 -- 1873 Twenty - cent piece : 20 ¢ , 1875 -- 1878 Gold dollar : $1.00 , 1849 -- 1889 Quarter eagle : $2.50 , 1792 -- 1929 Three - dollar piece : $3.00 , 1854 -- 1889 Stella : $4.00 , ( not circulated ) Half eagle : $5.00 , 1795 -- 1929 , minted as a commemorative 1986 -- present Eagle : $10.00 , minted as a commemorative 1984 -- 2003 Double eagle : $20.00 , 1849 -- 1933 , 2009 Half - union : $50.00 , 1877 ( pattern only ) , 1915 ( Panama -- Pacific International Exposition coin ) Union : $100.00 , 2015 ( High relief ; not circulated ) Collector coins for which everyday transactions are non-existent . American Eagles originally were not available from the Mint for individuals but had to be purchased from authorized dealers . In 2006 The Mint began direct sales to individuals of uncirculated bullion coins with a special finish , and bearing a `` W '' mintmark . American Silver Eagle $1 ( 1 troy ounce ) silver bullion coin 1986 -- present American Gold Eagle $5 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , $10 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , $25 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , and $50 ( 1 troy oz ) Gold bullion coin 1986 -- present American Platinum Eagle ( $10 , $25 , $50 , and $100 platinum coin ) 1997 -- present United States commemorative coins -- special issue coins $50.00 ( Half Union ) 1915 Presidential Proofs ( see below ) 2007 -- present Technically , all these coins are still legal tender at face value , though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value , and for gold and silver coins , their precious metal value . From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content , which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel . However , since 1992 , the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes , quarters , and half dollars in place of the standard copper - nickel versions . In addition , an experimental $4.00 ( Stella ) coin was also minted in 1879 , but never placed into circulation , and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination . The $50 coin mentioned was only produced in 1915 for the Panama - Pacific International Exposition ( 1915 ) celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal . Only 1,128 were made , 645 of which were octagonal ; this remains the only U.S. coin that was not round as well as the largest and heaviest U.S. coin ever produced . A $100 gold coin was produced in High relief during 2015 , although it was primarily produced for collectors , not for general circulation . From 1934 to present , the only denominations produced for circulation have been the familiar penny , nickel , dime , quarter , half dollar and dollar . The nickel is the only coin still in use today that is essentially unchanged ( except in its design ) from its original version . Every year since 1866 , the nickel has been 75 % copper and 25 % nickel , except for 4 years during World War II when nickel was needed for the war . Due to the penny 's low value , some efforts have been made to eliminate the penny as circulating coinage . Collector coins ( edit ) The United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators . Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime , quarter , and half dollar containing 90 % silver . Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997 , the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year 's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins . Another type of proof set is the Presidential Dollar Proof Set where four special $1 coins are minted each year featuring a president . Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins , the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 13 , 2011 , by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner . Future minting of such coins will be made solely for collectors . 2007 had George Washington , John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , and James Madison 2008 had James Monroe , John Quincy Adams , Andrew Jackson , and Martin Van Buren 2009 had William Henry Harrison , John Tyler , James K. Polk , and Zachary Taylor 2010 had Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , James Buchanan , and Abraham Lincoln 2011 had Andrew Johnson , Ulysses S. Grant , Rutherford B. Hayes , and James A. Garfield 2012 had Chester Arthur , Grover Cleveland ( 1st term ) , Benjamin Harrison , and Grover Cleveland ( 2nd term ) 2013 had William McKinley , Theodore Roosevelt , William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson 2014 had Warren G. Harding , Calvin Coolidge , Herbert Hoover , and Franklin D. Roosevelt 2015 had Harry S Truman , Dwight D. Eisenhower , John F. Kennedy , and Lyndon B. Johnson 2016 had Richard M. Nixon , Gerald R. Ford and Ronald Reagan . Dollar coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the United States dollar Flowing Hair Dollar The first United States dollar was minted in 1794 . Known as the Flowing Hair Dollar , contained 416 grains of `` standard silver '' ( 89.25 % silver and 10.75 % copper ) , as specified by Section 13 of the Coinage Act of 1792 . It was designated by Section 9 of that Act as having `` the value of a Spanish milled dollar '' . Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States . Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935 ; a copper - nickel dollar of the same large size , featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower , was minted from 1971 through 1978 . Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century . The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979 ; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters , due to their nearly equal size , their milled edge , and their similar color . Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 ( collectors ' pieces were struck in 1981 ) , but , as with all past U.S. coins , they remain legal tender . As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted , additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999 . In 2000 , a new $1 coin , featuring Sacagawea , ( the Sacagawea dollar ) was introduced , which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color , without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar . However , this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still - existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions . The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support . In February 2007 , the U.S. Mint , under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 , introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin . Based on the success of the `` 50 State Quarters '' series , the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations , starting with George Washington , on the obverse side . The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty . To allow for larger , more detailed portraits , the traditional inscriptions of `` E Pluribus Unum '' , `` In God We Trust '' , the year of minting or issuance , and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face . This feature , similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British £ 1 coin , is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs . The inscription `` Liberty '' has been eliminated , with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement . In addition , due to the nature of U.S. coins , this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse ( heads ) side ( Lincoln / penny , Jefferson / nickel , Franklin D. Roosevelt / dime , Washington / quarter , Kennedy / half dollar , and Eisenhower / dollar ) . Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with two different portraits issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms . Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks . Highly sought after by collectors , and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery , the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions `` E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P '' . The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia , although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units . Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to `` heads '' , some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying `` upside down lettering error '' coins . Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years , whereas coins are more permanent . The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes , which have been withdrawn from circulation , bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones . As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes , they commonly accept only $1 bills , though a few will give change in dollar coins . Mint marks ( edit ) Mint Mint mark Metal minted Year established Current status Denver All metals 1906 Facility open Philadelphia P or none All metals 1792 Facility open San Francisco All metals 1854 Facility open ( proof only ) West Point W or none Gold , Silver and Platinum 1973 Facility open ( bullion only ) Carson City CC Gold and Silver 1870 Facility closed , 1893 Charlotte Gold only 1838 Facility closed , 1861 Dahlonega Gold only 1838 Facility closed , 1861 Manila M or none All metals 1920 Facility closed , 1922 ; re-opened 1925 -- 1941 New Orleans Gold and Silver 1838 Facility closed , 1861 ; re-opened 1879 -- 1909 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The letter `` P '' is used for the Philadelphia mint mark on all coins ( except cents ) released from 1980 onward . Before this it had only been used on silver Jefferson nickels from 1942 to 1945 . Jump up ^ Between 1973 and 1986 there was no mint mark ( these coins are indistinguishable from coins produced at the Philadelphia Mint from 1973 to 1980 ) ; after 1988 the letter `` W '' was used for coinage , except for the 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle . Jump up ^ It is now the home of the Nevada State Museum , which still strikes commemorative medallions with the `` CC '' mint mark ( most recently in 2014 commemorating the Nevada Sesquicentennial ) , using former mint 's the original coin press . Jump up ^ Although the mint mark `` D '' has been used by two separate mints , it is easy to distinguish between the two , as any 19th century coinage is Dahlonega , and any 20th or 21st century coins are Denver . Jump up ^ During the period in which this mint branch was operational , The Philippines was an insular territory and then commonwealth of the U.S. ; it was the first ( and to date only ) U.S. branch mint located outside the Continental United States . Jump up ^ The letter `` M '' was used for the Manila mint mark on all coins released from 1925 onward ; before this it had produced its coins with no mintmark . Jump up ^ During the Civil War , this mint operated under the control of the State of Louisiana ( February 1861 ) and the Confederate States of America ( March 1861 ) until it ran out of bullion later in that year ; some Half Dollars have been identified as being the issue of the State of Louisiana and the Confederacy . Banknotes ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Note Denomination Obverse Reverse Portrait Reverse Motif First Series Latest Series Circulation One Dollar George Washington Great Seal of the United States Series 1963 Series 2013 Wide Two Dollars Thomas Jefferson Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence Series 1976 Series 2013 Limited Five Dollars Abraham Lincoln Lincoln Memorial Series 2006 Series 2013 Wide Ten Dollars Alexander Hamilton U.S. Treasury Series 2004A Series 2013 Wide Twenty Dollars Andrew Jackson White House Series 2004 Series 2013 Wide Fifty Dollars Ulysses S. Grant United States Capitol Series 2004 Series 2013 Wide One Hundred Dollars Benjamin Franklin Independence Hall Series 2009 Series 2013 Wide The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to `` borrow money on the credit of the United States '' . Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes . Those notes are `` obligations of the United States '' and `` shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States , in the city of Washington , District of Columbia , or at any Federal Reserve bank '' . Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as `` legal tender '' for the payment of debts . Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes , including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note . The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s . Currently printed denominations are $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , and $100 . Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969 . These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime ; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use . With the advent of electronic banking , they became less necessary . Notes in denominations of $500 , $1,000 , $5,000 , $10,000 , and $100,000 were all produced at one time ; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details . With the exception of the $100,000 bill ( which was only issued as a Series 1934 Gold Certificate and was never publicly circulated ; thus it is illegal to own ) , these notes are now collectors ' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors . Though still predominantly green , post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations . As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note , except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill . It also plans larger , higher - contrast numerals , more color differences , and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period . Means of issue ( edit ) The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury , plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks . The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994 , to 800 billion in 2005 , and over 3000 billion in 2013 . The amount of cash in circulation is increased ( or decreased ) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System . Eight times a year , the 12 - person Federal Open Market Committee meets to determine U.S. monetary policy . Every business day , the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy . If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply , it will buy securities ( such as U.S. Treasury Bonds ) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars . Conversely , it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars , to take dollars out of circulation . When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase , it credits the seller 's reserve account ( with the Federal Reserve ) . This money is not transferred from any existing funds -- it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high - powered money . Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve account at the Federal Reserve . To fulfill those requests , the Federal Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury Department . The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ( to print new dollar bills ) and the Bureau of the Mint ( to stamp the coins ) . Usually , the short - term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short - term interest rate target . In other instances , monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold . For example , in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate , the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight . The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include : ( i ) Discount window lending ( as lender of last resort ) ; ( ii ) Fractional deposit lending ( changes in the reserve requirement ) ; ( iii ) Moral suasion ( cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes ) ; ( iv ) `` Open mouth operations '' ( talking monetary policy with the market ) . Value ( edit ) Buying power of one U.S. dollar compared to 1774 USD Year Equivalent buying power 1774 $1.00 1780 $0.59 1790 $0.89 1800 $0.64 1810 $0.66 1820 $0.69 1830 $0.88 1840 $0.94 1850 $1.03 1860 $0.97 Year Equivalent buying power 1870 $0.62 1880 $0.79 1890 $0.89 1900 $0.96 1910 $0.85 1920 $0.39 1930 $0.47 1940 $0.56 1950 $0.33 1960 $0.26 Year Equivalent buying power 1970 $0.20 1980 $0.10 1990 $0.06 2000 $0.05 2007 $0.04 2008 $0.04 2009 $0.04 $0.035 2011 $0.034 2012 $0.03 U.S. Consumer Price Index , starting from 1913 The 6th paragraph of Section 8 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the U.S. Congress shall have the power to `` coin money '' and to `` regulate the value '' of domestic and foreign coins . Congress exercised those powers when it enacted the Coinage Act of 1792 . That Act provided for the minting of the first U.S. dollar and it declared that the U.S. dollar shall have `` the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current '' . The table to the right shows the equivalent amount of goods that , in a particular year , could be purchased with $1 . The table shows that from 1774 through 2012 the U.S. dollar has lost about 97.0 % of its buying power . The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation , which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time . A consumer price index ( CPI ) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households . The United States Consumer Price Index , published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics , is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States . It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day - to - day living expenses . A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982 -- 1984 and the annual year - over-year change in CPI is shown at right . The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime , especially during the American Civil War , World War I , and World War II . The Federal Reserve , which was established in 1913 , was designed to furnish an `` elastic '' currency subject to `` substantial changes of quantity over short periods '' , which differed significantly from previous forms of high - powered money such as gold , national bank notes , and silver coins . Over the very long run , the prior gold standard kept prices stable -- for instance , the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s . The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability , reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s , before presiding over a 30 % deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s . Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II , the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce , and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold . Rising government spending in the 1960s , however , led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility , gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold , and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline . Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold , gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon , resulting in the `` Nixon shock '' . The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold , and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency . The Federal Reserve , however , continued to increase the money supply , resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s . This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked ( the Phillips curve ) , and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign . Between 1965 and 1981 , the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value . In 1979 , President Carter appointed Paul Volcker Chairman of the Federal Reserve . The Federal Reserve tightened the money supply and inflation was substantially lower in the 1980s , and hence the value of the U.S. dollar stabilized . Over the thirty - year period from 1981 to 2009 , the U.S. dollar lost over half its value . This is because the Federal Reserve has targeted not zero inflation , but a low , stable rate of inflation -- between 1987 and 1997 , the rate of inflation was approximately 3.5 % , and between 1997 and 2007 it was approximately 2 % . The so - called `` Great Moderation '' of economic conditions since the 1970s is credited to monetary policy targeting price stability . There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation ( which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time ) or low , stable inflation ( which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time , as is the case now ) . Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar , others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed . Exchange rates ( edit ) Historical exchange rates ( edit ) Currency units per U.S. dollar , averaged over the year 1970 1980 1985 1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Euro -- -- -- -- -- 0.9387 1.0832 1.1171 1.0578 0.8833 0.8040 0.8033 0.7960 0.7293 0.6791 0.7176 0.6739 0.7178 0.7777 0.7530 0.7520 0.9015 Japanese yen 357.6 240.45 250.35 146.25 111.08 113.73 107.80 121.57 125.22 115.94 108.15 110.11 116.31 117.76 103.39 93.68 87.78 79.70 79.82 97.60 105.74 121.05 Pound sterling 8 s 4 d = 0.4167 0.4484 0.8613 0.6207 0.6660 0.6184 0.6598 0.6946 0.6656 0.6117 0.5456 0.5493 0.5425 0.4995 0.5392 0.6385 0.4548 0.6233 0.6308 0.6393 0.6066 0.6544 Canadian dollar 1.081 1.168 1.321 1.1605 1.2902 1.4858 1.4855 1.5487 1.5704 1.4008 1.3017 1.2115 1.1340 1.0734 1.0660 1.1412 1.0298 0.9887 0.9995 1.0300 1.1043 1.2789 Mexican peso 0.01250 -- 0.02650 2.80 2.67 2.50 3.1237 9.553 9.459 9.337 9.663 10.793 11.290 10.894 10.906 10.928 11.143 13.498 12.623 12.427 13.154 12.758 13.302 15.837 Renminbi yuan 2.46 1.7050 2.9366 4.7832 5.7620 8.2783 8.2784 8.2770 8.2771 8.2772 8.2768 8.1936 7.9723 7.6058 6.9477 6.8307 6.7696 6.4630 6.3093 6.1478 6.1620 6.2840 Indian rupee 7.56 8.000 12.38 16.96 31.291 43.13 45.00 47.22 48.63 46.59 45.26 44.00 45.19 41.18 43.39 48.33 45.65 46.58 53.37 58.51 62.00 64.1332 Singapore dollar -- -- 2.179 1.903 1.6158 1.6951 1.7361 1.7930 1.7908 1.7429 1.6902 1.6639 1.5882 1.5065 1.4140 1.4543 1.24586 1.2565 1.2492 1.2511 1.2665 1.3748 South African rand 0.7182 0.7780 2.2343 2.5600 3.2729 6.1191 6.9468 8.6093 10.5176 7.5550 6.4402 6.3606 6.7668 7.0477 8.2480 8.4117 7.3159 7.2510 8.2014 9.6436 10.8420 12.7759 Notes : 1 . Mexican peso values prior to 1993 revaluation 2 . Value at the start of the year Sources : US : Last 4 years , 2009 -- 2012 , 2005 -- 2008 , 2001 -- 2004 , 1997 -- 2000 , 1993 -- 1996 , all available years Multiple countries : 2004 -- present Australia : 1970 -- present China : 1974 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 Mexico : 1976 -- 1991 Canada : 1977 -- 1991 Current exchange rates ( edit ) Current USD exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Numismatics portal Coins of the United States dollar Counterfeit United States currency Federal Reserve Note International use of the U.S. dollar Large denominations of United States currency Series ( United States currency ) Strong dollar policy U.S. Dollar Index Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alongside East Timor centavo coins Jump up ^ Alongside Ecuadorian centavo coins Jump up ^ Alongside Panamanian balboa coins Jump up ^ Official currency for Zimbabwean government transactions Jump up ^ United States dollars , Iranian rials , and Pakistani rupees are widely accepted . Jump up ^ Used heavily for large purchases . Jump up ^ Bahamian dollar tied at a 1 : 1 rate to the United States dollar , both are accepted interchangeably . Jump up ^ Barbadian dollar tied at about 2 : 1 , both accepted . Visiting Barbados FAQ : What is the local currency ? , Invest Barbados Jump up ^ Alongside the Cambodian riel Jump up ^ Alongside the Costa Rican colón Jump up ^ Iraqi dinar tied at about 2 : 1 , both accepted . Jump up ^ Alongside the Jamaican dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the Lao kip Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Lebanese pound at a fixed exchange rate of 1 : 1,500 Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Nicaraguan córdoba Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Peruvian sol Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Sierra Leonean leone Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Uruguayan peso Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Venezuelan bolívar Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Vietnamese đồng Jump up ^ Alongside the Bermudian dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the New Zealand dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the Saint Helena pound Jump up ^ The United States dollar and the Chinese Yuan are the only accepted currencies in most Pyongyang stores . Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used by locals . Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used by locals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ nichol , Mark . `` 50 Slang Terms for Money '' . dailywritingtips.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Central Bank of Timor - Leste '' . Retrieved Mar 22 , 2017 . The official currency of Timor - Leste is the United States dollar , which is legal tender for all payments made in cash . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador '' . CIA World Factbook . October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . The dollar is legal tender Jump up ^ `` El Salvador '' . CIA World Factbook . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 27 , 2001 . The US dollar became El Salvador 's currency in 2001 Jump up ^ http://www.demtullpitcairn.com/2016JanFebMarch.pdf Jump up ^ FCO country profile Archived June 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` British Indian Ocean Territory Currency '' . Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com . March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Text of original Coinage Act of 1792 determining U.S. and Spanish dollar equivalentcy '' ( TIFF ) . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Implementation of Monetary Policy -- The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Benjamin J. Cohen , The Future of Money , Princeton University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 11666 - 0 ; cf . `` the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia '' , Charles Agar , Frommer 's Vietnam , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 79816 - 9 , p. 17 Jump up ^ `` How much U.S. currency is in circulation ? '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 5 of Section 8 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 5112 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 7 of Section 9 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mehl , B. Max . `` United States $50.00 Gold Pieces , 1877 '' , in Star Rare Coins Encyclopedia and Premium Catalogue ( 20th edition , 1921 ) ^ Jump up to : National Geographic . June 2002 . p. 1 . Ask US . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Colonial -- Lion Dollar '' . Coins.lakdiva.org . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` etymologiebank.nl '' . etymologiebank.nl . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Julian , R.W. ( 2007 ) . `` All About the Dollar '' . Numismatist : 41 . Jump up ^ `` Buck '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paper Money Glossary '' . Littleton Coin Company . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cajori , Florian ( ( 1929 ) 1993 ) . A History of Mathematical Notations ( Vol. 2 ) . New York : Dover , 15 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 67766 - 4 Jump up ^ Aiton , Arthur S. and Benjamin W. Wheeler ( May 1931 ) . `` The First American Mint '' , The Hispanic American Historical Review 11 ( 2 ) , 198 and note 2 on 198 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Arthur ( 1957 ) . A History of the Dollar . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 56 . The dollar sign , $ , is connected with the peso , contrary to popular belief , which considers it to be an abbreviation of ' U.S. ' The two parallel lines represented one of the many abbreviations of ' P , ' and the ' S ' indicated the plural . The abbreviation ' $ . ' was also used for the peso , and is still used in Argentina . Jump up ^ `` What is the origin of the $ Sign ? '' , U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing website Jump up ^ Rand , Ayn . Atlas Shrugged. 1957 . Signet. 1992 . p628 Jump up ^ James , James Alton ( 1970 ) ( 1937 ) . Oliver Pollock : The Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot . Freeport : Books for Libraries Press . p. 356 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 5527 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion Dollar : Introduction '' . Coins.nd.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mint , U.S. `` Coinage Act of 1792 '' . U.S. treasury . Jump up ^ See ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` United States Dollar '' . OANDA . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Engraving and printing currency and security documents : Article b '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Soniak ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` On the Money : Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Coin Portraits '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newman , Eric P. ( 1990 ) . The Early Paper Money of America ( 3 ed . ) . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 120 - X . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert E. ( 2008 ) . One Nation Under Debt : Hamilton , Jefferson , and the History of What We Owe . New York , New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 50 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 154393 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` IRS Court Case Shakes the Foundations of the Debt Money System '' . Beyondmoney.net . November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.coinnews.net/2015/07/31/2015-100-american-liberty-high-relief-gold-coin-photos/ Jump up ^ Christian Zappone ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Kill - the - penny bill introduced '' . CNN Money . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Ali ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Penny pinching : Can Obama manage elimination of one - cent coin ? '' . NBC News . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program '' . Department of the Treasury . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Section 13 of the Coinage Act of 1792 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CNN Money Congress tries again for a dollar coin . Written by Gordon T. Anderson . Published April 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Report to the Subcommittee on Treasury and General Government , Committee on Appropriations , U.S. Senate '' ( PDF ) . USGAO . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pub . L. No. 109 - 145 , 119 Stat. 2664 ( December 22 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ The United States Mint . `` The United States Mint Pressroom '' . Usmint.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Godless Dollars Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 2 of Section 8 of Article 1 of the United States Constitution '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 411 of Title 12 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5103 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5115 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See Federal Reserve Note for details and references Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Adjusted Monetary Base '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve 's Beige Book '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davies , Phil . `` Right on Target '' . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Jump up ^ `` Open Market Operations '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Open market operations enable the Federal Reserve to affect the supply of reserve balances in the banking system . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheets : Currency & Coins '' . United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Section 9 of the Coinage Act of 1792 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Measuring Worth -- Purchasing Power of Money in the United States from 1774 to 2010 '' . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Olivier Blanchard ( 2000 ) . Macroeconomics ( 2nd ed . ) , Englewood Cliffs , N.J : Prentice Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 013306 - X Jump up ^ `` Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Milton Friedman , Anna Jacobson Schwartz . A monetary history of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 . p. 546 . ISBN 978 - 0691003542 . Jump up ^ Friedman 189 -- 190 ^ Jump up to : `` Central Banking -- Then and Now '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Controlling Inflation : A Historical Perspective '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monetary Credibility , Inflation , and Economic Growth '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Monetary Policy : The Fed 's Goals '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Exchange rates from TransferMate ^ Jump up to : 1970 -- 1992 . 1980 derived from AUD -- USD = 1.1055 and AUD -- GBP = 0.4957 at end of Dec 1979 : 0.4957 / 1.1055 = 0.448394392 ; 1985 derived from AUD -- USD = 0.8278 and AUD -- GBP = 0.7130 at end of Dec 1984 : 0.7130 / 0.8278 = 0.861319159 Jump up ^ `` Exchange Rates Between the United States Dollar and the South African Rand '' . Measuring Worth . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Foreign Exchange Rates -- G. 5A ; Release Dates '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Prasad , Eswar S. ( 2014 ) . The Dollar Trap : How the U.S. Dollar Tightened Its Grip on Global Finance . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 16112 - 9 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the united states today uses which kind of currency	[ "The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. For most practical purposes, it is divided into 100 smaller cent (¢) units, but officially it can be divided into 1000 mills (₥). The circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars (12 U.S.C. § 418)." ]	[ "the dollar" ]
-9019727258647204976	Nancy Dow	Nancy Dow - wikipedia Nancy Dow Jump to : navigation , search Nancy Dow Nancy Maryanne Dow ( 1936 - 07 - 22 ) July 22 , 1936 Connecticut , U.S. May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) ( aged 79 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Other names Nancy Aniston Occupation Actress Years active 1966 - 69 , 2004 Spouse ( s ) Jack Melick ( m . 1956 ; div. 1961 ) John Aniston ( m . 1965 ; div. 1980 ) Children 2 , including Jennifer Aniston Relatives Justin Theroux ( son - in - law ) Nancy Maryanne Dow ( July 22 , 1936 -- May 25 , 2016 ) was an American actress and model who appeared in a brief group of films and television shows . She was married to Greek - American actor John Aniston with whom she had a daughter , actress Jennifer Aniston . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Health and death 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Dow was born in Connecticut , one of six daughters of Louise ( née Grieco ) and Gordon McLean Dow . Her maternal grandfather , Louis Grieco , was an Italian immigrant ; her other ancestry includes English , Scottish and Irish . Dow was also married to John T. `` Jack '' Melick , Jr. , a pianist - bandleader currently based in Dallas , Texas , from 1956 to 1961 . The couple had one son , John T. Melick III , an assistant director and second - unit director . Dow and her daughter were estranged for nine years , partially because Dow wrote a book about their relationship , entitled From Mother and Daughter to Friends : A Memoir ( 1999 ) . In 2005 , after Aniston 's divorce from Brad Pitt , she and her mother reportedly reconciled . Aniston described the gradual progress of her new relationship with her mother : `` It 's been really nice . It 's crazy what , you know , your life kind of being turned upside down will lead you to ... For us it 's ... It was the time and it was going to happen when it was supposed to happen . So this is good . It 's baby steps . '' Health and death ( edit ) In 2011 and 2012 , Dow had a couple of strokes , which affected her ability to speak and walk . On the morning of May 23 , 2016 , she was taken by ambulance from her home in Toluca Lake , Los Angeles . She died two days later at 79 years old . Filmography ( edit ) The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1966 ) ( TV series ) -- Athena The Wild Wild West ( 1967 ) ( TV series ) -- Tersa The Ice House ( 1969 ) -- Jan Wilson Pure ( 2004 ) -- Lynne References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Person Details for Nancy Dow in Household of Gordon Dow , `` United States Census , 1940 '' Jump up ^ Jennifer Aniston 's Mother Nancy Dow Dies at Age 79 Jump up ^ Aniston , Nancy ( September 1 , 1999 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Switching Focus '' . From Mother and Daughter to Friends : A Memoir ( 1st ed . ) . Amherst , New York : Prometheus Books . p. 32 . ISBN 1573927724 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . My maternal grandfather , Louis Grieco , was a hardworking Italian immigrant who came from Melitto , Italy , around the turn of the century . Jump up ^ Stated on Inside the Actors Studio , can be viewed at http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/arFg6tAWzbY/ ^ Jump up to : Interview with John T. Melick , Jr , June 2011 Jump up ^ `` Not even friends '' , fact.on.ca ; accessed May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Aniston finds peace after Brad , abcnews.go.com ; accessed May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Aniston 's Mother Nancy Dow Has Died : She ' Passed Peacefully Surrounded by Family and Friends , ' Says Actress , People.com ; May 25 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Nancy Dow on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Dow&oldid=817318662 '' Categories : 1936 births 2016 deaths 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Connecticut American film actresses American people of Irish descent American people of Italian descent American people of Scottish descent American television actresses Actresses of Italian descent Actresses of British descent Disease - related deaths in California American people of English descent Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Galego Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 16 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did nancy dow play on beverly hillbillies	[ "The Beverly Hillbillies (1966) (TV series) – Athena" ]	[ "Athena" ]
-1996551222030780231	Sam Underwood	Sam Underwood - wikipedia Sam Underwood Jump to : navigation , search Sam Underwood Underwood at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International ( 1987 - 08 - 04 ) 4 August 1987 ( age 30 ) Woking , Surrey , United Kingdom Nationality British Occupation Actor Years active 2010 -- present Spouse ( s ) Valorie Curry ( m . 2016 ) Sam Underwood ( born 4 August 1987 ) is a British actor who portrayed the twins Luke and Mark Gray in the Fox thriller drama The Following . As of 2017 , he portrays Jake Otto in the hit AMC series Fear the Walking Dead . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Personal Life 4 Filmography 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 5 Theatre 6 References 7 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Underwood was born in Woking , Surrey and attended the Winston Churchill School . He trained at the Karen Clarke Theatre Group ( now Summerscales Performing Arts ) , was taught by vocal coach Phil Wisdom and attended Songtime Theatre Arts . He moved to the United States in October 2006 where he studied at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in New York . He graduated in February 2008 . He co-founded the Fundamental Theater Project in New York with Nicola Murphy in April 2010 . Career ( edit ) While appearing as Marchbanks in George Bernard Shaw 's Candida at the Irish Repertory Theatre , New York , in April 2010 , Underwood was asked to play the part of Alan Strang in a production of Equus at the John Drew Theatre , East Hampton , co-starring alongside Alec Baldwin . In 2013 , Underwood was cast in the eighth season of television series Dexter in the recurring role of Zach Hamilton , Dexter Morgan 's `` protégé '' . He subsequently joined the third season of Homeland as Leo Carras . Beginning in February 2014 , Underwood took on the dual roles of twins Mark and Luke Gray in the second season of the Fox murder mystery The Following . But after the death of Luke , he was left playing Mark - who had split identities - in its third and final season . As of 2017 , Underwood joined the cast of the hit AMC thriller series Fear the Walking Dead in its third season as Jake Otto , the enigmatic son of the colony leader . Personal life ( edit ) Underwood married actress Valorie Curry in Summer 2016 . Filmography ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Year ( s ) Title Role ( s ) Description 2013 - 07 - 06 2013 Zero Hour Krupp , Martin Martin Krupp Season 1 2013 - 07 - 28 2013 Dexter Hamilton , Zach Zach Hamilton Season 8 2013 - 10 - 06 2013 Homeland Carras , Leo Leo Carras Season 3 2014 - 01 - 21 2014 - 15 Following , The The Following Gray , Luke and Mark Luke and Mark Gray Main cast ( seasons 2 - 3 ) 2017 Fear the Walking Dead Jake Otto Main role ( season 3 ) ; 11 episodes Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Description 2013 - 04 - 25 2013 The Last Keepers Sands , Oliver Oliver Sands Feature film ( debut ) 2016 Hello Again Leocadia Filming Theatre ( edit ) Year ( s ) Title Role Director ( s ) Location 2010 - 03 - 07 2010 Candida Marchbanks Walton , Tony Tony Walton Irish Repertory Theatre 2010 - 06 - 06 2010 Equus Strang , Alan Alan Strang Walton , Tony Tony Walton John Drew Theater at Guild Hall 2010 - 08 - 20 2010 Veritas Joseph ! Lumbard Davis , Ryan J. Ryan J. Davis HERE Arts Center 2011 - 08 - 05 2011 Hamlet Hamlet theSpace on the Mile , Edinburgh Festival ( ( ( 1 ) ) ) 2012 Picture of Dorian Gray , The The Picture of Dorian Gray Gray , Dorian Dorian Gray Quin Gordon The Pershing Square Signature Center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ My 21st Birthday weekend ( blog ) dated 7 August 2008 , retrieved 15 October 2013 . This date is also repeated in official British birth registration records . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday , Sam Underwood ! '' . Darkly Dexter. 4 August 2013 . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffery , Morgan ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` ' The Following ' season two adds ' Dexter 's Sam Underwood '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Jay ( 21 April 2011 ) . `` Beam me up , Edinburgh festival ... Alec Baldwin takes on virtual Hamlet '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Duffell , Beth ( 18 October 2013 ) . `` Homeland role as young Woking actor heads for big time '' . getSurrey . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panarello , Joseph ( 16 August 2010 ) . `` BWW Interviews : VERITAS ' Sam Underwood '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alumnus Sam Underwood on The Following ! '' . The American Musical and Dramatic Academy Blog. 30 Jan 2014 . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Muldoon , Molly ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` In Focus : Nicola Murphy , native of Dublin , brings her many talents to New York City '' . Irish Central . New York . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ; Gans , Andrew ( 7 March 2010 ) . `` Errico , Murray , O'Reilly and Underwood Star in Irish Rep 's Candida , Opening March 7 in NYC '' . Playbill . New York . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Van Dyck , Larson et al. Join Baldwin & Underwood in EQUUS , 6 / 8 - 7 / 13 '' . Broadway World . New York . 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Scharf , Lindzi ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) . `` TIFF 2016 : Valorie Curry Breaks Out in ' American Pastoral ' and ' Blair Witch Project ' '' . WWD . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Sam Underwood on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Underwood&oldid=803358544 '' Categories : Living people English male television actors 1987 births People from Woking 21st - century English male actors Male actors from Surrey Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from February 2014 Use British English from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 01 : 20 . About Wikipedia	who plays luke and mark on the following	[ "Sam Underwood (born 4 August 1987)[1][2] is a British actor who portrayed the twins Luke and Mark Gray in the Fox thriller drama The Following.[3] As of 2017, he portrays Jake Otto in the hit AMC series Fear the Walking Dead." ]	[ "Sam Underwood" ]
1375068738104405450	Memory (song)	Memory ( song ) - wikipedia Memory ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Sugarcult song , see Memory ( Sugarcult song ) . `` Memory '' is a show tune from the 1981 musical Cats . It is sung by the character Grizabella , a one - time glamour cat who is now only a shell of her former self . The song is a nostalgic remembrance of her glorious past and a declaration of her wish to start a new life . Sung briefly in the first act and in full near the end of the show , `` Memory '' is the climax of the musical , and by far its most popular and best - known song . Elaine Paige originated the role of Grizabella in the West End production of Cats , the first to perform the song publicly on stage and bringing attention to its writers Andrew Lloyd Webber and Trevor Nunn , who received the 1981 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception and composition 2 Cover versions 3 Barbra Streisand version 3.1 Weekly charts 4 References 5 External links Conception and composition ( edit ) The lyric , written by Cats director Trevor Nunn , was loosely based on T.S. Eliot 's poems `` Preludes '' and `` Rhapsody on a Windy Night '' . '' Andrew Lloyd Webber 's former writing partner Tim Rice and contemporary collaborator Don Black submitted a lyric to the show 's producers for consideration , although Nunn 's version was favoured . Elaine Paige has said that she sang a different lyric to the tune of `` Memory '' for the first ten previews of Cats . Composer Lloyd Webber feared that the tune sounded too similar to Ravel 's Bolero and to a work by Puccini , and also that the opening -- the haunting main theme -- closely resembled the flute solo ( improvised by Bud Shank in the studio ) from The Mamas & the Papas ' 1965 song `` California Dreamin ' '' . He asked his father 's opinion ; according to Lloyd Webber , his father responded `` It sounds like a million dollars ! '' Prior to its inclusion in Cats , the tune was earmarked for earlier Lloyd Webber projects , including a ballad for Perón in Evita and as a song for Max in his original 1970s draft of Sunset Boulevard . In its original orchestration , the song 's climax is in the key of D - flat major , the composer 's favourite . While Lloyd Webber mentions Ravel 's Bolero , there is no mention of similarity to `` Bolero in Blue '' written by Larry Clinton . In this case Lloyd Webber 's composition appears to replicate note for note the first several measures from Clinton 's composition . Larry Clinton wrote `` Bolero in Blue '' in the 1930s and performed it on his mid-fifties album `` Larry Clinton in hi fi '' . The arrangement of the lyrics in the show were changed after the initial recordings of the track , with the first verse , beginning `` Midnight , not a sound from the pavement ... '' being used in only the brief , Act I rendition of the song and a new verse , `` Memory , turn your face to the moonlight ... ' '' in its place for the Act II performance . In addition , the original second bridge section became the first and a new second bridge was added . Consequently , the arrangement of the lyric for a recording usually depends on whether the artist has played the role on stage . Cover versions ( edit ) `` Memory '' has been covered by numerous musical acts . Among the more notable are the following : Elaine Paige , who originated the role of Grizabella in the West End production of Cats , released a version of the song that was a Top 10 hit in the UK , peaking at # 6 on the UK Singles Chart in July 1981 . She re-recorded the song in 1998 with a slight lyrical alteration , which was included in the video release of the musical . This version reached # 36 in the UK Singles Chart in October of that year . Paige also recorded a version for her 1983 album Stages . Barry Manilow released a cover of `` Memory '' as a single in late 1982 ; this became the highest - charting version to date on the Billboard Hot 100 when it reached No. 39 in January 1983 . Manilow 's recording also made the Top 10 on the Billboard adult contemporary chart , reaching No. 8 . This version is included on his album Here Comes the Night . in 1983 , Hong Kong singer Sam Hui covered in Cantonese . Barbra Streisand version ( edit ) `` Memory '' Single by Barbra Streisand from the album Memories B - side `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Released 1982 Format LP Length 3 : 52 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber and Trevor Nunn , Producer ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber Barbra Streisand singles chronology `` Comin ' In and Out of Your Life '' ( 1981 ) `` Memory '' ( 1982 ) `` The Way He Makes Me Feel '' ( 1983 ) `` Comin ' In and Out of Your Life '' ( 1981 ) Memory ( 1982 ) `` The Way He Makes Me Feel '' ( 1983 ) Barbra Streisand recorded `` Memory '' ( produced by Lloyd Webber himself , and widely regarded as the definitive version ) for her 1981 album Memories . When released as a single , Streisand 's cover reached No. 52 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 9 on the Billboard adult contemporary chart in 1982 . In the UK this version peaked at No. 34 the same year . A music video was made for her version of the song ; it was filmed with only one camera on a set resembling a recording studio , and utilized some vintage stock footage of New York City and New Year 's Eve parties to make the mood melancholic . The video was produced by Chips Chipperfield . The single sold 749 000 copies in France and is the 231st best - selling single of all - time in the country . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 -- 1984 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Canadian Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 30 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 19 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 34 US Billboard Hot 100 52 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 9 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 185 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cats '' ReallyUseful.com . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Lister , David , Pop ballads bite back in lyrical fashion , The Independent , 28 May 1994 Jump up ^ T.S. Eliot , `` Preludes '' , Academy of American Poets . Accessed Aug. 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ T.S. Eliot , `` Rhapsody on a Windy Night '' , Academy of American Poets . Accessed Aug. 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Bence Olveczky , Cats -- Stage Review , The Tech , Issue 48 : Friday , 8 October 1999 ^ Jump up to : `` Elaine Paige -- Full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 394 . Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of No. 1 Adult Contemporary Hits ( Billboard Publications ) , page 260 . Jump up ^ `` -- Full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Barbra Streisand -- Memory '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary -- Volume 36 , No. 14 May 15 , 1982 '' . RPM . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Barbra Streisand -- Memory '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Barbra Streisand -- Memory '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Barbra Streisand -- Memory '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Barbra Streisand -- Memory '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barbra Streisand Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barbra Streisand Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Barbra Streisand -- Memory '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Rhapsody on a Windy Night and Preludes the T.S. Eliot poems that inspired the lyrics to `` Memory '' Memories 1981 Album Barbra Streisand Archives Memories album page ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group Andrew Lloyd Webber and T.S. Eliot 's Cats Characters Alonzo Bombalurina Carbucketty Cat Morgan Demeter Electra Etcetera Griddlebone Grizabella Jellylorum Jemima Jennyanydots Macavity Mr. Mistoffelees Mungojerrie Munkustrap Old Deuteronomy Pouncival Rum Tum Tugger Rumpleteazer Rumpus Cat Skimbleshanks Victoria the White Cat Inspiration Old Possum 's Book of Practical Cats `` The Awefull Battle of the Pekes and the Pollicles '' `` Bustopher Jones '' `` Growltiger 's Last Stand '' `` Gus : The Theatre Cat '' `` The Naming of Cats '' Adaptations Cats ( film ) Songs `` Memory '' Albums CATS Other Jellicle cats Barry Manilow singles 1970s `` Mandy '' ( 1974 ) `` Sandra '' ( 1974 ) `` It 's a Miracle '' ( 1975 ) `` Could It Be Magic '' ( 1975 ) `` I Write the Songs '' ( 1975 ) `` Tryin ' to Get the Feeling Again '' ( 1976 ) `` This One 's for You '' ( 1976 ) `` Weekend in New England '' ( 1976 ) `` Looks Like We Made It '' ( 1977 ) `` Daybreak '' ( 1977 ) `` It 's Just Another New Year 's Eve '' ( 1977 ) `` Ca n't Smile Without You '' ( 1978 ) `` Even Now '' ( 1978 ) `` Copacabana '' ( 1978 ) `` Ready to Take a Chance Again '' ( 1978 ) `` Somewhere in the Night '' ( 1978 ) `` Ships '' ( 1979 ) `` When I Wanted You '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` I Do n't Want to Walk Without You '' ( 1980 ) `` Bermuda Triangle '' ( 1980 ) `` I Made It Through the Rain '' ( 1980 ) `` Lonely Together '' ( 1981 ) `` The Old Songs '' ( 1981 ) `` Somewhere Down the Road '' ( 1981 ) `` Let 's Hang On ! '' ( 1982 ) `` Oh Julie '' ( 1982 ) `` Memory '' ( 1982 ) `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' ( 1982 ) `` Read ' Em and Weep '' ( 1983 ) `` When October Goes '' ( 1984 ) `` Run to Me '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Your Man '' ( 1986 ) `` Keep Each Other Warm '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` If I Can Dream '' ( 1990 ) `` I 'd Really Love to See You Tonight '' ( 1997 ) 2000s `` River '' ( 2003 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 2006 ) `` Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' ( 2012 ) Ivor Novello Awards -- Best Song Musically and Lyrically 1960s She 's Leaving Home ( 1968 ) 1970s Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? ( 1970 ) Something ( 1971 ) Do n't Let It Die ( 1972 ) Without You ( 1973 ) Daniel ( 1974 ) Streets of London * ( 1975 ) Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( 1978 ) Baker Street ( 1979 ) 1980s The Logical Song ( 1980 ) Woman in Love ( 1981 ) Memory ( 1982 ) Have You Ever Been in Love ( 1983 ) Every Breath You Take ( 1984 ) Against All Odds ( 1985 ) Nikita ( 1986 ) Do n't Give Up ( 1987 ) Something Inside So Strong ( 1988 ) They Dance Alone ( 1989 ) 1990s The Living Years ( 1990 ) Sacrifice ( 1991 ) The Whole of the Moon ( 1992 ) Why ( 1993 ) If I Ever Lose My Faith in You ( 1994 ) Think Twice ( 1995 ) Common People ( 1996 ) Too Much Love Will Kill You ( 1997 ) Paranoid Android ( 1998 ) Believe ( 1999 ) 2000s Strong ( 2000 ) Babylon ( 2001 ) Walk On ( 2002 ) The Other Side ( 2003 ) Leave Right Now ( 2004 ) Dry Your Eyes ( 2005 ) Suddenly I See ( 2006 ) Elusive ( 2007 ) Love Is a Losing Game ( 2008 ) One Day Like This ( 2009 ) 2010s The Fear ( 2010 ) Becoming a Jackal ( 2011 ) The A Team ( 2012 ) Next to Me ( 2013 ) Strong ( 2014 ) Take Me to Church ( 2015 ) Was n't Expecting That ( 2016 ) Black Man in a White World ( 2017 ) * Awarded as The Best Song Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memory_(song)&oldid=832272079 '' Categories : 1981 songs 1983 singles 1980s ballads Songs from musicals Songs with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Barbra Streisand songs Barry Manilow songs Cats ( musical ) Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Use dmy dates from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 22 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the lyrics to memory from cats	[ "The lyric, written by Cats director Trevor Nunn, was loosely based on[citation needed] T. S. Eliot's poems \"Preludes\"[3] and \"Rhapsody on a Windy Night\".[4]\" Andrew Lloyd Webber's former writing partner Tim Rice and contemporary collaborator Don Black submitted a lyric to the show's producers for consideration, although Nunn's version was favoured. Elaine Paige has said that she sang a different lyric to the tune of \"Memory\" for the first ten previews of Cats." ]	[ "Trevor Nunn" ]
-4900165476776181471	Los Angeles Olympics	Los Angeles Olympics - wikipedia Los Angeles Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Los Angeles Olympics may refer to three different Olympic Games held in Los Angeles : 1932 Summer Olympics , games of the X Olympiad 1984 Summer Olympics , games of the XXIII Olympiad 2028 Summer Olympics , games of the XXXIV Olympiad This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Los Angeles Olympics . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Olympics&oldid=794339763 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Monitored short pages Talk About Wikipedia Aragonés Български Català Dansk Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar Монгол 日本語 Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2017 , at 11 : 41 . About Wikipedia	when was the olympics held in los angeles	[ "\n1932 Summer Olympics, games of the X Olympiad\n1984 Summer Olympics, games of the XXIII Olympiad\n2028 Summer Olympics, games of the XXXIV Olympiad\n", "\n1932 Summer Olympics, games of the X Olympiad\n1984 Summer Olympics, games of the XXIII Olympiad\n2028 Summer Olympics, games of the XXXIV Olympiad\n" ]	[ "1932 Summer Olympics", "1984 Summer Olympics" ]
5718777223842224618	Robbie Kay	Robbie Kay - wikipedia Robbie Kay This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Robbie Kay Kay at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International Robert Andrew Kay ( 1995 - 09 - 13 ) 13 September 1995 ( age 22 ) Lymington , Hampshire , England Other names Robbie A. Kay Occupation Actor Years active 2006 -- present Robert Andrew `` Robbie '' Kay ( born 13 September 1995 ) is an English actor whose credits include Fugitive Pieces , Heroes Reborn , Pinocchio , Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , and Peter Pan in the Once Upon a Time television series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Reception 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Career ( edit ) Kay at Magic City ComicCon 2015 . Kay 's family moved to the Czech Republic , where he saw a note for English - speaking children to be extras in a film on a school noticeboard . Despite a lack of previous acting experience , this led to him getting a speaking part in The Illusionist , but his scenes were eventually cut from the film . After small roles in Hannibal Rising and My Boy Jack , the Canadian production company making Fugitive Pieces asked him to play the part of Young Jakob which involved a 9 - week shooting schedule , three of which were on Greek islands . The people who made Fugitive Pieces had auditioned more than 150 boys before finding 10 - year - old Robbie who had been living in Prague for two years . He spent a year studying acting , singing , and dancing at one of Britain 's Stagecoach theatre schools . Kay appeared in a miniseries adaptation of Pinocchio , playing the title character . After finishing Pinocchio , he went on to play Sam , a boy diagnosed with leukemia in Ways To Live Forever screening in late 2010 . He appeared in Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , playing the Cabin Boy . More recently , he portrayed Peter Pan in Once Upon a Time . In March 2015 , Kay was cast as a high school student named Tommy Clark in the TV series Heroes Reborn . Reception ( edit ) Kay 's work has been generally well received by the critics . Alicia Cox of Chatelaine wrote on his work in Fugitive Pieces : `` Robbie Kay , who plays the young Jakob , gives a remarkable performance with little words and a lot of emotion . When he smiles ( which is n't often ) you ca n't help but be affected . '' Personal Life ( edit ) Kay was born in Lymington , Hampshire , England to Ivan and Stephanie Kay . He moved to Brussels , Belgium at an early age . He has two older sisters , Camilla and Fiona . In 2006 , Kay and his family moved to Prague in the Czech Republic , where he attended the International School of Prague . He has been living in Houston , Texas since 2011 . Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 2007 Hannibal Rising Kolnas 's Son credited as Robert Kay 2007 My Boy Jack Arthur Relp 2007 Fugitive Pieces Young Jakob 2008 Pinocchio Pinocchio 2008 Bathory Pals voice 2008 In Bruges Young Harry Deleted Scenes Made in Dagenham Graham Ways to Live Forever Sam McQueen 2011 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Cabin Boy Credited as Robbie Kay 2013 `` Once Upon Time '' Peter Pan 2015 Flight World War II Nigel Sheffield credited as Robbie A. Kay 2016 Cold Moon Ben Redfield Post-production 2017 Locating Silver Lake Mack Post-production 2017 No Postage Necessary Stanley Post-production TBA Blood Fest Dax Filming Television ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 2013 , 2016 Once Upon a Time Peter Pan Recurring role ; 15 episodes 2015 -- 16 Heroes Reborn Tommy Clark Main role 2017 Grey 's Anatomy Christopher Daniels Episode : `` Back Where You Belong '' 2017 Sleepy Hollow Logan MacDonald Recurring role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2009 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in an International Feature Film -- Leading Young Performers Fugitive Pieces Nominated Best Performance in a TV Movie , Miniseries , or Special -- Leading Young Actor Pinocchio Nominated 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Villain Once Upon a Time Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : [email protected] ( CVMC Sales ) ( 13 September 1995 ) . `` Robbie Kay profile '' . CVMC . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Old , David ( 29 July 2008 ) . `` Young acting star lands top role in Pinocchio '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved 17 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fugitive Pieces '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Samuel Goldwyn Films. 2008 . Retrieved 17 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Way To Life Forever Plot Summary '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : ' Once Upon A Time 's Peter Pan - Robbie Kay '' . hitfix.com . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' exclusive : Robbie Kay returning as Peter Pan ! '' . ew.com . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Kay filmography '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Robbie Kay Cast In ' Heroes Reborn ' NBC Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cox , Alicia ( 7 September 2007 ) . `` Fugitive Pieces ( review ) '' . Chatelaine . Retrieved 17 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Kay Q&A '' . kidzworld ( Interview ) . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No Postage Necessary ( 2017 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Seychelle Gabriel to Star in Rooster Teeth 's ' Blood Fest ' Horror - Comedy Film '' . Variety . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Robbie Kay on IMDb Robbie Kay at Flixster Ways to live forever - The movie VIAF : 171407596 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robbie_Kay&oldid=804795840 '' Categories : 1995 births 21st - century English male actors English male child actors English male film actors English male television actors Living people English expatriates in the United States People from Lymington Male actors from Hampshire Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 06 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays peter pan on once upon a time	[ "Robert Andrew \"Robbie\" Kay (born 13 September 1995) is an English actor whose credits include Fugitive Pieces, Heroes Reborn, Pinocchio, Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, and Peter Pan in the Once Upon a Time television series." ]	[ "\"Robbie\" Kay" ]
-7626279542891643123	The Week Of	The Week of - Wikipedia The Week of The Week Of Film release poster Directed by Robert Smigel Produced by Allen Covert Adam Sandler Written by Robert Smigel Adam Sandler Starring Adam Sandler Chris Rock Rachel Dratch Steve Buscemi Allison Strong Noah Robbins Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Federico Cesca Edited by Tom Costain Production companies Happy Madison Productions Netflix Distributed by Netflix Release date April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English The Week Of is a 2018 American comedy film written and directed by Robert Smigel , and co-written by and starring Adam Sandler . It co-stars Chris Rock , Rachel Dratch , Steve Buscemi , Allison Strong , and Noah Robbins , and follows two fathers the week of the wedding of their children . The film is the fourth collaboration between Sandler and Netflix , and was released on the streaming service on April 27 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The week before the marriage of their children , fathers Kenny Lustig and Kirby Cordice must put aside their different views on how the wedding should be planned and work together to overcome a series of obstacles . Cast ( edit ) Adam Sandler as Kenny Lustig Chris Rock as Kirby Cordice Rachel Dratch as Debbie Lustig Steve Buscemi as Charles Allison Strong as Sarah Scott Cohen as Ron Elliman Melanie Nicholls - King as Katrina Noah Robbins as Noah Maury Ginsberg as Jay Liz Larsen as Julia Katz Patricia Belcher as Thelma Teddy Coluca as Dominic Jim Barone as Seymour Roland Buck III as Tyler Garry Pastore as Mayor John Barone Rob Morgan as Cousin Marvin Germar Terrell Gardner as Cousin Ethridge Chuck Nice as Leonard Kenajuan Bentley as Jermaine Joel Marsh Garland as Kent the Magician Dan Patrick as baseball coach Ronnie `` The Limo Driver '' Mund as Pallbearer # 5 Production ( edit ) Principal photography began on Long Island , New York in July 2017 . Reception ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 22 % based on 18 reviews , and an average rating of 3.5 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 41 out of 100 , based on 9 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars , calling it lazy and saying : `` Sandler gives a relatively restrained performance as the well - meaning dad . Rock seems barely invested in paying attention to the other actors , and reads his lines as if he 's hoping there wo n't be another take and he wo n't have to go through this again . Even with helpful title cards telling us it 's ' MONDAY , ' ' TUESDAY , ' etc. , etc. , this is a week that feels 10 days long . '' Peter Debruge , writing for Variety , called the film `` lazy and overlong '' and said : `` Back in autopilot mode , Sandler phones in what may qualify as the lowest - concept comedy of his career -- which , thankfully , is not the same as the lowest point in his career ( that would be Jack and Jill , the cross-dressing debacle that began the downward slide that landed him at Netflix in the first place ) . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Adam Sandler & Chris Rock Team For Robert Smigel - Helmed ' The Week Of ' At Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Adam Sandler and Chris Rock to Star in Netflix 's ' The Week Of ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1517901/ Jump up ^ McAtee , Paige ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Adam Sandler Movie Films In Glen Cove This Week '' . Patch . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Week Of ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Week Of Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` In ' The Week Of , ' Adam Sandler plans a wedding ... for ruder , for poorer '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : Adam Sandler in ' The Week Of ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Week Of on IMDb hide Happy Madison Productions Films Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) Little Nicky ( 2000 ) The Animal ( 2001 ) Joe Dirt ( 2001 ) Mr. Deeds ( 2002 ) The Master of Disguise ( 2002 ) Eight Crazy Nights ( 2002 ) The Hot Chick ( 2002 ) Anger Management ( 2003 ) Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star ( 2003 ) 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo ( 2005 ) Grandma 's Boy ( 2006 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) Click ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry ( 2007 ) Reign Over Me ( 2007 ) Strange Wilderness ( 2008 ) The House Bunny ( 2008 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Bedtime Stories ( 2008 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop ( 2009 ) The Shortcut ( 2009 ) Funny People ( 2009 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Bucky Larson : Born to Be a Star ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy ( 2012 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Blended ( 2014 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Joe Dirt 2 : Beautiful Loser ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) The Week Of ( 2018 ) Television series Rules of Engagement ( 2007 -- 13 ) The Gong Show with Dave Attell ( 2008 ) Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time ( 2010 -- 11 ) Breaking In ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Goldbergs ( 2013 -- present ) Imaginary Mary ( 2017 ) Key people Adam Sandler Allen Covert Jack Giarraputo Tim Herlihy Heather Parry Sony Pictures Entertainment This article related to an American TV movie is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Week_Of&oldid=846485892 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American comedy films 2010s comedy films Films produced by Allen Covert Netflix original films Happy Madison films Directorial debut films Screenplays by Adam Sandler Screenplays by Robert Smigel American television film stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 02 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who played seymour lustig in the week of	[ "Jim Barone as Seymour" ]	[ "Jim Barone" ]
-2152854276343324860	The Phantom of the Opera (2004 film)	The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 film ) - wikipedia The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Phantom of the Opera Theatrical release poster Directed by Joel Schumacher Produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber Screenplay by Andrew Lloyd Webber Joel Schumacher Based on The Phantom of the Opera by Andrew Lloyd Webber Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe Gaston Leroux Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux Starring Gerard Butler Emmy Rossum Patrick Wilson Miranda Richardson Simon Callow Ciarán Hinds Minnie Driver Jennifer Ellison Ramin Karimloo Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Cinematography John Mathieson Edited by Terry Rawlings Production company Joel Schumacher Productions Really Useful Films Scion Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( United States ) Odyssey Entertainment ( International ) Release date 10 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 10 ) ( United Kingdom ) 22 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 143 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $70 million Box office $154.6 million The Phantom of the Opera is a 2004 British - American musical drama film based on Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 1986 musical of the same name , which in turn is based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux . It was produced and co-written by Lloyd Webber and directed by Joel Schumacher . It stars Gerard Butler in the title role , Emmy Rossum as Christine Daaé , Patrick Wilson as Raoul , Miranda Richardson as Madame Giry , Minnie Driver as Carlotta Giudicelli , and Jennifer Ellison as Meg Giry . The film was announced in 1989 but production did not start until 2002 due to Lloyd Webber 's divorce and Schumacher 's busy career . It was shot entirely at Pinewood Studios , with scenery created with miniatures and computer graphics . Rossum , Wilson , and Driver had singing experience , but Butler had none and so had music lessons . The Phantom of the Opera grossed approximately $154 million worldwide , despite receiving mixed to negative reviews , which praised the visuals and acting but criticized the writing and directing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Release and awards 4.2 Critical reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1919 , the Opéra Populaire holds a public auction to clear the theatre 's vaults . Raoul , Viscount de Chagny purchases a papier - mâché music box in the shape of a monkey and eyes it sadly as Madame Giry , an aged woman dressed in black , watches him . The auctioneer then presents a shattered chandelier as the next item up for bid , explaining that it once played a key role in `` the strange affair of the Phantom of the Opera '' . As it flickers to life and slowly ascends to its original place in the rafters , the audience is transported back in time to the year 1870 . Back to this time , while the company rehearses for a performance of the grand opera Hannibal , manager Monsieur Lefèvre announces that he has decided to retire and that the opera has been purchased by Richard Firmin and Gilles André , two men who have no experience with the arts whatsoever . When resident soprano Carlotta Giudicelli begins to sing for the managers , a backdrop collapses and causes everyone to blame the `` Opera Ghost '' , a mysterious figure who is rumored to live in the catacombs beneath the theater . Carlotta refuses to sing and storms offstage , leaving Firmin and André no choice but to cancel the performance . At the last minute , ballet mistress Madame Giry suggests that dancer Christine Daaé take Carlotta 's place as she has been `` well taught . '' The managers reluctantly agree and , to their surprise , Christine wins them over . Later that night , after Christine 's triumphant stage debut , she explains to Madame Giry 's daughter , Meg , that she is being coached by a mysterious tutor who she refers to as the `` Angel of Music '' ; a tutor who her late father said would teach her to sing . Christine returns to her dressing room to find Raoul , the opera 's new patron and her former childhood sweetheart , waiting for her . The two reminisce about their youth as Christine tells Raoul her secret , only for him to laugh at her `` fantasy '' and invite her to dinner despite her protests . Unbeknownst to everyone , except Madame Giry , the Phantom of the Opera locks Christine in her dressing room and reveals himself in her mirror to her before hypnotizing her and taking her to his subterranean lair . The Phantom reveals to her that he loves her and wants her to love him back . He shows Christine a bust of herself , wearing a wedding dress and veil , causing her to faint , and the Phantom places her in a bed . The next morning she awakes to find the Phantom writing music . She approaches him and removes his mask out of curiosity . He bursts into a fit of rage , covering his face with his hand . He at first says she must stay forever because she saw his deformities , revealing that he `` dreams of beauty '' . Pitying him Christine hands him back his mask and the two have a moment of understanding . He then decides to return her to the opera house . That morning , the two managers lament Christine 's disappearance , as well as series of notes they received from the Opera Ghost trying to blackmail them for his payment and ordering them on how to run the opera house . When Carlotta returns , she is furious to find a note sent to her saying if she sang as the countess in Il Muto that night instead of Christine , then disaster `` beyond ( their ) imagination '' would occur . Firmin and André ignore the ghost 's warnings and give Carlotta the lead role . That night , the Phantom interrupts the performance and criticizes their failure to follow his orders . Carlotta continues to sing , but her voice croaks ( as a result of the Phantom tampering with her throat spray ) and the lead role is given to Christine . While the ballet is being performed , the Phantom , not realizing the performance change , encounters the chief stagehand Joseph Buquet and strangles him before hanging him from above , creating chaos . Christine flees to the roof with Raoul . She reveals to him that she has seen the Phantom 's face and fears him , but also pities him because of his sadness . Raoul tells Christine he loves her and will protect her forevermore . Christine returns his love , kissing him passionately and they both leave the roof . The Phantom , who witnessed the scene , becomes heartbroken . He then hears them both singing together . Growing furious at Raoul , he vows revenge on them both . Three months later , a masquerade party ensues in the opera house . At the party , Christine wears her new engagement ring from Raoul . The event is interrupted once again by the Phantom , who is dressed as Red Death . The Phantom brings his own composition , Don Juan Triumphant , and orders the managers to stage the opera . Raoul exits the room and Christine approaches the Phantom . At the sight of the engagement ring , the Phantom rips it from Christine and disappears into a trap on the floor . Raoul tries to follow him but is stopped by Madame Giry , who privately tells him the story of the Phantom 's past . When she was a little girl , she went to a freak circus where they featured a deformed child in a cage . The child was beaten while everyone watched and laughed . The ringmaster then removed a burlap sack covering the child 's face , revealing his deformity . Only the young Madame Giry pitied him . She was the last to leave and saw the child strangle the ringmaster with a rope . Chased by the police , Madame Giry helped him escape and found shelter for him beneath the opera house , where she has hidden him from the world ever since . Christine takes a carriage to visit her father 's grave , but the Phantom secretly takes over the reins . Raoul follows when he realizes she 's gone . Christine arrives and laments over her father 's death . The Phantom tries to win her back by pretending to be her father 's angel , but Raoul arrives and stops him . A sword fight ensues in the cemetery , where Raoul eventually disarms the Phantom and is about to kill him , but Christine pleads for him not to . His rage seemingly augmented , the Phantom watches angrily as Christine and Raoul ride away . Christine admits she is afraid of the Phantom and tells Raoul he will never stop trying to recapture her . Raoul realizes that they can use the Phantom 's opera to capture him , as he will surely attend . Don Juan Triumphant is performed , and the Phantom makes his entrance ( having secretly replaced the lead ) with Christine . Raoul can do nothing but watch from his box as Christine falls for the Phantom yet again . However , she once again removes his mask , revealing his deformities to the entire audience , who scream in fear . He escapes with her by dropping the chandelier and setting the opera house on fire . The Phantom brings Christine back down to his lair . Madame Giry shows Raoul where the Phantom lives , and he goes to rescue Christine . The Phantom forces Christine to don the wedding dress and once again professes his love , and orders Christine to marry him . Christine tries to convince the Phantom that she does not fear his ugliness , but rather his anger and willingness to kill to get what he wants . Just then , Raoul enters the lair , and the Phantom ties him to a gate and threatens to kill him if Christine refuses to marry him . Christine reflects over the impossible choice before passionately kissing the Phantom to show him he is not alone in the world . The Phantom is shocked from experiencing real human love for the first time in his life . Ashamed of his murderous actions , he allows Christine and Raoul to leave and orders them to never return . He finds comfort in a little monkey music box . Christine approaches the Phantom , who tells her that he loves her , and she silently gives him the diamond ring from her finger to remember her by . After Christine and Raoul leave , the Phantom smashes every mirror in his underground lair and disappears through a secret passage behind a velvet curtain just before the police arrive . Upon entering , Meg finds only the Phantom 's white mask . Moving back to 1919 , the elderly Raoul visits Christine 's gravesite and places the music box near her tombstone . He stands in silence for a moment and then turns to leave , but stops upon noticing a fresh red rose with a black ribbon tied around the stem lying on the ground with Christine 's engagement ring attached to it ; implying that the Phantom still lives and still loves Christine . Cast ( edit ) Gerard Butler as The Phantom Emmy Rossum as Christine Daaé Patrick Wilson as Viscount Raoul de Chagny Miranda Richardson as Madame Giry Minnie Driver as Carlotta Giudicelli Margaret Preece as Carlotta 's singing voice Simon Callow as Gilles André Ciarán Hinds as Richard Firmin Victor McGuire as Ubaldo Piangi Jennifer Ellison as Meg Giry Murray Melvin as Monsieur Reyer Kevin McNally as Joseph Buquet James Fleet as Monsieur Lefèvre Ramin Karimloo as Gustave Daaé Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to The Phantom of the Opera in early 1989 , granting Andrew Lloyd Webber total artistic control . Despite interest from A-list directors , Lloyd Webber and Warner Bros. instantly hired Joel Schumacher to direct ; Lloyd Webber had been impressed with Schumacher 's use of music in The Lost Boys . The duo wrote the screenplay that same year , while Michael Crawford and Sarah Brightman were cast to reprise their roles from the original stage production . Filming was set to begin at Pinewood Studios in England in July 1990 , under a $25 million budget . However , the start date was pushed to November 1990 at both Babelsberg Studios in Munich , Germany and Barrandov Studios in Prague , Czech Republic . Production for The Phantom of the Opera was stalled with Lloyd Webber and Brightman 's divorce . `` Everything got tied up in settlements '' , Schumacher reflected . `` Then my career took off and I was really busy . '' As a result , The Phantom of the Opera languished in development limbo for Warner Bros. throughout the 1990s . In February 1997 , Schumacher considered returning , but eventually dropped out in favour of Batman Unchained , Runaway Jury and Dreamgirls . The studio was keen to cast John Travolta for the lead role , but also held discussions with Antonio Banderas , who undertook vocal preparation and sang the role of the Phantom in the TV special Andrew Lloyd Webber : The Royal Albert Hall Celebration . Schumacher and Lloyd Webber restarted development for The Phantom of the Opera in December 2002 . It was then announced in January 2003 that Lloyd Webber 's Really Useful Group had purchased the film rights from Warner Bros. in an attempt to produce The Phantom of the Opera independently . As a result , Lloyd Webber invested $6 million of his own money . The Phantom of the Opera was produced on a $55 million budget . A further $15 million was used for marketing , bringing the final budget to $70 million . Warner Bros. was given a first look deal for distribution ; the studio did not sign on until June 2003 , when the principal cast was chosen . Casting ( edit ) Hugh Jackman was offered the chance to audition for the Phantom , but he faced scheduling conflicts with Van Helsing . `` They rang to ask about my availability '' , Jackman explained in an April 2003 interview , `` probably about 20 other actors as well . I was n't available , unfortunately . So , that was a bummer . '' `` We needed somebody who has a bit of rock and roll sensibility in him '' , Andrew Lloyd Webber explained . `` He 's got to be a bit rough , a bit dangerous ; not a conventional singer . Christine is attracted to the Phantom because he 's the right side of danger . '' Director Joel Schumacher had been impressed with Gerard Butler 's performance in Dracula 2000 . Prior to his audition , Butler had no professional singing experience and had only taken four voice lessons before singing `` The Music of the Night '' for Lloyd Webber . Katie Holmes , who began working with a vocal coach , was the front - runner for Christine Daaé in March 2003 . She was later replaced by Anne Hathaway , a classically trained soprano , in 2004 . However , Hathaway dropped out of the role because the production schedule of the film overlapped with The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement , which she was contractually obligated to make . Hathaway was then replaced with Emmy Rossum . The actress modeled the relationship between the Phantom and Christine after Suzanne Farrell and George Balanchine . Patrick Wilson was cast as Raoul based on his previous Broadway theatre career . For the role of Carlotta , Minnie Driver devised an over-the - top , camp performance as the egotistical prima donna . Despite also lacking singing experience , Ciarán Hinds was cast by Schumacher as Richard Firmin ; the two had previously worked together on Veronica Guerin . Ramin Karimloo also briefly appears as the portrait of Gustave Daaé , Christine 's father . Karimloo later played the Phantom as well as the role of Raoul on London 's West End . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography lasted from 15 September 2003 to 15 January 2004 . The film was shot entirely using eight sound stages at Pinewood Studios , where , on the Pinewood backlot , the bottom half exterior of the Palais Garnier was constructed . The top half was implemented using a combination of computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) and a scale model created by Cinesite . The surrounding Paris skyline for `` All I Ask of You '' was entirely composed of matte paintings . Cinesite also created a miniature falling chandelier , since a life - size model was too big for the actual set . Production designer Anthony D.G. Pratt was influenced by French architect Charles Garnier , designer of the original Paris opera house , as well as Edgar Degas , John Singer Sargent , Gustave Caillebotte , the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and Dante Gabriel Rossetti . Schumacher was inspired by Jean Cocteau 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1946 ) , where a hallway is lined with arms holding candelabra . The cemetery was based on the Père Lachaise and Montparnasse . Costume designer Alexandra Byrne utilised a limited black , white , gold and silver colour palette for the Masquerade ball . Reception ( edit ) Release and Awards ( edit ) The Phantom of the Opera was released in the United States on 22 December 2004 . With a limited release of 622 theaters , it opened at tenth place at the weekend box office , grossing $6.5 million across five days . After expanding to 907 screens on 14 January 2005 the film obtained the 9th spot at the box office , which it retained during its 1,511 screens wide release on 21 January 2005 . The total domestic gross was $51,225,796 . With a further $107 million earned internationally , The Phantom of the Opera reached a worldwide total of $158,225,796 . A few foreign markets were particularly successful , such as Japan , where the film 's ¥ 4.20 billion ( $35 million ) gross stood as the 6th most successful foreign film and 9th overall of the year . The United Kingdom and South Korea both had over $10 million in receipts , with $17.5 million and $11.9 million , respectively . Anthony Pratt and Celia Bobak were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , as was John Mathieson for Cinematography . However , both categories were awarded to The Aviator . Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyricist Charles Hart were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song ( `` Learn to Be Lonely '' ) but lost to `` Al otro lado del río '' from The Motorcycle Diaries . The song was also nominated for the Golden Globe but it lost to Alfie 's `` Old Habits Die Hard '' . In the same ceremony , Emmy Rossum was nominated for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , losing to Annette Bening in Being Julia . At the Saturn Awards , Rossum won for Best Performance by a Younger Actor , while The Phantom of the Opera was nominated for Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film and Alexandra Byrne was nominated for Costume Design . The soundtrack of the film was released in two separate CD formats on 23 November 2004 as a two - disc deluxe edition which includes dialogue from the film and a single - disc highlights edition . The film had its initial North America video release on DVD and VHS on 3 May 2005 , following its first digital release on HD - DVD on 18 April 2006 and a Blu - ray edition on 31 October 2006 . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed to negative reviews from film critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives it 32 % rotten with an average score of 5 / 10 . `` The music of the night has hit something of a sour note : Critics are calling the screen adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's popular musical histrionic , boring and lacking in both romance and danger '' , the consensus read . `` Still , some have praised the film for its sheer spectacle '' . By comparison , Metacritic calculated an average score of 40 / 100 from its 39 reviews collected . `` The film looks and sounds fabulous and I think it 's an extraordinarily fine document of the stage show . While it does n't deviate much from the stage material , the film has given it an even deeper emotional centre . It 's not based on the theatre visually or direction-wise , but it 's still got exactly the same essence . And that 's all I could have ever hoped for . '' -- Andrew Lloyd Webber Despite having been impressed with the cast , Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader wrote that `` Teen romance and operetta - style singing replace the horror elements familiar to film - goers , and director Joel Schumacher obscures any remnants of classy stage spectacle with the same disco overkill he brought to Batman Forever . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com believed that Phantom of the Opera `` takes everything that 's wrong with Broadway and puts it on the big screen in a gaudy splat . '' In a mixed review for Newsweek , David Ansen praised Rossum 's performance , but criticized the filmmakers for their focus on visual design rather than presenting a cohesive storyline . `` Its kitschy romanticism bored me on Broadway and it bores me here -- I may not be the most reliable witness . Still , I can easily imagine a more dashing , charismatic Phantom than Butler 's . Rest assured , however , Lloyd Webber 's neo-Puccinian songs are reprised and reprised and reprised until you 're guaranteed to go out humming . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly believed Schumacher did not add enough dimension in adapting The Phantom of the Opera . `` Schumacher , the man who added nipples to Batman 's suit , has staged Phantom chastely , as if his job were to adhere the audience to every note '' . Roger Ebert reasoned that `` part of the pleasure of movie - going is pure spectacle -- of just sitting there and looking at great stuff and knowing it looks terrific . There was n't much Schumacher could have done with the story or the music he was handed , but in the areas over which he held sway , he has triumphed . '' In contrasting between the popularity of the Broadway musical , Michael Dequina of Film Threat magazine explained that `` it conjures up this unexplainable spell that leaves audiences sad , sentimental , swooning , smiling -- in some way transported and moved . Now , in Schumacher 's film , that spell lives on . '' See also ( edit ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 soundtrack ) The Phantom of the Opera References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2004 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2004 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Movie Preview : The Phantom of the Opera '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : The Making of The Phantom of the Opera , ( DVD , 2005 ) , Warner Home Video ^ Jump up to : DVD production notes Jump up ^ Susan Heller Anderson ( 1990 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Chronicle '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lawrence Van Gelder ( 1990 - 08 - 10 ) . `` At the Movies '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2004 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Movie Preview : The Phantom of the Opera '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Todd Gilchrist ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Interview : Joel Schumacher '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) . `` ' Phantom ' cues Wilson for tuner 's adaptation '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 1997 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Helmer 's 3rd At Bat '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 1997 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Krane Takes Bull By Horns '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ( 2003 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Lloyd Webber back on ' Phantom ' prowl '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Phoebe Hoban ( 2004 - 12 - 24 ) . `` In the ' Phantom ' Movie , Over-the - Top Goes Higher '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Adam Dawtrey ( 2003 - 06 - 13 ) . `` ' Phantom ' pic announces latest castings '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Michelle Zaromski ( 2003 - 04 - 29 ) . `` An Interview with Michael Jakson '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lynn Hirschberg ( 2005 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Trading Faces '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2003 - 03 - 13 ) . `` ' Men ' treads carefully into sequel territory '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Hathaway : Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2003 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Production Commences On ' Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Skweres , Mary Ann ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Phantom of the Opera : A Classic in Miniature '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Missy Schwartz ( 2004 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Behind the Music '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gentile , Gary ( 2004 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Audiences glad to ' Meet the Fockers ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Gabriel ( 2005 - 01 - 13 ) . `` ' Fockers ' finds foes '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Blank , Ed ( 2005 - 01 - 18 ) . `` ' Coach Carter ' tops local , national box office in slow weekend '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2005 - 01 - 21 ) . `` '' The Phantom of the Opera '' Opens Nationwide Jan. 21 `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 21 -- 23 , 2005 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bresnan , Conor ( 2005 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Around the World Round Up : ' Fockers ' Inherit the World '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` MOVIES WITH BOX OFFICE GROSS RECEIPTS EXCEEDING 1 BILLION YEN '' . Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Japan Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom of the Opera , The '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Rosenbaum ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ David Ansen ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera : Into the Night '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( 2005 - 01 - 15 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michael Dequina ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera '' . Film Threat . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 film ) Official website The Phantom of the Opera on IMDb The Phantom of the Opera at the TCM Movie Database The Phantom of the Opera at Box Office Mojo The Phantom of the Opera at Rotten Tomatoes The Phantom of the Opera at Metacritic Michael Williams ; Benedict Carver ( 1998 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Banderas drawn to ' Phantom ' '' . Variety . Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Phantom ( 1990 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) The Phantom of Manhattan ( 1999 ) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera ( 1976 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Phantom ( 1991 ) Love Never Dies ( 2010 ) Film and television The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Song at Midnight ( 1937 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Phantom of Hollywood ( 1974 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Opera ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Phantom of the Mall : Eric 's Revenge ( 1989 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1990 ) The Phantom Lover ( 1995 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1998 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier Films directed by Joel Schumacher The Incredible Shrinking Woman ( 1981 ) D.C. Cab ( 1983 ) St. Elmo 's Fire ( 1985 ) The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Cousins ( 1989 ) Flatliners ( 1990 ) Dying Young ( 1991 ) Falling Down ( 1993 ) The Client ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) 8mm ( 1999 ) Flawless ( 1999 ) Tigerland ( 2000 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Phone Booth ( 2002 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Number 23 ( 2007 ) Blood Creek ( 2009 ) Twelve ( 2010 ) Trespass ( 2011 ) VIAF : 181299680 LCCN : no2004124658 GND : 4830642 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(2004_film)&oldid=805885376 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s musical films British films British musical films British romantic drama films Films about opera Films based on adaptations Films based on multiple works Films based on musicals Films based on The Phantom of the Opera Films directed by Joel Schumacher Screenplays by Joel Schumacher Films set in Paris Films set in the 1870s Films set in 1919 Historical romance films Musical drama films Nonlinear narrative films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Romantic musical films Warner Bros. films Romantic drama films 2000s romantic musical films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Use mdy dates from March 2013 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 07 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	girl who played christine in phantom of the opera	[ "\nGerard Butler as The Phantom\nEmmy Rossum as Christine Daaé\nPatrick Wilson as Viscount Raoul de Chagny\nMiranda Richardson as Madame Giry\nMinnie Driver as Carlotta Giudicelli\n\nMargaret Preece as Carlotta's singing voice\n\n\nSimon Callow as Gilles André\nCiarán Hinds as Richard Firmin\nVictor McGuire as Ubaldo Piangi\nJennifer Ellison as Meg Giry\nMurray Melvin as Monsieur Reyer\nKevin McNally as Joseph Buquet\nJames Fleet as Monsieur Lefèvre\nRamin Karimloo as Gustave Daaé\n" ]	[ "Emmy Rossum" ]
231691238428013391	Spleen	Spleen - wikipedia Spleen For other uses , see Spleen ( disambiguation ) . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . It has been suggested that Red pulp be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since March 2018 . The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates . Similar in structure to a large lymph node , it acts primarily as a blood filter . The word spleen comes from Ancient Greek σπλήν ( splḗn ) . The spleen plays important roles in regard to red blood cells ( also referred to as erythrocytes ) and the immune system . It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood , which can be valuable in case of hemorrhagic shock , and also recycles iron . As a part of the mononuclear phagocyte system , it metabolizes hemoglobin removed from senescent red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) . The globin portion of hemoglobin is degraded to its constitutive amino acids , and the heme portion is metabolized to bilirubin , which is removed in the liver . The spleen synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes antibody - coated bacteria and antibody - coated blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation . A study published in 2009 using mice found that the red pulp of the spleen forms a reservoir that contains over half of the body 's monocytes . These monocytes , upon moving to injured tissue ( such as the heart after myocardial infarction ) , turn into dendritic cells and macrophages while promoting tissue healing . The spleen is a center of activity of the mononuclear phagocyte system and can be considered analogous to a large lymph node , as its absence causes a predisposition to certain infections . In humans the spleen is purple in color and is in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Blood supply 1.2 Development 2 Function 2.1 Pulp 2.2 Other 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Enlarged spleen 3.2 Rupture of spleen 3.3 Spleen deflation 3.4 Decreased function 3.5 Accessory spleen 4 Society and culture 5 Other animals 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) The spleen , in healthy adult humans , is approximately 7 centimetres ( 2.8 in ) to 14 centimetres ( 5.5 in ) in length . It usually weighs between 150 grams ( 5.3 oz ) and 200 grams ( 7.1 oz ) . An easy way to remember the anatomy of the spleen is the 1 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 9 × 11 rule . The spleen is 1 by 3 by 5 inches ( 3 by 8 by 13 cm ) , weighs approximately 7 oz ( 200 g ) , and lies between the 9th and 11th ribs on the left hand side . Visceral surface of the spleen The spleen is underneath the left diaphragm , and has a smooth , convex surface that faces the diaphragm . It is underneath the ninth , tenth , and eleventh ribs . The other side of the spleen is divided by a ridge into two regions : an anterior gastric portion , and a posterior renal portion . The gastric surface is directed forward , upward , and toward the middle , is broad and concave , and is in contact with the posterior wall of the stomach . Below this it is in contact with the tail of the pancreas . The renal surface is directed medialward and downward . It is somewhat flattened , considerably narrower than the gastric surface , and is in relation with the upper part of the anterior surface of the left kidney and occasionally with the left adrenal gland . Blood supply ( edit ) Near the middle of the spleen is a long fissure , the hilum , which is the point of attachment for the gastrosplenic ligament and the point of insertion for the splenic artery and splenic vein . There are other openings present for lymphatic vessels and nerves . Like the thymus , the spleen possesses only efferent lymphatic vessels . The spleen is part of the lymphatic system . Both the short gastric arteries and the splenic artery supply it with blood . The germinal centers are supplied by arterioles called penicilliary radicles . Development ( edit ) The spleen is unique in respect to its development within the gut . While most of the gut organs are endodermally derived ( with the exception of the neural - crest derived adrenal gland ) , the spleen is derived from mesenchymal tissue . Specifically , the spleen forms within , and from , the dorsal mesentery . However , it still shares the same blood supply -- the celiac trunk -- as the foregut organs . Function ( edit ) Pulp ( edit ) Micrograph of splenic tissue showing the red pulp ( red ) , white pulp ( blue ) and a thickened inflamed capusule ( mostly pink - top of image ) . H&E stain . The spleen contains two different tissues , white pulp ( A ) and red pulp ( B ) . The white pulp functions in producing and growing immune and blood cells . The red pulp functions in filtering blood of antigens , microorganisms , and defective or worn - out red blood cells . Area Function Composition red pulp Mechanical filtration of red blood cells . In mice : Reserve of monocytes `` sinuses '' ( or `` sinusoids '' ) , which are filled with blood `` splenic cords '' of reticular fibers `` marginal zone '' bordering on white pulp white pulp Active immune response through humoral and cell - mediated pathways . Composed of nodules , called Malpighian corpuscles . These are composed of : `` lymphoid follicles '' ( or `` follicles '' ) , rich in B - lymphocytes `` periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths '' ( PALS ) , rich in T - lymphocytes Other ( edit ) Other functions of the spleen are less prominent , especially in the healthy adult : Production of opsonins , properdin , and tuftsin . Creation of red blood cells . While the bone marrow is the primary site of hematopoiesis in the adult , the spleen has important hematopoietic functions up until the fifth month of gestation . After birth , erythropoietic functions cease , except in some hematologic disorders . As a major lymphoid organ and a central player in the reticuloendothelial system , the spleen retains the ability to produce lymphocytes and , as such , remains a hematopoietic organ . Storage of red blood cells , lymphocytes and other formed elements . In horses , roughly 30 % of the red blood cells are stored there . The red blood cells can be released when needed . In humans , up to a cup ( 240 ml ) of red blood cells can be held in the spleen and released in cases of hypovolemia and hypoxia . It can store platelets in case of an emergency and also clears old platelets from the circulation . Up to a quarter of lymphocytes can be stored in the spleen at any one time . Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Splenic disease Enlarged spleen ( edit ) Main article : Splenomegaly Disorders include splenomegaly , where the spleen is enlarged for various reasons , such as cancer , specifically blood - based leukemias . Rupture of spleen ( edit ) Traumas , such as a road traffic collision , can cause rupture of the spleen , which is a situation requiring immediate medical attention . Spleen deflation ( edit ) Human spleens have been noted to decrease in volume up to 40 % when subjected to stimuli from strenuous exercise or hypoxic gas inhalation . Decreased function ( edit ) Asplenia refers to a non-functioning spleen , which may be congenital , damaged by trauma , or caused by disease such as sickle cell anaemia . Hyposplenia refers to a partially functioning spleen . These conditions may cause a modest increase in circulating white blood cells and platelets , a diminished response to some vaccines , and an increased susceptibility to infection . In particular , there is an increased risk of sepsis from polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria . Encapsulated bacteria inhibit binding of complement or prevent complement assembled on the capsule from interacting with macrophage receptors . Phagocytosis needs natural antibodies , which are immunoglobulins that facilitate phagocytosis either directly or by complement deposition on the capsule . They are produced by IgM memory B cells ( a subtype of B cells ) in the marginal zone of the spleen . A splenectomy ( removal of the spleen ) also causes asplenia and results in a greatly diminished frequency of memory B cells . A 28 - year follow - up of 740 World War II veterans whose spleens were removed on the battlefield showed a significant increase in the usual death rate from pneumonia ( 6 rather than the expected 1.3 ) and an increase in the death rate from ischemic heart disease ( 41 rather than the expected 30 ) , but not from other conditions . Accessory spleen ( edit ) An accessory spleen is a small splenic nodule extra to the spleen usually formed in early embryogenesis . Accessory spleens are found in approximately 10 percent of the population and are typically around 1 centimeter in diameter . Splenosis is a condition where displaced pieces of splenic tissue ( often following trauma or splenectomy ) autotransplant in the abdominal cavity as accessory spleens . Polysplenia is a congenital disease manifested by multiple small accessory spleens , rather than a single , full - sized , normal spleen . Polysplenia sometimes occurs alone , but it is often accompanied by other developmental abnormalities such as intestinal malrotation or biliary atresia , or cardiac abnormalities , such as dextrocardia . These accessory spleens are non-functional . Society and culture ( edit ) The word spleen comes from the Ancient Greek σπλήν ( splḗn ) , and is the idiomatic equivalent of the heart in English , i.e. to be good - spleened ( εὔσπλαγχνος , eúsplankhnos ) means to be good - hearted or compassionate . In English the word spleen was customary during the period of the 18th century . Authors like Richard Blackmore or George Cheyne employed it to characterise the hypochondriacal and hysterical affections . William Shakespeare , in Julius Caesar uses the spleen to describe Cassius ' irritable nature . Must I observe you ? must I stand and crouch Under your testy humour ? By the gods You shall digest the venom of your spleen , Though it do split you ; for , from this day forth , I 'll use you for my mirth , yea , for my laughter , When you are waspish . In French , `` splénétique '' refers to a state of pensive sadness or melancholy . It has been popularized by the poet Charles Baudelaire ( 1821 -- 1867 ) but was already used before in particular to the Romantic literature ( 19th century ) . The French word for the organ is `` rate '' . The connection between spleen ( the organ ) and melancholy ( the temperament ) comes from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks . One of the humours ( body fluid ) was the black bile , secreted by the spleen organ and associated with melancholy . In contrast , the Talmud ( tractate Berachoth 61b ) refers to the spleen as the organ of laughter while possibly suggesting a link with the humoral view of the organ . In eighteenth - and nineteenth - century England , women in bad humor were said to be afflicted by the spleen , or the vapours of the spleen . In modern English , `` to vent one 's spleen '' means to vent one 's anger , e.g. by shouting , and can be applied to both males and females . Similarly , the English term `` splenetic '' is used to describe a person in a foul mood . The spleen also plays an important role in Traditional Chinese Medicine and is the Yin part of the Earth element paired with its Yang counterpart the Stomach . Other animals ( edit ) Laparoscopic view of a horse 's spleen ( the purple and grey mottled organ ) In cartilaginous and ray - finned fish , it consists primarily of red pulp and is normally somewhat elongated , as it lies inside the serosal lining of the intestine . In many amphibians , especially frogs , it has the more rounded form and there is often a greater quantity of white pulp . In reptiles , birds , and mammals , white pulp is always relatively plentiful , and in birds and mammals the spleen is typically rounded , but it adjusts its shape somewhat to the arrangement of the surrounding organs . In most vertebrates , the spleen continues to produce red blood cells throughout life ; only in mammals this function is lost in middle - aged adults . Many mammals have tiny spleen - like structures known as haemal nodes throughout the body that are presumed to have the same function as the spleen . The spleens of aquatic mammals differ in some ways from those of fully land - dwelling mammals ; in general they are bluish in colour . In cetaceans and manatees they tend to be quite small , but in deep diving pinnipeds , they can be quite massive , due to their function of storing red blood cells . The only vertebrates lacking a spleen are the lampreys and hagfishes ( the Cyclostomata ) . Even in these animals , there is a diffuse layer of haematopoeitic tissue within the gut wall , which has a similar structure to red pulp and is presumed to be homologous with the spleen of higher vertebrates . In mice the spleen stores half the body 's monocytes so that upon injury , they can migrate to the injured tissue and transform into dendritic cells and macrophages and so assist wound healing . Gallery ( edit ) Transverse section of the spleen , showing the trabecular tissue and the splenic vein and its tributaries Back of lumbar region , showing surface markings for kidneys , ureters , and spleen Side of thorax , showing surface markings for bones , lungs ( purple ) , pleura ( blue ) , and spleen ( green ) Spleen See also ( edit ) Marginal zone Asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ σπλήν , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ Darling , David . `` spleen '' . www.daviddarling.info . ^ Jump up to : Mebius , RE ; Kraal , G ( 2005 ) . `` Structure and function of the spleen '' . Nature Reviews . Immunology. 5 ( 8 ) : 606 -- 16 . doi : 10.1038 / nri1669 . PMID 16056254 . ^ Jump up to : Swirski , FK ; Nahrendorf , M ; Etzrodt , M ; Wildgruber , M ; Cortez - Retamozo , V ; Panizzi , P ; Figueiredo , JL ; Kohler , RH ; Chudnovskiy , A ; Waterman , P ; Aikawa , E ; Mempel , TR ; Libby , P ; Weissleder , R ; Pittet , MJ ( 2009 ) . `` Identification of splenic reservoir monocytes and their deployment to inflammatory sites '' . Science . 325 ( 5940 ) : 612 -- 6 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1175202 . PMC 2803111 . PMID 19644120 . ^ Jump up to : Jia , T ; Pamer , EG ( 2009 ) . `` Immunology . Dispensable but not irrelevant '' . Science . 325 ( 5940 ) : 549 -- 50 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1178329 . PMC 2917045 . PMID 19644100 . Jump up ^ Finally , the Spleen Gets Some Respect By NATALIE ANGIER , The New York Times , August 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ Brender , Erin ( 2005 - 11 - 23 ) . Richard M. Glass , ed . Illustrated by Allison Burke . `` Spleen Patient Page '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the American Medical Association . American Medical Association . 294 ( 20 ) : 2660 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 294.20. 2660 . PMID 16304080 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Loscalzo , Joseph ; Fauci , Anthony S. ; Braunwald , Eugene ; Dennis L. Kasper ; Hauser , Stephen L ; Longo , Dan L. ( 2008 ) . Harrison 's principles of internal medicine . McGraw - Hill Medical . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 146633 - 2 . Jump up ^ eMedicine > Splenomegaly Author : David J Draper . Coauthor ( s ) : Ronald A Sacher , Emmanuel N Dessypris , Lewis J Kaplan . Updated : Oct 4 , 2009 Jump up ^ Spielmann , Audrey L. ; David M. DeLong ; Mark A. Kliewer ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Sonographic Evaluation of Spleen Size in Tall Healthy Athletes '' . American Journal of Roentgenology . American Roentgen Ray Society . 184 : 45 -- 49 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 184.1. 01840045 . PMID 15615949 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Blackbourne , Lorne H ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) . Surgical recall . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7076 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Penicilliary radicles '' . Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Vellguth , Swantje ; Brita von Gaudecker ; Hans - Konrad Müller - Hermelink ( 1985 ) . `` The development of the human spleen '' . Cell and Tissue Research . Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. 242 ( 3 ) : 579 -- 592 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00225424 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Carey , Bjorn ( May 5 , 2006 ) . `` Horse science : What makes a Derby winner - Spleen acts as a ' natural blood doper , ' scientist says '' . MSNBC.com . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Spleen : Information , Surgery and Functions '' . Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh - Chp.edu. 2010 - 11 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lodin - Sundström , Angelica ; Schagatay , Erika ( June 2010 ) . `` Spleen contraction during 20 min normobaric hypoxia and 2 min apnea in humans '' . Aviation , Space , and Environmental Medicine . 8 ( 6 ) : 545 -- 549 . doi : 10.3357 / ASEM. 2682.2010 . PMID 20540444 . Jump up ^ Shephard , Roy J. ( Aug 19 , 2015 ) . `` Responses of the human spleen to exercise '' . Journal of Sports Sciences . 34 ( 10 ) : 929 -- 930 . doi : 10.1080 / 02640414.2015. 1078488 . PMID 26287390 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Di Sabatino , A ; Carsetti , R ; Corazza , GR ( Jul 2 , 2011 ) . `` Post-splenectomy and hyposplenic states '' . Lancet . 378 ( 9785 ) : 86 -- 97 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 10 ) 61493 - 6 . PMID 21474172 . Jump up ^ Carsetti , R ; Rosado , MM ; Wardmann , H ( February 2004 ) . `` Peripheral development of B cells in mouse and man '' . Immunological reviews . 197 : 179 -- 91 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0105 - 2896.2004. 0109. x . PMID 14962195 . Jump up ^ Kruetzmann , S ; Rosado , MM ; Weber , H ; Germing , U ; Tournilhac , O ; Peter , HH ; Berner , R ; Peters , A ; Boehm , T ; Plebani , A ; Quinti , I ; Carsetti , R ( Apr 7 , 2003 ) . `` Human immunoglobulin M memory B cells controlling Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are generated in the spleen '' . The Journal of Experimental Medicine . 197 ( 7 ) : 939 -- 45 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 20022020 . PMC 2193885 . PMID 12682112 . Jump up ^ Dennis Robinette , C. ; Fraumeni , Josephf. ( 1977 ) . `` Splenectomy and Subsequent Mortality in Veterans of the 1939 - 45 War '' . The Lancet . 310 ( 8029 ) : 127 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 77 ) 90132 - 5 . PMID 69206 . Jump up ^ Moore , Keith L. ( 1992 ) . Clinically Oriented Anatomy ( 3rd ed . ) . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 683 - 06133 - X . Jump up ^ Abu Hilal M ; Harb A ; Zeidan B ; Steadman B ; Primrose JN ; Pearce NW ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` Hepatic splenosis mimicking HCC in a patient with hepatitis C liver cirrhosis and mildly raised alpha feto protein ; the important role of explorative laparoscopy '' . World Journal of Surgical Oncology . England : BioMed Central . 7 ( 1 ) : 1 . doi : 10.1186 / 1477 - 7819 - 7 - 1 . PMC 2630926 . PMID 19123935 . Jump up ^ `` polysplenia '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ Robertson 's Word Pictures of the New Testament , commentary on 1 Peter 3 : 8 Jump up ^ Cheyne , George : The English Malady ; or , A Treatise of Nervous Diseases of All Kinds , as Spleen , Vapours , Lowness of Spirits , Hypochondriacal and Hysterical Distempers with the Author 's own Case at large , Dublin , 1733 . Facsimile ed. , ed . Eric T. Carlson , M.D. , 1976 , Scholars ' Facsimiles & Reprints , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8201 - 1281 - 7 ; Jump up ^ Blackmore , Richard : Treatise of the spleen and vapors . London , 1725 Jump up ^ Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare Act 4 : 1 ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 410 -- 411 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Look up spleen in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spleen . Anatomy figure : 38 : 03 - 01 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` The visceral surface of the spleen . '' Anatomy image : 7881 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center `` spleen '' from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Spleen and Lymphatic System , Kidshealth.org ( American Academy of Family Physicians ) Spleen Diseases from MedlinePlus `` Finally , the Spleen Gets Some Respect '' New York Times piece on the spleen Normal range of spleen size for a given age in children Organs of the lymphatic system Primary organs Bone marrow Hematopoietic stem cell Thymus Hassall 's corpuscles Secondary organs Spleen Structure Hilum Trabeculae Red pulp Cords of Billroth Marginal zone White pulp Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths Germinal center Blood flow Trabecular arteries Trabecular veins Tonsils Palatine Lingual Pharyngeal Tubal Tonsillar crypts Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessel T cells High endothelial venules B cells Germinal center Mantle zone Marginal zone MALT GALT Peyer 's patch Germinal center GND : 4039388 - 4 NDL : 00563303 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spleen&oldid=856385552 '' Categories : Abdomen Glands Organs ( anatomy ) Immune system Lymphatic system Lymphatics of the torso Spleen ( anatomy ) Lymphoid organ Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles to be merged from March 2018 All articles to be merged Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Pangasinan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 粵語中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 90 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 20 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the purpose of the spleen in a human body	[ "The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter. The word spleen comes from Ancient Greek σπλήν (splḗn).[1]\n" ]	[ "a blood filter" ]
1586052015127144576	Ulna	Ulna - wikipedia Ulna Jump to : navigation , search Ulna An example of standard anatomical position , with the ulna shown in red . Details Pronunciation / ˈʌlnə / Identifiers Latin Ulna MeSH D014457 TA A02. 4.06. 001 FMA 23466 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The ulna is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger , and when in anatomical position , is found on the medial side of the forearm . It runs parallel to the radius , the other long bone in the forearm , and is the larger and longer of the two . The bone may break due to excessive weight or impact . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Gross anatomy 1.1. 1 Near the elbow 1.1. 2 Body 1.1. 3 Near the wrist 1.2 Microanatomy 1.3 Development 2 Function 2.1 Joints 2.2 Muscle attachments 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Fractures 4 Other animals 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The ulna is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger , and when in anatomical position , is found on the medial side of the forearm . It is broader close to the elbow , and narrows as it approaches the wrist . Close to the elbow , the ulna has a bony process , the olecranon process , a hook - like structure that fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus . This prevents hyperextension and forms a hinge joint with the trochlea of the humerus . There is also a radial notch for the head of the radius , and the ulnar tuberosity to which muscles attach . Close to the wrist , the ulna has a styloid process . Gross Anatomy ( edit ) Near the elbow ( edit ) Upper extremity of left ulna . Lateral aspect . Near the elbow , the ulna has two curved processes , the olecranon and the coronoid process ; and two concave , articular cavities , the semilunar and radial notches . The olecranon is a large , thick , curved eminence , situated at the upper and back part of the ulna . It is bent forward at the summit so as to present a prominent lip which is received into the olecranon fossa of the humerus in extension of the forearm . Its base is contracted where it joins the body and the narrowest part of the upper end of the ulna . Its posterior surface , directed backward , is triangular , smooth , subcutaneous , and covered by a bursa . Its superior surface is of quadrilateral form , marked behind by a rough impression for the insertion of the triceps brachii ; and in front , near the margin , by a slight transverse groove for the attachment of part of the posterior ligament of the elbow - joint . Its anterior surface is smooth , concave , and forms the upper part of the semilunar notch . Its borders present continuations of the groove on the margin of the superior surface ; they serve for the attachment of ligaments : the back part of the ulnar collateral ligament medially , and the posterior ligament laterally . From the medial border a part of the flexor carpi ulnaris arises ; while to the lateral border the Anconæus is attached . The coronoid process is a triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the ulna . Its base is continuous with the body of the bone , and of considerable strength . Its apex is pointed , slightly curved upward , and in flexion of the forearm is received into the coronoid fossa of the humerus . Its upper surface is smooth , concave , and forms the lower part of the semilunar notch . Its antero - inferior surface is concave , and marked by a rough impression for the insertion of the brachialis . At the junction of this surface with the front of the body is a rough eminence , the tuberosity of the ulna , which gives insertion to a part of the brachialis ; to the lateral border of this tuberosity the oblique cord is attached . Its lateral surface presents a narrow , oblong , articular depression , the radial notch . Its medial surface , by its prominent , free margin , serves for the attachment of part of the ulnar collateral ligament . At the front part of this surface is a small rounded eminence for the origin of one head of the Flexor digitorum sublimis ; behind the eminence is a depression for part of the origin of the flexor digitorum profundus ; descending from the eminence is a ridge which gives origin to one head of the pronator teres . Frequently , the flexor pollicis longus arises from the lower part of the coronoid process by a rounded bundle of muscular fibers . The semilunar notch is a large depression , formed by the olecranon and the coronoid process , and serving as articulation with the trochlea of the humerus . About the middle of either side of this notch is an indentation , which contracts it somewhat , and indicates the junction of the olecranon and the coronoid process . The notch is concave from above downward , and divided into a medial and a lateral portion by a smooth ridge running from the summit of the olecranon to the tip of the coronoid process . The medial portion is the larger , and is slightly concave transversely ; the lateral is convex above , slightly concave below . The radial notch is a narrow , oblong , articular depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process ; it receives the circumferential articular surface of the head of the radius . It is concave from before backward , and its prominent extremities serve for the attachment of the annular ligament . Body ( edit ) The body of the ulna at its upper part is prismatic in form , and curved so as to be convex behind and lateralward ; its central part is straight ; its lower part is rounded , smooth , and bent a little lateralward . It tapers gradually from above downward , and has three borders and three surfaces . Borders The volar border ( margo volaris ; anterior border ) begins above at the prominent medial angle of the coronoid process , and ends below in front of the styloid process . Its upper part , well - defined , and its middle portion , smooth and rounded , give origin to the flexor digitorum profundus ; its lower fourth serves for the origin of the pronator quadratus . This border separates the volar from the medial surface . The dorsal border ( margo dorsalis ; posterior border ) begins above at the apex of the triangular subcutaneous surface at the back part of the olecranon , and ends below at the back of the styloid process ; it is well - marked in the upper three - fourths , and gives attachment to an aponeurosis which affords a common origin to the flexor carpi ulnaris , the extensor carpi ulnaris , and the flexor digitorum profundus ; its lower fourth is smooth and rounded . This border separates the medial from the dorsal surface . The interosseous crest ( crista interossea ; external or interosseous border ) begins above by the union of two lines , which converge from the extremities of the radial notch and enclose between them a triangular space for the origin of part of the Supinator ; it ends below at the head of the ulna . Its upper part is sharp , its lower fourth smooth and rounded . This crest gives attachment to the interosseous membrane , and separates the volar from the dorsal surface . Surfaces The volar surface ( facies volaris ; anterior surface ) , much broader above than below , is concave in its upper three - fourths , and gives origin to the flexor digitorum profundus ; its lower fourth , also concave , is covered by the pronator quadratus . The lower fourth is separated from the remaining portion by a ridge , directed obliquely downward and medialward , which marks the extent of origin of the pronator quadratus . At the junction of the upper with the middle third of the bone is the nutrient canal , directed obliquely upward . The dorsal surface ( facies dorsalis ; posterior surface ) directed backward and lateralward , is broad and concave above ; convex and somewhat narrower in the middle ; narrow , smooth , and rounded below . On its upper part is an oblique ridge , which runs from the dorsal end of the radial notch , downward to the dorsal border ; the triangular surface above this ridge receives the insertion of the Anconæus , while the upper part of the ridge affords attachment to the supinator . Below this the surface is subdivided by a longitudinal ridge , sometimes called the perpendicular line , into two parts : the medial part is smooth , and covered by the extensor carpi ulnaris ; the lateral portion , wider and rougher , gives origin from above downward to the Supinator , the abductor pollicis longus , the extensor pollicis longus , and the extensor indicis proprius . The medial surface ( facies medialis ; internal surface ) is broad and concave above , narrow and convex below . Its upper three - fourths give origin to the Flexor digitorum profundus ; its lower fourth is subcutaneous . Near the wrist ( edit ) The head of ulna presents an articular surface , part of which , of an oval or semilunar form , is directed downward , and articulates with the upper surface of the triangular articular disk which separates it from the wrist - joint ; the remaining portion , directed lateralward , is narrow , convex , and received into the ulnar notch of the radius . Near the wrist , the ulnar , with two eminences ; the lateral and larger is a rounded , articular eminence , termed the head of the ulna ; the medial , narrower and more projecting , is a non-articular eminence , the styloid process . The head presents an articular surface , part of which , of an oval or semilunar form , is directed downward , and articulates with the upper surface of the triangular articular disk which separates it from the wrist - joint ; the remaining portion , directed lateralward , is narrow , convex , and received into the ulnar notch of the radius . The styloid process projects from the medial and back part of the bone ; it descends a little lower than the head , and its rounded end affords attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist - joint . The head is separated from the styloid process by a depression for the attachment of the apex of the triangular articular disk , and behind , by a shallow groove for the tendon of the extensor carpi ulnaris . Vertical section through the articulations at the wrist , showing the synovial cavities . Bones of left forearm . Anterior aspect . Bones of left forearm . Posterior aspect . Ligaments of wrist . Anterior view Ligaments of wrist . Posterior view . Microanatomy ( edit ) The ulna is a long bone . The long , narrow medullary cavity of the ulna is enclosed in a strong wall of cortical tissue which is thickest along the interosseous border and dorsal surface . At the extremities the compact layer thins . The compact layer is continued onto the back of the olecranon as a plate of close spongy bone with lamellæ parallel . From the inner surface of this plate and the compact layer below it trabeculæ arch forward toward the olecranon and coronoid and cross other trabeculæ , passing backward over the medullary cavity from the upper part of the shaft below the coronoid . Below the coronoid process there is a small area of compact bone from which trabeculæ curve upward to end obliquely to the surface of the semilunar notch which is coated with a thin layer of compact bone . The trabeculæ at the lower end have a more longitudinal direction . Development ( edit ) The ulna is formed into bone from three centres , shown here . The ulna is ossified from three centers : one each for the body , the wrist end , and the elbow end , near the top of the olecranon . Ossification begins near the middle of the body of the ulna , about the eighth week of fetal life , and soon extends through the greater part of the bone . At birth , the ends are cartilaginous . About the fourth year or so , a center appears in the middle of the head , and soon extends into the ulnar styloid process . About the tenth year , a center appears in the olecranon near its extremity , the chief part of this process being formed by an upward extension of the body . The upper epiphysis joins the body about the sixteenth , the lower about the twentieth year . Function ( edit ) Joints ( edit ) The ulna forms part of the wrist joint and elbow joints . Specifically , the ulna joins ( articulates ) with : trochlea of the humerus , at the right side elbow as a hinge joint with semilunar trochlear notch of the ulna . the radius , near the elbow as a pivot joint , this allows the radius to cross over the ulna in pronation . the distal radius , where it fits into the ulnar notch . the radius along its length via the interosseous membrane that forms a syndesmosis joint Muscle attachments ( edit ) Bones of left forearm . Anterior aspect . The radius and ulna of the left forearm , posterior surface . Muscle Direction Attachment Triceps brachii muscle Insertion posterior part of superior surface of Olecranon process ( via common tendon ) Anconeus muscle Insertion olecranon process ( lateral aspect ) Brachialis muscle Insertion anterior surface of the coronoid process of the ulna Pronator teres muscle Origin medial surface on middle portion of coronoid process ( also shares origin with medial epicondyle of the humerus ) Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle Origin olecranon process and posterior surface of ulna ( also shares origin with medial epicondyle of the humerus ) Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Origin coronoid process ( also shares origin with medial epicondyle of the humerus and shaft of the radius ) Flexor digitorum profundus muscle Origin anteromedial surface of ulna ( also shares origin with the interosseous membrane ) Pronator quadratus muscle Origin distal portion of anterior ulnar shaft Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle Origin posterior border of ulna ( also shares origin with lateral epicondyle of the humerus ) Supinator muscle Origin proximal ulna ( also shares origin with lateral epicondyle of the humerus ) Abductor pollicis longus muscle Origin posterior surface of ulna ( also shares origin with the posterior surface of the radius bone ) Extensor pollicis longus muscle Origin dorsal shaft of ulna ( also shares origin with the dorsal shaft of the radius and the interosseous membrane ) Extensor indicis muscle Origin posterior surface of distal ulna ( also shares origin with the interosseous membrane ) Clinical significance ( edit ) Fractures ( edit ) Further information : Bone fracture Specific types of ulna fracture include : Monteggia fracture - a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna with the dislocation of the head of the radius Hume fracture - a fracture of the olecranon with an associated anterior dislocation of the radial head Conservative management is possible for ulnar fractures when they are located in the distal two - thirds , only involve the shaft , with no shortening , less than 10 ° angulation and less than 50 % displacement . In such cases , a cast should be applied that goes above the elbow . Other animals ( edit ) In four - legged animals , the radius is the main load - bearing bone of the lower forelimb , and the ulna is important primarily for muscular attachment . In many mammals , the ulna is partially or wholly fused with the radius , and may therefore not exist as a separate bone . However , even in extreme cases of fusion , such as in horses , the olecranon process is still present , albeit as a projection from the upper radius . Gallery ( edit ) Position of ulna ( red ) . Animation Bones of the right arm , showing the ulna , radius , wrist and humerus Cross-section through the middle of the forearm , showing the two bones and the muscles , nerves and blood vessels surrounding them . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Anatomical terms of bone Terms for anatomical location References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 214 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ OED 2nd edition , 1989 . Jump up ^ Entry `` ulna '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Ulna '' . InnerBody . ^ Jump up to : Sebastian Dawson - Bowling ; Pramod Achan ; Timothy Briggs ; Manoj Ramachandran ( 2014 ) . Orthopaedic Trauma : The Stanmore and Royal London Guide . CRC Press . ISBN 9781444148831 . Page 158 Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . p. 200 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ulna . Bone and Spine : Musculoskeletal - Anatomy ( hide ) Bones of the arm Shoulder girdle , clavicle conoid tubercle trapezoid line costal tuberosity subclavian groove Scapula fossae ( subscapular , supraspinatous , infraspinatous ) notches ( suprascapular , great scapular ) glenoid cavity tubercles ( infraglenoid , supraglenoid ) spine of scapula acromion coracoid process angles ( superior , inferior , lateral ) Humerus upper extremity : necks ( anatomical , surgical ) tubercles ( greater , lesser ) bicipital groove body : radial sulcus deltoid tuberosity lower extremity : capitulum trochlea epicondyles ( lateral , medial ) supracondylar ridges ( lateral , medial ) fossae ( radial , coronoid , olecranon ) Forearm Radius near elbow ( head , tuberosity ) near wrist ( ulnar notch , styloid process , Lister 's tubercle ) Ulna near elbow ( tuberosity , olecranon , coronoid process , radial notch , trochlear notch ) near wrist ( styloid process ) Hand Carpal bones scaphoid lunate triquetral pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate hamulus Metacarpal bones 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Phalanges proximal intermediate distal Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulna&oldid=833951186 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Long bones Bones of the upper limb Ulna Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 04 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the ulna articulate with the humerus	[ "Close to the elbow, the ulna has a bony process, the olecranon process, a hook-like structure that fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus. This prevents hyperextension and forms a hinge joint with the trochlea of the humerus. There is also a radial notch for the head of the radius, and the ulnar tuberosity to which muscles attach." ]	[ "olecranon fossa" ]
6791272921073791177	The Blues Brothers	The Blues Brothers - wikipedia The Blues Brothers Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Blues Brothers ( film ) and Blues Brothers ( disambiguation ) . The Blues Brothers Elwood and Jake Blues and the Bluesmobile Background information Origin Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Genres Blues , rhythm and blues Years active 1978 -- present Labels Atlantic The Blues Brothers are an American blues and soul revivalist band which was founded in 1978 by comedy actors Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi as part of a musical sketch on Saturday Night Live . Belushi and Aykroyd , respectively in character as lead vocalist `` Joliet '' Jake Blues and harmonica player / vocalist Elwood Blues , fronted the band , which was composed of well - known and respected musicians . The band made its debut as the musical guest on the April 22 , 1978 , episode of Saturday Night Live , performing `` Hey Bartender . '' The band began to take on a life beyond the confines of the television screen , releasing an album , Briefcase Full of Blues , in 1978 , and then having a Hollywood film , The Blues Brothers , created around its characters in 1980 . After the death of Belushi in 1982 , the Blues Brothers have continued to perform with a rotation of guest singers and other band members . The band reformed in 1988 for a world tour and again in 1998 for a sequel to the film , Blues Brothers 2000 . They make regular appearances at musical festivals worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Band members 1.1 Original lineup 1.2 Other members 2 Band history 2.1 Origins 2.2 Band formation 2.3 Sound 2.4 Albums , early gigs , character backgrounds 3 Films 3.1 The Blues Brothers 3.2 Blues Brothers 2000 4 Discography 5 References 6 External links Band members ( edit ) Original lineup ( edit ) While not all members appeared in the original film , the full band included : `` Joliet '' Jake E. Blues -- lead vocals Elwood J. Blues -- harmonica , vocals Steve `` The Colonel '' Cropper -- lead and rhythm guitar ( former Booker T & the M.G. 's ) Donald `` Duck '' Dunn -- bass guitar ( former Booker T & the M.G. 's ) Murphy Dunne -- keyboards , Tambourine ( brought in to act in the film due to Paul Shaffer 's commitment to perform with Gilda Radner in Gilda Live ! , toured with the band in the summer of 1980 ) Willie `` Too Big '' Hall -- drums , percussion ( formerly of the Bar - Kays , Isaac Hayes ' band , appears in the movie ) Steve `` Getdwa '' Jordan -- drums , percussion ( Saturday Night Live Band , appears only on the albums ) Birch `` Crimson Slide '' Johnson - trombone ( does not appear in movie ) Tom `` Bones '' Malone -- trombone , trumpet , saxophone ( Saturday Night Live Band ) `` Blue '' Lou Marini -- saxophone ( Saturday Night Live Band ) Matt `` Guitar '' Murphy -- lead and rhythm guitar ( Howlin ' Wolf , other artists ) Alan `` Mr. Fabulous '' Rubin -- trumpet ( Saturday Night Live Band ) Paul `` The Shiv '' Shaffer -- keyboards , arranger Tom `` Triple Scale '' Scott -- saxophone ( does not appear in the movie , though his saxophone can still be heard on the soundtrack ) Other members ( edit ) At various times , the following have been part of the act : Jim Belushi ( as `` Brother '' Zee Blues ) -- vocals John Goodman ( as `` Mighty Mack '' McTeer ) -- vocals Buster Blues -- harmonica , vocals ( acted by J. Evan Bonifant in Blues Brothers 2000 , actual harmonica recorded by John Popper ) Joe Morton ( as Cabel `` Cab '' Chamberlain ) - vocals Cab Calloway -- vocals Larry `` T '' Thurston -- vocals Eddie `` Knock on Wood '' Floyd -- vocals Sam `` Soul Man '' Moore - vocals Bobby `` Sweet Soul '' Harden - vocals Tommy `` Pipes '' McDonnell -- harmonica , vocals Rob `` The Honeydripper '' Paparozzi -- harmonica , vocals Leon `` The Lion '' Pendarvis -- piano , vocals , arranger Danny `` G - Force '' Gottlieb -- drums Jimmy `` Jimmy B '' Biggins -- saxophone Anthony `` Rusty '' Cloud -- keyboards Birch `` Crimson Slide '' Johnson -- trombone Eric `` The Red '' Udel -- bass John `` Smokin '' Tropea -- guitar Lee `` Funky Time '' Finkelstein -- drums Steve Potts -- drums Anton Fig - drums Larry `` Trombonius Maximus '' Farrell -- trombone Alto Reed - saxophone Jonny `` The Rock & Roll Doctor '' Rosch - vocals , harmonica Band history ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The genesis of the Blues Brothers was a January 17 , 1976 , Saturday Night Live sketch . In it , `` Howard Shore and his All - Bee Band '' play the Slim Harpo song `` I 'm a King Bee , '' with Belushi singing and Aykroyd playing harmonica , dressed in the bee costumes they wore for the `` Killer Bees '' sketches . Following tapings of SNL , it was popular among cast members and the weekly hosts to attend Aykroyd 's Holland Tunnel Blues bar , which he had rented not long after joining the cast . Dan and John filled a jukebox with songs from many different artists such as Sam and Dave and punk band The Viletones . John bought an amplifier and they kept some musical instruments there for anyone who wanted to jam . It was here that Dan and Ron Gwynne wrote and developed the original story which Dan turned into the initial story draft of the Blues Brothers movie , better known as the `` tome '' because it contained so many pages . It was also at the bar that Aykroyd introduced Belushi to the blues . An interest soon became a fascination , and it was not long before the two began singing with local blues bands . Jokingly , SNL band leader Howard Shore suggested they call themselves `` The Blues Brothers . '' In an April 1988 interview he gave to the Chicago Sun - Times , Aykroyd said the Blues Brothers act borrowed from Sam & Dave and others ; the Sun - Times quoted him as explaining : `` Well obviously the duo thing and the dancing , but the hats came from John Lee Hooker . The suits came from the concept that when you were a jazz player in the 40 's , 50 's 60 's , to look straight , you had to wear a suit . '' The band was also modeled in part on Aykroyd 's experience with the Downchild Blues Band , one of the first professional blues bands in Canada , with whom Aykroyd continues to play on occasion . Aykroyd first encountered the band in the early 1970s , at or around the time of his attendance at Carleton University in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada and where his initial interest in the blues developed through attending and occasionally performing at Ottawa 's Le Hibou Coffee House . As Aykroyd has said of this time : So I grew up ( in Ottawa ) , in this capital city . My parents used to work for the government , and I went to elementary school , high school , and the university in the city . And there was a place on Sussex Drive ( Sussex Drive is where the Prime Minister 's house is , right below Parliament Hill ) , and there was a little club there called Le Hibou , which in French means ' the owl . ' And it was run by a gentleman named Harvey Glatt , and he brought every , and I mean every blues star that you or I would ever have wanted to have seen through Ottawa in the late 50s , well I guess more late 60s sort of , in around the Newport jazz rediscovery . I was going to Le Hibou and hearing James Cotton , Otis Spann , Pinetop Perkins , and Muddy Waters . I actually jammed behind Muddy Waters . S.P. Leary left the drum kit one night , and Muddy said ' anybody out there play drums ? I do n't have a drummer . ' And I walked on stage and we started , I do n't know , Little Red Rooster , something . He said ' keep that beat going , you make Muddy feel good . ' And I heard Howlin ' Wolf ( Chester Burnett ) . Many , many times I saw Howlin ' Wolf . And of course Buddy Guy , Buddy Guy and Junior Wells , Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee . So I was exposed to all of these players , playing there as part of this scene to service the academic community in Ottawa , a very well - educated community . Had I lived in a different town I do n't think that this would have happened , because it was just the confluence of educated government workers , and then also all the colleges in the area , Ottawa University , Carleton , and all the schools -- these people were interested in blues culture . The Toronto - based Downchild Blues Band , co-founded in 1969 by two brothers , Donnie and Richard `` Hock '' Walsh , served as an inspiration for the two Blues Brothers characters . Aykroyd initially modeled Elwood Blues in part on Donnie Walsh , a harmonica player and guitarist , while John Belushi 's Jake Blues character was modeled in part on Hock Walsh , Downchild 's lead singer . In their first album as the Blues Brothers , Briefcase Full of Blues ( 1978 ) , Aykroyd and Belushi featured three well - known Downchild songs closely associated with Hock Walsh 's vocal style : `` I 've Got Everything I Need ( Almost ) , '' written by Donnie Walsh , `` Shotgun Blues , '' co-written by Donnie and Hock Walsh , and `` Flip , Flop and Fly , '' co-written and originally popularized by Big Joe Turner . All three songs were contained in Downchild 's second album , Straight Up ( 1973 ) , with `` Flip , Flop and Fly '' becoming the band 's most successful single , in 1974 . Belushi 's budding interest in the blues solidified in October 1977 when he was in Eugene , Oregon , filming National Lampoon 's Animal House . He went to a local hotel to hear 25 - year - old blues singer / harmonica player Curtis Salgado . After the show , Belushi and Salgado talked about the blues for hours . Belushi found Salgado 's enthusiasm infectious . In an interview at the time with the Eugene Register - Guard , he said : I was growing sick of rock and roll , it was starting to bore me ... and I hated disco , so I needed some place to go . I had n't heard much blues before . It felt good . In the now - defunct Crawdaddy aka Crawdaddy Feature , during an interview he and Aykroyd gave it , he added : I could n't stop playing the stuff ! ! ! I bought hundreds of records and singles ... I walked around playing that shit all the time . And then I knew Danny had played the harp in Canada , and I always could sing , so we created the Blues Brothers . Salgado lent him some albums by Floyd Dixon , Charles Brown , Johnny `` Guitar '' Watson , and others . Belushi was hooked . Belushi began to appear with Salgado on stage , singing the Floyd Dixon song `` Hey , Bartender '' on a few occasions , and using Salgado 's humorous alternate lyrics to `` I Do n't Know '' : I said Woman , you going to walk a mile for a Camel Or are you going to make like Mr. Chesterfield and satisfy ? She said that all depends on what you 're packing Regular or king - size Then she pulled out my Jim Beam , and to her surprise It was every bit as hard as my Canadian Club These lyrics were used again for the band 's debut performance on SNL . Band formation ( edit ) With the help of pianist - arranger Paul Shaffer , Belushi and Aykroyd started assembling a collection of studio talents to form their own band . These included SNL band members , saxophonist `` Blue '' Lou Marini and trombonist - saxophonist Tom Malone , who had previously played in Blood , Sweat & Tears . At Shaffer 's suggestion guitarist Steve Cropper and bassist Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , the powerhouse combo from Booker T and the M.G. 's and subsequently almost every hit out of Memphis ' Stax Records during the 1960s , were signed as well . Belushi wanted a powerful trumpet player and a hot blues guitarist , so Juilliard - trained trumpeter Alan Rubin was brought in , as was guitarist Matt Murphy , who had performed with many blues legends . For the brothers ' look , Belushi borrowed John Lee Hooker 's trademark Ray - Ban Wayfarer sunglasses and soul patch . Their style was fresh and in many ways , different from prevailing musical trends : A very raw and `` live '' sound compared to the increasing use of sound synthesis and vocal - dominated music of the late 1970s and 80s . Sound ( edit ) While the music of the Blues Brothers is based on R&B , blues , and soul , it also drew heavily on rock and jazz elements , usually taking a blues standard and bringing a rock sound and style to it . The band could be drawn into three sections : the four - man horn section , the traditional rock instruments of the five - man rhythm section , and the two singing brothers . The sound of the band was a synthesis of two different traditions : the horn players all came from the clean , precise , jazz - influenced sound of New York City ; while the rhythm section came from the grittier soul and blues sound of Chicago and Memphis . The success of this meld was due both to Shaffer 's arrangements and to the musicians ' talents . In Stories Behind the Making of The Blues Brothers , a 1998 documentary included on some DVD editions of the first Blues Brothers film , Cropper noted that some of his peers thought that he and the other musicians backing the Blues Brothers were selling out to Hollywood or using a gimmick to make some quick money . Cropper responded by stating that he thought Belushi was as good as ( or even better than ) many of the singers he had backed ; he also noted that Belushi had , early in his career , briefly been a professional drummer , and had an especially keen sense of rhythm . Albums , early gigs , character backgrounds ( edit ) The Blues Brothers recorded their first album , Briefcase Full of Blues , in 1978 while opening for comedian Steve Martin at Los Angeles ' Universal Amphitheatre . The album reached # 1 on the Billboard 200 , went double platinum , and featured Top 40 hit recordings of Sam and Dave 's `` Soul Man '' and The Chips ' `` Rubber Biscuit . '' The album liner notes fleshed out the fictional back story of Jake and Elwood , having them growing up in a Roman Catholic orphanage in Calumet City , Illinois and learning the blues from a janitor named Curtis . Their blood brotherhood was sealed by cutting their middle fingers with a string said to come from the guitar of Elmore James . The band , along with the New Riders of the Purple Sage , opened for the Grateful Dead for the final show at Winterland , New Year 's Eve 1978 . With the film , came the soundtrack album , which was the band 's first studio album . `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' was a Top 40 hit and the band toured to promote the film , which led to a third album ( and second live album ) , Made in America , recorded at the Universal Amphitheatre in 1980 . The track `` Who 's Making Love '' peaked at No 39 . It was the last recording the band would make with Belushi 's Jake Blues . Belushi 's wife , Judith Jacklin , and his friend , Tino Insana , wrote a book , Blues Brothers : Private , that further fleshed out the Blues Brothers ' universe and gave a back story for the first movie . In 1981 , Best of the Blues Brothers was released , with a previously unreleased track , a version of The Soul Survivors ' `` Expressway to Your Heart '' , and alternate live recordings of `` Everybody Needs Somebody to Love '' and `` Rubber Biscuit '' ; this album would be the first of several compilations and hits collections issued over the years . A 1998 British CD compilation , The Complete Blues Brothers , exclusively features Lamont Cranston 's `` Excuse Moi Mon Cheri '' , from the L.A. Briefcase recordings , originally available only as the b - side to the Soul Man 45 rpm single . On March 5 , 1982 , John Belushi died in Hollywood of an accidental overdose of heroin and cocaine . After John Belushi 's death , updated versions of the Blues Brothers have performed on SNL and for charitable and political causes . Aykroyd has been accompanied by Jim Belushi and John Goodman in character as `` Zee '' Blues and `` Mighty Mack '' McTeer . The copyright owners have also authorized some copycat acts to perform under the Blues Brothers name ; one such act performs regularly at the Universal Studios Florida theme park in Orlando , Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood . In 1995 the Band collaborated with the italian singer Zucchero Fornaciari , who had been invited to the event in memory of the 46th John Belushi 's birthday . After a concert together , they registered the videoclip of the famous Zucchero 's song Per Colpa Di Chi ? at the House of Blues . In 1997 , an animated sitcom with Jake and Elwood was planned , but scrapped after only eight episodes were produced . To promote Blues Brothers 2000 ( 1998 ) , Dan Aykroyd , James Belushi and John Goodman performed at the halftime of Super Bowl XXXI , along with ZZ Top and James Brown . The performance was preceded with a faux news report stating the Blues Brothers had escaped custody and were on their way to the Louisiana Superdome . Aykroyd has continued to be an active proponent of blues music and parlayed this avocation into foundation and partial ownership of the House of Blues franchise , a national chain of nightclubs . In Italy the franchise is now owned by Zucchero Fornaciari , who used the brand during the tour promoting his album Black Cat of 2016 . John Belushi 's brother , James Belushi , toured with the band for a short time as `` Zee Blues , '' and recorded the album , Blues Brothers & Friends : Live from House of Blues , with Dan Aykroyd . Jim would later reunite with Aykroyd to record yet another album , not as the Blues Brothers but as themselves : Belushi / Aykroyd - Have Love Will Travel ( Big Men - Big Music ) . In 2004 , the musical , The Blues Brothers Revival , premiered in Chicago . The story was about Elwood trying to rescue Jake from an eternity in limbo / purgatory . The musical was written and composed with approval and permission from both the John Belushi estate ( including his widow , Judith Belushi - Pisano ) and Dan Aykroyd . The Blues Brothers featuring Elwood and Zee regularly perform at House of Blues venues and various casinos across North America . They are usually backed by James Belushi 's Sacred Hearts Band . The Original Blues Brothers Band tours the world regularly . The only original members still in the band are Steve Cropper and Lou Marini . The lead singers are Bobby `` Sweet Soul '' Harden , Rob `` The Honeydripper '' Papparozi and Tommy `` Pipes '' McDonnel . They are occasionally joined by Eddie Floyd. The Original Blues Brothers are releasing a new record ... THE LAST SHADE OF BLUE BEFORE BLACK on Oct. 6th , 2017 on Severn ( Sony ) Records. Guests include Dr. John , Paul `` The Shiv ) Shaffer , Eddie Floyd , and Joe Louis Walker . ( Bobby Harden has his own solo cd 's ... Soul Purpose & River of Soul - both available on i - tunes and Amazon. He tours with his own Soul Purpose Band , including Cliff Lyons of AWB on sax . ) Aykroyd currently reprises his character , Elwood Blues , as the host of the weekly House of Blues Radio Hour , heard nationwide on the Dial Global Radio Network . Films ( edit ) The Blues Brothers ( edit ) Main article : The Blues Brothers ( film ) In 1980 , The Blues Brothers , directed by John Landis , was released . Featuring epic car chases involving the Bluesmobile and musical performances by Aretha Franklin , James Brown , Cab Calloway , Ray Charles and John Lee Hooker , the story is set in and around Chicago , Illinois . It is a tale of redemption for the paroled convict Jake Blues and his brother Elwood as they choose to take on a `` mission from God '' and reform their blues band in order to raise funds to save the Catholic orphanage where they grew up . Along the way , the brothers are targeted by a `` mystery woman '' ( Carrie Fisher ) and chased by the Illinois State Police , a country and western band called the Good Ol ' Boys , and `` Illinois Nazis . '' The film grossed $57 million domestically in its theatrical release , making it the 10th highest grossing movie of 1980 , and grossed an additional $58 million in foreign release . It is the second - highest grossing film based on a Saturday Night Live sketch and ninth - highest grossing musical film . Blues Brothers 2000 ( edit ) Main article : Blues Brothers 2000 With Landis again directing , the sequel to The Blues Brothers was made in 1998 . It fared considerably worse than its predecessor with fans and critics , though it is more ambitious in terms of musical performances by the band and has a more extensive roster of guest artists than the first film . The story picks up 18 years later with Elwood being released from prison , and learning that his brother has died . He is once again prevailed upon to save some orphans , and with a 10 - year - old boy named Buster Blues ( J. Evan Bonifant ) in tow , Elwood again sets about the task of reuniting his band . He recruits some new singers , Mighty Mack ( John Goodman ) and Cab ( Joe Morton ) , a policeman who was Curtis ' son . All the original band members are found , as well as some performers from the first film , including Aretha Franklin and James Brown . There are dozens of other guest performers , including Eric Clapton , Steve Winwood , Junior Wells , Lonnie Brooks , Eddie Floyd , Wilson Pickett , Isaac Hayes , Sam Moore , Taj Mahal and Jonny Lang , Blues Traveler , as well as an all - star supergroup led by B.B. King called the Louisiana Gator Boys . On the run from the police , Russian mafia and a racist militia , the band eventually ends up in Louisiana , where they enter a battle of the bands overseen by a voodoo practitioner named Queen Moussette ( Erykah Badu ) . During a song by the Blues Brothers ( a Caribbean number called `` Funky Nassau '' ) , a character played by Paul Shaffer asks to cut in on keyboards , which Murph allows . This marks the first time in a film that the Blues Brothers play with their original keyboardist . Discography ( edit ) 1978 -- Briefcase Full of Blues ( Atlantic ) 1980 -- The Blues Brothers : Music from the Soundtrack ( Atlantic ) 1980 -- Made in America ( Atlantic ) 1981 -- Best of the Blues Brothers ( Atlantic ) 1983 -- Dancin ' Wid Da Blues Brothers ( Atlantic ) 1988 -- Everybody Needs the Blues Brothers 1990 -- The Blues Brothers Band Live in Montreux 1992 -- Red , White & Blues ( Turnstyle ) 1992 -- The Definitive Collection ( Atlantic / WEA ) 1995 -- The Very Best of The Blues Brothers ( Atlantic ) 1997 -- Blues Brothers & Friends : Live from House of Blues ( A&M ) 1998 -- Blues Brothers 2000 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1998 -- The Blues Brothers Complete ( Atlantic ) 2003 -- The Essentials ( Warner Strategic ) 2017 - An Introduction to : The Blues Brothers ( Atlantic Records / Rhino ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Facebook '' . Blues Brothers Central . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Aykroyd is playing with Downchild in the fall of 2009 , during the band 's 40th anniversary tour : `` ... when one thinks of blues music in Canada , the first name that springs to mind is DOWNCHILD . It 's been 40 years since Donnie ' Mr. Downchild ' Walsh and his late brother Hock , formed the renowned group that would be the inspiration for the world famous Blues Brothers . DOWNCHILD plans to celebrate this anniversary in style , with some very special friends -- including blues brother and movie icon DAN AYKROYD . '' News Release , July 21 , 2009 ; www.downchild.com . See also Cross Reference At Blues Brothers Central ; www.bluesbrotherscentral.com , where it is also mentioned that when the Blues Brothers played the Casino Rama in 2005 , Donnie `` Mr. Downchild '' Walsh appeared as their guest . Jump up ^ Still on a mission from God ; interview with Dan Ackroyd by Roger Gatchet , May 18 , 2007 , www.austinsound.net . Jump up ^ Jim Slotek , Bye to blues brother : Downchild 's Donnie Walsh talks about late sibling , Jam ! Music , February 4 , 2000 ; www.jam.canoe.ca . Jump up ^ This is detailed in an article in the January 4 , 1979 , edition of the Eugene Register - Guard . Jump up ^ The script has a typo , referring to the location of the St. Helen of the Blessed Shroud Orphanage as being in Calumed City ... it is properly Calumet City . Jump up ^ Biography of the Blues Brothers from their album , A Briefcase Full of Blues , retrieved on November 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The Blues Brothers Animated Series ( 1997 ) - Episode list ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office Mojo '' . The Blues Brothers . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Blues Brothers Live in Montreaux , BluesBrothersCentral.com ( retrieved on January 8 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Red , White & Blues , BluesBrothersCentral.com ( retrieved on January 8 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ The Blues Brothers Complete , BluesBrothersCentral.com ( retrieved on January 8 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ The Essentials , BluesBrothersCentral.com ( retrieved on January 8 , 2007 ) . External links ( edit ) Official DVD site Fan Site The Blues Brothers at AllMusic House of Blues Radio Hour ( Hosted by Dan Aykroyd ) Interview ( MP3 ) with John Belushi biographer Tanner Colby and widow Judith Belushi Pisano on the public radio program The Sound of Young America regarding their book , `` Belushi '' . Includes clips from Belushi 's work on The National Lampoon Radio Hour . The Blues Brothers Members `` Joliet '' Jake E. Blues Elwood J. Blues Steve `` The Colonel '' Cropper Donald `` Duck '' Dunn Murphy Dunne Willie `` Too Big '' Hall Steve `` Getdwa '' Jordan Tom `` Bones '' Malone `` Blue '' Lou Marini Matt `` Guitar '' Murphy Alan `` Mr. Fabulous '' Rubin Paul `` The Shiv '' Shaffer Tom `` Triple Scale '' Scott Albums Briefcase Full of Blues ( 1978 ) The Blues Brothers : Original Soundtrack Recording ( 1980 ) Made in America ( 1980 ) Best of The Blues Brothers ( 1981 ) Dancin ' wid da Blues Brothers ( 1983 ) The Blues Brothers Band Live in Montreux ( 1990 ) Red , White & Blues ( 1992 ) The Very Best of The Blues Brothers ( 1995 ) Blues Brothers and Friends : Live from Chicago 's House of Blues ( 1997 ) Blues Brothers 2000 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1998 ) Films The Blues Brothers Blues Brothers 2000 Video games The Blues Brothers Blues Brothers 2000 Related articles The Blues Brothers ( novel ) Blues Brothers : Private Bluesmobile The Blues Brothers Show Saturday Night Live Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 History 1975 -- 80 1980 -- 85 1985 -- 90 1990 -- 95 1995 -- 2000 2000 -- 05 2005 -- 10 2010 -- 15 2015 -- present Related lists Commercials Cast members Writers Guests A -- D E -- H I -- L M -- P Q -- T U -- Z Awards DVD releases Incidents Recurring characters and sketches Chronological Alphabetical By cast member Musical sketches TV show sketches Weekend Update characters TV Funhouse segments Characters and sketches The Barry Gibb Talk Show Bill Brasky Bill Swerski 's Superfans Blizzard Man The Blues Brothers The Boston Teens Canteen Boy Celebrity Jeopardy ! 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Adventure Woody Woodpecker 's Nuthouse Coaster Hollywood Universal 's Horror Make - Up Show Lagoon Universal 's Cinematic Spectacular : 100 Years of Movie Memories Annual events and festivities A Celebration of Harry Potter Halloween Horror Nights Macy 's Holiday Parade Mardi Gras Rock the Universe Upcoming attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Universal Studios Hollywood Former attractions Upper Lot Special Effects Stage The Walking Dead Attraction Universal 's Animal Actors Waterworld : A Live Sea War Spectacular Super Silly Fun Land Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Silly Swirl Springfield The Simpsons Ride Studio Tour Fast & Furious : Supercharged King Kong : 360 3 - D The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Flight of the Hippogriff Frog Choir Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Ollivanders Triwizard Spirit Rally Lower Lot Revenge of the Mummy Transformers : The Ride Jurassic Park Dino - Play Jurassic Park : The Ride Raptor Encounter Upcoming Attractions DreamWorks Theatre Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Blues_Brothers&oldid=807774771 '' Categories : Universal Studios Florida Universal Parks & Resorts attractions by name Universal Studios Hollywood American rhythm and blues musical groups The Blues Brothers Animated duos American blues musical groups American musical duos Musical groups established in 1976 Musical groups disestablished in 1982 Musical groups reestablished in 1988 Atlantic Records artists Musical groups from Chicago Booker T. & the M.G. 's Bands with fictional stage personas Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Pages using Template : Infobox musical artist with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 01 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's the name of the blues brothers	[ "The Blues Brothers are an American blues and soul revivalist band which was founded in 1978 by comedy actors Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi as part of a musical sketch on Saturday Night Live. Belushi and Aykroyd, respectively in character as lead vocalist \"Joliet\" Jake Blues and harmonica player/vocalist Elwood Blues, fronted the band, which was composed of well-known and respected musicians. The band made its debut as the musical guest on the April 22, 1978, episode of Saturday Night Live, performing \"Hey Bartender.\"[1]", "The Blues Brothers are an American blues and soul revivalist band which was founded in 1978 by comedy actors Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi as part of a musical sketch on Saturday Night Live. Belushi and Aykroyd, respectively in character as lead vocalist \"Joliet\" Jake Blues and harmonica player/vocalist Elwood Blues, fronted the band, which was composed of well-known and respected musicians. The band made its debut as the musical guest on the April 22, 1978, episode of Saturday Night Live, performing \"Hey Bartender.\"[1]" ]	[ "\"Joliet\" Jake Blues", "Elwood Blues" ]
-7452440177431645278	iPod Shuffle	IPod Shuffle - Wikipedia IPod Shuffle Jump to : navigation , search iPod shuffle iPod Shuffle ( 4th generation ) in Silver Manufacturer Apple Inc . Product family iPod Type Digital audio player Retail availability January 11 , 2005 -- July 27 , 2017 ( 12 years , 6 months ) Discontinued July 27 , 2017 Media Flash memory 512 MB to 4 GB currently 2 GB Operating system 1.1. 5 ( 1G ) 1.0. 4 ( 2G ) 1.1 ( 3G ) 1.0. 2 ( 4G ) Display None Input Shuffle , Play In Order , Turn Off , 3.5 - mm stereo headphone jack Connectivity USB 2.0 ( 1G Directly ) Power Lithium - ion battery Weight 12.5 grams ( 0.44 oz ) Related articles iPod Nano iPod Mini iPod Classic iPod Touch iPhone This article is part of a series on the iPod Classic Mini Nano Shuffle Touch 5th 6th List of iPod models The iPod Shuffle ( stylized and marketed as iPod shuffle ) is a digital audio player designed and marketed by Apple Inc . It was the smallest model in Apple 's iPod family , and was the first iPod to use flash memory . The first model was announced at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 11 , 2005 ; the fourth - and final - generation models were introduced on September 1 , 2010 . The iPod Shuffle was discontinued by Apple on July 27 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 1st generation 1.2 2nd generation 1.3 3rd generation 1.4 4th generation 2 Models 3 Reception and impact 3.1 Controversy 3.1. 1 Blinking light problem 3.1. 2 Third - generation headphone controls 4 Timeline of compact iPod models 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) The four generations of the iPod Shuffle . 1st generation ( edit ) Released on January 11 , 2005 during the Macworld expo , the first - generation iPod Shuffle weighed 0.78 ounces ( 22 g ) , and was designed to be easily loaded with a selection of songs and to play them in random order . According to Apple , owners of existing iPods had often left the music selection to `` shuffle '' , and the new iPod Shuffle was a way of implementing that in a much more cost - effective fashion . It relied on the use of an `` autofill '' feature in iTunes , which selected songs at random from a user 's music library ( or from a specific playlist ) and copied as many as would fit into the iPod Shuffle 's storage . The first generation could hold up to 240 songs ( 1 GB model , based on Apple 's estimate , of four minutes per song and 128 kbit / s AAC encoding ) . It used the SigmaTel STMP35xx system on a chip ( SOC ) and its software development kit ( SDK ) v2. 6 , a flash memory IC , and USB rechargeable lithium cell . The STMP35xx SOC and its software was the most fully integrated portable MP3 playback system at release time and SigmaTel was Austin 's largest IPO ( 2003 ) capturing over 60 % of flash based MP3 player world market share in 2004 . In 2005 , peak iPod first - generation Shuffle production occurred at a hundred thousand units per day , at the Asus factory . It lacked a display , the trademark scroll wheel , playlist management features , and the games , address book , calendar , alarm , and notes capability of larger iPods ; nor could it be used with iSync . Due to the codec not being ported , it was incapable of playing Apple Lossless and AIFF audio files . Due to superior audio technology in the SigmaTel STMP35xx SOC and SDK , the first generation had a better bass response than a fourth - generation iPod , according to a review published days after its release . First - generation iPod Shuffle with the cap removed to show the USB connector . The cap snaps onto the unit . The iPod Shuffle comes with a second cap on a lanyard , which a user can wear around his or her neck . iTunes offered some new features for the iPod Shuffle . One was the ability to reduce the bit rate of songs to 128 kbit / s AAC . The conversion is done automatically , with the original file left untouched on the computer and the smaller ( lower bit rate ) file sent to the iPod Shuffle . Older versions of iTunes allowed an iPod Shuffle playlist to be viewed and changed while the unit is not connected ; the next time the unit is connected , it can then be updated with the changed playlist . However , this functionality is no longer a part of iTunes as of iTunes 7 . The front of the iPod Shuffle had buttons for Play / Pause , Next Song / Fast Forward , Previous Song / Fast Reverse , and up and down volume adjustment . On the reverse , it had a battery level indicator light ( activated by a button ) and a three - position switch to turn the unit off or set it to play music in order or shuffled . It plugged directly into a computer 's USB port ( either 1.1 or 2.0 ) , through which it also recharged its battery , which has an expected life of around 12 hours . The USB plug is hidden beneath a cap . The unit also comes with a lanyard that attaches to the iPod Shuffle via an attached cap and this allows the user to wear the iPod Shuffle around his or her neck . The first generation could also be used as a USB flash drive . iTunes allowed users to set how much of the drive would be allowed for storing files , and how much would be used for storing music . 2nd generation ( edit ) A second - generation iPod Shuffle in size - comparison to a Dell mouse . On September 12 , 2006 , Apple announced the release of the second - generation iPod Shuffle , calling it `` the most wearable iPod ever '' . First shipments of the unit were slated for an October 2006 arrival , but actually started shipping on Friday , November 3 , 2006 . The second generation initially featured a lone 1 GB model in a silver brushed aluminum case , similar to the second - generation iPod Nano and the older iPod Mini . The new model was less than half the size of the first - generation model at 41.2 x 27.3 x 10.5 mm ( 1.62 x 1.07 x 0.41 in ) , and was the size of the iPod Radio Remote . Apple claimed it was the `` world 's smallest MP3 player '' . This generation included the new built - in belt clip , and the actual unit itself was thinner , with the entire device weighing only 15.5 g ( 0.55 ounces ) . The power / shuffle / no shuffle switch from the first - generation version was separated into two controls to avoid an accidentally selected mode of operation . The formatting of the iPod itself was new to Apple , as the second - generation Shuffle only formatted itself to FAT32 . On the second - generation iPod Shuffle , USB connectivity is provided via an included piece of hardware which acts as a docking station for the transfer of data and the recharging of the iPod 's internal battery through its headphone jack . The second - generation iPod Shuffle was also able to act as a flash drive , just like the first - generation iPod Shuffle . However , unlike the first - generation iPod Shuffle , the second generation did not have a built - in USB connector . This means that the docking station was required for connection to a computer . The second - generation Shuffle could play MP3 , MP3 VBR , AAC , Protected AAC , Audible ( formats 2 , 3 and 4 ) , WAV and AIFF . Due to its low processing power , the only iTunes - supported file format that the iPod did not support is Apple Lossless . On January 30 , 2007 , Apple announced the addition of four new colors to the iPod Shuffle line - pink , orange , green , and blue , in addition to the original silver color . The orange color was a first for the iPod franchise . They also now came with new redesigned headphones that were not included with the original silver model . The box was also changed to have gray text instead of the lime - green text . On September 5 , 2007 , Apple introduced four new colors , including a Product Red version . The new colors were turquoise , lavender , mint green , and Product Red , with the previous colors discontinued . On February 19 , 2008 , Apple introduced a 2 GB version of the iPod Shuffle , retailing for US $69 and available in all the same colours as the 1 GB model . At the Apple Let 's Rock Event on September 9 , 2008 , Apple once again released four new colors for the iPod Shuffle : blue , green , pink , and red , replacing the colors that were released in September 2007 . The new blue , green and pink variants of the iPod Shuffle reverted to shades that were similar to the colors that were released in January 2007 . In June 2009 , Avon offered a gold iPod Shuffle ( second generation ) for $29 when purchased in conjunction with two ANEW skin care products . The second generation 2 GB iPod Shuffle was discontinued on March 11 , 2009 , and the 1 GB version was discontinued on September 9 , 2009 . 3rd generation ( edit ) A third - generation iPod Shuffle . The third - generation iPod Shuffle was released on March 11 , 2009 and was said by Apple to be `` jaw - droppingly small '' and `` The first music player that talks to you '' . with dimensions of 45.2 mm × 17.5 mm × 7.8 mm ( 1.8 in × 0.7 in × 0.3 in ) . It was available with a silver or black brushed aluminum case similar to the second generation iPod Shuffle ; this made it the first iPod Shuffle that was available in black . It featured VoiceOver technology that allowed song names , artist names , album names and playlist contents and names to be spoken in 20 different languages using the Text - to - Speech incorporated in iTunes 8 and 9 . It also gained support for multiple playlists , in contrast to previous versions of the iPod Shuffle , which allowed only a single playlist . The inside of a third - generation iPod Shuffle . The third - generation iPod Shuffle featured a polished steel attachment clip , adopting for the first time the polished steel finishing previously found only on the larger iPods , rather than the brushed aluminum used in the second - generation iPod Shuffle . It also no longer had volume or track controls on the device itself . Instead , the packaged iPod earbuds included a three - button device on the right earbud cord . This added the functions of changing between playlists , hearing the song title and artist of the track playing , as well as play / pause , track changes and volume control . It originally was not possible to change songs or volume with most third - party headphones , since they lacked these controls . However , since the device began playing music automatically when it was turned on , third - party headphones could still be used in `` autoplay '' mode ( with no volume or playback controls ) , and after its release , some third - party headphones and headphone adapters began to include full support for the third generation . The official headphones contained a chip designed by Apple to control the device . DRM is not however present in the chip as there is no encryption used . According to the compatibility list published in Apple 's website , none of the currently sold Apple headphones support the third - generation iPod shuffle . On September 9 , 2009 , Apple introduced three new colors for the iPod Shuffle : pink , blue , and green . The Apple Store also offered a 4 GB model made of polished stainless steel . 4th generation ( edit ) iPod Shuffle ( 4th generation ) On September 1 , 2010 the fourth and final generation was released as part of the new iPod lineup . The fourth generation features the return of clickable track and volume controls from the first two generations . The control pad is 18 % larger than the second generation of iPod Shuffle , and the dimensions of the device are 29 mm × 31.6 mm × 8.7 mm ( 1.1 in × 1.2 in × 0.3 in ) and it weighs 12.5 g ( 0.4 oz ) . The model also features VoiceOver from the third generation , now with a devoted physical button , in twenty - nine languages ( Chinese , Czech , Danish , Dutch , English , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hungarian , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Norwegian , Polish , Portuguese , Romanian , Russian , Slovak , Spanish , Swedish , Thai , and Turkish ) . It also features Genius , and can handle multiple playlists . Like the previous generation it supports MP3 , VBR , AAC , Protected AAC , Audible ( formats 2 , 3 and 4 ) , WAV , AIFF and Apple Lossless , and its battery lasts for 15 hours of music , according to Apple . It was originally sold in five colors ( silver with a black control pad , green , blue , orange and pink with a white control pad ) . However , on September 12 , 2012 , Apple held an event to formally introduce the iPhone 5 , as well as a new iPod lineup , and the iPod Shuffle remained unchanged except for seven new color options ( silver or black with a black control pad or green , blue , pink , yellow , and purple with a white control pad ) , as well as a Product Red edition model with a white control pad . Unlike the second generation , the iPod does not come with a dock , but like the third generation , comes with a 45 mm USB Cable . The included in - box headphones do not feature the remote control , but the device supports them . On September 10 , 2013 , to coincide with the release of the iPhone 5S , the `` Slate '' color option was replaced with `` Space Grey '' . On July 15 , 2015 , Apple released 6 new colors ( blue , pink , silver , gold , space grey , and Product Red ) for the iPod Shuffle . On July 27 , 2017 , Apple announced that it is discontinuing the iPod shuffle along with the iPod nano . Models ( edit ) Generation Image Capacity Colors Connection Original release date Minimum OS to sync Rated battery life ( hours ) 1st 512 MB White USB 2.0 ( no adapter required ) January 11 , 2005 Mac : 10.2. 8 Windows : 2000 audio : 12 1 GB New entry - level model . Uses flash memory and has no screen . It was discontinued on September 12 , 2006 . 2nd 1 GB Silver USB 2.0 ( with included dock ) September 12 , 2006 Mac : 10.3. 9 Windows : 2000 audio : 12 1 GB Silver Blue Green Orange Pink January 30 , 2007 Mac : 10.3. 9 Windows : 2000 1 GB Silver Light Blue Light Green Purple Product Red special edition September 5 , 2007 Mac : 10.4. 8 Windows : 2000 2 GB February 19 , 2008 1 GB Silver Blue Green Pink Product Red special edition September 9 , 2008 Mac : 10.4. 10 Windows : 2000 2 GB Smaller clip design with anodized aluminum casing . The 1st model was discontinued on January 30 , 2007 . The 2nd model was discontinued on September 5 , 2007 . The 3rd model was discontinued on February 18 , 2008 . The 4th model reached the end of its production on March 11 , 2009 . 3rd 4 GB Silver Black USB 2.0 ( cable is included ) March 11 , 2009 Mac : 10.4. 11 Windows : XP audio : 10 2 GB Silver Black Blue Green Pink September 9 , 2009 Mac : 10.4. 11 Windows : XP 4 GB Silver Black Blue Green Pink Polished Stainless Steel ( exclusive to Apple Online and retail stores ) Smaller design with controls relocated to right earbud cable , features playlists and VoiceOver . The 4 GB model was discontinued on September 9 , 2009 . The 2GB model was discontinued on September 1 , 2010 . 4th 2 GB Silver Blue Green Orange Pink USB 2.0 ( cable is included ) September 1 , 2010 Mac : 10.5. 8 Windows : XP audio : 15 Silver Black Blue Green Pink Purple Yellow Product Red special edition September 12 , 2012 Mac : 10.6. 8 Windows : XP ( SP3 ) Silver Blue Gold Pink Space Grey Product Red Special Edition July 15 , 2015 Mac : 10.10 Windows : 7 Redesign returning the play / track / volume buttons from the second generation and power / shuffle mode switch from the 1st gen , and adding a button for VoiceOver . The silver , blue , green , orange and pink models were discontinued on September 12 , 2012 . Apple replaced them with new silver , slate , purple , pink , yellow , green and blue models , all with matte finish , rather than a glossy finish , in order to correspond with the 5th - generation iPod touch and 7th - generation iPod nano . New `` Space Gray '' color option replaces `` Slate '' as of September 10 , 2013 , in order to correspond with the iPhone 5S . Discontinued on July 27 , 2017 . Reception and impact ( edit ) The iPod Shuffle was announced at the same time as the Mac Mini . Like the iPod Shuffle , the Mac Mini is a scaled - down product which has been introduced at a lower price . These two products together can be seen as a conscious effort on the part of Apple management to target a lower - end market and increase visibility in the mass - market . Previously , the success of Apple 's iPod and especially the iPod Mini had been chipping away at the inexpensive flash player market , causing flash players at the beginning of 2005 to account for less than half the market share they did in 2004 . However , the original and Mini iPods were expensive and the Shuffle was intended to make the iPod compete with mainstream players . By April 2005 , the end of Apple 's second fiscal quarter , the iPod Shuffle had already proven itself to be a successful product for its manufacturer . Although Apple has chosen not to specify how many iPod Shuffles were sold in the product 's first three months of existence , analysts at Piper Jaffray estimated that 1.8 million of the 5.3 million iPods sold in the second quarter were Shuffles . NPD Group estimates that the iPod Shuffle captured 43 % of the flash - based music player market in February 2005 , after only its second month of existence . By March 2005 the iPod Shuffle 's market share had risen to 58 % . In September 2006 , Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced during his keynote presentation on the `` It 's Showtime '' Special Event , that until then , Apple had sold 10 million first - generation iPod Shuffles . Controversy ( edit ) Blinking light problem ( edit ) PC World reported a problem with the first - generation iPod Shuffles ceasing normal function , only to flash orange and green lights and become unmountable . Since the Shuffle has no display , the owner can not read an error message or troubleshoot easily , requiring diagnosis by Apple service personnel . Flashing green and orange lights on the iPod Shuffle indicate that a generic `` error '' has occurred , according to Apple 's documentation . If the device is still covered by warranty , Apple will replace it for free . This problem has also occurred on second - generation iPod Shuffles . On October 26 , 2006 , Apple released an iPod Shuffle Reset Utility that corrected this problem for some owners of first - generation iPod Shuffles . Then , in March 2007 , an updated iPod Reset Utility was released which can also address similar problems with second - generation iPod Shuffles . Third - generation headphone controls ( edit ) Unlike most other portable audio players , the third - generation iPod Shuffle 's controls are situated on the packaged headphones . The user is unable to control the device unless they use either Apple headphones designed for it , or third - party headphones or adapters that must be licensed by Apple . The third generation iPod Shuffle 's headphones contain a proprietary integrated circuit . Also , inline control adapters that were made by third - party companies for use with the iPhone and iPod are incompatible with the iPod Shuffle . Several months after the third - generation release , several third - party companies , including Belkin and Scosche , released adaptors which can be used to add the controls to standard headphones . Timeline of compact iPod models See also : Timeline of full - sized iPod models and Timeline of iPod models and related products Sources : Apple press release library , Mactracker Apple Inc. model database References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Apple removes iPod nano and shuffle from website hinting at discontinuation '' . 9to5Mac. 27 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ June , Laura . `` Apple announces redesigned iPod shuffle , brings the buttons back '' . Engadget . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple removes iPod nano and shuffle from website hinting at discontinuation '' . 9to5Mac. 27 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Introduces iPod shuffle '' . Apple Press Release . 11 January 2005 . Jump up ^ Bill Machrone ( January 20 , 2005 ) . `` Apple iPod Shuffle '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved March 29 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Bill Machrone ( March 16 , 2005 ) . `` Shuffle 's Got a Secret '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Unveils the New iPod shuffle '' , Apple.com , September 12 , 2006 . Accessed April 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Blompo.com Jump up ^ Ilounge.com . Ilounge.com . Retrieved on July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://forums.macrumors.com/showthread.php?t=707814 Jump up ^ iPod shuffle -- Small Size `` . `` Apple . Retrieved on July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ iPod shuffle -- With VoiceOver , iPod shuffle talks `` . `` Apple . Retrieved on July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Controlling the Third - Generation iPod Shuffle '' . About.com . Jump up ^ `` New iPod shuffle requires extra adapter for third - party headphones '' . Engadget . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturer confirms chip : iPod headphones now have the Apple Tax ; Update : Apple confirms no DRM , authentication , just licensing '' . BoingBoing . Jump up ^ `` Compatibility of Apple wired headset models with iPhone , iPad , and iPod models '' . Jump up ^ Apple.com . Apple.com . Retrieved on July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Appleinsider.com Archived April 22 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Shuffle captures 58 percent of flash players market , says Apple , ArsTechnica Jump up ^ `` Quick Reference Card '' . Jump up ^ Johnston , Stuart ( June 22 , 2006 ) . `` If Lights Blink on Your iPod Shuffle , It Could Be Bad News '' . PC World . Retrieved February 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` About the iPod shuffle Reset Utility '' . Apple . Jump up ^ `` About iPod Reset Utility '' . Apple Inc . Jump up ^ `` Third - party headphones do require Apple - supplied chip '' . Jump up ^ `` Old iPod / iPhone Adapters do n't work in new Shuffle '' . Boing Boing . Jump up ^ Scosche.com . Scosche.com . Retrieved on July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. , Apple press release library , Retrieved September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mactracker ( mactracker.ca ) , Apple Inc. model database , version as of July 26 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to iPod shuffle . Book : Apple Inc . Apple Inc. portal Archived website iPod Models Classic Photo iPod + HP iPod U2 Mini Shuffle Nano Touch Accessories Earbuds iPod Hi - Fi Nike + iPod Software Comparison of iPod managers iOS Store iPod game iTunes Store version history Other Advertising Click wheel Dock Connector Italics indicate discontinued products . Apple hardware since 1998 Consumer desktop / all - in - ones eMac iMac G3 G4 G5 Intel - based Mac Mini Professional tower / desktop iMac Pro Mac Pro Power Macintosh G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Xserve Consumer notebook iBook MacBook Retina MacBook Air Professional notebooks MacBook Pro PowerBook G3 G4 Consumer electronics Apple TV 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 4K Apple Watch 1st Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio HomePod iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPod Classic Photo Mini iPod + HP Shuffle Nano Touch Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Smartphones iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X Accessories AirPods AirPort Express Extreme Time Capsule AirPower iPad Pencil iPod Click Wheel Hi - Fi Nike+ iSight Keyboard Wireless Magic Mouse USB Pro Wireless Mighty Magic Magic 2 Remote Siri Remote SuperDrive Trackpad Magic Magic 2 USB Modem Xserve RAID Italics indicate current products . See also : Apple hardware before 1998 Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Al Eisenstat Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jonathan Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Katherine Adams ( General Counsel ) Angela Ahrendts Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Lisa Jackson Dan Riccio Phil Schiller Johny Srouji Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson John Browett Guerrino De Luca Paul Deneve Al Eisenstat Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Ellen Hancock Nancy R. Heinen Steve Jobs Ron Johnson Mike Markkula David Nagel Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Jon Rubinstein Michael Scott John Sculley Bertrand Serlet Bruce Sewell Michael Spindler Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Ronald Wayne Steve Wozniak Products Hardware Mac iMac iMac Pro MacBook family Mac Mini Mac Pro iPod Classic Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone iPad Mini Air Pro Accessories HomePod Apple TV Apple Watch Software Classic Mac OS macOS History Server Software iOS Version history tvOS watchOS audioOS Core Foundation Developer Tools Final Cut Pro Logic Pro QuickTime CarPlay HomeKit Services Apple ID Apple Maps Apple Music Apple Pay Developer iAd TestFlight WWDC Game Center iCloud MobileMe iWork News Newsstand Stores Apple Store App Store iBookstore iTunes Store Mac App Store Support AppleCare Apple Specialist Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Companies Subsidiaries Beats Electronics Beats Music Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc . Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Inc . Beats Electronics Beats Music Cue Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity Lala NeXT Nothing Real Metaio P.A. Semi PrimeSense Shazam Siri Spotsetter Texture Topsy Related Advertising 1984 Think different Get a Mac iPods Product Red Campus Park Design IDg Typography Book Didi Chuxing History Codenames Community Criticism Litigation FBI -- Apple encryption dispute iOS app approvals Apple Music Festival Welcome to Macintosh ( 2008 documentary ) Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs Original programs distributed by Apple Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPod_Shuffle&oldid=835097794 '' Categories : IPod Screenless digital audio players ITunes Discontinued products Products introduced in 2005 Products and services discontinued in 2017 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Latina Latviešu Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 15 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the ipod shuffle 4th generation come out	[ "The iPod Shuffle (stylized and marketed as iPod shuffle) is a digital audio player designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It was the smallest model in Apple's iPod family, and was the first iPod to use flash memory. The first model was announced at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 11, 2005; the fourth- and final-generation models were introduced on September 1, 2010.[2] The iPod Shuffle was discontinued by Apple on July 27, 2017.[3]" ]	[ "September 1, 2010" ]
-1064523105087247203	Your Body Is a Wonderland	Your body is a Wonderland - wikipedia Your body is a Wonderland Jump to : navigation , search `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' Single by John Mayer from the album Room for Squares B - side `` No Such Thing '' ( acoustic version ) `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' ( acoustic version ) `` Not Myself '' ( demo version ) Released October 14 , 2002 Format Digital download , CD single Recorded Genre Pop , soft rock Length 4 : 09 ( album version ) 3 : 46 ( radio edit ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) John Mayer Producer ( s ) John Alagia John Mayer singles chronology `` No Such Thing '' ( 2002 ) `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' ( 2002 ) `` Why Georgia '' ( 2003 ) `` No Such Thing '' ( 2002 ) `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' ( 2002 ) `` Why Georgia '' ( 2003 ) `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' is a song written and recorded by American singer - songwriter John Mayer . It was released in October 2002 as the second single from his debut studio album , Room for Squares ( 2001 ) . Its commercial success was greater than Mayer 's prior single , `` No Such Thing . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 1.1 Lyrics 2 Track listing 3 Personnel 4 Reception 5 Video 6 Appearances in the media 7 Chart performance 8 References 9 External links Song information ( edit ) Mayer once said during his `` As / Is '' tour , that the song was about `` girly parts '' , but this was later denied . During his `` VH1 Storytellers '' performance , Mayer stated that he wrote the song about his first girlfriend at age 14 . The song was actually named `` Strawberry Wonderland '' but was later changed by Mayer . There has been speculation that Mayer wrote the song about Jennifer Love Hewitt , whom he dated in 2002 , but she denied it . Hewitt told Entertainment Weekly , `` My body is far from a wonderland . My body is more like a pawnshop . There 's a lot of interesting things put together , and if you look closely you 'd probably be excited , but at first glance , not so much '' . According to the liner notes , a toy piano is used as an instrument in the song . Lyrics ( edit ) The line `` I 'm never speaking up again '' , sung in the background , is also prominently featured in the chorus to the song `` My Stupid Mouth '' , which appears just before the song on Room For Squares . Track listing ( edit ) All songs are written by John Mayer except where noted otherwise . `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' -- 4 : 09 `` No Such Thing '' ( Acoustic version , live from WXPN ) ( John Mayer & Clay Cook ) -- 3 : 46 `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' ( acoustic version , live from WXPN ) -- 5 : 46 `` Not Myself '' ( demo version ) -- 4 : 05 Personnel ( edit ) John Mayer -- vocals , guitar , toy piano , vibraphone , Korg Triton synthesizer David LaBruyere -- bass Nir Z -- drums Brandon Bush -- Wurlitzer electric piano John Alagia -- percussion , Hammond organ Chris Fischer -- congas Reception ( edit ) Billboard said the song showcases Mayer 's `` smooth , casual singing style and barroom instrumentation . '' In 2003 , `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' won Mayer the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . The song ranked at No. 28 on Blender magazine 's list of the `` 50 Worst Songs Ever '' . Video ( edit ) The video starred the actress Holly Lynch . The video was directed by Jim Gable , and edited by Scott C. Wilson . Appearances in the media ( edit ) In 2006 , the song was used in an episode of U.S. version of The Office , entitled `` A Benihana Christmas '' . Characters Michael Scott and Andy Bernard sing the song as a karaoke duet . Mayer agreed to let the show use the song , in exchange for a Dundie , which was for `` Tallest Music Dude '' . In the episode of Family Guy titled `` Stew - Roids '' , Stewie sings a song in which he pronounces the word `` body '' like `` bah - dy '' , which he then explains `` That 's how John Mayer would say it '' ; a reference to the pronunciation of the word in `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' . Lance Bass and Lacey Schwimmer performed a rhumba to the song on Season 7 of Dancing with the Stars . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 -- 03 ) Peak position Australia Top 40 Digital Tracks ( ARIA ) 23 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 75 ) 48 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 51 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Billboard Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 17 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Central '' . John Mayer . People . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Love Hewitt 's body is still a ' Wonderland ' as she shows off her figure in two little black dresses '' . The Daily Mail . July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ L. Loinaz , Alexis ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Bitter Ex Alert ! John Mayer `` Humiliated '' by Taylor Swift Song `` Dear John '' `` . E ! . Jump up ^ `` John Mayer 's love life : A timeline '' . CNN . August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Chuck ( 2002 - 06 - 29 ) , `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' . Billboard. 114 ( 26 ) : 33 Jump up ^ `` The Time Keeper : John Mayer Is An Up - To - The - Moment Watch Connoisseur David Colman Clocks I '' . New York Times . 8 March 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Worst Songs Ever ! Watch , Listen and Cringe ! '' . Blender . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ John Mayer wins a Dundie in exchange for letting The Office use `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' . Jump up ^ http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=John+Mayer&titel=Your+Body+Is+A+Wonderland&cat=s Jump up ^ `` officialcharts.de '' . officialcharts.de . External links ( edit ) `` Your Body Is A Wonderland '' music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) John Mayer Discography Studio albums Room for Squares Heavier Things Continuum Battle Studies Born and Raised Paradise Valley The Search for Everything Live albums Any Given Thursday As / Is Try ! Where the Light Is : John Mayer Live in Los Angeles Extended plays Inside Wants Out The Village Sessions The Complete 2012 Performances Collection The Search for Everything : Wave One The Search for Everything : Wave Two Singles `` No Such Thing '' `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' `` Why Georgia '' `` Bigger Than My Body '' `` Clarity '' `` Daughters '' `` Waiting on the World to Change '' `` Belief '' `` Gravity '' `` Dreaming with a Broken Heart '' `` Say '' `` Free Fallin ' '' `` Who Says '' `` Heartbreak Warfare '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Shadow Days '' `` Queen of California '' `` Who You Love '' `` Love on the Weekend '' Featured singles `` Go ! '' `` Streetcorner Symphony '' Video albums Any Given Thursday Where the Light Is : John Mayer Live in Los Angeles Concert tours Battle Studies World Tour Born and Raised World Tour The Search for Everything World Tour Related articles John Mayer Trio Try ! `` Who Did You Think I Was '' Annual John Mayer Holiday Charity Revue Dead & Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Your_Body_Is_a_Wonderland&oldid=800130020 '' Categories : 2002 singles John Mayer songs Songs written by John Mayer Songs about sexuality Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 17 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is my body is a wonderland about	[ "Mayer once said during his \"As/Is\" tour, that the song was about \"girly parts\", but this was later denied. During his \"VH1 Storytellers\" performance, Mayer stated that he wrote the song about his first girlfriend at age 14. The song was actually named \"Strawberry Wonderland\" but was later changed by Mayer." ]	[ "Mayer stated that he wrote the song about his first girlfriend at age 14" ]
-1814855172820140809	On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)	On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( film ) - wikipedia On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search On Her Majesty 's Secret Service British cinema poster for On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , designed and illustrated by Robert McGinnis and Frank McCarthy Directed by Peter R. Hunt Produced by Harry Saltzman Albert R. Broccoli Screenplay by Richard Maibaum Additional Dialogue : Simon Raven Based on On Her Majesty 's Secret Service by Ian Fleming Starring George Lazenby Diana Rigg Telly Savalas Bernard Lee Gabriele Ferzetti Ilse Steppat Music by John Barry Cinematography Michael Reed Edited by John Glen Production company Eon Productions Distributed by United Artists Release date 18 December 1969 ( 1969 - 12 - 18 ) ( London , premiere ) Running time 140 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $7 million Box office $82 million On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) is the sixth spy film in the James Bond series to be produced by Eon Productions . It is based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Ian Fleming . Following Sean Connery 's decision to retire from the role after You Only Live Twice , Eon Productions selected an unknown actor and model , George Lazenby , to play the part of James Bond . During the making of the film , Lazenby announced that he would play the role of Bond only once . In the film Bond faces Blofeld ( Telly Savalas ) , who is planning to hold the world ransom by the threat of sterilising the world 's food supply through a group of brainwashed `` angels of death '' . Along the way Bond meets , falls in love with , and eventually marries Contessa Teresa di Vicenzo ( Diana Rigg ) . This is the only Bond film to be directed by Peter R. Hunt , who had served as a film editor and second unit director on previous films in the series . Hunt , along with producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman , decided to produce a more realistic film that would follow the novel closely . It was shot in Switzerland , England , and Portugal from October 1968 to May 1969 . Although its cinema release was not as lucrative as its predecessor You Only Live Twice , On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was still one of the top performing films of the year . Critical reviews upon release were mixed , but the film 's reputation has improved greatly over time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Blofeld 's Angels of Death 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release and reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Contemporary reviews 4.3 Reflective reviews 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In Portugal , James Bond -- agent 007 , sometimes referred to simply as ' 007 ' -- saves a woman on the beach from committing suicide by drowning , and later meets her again in a casino . The woman , Contessa Teresa `` Tracy '' di Vicenzo , invites Bond to her hotel room to thank him , but when Bond arrives he is attacked by an unidentified man . After subduing the man , Bond returns to his own room and finds Tracy there , who claims she did n't know the attacker was there . The next morning , Bond is kidnapped by several men , including the one he fought with , who take him to meet Marc - Ange Draco , the head of the European crime syndicate Unione Corse . Draco reveals that Tracy is his only daughter and tells Bond of her troubled past , offering Bond one million pounds if he will marry her . Bond refuses , but agrees to continue romancing Tracy if Draco reveals the whereabouts of Ernst Stavro Blofeld , the head of SPECTRE . Bond returns to London , and after a brief argument with M at the British Secret Service headquarters , heads for Draco 's birthday party in Portugal . There , Bond and Tracy begin a whirlwind romance , and Draco directs the agent to a law firm in Bern , Switzerland . Bond investigates the office of Swiss lawyer Gumbold , and learns that Blofeld is corresponding with London College of Arms ' genealogist Sir Hilary Bray , attempting to claim the title ' Comte Balthazar de Bleuchamp ' . Posing as Bray , Bond goes to meet Blofeld , who has established a clinical allergy - research institute atop Piz Gloria in the Swiss Alps . Bond meets twelve young women , the `` Angels of Death '' , who are patients at the institute 's clinic , apparently cured of their allergies . At night Bond goes to the room of one patient , Ruby , to seduce her . At midnight Bond sees that the 12 ladies go into a sleep - induced hypnotic state while Blofeld gives them audio instructions for when they return home . In fact , the women are being brainwashed to distribute bacteriological warfare agents throughout the world . Bond tries to trick Blofeld into leaving Switzerland so that MI6 can arrest him without violating Swiss sovereignty . Blofeld refuses and Bond is eventually caught by henchwoman Irma Bunt . Blofeld reveals that he identified Bond after his attempt to lure him out of Switzerland , and tells his henchmen to take the agent away . Bond eventually makes his escape by skiing down Piz Gloria while Blofeld and his men give chase . Arriving at the village of Lauterbrunnen , Bond finds Tracy and they escape Bunt and her men after a car chase . A blizzard forces them to a remote barn , where Bond professes his love to Tracy and proposes marriage to her , which she accepts . The next morning , as the flight resumes , Blofeld sets off an avalanche ; Tracy is captured , while Bond is buried but manages to escape . Back in London at M 's office , Bond is informed that Blofeld intends to hold the world to ransom by threatening to destroy its agriculture using his brainwashed women . Apart from money , Blofeld demands amnesty for all past crimes and to be recognised as Count de Bleuchamp . M tells 007 that the ransom will be paid and forbids him to mount a rescue mission . Bond then enlists Draco and his forces to attack Blofeld 's headquarters , while also rescuing Tracy from Blofeld 's captivity . The facility is destroyed , and Blofeld escapes the destruction alone in a bobsleigh , with Bond pursuing him . The chase ends when Blofeld becomes snared in a tree branch and injures his neck . Bond and Tracy marry in Portugal , then drive away in Bond 's Aston Martin . When Bond pulls over to the roadside to remove flowers from the car , Blofeld ( wearing a neck brace ) and Bunt open fire on the couple 's car . Bond survives , but Tracy is killed in the attack . When a police officer arrives to help , a tearful Bond cradles Tracy 's body and says : `` It 's all right . It 's quite all right , really . She 's having a rest . We 'll be going on soon . There 's no hurry you see , we have all the time in the world . '' Cast ( edit ) George Lazenby as James Bond -- MI6 agent , codename 007 . Diana Rigg as Countess Tracy di Vicenzo -- A vulnerable countess and Marc - Ange Draco 's daughter , who captures Bond 's heart . Like Honor Blackman in Goldfinger before her , Rigg had come to the notice of Eon Productions through her work on The Avengers , where she played Emma Peel from 1965 -- 68 . Telly Savalas as Ernst Stavro Blofeld aka Comte Balthazar de Bleuchamp -- Bond 's nemesis , leader of SPECTRE and in hiding . Savalas had appeared in The Dirty Dozen in 1967 , leading to Broccoli suggesting him to director Peter Hunt , for the role , in place of Donald Pleasence , who had appeared in You Only Live Twice . Both Broccoli and Hunt felt Pleasence was unsuited to the more physical side of the Blofeld role in On Her Majesty 's Secret Service . Gabriele Ferzetti as Marc - Ange Draco -- Head of the Union Corse , a major crime syndicate and Tracy 's father ( uncredited voice by David de Keyser ) . Ilse Steppat as Irma Bunt -- Blofeld 's henchwoman who assists in the attempts to eliminate Bond , and although they fail to finish him off Bunt eventually manages to kill Tracy . Said to be the most successful piece of casting in the film , the Bunt character did not appear in the film You Only Live Twice , although she did appear in the novel . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was Steppat 's last role : the 52 - year - old died of a heart attack on 22 December 1969 , four days after the film premiered . Bernard Lee as M -- Head of the British Secret Service . Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny . George Baker as Sir Hilary Bray -- Herald in the London College of Arms , whom Bond impersonates in Piz Gloria . Baker also provided the voice of Bond while he was imitating Bray . Yuri Borienko as Grunther -- Blofeld 's brutish chief of security at Piz Gloria . In his role as a stuntman , Borienko was one of the people assisting with Lazenby 's audition : Lazenby accidentally broke his nose , which helped him get the part of Bond . Bernard Horsfall as Shaun Campbell -- 007 's colleague who tries to aid Bond in Switzerland as part of Operation Bedlam. Campbell has been called the film 's `` Official Sacrificial Lamb '' . Desmond Llewelyn as Q . Virginia North as Olympe -- Draco 's lover Nikki van der Zyl provided the uncredited voice for Olympe , making On Her Majesty 's Secret Service her sixth Bond film in succession . Geoffrey Cheshire as Toussaint Irvin Allen as Che Che Terry Mountain as Raphael James Bree as Gumbold John Gay as Hammond Blofeld 's Angels of death ( edit ) The Angels of Death are twelve beautiful women from all over the world being brainwashed by Blofeld under the guise of allergy or phobia treatment to spread the Virus Omega . A number appeared in the representative styles of dress of their particular nation . Their mission is to help Blofeld contaminate and ultimately sterilise the world 's food supply . Angela Scoular as Ruby Bartlett , an English girl at the clinic suffering from an allergy to chickens , whom Bond also beds . Scoular also played Buttercup in the 1967 comedy Casino Royale . Catherina von Schell as Nancy , a Hungarian girl at the clinic whom Bond seduces . Joanna Lumley as an English girl . Like Diana Rigg ( and Honor Blackman in Goldfinger ) , Lumley would appear alongside Patrick Macnee , although her role was in a spin - off from The Avengers , as Purdey in The New Avengers . Julie Ege as a Scandinavian girl . Ege was a former Miss Norway who also starred in a number of Hammer Film Productions . Jenny Hanley as an Irish girl . Anouska Hempel as an Australian girl . Mona Chong as a Chinese girl . Sylvana Henriques as a Jamaican girl . Dani Sheridan as an American girl . Zaheera as Zara , an Indian girl . Ingrit Back as a German girl . Helena Ronee as an Israeli girl . Production ( edit ) The novel On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was first published after the film series started and contains `` a gentle dig at the cinematic Bond 's gadgets , Broccoli and Saltzman had originally intended to make On Her Majesty 's Secret Service after Goldfinger and Richard Maibaum worked on a script at that time . However , Thunderball was filmed instead after the ongoing rights dispute over the novel were settled between Fleming and Kevin McClory . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was due to follow that , but problems with a warm Swiss winter and inadequate snow cover led to Saltzman and Broccoli postponing the film again , favouring production of You Only Live Twice . Between the resignation of Sean Connery at the beginning of filming You Only Live Twice and its release , Saltzman had planned to adapt The Man with the Golden Gun in Cambodia and use Roger Moore as the next Bond , but political instability meant the location was ruled out and Moore signed up for another series of The Saint . After You Only Live Twice was released in 1967 , the producers once again picked up with On Her Majesty 's Secret Service . Peter Hunt , who had worked on the five preceding films had impressed Broccoli and Saltzman enough to earn his directorial debut as they believed his quick cutting had set the style for the series ; it was also the result of a long - standing promise from Broccoli and Saltzman for a directorial position . Hunt also asked for the position during the production of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang , and he brought along with him many crew members , including cinematographer Michael Reed . Hunt was focused on putting his mark -- `` I wanted it to be different than any other Bond film would be . It was my film , not anyone else 's . '' On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was the last film on which Hunt worked in the series . Writing ( edit ) Screenwriter Richard Maibaum , who had worked on all the previous Bond films bar You Only Live Twice , was responsible for On Her Majesty 's Secret Service 's script . Saltzman and Broccoli decided to drop the science fiction gadgets from the earlier films and focus more on plot as in From Russia With Love . Peter Hunt asked Simon Raven to write some of the dialogue between Tracy and Blofeld in Piz Gloria , which was to be `` sharper , better and more intellectual '' ; one of Raven 's additions was having Tracy quoting James Elroy Flecker . When writing the script , the producers decided to make the closest adaptation of the book possible : virtually everything in the novel occurs in the film and Hunt was reported to always enter the set carrying an annotated copy of the novel . With the script following the novel more closely than the other film adaptations of the eponymous source novels , there are several continuity errors due to the film taking place in a different order , such as Blofeld not recognising Bond , despite having met him face - to - face in the previous film You Only Live Twice . In the original script , Bond undergoes plastic surgery to disguise him from his enemies ; the intention was to allow an unrecognisable Bond to infiltrate Blofeld 's hideout and help the audience accept the new actor in the role . However , this was dropped in favour of ignoring the change in actor . To make audiences not forget it was the same James Bond , just played by another actor , the producers inserted many references to the previous films , some as in - jokes . These include Bond breaking the fourth wall by stating `` This never happened to the other fellow '' , the credits sequence with images from the previous instalments , Bond visiting his office and finding objects from Dr. No , From Russia with Love and Thunderball , and a caretaker whistling the theme from Goldfinger . Casting ( edit ) In 1967 , after five films , Sean Connery resigned from the role of James Bond and -- during the filming of You Only Live Twice -- was not on speaking terms with Albert Broccoli . The confirmed front runners were Englishman John Richardson , Dutchman Hans De Vries , Australian Robert Campbell , Englishman Anthony Rogers and Australian George Lazenby . Broccoli and Hunt eventually chose Lazenby after seeing him in a Fry 's Chocolate Cream advertisement . Lazenby dressed the part by sporting several sartorial Bond elements such as a Rolex Submariner wristwatch and a Savile Row suit ( ordered for , but uncollected , by Connery ) , and going to Connery 's barber at the Dorchester Hotel . Broccoli noticed Lazenby as a Bond - type man based on his physique and character elements , and offered him an audition . The position was consolidated when Lazenby accidentally punched a professional wrestler , who was acting as stunt coordinator , in the face , impressing Broccoli with his ability to display aggression . Lazenby was offered a contract for seven films ; however , he was convinced by his agent Ronan O'Rahilly that the secret agent would be archaic in the liberated 1970s , and as a result he left the series after the release of On Her Majesty 's Secret Service in 1969 . For Tracy Draco , the producers wanted an established actress opposite neophyte Lazenby . Brigitte Bardot was invited , but after she signed to appear in Shalako opposite Sean Connery the deal fell through , and Diana Rigg -- who had already been the popular heroine Emma Peel in The Avengers -- was cast instead . Rigg said one of the reasons for accepting the role was that she always wanted to be in an epic film . Telly Savalas was cast following a suggestion from Broccoli , and Hunt 's neighbour George Baker was offered the part of Sir Hilary Bray . Baker 's voice was also used when Lazenby was impersonating Bray , as Hunt considered Lazenby 's imitation not convincing enough . Gabriele Ferzetti was cast as Draco after the producers saw him in an Italian Mafia film , but Ferzetti 's heavy Italian accent also led to his voice being redubbed by English actor David de Keyser for the final cut . Filming ( edit ) Piz Gloria , Switzerland . Principal photography began in the Canton of Bern , Switzerland , on 21 October 1968 , with the first scene shot being an aerial view of Bond climbing the stairs of Blofeld 's mountain retreat to meet the girls . The scenes were shot at the now famous revolving restaurant Piz Gloria , located atop the Schilthorn near the village of Mürren . The location was found by production manager Hubert Fröhlich after three weeks of location scouting in France and Switzerland . The restaurant was still under construction , but the producers found the location interesting , and had to finance providing electricity and the aerial lift to make filming there possible . Various chase scenes in the Alps were shot at Lauterbrunnen and Saas - Fee , while the Christmas celebrations were filmed in Grindelwald , and some scenes were shot on location in Bern . Production was hampered by weak snowfall which was unfavourable to the skiing action scenes . The producers even considered moving to another location in Switzerland , but it was taken by the production of Downhill Racer . The Swiss filming ended up running 56 days over schedule . In March 1969 , production moved to England , with London 's Pinewood Studios being used for interior shooting , and M 's house being shot in Marlow , Buckinghamshire . In April , the filmmakers went to Portugal , where principal photography wrapped in May . The pre-credit coastal and hotel scenes were filmed at Hotel Estoril Palacio in Estoril and Guincho Beach , Cascais , while Lisbon was used for the reunion of Bond and Tracy , and the ending employed a mountain road in the Arrábida National Park near Setúbal . Harry Saltzman wanted the Portuguese scenes to be in France , but after searching there , Peter Hunt considered that not only were the locations not photogenic , but were already `` overexposed '' . The slopes in the Saas Fee area in which the ski sequences were shot . While the first unit shot at Piz Gloria , the second unit , led by John Glen , started filming the ski chases . The downhill skiing involved professional skiers , and various camera tricks . Some cameras were handheld , with the operators holding them as they were going downhill with the stuntmen , and others were aerial , with cameramen Johnny Jordan -- who had previously worked in the helicopter battle of You Only Live Twice -- developing a system where he was dangled by an 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) long parachute harness rig below a helicopter , allowing scenes to be shot on the move from any angle . The bobsledding chase was also filmed with the help of Swiss Olympic athletes , and was rewritten to incorporate the accidents the stuntmen suffered during shooting , such as the scene where Bond falls from the sled . Blofeld getting snared with a tree was performed at the studio by Savalas himself , after the attempt to do this by the stuntman on location came out wrong . Glen was also the editor of the film , employing a style similar to the one used by Hunt in the previous Bond films , with fast motion in the action scenes and exaggerated sound effects . The avalanche scenes were due to be filmed in co-operation with the Swiss army who annually used explosions to prevent snow build - up by causing avalanches , but the area chosen naturally avalanched just before filming . The final result was a combination of a man - made avalanche at an isolated Swiss location shot by the second unit , stock footage , and images created by the special effects crew with salt . The stuntmen were filmed later , added by optical effects . For the scene where Bond and Tracy crash into a car race while being pursued , an ice rink was constructed over an unused aeroplane track , with water and snow sprayed on it constantly . Lazenby and Rigg did most of the driving due to the high number of close - ups . `` One time , we were on location at an ice rink and Diana and Peter were drinking champagne inside . Of course I was n't invited as Peter was there . I could see them through the window , but the crew were all outside stomping around on the ice trying to keep warm . So , when she got in the car , I went for her . She could n't drive the car properly and I got in to her about her drinking and things like that . Then she jumped out and started shouting ' he 's attacking me in the car ! ' I called her a so - and - so for not considering the crew who were freezing their butts off outside . And it was n't that at all in the end , as she was sick that night , and I was at fault for getting in to her about it . I think everyone gets upset at one time . '' George Lazenby For the cinematography , Hunt aimed for a `` simple , but glamorous like the 1950s Hollywood films I grew up with '' , as well as something realistic , `` where the sets do n't look like sets '' . Cinematographer Michael Reed added he had difficulties with lighting , as every set built for the film had a ceiling , preventing spotlights from being hung from above . While shooting , Hunt wanted `` the most interesting framings possible '' , which would also look good after being cropped for television . Lazenby said he experienced difficulties during shooting , not receiving any coaching despite his lack of acting experience , and with director Hunt never addressing him directly , only through his assistant . Lazenby also declared that Hunt also asked the rest of the crew to keep a distance from him , as `` Peter thought the more I was alone , the better I would be as James Bond . '' Allegedly , there also were personality conflicts with Rigg , who was already an established star . However , according to director Hunt , these rumours are untrue and there were no such difficulties -- or else they were minor -- and may have started with Rigg joking to Lazenby before filming a love scene `` Hey George , I 'm having garlic for lunch . I hope you are ! '' Hunt also declared that he usually had long talks with Lazenby before and during shooting . For instance , to shoot Tracy 's death scene , Hunt brought Lazenby to the set at 8 o'clock in the morning and made him rehearse all day long , `` and I broke him down until he was absolutely exhausted , and by the time we shot it at five o'clock , he was exhausted , and that 's how I got the performance . '' Hunt said that if Lazenby had remained in the role , he would also have directed the successor film , Diamonds Are Forever , and that his original intentions were concluding the film with Bond and Tracy driving off following their wedding , saving Tracy 's murder for the pre-credit sequence of Diamonds Are Forever . The idea was discarded after Lazenby quit the role . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was the longest Bond film until Casino Royale was released in 2006 . Despite that , two scenes were deleted from the final print : Irma Bunt spying on Bond as he buys a wedding ring for Tracy , and a chase over London rooftops and into the Royal Mail underground rail system after Bond 's conversation with Sir Hilary Bray was overheard . Music ( edit ) Main article : On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack for On Her Majesty 's Secret Service has been called `` perhaps the best score of the series . '' It was composed , arranged and conducted by John Barry ; it was his fifth successive Bond film . Barry opted to use more electrical instruments and a more aggressive sound in the music -- `` I have to stick my oar in the musical area double strong to make the audience try and forget they do n't have Sean ... to be Bondian beyond Bondian . '' Barry felt it would be difficult to compose a theme song containing the title `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' unless it were written operatically , in the style of Gilbert and Sullivan . Leslie Bricusse had considered lyrics for the title song but director Peter R. Hunt allowed an instrumental title theme in the tradition of the first two Bond films . The theme was described as `` one of the best title cuts , a wordless Moog - driven monster , suitable for skiing at breakneck speed or dancing with equal abandon . '' Barry also composed the love song `` We Have All the Time in the World '' , with lyrics by Burt Bacharach 's regular lyricist Hal David , sung by Louis Armstrong . It is heard during the Bond -- Tracy courtship montage , bridging Draco 's birthday party in Portugal and Bond 's burglary of the Gebrüder Gumbold law office in Bern , Switzerland . Barry recalled Armstrong was very ill , but recorded the song in one take . The song was re-released in 1994 , achieving the number three position during a 13 - week spell in the UK charts . A Hal David song entitled `` Do You Know How Christmas Trees Are Grown ? '' performed by Danish singer Nina also featured in the film in several scenes . The theme , `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' , is used in the film as an action theme alternative to Monty Norman 's `` James Bond Theme '' , as with Barry 's previous `` 007 '' themes . `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' was covered in 1997 by the British big beat group , the Propellerheads for the Shaken and Stirred album . Barry - orchestrator Nic Raine recorded an arrangement of the escape from Piz Gloria sequence and it was featured as a theme in the trailers for the 2004 Pixar animated film The Incredibles . Release and reception ( edit ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was released on 18 December 1969 with its premiere at the Odeon Leicester Square in London . Lazenby appeared at the premiere with a beard , looking `` very un-Bond - like '' , according to the Daily Mirror . Lazenby claimed the producers had tried to persuade him to shave it off to appear like Bond , but at that stage he had already decided not to make another Bond film and rejected the idea . The beard and accompanying shoulder - length hair `` strained his already fragile relationship with Saltzman and Broccoli '' . As On Her Majesty 's Secret Service had been filmed in stereo , the first Bond film to use the technology , the Odeon had a new speaker system installed to benefit the new sounds . Because Lazenby had informed the producers that On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was to be his only outing as Bond and because of the lack of gadgets used by Bond in the film , few items of merchandise were produced for the film , apart from the soundtrack album and a film edition of the book . Those that were produced included a number of Corgi Toys , including Tracey 's Cougar , Campbell 's Volkswagen and two versions of the bobsleigh -- one with the 007 logo and one with the Piz Gloria logo . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was nominated for only one award : George Lazenby was nominated in the New Star of the Year -- Actor category at the 1970 Golden Globe Award ceremony , losing out to Jon Voight . Box office ( edit ) The film topped the North American box office when it opened with a gross of $1.2 million . The film closed its box office run with £ 750,000 in the United Kingdom ( the highest - grossing film of the year ) , $64.6 million worldwide , half of You Only Live Twice 's total gross , but still one of the highest - grossing films of 1969 . It was one of the most popular movies in France in 1969 , with admissions of 1,958,172 . Nonetheless this was a considerable drop from You Only Live Twice . After re-releases , the total box office was $82,000,000 worldwide . Contemporary reviews ( edit ) The majority of reviews were critical of either the film , Lazenby , or both , while most of the contemporary reviews in the British press referred to George Lazenby at some point as `` The Big Fry '' , a reference to his previous acting in Fry 's Chocolate advertisements . Derek Malcolm of The Guardian was dismissive of Lazenby 's performance , saying that he `` is not a good actor and though I never thought Sean Connery was all that stylish either , there are moments when one yearns for a little of his louche panache . '' For all the criticism of Lazenby , however , Malcolm says that the film was `` quite a jolly frolic in the familiar money - spinning fashion '' . Tom Milne , writing in The Observer was even more scathing , saying that `` I ... fervently trust ( OHMSS ) will be the last of the James Bond films . All the pleasing oddities and eccentricities and gadgets of the earlier films have somehow been lost , leaving a routine trail through which the new James Bond strides without noticeable signs of animation . '' Donald Zec in the Daily Mirror was equally damning of Lazenby 's acting abilities , comparing him unfavourably to Connery : `` He looks uncomfortably in the part like a size four foot in a size ten gumboot . '' Zec was kinder to Lazenby 's co-star , saying that `` there is style to Diana Rigg 's performance and I suspect that the last scene which draws something of a performance out of Lazenby owes much to her silken expertise . '' The New York Times critic AH Weiler also weighed in against Lazenby , saying that `` Lazenby , if not a spurious Bond , is merely a casual , pleasant , satisfactory replacement . '' One of the few supporters of Lazenby amongst the critics was Alexander Walker in the London Evening Standard who said that `` The truth is that George Lazenby is almost as good a James Bond as the man referred to in his film as ' the other fellow ' . Lazenby 's voice is more suave than sexy - sinister and he could pass for the other fellow 's twin on the shady side of the casino . Bond is now definitely all set for the Seventies . '' Judith Crist of New York Magazine also found the actor a strong point of the movie , stating that `` This time around there 's less suavity and a no - nonsense muscularity and maleness to the role via the handsome Mr. Lazenby '' . The feminist film critic Molly Haskell also wrote an approving review of the film in the Village Voice : `` In a world , an industry , and particularly a genre which values the new and improved product above all , it is nothing short of miraculous to see a movie which dares to go backward , a technological artefact which has nobly deteriorated into a human being . I speak of the new and obsolete James Bond , played by a man named George Lazenby , who seems more comfortable in a wet tuxedo than a dry martini , more at ease as a donnish genealogist than reading ( or playing ) Playboy , and who actually dares to think that one woman who is his equal is better than a thousand part - time playmates . '' Haskell was also affected by the film 's emotional ending : `` The love between Bond and his Tracy begins as a payment and ends as a sacrament . After ostensibly getting rid of the bad guys , they are married . They drive off to a shocking , stunning ending . Their love , being too real , is killed by the conventions it defied . But they win the final victory by calling , unexpectedly , upon feeling . Some of the audience hissed , I was shattered . If you like your Bonds with happy endings , do n't go . '' Reflective reviews ( edit ) Critical response to On Her Majesty 's Secret Service has become much more positive in recent years . Film critic James Berardinelli summed this up in his review of the movie : `` with the exception of one production aspect , ( it ) is by far the best entry of the long - running James Bond series . The film contains some of the most exhilarating action sequences ever to reach the screen , a touching love story , and a nice subplot that has agent 007 crossing ( and even threatening to resign from ) Her Majesty 's Secret Service . The problem is with Bond himself ... George Lazenby is boring , and his ineffectualness lowers the picture 's quality . Lazenby can handle the action sequences , but that 's about all he masters . '' The American film reviewer Leonard Maltin has suggested that if it had been Connery in the leading role instead of Lazenby , On Her Majesty 's Secret Service would have epitomised the series . On the other hand , Danny Peary wrote , `` I 'm not sure I agree with those who insist that if Connery had played Bond it would definitely be the best of the entire Bond series ... Connery 's Bond , with his boundless humor and sense of fun and self - confidence , would be out of place in this picture . It actually works better with Lazenby because he is incapable of playing Bond as a bigger - than - life hero ; for one thing he has n't the looks ... Lazenby 's Bond also has n't the assurance of Connery 's Bond and that is appropriate in the crumbling , depressing world he finds himself . He seems vulnerable and jittery at times . At the skating rink , he is actually scared . We worry about him ... On Her Majesty 's Secret Service does n't have Connery and it 's impossible to ever fully adjust to Lazenby , but I think that it still might be the best Bond film , as many Bond cultists claim . '' Peary also described On Her Majesty 's Secret Service as `` the most serious '' , `` the most cynical '' and `` the most tragic '' of the Bond films . Brian Fairbanks differed in his opinion of Lazenby , saying that the film `` gives us a James Bond capable of vulnerability , a man who can show fear and is not immune to heartbreak . Lazenby is that man , and his performance is superb . '' Fairbanks also thought On Her Majesty 's Secret Service to be `` not only the best Bond , it is also the last truly great film in the series . In fact , had the decision been made to end the series , this would have been the perfect final chapter . '' The filmmaker Steven Soderbergh writes that `` For me there 's no question that cinematically On Her Majesty 's Secret Service is the best Bond film and the only one worth watching repeatedly for reasons other than pure entertainment ... Shot to shot , this movie is beautiful in a way none of the other Bond films are '' The director Christopher Nolan also saw On Her Majesty 's Secret Service as his favourite Bond film ; in describing its influence on his own film , Inception , Nolan said , `` What I liked about it that we 've tried to emulate in this film is there 's a tremendous balance in that movie of action and scale and romanticism and tragedy and emotion . '' Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 82 % rating based on 44 reviews . IGN ranked On Her Majesty 's Secret Service as the eighth best Bond film , Entertainment Weekly as the sixth , and Norman Wilner of MSN , as the fifth best . The film also became a fan favourite , seeing `` ultimate success in the home video market '' . In September 2012 it was announced that On Her Majesty 's Secret Service had topped a poll of Bond fans run by 007 Magazine to determine the greatest ever Bond film . Goldfinger came second in the poll and From Russia With Love was third . See also ( edit ) James Bond portal 1960s portal Film portal Outline of James Bond References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Knight 2010 , p. 116 ( online copy , p. 116 , at Google Books ) . Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) '' . Screenonline . British Film Institute . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Benson 1988 , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Smith 2002 , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Inside On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( DVD ) . OHMSS Ultimate Edition DVD : MGM Home Entertainment Inc. 2000 . Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nikki van der Zyl -- Voice of the Bond Girls '' . The World of Nikki van der Zyl . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ White 2007 , p. 96 ( online copy , p. 96 , at Google Books ) . ^ Jump up to : Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Zaheera 's biography , mtv.com Jump up ^ On Her Majesty 's Secret Service on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Inside You Only Live Twice . You Only Live Twice Ultimate Edition DVD . MGM Home Entertainment Inc . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : `` De ' vergeten ' 007 '' . Andere Tijden . Amsterdam . 19 November 2002 . VPRO . Nederland 2 . Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Dimare 2011 , p. 53 ( online copy , p. 53 , at Google Books ) . Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Benson 1988 , p. 197 . ^ Jump up to : On Her Majesty 's Secret Service audio commentary . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Ultimate Edition , Disc 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` You Only Live Twice '' . TCM Film Article . Turner Entertainment Networks , Inc . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ George Baker . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service audio commentary . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Ultimate Edition , Disc 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Exotic Locations . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Ultimate Edition , Disc 2 : MGM Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Peter R. Hunt . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service audio commentary . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Ultimate Edition , Disc 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Benson 1988 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Glen , John ( March 1970 ) . `` Filming the thrills , chills and spills of 007 '' . American Cinematographer. 52 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Michael Reed . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service audio commentary . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Ultimate Edition , Disc 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with Peter R. Hunt '' ( 2 ) . Retrovision. 1997 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Smith 2002 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 281 . ^ Jump up to : Smith 2002 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2001 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ John Barry . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service audio commentary . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Ultimate Edition , Disc 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Goldfinger -- The Reunion '' . Bondstars.com. 13 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Bob ( 1 August 2008 ) . `` Bond for glory '' . The Times . Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Jon Burlingame ( 31 October Armstrong did however make some further recordings in 1970 and 1971.2008 ) . `` John Barry reflects on 10 of his scores '' . Variety . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Louis Armstrong , Top 75 Releases '' . Official UK Charts Archive . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ MI6 - HQ Copyright 2011 ( 18 November 1997 ) . `` MI6 : : On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) : : James Bond 007 '' . Mi6-hq.com . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Flick , Larry ( 21 March 1998 ) . `` Propellerheads plot altitude gain via DreamWorks bow '' . Billboard. 110 ( 12 ) : 37 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Music -- On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' . MI6.co.uk . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' . MGM Official site . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 1997 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` New James Bond sticks to tradition '' . Daily Mirror. 19 December 1969 . Jump up ^ Hickey , William ( 19 December 1969 ) . `` I could n't snub royalty , says Lazenby '' . Daily Express . Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 69 - 70 . Jump up ^ `` The 27th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 1970 ) '' . Golden Globe Award Search . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Top - Grossing Films ( Week Ending December 24 ) '' . Variety . 31 December 1969 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes & Hearn 1997 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Block & Autrey Wilson 2010 , pp. 428 - 429 . Jump up ^ `` George Lazenby Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Box office of 1969 in France at Box Office Story Jump up ^ Box office of 1967 in France at Box Office Story Jump up ^ `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Malcolm , Derek ( 16 December 1969 ) . `` Off the peg Bond '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Milne , Tom ( 21 December 1969 ) . `` One day of delights '' . The Observer . ^ Jump up to : Zec , Donald ( 16 December 1969 ) . `` Big film ... small fry '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ Weiler , AH ( 19 December 1969 ) . `` Screen : New James Bond '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Walker , Alexander ( 16 December 1969 ) . `` Review '' . London Evening Standard . Jump up ^ Crist , Judith ( 12 January 1970 ) . `` Movies -- Hello , Barbra - After a Fashion '' . New York . ^ Jump up to : Haskell , Molly ( 25 December 1969 ) . The Village Voice . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Berardinelli 2003 , p. 27 ( online copy at Google Books , and original version available at Reelviews ) . Jump up ^ Maltin 1999 , p. 1664 . Jump up ^ Peary 1988 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Fairbanks 2005 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ `` A Rambling Discourse '' . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( July 2010 ) . `` Crime of the Century '' . Empire . p. 91 . Jump up ^ `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Bond 's Top 20 '' . IGN. 17 November 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Svetkey , Benjamin ; Rich , Joshua ( 1 December 2006 ) . `` Ranking the Bond Films '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Norman . `` Rating the Spy Game '' . MSN . Archived from the original on 19 January 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Rye , Graham . `` 007 Magazine readers vote On Her Majesty 's Secret Service as greatest ever Bond film ! '' . 007 Magazine . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Sources ( edit ) Barnes , Alan ; Hearn , Marcus ( 1997 ) . Kiss Kiss Bang ! Bang ! : the Unofficial James Bond Film Companion . Batsford Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 8182 - 2 . Barnes , Alan ; Hearn , Marcus ( 2001 ) . Kiss Kiss Bang ! Bang ! : the Unofficial James Bond Film Companion . Batsford Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 8182 - 2 . Benson , Raymond ( 1988 ) . The James Bond Bedside Companion . London : Boxtree Ltd . ISBN 1 - 85283 - 234 - 7 . Berardinelli , James ( 2003 ) . ReelViews : the Ultimate Guide to the Best 1,000 Modern Movies on DVD and Video . Justin , Charles & Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932112 - 06 - 1 . Black , Jeremy ( 2005 ) . The Politics of James Bond : from Fleming 's Novel to the Big Screen . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6240 - 9 . Block , Alex Ben ; Autrey Wilson , Lucy ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 . Bray , Christopher ( 2010 ) . Sean Connery ; The Measure of a Man . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 23807 - 1 . Broccoli , Albert R ( 1998 ) . When the Snow Melts . London : Boxtree Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7522 - 1162 - 6 . Chapman , James ( 1999 ) . Licence to Thrill . London / New York City : Cinema and Society . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 387 - 6 . Cork , John ; Stutz , Collin ( 2007 ) . James Bond Encyclopedia . London : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 3427 - 3 . Dimare , Philip C. ( 2011 ) . Movies in American History : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 296 - 8 . Fairbanks , Brian W. ( 2005 ) . Brian W. Fairbanks -- Writings . Raleigh : Lulu . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 2432 - 0 . Fiegel , Eddi ( 2001 ) . John Barry : A Sixties Theme : From James Bond to Midnight Cowboy . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7522 - 2033 - 8 . Gresh , Lois H. ( 2006 ) . The Science of James Bond : From Bullets to Bowler Hats to Boat Jumps , the Real Technology Behind 007 's Fabulous Films . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 66195 - 3 . Knight , Gladys L. ( 2010 ) . Female Action Heroes : A Guide to Women in Comics , Video Games , Film , and Television . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37612 - 2 . Macintyre , Ben ( 2008 ) . For Yours Eyes Only . London : Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7475 - 9527 - 4 . Maltin , Leonard ( 1999 ) . Leonard Maltin 's Movie and Video Guide 2000 . New York : New American Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28123 - 3 . Peary , Danny ( 1988 ) . Cult Movies Three . Sidgwick & Jackson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 64810 - 7 . Pfeiffer , Lee ; Worrall , Dave ( 1998 ) . The Essential Bond . London : Boxtree Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7522 - 2477 - 0 . Smith , Jim ( 2002 ) . Bond Films . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0709 - 4 . White , Rosie R ( 2007 ) . Violent Femmes : Women as Spies in Popular Culture . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37078 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( film ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service at BFI Screenonline On Her Majesty 's Secret Service on IMDb On Her Majesty 's Secret Service at the TCM Movie Database On Her Majesty 's Secret Service at AllMovie On Her Majesty 's Secret Service at Rotten Tomatoes On Her Majesty 's Secret Service at Box Office Mojo 1968 James Bond -- OHMSS : Photogallery at Walter Riml James Bond in film List of films Filmography Recurring characters Recurring actors Motifs Actors considered for the James Bond role Bond girls Eon Productions Dr. No ( 1962 ) From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) Octopussy ( 1983 ) A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) GoldenEye ( 1995 ) Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Spectre ( 2015 ) Non-Eon films Casino Royale ( 1967 ) Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) Book Portal Films directed by Peter R. Hunt On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Gold ( 1974 ) Shout at the Devil ( 1976 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1977 ) The Beasts Are on the Streets ( 1978 ) Death Hunt ( 1981 ) The Last Days of Pompeii ( 1984 ) Wild Geese II ( 1985 ) Hyper Sapien : People from Another Star ( 1986 ) Assassination ( 1987 ) Films produced by Harry Saltzman James Bond films Dr. No ( 1962 ) From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) Harry Palmer films The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) Funeral in Berlin ( 1966 ) Billion Dollar Brain ( 1967 ) Other films The Iron Petticoat ( 1956 ) Look Back in Anger ( 1959 ) The Entertainer ( 1960 ) Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ( 1960 ) Call Me Bwana ( 1963 ) A Man Named John ( 1965 ) Chimes at Midnight ( 1966 ) Un monde nouveau ( 1966 ) Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) Play Dirty ( 1969 ) Toomorrow ( 1970 ) Nijinsky ( 1980 ) Documentary Israel : A Right to Live ( 1967 ) Television Captain Gallant of the Foreign Legion ( 1955 - 1957 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_Her_Majesty%27s_Secret_Service_(film)&oldid=803869448 '' Categories : 1969 films English - language films 1960s action films 1960s spy films On Her Majesty 's Secret Service British films British Christmas films British sequel films Directorial debut films Films about terrorism Films directed by Peter R. Hunt Films set in Portugal Films set in Switzerland Films set in the Alps Films shot in Portugal Films shot in Switzerland James Bond films Films shot at Pinewood Studios United Artists films Film scores by John Barry ( composer ) Skiing films Screenplays by Richard Maibaum Films produced by Harry Saltzman Films produced by Albert R. Broccoli Films set in 1969 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with citations lacking titles EngvarB from March 2016 Use dmy dates from October 2015 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 04 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played bond in on her majesty's secret service	[ "On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) is the sixth spy film in the James Bond series to be produced by Eon Productions. It is based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Ian Fleming. Following Sean Connery's decision to retire from the role after You Only Live Twice, Eon Productions selected an unknown actor and model, George Lazenby, to play the part of James Bond. During the making of the film, Lazenby announced that he would play the role of Bond only once." ]	[ "George Lazenby" ]
-4453964189159755596	Heavy metals	Heavy metals - Wikipedia Heavy metals Jump to : navigation , search This article is about chemical elements . For other uses , see Heavy metal ( disambiguation ) . Crystals of osmium , a heavy metal nearly twice as dense as lead . Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( show ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 ... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( show ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( super - / eka - super - ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals polyatomic diatomic monatomic ( noble gas ) By other characteristics ( hide ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ... ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( ( Allen ) ) ( ( Pauling ) ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Chemistry Portal Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities , atomic weights , or atomic numbers . The criteria used , and whether metalloids are included , vary depending on the author and context . In metallurgy , for example , a heavy metal may be defined on the basis of density , whereas in physics the distinguishing criterion might be atomic number , while a chemist would likely be more concerned with chemical behaviour . More specific definitions have been published , but none of these have been widely accepted . The definitions surveyed in this article encompass up to 96 out of the 118 known chemical elements ; only mercury , lead and bismuth meet all of them . Despite this lack of agreement , the term ( plural or singular ) is widely used in science . A density of more than 5 g / cm is sometimes quoted as a commonly used criterion and is used in the body of this article . The earliest known metals -- common metals such as iron , copper , and tin , and precious metals such as silver , gold , and platinum -- are heavy metals . From 1809 onwards , light metals , such as magnesium , aluminium , and titanium , were discovered , as well as less well - known heavy metals including gallium , thallium , and hafnium . Some heavy metals are either essential nutrients ( typically iron , cobalt , and zinc ) , or relatively harmless ( such as ruthenium , silver , and indium ) , but can be toxic in larger amounts or certain forms . Other heavy metals , such as cadmium , mercury , and lead , are highly poisonous . Potential sources of heavy metal poisoning include mining , tailings , industrial wastes , agricultural runoff , occupational exposure , paints and treated timber . Physical and chemical characterisations of heavy metals need to be treated with caution , as the metals involved are not always consistently defined . As well as being relatively dense , heavy metals tend to be less reactive than lighter metals and have much less soluble sulfides and hydroxides . While it is relatively easy to distinguish a heavy metal such as tungsten from a lighter metal such as sodium , a few heavy metals such as zinc , mercury , and lead have some of the characteristics of lighter metals , and lighter metals such as beryllium , scandium , and titanium have some of the characteristics of heavier metals . Heavy metals are relatively scarce in the Earth 's crust but are present in many aspects of modern life . They are used in , for example , golf clubs , cars , antiseptics , self - cleaning ovens , plastics , solar panels , mobile phones , and particle accelerators . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 1.1 List of heavy metals based on density 2 Origins and use of the term 2.1 Criticism 2.2 Popularity 3 Biological role 4 Toxicity 4.1 Environmental heavy metals 4.2 Nutritionally essential heavy metals 4.3 Other heavy metals 4.4 Exposure sources 5 Formation , abundance , occurrence , and extraction 6 Properties compared with light metals 7 Uses 7.1 Weight - or density - based 7.2 Strength - or durability - based 7.3 Biological and chemical 7.4 Colouring and optics 7.5 Electronics , magnets , and lighting 7.6 Nuclear 8 Notes 9 Sources 9.1 Citations 9.2 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Definitions ( edit ) Heat map of heavy metals in the periodic table 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Number of criteria met : Number of elements : 10 9 5 8 14 6 -- 7 56 4 -- 5 14 1 -- 3 0 nonmetals 19 This table shows the number of heavy metal criteria met by each metal , out of the ten criteria listed in this section i.e. two based on density , three on atomic weight , two on atomic number , and three on chemical behaviour . It illustrates the lack of agreement surrounding the concept , with the possible exception of mercury , lead and bismuth . Six elements near the end of periods ( rows ) 4 to 7 sometimes considered metalloids are treated here as metals , including germanium ( Ge ) , arsenic ( As ) , selenium ( Se ) , antimony ( Sb ) , tellurium ( Te ) , and astatine ( At ) . Oganesson ( Og ) is treated as a nonmetal . Metals enclosed by a dashed line have ( or , for At and Fm -- Ts , are predicted to have ) densities of more than 5 g / cm . There is no widely agreed criterion - based definition of a heavy metal . Different meanings may be attached to the term , depending on the context . In metallurgy , for example , a heavy metal may be defined on the basis of density , whereas in physics the distinguishing criterion might be atomic number , and a chemist would likely be more concerned with chemical behaviour . Density criteria range from above 3.5 g / cm to above 7 g / cm . Atomic weight definitions can range from greater than sodium ( atomic weight 22.98 ) ; greater than 40 ( excluding s - and f - block metals , hence starting with scandium ) ; or more than 200 , i.e. from mercury onwards . Atomic numbers of heavy metals are generally given as greater than 20 ( calcium ) ; sometimes this is capped at 92 ( uranium ) . Definitions based on atomic number have been criticised for including metals with low densities . For example , rubidium in group ( column ) 1 of the periodic table has an atomic number of 37 but a density of only 1.532 g / cm , which is below the threshold figure used by other authors . The same problem may occur with atomic weight based definitions . Criteria based on chemical behaviour or periodic table position have been used or suggested . The United States Pharmacopeia includes a test for heavy metals that involves precipitating metallic impurities as their coloured sulfides . '' In 1997 , Stephen Hawkes , a chemistry professor writing in the context of fifty years ' experience with the term , said it applied to `` metals with insoluble sulfides and hydroxides , whose salts produce colored solutions in water and whose complexes are usually colored '' . On the basis of the metals he had seen referred to as heavy metals , he suggested it would useful to define them as ( in general ) all the metals in periodic table columns 3 to 16 that are in row 4 or greater , in other words , the transition metals and post-transition metals . The lanthanides satisfy Hawkes ' three - part description ; the status of the actinides is not completely settled . In biochemistry , heavy metals are sometimes defined -- on the basis of the Lewis acid ( electronic pair acceptor ) behaviour of their ions in aqueous solution -- as class B and borderline metals . In this scheme , class A metal ions prefer oxygen donors ; class B ions prefer nitrogen or sulfur donors ; and borderline or ambivalent ions show either class A or B characteristics , depending on the circumstances . Class A metals , which tend to have low electronegativity and form bonds with large ionic character , are the alkali and alkaline earths , aluminium , the group 3 metals , and the lanthanides and actinides . Class B metals , which tend to have higher electronegativity and form bonds with considerable covalent character , are mainly the heavier transition and post-transition metals . Borderline metals largely comprise the lighter transition and post-transition metals ( plus arsenic and antimony ) . The distinction between the class A metals and the other two categories is sharp . A frequently cited proposal to use these classification categories instead of the more evocative name heavy metal has not been widely adopted . List of heavy metals based on density ( edit ) A density of more than 5 g / cm is sometimes mentioned as a common heavy metal defining factor and , in the absence of a unanimous definition , is used to populate this list and ( unless otherwise stated ) guide the remainder of the article . Metalloids meeting the applicable criteria -- arsenic and antimony for example -- are sometimes counted as heavy metals , particularly in environmental chemistry , as is the case here . Selenium ( density 4.8 g / cm ) is also included in the list . It falls marginally short of the density criterion and is less commonly recognised as a metalloid but has a waterborne chemistry similar in some respects to that of arsenic and antimony . Other metals sometimes classified or treated as `` heavy '' metals , such as beryllium ( density 1.8 g / cm ) , aluminium ( 2.7 g / cm ) , calcium ( 1.55 g / cm ) , and barium ( 3.6 g / cm ) are here treated as light metals and , in general , are not further considered . Produced mainly by commercial mining ( informally classified by economic significance ) Strategic ( 30 ) Considered vital to multiple nations ' strategic interests These 30 include 22 listed here and 8 below ( 6 precious & 2 commodity ) . Antimony Cerium Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Holmium Indium Lanthanum Lutetium Neodymium Niobium Praseodymium Samarium Tantalum Terbium Thulium Tungsten Uranium Ytterbium Precious ( 8 ) Rare and costly Strategic : Iridium Osmium Palladium Platinum Rhodium Ruthenium Non-strategic : Gold Silver Commodity ( 9 ) Traded by the tonne on the LME Strategic : Chromium Cobalt Non-strategic : Copper Iron Lead Molybdenum Nickel Tin Zinc Minor ( 14 ) Neither strategic , precious , nor commodity Arsenic Bismuth Cadmium Hafnium Manganese Mercury Protactinium Rhenium Selenium Tellurium Thallium Thorium Vanadium Zirconium Produced mainly by artificial transmutation ( informally classified by stability ) Long - lived ( 15 ) Half - life greater than 1 day Actinium Americium Berkelium Californium Curium Dubnium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Neptunium Plutonium Polonium Promethium Radium Technetium Ephemeral ( 16 ) Half - life less than 1 day Astatine Bohrium Copernicium Darmstadtium Flerovium Hassium Lawrencium Livermorium Meitnerium Moscovium Nihonium Nobelium Roentgenium Rutherfordium Seaborgium Tennessine Antimony , arsenic , germanium and tellurium are commonly recognised as metalloids ; selenium less commonly so . Astatine is predicted to be a metal . All isotopes of these 34 elements are unstable and hence radioactive . While this is also true of bismuth , it is not so marked since its half - life of 19 billion billion years is over a billion times the 13.8 billion year estimated age of the universe . These eight elements do occur naturally but in amounts too small for economically viable extraction . Origins and use of the term ( edit ) The heaviness of naturally occurring metals such as gold , copper , and iron may have been noticed in prehistory and , in light of their malleability , led to the first attempts to craft metal ornaments , tools , and weapons . All metals discovered from then until 1809 had relatively high densities ; their heaviness was regarded as a singularly distinguishing criterion . From 1809 onwards , light metals such as sodium , potassium , and strontium were isolated . Their low densities challenged conventional wisdom and it was proposed to refer to them as metalloids ( meaning `` resembling metals in form or appearance '' ) . This suggestion was ignored ; the new elements came to be recognised as metals , and the term metalloid was then used to refer to nonmetallic elements and , later , elements that were hard to describe as either metals or nonmetals . An early use of the term `` heavy metal '' dates from 1817 , when the German chemist Leopold Gmelin divided the elements into nonmetals , light metals , and heavy metals . Light metals had densities of 0.860 -- 5.0 g / cm ; heavy metals 5.308 -- 22.000 . The term later became associated with elements of high atomic weight or high atomic number . It is sometimes used interchangeably with the term heavy element . For example , in discussing the history of nuclear chemistry , Magee notes that the actinides were once thought to represent a new heavy element transition group whereas Seaborg and co-workers , `` favoured ... a heavy metal rare - earth like series ... '' . In astronomy , however , a heavy element is any element heavier than hydrogen and helium . Criticism ( edit ) In 2002 , Scottish toxicologist John Duffus reviewed the definitions used over the previous 60 years and concluded they were so diverse as to effectively render the term meaningless . Along with this finding , the heavy metal status of some metals is occasionally challenged on the grounds that they are too light , or are involved in biological processes , or rarely constitute environmental hazards . Examples include scandium ( too light ) ; vanadium to zinc ( biological processes ) ; and rhodium , indium , and osmium ( too rare ) . Popularity ( edit ) Despite its questionable meaning , references to the term heavy metal appear regularly in scientific literature . A 2010 study found that it had been increasingly used and seemed to have become part of the language of science . It is said to be an acceptable term , given its convenience and familiarity , as long as it is accompanied by a strict definition . The counterparts to the heavy metals , the light metals , are alluded to by The Minerals , Metals and Materials Society as including `` aluminium , magnesium , beryllium , titanium , lithium , and other reactive metals . '' The named metals have densities of 0.534 to 4.54 g / cm . Biological role ( edit ) Amount of heavy metals in an average 70 kg human body Element Milligrams Iron 4000 4000 Zinc 2500 2500 Lead 120 120 Copper 70 70 Tin 30 30 Vanadium 20 20 Cadmium 20 20 Nickel 15 15 Selenium 14 14 Manganese 12 12 Other 200 200 Total 7000 See also : Essential element Trace amounts of some heavy metals , mostly in period 4 , are required for certain biological processes . These are iron and copper ( oxygen and electron transport ) ; cobalt ( complex syntheses and cell metabolism ) ; zinc ( hydroxylation ) ; vanadium and manganese ( enzyme regulation or functioning ) ; chromium ( glucose utilisation ) ; nickel ( cell growth ) ; arsenic ( metabolic growth in some animals and possibly in humans ) and selenium ( antioxidant functioning and hormone production ) . Periods 5 and 6 contain fewer essential heavy metals , consistent with the general pattern that heavier elements tend to be less abundant and that scarcer elements are less likely to be nutritionally essential . In period 5 , molybdenum is required for the catalysis of redox reactions ; cadmium is used by some marine diatoms for the same purpose ; and tin may be required for growth in a few species . In period 6 , tungsten is required by some bacteria for metabolic processes . A deficiency of any of these period 4 -- 6 essential heavy metals may increase susceptibility to heavy metal poisoning ( conversely , an excess may also have adverse biological effects ) . An average 70 kg human body is about 0.01 % heavy metals ( ~ 7 g , equivalent to the weight of two dried peas , with iron at 4 g , zinc at 2.5 g , and lead at 0.12 g comprising the three main constituents ) , 2 % light metals ( ~ 1.4 kg , the weight of a bottle of wine ) and nearly 98 % nonmetals ( mostly water ) . A few non-essential heavy metals have been observed to have biological effects . Gallium , germanium ( a metalloid ) , indium , and most lanthanides can stimulate metabolism , and titanium promotes growth in plants ( though it is not always considered a heavy metal ) . Toxicity ( edit ) The focus of this section is mainly on the more serious toxic effects of heavy metals , including cancer , brain damage or death , rather than the harm they may cause to one more of the skin , lungs , stomach , kidneys , liver , or heart . For more specific information see Metal toxicity , Toxic heavy metal , or the articles on individual elements or compounds . Heavy metals are often assumed to be highly toxic or damaging to the environment . Some are , while certain others are toxic only if taken in excess or encountered in certain forms . Environmental heavy metals ( edit ) Chromium , arsenic , cadmium , mercury , and lead have the greatest potential to cause harm on account of their extensive use , the toxicity of some of their combined or elemental forms , and their widespread distribution in the environment . Hexavalent chromium , for example , is highly toxic as are mercury vapour and many mercury compounds . These five elements have a strong affinity for sulfur ; in the human body they usually bind , via thiol groups ( -- SH ) , to enzymes responsible for controlling the speed of metabolic reactions . The resulting sulfur - metal bonds inhibit the proper functioning of the enzymes involved ; human health deteriorates , sometimes fatally . Chromium ( in its hexavalent form ) and arsenic are carcinogens ; cadmium causes a degenerative bone disease ; and mercury and lead damage the central nervous system . Chromium crystals and 1 cm cube Arsenic , sealed in a container to stop tarnishing Cadmium bar and 1 cm cube Mercury being poured into a petri dish Oxidised lead nodules and 1 cm cube Lead is the most prevalent heavy metal contaminant . Levels in the aquatic environments of industrialised societies have been estimated to be two to three times those of pre-industrial levels . As a component of tetraethyl lead , ( CH 3CH 2 ) 4Pb , it was used extensively in gasoline during the 1930s -- 1970s . Although the use of leaded gasoline was largely phased out in North America by 1996 , soils next to roads built before this time retain high lead concentrations . Later research demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between the usage rate of leaded gasoline and violent crime in the United States ; taking into account a 22 - year time lag ( for the average age of violent criminals ) , the violent crime curve virtually tracked the lead exposure curve . Other heavy metals noted for their potentially hazardous nature , usually as toxic environmental pollutants , include manganese ( central nervous system damage ) ; cobalt and nickel ( carcinogens ) ; copper , zinc , selenium and silver ( endocrine disruption , congenital disorders , or general toxic effects in fish , plants , birds , or other aquatic organisms ) ; tin , as organotin ( central nervous system damage ) ; antimony ( a suspected carcinogen ) ; and thallium ( central nervous system damage ) . Nutritionally essential heavy metals ( edit ) Heavy metals essential for life can be toxic if taken in excess ; some have notably toxic forms . Vanadium pentoxide ( V O ) is carcinogenic in animals and , when inhaled , causes DNA damage . The purple permanganate ion MnO -- 4 is a liver and kidney poison . Ingesting more than 0.5 grams of iron can induce cardiac collapse ; such overdoses most commonly occur in children and may result in death within 24 hours . Nickel carbonyl ( Ni ( CO ) ) , at 30 parts per million , can cause respiratory failure , brain damage and death . Imbibing a gram or more of copper sulfate ( Cu ( SO ) ) can be fatal ; survivors may be left with major organ damage . More than five milligrams of selenium is highly toxic ; this is roughly ten times the 0.45 milligram recommended maximum daily intake ; long - term poisoning can have paralytic effects . Other heavy metals ( edit ) A few other non-essential heavy metals have one or more toxic forms . Kidney failure and fatalities have been recorded arising from the ingestion of germanium dietary supplements ( ~ 15 to 300 g in total consumed over a period of two months to three years ) . Exposure to osmium tetroxide ( OsO ) may cause permanent eye damage and can lead to respiratory failure and death . Indium salts are toxic if more than few milligrams are ingested and will affect the kidneys , liver , and heart . Cisplatin ( PtCl ( NH ) ) , which is an important drug used to kill cancer cells , is also a kidney and nerve poison . Bismuth compounds can cause liver damage if taken in excess ; insoluble uranium compounds , as well as the dangerous radiation they emit , can cause permanent kidney damage . Exposure sources ( edit ) Heavy metals can degrade air , water , and soil quality , and subsequently cause health issues in plants , animals , and people , when they become concentrated as a result of industrial activities . Common sources of heavy metals in this context include mining and industrial wastes ; vehicle emissions ; lead - acid batteries ; fertilisers ; paints ; and treated timber ; aging water supply infrastructure ; and microplastics floating in the world 's oceans . Recent examples of heavy metal contamination and health risks include the occurrence of Minamata disease , in Japan ( 1932 -- 1968 ; lawsuits ongoing as of 2016 ) ; the Bento Rodrigues dam disaster in Brazil , and high levels of lead in drinking water supplied to the residents of Flint , Michigan , in the north - east of the United States . Formation , abundance , occurrence , and extraction ( edit ) See also : Nucleosynthesis and Abundance of the chemical elements Heavy metals in the Earth 's crust : abundance and main occurrence or source 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi 7 Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th U Most abundant ( 7004563000000000000 ♠ 56 300 ppm by weight ) Rare ( 0.01 -- 0.99 ppm ) Abundant ( 100 -- 7002999000000000000 ♠ 999 ppm ) Very rare ( 0.0001 -- 0.0099 ppm ) Uncommon ( 1 -- 99 ppm ) Heavy metals left of the dividing line occur ( or are sourced ) mainly as lithophiles ; those to the right , as chalcophiles except gold ( a siderophile ) and tin ( a lithophile ) . Heavy metals up to the vicinity of iron ( in the periodic table ) are largely made via stellar nucleosynthesis . In this process , lighter elements from hydrogen to silicon undergo successive fusion reactions inside stars , releasing light and heat and forming heavier elements with higher atomic numbers . Heavier heavy metals are not usually formed this way since fusion reactions involving such nuclei would consume rather than release energy . Rather , they are largely synthesised ( from elements with a lower atomic number ) by neutron capture , with the two main modes of this repetitive capture being the s - process and the r - process . In the s - process ( `` s '' stands for `` slow '' ) , singular captures are separated by years or decades , allowing the less stable nuclei to beta decay , while in the r - process ( `` rapid '' ) , captures happen faster than nuclei can decay . Therefore , the s - process takes a more or less clear path : for example , stable cadmium - 110 nuclei are successively bombarded by free neutrons inside a star until they form cadmium - 115 nuclei which are unstable and decay to form indium - 115 ( which is nearly stable , with a half - life 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30 000 times the age of the universe ) . These nuclei capture neutrons and form indium - 116 , which is unstable , and decays to form tin - 116 , and so on . In contrast , there is no such path in the r - process . The s - process stops at bismuth due to the short half - lives of the next two elements , polonium , and astatine , which decay to bismuth or lead . The r - process is so fast it can skip this zone of instability and go on to create heavier elements such as thorium and uranium . Heavy metals condense in planets as a result of stellar evolution and destruction processes . Stars lose much of their mass when it is ejected late in their lifetimes , and sometimes thereafter as a result of a neutron star merger , thereby increasing the abundance of elements heavier than helium in the interstellar medium . When gravitational attraction causes this matter to coalesce and collapse new stars and planets are formed . The Earth 's crust is made of approximately 5 % of heavy metals by weight , with iron comprising 95 % of this quantity . Light metals ( ~ 20 % ) and nonmetals ( ~ 75 % ) make up the other 95 % of the crust . Despite their overall scarcity , heavy metals can become concentrated in economically extractable quantities as a result of mountain building , erosion , or other geological processes . Heavy metals are primarily found as lithophiles ( rock - loving ) or chalcophiles ( ore - loving ) . Lithophile heavy metals are mainly f - block elements and the more reactive of the d - block elements . They have a strong affinity for oxygen and mostly exist as relatively low density silicate minerals . Chalcophile heavy metals are mainly the less reactive d - block elements , and period 4 -- 6 p - block metals and metalloids . They are usually found in ( insoluble ) sulfide minerals . Being denser than the lithophiles , hence sinking lower into the crust at the time of its solidification , the chalcophiles tend to be less abundant than the lithophiles . On the other hand , gold is a siderophile , or iron - loving element . It does not readily form compounds with either oxygen or sulfur . At the time of the Earth 's formation , and as the most noble ( inert ) of metals , gold sank into the core due to its tendency to form high - density metallic alloys . Consequently , it is a relatively rare metal . Some other ( less ) noble heavy metals -- molybdenum , rhenium , the platinum group metals ( ruthenium , rhodium , palladium , osmium , iridium , and platinum ) , germanium , and tin -- can be counted as siderophiles but only in terms of their primary occurrence in the Earth ( core , mantle and crust ) , rather the crust . These metals otherwise occur in the crust , in small quantities , chiefly as chalcophiles ( less so in their native form ) . Concentrations of heavy metals below the crust are generally higher , with most being found in the largely iron - silicon - nickel core . Platinum , for example , comprises approximately 1 part per billion of the crust whereas its concentration in the core is thought to be nearly 6,000 times higher . Recent speculation suggests that uranium ( and thorium ) in the core may generate a substantial amount of the heat that drives plate tectonics and ( ultimately ) sustains the Earth 's magnetic field . The winning of heavy metals from their ores is a complex function of ore type , the chemical properties of the metals involved , and the economics of various extraction methods . Different countries and refineries may use different processes , including those that differ from the brief outlines listed here . Broadly speaking , and with some exceptions , lithophile heavy metals can be extracted from their ores by electrical or chemical treatments , while chalcophile heavy metals are obtained by roasting their sulphide ores to yield the corresponding oxides , and then heating these to obtain the raw metals . Radium occurs in quantities too small to be economically mined and is instead obtained from spent nuclear fuels . The chalcophile platinum group metals ( PGM ) mainly occur in small ( mixed ) quantities with other chalcophile ores . The ores involved need to be smelted , roasted , and then leached with sulfuric acid to produce a residue of PGM . This is chemically refined to obtain the individual metals in their pure forms . Compared to other metals , PGM are expensive due to their scarcity and high production costs . Gold , a siderophile , is most commonly recovered by dissolving the ores in which it is found in a cyanide solution . The gold forms a dicyanoaurate ( I ) , for example : 2 Au + H O + 1⁄2 O + KCN → 2 K ( Au ( CN ) ) + 2 KOH . Zinc is added to the mix and , being more reactive than gold , displaces the gold : 2 ( Au ( CN ) ) + Zn → K ( Zn ( CN ) ) + 2 Au . The gold precipitates out of solution as a sludge , and is filtered off and melted . Properties compared with light metals ( edit ) Some general physical and chemical properties of light and heavy metals are summarised in the table . The comparison should be treated with caution since the terms light metal and heavy metal are not always consistently defined . Also the physical properties of hardness and tensile strength can vary widely depending on purity , grain size and pre-treatment . Properties of light and heavy metals Physical properties Light metals Heavy metals Density Usually lower Usually higher Hardness Tend to be soft , easily cut or bent Most are quite hard Thermal expansivity Mostly higher Mostly lower Melting point Mostly low Low to very high Tensile strength Mostly lower Mostly higher Chemical properties Light metals Heavy metals Periodic table location Most found in groups 1 and 2 Nearly all found in groups 3 through 16 Abundance in Earth 's crust More abundant Less abundant Main occurrence ( or source ) Lithophiles Lithophiles or chalcophiles ( Au is a siderophile ) Reactivity More reactive Less reactive Sulfides Soluble to insoluble Extremely insoluble Hydroxides Soluble to insoluble Generally insoluble Salts Mostly form colourless solutions in water Mostly form coloured solutions in water Complexes Mostly colourless Mostly coloured Biological role Include macronutrients ( Na , Mg , K , Ca ) Include micronutrients ( V , Cr , Mn , Fe , Co , Ni , Cu , Zn , Mo ) These properties make it relatively easy to distinguish a light metal like sodium from a heavy metal like tungsten , but the differences become less clear at the boundaries . Light structural metals like beryllium , scandium , and titanium have some of the characteristics of heavy metals , such as higher melting points ; post-transition heavy metals like zinc , cadmium , and lead have some of the characteristics of light metals , such as being relatively soft , having lower melting points , and forming mainly colourless complexes . Uses ( edit ) Heavy metals are present in nearly all aspects of modern life . Iron may be the most common as it accounts for 90 % of all refined metals . Platinum may be the most ubiquitous given it is said to be found in , or used to produce , 20 % of all consumer goods . Some common uses of heavy metals depend on the general characteristics of metals such as electrical conductivity and reflectivity or the general characteristics of heavy metals such as density , strength , and durability . Other uses depend on the characteristics of the specific element , such as their biological role as nutrients or poisons or some other specific atomic properties . Examples of such atomic properties include : partly filled d - or f - orbitals ( in many of the transition , lanthanide , and actinide heavy metals ) that enable the formation of coloured compounds ; the capacity of most heavy metal ions ( such as platinum , cerium or bismuth ) to exist in different oxidation states and therefore act as catalysts ; poorly overlapping 3d or 4f orbitals ( in iron , cobalt , and nickel , or the lanthanide heavy metals from europium through thulium ) that give rise to magnetic effects ; and high atomic numbers and electron densities that underpin their nuclear science applications . Typical uses of heavy metals can be broadly grouped into the following six categories . Weight - or density - based ( edit ) In a cello ( example shown above ) or a viola the C - string sometimes incorporates tungsten ; its high density permits a smaller diameter string and improves responsiveness . Some uses of heavy metals , including in sport , mechanical engineering , military ordnance , and nuclear science , take advantage of their relatively high densities . In underwater diving , lead is used as a ballast ; in handicap horse racing each horse must carry a specified lead weight , based on factors including past performance , so as to equalize the chances of the various competitors . In golf , tungsten , brass , or copper inserts in fairway clubs and irons lower the centre of gravity of the club making it easier to get the ball into the air ; and golf balls with tungsten cores are claimed to have better flight characteristics . In fly fishing , sinking fly lines have a PVC coating embedded with tungsten powder , so that they sink at the required rate . In track and field sport , steel balls used in the hammer throw and shot put events are filled with lead in order to attain the minimum weight required under international rules . Tungsten was used in hammer throw balls at least up to 1980 ; the minimum size of the ball was increased in 1981 to eliminate the need for what was , at that time , an expensive metal ( triple the cost of other hammers ) not generally available in all countries . Tungsten hammers were so dense that they penetrated too deeply into the turf . In mechanical engineering , heavy metals are used for ballast in boats , aeroplanes , and motor vehicles ; or in balance weights on wheels and crankshafts , gyroscopes , and propellers , and centrifugal clutches , in situations requiring maximum weight in minimum space ( for example in watch movements ) . The higher the projectile density , the more effectively it can penetrate heavy armor plate ... Os , Ir , Pt , and Re ... are expensive ... U offers an appealing combination of high density , reasonable cost and high fracture toughness . AM Russell and KL Lee Structure -- property relations in nonferrous metals ( 2005 , p. 16 ) In military ordnance , tungsten or uranium is used in armour plating and armour piercing projectiles , as well as in nuclear weapons to increase efficiency ( by reflecting neutrons and momentarily delaying the expansion of reacting materials ) . In the 1970s , tantalum was found to be more effective than copper in shaped charge and explosively formed anti-armour weapons on account of its higher density , allowing greater force concentration , and better deformability . Less - toxic heavy metals , such as copper , tin , tungsten , and bismuth , and probably manganese ( as well as boron , a metalloid ) , have replaced lead and antimony in the green bullets used by some armies and in some recreational shooting munitions . Doubts have been raised about the safety ( or green credentials ) of tungsten . Because denser materials absorb more radioactive emissions than lighter ones , heavy metals are useful for radiation shielding and to focus radiation beams in linear accelerators and radiotherapy applications . Strength - or durability - based ( edit ) The Statue of Liberty . A stainless steel alloy armature provides structural strength ; a copper skin confers corrosion resistance . The strength or durability of heavy metals such as chromium , iron , nickel , copper , zinc , molybdenum , tin , tungsten , and lead , as well as their alloys , makes them useful for the manufacture of artefacts such as tools , machinery , appliances , utensils , pipes , railroad tracks , buildings and bridges , automobiles , locks , furniture , ships , planes , coinage and jewellery . They are also used as alloying additives for enhancing the properties of other metals . Of the two dozen elements that have been used in the world 's monetised coinage only two , carbon and aluminium , are not heavy metals . Gold , silver , and platinum are used in jewellery as are ( for example ) nickel , copper , indium , and cobalt in coloured gold . Low - cost jewellery and children 's toys may be made , to a significant degree , of heavy metals such as chromium , nickel , cadmium , or lead . Copper , zinc , tin , and lead are mechanically weaker metals but have useful corrosion prevention properties . While each of them will react with air , the resulting patinas of either various copper salts , zinc carbonate , tin oxide , or a mixture of lead oxide , carbonate , and sulfate , confer valuable protective properties . Copper and lead are therefore used , for example , as roofing materials ; zinc acts as an anti-corrosion agent in galvanised steel ; and tin serves a similar purpose on steel cans . The workability and corrosion resistance of iron and chromium are increased by adding gadolinium ; the creep resistance of nickel is improved with the addition of thorium . Tellurium is added to copper and steel alloys to improve their machinability ; and to lead to make it harder and more acid - resistant . Biological and Chemical ( edit ) Cerium ( IV ) oxide ( sample shown above ) is used as a catalyst in self - cleaning ovens . The biocidal effects of some heavy metals have been known since antiquity . Platinum , osmium , copper , ruthenium , and other heavy metals , including arsenic , are used in anti-cancer treatments , or have shown potential . Antimony ( anti-protozoal ) , bismuth ( anti-ulcer ) , gold ( anti-arthritic ) , and iron ( anti-malarial ) are also important in medicine . Copper , zinc , silver , gold , or mercury are used in antiseptic formulations ; small amounts of some heavy metals are used to control algal growth in , for example , cooling towers . Depending on their intended use as fertilisers or biocides , agrochemicals may contain heavy metals such as chromium , cobalt , nickel , copper , zinc , arsenic , cadmium , mercury , or lead . Selected heavy metals are used as catalysts in fuel processing ( rhenium , for example ) , synthetic rubber and fibre production ( bismuth ) , emission control devices ( palladium ) , and in self - cleaning ovens ( where cerium ( IV ) oxide in the walls of such ovens helps oxidise carbon - based cooking residues ) . In soap chemistry , heavy metals form insoluble soaps that are used in lubricating greases , paint dryers , and fungicides ( apart from lithium , the alkali metals and the ammonium ion form soluble soaps ) . Colouring and optics ( edit ) Neodymium sulfate ( Nd ( SO ) ) , used to colour glassware The colours of glass , ceramic glazes , paints , pigments , and plastics are commonly produced by the inclusion of heavy metals ( or their compounds ) such as chromium , manganese , cobalt , copper , zinc , selenium , zirconium , molybdenum , silver , tin , praseodymium , neodymium , erbium , tungsten , iridium , gold , lead , or uranium . Tattoo inks may contain heavy metals , such as chromium , cobalt , nickel , and copper . The high reflectivity of some heavy metals is important in the construction of mirrors , including precision astronomical instruments . Headlight reflectors rely on the excellent reflectivity of a thin film of rhodium . Electronics , magnets , and lighting ( edit ) The Topaz Solar Farm , in southern California , features 9 million cadmium - tellurium photovoltaic modules covering an area of 25.6 square kilometres ( 9.5 square miles ) . Heavy metals or their compounds can be found in electronic components , electrodes , and wiring and solar panels where they may be used as either conductors , semiconductors , or insulators . Molybdenum powder is used in circuit board inks . Ruthenium ( IV ) oxide coated titanium anodes are used for the industrial production of chlorine . Home electrical systems , for the most part , are wired with copper wire for its good conducting properties . Silver and gold are used in electrical and electronic devices , particularly in contact switches , as a result of their high electrical conductivity and capacity to resist or minimise the formation of impurities on their surfaces . The semiconductors cadmium telluride and gallium arsenide are used to make solar panels . Hafnium oxide , an insulator , is used as a voltage controller in microchips ; tantalum oxide , another insulator , is used in capacitors in mobile phones . Heavy metals have been used in batteries for over 200 years , at least since Volta invented his copper and silver voltaic pile in 1800 . Promethium , lanthanum , and mercury are further examples found in , respectively , atomic , nickel - metal hydride , and button cell batteries . Magnets are made of heavy metals such as manganese , iron , cobalt , nickel , niobium , bismuth , praseodymium , neodymium , gadolinium , and dysprosium . Neodymium magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnet commercially available . They are key components of , for example , car door locks , starter motors , fuel pumps , and power windows . Heavy metals are used in lighting , lasers , and light - emitting diodes ( LEDs ) . Flat panel displays incorporate a thin film of electrically conducting indium tin oxide . Fluorescent lighting relies on mercury vapour for its operation . Ruby lasers generate deep red beams by exciting chromium atoms ; the lanthanides are also extensively employed in lasers . Gallium , indium , and arsenic ; and copper , iridium , and platinum are used in LEDs ( the latter three in organic LEDs ) . Nuclear ( edit ) An X-ray tube with a rotating anode , typically a tungsten - rhenium alloy on a molybdenum core , backed with graphite Niche uses of heavy metals with high atomic numbers occur in diagnostic imaging , electron microscopy , and nuclear science . In diagnostic imaging , heavy metals such as cobalt or tungsten make up the anode materials found in x-ray tubes . In electron microscopy , heavy metals such as lead , gold , palladium , platinum , or uranium are used to make conductive coatings and to introduce electron density into biological specimens by staining , negative staining , or vacuum deposition . In nuclear science , nuclei of heavy metals such as chromium , iron , or zinc are sometimes fired at other heavy metal targets to produce superheavy elements ; heavy metals are also employed as spallation targets for the production of neutrons or radioisotopes such as astatine ( using lead , bismuth , thorium , or uranium in the latter case ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Criteria used were density : ( 1 ) above 3.5 g / cm ; ( 2 ) above 7 g / cm ; atomic weight : ( 3 ) > 22.98 ; ( 4 ) > 40 ( excluding s - and f - block metals ) ; ( 5 ) > 200 ; atomic number : ( 6 ) > 20 ; ( 7 ) 21 -- 92 ; chemical behaviour : ( 8 ) United States Pharmacopeia ; ( 9 ) Hawkes ' periodic table - based definition ( excluding the lanthanides and actinides ) ; and ( 10 ) Nieboer and Richardson 's biochemical classifications . Densities of the elements are mainly from Emsley . Predicted densities have been used for At , Fr and Fm -- Ts . Indicative densities were derived for Fm , Md , No and Lr based on their atomic weights , estimated metallic radii , and predicted close - packed crystalline structures . Atomic weights are from Emsley , inside back cover Jump up ^ Metalloids were , however , excluded from Hawkes ' periodic table - based definition given he noted it was `` not necessary to decide whether semimetals ( i.e. metalloids ) should be included as heavy metals . '' Jump up ^ The test is not specific for any particular metals but is said to be capable of at least detecting Mo , Cu , Ag , Cd , Hg , Sn , Pb , As , Sb , and Bi . In any event , when the test uses hydrogen sulfide as the reagent can not detect Th , Ti , Zr , Nb , Ta , or Cr . Jump up ^ Transition and post-transition metals that do not usually form coloured complexes are Sc and Y in group 3 ; Ag in group 11 ; Zn and Cd in group 12 ; and the metals of groups 13 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Lanthanide ( Ln ) sulfides and hydroxides are insoluble ; the latter can be obtained from aqueous solutions of Ln salts as coloured gelatinous precipitates ; and Ln complexes have much the same colour as their aqua ions ( the majority of which are coloured ) . Actinide ( An ) sulfides may or may not be insoluble , depending on the author . Divalent uranium monosulfide is not attacked by boiling water . Trivalent actinide ions behave similarly to the trivalent lanthanide ions hence the sulfides in question may be insoluble but this is not explicitly stated . Tervalent An sulfides decompose but Edelstein et al. say they are soluble whereas Haynes says thorium ( IV ) sulfide is insoluble . Early in the history of nuclear fission it had been noted that precipitation with hydrogen sulfide was a `` remarkably '' effective way of isolating and detecting transuranium elements in solution . In a similar vein , Deschlag writes that the elements after uranium were expected to have insoluble sulfides by analogy with third row transition metals . But he goes on to note that the elements after actinium were found to have properties different from those of the transition metals and claims they do not form insoluble sulfides . The An hydroxides are , however , insoluble and can be precipitated from aqueous solutions of their salts . Finally , many An complexes have `` deep and vivid '' colours . Jump up ^ The heavier elements commonly to less commonly recognised as metalloids -- Ge ; As , Sb ; Se , Te , Po ; At -- satisfy some of the three parts of Hawkes ' definition . All of them have insoluble sulfides but only Ge , Te , and Po apparently have effectively insoluble hydroxides . All bar At can be obtained as coloured ( sulfide ) precipitates from aqueous solutions of their salts ; astatine is likewise precipitated from solution by hydrogen sulfide but , since visible quantities of At have never been synthesised , the colour of the precipitate is not known . As p - block elements , their complexes are usually colourless . Jump up ^ The class A and class B terminology is analogous to the `` hard acid '' and `` soft base '' terminology sometimes used to refer to the behaviour of metal ions in inorganic systems . Jump up ^ Be and Al are exceptions to this general trend . They have somewhat higher electronegativity values . Being relatively small their + 2 or + 3 ions have high charge densities , thereby polarising nearby electron clouds . The net result is that Be and Al compounds have considerable covalent character . Jump up ^ Google Scholar has recorded more than 900 citations for the paper in question . Jump up ^ If Gmelin had been working with the imperial system of weights and measures he may have chosen 300 lb / ft as his light / heavy metal cutoff in which case selenium ( density 300.27 lb / ft ) would have made the grade , whereas 5 g / cm = 312.14 lb / ft . Jump up ^ Lead , which is a cumulative poison , has a relatively high abundance due to its extensive historical use and human - caused discharge into the environment . Jump up ^ Haynes shows an amount of < 17 mg for tin Jump up ^ Iyengar records a figure of 5 mg for nickel ; Haynes shows an amount of 10 mg Jump up ^ Encompassing 45 heavy metals occurring in quantities of less than 10 mg each , including As ( 7 mg ) , Mo ( 5 ) , Co ( 1.5 ) , and Cr ( 1.4 ) Jump up ^ Of the elements commonly recognised as metalloids , B and Si were counted as nonmetals ; Ge , As , Sb , and Te as heavy metals . Jump up ^ Ni , Cu , Zn , Se , Ag and Sb appear in the United States Government 's Toxic Pollutant List ; Mn , Co , and Sn are listed in the Australian Government 's National Pollutant Inventory . Jump up ^ Tungsten could be another such toxic heavy metal . Jump up ^ Selenium is the most toxic of the heavy metals that are essential for mammals . Jump up ^ Trace elements having an abundance equalling or much less than one part per trillion ( namely Tc , Pm , Po , At , Ra , Ac , Pa , Np , and Pu ) are not shown . Abundances are from Lide and Emsley ; occurrence types are from McQueen . Jump up ^ In some cases , for example in the presence of high energy gamma rays or in a very high temperature hydrogen rich environment , the subject nuclei may experience neutron loss or proton gain resulting in the production of ( comparatively rare ) neutron deficient isotopes . Jump up ^ The ejection of matter when two neutron stars collide is attributed to the interaction of their tidal forces , possible crustal disruption , and shock heating ( which is what happens if you floor the accelerator in car when the engine is cold ) . Jump up ^ Iron , cobalt , nickel , germanium and tin are also siderophiles from a whole of Earth perspective . Jump up ^ Heat escaping from the inner solid core is believed to generate motion in the outer core , which is made of liquid iron alloys . The motion of this liquid generates electrical currents which give rise to a magnetic field . Jump up ^ Heavy metals that occur naturally in quantities too small to be economically mined ( Tc , Pm , Po , At , Ac , Np and Pu ) are instead produced by artificial transmutation . The latter method is also used to produce heavy metals from americium onwards . Jump up ^ Sulfides of the Group 1 and 2 metals , and aluminium , are hydrolysed by water ; scandium , yttrium and titanium sulfides are insoluble . Jump up ^ For example , the hydroxides of potassium , rubidium , and caesium have solubilities exceeding 100 grams per 100 grams of water whereas those of aluminium ( 0.0001 ) and scandium ( < 0.000 000 15 grams ) are regarded as being insoluble . Jump up ^ Beryllium has what is described as a `` high '' melting point of 1560 K ; scandium and titanium melt at 1814 and 1941 K . Jump up ^ Zinc is a soft metal with a Moh 's hardness of 2.5 ; cadmium and lead have lower hardness ratings of 2.0 and 1.5 . Zinc has a `` low '' melting point of 693 K ; cadmium and lead melt at 595 and 601 K . Jump up ^ Some violence and abstraction of detail was applied to the sorting scheme in order to keep the number of categories to a manageable level . Jump up ^ The skin has largely turned green due to the formation of a protective patina composed of antlerite Cu ( OH ) SO , atacamite Cu ( OH ) Cl , brochantite Cu ( OH ) SO , cuprous oxide Cu O , and tenorite CuO . Jump up ^ For the lanthanides , this is their only structural use as they are otherwise too reactive , relatively expensive , and moderately strong at best . Jump up ^ Weller classifies coinage metals as precious metals ( e.g. , silver , gold , platinum ) ; heavy metals of very high durability ( nickel ) ; heavy metals of low durability ( copper , iron , zinc , tin , and lead ) ; and light metals ( aluminium ) . Jump up ^ Emsley estimates a global loss of six tonnes of gold a year due to 18 - carat wedding rings slowly wearing away . Jump up ^ Sheet lead exposed to the rigours of industrial and coastal climates will last for centuries Jump up ^ Electrons impacting the tungsten anode generate X-rays ; rhenium gives tungsten better resistance to thermal shock ; molybdenum and graphite act as heat sinks . Molybdenum also has a density nearly half that of tungsten thereby reducing the weight of the anode . 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Ga ( III ) and Cr ( III ) tend to dissolve and / or decompose in water . 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'' , Journal of Environmental Monitoring , vol. 12 , pp. 1511 -- 1514 , doi : 10.1039 / C0EM00056F . Finds that , despite its lack of specificity , the term appears to have become part of the language of science . Toxicity and biological role Baird C. & Cann M. 2012 , Environmental Chemistry , 5th ed. , chapter 12 , `` Toxic heavy metals '' , W.H. Freeman and Company , New York , ISBN 1 - 4292 - 7704 - 1 . Discusses the use , toxicity , and distribution of Hg , Pb , Cd , As , and Cr . Nieboer E. & Richardson D.H.S. 1980 , `` The replacement of the nondescript term ' heavy metals ' by a biologically and chemically significant classification of metal ions '' , Environmental Pollution Series B , Chemical and Physical , vol. 1 , no . 1 , pp. 3 -- 26 , doi : 10.1016 / 0143 - 148X ( 80 ) 90017 - 8 . A widely cited paper , focusing on the biological role of heavy metals . 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External links ( edit ) Media related to Heavy metals at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metals&oldid=801585040 '' Categories : Sets of chemical elements Metallic elements Metals Hidden categories : Featured articles Use Australian English from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 15 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which heavy metal has highest concentration in earth's crust	[ "The Earth's crust is made of approximately 5% of heavy metals by weight, with iron comprising 95% of this quantity. Light metals (~20%) and nonmetals (~75%) make up the other 95% of the crust.[125] Despite their overall scarcity, heavy metals can become concentrated in economically extractable quantities as a result of mountain building, erosion, or other geological processes.[137]" ]	[ "iron" ]
-6316502281381099772	Tyler Perry's House of Payne	Tyler Perry 's House of Payne - wikipedia Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Created by Tyler Perry Presented by Tyler Perry Starring Allen Payne LaVan Davis Cassi Davis Lance Gross Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw China Anne McClain Denise Burse Demetria McKinney Keshia Knight Pulliam Palmer Williams Jr . Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 254 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tyler Perry Camera setup Multiple Running time 20 - 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Tyler Perry Studios Georgia Media Distributor Debmar - Mercury 20th Television Release Original network TBS Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release June 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) -- August 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) Chronology Related shows The Paynes Meet the Browns Love Thy Neighbor External links Website Tyler Perry 's House of Payne is an American sitcom television series created and produced by playwright , director , and producer Tyler Perry . The show revolved around a multi-generational family living under one roof in Atlanta led by patriarch Curtis Payne and his wife Ella . The show premiered in syndication on June 21 , 2006 , and new episodes of a retooled version were broadcast exclusively on TBS from June 6 , 2007 , until August 10 , 2012 . While primarily a comedy sitcom , House of Payne was known for featuring dark themes and subject matter , such as substance abuse and addiction . It also had elements of slapstick . The storyline of the show is serialized , with many references to past episodes , creating a continuing story arc . With a total of 254 episodes , House of Payne aired more episodes than any other television series with a predominantly African American cast , surpassing The Jeffersons with 253 episodes , Family Matters with 215 episodes and The Cosby Show with 202 episodes . In 2017 , the Oprah Winfrey Network ordered a spin - off series titled The Paynes , with 38 episodes and the original cast returning to reprise their roles . The series premiered on January 16 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production history 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 3.2. 1 The Hernandez family 4 Setting 5 Other Cast 6 NAACP Image Awards & Nominations 7 Special appearances 8 Syndicated reruns 8.1 Madea connections 8.2 Meet the Browns crossovers 9 Releases 10 References 11 External links Production history ( edit ) The sitcom ran in first - run syndication for 10 episodes during mid-2006 on the Atlanta - area broadcast of WPCH - TV , along with nine other broadcast outlets across the country , as a limited run , with additional episodes to be available for national distribution on TBS in June 2007 . An order of 100 episodes was later requested by TBS . A cable record for sitcom airings was broken with 5.2 and 5.8 million for the two premiere episodes on TBS on June 6 , 2007 . However , the audience declined to 4.3 million as of the week ending September 30 , 2007 and 2.260 and 2.099 as of May 19 , 2010 . The principal cast remained the same ( with the exception of Lance Gross being added ) , led by LaVan Davis . The original format of the series centred around C.J. ( Allen Payne ) and his family moving in with his Aunt Ella and Uncle Curtis ( Cassi Davis and LaVan Davis ) . Robinne Lee had a recurring guest stint in Season 1 -- 2 as Malik and Jazmine 's principal , Nicole Jamieson , whom C.J. soon began dating . Rochelle Aytes originally portrayed Nicole Jamieson in the test pilot episodes as Malik 's math teacher . In the test run , Ella and Curtis were originally C.J. 's parents , but in its televised format , Calvin is their son and C.J. their nephew . Despite his top billing , Allen Payne is not considered the main actor of the series , especially due to his long absence in the fifth season . The show was recorded in front of a live studio audience but sometimes used a laugh track . At the beginning of the fifth season , China Anne McClain ( Jazmine ) and Denise Burse ( Claretha ) were removed from the series . The characters were written out , with Jazmine going away to a school for gifted children in North Carolina and Claretha marrying a prince and moving away . In real life , McClain and Burse left the series for undisclosed reasons . In the beginning of Season 6 , both McClain and Burse returned . Some of the cast members of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne were on The Mo'Nique Show in October 2009 . Beginning with the seventh season , China Anne McClain appeared infrequently due to her work schedule for A.N.T. Farm . Denise Burse was no longer credited as a regular cast member ; she appeared in a recurring role . Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw , who portrayed Malik , appeared infrequently after the sixth season . This was due to Shaw 's work schedules for The Suite Life on Deck and Pair of Kings . He remained a cast member throughout the series . Tyler Perry directed every episode of the first 5 seasons . Throughout Season 6 , each episode was directed by actress Kim Fields or her mother Chip Hurd. Tyler Perry directed some of the episodes in seasons 7 and 8 while other episodes were directed by Kim Fields , Chip Hurd , and producer Roger M. Bobb . During the first 5 seasons , the show was rated TV - PG but due to a rapid increase of strong language and mature content ( particularly sexual ) , later episodes are rated TV - 14 . On September 28 , 2011 , TBS ordered 42 episodes . Newer episodes have been aired on TBS since October 21 , 2011 with season 8 , and concluded the series with a total of 254 episodes . The show aired its final two episodes on August 10 , 2012 . On January 30 , 2017 , a spin - off follow - up series entitled The Paynes was ordered by Oprah Winfrey Network . It will follow Ella and Curtis Payne as they enjoy retirement in Florida only to get caught in a real estate deal that will turn their lives upside down . The series was greenlighted for 38 episodes and premiered in early 2018 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 37 June 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) September 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) 22 December 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 05 ) January 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 30 ) 16 March 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 05 ) April 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 23 ) 25 June 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 04 ) August 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 06 ) 5 26 December 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 03 ) June 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) 6 46 November 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) 7 20 March 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) June 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 15 ) 8 62 October 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) August 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) Cast ( edit ) House of Payne revolves around the Payne family who reside in the suburban Atlanta . It is noted that all main cast members are credited only for the episodes in which they appear . Actor Character Seasons Pilot 5 6 7 8 Allen Payne Clarence `` C.J. '' Payne , Jr Main Lavan Davis Curtis Booker T. Payne Main Cassi Davis Ella Williams - Payne Main Lance Gross Calvin Payne Main Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Malik Payne Main China Anne McClain Jazmine Sierra Payne Main Main Denise Burse Claretha Jenkins Main Recurring Demetria McKinney Janine Shelton - Payne Recurring Main Keshia Knight - Pulliam Miranda Lucas - Payne Guest Main Palmer Williams Jr . Floyd Jackson Recurring Main Main ( edit ) Curtis Payne ( LaVan Davis ) is the show 's main protagonist . He is often referred to as Uncle Curtis by his nephew C.J. , his nephew 's wife Janine , and their children , Malik and Jazmine . Curtis is known for his hackneyed jokes , overly loud delivery , and acting like a negative racial stereotype . He is overweight and has fainted once from a blocked artery , but he ignored the diet his wife Ella set for him , and is unable to stay away from his usual fatty foods . A noticeable running gag is when he jokingly pushes Ella to the side with one arm when he wants to go by , she usually lands on the sofa . Despite his immaturity in this matter , his maturity and responsibility are apparent in his job as the chief of the local fire department . In one episode , his middle name was revealed as Booker T. In the sixth season , Curtis was forced to retire which left him depressed and humiliated for a period of time ; he eventually embraced it and his nephew C.J. took over his old job . LaVan Davis won an NAACP Image Awards in 2008 for Outstanding Actor In A Comedy Series for this role . In the first part of the series finale , `` The Call Back '' , CJ asks Curtis to come out of retirement to oversee three stations that CJ runs . At first Curtis refuses to do it , and yells at CJ saying how they already forced him into retirement , and that he was n't going back , but at the end of the episode , after talking with Ella , he decided to return . Ella Payne ( née Ella Williams ) ( known as Ella Williams in episode `` Til Payne Do We Part '' ) ( Cassi Davis ) , is Curtis 's wife . She is a stay - at - home mother and the voice of reason . Curtis has been known to take advantage of Ella 's good nature -- and to be punished for it . Ella is the family 's religious voice and the glue that holds it together . A good cook , she had a restaurant service in one episode . She is quick to offer emotional and moral support to everyone in the family , such as when Janine returned home . In the fifth season , she briefly worked in retail . In Season 6 , she quits to go back to school . Ella graduated from college and finally got her degree in Season 7 . It is revealed that her middle name is Naomi . She tries to keep the family at peace the best she can , whether it 's big or small . In the Season 8 episode `` RIP : Rest in Payne '' , she keeps complete faith for her son Calvin , when she hears that he got shot in C.J. and Janine 's home . She loves her family and wants her husband to keep her safe and stand by her which he does . Clarence James ( C.J. ) Payne , Jr . ( Allen Payne ) is Curtis and Ella 's nephew . C.J. and his family moved into the home of his Uncle Curtis and Aunt Ella when their own house burned down after his wife Janine accidentally started a fire while under the influence of drugs . C.J. is the father of Malik , Jazmine , Jayden , and Hayden Payne . These last two are the twin son and daughter born to Janine and C.J. after they reconciled and remarried . In the fourth season , C.J. found out he was adopted . He works at the firehouse with Curtis . At the end of the fifth season , he , Janine , and the twins moved to Chicago , but they returned in the sixth season after he was offered Curtis ' job , and the family moved in next to Curtis and Ella . Despite being angry with and hostile towards Janine upon her return , C.J. never stopped loving her . In the early seasons , C.J. often has difficulty enforcing discipline with his children , but it is apparent that he is slightly more strict and hot - headed , often jumping to the wrong conclusions . In the Season 6 episode `` Who 's Your Daddy Now ? '' , C.J. finally met his real father who happened to be white , making C.J. biracial . In the seventh season , he was promoted to fire chief commissioner , and also became the boss of Janine and Roland in the public relations department . C.J. was portrayed as Curtis and Ella 's son in the series ' original format , but his character was changed to being their nephew . Calvin Payne ( Lance Gross ) is Ella and Curtis 's college - age son who rarely attends the same courses Curtis often complains about financing . Calvin liked to think of himself as a player until he married Miranda . Like his cousin C.J. , Calvin spends much time working with Curtis at the firehouse until he becomes a partner at the barbershop . In the fifth season , he gets a job working for the same company as Mercedes and she accidentally kisses him twice : once while they are chaperoning Malik and Alexandra 's date ; the other , after Calvin has a fight with Miranda . He finds out that he has a son , Calvin Jr. , from his former girlfriend Tracy . He and Miranda are expecting a child when she decides they should separate , but they agree to try counseling . They get stuck in an elevator and solve their problems with help from an `` elevator lady '' Edi , who turns out to be Dr. Marcos , the marriage - retreat counselor . Calvin was arrested for back child support , but was bailed out of jail before the birth of his child with Miranda in the episode Payneful Resolution Resolution . In the seventh season , Calvin briefly had a job as a manager of a supermarket . He then started working in the public relations department with C.J. , Janine and Roland in Season 8 . Calvin is the only main character who was originally not included in the show . In the season 8 episode `` God Bless the Paynes '' , Calvin gets shot by a man who had harassed Miranda . The man saw the shooting as a way to get revenge at Calvin for beating him up . Calvin is later found by Janine and is rushed to the hospital in `` Do or Die '' . He survives , but with serious injuries . In the series finale , `` All 's Well '' , his wife , Miranda , demands a divorce . The very last scene shows Calvin throwing a vase of flowers at the wall , and the series ends with the camera zoomed in on broken glass and rose petals . Malik Payne ( Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw ) is C.J. and Janine 's college - aged son . He is a young adult whose interest in young women in his class is so extreme that he 'll resort to desperate measures , such as trying out for the cheerleading squad , just to associate with them . Initially , he was often bullied in school as a result of his mother 's drug problems . As a result , he is reluctant to welcome her back to the household . It is hinted that he is allergic to peanuts and knows how to cut hair . Beginning with the sixth season , Malik has appeared infrequently , due to Larramie Shaw 's work schedule , as he also starred on The Suite Life on Deck on Disney Channel and Pair of Kings on Disney XD . His absence is incorporated into the storyline , as he goes to the ROTC during Season 6 and off to college during Season 7 , which is a major continuity error as he advanced from elementary school to college in 4 years . As he prepared to go to college , C.J. , Calvin , Curtis , and Floyd bought him three boxes of condoms because they were sure he would be experimenting with sex in college . His sister Jazmine was upset about him leaving for college . While in college , he dates a girl named Summer ( Makeda Declet ) . Malik then marries Summer just that they can have sex . Summer then wants a divorce from Malik to transfer to a college in New England . But since Malik and Summer have only been married for a few weeks , they are qualified for an annulment and that 's how their marriage ended. ( Seasons 1 -- 8 ) Jazmine Payne ( China Anne McClain ) is C.J. and Janine 's daughter . She constantly feels invisible and acts out to get her father 's attention while her mother is in rehab . At one point , Jazmine had a brief crush on Malik 's friend Kevin . Despite her apparent innocence and youth , throughout the series , she was known to act cruel and mean toward Malik and Kevin and schemed to make them miserable . She is also known to have sarcastic comments and sly plans to get what she wants . For undisclosed reasons , China Anne McClain was written out of the series during the fifth season , which made her the only cast member to not appear in Season 5 . She was re-introduced into the series when she returned in the sixth season . It is hinted that she has a fear of mimes that wear hats . On the premiere of the seventh season , she is 12 years old , and Janine lets her wear lip gloss , and she falls in with the wrong crowd . Jazmine has made infrequent appearances since the seventh season , due to China Anne McClain 's work schedule , as she also starred in A.N.T. Farm on Disney Channel . ( Seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 -- 8 ) Janine Payne ( née Janine Shelton ) ( Demetria McKinney ) , is C.J. 's wife and the mother of Malik , Jazmine , Jayden , and Hayden Payne . A seemingly responsible adult and mother at the very beginning of the series , she is later revealed to be a drug addict and the arsonist who burned down her and C.J. 's home . She and C.J. divorce after she leaves her family . Initially , she was only a recurring character and was rarely seen in the series except in episodes where she associates with Ella Payne , who helps her enter a rehab program and return to the family . Later in the series , she is often criticized by C.J. , Curtis , and Malik for her irresponsible actions . She is apparently impregnated by her boyfriend , until an episode reveals that he 's sterile . Since C.J. is the only other person , she has had intercourse with ( in an earlier episode , where they were intimate when C.J. was drunk ) , she realizes that C.J. is the father of the coming child . C.J. and Janine remarry at Calvin and Miranda 's wedding ; almost immediately , her water breaks and she gives birth to twins Jayden and Hayden Payne . Janine 's parents are Larry and Liz Shelton . She and C.J. now live in their own home with their four children . In seasons 6 - 7 , her role in the series has grown more central as she focuses more on her career than her home life -- and becomes the target of romantic interest from her boss Roland until C.J. gets promoted to commissioner and becomes both Janine and Roland 's boss and makes them keep their relationship professional . From that point on , C.J. and Janine both have the same job together and are able focus on both their career and home life together . Miranda Payne ( née Miranda Lucas ) ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) is Calvin 's girlfriend - turned - wife . She was first introduced in Season 1 as a con artist who stole all of Calvin and Curtis ' money for an art gallery . The character returned eventually , but what she did to Calvin and Curtis is only very briefly mentioned . She and Calvin married in the Season 4 conclusion . Miranda has a very troubled and bratty nephew ; when Calvin was supposed to be in charge of the boy , it was actually the boy who ordered Calvin around . Miranda and Calvin began to have problems in the fifth season . In the beginning of the sixth season , a pregnant Miranda disappears ; a couple of episodes later , Miranda says there is no baby , making Calvin believe she had an abortion , but she did n't . She is actually thinking about giving the baby up for adoption . Then , while all three couples ( C.J and Janine , Curtis and Ella , Calvin and Miranda ) go to a marriage retreat , Miranda asks Calvin for a divorce . But when she and Calvin go to a divorce mediator and get stuck in an elevator , they resolve their marriage problems with help from an `` elevator lady '' Edi who turns out to be Dr. Marcos , the marriage - retreat counselor . Calvin and Miranda had their baby in Season 7 . In the series finale `` All 's Well ' , Janine , Miranda , CJ , and Calivin celebrate their wedding anniversary , but Miranda and Calvin never show up . Then Calvin shows up at the Payne House to take Miranda to the anniversary dinner , with a dress and a vase of roses . She interrupts him , and demands a divorce , saying that she 'd been waiting for the right moment to tell him , but could n't find one . The very last scene shows Calvin throwing the vase of roses at the wall , and it shatters . The series ends with the camera zoomed in on the broken glass and rose petals . ( Seasons 3 - 8 , guest star in Season 1 ) Claretha Jenkins ( Denise Burse ) is Ella 's friend and the Paynes ' former next - door neighbor . Curtis constantly jokes about her annoyance at his presence . Claretha has a big mouth ; she even rats out the family business to the media in a crime misconception . She is known for having a collection of wigs . She left at the beginning of Season 5 after marrying a `` prince . '' In Season 6 , she suddenly leaves the prince and now goes out with Floyd . She has an exceedingly obese daughter named Huretha and was furious and disgusted when she went out with C.J. In the early seasons after Janine left , although Huretha was never seen on the show . In the Season 7 episode `` Payneful Visit '' , it is revealed that she has leukemia . Since Season 7 , she is no longer credited as a regular cast member . She appeared in a recurring role . ( Seasons 1 -- 6 , recurring role in Seasons 7 & 8 ) Floyd Jackson ( Palmer Williams Jr . ) is Curtis ' friend and the self - absorbed , proud owner of the Barber Shop . He shows little affection towards individual people , but in times of great need will come out and show affection . His first wife disappeared on him , but after he remarried , the first wife returned looking for a divorce . When he did sign the divorce papers , it turned out she 'd written a book , and since he 's divorced from her he gets nothing . He has a daughter named Olivia who was dating Zack , one of his barbers . In the sixth season , Floyd 's second wife kicks him out so he moves into Curtis and Ella 's back yard and started dating Claretha , until his second wife returned , having lost fifty pounds because she was depressed that they were splitting up . While Floyd had been hoping to string both along without either finding out about the other , until they bumped into each other in the Payne house and both subsequently broke up with him and Claretha kicked him out . Floyd 's middle name is revealed to be Stanley . He is the longest running recurring character on House of Payne . In mid Season 8 , he joined the main cast . ( recurring role , Seasons 3 -- 7 , main role in Season 8 ) Recurring ( edit ) Larry and Liz Shelton ( Dorian Harewood and Anne - Marie Johnson ) are Janine 's parents and have so far appeared in 5 episodes of the series . Curtis hates their visits . They are upper - class and appear snobbish towards the Payne family . Upon their first appearance , Claretha identifies Janine 's father as a `` dancer '' known as Dimples , though no one believes her . Liz comes off as judgmental . Her relationship with her daughter is usually tested . In a Season 3 episode she stays with the Paynes after being kicked out of her house ; she annoys everyone , mostly Ella , Curtis , and Janine . In a later episode , she visits the new twins and constantly criticizes Janine 's parenting skills , going as far as to try to change the babies ' names . When Janine finally confronts her , Liz reveals that her mother was the same way with her . Liz shows a more compassionate side during her visit in Season 6 after reading a letter to C.J. written by a deceased comrade 's child Eunice Williams ( Aloma Wright ) : is Ella 's mother who shows signs of Alzheimer 's during her visit with the family . She shows strong dislike toward Curtis , but takes a liking to everyone else . Her last name is only revealed in Season 6 when Ella 's maiden name is finally revealed . She reappeared in the Season 8 premiere episode `` A Mother 's Payne '' , where Ella and her sister Evie decided to put her in a nursing home after a frightening episode resulting from her Alzheimer 's disease . It is then shown that she did take more favor for Ella over Evelyn after she leaves Ella a life insurance policy of $100,000 and Evelyn was going to be left with nothing . In the episode `` Amazing Matriarchs '' , Eunice passes away offscreen . Though the cause of her demise is not mentioned , she most likely succumbed to Alzheimer 's . Ella fought off her grief until Eunice 's memorial service where she finally breaks down and is comforted by Curtis , as a silent Calvin looks on . Evelyn `` Evie '' Williams ( played by Janet Hubert - Whitten ) is Ella 's older sister who helps takes care of her sick mother and wants what 's best for her . Jeffrey and Sandra Lucas ( Wendell Pierce ) and ( Valarie Pettiford ) : Miranda 's wealthy parents who have appeared in Seasons 4 -- 7 . Jeffrey is a doctor and Sandra is a lawyer . In season 6 , Sandra thought Calvin had something to do with Miranda 's disappearance until she resurfaces . In the aftermath , she acts cold towards Calvin but Miranda makes her see reason and change her ways . Tracie Evans ( played by Eva Marcille ) , is the mother of Calvin 's first son Calvin Jr. and Kyle 's aunt . Initially , C.J. developed a love interest in her shortly after his break up with Nicole . However , she later confessed to C.J. that she has been dating Calvin . She then breaks up with Calvin to reconcile with her old boyfriend . In Season 5 , she returned and tells Calvin that they have a son named Calvin Jr. , which upsets Miranda more when she already discovered that Calvin kissed Mercedes . In Season 6 , she was in a car accident which claimed the life of her husband . She then asks Calvin and Miranda to take care of Calvin Jr. while she gets herself in order . Eventually she recuperated . She make a pass at Calvin on two occasions : once after Calvin and Miranda intervenes on her visiting unannounced ; and the other was in Calvin 's `` man shower '' , indicating that she wanted him back . After Calvin pushes her away , she takes Calvin Jr. away from Calvin and Miranda . She then clears Calvin 's bank account for back child support , the latter of which Calvin then gets arrested for . Her son is with Calvin for the weekend and when he goes to work and Miranda is asleep , Calvin Jr. plays with matches and sets the condo on fire . Tracie shows up at the hospital , with her new boyfriend , after she gets a call and tells Calvin she 's getting full custody of their son and she attempts to fight Miranda and Janine . But soon her son wakes up from the coma , and she neutralizes her problems with Calvin . Until she checks him out and makes it difficult for Calvin to be a father to their son . Nicole Jamieson ( played by Robinne Lee ) was C.J. 's ex-girlfriend and Malik and Jazmine 's assistant principal . She first appeared in the Season 1 episode `` Teacher 's Pet '' where she visited the Payne household to bring back a hamster Jazmine took from the school . C.J. in the following episode went to the school to pick up the kids home from school only to find Nicole in her office telling him they already left . They were trapped inside the school building due to a storm that hit Atlanta . From there , sparks started to fly between her and C.J. Their relationship soon hit a bump when it is shown that Nicole is mentally unstable . It is most evident as she extremely jealous when C.J. speaks to another woman and even mentions another woman 's name . In one episode , it was shown she even gets upset when C.J. says Jazmine 's name while on the phone with her , which makes C.J. and Ella believes she is crazy . When C.J. breaks up with her after a huge argument , she gets destructive and breaks dishes at the Payne 's house , she even threatened to stab him . Nicole has not been seen since Season 2 . In her last appearance , she revealed that she was dating Calvin but that was never addressed again , and she has n't mentioned since . In the test pilot episodes , Nicole Jamieson was originally portrayed by Rochelle Aytes , where she was Malik 's math teacher and was normal and rather soft - spoken . Kevin ( played by Kyre Batiste - Loftin ) , was Malik 's best friend who was a recurring character from Seasons 1 -- 6 . He was much like Malik in personality though slightly more dimwitted . He was very kind - hearted and generous despite the rare times he behaved selfishly . He often was involved in Malik 's crazy schemes to get girls . He is last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Drinking Game '' where he and Malik were drinking when they were left alone in the house . He has n't been seen or mentioned since . Pookie ( played by Quincy Bonds ) , was one of Calvin 's closest friends since childhood ; he and his younger brother Peanut act nothing like Calvin as they are both ghetto and appear to be thugs . They are still friendly but can be rough at times . He is last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Payne Showers '' , in which Curtis throws a `` man shower '' for Calvin . In the Meet The Browns series , Nurse Renee is seen talking on the phone to `` Pookie '' -- this is probably him because the Browns and the Paynes knew each other . Peanut ( played by Clayton English ) , is Pookie 's younger brother ; unlike Pookie , Peanut actually has a real name , Clayton . He , along with Pookie , was last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Payne Showers '' . He has n't been seen since . Kyle Thompson ( played by Dale Neal ) , was Tracie 's nephew and Malik 's friend . He appeared from Seasons 1 -- 2 . He is originally from Bronx , NY . Like Malik 's mother Janine , Kyle 's mother had a drug problem , and he was living with Aunt Tracie while his mother was battling her addiction . He and Malik stole Curtis ' motorcycle and Curtis pressed charges against both of them , later dropping the charges when he realized that they were too extreme . It is hinted that Kyle dropped out of school . He was last seen in the Season 2 episode `` It 's a Boy , '' playing video games with Malik . Tanya ( played by Robin Givens ) was C.J. 's girlfriend who appeared from Season 2 - 4 . She started dating C.J. after running into each other in a mutual friend 's anniversary ( in the episode `` It 's Getting Hot in Here '' ) . C.J. found out that Tanya danced in an old rap music video when she was younger . Although C.J. and Janine had sex before he and Tanya became a couple , Tanya breaks up with C.J. after she found out he impregnated Janine . Bryan Dawson ( played by Michael Jai White ) was Janine 's boyfriend in the test pilot episodes and Season 3 . He was a former star football player turned investment banker . His first appearance was in `` Stop Being All Funky '' , when he was taking Janine out to dinner with Malik and Jazmine and tries to favor the kids , which irritates C.J. Originally , believed to be the father of Janine 's unborn child , Janine revealed that he is sterle which the baby is C.J. 's . Revealed by Janine , Bryan breaks up with her after learning that C.J. impregnated her . Calvin Jr. ( played by Cornelius Benton ) is the son of Calvin and Tracie , and half - brother to Christian . He was introduced in the Season 5 episode `` Surprise ! ( Part 1 ) '' . In Season 6 , he stayed with Calvin and Miranda while Tracie was recovering from an accident . However , Tracie takes him back home after Calvin rejected her advances . He returned in the Season 7 episode `` So Hard To Say Goodbye '' . He was playing with matches while Miranda was sleeping , which caused a fire in Calvin and Miranda 's condo . Tracie checked him out of the hospital when he awoke from his coma . Roland ( played by Rick Fox ) is Janine 's boss , and head of public relations for the fire department . He was introduced in Season 6 . His romantic interest in Janine has caused some clashes between him and C.J. Then C.J. becomes his boss after receiving a promotion and after C.J. tells him to keep his relationship with Janine professional , he agrees to do so . C.J. also tells him to hire Calvin after finding out that he needs a new member of the department , but he starts to regret hiring Calvin after having to correct his mistakes , like sending out a press release revealing the wrong day of when the elementary schools are supposed to tour the fire house . It is revealed that Roland is a widower and a recovering alcoholic . Monica ( played by Essence Atkins ) is an old friend of Janine who appeared in 5 episodes of the 6th season . She first stayed at Curtis and Ella 's house when Ella bought her home from the help center . She was a victim of domestic abuse from her ex-husband . She then stayed with C.J. and Janine until she was able to get back on her feet . She was last seen in the Season 6 finale where she told C.J. she found a new job and moments later , C.J. kisses her just before Janine came home . Jayden Payne is the older twin brother of Hayden Payne , the younger son of C.J. and Janine . He was born 3 1 / 2 minutes before Hayden . In the later seasons after his birth , he has grown more than Hayden . He is seen more than Hayden . In Season 7 , he is seen with Hayden where it was discovered that he may have autism . Hayden Payne is the younger twin sister of Jayden Payne , the younger daughter of C.J and Janine . She was born 3 1 / 2 minutes after Jayden . She was the baby of the Payne family until Miranda and Calvin 's baby was born . She is seen less than Jayden . In Season 7 , she is seen with Jayden where she appears normal . Christian Payne is Calvin and Miranda 's newborn baby boy . He is also Calvin Jr. 's half - brother . His name was revealed in the Season 7 episode `` Payneful Visit '' . His name was not revealed when Miranda gave birth , but Calvin is heard saying his name when he tells Miranda that Christian is sleeping . Angel O. Reilz ( Joyce Giraud ) was the co-worker of Curtis , C.J. , Calvin , Keenan , and Bart at the engine 5 company firehouse . Angel is the only female of the firehouse and at times get upset with the guys for being inconsiderate of that fact . At one point she got so upset that she thinks about switching to another engine company and suing them . Angel and Calvin had a tendency to argue all the time ; according to Calvin it was because she loved him . When Angel was upset she usually began to speak Spanish . Angel was also known as the best firefighter as evidenced by her several awards and medals . When the guys first meet her they assumed she was going to be a man ( Curtis had read the `` O '' of her middle name with Angel , making it appear as `` Angelo '' ) and threw water on her as a joke . The character has not been seen or mentioned since Season 4 . Bart Holmes ( Bart Hansard ) was the co-worker of Curtis , C.J. , Calvin , Keenan and Angel . He last appeared in the Season 6 episode `` How Do You Like Your Roast ? '' , in which he helped honor Curtis for his service as Fire Chief . The character has not been seen since . Keenan Jared ( Cedric Pendleton ) was the co-worker of Curtis , C.J. , Calvin , Bart and Angel . He last appeared in the Season 8 episode `` Number Five 's Fight '' , in which he protested against C.J. 's decision to close down engine 5 company firehouse . Delante ( Jason Dirden ) used to cut hair at the barbershop . He was also one of Calvin 's friends . In later episodes , Delante lived in the barbershop until Floyd found him and invited him to live with him . He had a brief relationship with Dana . He got married to some girl he met at the skating rink and moves away to Arizona at the beginning of Season 5 . He has not been seen since . Kiki ( Bobbi Baker ) is a barber at the Barber Shop . She is n't afraid to ask questions that others are thinking and is very abrupt . In Season 5 , she helped get her brother hired , but he turned out to be a drug dealer , dealing drugs in the Barber Shop . She finds out in a later episode that he was shot . Kiki has n't been seen or mentioned since Season 5 , except for a brief appearance in the Season 6 episode `` Rehabilitation '' . Dana Carter ( Denyce Lawton ) has her own manicure stand at the Barber Shop . She is usually seen watching clients storm off angrily , not knowing what she said to anger them . In one episode her parents visited , thinking she was a doctor on vacation . She is of African American and Korean ethnicity . Dana has n't been seen or mentioned since season 5 . Zack ( Gary Owen ) ( Season 5 ) is the white barber who replaced Delante . He is a nice guy but he has trouble fitting in with black people , although they do like him . It was revealed that he had a date with Kiki prior to working at the barber shop . He was interested in Floyd 's daughter Olivia . He is somewhat similar to Isaac Rosenberg ( Troy Garity ) in the films Barbershop and Barbershop 2 : Back in Business . Zack has n't been seen or mentioned since season 5 . Deshawn Spears ( Bobb'e J. Thompson ) is Curtis and Ella 's recently acquired foster child . Deshawn comes from a broken home , and was initially hostile towards the Paynes , as he has had trouble with foster homes in the past . He later comes to accept that the Paynes are nice people that will take care of him . In the Season 8 episode `` Mentoring Paynes '' , Curtis and Ella officially become his foster parents . However , in the episode `` In Payne '' , he decides to live with his mother . The Hernandez family ( edit ) The Hernandez family were the Paynes ' new Hispanic next - door neighbors who move into Claretha 's old house , bringing their own family drama in the fifth season . Carlos Hernandez ( Mel Rodriguez ) is the patriarch of the family . He works as a police officer and he and Curtis often fight over petty things but eventually , the two began to bond and they show some similarities to each other . He was last seen in the episode `` I Do n't Know This Payne '' . Rosalita `` Rosie '' Hernandez ( Marlene Forte ) Carlos ' wife and the mother of Diego , Mercedes , and Alex . Her and Ella became friends and they briefly worked together in a boutique retail store called `` Ginger Pink '' . She was last seen in the episode `` Moving Out '' . Consuela Hernandez ( Renee Victor ) Rosie 's mother and the grandmother of Diego , Mercedes , and Alex. She is usually seen drinking beer and watching TV , who shows some similarities to Curtis . In the episode `` Slightly Payneful Truth '' , Curtis and Malik helped her get her citizenship . She was last seen in the episode `` Moving Out '' . Diego Hernandez ( J.R. Ramirez ) is the eldest Hernandez child . He had problems with his father ; mainly due to his anger and depression from being in the war in Iraq . He also becomes a close friend to Calvin . He was last seen in the season 6 episode `` Seal of Approval '' , giving advice to Malik about joining the ROTC . Alexandra `` Alex '' Hernandez ( Veronica Sixtos ) is the youngest Hernandez child , who Malik has a crush on . In the episode `` A Sister 's Payne '' , Alex becomes Malik 's girlfriend . She was last seen in the episode `` A Grand Payne '' . Mercedes Hernandez ( Susie Castillo ) is the middle Hernandez child . She becomes a friend and confidant of Calvin when he was having marital issues with Miranda . She and Calvin becomes co-partners at business in marketing . Her and Calvin have their shared kisses with each other , keeping it from Miranda until Diego revealed the truth . She was last seen in the episode `` Surprise : ( Part 2 ) '' . Setting ( edit ) Locations in Atlanta , Georgia include the Payne 's home , a firehouse located across the street from the Paynes ' house , a barbershop , the help center , and the schools Malik and Jazmine attend . The Payne home is a one - story building , and 5 rooms are featured throughout the series : Curtis and Ella 's bedroom , Malik and Jazmine 's shared bedroom , the spare bedroom ( which was Calvin 's until he moved out ) , the kitchen , and the living room , and the outside patio . Calvin , C.J. and Janine 's rooms were never seen . The only part of the firehouse seen on camera was its day room . The firehouse and its characters were phased out around Seasons 3 and 4 . The barbershop is a setting often used from Seasons 2 - 5 , and it is similar to that of Ice Cube 's Barbershop movies . Miranda and Calvin 's condo was added . The living room was the only room that was shown . C.J. and Janine 's house is another setting added on to the series . The kitchen and the living were always seen on camera . None of the bedrooms were ever shown . The university Malik attended was a more recent setting and various areas were shown . And C.J. 's office where him and Janine work was another setting that was added to the series . Also , the Help Center where Ella works was shown in various forms . Other Cast ( edit ) Keke Palmer as Nikki Grady - Simmons ( Season 1 ) Eva Marcille as Tracie ( Seasons 1 -- 2 and Season 5 - 7 ) Bart Hansard as Bart Holmes ( Seasons 1 -- 4 and 6 ) Cedric Pendleton as Keenan Jared ( Seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 and 8 ) Joyce Giraud as Angel ( Seasons 1 -- 4 ) Dorian Harewood as Larry Shelton ( Seasons 1 , 3 , and 5 ) Anne - Marie Johnson as Liz Shelton ( Seasons 1 , 3 , 5 and 6 ) Robinne Lee as Nicole Jamieson ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Rochelle Aytes as Nicole Jamieson ( 2006 Test Pilot episodes ) Sierra Aylina McClain as Jasmine ( Season 1 ) Katie Rowlett as Beverly ( Season 1 ) Arvell Poe as Fishbone ( Season 1 ) Quincy Bonds as Pookie ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Clayton English as Peanut ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Kyre Batiste - Loftin as Kevin ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Jamie Moore as Walter ( Season 1 ) Dale Neal as Kyle ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Wilbur Fitzgerald as Bill ( Season 1 ) Robin Givens as Tanya ( Seasons 2 -- 4 ) Michael Jai White as Bryan ( 2006 Test Pilot Episode and Season 3 ) Femi Emiola as Sheila ( Season 3 ) Jason Dirden as Delante ( Seasons 3 -- 4 ) Denyce Lawton as Dana Carter ( Seasons 3 -- 5 ) Bobbi Baker as KiKi ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) Iona Morris as Bernice ( Season 3 ) Dorien Wilson as Andrew ( Season 4 ) Wendell Pierce as Jeffrey Lucas ( Seasons 4 -- 5 ) Valarie Pettiford as Sandra Lucas ( Seasons 4 -- 7 ) Marvin Winans as Pastor Richards ( Seasons 4 -- 5 , and 8 ) Demille Cole - Heard as Calvin Jr . ( Seasons 5 -- 8 ) Marlene Forte as Rosalita Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Mel Rodriguez as Carlos Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Renée Victor as Consuela Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Susie Castillo as Mercedes Hernandez ( Season 5 ) J.R. Ramirez as Diego Hernandez ( Seasons 5 -- 6 ) Veronica Sixtos as Alexandra Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Gary Owen as Zack ( Season 5 ) Roberto Roman as Andy Rodriguez ( Season 5 ) Boris Kodjoe as David ( Season 5 ) Aloma Wright as Eunice ( Seasons 5 and 8 ) Gladys Knight as Herself ( Season 5 ) Kinnik Sky as Nurse Jones ( Season 5 ) Ben Vereen as Clarence ( Season 6 ) Penny Johnson Jerald as Maxine Bannet ( Season 6 ) Essence Atkins as Monica ( Season 6 ) Rick Fox as Roland ( Seasons 6 -- 8 ) Heavy D as P - Rock ( Season 7 ) Janet Hubert - Whitten as Evie ( Evelyn ) ( Season 8 ) Corey Holcomb as Damon ( Season 8 ) Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson ( Season 8 ) Marla Gibbs as Florence Johnston ( Season 8 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Felicia Starr ( Season 8 ) Shaun T. as Mo Pex ( Season 8 ) Troy Winbush as Travis Harris ( Season 8 ) Makeda Declet as Summer ( Season 8 ) NAACP Image awards & nominations ( edit ) 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 : Outstanding Comedy Series 2008 , 2009 : Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series ( Lavan Davis ) ; nominated in 2010 and 2011 . 2009 , 2010 , 2013 : Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series ( Cassi Davis ) ; nominated in 2011 . 2009 , 2010 , 2012 : Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) ; nominated in 2011 . 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 : Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( Lance Gross ) ; nominated in 2011 . Special appearances ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Madea ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Keke Palmer as Nikki Grady - Simmons ( Season 1 ) Tamela Mann as Cora Simmons ( Seasons 1 and 6 ) David Mann as Mr. Leroy Brown ( Seasons 1 and 6 ) Lamman Rucker as Will Brown ( Season 1 ) Marvin Winans as Pastor Richards ( Seasons 4 − 5 , and 8 ) Dorien Wilson as Andrew ( Season 4 ) Gladys Knight as Herself ( Season 5 ) Boris Kodjoe as David ( Season 5 ) Ben Vereen as Clarence ( Season 6 ) Rick Fox as Roland ( Seasons 6 -- 7 ) Jacob Latimore as Dante ( Season 7 ) Shameik Moore as Andre ( Season 7 ) Heavy D as P - Rock ( Season 7 ) Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson ( Season 8 ) Marla Gibbs as Florence Johnston ( Season 8 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Felicia Starr ( Season 8 ) Shaun T as himself ( Season 8 ) Syndicated reruns ( edit ) The CW began airing reruns of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on its CW Plus stations on September 22 , 2008 . This series reran in broadcast syndication on the Fox , My Network TV , and The CW affiliations . Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation , began airing reruns of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on CBC TV - 8 , Barbados in 2012 . House of Payne was the only situation comedy to be sold into broadcast syndication for the 2008 -- 2009 television season . BET began airing re-runs in November 2015 . Madea connections ( edit ) Tyler Perry 's claim to fame is with the popularity of character Madea , who has appeared in numerous Tyler Perry plays and their film adaptations . When the series debuted on TBS in June 2007 , Perry made a guest appearance as Madea . Actor David Mann reprised his Mr. Brown role , and Keke Palmer returned as Nikki , a bully who stole $20 worth of Malik 's lunch money over a period of time , money which Madea , Nikki 's foster mother , used at a casino . Perry returned as Madea for a Christmas episode of the show on December 5 , 2007 . Perry again returned as Madea to act as Curtis 's wife on March 5 , 2008 . She has appeared in one episode every season , save seasons 4 and 5 . She is one of Curtis ' arch enemies . In the series , Janine 's drug problem and going to rehab are possible references to Diary of a Mad Black Woman . The events of the episodes `` Sad , Sad , Leroy Brown '' parts 1 and 2 came directly before the movie Meet the Browns , when Brown learns his father has died . The events of the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '' happened somewhere in the middle , directly after the funeral and the reading of the will , where Brown found out that his father left him a broken - down house which Brown turned into a retirement home . Even though in the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '' , the Paynes claim to have attended the funeral of Brown 's father , in Meet the Browns , they are nowhere to be seen . This may be because Lance Gross , who plays Calvin Payne in the series , plays a character named Michael in the film and LaVan Davis , who plays Curtis Payne , plays a bus driver . Curtis claimed Brown made them wait in the cemetery for two hours while he gave his father a tour of Atlanta ( his last request ) , but in the movie , Brown stayed the entire time . The episodes serve as a backdoor pilot to Tyler Perry 's Meet the Browns , a spin - off of the film and play as well as House of Payne . Meet the Browns crossovers ( edit ) There have been crossovers on House of Payne from Meet the Browns : In the episode `` I Can Cry If I Want To '' , Brown attended Curtis 's 50th birthday party and stresses the Paynes out while he is there . In the episode `` Sad , Sad , Leroy Brown ( Part 1 ) '' , when Brown 's house burnt down and he gets kicked out of Cora 's best friend 's house . He stays at the Paynes ' residence , much to Curtis 's dismay and soon becomes a pestering houseguest . In the episode `` Sad , Sad , Leroy Brown ( Part 2 ) '' , when the Paynes tries to kick Brown out of the house , Brown claimed that Curtis broke his back , but Curtis knows the truth that Brown 's back was not in pain , and he only faked it to get the Paynes to let him stay with them . However , Ella believes Brown and insisted on him staying with them until his back gets better . In the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '' , Brown , Cora , and Will come by the Paynes ' residence after Pop Brown 's funeral . Brown is upset because Pop Brown left him a run - down house which makes Brown think his daddy hates him until he realizes that Pop Brown wanted him to open up a retirement home . In the episode `` Meet the Christmas Spirit '' ( Meet the Browns ) , Curtis and Ella Payne drop in for a visit at the hospital to put on a play for the children . In the episode `` Oh Christmas Payne '' , Brown and Cora drop in for a visit . In the episodes `` What You Know About Me '' and `` Payneful Divorce '' , Cora 's former high school student , Milo Jackson , attended the same college as Malik . Releases ( edit ) Lionsgate Home Entertainment has released the first 10 volumes on DVD in Region 1 . It is unknown about the release of the two remaining volumes . According to listings of the previous volumes through Amazon.com , the series DVD releases has been put out of print . DVD Title Ep # Release Date Blu - ray Disc Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 1 1 -- 20 December 4 , 2007 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 2 21 -- 40 July 1 , 2008 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 3 41 -- 60 January 13 , 2009 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 4 61 -- 80 June 16 , 2009 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 5 81 -- 100 January 13 , 2010 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 6 101 -- 124 February 8 , 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 7 125 -- 148 April 5 , 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 8 149 -- 172 June 14 , 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 9 173 -- 192 June 19 , 2012 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 10 193 -- 212 March 5 , 2013 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 11 213 -- 233 TBA Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 12 234 -- 254 TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ' signs for distribution with TBS , FOX Station Group '' . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Greg Braxton ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` How far will he push it ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's House of Payne : Should the TV Series End ? '' . tvseriesfinale.com . August 10 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` OWN Picks Up ' House Of Payne ' Spinoff From Tyler Perry , More ' Haves ' & ' If Loving You ' , Ends ' Neighbor ' & ' Better or Worse ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Payne Scores Big for TBS ; CBS News ; More TubeTime and Fresh Prince News '' . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings for week of May 20 '' . USATODAY.COM . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` House of Payne Spinoff The Paynes Snags 38 - Episode Series Order at OWN '' . tvline.com . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Tyler Perry 's House of Payne , Vol. 6 : Tyler Perry 's House of Payne : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Payne DVD news : Delay for House of Payne - Volume 9 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Payne DVD news : Announcement for House of Payne - Volume 10 : Episodes 193 - 212 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on IMDb Tyler Perry 's House of Payne at TV.com Tyler Perry 's `` House of Payne '' on TBS hide Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Nobody 's Fool Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios hide TBS original programming Current American Dad ! 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( since 2018 ) Major League Baseball on TBS ( since 2008 ) Movie and a Makeover ( since 2006 ) NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship ( since 2016 ) NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament ( since 2011 ) Search Party ( since 2016 ) Wrecked ( since 2016 ) Former 1970s debuts Best of World Championship Wrestling ( 1973 -- 87 ) Braves TBS Baseball ( 1973 -- 2007 ) Georgia Championship Wrestling ( 1972 -- 84 ) WCW Saturday Night ( 1971 -- 2000 ) 1980s debuts The Baseball Bunch ( 1980 -- 85 ) The Catlins ( 1983 -- 85 ) College Football on TBS ( 1982 -- 2006 ) Clash of the Champions ( 1988 -- 97 ) Down to Earth ( 1984 -- 87 ) G - Force : Guardians of Space ( 1986 ) Kid 's Beat ( 1983 -- 97 ) NASCAR on TBS ( 1983 -- 2000 ) National Geographic Explorer ( 1986 -- 99 ) NBA on TBS ( 1984 -- 2002 ) The New Leave It to Beaver ( 1986 -- 89 ) Night Tracks ( 1983 -- 92 ) Rocky Road ( 1985 -- 87 ) Safe at Home ( 1985 -- 88 ) Starcade ( 1982 -- 83 ) Tom and Jerry 's Funhouse on TBS ( 1986 -- 95 ) Tush ( 1980 -- 81 ) WCW Main Event ( 1988 -- 98 ) WCW Power Hour ( 1989 -- 94 ) 1990s debuts 2 Stupid Dogs ( 1993 -- 95 ) Between the Lines ( 1991 -- 94 ) Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1990 -- 96 ) Cartoon Planet ( 1995 ) The Chimp Channel ( 1999 ) Dinner and a Movie ( 1995 -- 2011 ) Live from the House of Blues ( 1995 ) Monkey - ed Movies ( 1998 ) The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest ( 1996 -- 97 ) SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron ( 1993 -- 94 ) WCW Pro ( 1994 -- 98 ) WCW Thunder ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 2000s debuts 10 Items or Less ( 2006 -- 09 ) The Bill Engvall Show ( 2007 -- 09 ) Daisy Does America ( 2005 -- 06 ) Frank TV ( 2007 -- 08 ) He 's a Lady ( 2004 ) House Rules ( 2003 ) Lopez Tonight ( 2009 -- 11 ) Meet the Browns ( 2009 -- 11 ) Midnight Money Madness ( 2006 ) Minding the Store ( 2005 ) My Boys ( 2006 -- 10 ) Outback Jack ( 2004 ) The Real Gilligan 's Island ( 2004 -- 05 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! ( 2000 -- 03 ) Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ( 2007 -- 12 ) Worst Case Scenarios ( 2002 ) 2010s debuts America 's Greatest Makers ( 2016 ) Are We There Yet ? ( 2010 -- 13 ) Bam 's Bad Ass Game Show ( 2014 ) CeeLo Green 's The Good Life ( 2014 ) Clipped ( 2015 ) Cougar Town ( 2013 -- 15 ) Deal with It ( 2013 -- 14 ) Deon Cole 's Black Box ( 2013 ) Funniest Wins ( 2014 ) Funny or Die Presents : America 's Next Weatherman ( 2015 ) Glory Daze ( 2010 -- 11 ) Ground Floor ( 2013 -- 15 ) King of the Nerds ( 2013 -- 15 ) Meet the Smiths ( 2015 ) Men at Work ( 2012 -- 14 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) People of Earth ( 2016 -- 17 ) The Pete Holmes Show ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sullivan & Son ( 2012 -- 14 ) Separation Anxiety ( 2016 ) Tarantula ( 2017 ) Trust Me , I 'm a Game Show Host ( 2013 ) Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse ( 2011 -- 12 ) Wedding Band ( 2012 -- 13 ) Who Gets the Last Laugh ? ( 2013 ) Your Family or Mine ( 2015 ) Upcoming Close Enough ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyler_Perry%27s_House_of_Payne&oldid=845738369 '' Categories : 2006 American television series debuts 2012 American television series endings 2000s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2000s American black sitcoms 2010s American black sitcoms English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States TBS ( U.S. TV channel ) programs Television series by Lionsgate Television Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in Atlanta Television series created by Tyler Perry Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 19 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	house of payne episode after calvin gets shot	[ "\nIn the seventh season, Calvin briefly had a job as a manager of a supermarket. He then started working in the public relations department with C.J., Janine and Roland in Season 8. Calvin is the only main character who was originally not included in the show. In the season 8 episode \"God Bless the Paynes\", Calvin gets shot by a man who had harassed Miranda. The man saw the shooting as a way to get revenge at Calvin for beating him up. Calvin is later found by Janine and is rushed to the hospital in \"Do or Die\". He survives, but with serious injuries. In the series finale, \"All's Well\", his wife, Miranda, demands a divorce. The very last scene shows Calvin throwing a vase of flowers at the wall, and the series ends with the camera zoomed in on broken glass and rose petals.\n" ]	[ "\"Do or Die\"" ]
-7624052118876613103	United States license plate designs and serial formats	United states license plate designs and serial formats - wikipedia United states license plate designs and serial formats Jump to : navigation , search Main article : Vehicle registration plates of the United States In the United States , the appearance of license plates is frequently chosen to contain staples , cultures , or slogans associated with the issuing jurisdiction , which are the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia , each of which independently registers motor vehicles . Regular - issue license plates for passenger vehicles typically have 5 - 7 characters , with specialty or vanity plates having up to 8 characters in some states . This article describes the designs and serial formats for regular - issue plates . Contents 1 Trends in serial formats 2 Serial coding 2.1 Expiration date 2.2 County of issuance 2.3 Skipping characters 2.4 Persons with disabilities 3 Current standard - issue passenger plate designs and serial formats 4 Plate types no longer issued but still valid 5 Diplomatic license plates 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Trends in serial formats ( edit ) Formats for license plate numbers may be consistent within the state . For example , Delaware and Rhode Island were formerly able to use six - digit all - numeric serials due to their low respective populations ; both now use five - digit serials , with Delaware using a letter and four numbers , and Rhode Island using two letters and three numbers . Several populous states use seven - character formats of three letters and four numbers , including 1ABC234 in California and ABC - 1234 ( or variations thereof ) in Arizona , Georgia , Michigan , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Texas , Virginia , Washington , and Wisconsin . Other seven - digit formats include Connecticut and Illinois , which use AB - 12345 , and Maryland , which uses 1AB2345 . Many less - populous states , such as Alaska , Arkansas , Colorado , Hawaii , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Minnesota , Mississippi , Nebraska , North Dakota , Oklahoma , Oregon , and South Carolina use a 3 - letter , 3 - number format in the format ABC - 123 , 123 - ABC , or some variant thereof . However , Florida uses ABC - D12 ( four letters and two numbers ) despite being one of the most populous states in the U.S. Serial coding ( edit ) License plate numbers are usually assigned in ascending order , beginning with a starting point such as AAA - 001 . Thus , an observer familiar with the sequence can determine roughly when the plate was issued . In a few cases , numbers have been assigned in descending order . For example , when Virginia switched to seven characters for its standard issue in 1993 , numbers beginning with AAA - 1000 were already in use for extra-cost , optional - issue plates ; therefore , the new standard license plates were issued in descending order from ZZZ - 9999 . Expiration date ( edit ) In some states , the month of expiration or the county of registration is incorporated into the plate 's serial . The last number on a Massachusetts license plate indicates the month the vehicle 's registration expires ( for example , 1234 AB would expire in April , the fourth month ; 0 indicates October expirations ; and X and Y were used for November and December expirations , respectively , on commercial plates and pre-1978 passenger plates ) , as does the first number or letter on West Virginia plates ( 1 to 9 for January through September , and O , N , and D for October , November , and December expirations , respectively ) . Maine trailer plates start with two digits and a dash . All plates expire on the last day of February , and the first two digits of the plate are the year it expires . County of issuance ( edit ) Although increasingly few states place the full name of the county of registration explicitly on their standard - issue plates but not as part of the plate serial , Florida , Georgia , Iowa , Kentucky , Mississippi , and Tennessee continue the practice . However , Florida allows its residents to choose either `` Sunshine State '' or `` In God We Trust '' slogans instead of their county , and in Miami - Dade County , all plates are issued with one of these slogans due to the targeting for crimes of cars registered there in the early 1990s . Florida also terminated a practice by which plates registered to rented vehicles had the letter Y or Z as their first digit , which also led to targeting of cars for theft due to the ease of replacement and the softer hit on the affected driver . Georgia and Kentucky both allow drivers to choose the slogan `` In God We Trust '' in place of the county name where the vehicle is registered . In Alabama , Montana , Nebraska , South Dakota , and Wyoming , a one - or two - digit number representing the county of issue begins a license plate number . Standard - issue Idaho license plate numbers begin with a single - letter or a number - letter code representing the county of issue . County codes have been based on historical population figures , the county names in alphabetical order , or some combination thereof . Only three places in the United States use letters to designate a residence where a vehicle was registered . In Hawaii , the license plates have a unique letter designation based on the island counties that residents purchased or registered the vehicles from ; a vehicle with a registration number beginning with H or Z is registered in Hawai'i County , one beginning with K is registered in Kaua'i County , one beginning with M or L is registered in Maui County , and one beginning with any other letter ( and not containing H , K , L , M , or Z ) is registered in the City and County of Honolulu . In the State of Idaho the first one or two characters are used to designate the county of residence / registration . For example , all vehicles registered in Ada county start with 1A , vehicles in Twin Falls County start with 2T and vehicles in Valley county start with V ( as there is only one county that starts with the letter V ) . In the US territory of Guam , the license plates use the first two letters that are coded by village of issuance , for example , `` TM - 1234 '' refers to a vehicle that was registered by a person who lives the village of Tamuning . Several states do require vehicles to display county codes , but these codes are not part of the serial . Indiana and Ohio display two - number county codes , while Kansas plates display two - letter county codes , but these codes are placed on a sticker or are printed in the corner of the plate in a smaller font size . Texas places the county name only on the windshield registration sticker , where the car 's license plate number is also printed . Skipping characters ( edit ) For various reasons related to visibility and readability , some states and territories exclude certain letters from use in their license plate serial formats . The most commonly skipped characters are I , O , and Q , with some states using only one or two of the three while others will skip all three of these letters . Other states , such as Colorado and Georgia have gradually adopted one or more of these letters over a course of years after previously skipping them in order to accommodate the demands of population growth and depletion of available serial combinations . The most common argument behind skipping I , O , and Q is that they can be too easily confused with 0 , 1 , and other characters , particularly when there is n't adequate spacing or divider between numbers and letters . California currently only uses I , O , and Q in between two other letters , for example `` 1AQA000 '' . A unique example of character use is Texas , which used to issue serials using all 26 letters but currently skips all vowels along with the letter Q on passenger plates ( as these letters are reserved for truck plates ) . In amateur radio license plate issues , all states that have them available , except Pennsylvania , use a unique slashed zero character in place of the standard `` 0 '' character due to lack of spacing between letters and numbers . In Pennsylvania , the die used for the number `` 0 '' is different than the one used for the letter `` O '' since the state 's number dies are taller and narrower than its letter dies . Iowa is a unique example in the use of this character , which began using the slashed zero beginning in 2012 on all standard passenger plates as opposed to the traditional symbol for zero to differentiate it from the letter `` O '' which is also used . Persons with disabilities ( edit ) In the states , special plates displaying the International Symbol of Accessibility are issued to persons with disabilities that entitle them to special parking privileges . Alternately , a placard , which in some jurisdictions can be hung from the rear view mirror , may be issued ; the placard has the advantage of being transferred from vehicle to vehicle . Current standard - issue passenger plate designs and serial formats ( edit ) The following tables give information on license plates currently being issued , with 2014 or later expiration dates , for private ( non-commercial ) use on passenger vehicles by the governments of the fifty U.S. states , the District of Columbia , and the U.S. territories . Information on serial numbering patterns is also given . Older designs and serial formats previously issued may still be valid for continued usage in certain jurisdictions ; these are noted in a separate table below . In addition to `` regular '' passenger plates , all jurisdictions also provide plates for other types of vehicles that may only be roughly similar in design and layout . Additionally , there has been an increasing trend in the field of `` specialty '' plates to promote specific causes or interests . To keep this table as simple as possible , most of these alternate types of plates will not be noted . More information may also be found within the individual articles for each state , as linked within the table . Exceptions to this guideline may be made for specialty plates that are available at no extra cost to the motorist , as these tend to be seen more commonly on the roads . Current Table Format Jurisdiction Image First issued Type & slogan Design Plate style Serial format Alabama Link to image January 2 , 2014 Standard issue no slogan lake and forest graphic Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting Numerically coded by county : 0AB1234 ( single - digit counties ) 00AB123 ( double - digit counties ) Alaska January 2010 Standard issue The Last Frontier blue on gold with state flag Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 American Samoa 1999 Standard issue Centennial 2000 blue on reflective white Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 1234 Arizona 2008 Standard issue Grand Canyon State dark green on desert landscape Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC1234 Arkansas 2006 Standard issue The Natural State black on a diamond background , representing Crater of Diamonds State Park in Murfreesboro Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 ABC California Late 2011 Standard issue dmv.ca.gov dark blue on white with red state name graphic and slogan printed in red at the bottom Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 1ABC234 Colorado 2000 Standard issue dark green on reflective white grey and green Rocky Mountains scene graphic Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 - ABC , ABC - 123 ( the second serial set is limited to characters that were unused previously , such as Q ) . Connecticut 2000 Standard issue Constitution State dark blue on blue and white gradient fade Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting AB 12345 ( 2015 -- present ) 1AB CD2 ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 1ABCD2 ( 2013 ) 123 ABC ( 2000 -- 2013 ) Delaware 1969 Standard issue The First State gold on navy blue Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting 123456 ( variable number of digits ) District of Columbia July 2013 Standard issue Taxation without Representation ; jurisdiction name displayed as `` District of Columbia '' blue on reflective white with red flag separator Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting AB - 1234 2001 Optional issue : www.washingtondc.gov Florida December 2003 Standard issue myFLORIDA.com with county name or `` Sunshine State '' green on reflective white with state map and citrus orange graphic Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC D12 ( 2009 -- present ) 123 ABC ( 2006 to 2009 ) A12 3BC ( 2003 to 2009 ) October 1 , 2008 Optional issue myFLORIDA.com with `` In God We Trust '' slogan 123 4AB Georgia May 2012 Standard issue Peach State with county name or `` In God We Trust '' sticker black on reflective blue with hills , peach tree , and peaches Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC1234 May 2012 Optional issue GEORGIA with county name or `` In God We Trust '' sticker black on reflective white Guam February 27 , 2009 Standard issue Tano Y Chamorro black on reflective white with grey latte stone and three red bougainvillea flowers at center Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting Coded by municipality of issuance AB 1234 Hawaii 1991 Standard issue Aloha State black on reflective white with rainbow graphic Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting Coded by county of issuance : ABC 123 , where first letter is A-G , J , N , P , or R-Y ( City and County of Honolulu ) HAB 123 / ZAB 123 ( Hawai'i County ) KAB 123 ( Kaua'i County ) LAB 123 / MAB 123 ( Maui County ) Idaho 2008 Standard issue Famous Potatoes black on reflective white with red gradient and dark blue mountain scene Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting Coded by county of issuance : A 123456 ( variable number of digits following space ) 0A 12345 ( variable number of digits following space ) 0A B1234 ( following exhaustion of above format ) 0A BC123 ( following exhaustion of above format ) 0A 1B234 ( following exhaustion of above format ) 0A 1234B ( following exhaustion of above format ) 00A 1234 ( variable number of digits following space ) Illinois January 2017 Standard issue Land of Lincoln Reflective gradient blue - to - white with white Chicago and Springfield skyline and gray Abraham Lincoln graphic at far left ; state name screened in black at top Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting AB 12345 ( 2017 -- Present ) AB1 2345 ( 2016 ) Indiana January 2017 Standard issue Dark blue serial on reflective country scene graphic featuring a covered bridge ; expiration date , year , county number and recycling symbol in corners clockwise from top left Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting 123A 123AB 123ABC Optional issue In God We Trust black on white with American flag graphic ABC123 Iowa Late 2011 Standard issue black on reflective white farm scene foreground and city skyline background Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 ( December 2012 -- present ) 123 ABC ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Kansas April 2007 Standard issue dark blue on light blue gradient with state seal graphic and county code sticker Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 ABC Kentucky 2005 Standard issue Unbridled Spirit Standard issue dark blue on light blue graident with county name sticker Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 ABC 2011 Optional issue In God We Trust Louisiana 2005 to 2010 ; 2013 , and 2016 Standard issue `` Sportsman 's Paradise '' ; black on yellow - pink gradient with pelican graphic in center Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 ( through 2016 ) 123 ABC ( 2016 -- present ) Maine 1999 Standard issue Vacationland black on reflective white with a chickadee and pine tassel graphic at left Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 1234 AB ( variable number of digits preceding space ) Maryland September 2016 Standard issue Maryland Proud Black on reflective white with Maryland flag graphic Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 1AB2345 Massachusetts 1988 Standard issue The Spirit of America red on reflective white Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting Coded by month of expiration : 1ABC 23 1AB 234 123 AB4 12A B34 123 ABC Michigan 2013 Standard issue Pure Michigan blue on reflective white with blue wave at bottom Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 1234 2007 Optional issue Spectacular Peninsulas green and blue with Great Lakes outline on reflective white with black characters 1AB C23 2014 Optional issue The Mackinac Bridge white to yellow fade and blue with stylized Mackinac Bridge in background with black characters ABC 123 Minnesota June 2009 Standard issue Explore Minnesota.com , 10,000 Lakes black on reflective white with lake scene graphic Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 - ABC Mississippi October 2012 Standard issue `` Birthplace of America 's Music '' dark blue on guitar graphic and `` Celebrating Mississippi 's Creative Culture '' with county name Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 Missouri June 2008 Standard issue Show Me State dark blue on light blue gradient fade with state outline and bluebird graphic Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting Coded by month of expiration AB1 C2D Montana January 2010 Standard issue Treasure State white on blue with white state outline Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting Coded by county of issuance : 0 - 12345A ( variable number of digits following divider ) 00 - 1234A ( variable number of digits following divider ) Optional issues : replica 1989 Centennial base replica 1991 `` Big Sky '' base replica 2000 base replica 2006 `` Big Sky Country '' base blue on white with gold and maroon graphics ABC123 black on light blue gradient with multicolor state outline Coded by county of issuance : 0 - 12345A ( variable number of digits following divider ) 00 - 1234A ( variable number of digits following divider ) black on light blue with blue and tan graphics black on light blue gradient with multicolor state outline Nebraska January 2011 Standard issue nebraska.gov green on white with western meadowlark and goldenrod Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 Or coded by county of issuance : 0 - A1234 ( variable number of digits following letter ) 0 - AB123 ( following exhaustion of above format ; variable number of digits following letter ) 00 - A123 ( variable number of digits following divider ) 00 - AB12 ( following exhaustion of above format ; variable number of digits following divider ) Nevada April 2015 Standard issue The Silver State dark blue on sunset graphic Embossed on screen serial ; Reflective sheeting 12A 345 New Hampshire January 1999 Standard issue Live Free or Die green on Old Man of the Mountain graphic Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 4567 ( 2000 -- present ) 123 456 ( 1999 ) New Jersey 2007 Standard issue Garden State black on yellow gradient fade Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting D12 - ABC ( 2010 -- present ) ABC - 12D ( 2007 -- 2010 ) New Mexico 1989 Standard issue Land of Enchantment red on yellow with turquoise yucca graphics and red Zia sun symbol Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 - ABC Standard issue upper : Centennial 1912 -- 2012 lower : Land of Enchantment yellow on turquoise with large yellow and red Zia sun symbol ABC - 123 New York Standard issue Empire State dark blue on reflective gold Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC - 1234 North Carolina 2011 Standard issue First in Flight blue on white with Wright Flyer graphic Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC - 1234 North Dakota 2015 Standard issue Legendary black on light blue gradient fade to sunrise with prairie scene and buffalo graphic Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 ABC Northern Mariana Islands 1989 Standard issue Hafa Adai dark blue on white with seal in center Embossed on screened serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 Ohio June 7 , 2010 Standard issue Birthplace of Aviation blue on white various slogans in gray with a red border Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 1234 Oklahoma January 2017 Standard issue TRAVELOK.COM Screened black on reflective blue with state - shaped separator ; scissor - tailed flycatcher in the middle , mountains on the left , oceans in the background and Explore above the state name Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC - 123 Oregon 1990 Standard issue dark blue on fir tree and mountain graphic Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 ABC ( 2004 -- present ) ABC 123 ( 1990 -- 2004 ) Pennsylvania 2006 Standard issue visitPA.com blue on white with yellow and blue bars Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC - 1234 Puerto Rico 2011 Standard issue Puerto Rico Does It Better / Puerto Rico Lo Hace Mejor black on white with green gradient at bottom and grey building in background Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC - 123 Rhode Island 1996 -- 2017 Standard issue Ocean State dark blue on stylized grey and white ocean wave graphic Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 - 456 ( 2007 -- present AB - 123 and 12345 ( 1996 -- 2007 ) 2017 Beautiful Rhode Island ( top ) , Ocean State ( Bottom ) white on dark blue with the Reliance in the upper left corner Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 - 456 ( 2007 -- present ) , 12345 and AB - 123 ( 1996 -- 2007 ) South Carolina January 2016 Standard issue While I Breathe , I Hope . black on white and blue background with palmetto tree in center Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 February 14 , 2003 Optional issue In God We Trust black on multicolored background Embossed on screened serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 4AB South Dakota 2006 Standard issue Great Faces . Great Places . blue on Mount Rushmore graphic Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting Coded by county of issuance : 0AB 123 0AB C12 ( following exhaustion of above format ) 00A 123 00A B23 ( following exhaustion of above format ) 00A BC3 ( following exhaustion of above format ) Tennessee 2011 Standard issue www.tnvacation.com black on mountain scene with county name sticker Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting A12 - 34B Texas July 2012 Standard issue The Lone Star State black on white with 5 - point star in the upper left corner . Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC - 1234 Utah Late 2007 Greatest Snow on Earth and Life Elevated dark blue on skier graphic Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting A12 3BC Life Elevated dark blue on graphic of Delicate Arch A12 3BC 2017 In God We Trust dark blue on white 1234A Vermont 1985 Standard issue Green Mountain State white on green with small white tree in top left corner Debossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 ( 1990 -- present ) 12AB3 ( 1989 ) 1AB23 ( 1988 ) 123A4 ( 1986 -- 1987 ) 1A234 ( 1985 ) U.S. Virgin Islands 2005 Standard issue America 's Caribbean black on beach scene graphic Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting Coded by island of issuance : ABC 123 , ABC 123 ( for St. John ) Virginia March 1 , 2014 Standard issue Virginia is for Lovers blue on white Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC - 1234 Washington Standard issue Evergreen State dark blue on white with light blue Mount Rainier graphic Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC1234 ( 2010 -- present ) 123 - ABC ( 1987 -- 2010 ) West Virginia 2006 Standard issue Wild , Wonderful blue on white with state name in dark blue bar Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting Coded by month of expiration : 0AB 123 ( 1 through 9 for January through September , respectively ) ABC 123 ( O , N , and D for October , November , and December , respectively ) Wisconsin June 2000 Standard issue America 's Dairyland black on reflective white with stylized lake and farm graphic Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC - 1234 ( 2017 - present ) 123 - ABC ( 2000 - 2017 ) Wyoming 2008 Standard issue black on Grand Tetons graphic Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting Coded by county of issuance : 0 - 12345 ( variable number of digits following divider ) 0 - 1234A ( following exhaustion of above format ; variable number of digits following divider ) 00 - 12345 ( variable number of digits following divider ) Plate types no longer issued but still valid ( edit ) Plates with the following designs and serial formats are no longer being issued but may still be valid for use in certain instances . This table does not include year of manufacture registrations . Jurisdiction Image Dates issued Type Plate style Serial format Status Alabama early 2007 -- October 2013 Optional issue God Bless America dark blue on American flag background AB12345 12345AB Being replaced upon expiration , October 2013 to October 2014 . Alaska 1981 -- late 2004 `` The Last Frontier '' ; blue on gold with state flag Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 Valid . late 1997 -- late 2004 `` Gold Rush Centennial '' Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 January 2 , 2008 -- December 31 , 2009 `` Celebrating Statehood 1959 -- 2009 '' ; dark blue on mountain landscape background Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC123 American Samoa none Arizona 1980 -- 1996 white on maroon Embossed serial ; Reflective characters on nonreflective background ABC - 123 Valid . 1996 -- late 2007 desert scene with embossed serials Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 ABC Arkansas none California 1963 -- 1969 yellow on black Embossed serial ; Non-reflective background ABC 123 Valid . 1969 -- 1980 yellow on blue Embossed serial ; Non-reflective background 123 ABC 1980 -- January 1987 1ABC234 January 1987 -- October 1987 `` The Golden State '' Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting October 1987 -- 1995 blue on white with red embossed state name 1995 -- 1998 ; 2000 -- 2011 blue on white with red screened state name Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 1998 -- 2000 `` Sesquicentennial -- 150 Years '' Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting Colorado 1978 -- 2000 embossed mountain scene Reflective embossed serial ; Non-reflective background Coded by county of issuance : AB - 1234 , ABC - 123 , ABC1234 Valid . Connecticut none Delaware white on black up to 12 -- 345 Valid . silver on black up to 123456 yellow on blue without slogan up to 123456 District of Columbia `` A Capital City '' 123 -- 456 Valid . `` Celebrate & Discover '' 1991 -- November 2000 AB - 1234 ( 1997 -- 2000 ) 123 -- 456 ( 1991 -- 1997 ) 2001 blue on reflective white with red flag separator and `` WWW.Washingtondc.gov '' Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting BB - 1234 2001 -- July 2013 blue on reflective white with red flag separator and `` Taxation without Representation '' with jurisdiction name displayed as `` Washington , D.C. '' Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting AB - 1234 Florida December 2003 -- early 2009 green on reflective white with state map , citrus orange graphic , and myFLORIDA.com with county name Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting A12 3BC Being replaced on a ten - year rolling basis . December 2003 -- 2006 green on reflective white with state map , citrus orange graphic , and myFLORIDA.com with `` Sunshine State '' slogan Georgia 1997 -- December 2003 `` ... on my mind '' 123 ABC 12345 QA 1234 AB 1234 ABC Valid . December 2003 -- May 2007 www.GEORGIA.gov ABC 1234 May 2007 -- May 2012 GEORGIA.gov ABC 1234 Guam black on reflective white with map graphic in center , `` Tano Y Chamorro '' Coded by municipality of issuance : ABC1234 ( variable number of digits following space ) ABC123A ( following exhaustion of above format ) Valid . Hawaii none Idaho dark blue on reflective white with red gradient and dark blue mountain scene , `` Famous Potatoes '' Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting Coded by county of issuance : A 123456 ( variable number of digits following space ) 0A 12345 ( variable number of digits following space ) 0A B1234 ( following exhaustion of above format ) 0A BC123 ( following exhaustion of above format ) Illinois July 2016 `` Land of Lincoln '' : red on blue gradient fade with Abraham Lincoln portrait graphic in center Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting AB 12345 ( 2017 -- Present ) AB1 2345 ( 2016 ) A12 3456 ( 2006 -- 2016 ) 123 4567 ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Valid for 10 years . Indiana none Iowa 1997 - late 2011 blue on reflective white farm scene foreground and skyline background Embossed or screened serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 ABC Valid . Kansas January 2001 -- April 2007 state capitol Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 Valid . Kentucky none Louisiana 1993 -- 2001 ; 2004 -- 2005 `` Sportsman 's Paradise '' without pelican Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 Valid . January 2002 - early 2004 `` Louisiana Purchase Bicentennial 1803 -- 2003 '' written in early 18th - century lettering and has the Louisiana Purchase Bicentennial logo as the separator Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 2011 -- 2012 `` 200 Years '' Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC123 2014 - 2015 www.louisianatourism.com Bicentennial , Battle of New Orleans , 1815 -- 2015 blue on reflective white with silhouette of Andrew Jackson on horse at left Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting Maine none Maryland February 1986 -- early 2005 no slogan 1AB C23 ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ABC 123 ( 1986 -- 2004 ) Valid . early 2005 -- June 2010 www.Maryland.gov black on reflective white with state crest in center 1AB C23 Massachusetts green on white ( coded by month of expiration ) `` The Spirit of America '' ( coded by month of expiration ) 123 - 450 120 - ABC Valid . Michigan 1996 -- 2007 Optional issue `` Great Lakes Splendor '' 1AB C23 Valid Optional issue `` World 's Motor Capital '' Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 12 12 ABC Valid 2007 -- 2013 Optional issue `` www.Michigan.gov '' Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 1234 Valid 2013 -- 2014 Optional issue The Mackinac Bridge yellow to orange fade and blue with stylized Mackinac Bridge in background with white characters . Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 Valid Minnesota circa 2000 -- 2008 blue on reflective white with lake scene graphic , `` Explore Minnesota ; 10,000 lakes '' ; second slogan displayed in small blue gradient across bottom of plate Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC - 123 Being replaced on a seven - year rolling basis . 2008 -- 2009 black on reflective white with lake scene graphic , `` Explore Minnesota ; 10,000 lakes '' Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 - ABC Mississippi none Missouri none Montana 2006 -- 2009 black on grey and white gradient with mountain graphic ; `` Big Sky Country '' Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting Coded by county of issuance : 0C - 12345 ( variable number of digits following divider ) 0C - 1234A ( following exhaustion of above format ; variable number of digits following divider ) 0 - 12345A ( variable number of digits following divider ) Valid if permanently registered . Nebraska none Nevada white on blue A12345 , AB1234 , ABC123 , 123ABC New Hampshire none New Jersey 1959 -- 1969 ; 1970 -- 1973 black on tan , non-reflective , state abbreviated `` N.J. '' ABC - 123 Valid . 1969 -- 1970 black on tan , reflective , state abbreviated `` N.J. '' ABC - 123 1973 -- 1977 black on tan , non-reflective , state abbreviated `` N.J. '' 123 - ABC 1977 -- 1979 black on tan , non-reflective , full state name 123 - ABC 1979 -- 1985 buff on blue , non-reflective 123 - ABC 1985 ABC - 123 1985 -- 1992 ABC - 12D 1992 -- 1993 black on yellow and white gradient , reflective , sticker boxes ABC1234 1993 -- 1999 AB - 123D 1999 -- 2007 ABC - 12D New Mexico 1999 -- 2010 Land of Enchantment hot air balloon Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting NM1234 1NM234 12NM34 123NM4 1234NM AB 123 ABC123 Valid . New York 2001 -- 2010 dark blue on reflective white with blue bars ( upper blue bar has the state name over a skyline of Niagara Falls , the Adirondack Mountains , and New York City ; lower bar includes the words `` The Empire State '' in white ) Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC - 1234 Valid . North Carolina 2007 -- 2011 red on reflective white with blue and red graphics , `` First in Flight '' ABC - 1234 Valid . North Dakota 1993 -- 2015 black on light blue gradient fade with prairie scene graphic , `` Discover The Spirit '' Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC - 123 Valid through 2016 Northern Marianas Islands none Ohio 1996 -- 1998 dark blue on gold gradient fade `` The Heart of it All '' ABC 1234 Valid . 1998 -- 2001 dark blue on gold gradient fade `` The Birthplace of Aviation '' ABC 1234 2001 -- 2003 red , white , and blue `` Ohio Bicentennial '' AB12CD 2004 -- 2010 dark blue on reflective white with state seal ( `` Sunburst '' ) graphic and red and blue bars ABC 1234 2010 -- 2013 `` Beautiful Ohio '' : dark blue on rolling hills with farm , distant skyline , and airborne biplane ABC 1234 Oklahoma 2009 - 2016 `` Native America '' : dark red on white and blue with photograph of Sacred Rain Arrow sculpture Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting 123ABC Valid until expiration . Oregon 1956 -- 1959 gold on blue 1A - 1234 Valid . 1959 -- 1964 gold on blue with `` Pacific Wonderland '' slogan 1964 -- 1974 gold on blue ABC 123 ( A-M corresponds to January -- December , skipping I ) 1974 -- 1988 blue on gold ABC 123 ( A-M corresponds to January -- December , skipping I ; N and later series had no month correlation ) 1988 -- 1990 blue on light green tree graphic ABC 123 ( A-M corresponds to January -- December , skipping I , N - series had no month correlation ) Pennsylvania 1999 -- 2004 blue on blue , white and yellow gradient , `` www.state.pa.us '' ABC - 1234 Valid . Puerto Rico 1986 -- 2007 Standard issue black on reflective white with Fortaleza graphic , `` Isla del Encanto '' Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 valid Optional issue black on reflective flag graphics , `` Cincuentenario 1952 -- 2002 '' Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 2007 -- 2011 Standard issue black on reflective blue with Fortaleza graphic , `` Isla del Encanto '' Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 ABC - 123 Rhode Island none South Carolina summer 2008 -- December 2015 Standard issue travel2sc.com black on orange , white , and blue gradient with palmetto tree in center Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 South Dakota none Tennessee 2006 -- 2011 black on mountain scene with `` The Volunteer State '' and county name sticker Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 - ABC valid Texas 2009 -- 2012 black on Davis Mountains and sky background with a lone star and streaks of red and blue in the upper - left corner Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting AB1 - C234 Valid . U.S. Virgin Islands none Utah 1972 -- 1985 black on white Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 123 ABC - 123 Valid . 1985 -- 2008 blue on white with skier graphic , `` Ski Utah ! '' , and `` Greatest Snow on Earth '' Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 ABC 1992 -- 2008 dark blue on Delicate Arch background ; `` Centennial '' Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 123 ABC 2002 2002 Winter Olympics commemorative plate with snowflake logo above `` Salt Lake 2002 '' and the Olympic rings ; `` Olympic Winter 2002 '' Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting 123A4 Vermont none Virginia 1979 -- 1994 dark blue on white with blue state name in sentence case Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC - 1234 ( 1994 ) ABC - 123 ( 1979 -- 1993 ) Valid . 1994 -- July 2002 ; 2007 -- February 28 , 2014 dark blue on white with blue state name in all capital letters Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC - 1234 July 2002 -- 2006 400th Anniversary Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC - 1234 2006 -- 2007 Jamestown America 's 400th Anniversary Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting Washington none West Virginia December 2002 -- early 2006 blue on reflective white with state name in dark blue bar , `` Wild , Wonderful / www.callwv.com '' Coded by month of expiration : 0AB 123 ( 1 through 9 for January through September , respectively ) ABC 123 ( O , N , and D for October , November , and December , respectively ) Valid . Wisconsin none Wyoming none Diplomatic license plates ( edit ) Diplomatic license plates are issued by the United States Department of State to accredited diplomats . Prior to 1984 license plates for diplmatic vehicles were provided by the jurisdiction where the foreign mission was located . The District of Columbia provided license plates for missions headquartered in the capital , and New York provided plates for members of the United Nations , etc . Upon passage of the Foreign Missions Act in 1984 registration authority for foreign mission vehicles was centralized with the U.S. Department of State . From 1984 until August 28 , 2007 , all plates issued followed the pattern of a letter identifying the status of the owner , followed by the two - letter country code , followed by a random three or four - digit number ( S AB 1234 ) . For member countries of the Organization of American States ( OAS ) , a subset of that numbering pattern is allotted to vehicles based at those countries ' missions to the OAS . Plates issued to cars based at the headquarters of the United Nations in New York City are issued in the reverse format , with the three or four - digit number first , followed by the two - letter country code , followed by the status code ( 1234 AB S ) . The location of the status codes , either as the first or last character , allows the city of assignment to be easily identified because representatives of certain countries are limited to travel in a certain radii from their base . The status codes used until 2007 were `` C '' for Foreign Consul ; `` D '' for Diplomat ; `` S '' for Non-Diplomatic Staff ; and `` A '' for the OAS . Status codes used for U.N. personnel until 2007 were `` A '' for the U.N. Secretariat ; `` D '' for U.N. missions and diplomatic personnel ; and `` S '' for U.N. Staff . The rights of the driver and car under diplomatic immunity are defined by this status code . The country codes are unique to each particular country , but do not correlate to ISO Country Codes or other standards format . For example , in the system used until 2007 , France is `` DJ '' rather than `` F '' , and Australia is `` XZ '' rather than `` AUS '' . Diplomatic License Plates Jurisdiction Image Dates issued Type Plate style Serial format Status U.S. Dept. of State 1984 -- December 31 , 2008 Standard issue ; red , white , and blue background with `` DIPLOMAT '' , `` CONSUL '' or blank at top , and black serial centered on a white background Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting A AB1234 A 12345 1234AA A 12345 A Expired U.S. Dept. of State Unknown -- December 31 , 2008 Standard issue ; red , white , and blue background with `` DIPLOMAT '' , `` CONSUL '' or blank at top , and blue serial centered on a white background Screened serial ; Reflective sheeting A AB1234 A 12345 1234AA A 12345 A Expired U.S. Dept. of State August 28 , 2007 - Current Standard issue ; black serial on sky blue background , concave curved red top with the Dept. of State seal , `` DIPLOMAT '' , `` CONSUL '' or blank at top center , and Office of Foreign Mission ( OFM ) logo Embossed serial ; Reflective sheeting ABC 1234 A 123456 1234 ABC 123456 A Valid U.S. diplomatic plate country codes Codes Country or Organization AA Congo AB Taiwan ( Issued with `` E '' status code ) AC Ivory Coast AE Uzbekistan AF Japan AH Madagascar AJ Panama AK Cape Verde AQ Syria AU Uganda AV Israel AW African Union AX Marshall Islands BL South Africa BV Solomon Islands BW World Bank BY Solomon Islands BZ Iraq CB Cambodia CC Ethiopia CE Moldova CG Marshall Islands CK Namibia CM Micronesia CN International Organization CS Afghanistan CT Bhutan CU Botswana CV Myanmar ( Burma ) CW Cameroon CX Burundi CY China DA Colombia DB Costa Rica DC Cuba ( UN only ) DD Cyprus DF Dominican Republic DG Ecuador DH Ivory Coast DI South Africa DJ France DK Greece DL India DM Iran ( UN only ) DN Denmark DP Bangladesh DR Slovakia DZ Palau FC Soviet Union ( discontinued ) FF Antigua & Barbuda FG Central African Republic FH Ireland FJ Lebanon FK Kenya FL Liberia FM Libya FN Malta FP Morocco FR Philippines FS Netherlands FT Qatar FV Sri Lanka FW Vatican City FX Sierra Leone FZ Suriname GC Sweden GD Ukraine GE Azerbaijan GG Zambia GM Turkey GN Turkey GP Albania GQ North Korea ( UN only ) GX Vanuatu GY Chile HB Tonga HD Argentina HL Saint Lucia HM Andorra HN Mongolia HV Belgium HW Guatemala HX Benin HY Guinea - Bissau HZ Haiti JB Honduras JC Kuwait JD Mauritius JF Nigeria JG Portugal JH Somalia JJ Chad JK Turkey JM Yugoslavia ( discontinued ) JP Tunisia JQ Togo JS Slovenia JT Croatia JY Cyprus KB Monaco KD Eritrea KE Georgia KG Equatorial Guinea KH Hungary KJ Lithuania KK Fiji KL Jordan KM Jamaica KN Gabon KP Luxembourg KQ Israel KR Malaysia KS Mexico KT Namibia KU São Tomé and Príncipe KV Saudi Arabia KW Seychelles KX Sudan LC Venezuela LD Vietnam LG Turkey LH Israel LJ Israel LK European Economic Communities LM Macedonia LN Saudi Arabia LR Bosnia - Herzegovina LW Germany MF International Monetary Fund MG Unknown MK Djibouti ML Diego Garcia MN Comoros MP Bahamas MW Maldives NA Oman NB Papua New Guinea NC Paraguay ND Romania NQ Angola NX Malaysia PA Austria PB Barbados PC Belize PD United Kingdom PF Bolivia PG Belarus PH Czech Republic PI Israel PK Norway PL Chile PM Brunei PR Argentina PS Zimbabwe PV Democratic Republic of the Congo QA Yemen QD Burkina Faso QL St. Kitts & Nevis QM Bulgaria QN Laos QP Latvia QQ Lesotho QR Malawi QS Mozambique QT New Zealand QU Nicaragua QV Niger QW Poland QX Pakistan QX Iran ( DC only ) QY Yemen QZ Indonesia RB Rwanda RC Saint Vincent and the Grenadines RD Senegal RJ Template : Country data African Union Mission ( seen in DC 2017 park outside African Union Mission ) RL Uruguay RM Unknown , Seen DC July 2013 RO Romania RQ Unknown , Seen DC February 2011 RV San Marino SF Czech Republic SG Israel ST Dominica SX Soviet Union ( discontinued ) TC Mali TF Algeria , Iraq ( DC Only ) TG Canada TH Egypt TJ Germany TK Liechtenstein TL El Salvador TM Iceland TN Nepal TP Mauritania TQ Mali TR Italy TS Iraq ( UN only ) TT Guyana TU Guinea TV Ghana TW Gambia TX Finland TY Grenada TZ Peru UA Bahrain UF Estonia UH Spain UX Trinidad & Tobago VF Thailand VG Tanzania VH Switzerland VJ Brazil VK Singapore VL Swaziland VM Nauru WB United Arab Emirates WD South Korea WM Samoa WZ United Kingdom XA Bangladesh XC Fiji XD Myanmar ( Burma ) XE Ghana XF Turkey XG Norway XY Ireland XZ Australia YA Armenia YJ Tajikistan YK Kazakhstan YM Moldova YR Russia YT Turkmenistan YY Kyrgyzstan YZ Azerbaijan See also ( edit ) Canadian licence plate designs and serial formats References ( edit ) ^ Current High - Issue License Plates ( U.S. and Canada ) Archived March 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` Alabama County Codes '' . 15q.net. 2010 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . ^ `` License Plates '' . Licenseplates.cc. 2014 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 06 . ^ Same style also was issued from late 2004 until December 2007 . ^ `` License Plates '' . Licenseplates.cc. 2010 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . ^ `` Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration '' ( PDF ) . State.ar.us . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . ^ `` License Plates '' . Licenseplates.cc. 2010 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . ^ 12345A1 issued to trucks ^ Plus remakes of serials issued on previous bases : 1234 , 12345 , 123 456 , A 123 , AB 123 , AB 1234 ^ `` District of Columbia : Department of Motor Vehicles -- Services -- Plates -- Taxation without Representation Plates '' . Dmv.dc.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . ^ except Miami - Dade County ^ `` DRT launches new license plates '' ^ Plus A12 3456 , 123 4567 , 12 345 , 123 456 , AB 1234 , ABC 123 , A12 345 as remakes of serials issued on previous bases . ^ ( 1 ) ^ ) https://doj.mt.gov/driving/license-plates/ ^ In Douglas , Lancaster , and Sarpy Counties . ^ all other counties ^ `` Nevada License Plates -- New Serial '' . LicencePlates.cc . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . ^ Plus 1234 , 12345 , and ABC123 as remakes of serials issued on previous base . ^ `` ALPCA Garden State Region '' Blog Archive '' New Format Plate Spotted in the Wild ! `` . Alpcagardenstate.org. 2010 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . ^ Also issued 1982 - early 2007 . ^ https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/1192776441.html?dids=1192776441:1192776441&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+10%2C+2007&author=Bruce+Landis%3BJournal+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Providence+Journal&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=State%27s+new+license+plates+go+by+the+numbers ^ `` State pushes back issuing new license plates to 2017 '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ `` Deseret news article on new Utah plates '' . Deseretnews.com. 2007 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . ^ Frey , David . `` New West news article on new Utah plates '' . Newwest.net . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . ^ First letter progressing backwards from Z . ^ C : St. Croix , JA : St. John ( because of shortage of population ) , T : St. Thomas ^ Progressing forward from VAA - 1001 . ^ Also issued 1995 -- December 2000 . ^ `` License Plates '' . Licenseplates.cc. 2010 - 10 - 10 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . ^ Plus 12 345 , 123 456 , AB 1234 , ABC 123 , A12 345 as remakes of serials issued on previous bases . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . ^ Regulation License Plate to Commemorate Louisiana Purchase Bicentennial Archived July 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ^ A12 34B issued to light trucks . ^ AB 12345 issued to commercial vehicles . ^ `` Jim Moini 's License Plates '' . Moini.net . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . ^ Plus ABC - 123 , 1AB - 234 , A1B - 234 , A12 - 3BC , AB1 - 23C as remakes of serials issued on previous bases . ^ http://dmv.utah.gov/license-plates/standard-issue-plates ^ Progressing backwards from ZZZ - 9999 . ^ Luxner , Larry ( October 2007 ) . `` State Department Unveils New Design for Diplomatic Plates '' . The Washington Diplomat . The Washington Diplomat . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Nebel , Claude ( 2007 ) . `` New Look for U.S. State Department 's Diplomatic Plates '' . Police Chief . Alexandria , Virginia : International Association of Chiefs of Police . ^ Levanthal , Brian ( August 28 , 2007 ) . `` New Diplomatic License Plates Unveiled '' . U.D. Department of State Archive . U.S. Bureau of Diplomatic Security . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ `` Old - v. - New Diplomatic and Consular License Plate Comparison Chart '' . U.S. Department of State Archive . Office of Foreign Missions , Bureau of Diplomatic Security . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Taiwan 's representatives in the US are given diplomatic license plates ( 2015 / 02 / 25 ) Archived January 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Formosa News of Formosa Television . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ 駐美代表處掛上外交車牌 , CNA ( ROC ) . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutlicense plateat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Website for Automobile License Plate Collectors ' Association License Plates of North America , 1969 -- Present licenseplates.cc -- lists high and low license plate us-license.com -- All US license plate unitedstateslicenseplate.com -- list of all US license plates Vehicle registration plates of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what state has a buffalo on its license plate	[ "\nNorth Dakota\n\n2015\nStandard issue\nLegendary\nblack on light blue gradient fade to sunrise with prairie scene and buffalo graphic\nScreened serial;\nReflective sheeting\n123 ABC\n" ]	[ "North Dakota" ]
5566833154665413059	Smoking age	Smoking age - wikipedia Smoking age Jump to : navigation , search The smoking age is the minimum legal age required to purchase or smoke tobacco products . Most countries have laws that restrict those below a minimum age from legally purchasing tobacco products . Contents 1 Smoking age laws by region 1.1 Africa 1.2 Americas 1.3 Asia 1.4 Europe 1.5 Oceania 2 Historical regulations 3 See also 4 References Smoking age laws by region ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Africa as of 2015 : Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Country De jure Notes Legal age to smoke any tobacco products Legal age to buy any tobacco products Algeria None 19 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 19 years . ( Chapitre IV sur les problèmes de santé l'article 93 : `` la vente de tabac ou produits du tabac aux mineurs est interdite '' . ) Angola None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18 . Benin None 18 Botswana None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18 . Any person who sells , by retail , any tobacco product , shall display clearly , for the public , a notice to the effect that the sale of any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Burkina Faso None 18 Burundi None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes to anyone under the age of 18 . Other tobacco products are not regulated . Cameroon 15 Cape Verde 15 Central African Republic 14 Chad 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . Minors and pregnant women may not smoke in public . Comoros None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Vendors of tobacco products must visibly and prominently display at their point of sale a notice of prohibition of the sale of tobacco to minors and by minors . Republic of the Congo 18 Democratic Republic of the Congo 18 It is illegal for minors to smoke in public , and for anyone to give or sell tobacco to a minor . ( ARRETE MINISTERIEL Article 1 : L'usage , la vente , l'achat et la consommation du tabac , de ses produits et de ses dérivés sont strictement interdits aux mineurs . ) Djibouti None 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor under the age of 16 years . A notice with the sale restrictions has to be placed at point of sale . Egypt 21 The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 21 is prohibited . Equatorial Guinea 18 Eritrea None 18 Ethiopia None 18 `` No person may directly or indirectly give , provide or sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 . '' Gabon None 18 Gambia None Ghana 18 Guinea - Bissau 15 Kenya None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . There is no minimum age to possess tobacco or smoke in public . Lesotho 14 Liberia 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Minors may not consume tobacco at any public place . Libya None 18 It is strictly prohibited to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . Madagascar None 18 Malawi 14 Mali None 18 Mauritius 18 A person must be 18 years old to purchase or to smoke cigarettes including any tobacco products as is indicated in Public Health ( Restrictions on Tobacco Products ) Regulations 1999 , Sec. 2 ( e ) ( i ) ) . Morocco 16 Mozambique None 18 Namibia None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . No minimum age prior to 14 April 2010 . Niger None 18 ( to enter smoking room or facility ) 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . Minors may not enter any smoking room or facility where smoking is permitted by law . No minimum age prior to 17 July 2008 . Nigeria None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco products to a minor . Republic of the Congo 14 Rwanda None 18 It is prohibited to involve a person under 18 in , buying , selling and exchanging of tobacco and tobacco products . It is also prohibited for the seller to sell tobacco and tobacco products to a person under 18 . São Tomé and Príncipe None 16 Senegal None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . ( Chapitre III. - Il est interdit de vendre ou d'offrir aux mineurs ou de faire vendre ou de faire offrir par les mineurs du tabac ou tout produit du tabac . ) Seychelles 18 Somalia 15 South Africa 18 It is illegal to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 . South Sudan 15 Swaziland None 18 It is illegal to sell and give tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Sudan None 18 ( to enter smoking room or facility ) 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor . Anyone under the age of 18 may also not handle , store , work or produce with tobacco or within such a facility . Tanzania 18 It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco products to a minor , and to smoke such tobacco products if the individual is younger than 18 years . Togo None 18 It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor . Tunisia None 18 Uganda None 21 It is now illegal for a person below the age of 21 to access cigarettes . Zambia None 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under age 16 . No minimum age for consumption and possession in public . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1993 . Zimbabwe None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 . Minors may not sell tobacco . Americas ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Canada , Greenland , Mexico , and the United States as of January 2018 : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Antigua and Barbuda None Antigua and Barbuda does n't have any restrictions towards selling tobacco to minors or smoking in general . Argentina None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . Bahamas None 18 Belize None Bermuda None 18 No person shall sell or supply any cigarettes , tobacco or tobacco products to a minor . A person selling or supplying any cigarettes , tobacco or tobacco products to a person who appears to be under 25 years of age shall , before selling or supplying them , ensure , by requiring photo identification , that the latter person is not a minor . Bolivia None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Brazil 18 18 It is illegal to `` sell Products whose ingredients can cause physical or psychic dependence , even if only through improper use '' ( ... ) . This also includes tobacco products of any kind . British Virgin Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell or offer to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to purchase , possess or consume tobacco . Canada Regulations by province and territory : Province / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Federal Government None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18 . The minimum age was 16 years of prior to 1994 . Alberta 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18 . Further , minors are not permitted to smoke at any public place . British Columbia None 19 Manitoba None 18 It is illegal to sell , give , buy for , lend or otherwise provide tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Parents can provide tobacco products to their children on private property . Further it is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies . New Brunswick None 19 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . It is also illegal to attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale to , a person under the age of 19 years . Newfoundland and Labrador None 19 It is illegal to sell , give or furnish , directly or indirectly , tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years . Northwest Territories None 18 No person shall sell or supply , or offer to sell or supply , tobacco or a tobacco accessory to a person under the age of 18 . No one under the age of 18 years shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco or a tobacco accessory . Nova Scotia 19 19 No vendor or employee of a vendor shall sell or give tobacco or a tobacco product to a person under the age of nineteen years . No person shall purchase tobacco or a tobacco product on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale or give tobacco or a tobacco product , to a person under the age of nineteen years . No person under the age of nineteen years may possess tobacco . Nunavut None 19 No person shall sell or supply , or offer to sell or supply , tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old . Ontario None 19 No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old . No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who appears to be less than 25 years old unless he or she has required the person to provide identification and is satisfied that the person is at least 19 years old . Prince Edward Island None 19 No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years . No person shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale to , a person under the age of 19 years . It is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies . Quebec None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not give tobacco to a minor . The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not sell tobacco to an adult , if the operator knows the person is purchasing the tobacco for a minor . Saskatchewan None 18 It is illegal to sell , lend , assign , give or send tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Yukon 18 ( federal law ) The territory Yukon has no legislations which restrict the sale of tobacco products to minors . Federal laws apply . Chile None 18 It is illegal to sell any form of tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Colombia None 18 It is forbidden for any individual or legal entity to directly or indirectly sell tobacco products and its derivatives in any of its presentations to minors under the age of 18 years . In case of question , one must ask each tobacco purchaser to show that he has reached majority age . Costa Rica None 18 Tobacco products may not be sold to minors . Wholesale or retail vendors of products shall have the obligation , at their own expense , to display posters that are visible , clear and prominently placed on the inside of places of sale , stating that the sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Cuba None 18 Minors can not legally buy tobacco , but stores may sell it to those who look 13 or older . Cayman Islands None 18 Tobacco Law , 2007 PART V -- Section 10 : No person shall sell tobacco to a minor . Dominican Republic None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Ecuador None 18 It is illegal to sell or let sell tobacco to or by a minor . El Salvador None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor . Falkland Islands None Guatemala 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Public consumption of tobacco by minors is prohibited . ( El decreto 90 - 97 , Código de Salud , indica en su artículo 50 ) Guyana None 18 No tobacco may be sold or furnished to a minor . Haiti None 18 Honduras None 21 The sale and / or gifting of tobaccoderived products to persons under 21 years of age is prohibited . Jamaica None 18 Mexico None 18 Nicaragua None 18 Panama None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Paraguay None 18 It is unlawful to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Peru 18 The sale of tobacco products to / by minors under the age of 18 is prohibited . Trinidad and Tobago None 18 Tobacco shall not be sold to or by a child under the age of 18 years . United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) The federal law requires states to have a minimum age of 18 years for sale / purchase of tobacco products ( 21 U.S.C. § 387f. ( 3 ) ( a ) ( ii ) ) . State laws may extend this ban and also prohibit supply , possession and consumption to / by person underage , or increase the age beyond 18 . However , most states do not directly ban the consumption of tobacco by a minor . The federal law requiring states to have a minimum purchasing age at 18 is enforced by withholding FEMA disaster and non-disaster grants from states that have purchasing ages under 18 , and currently no state falls under that category . Regulations by state : State / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Alabama 19 ( including Alabama National Guard Bases ) 18 ( on military bases under federal law ) It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . Minors are prohibited from using and possessing tobacco products . The minimum age was introduced in 1896 . Alaska None 19 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . Possession by minors is prohibited . The minimum age requirement does not apply to a person who is a prisoner at an adult correctional facility . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1978 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 19 in 1988 . American Samoa 18 Arizona None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products or smoking equipment to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for a minor to be in possession of tobacco or smoking equipment , or to receive them . None 21 Cottonwood and Douglas have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Arkansas 18 It is illegal to give or sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco products and to smoke in public . 18 21 Helena -- West Helena has raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . California 18 21 As of 9 June 2016 , it is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age , with an exception for people in active military service who are 18 years old . Before 9 June , the age to purchase tobacco was 18 years of age . Colorado 18 It is illegal to sell , give or distribute tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors under the age of 18 years are prohibited from being in possession of any tobacco product . 18 21 Aspen has raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . Connecticut None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under 18 . It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public . A minimum age of 16 was introduced in 1902 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987 . Delaware None 18 Selling , giving or otherwhise distributing tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years is illegal . Minors under the age of 18 years are not allowed to attempt to purchase tobacco or to be in the possession of tobacco products . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1953 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1992 . Florida None 18 The Florida Statutes make it a criminal offence so sell or supply tobacco to an individual under the age of 18 years . Minors may also not be in possession of tobacco products . Georgia None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public . Minors are allowed to possess tobacco products and to consume those , in private home if permission is given by parents or legal guardian . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1987 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1993 . Guam 21 The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 , as of 1 January 2018 . Hawaii 21 It is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age . It is also illegal for a person under 21 years of age to attempt to purchase tobacco . The minimum age of 15 years was introduced on 11 November 1890 . The minimum age was raised from 15 to 18 on 1 January 1988 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 on 1 January 2016 . Idaho 18 Illinois 18 18 21 Fourteen cities in Illinois , including Chicago and Naperville , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Indiana None 18 Giving , selling , providing and distributing tobacco to minors is illegal . Minors may not possess , accept or purchase tobacco . Minors are not allowed to enter a tobacco business , defined in state law as a business whose primary activity is the sale of tobacco products and accessories . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1980 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987 . Iowa 18 It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco , to smoke in public or to purchase tobacco products . It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Kansas None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Minors may not possess or purchase or attempt to possess or purchase tobacco . None 21 Nineteen cities in Kansas , including Overland Park and Olathe , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Kentucky None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase or possess tobacco products . Prior to 1990 Kentucky had no minimum age to purchase tobacco . From 1990 until 1992 the minimum age was 16 years . In 1992 the age was raised from 16 to 18 years of age . Louisiana None 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco , except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian 21 years of age or older . Prior to 1991 there was no minimum age limit in Louisiana . Maine 18 21 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco , except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian 21 years of age or older . Implementation for 21 and older July 2018 . Maryland None 18 Minimum age raised from 16 to 18 in 1989 . Massachusetts None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors . Anyone else than the parents or guardian are prohibited from giving any form of tobacco to a minor . None 21 Over 100 cities in Massachusetts , including Boston , have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 years . Michigan 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Minors are permitted to smoke on private premises . 18 21 Ann Arbor and Genesee County have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Minnesota 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Indian may furnish tobacco to an Indian under the age of 18 years if the tobacco is furnished as part of a traditional Indian spiritual or cultural ceremony . 18 21 Four cities in Minnesota have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 . Mississippi 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . 18 21 Adams County has raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Missouri None 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . It is not illegal to give tobacco to minors on private premises nor is it illegal for minors to smoke in public . Prior to 1992 Missouri did not have a minimum age limit . None 21 Twelve cities in Missouri , including Kansas City , St. Louis and Jefferson City , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Montana None 18 Sale or distribution of tobacco products to persons under 18 years of age is prohibited , whether over the counter , by vending machine , or otherwise . Prior to 1993 there was no minimum age limit . Nebraska 18 It is illegal to sell , give or furnish , in any way tobacco to a minor . Minors may not smoke in public . Nevada None 18 New Hampshire 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . New Jersey None 21 No person shall sell , give or furnish to a person under 21 years of age , any cigarettes made of tobacco . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1904 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 19 in 2005 . The minimum age was raised from 19 to 21 on 1 November 2017 . New Mexico None 18 Prior to 1991 New Mexico had no minimum age . New York None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . None 21 Fourteen cities in New York , including New York City , have raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . North Carolina None 18 It is illegal for anyone under age 18 to buy , attempt to buy , to receive , or to use a false or misleading proof of age for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product or cigarette wrapping papers . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1891 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991 . North Dakota 18 Northern Mariana Islands 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . Ohio 18 None 21 Nine cities in Ohio , including Cleveland and Columbus , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Oklahoma None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . The minimum age of 18 years was introduced in 1915 . Oregon None 21 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years since 1 January 2018 . Pennsylvania None 18 It is illegal to sell , furnish , give or otherwise provide tobacco to a minor . Minors may not purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco products . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1972 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990 . Puerto Rico None 18 Rhode Island 18 No person under eighteen years of age shall purchase , nor shall any person sell , give , or deliver to any person under eighteen years of age , any tobacco products . No person under eighteen years of age shall use or possess , tobacco in any public street , place , or resort , any tobacco and / or electronic nicotine delivery system in any form . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1896 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988 . 18 21 Barrington and Central Falls have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 years . South Carolina None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , or attempt to possess a tobacco product , or present or offer proof of age that is false or fraudulent for the purpose of purchasing or possessing a tobacco product . South Dakota None 18 Prior to 1989 South Dakota did n't regulate the sale of cigarettes to minors . Only smokeless tobacco products could not be sold to minors . Tennessee None 18 It is unlawful for a person who has not attained 18 years of age to possess a tobacco product , to purchase or accept receipt of a tobacco product , or to present or offer to any person any purported proof of age which is false , fraudulent , or not actually that person 's own for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product . Texas 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Exception : The individual younger than 18 years of age possessed the cigarette or tobacco product in the presence of an adult parent , a guardian , or a spouse of the individual or an employer of the individual , if possession or receipt of the tobacco product is required in the performance of the employee 's duties as an employee . The minimum age to purchase , possess and consume tobacco was 16 years of age from 1899 to 1989 . 18 21 San Antonio has raised its sales age for tobacco products to 21 . United States Virgin Islands None 18 Utah 19 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products or smoking devices to anyone under the age of 19 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 19 years to possess , consume , purchase any tobacco product . Vermont None 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1888 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991 . Virginia 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products . Prior to 1991 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age . Washington None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Washington , D.C. None 21 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Tobacco use is prohibited at organized sporting events . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1891 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 in 2016 . West Virginia 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess , consume or purchase tobacco products . Wisconsin None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Wyoming 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess , consume or purchase tobacco products . Prior to 1991 Wyoming had no minimum purchase / sale age for tobacco products . Uruguay None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . A clearly legible notice with the sale ban to under anyone under the age of 18 years has to be placed inside and outside the premises . Venezuela None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor . Asia ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Afghanistan 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to smoke or the use of tobacco in public buildings such as hospitals , schools and restaurants . Bhutan Illegal In 2004 , Bhutan became the first country to ban the sale , cultivation , and production of tobacco . People 18 and over may bring a limited amount of tobacco into Bhutan if they pay import duties . Brunei 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to possess , buy or consume tobacco products . Bangladesh 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 16 years . Any police - officer in uniform or any other person or class of persons duty authorized by the Government has the power to seize and destroy tobacco products of anyone under the age of 16 years whom he finds smoking in public . Cambodia None 18 Any act of selling or distributing all types of tobacco products to persons aged under 18 years or to pregnant women whose pregnancy is obvious or is realized must be punished with six days to one month in prison and a fine of 100,000 riel to 1 million riel . China None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . No one shall smoke on school or education premises . Weakly enforced to not enforced . No age limit prior to 29 December 2006 . Hong Kong 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . India None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to sell tobacco within a radius of one hundred yards of any educational institution . Indonesia None 18 It is illegal to sell an supply tobacco products to pregnant women anyone under the age of 18 years . Iran None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation will result in confiscation of tobacco from the minor and a fine for the salesperson . Iraq 14 Israel None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . No minimum age prior to 12 November 2004 . Jordan None 18 ( consumption of water pipes on premises ) 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . It is also illegal to provide water pipes in cafes , restaurants and similar places . Japan 20 It is illegal to supply tobacco to persons under 20 years . It is punishable by a ¥ 10,000 fine . Kazakhstan None 18 Kuwait None 21 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years . Kyrgyzstan None 18 No minor shall sell or be sold tobacco products . Lebanon 18 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . Macau None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for a minor to smoke or to obtain tobacco from a person of the legal age . Malaysia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . Maldives None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . The retailer must ensure that the buyer is at least 18 years of age . Furthermore , a clearly legible notice has to be displayed at point of sale stating that tobacco sales to minors are illegal . Mongolia 21 Nepal None 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco products to minors and pregnant women . North Korea None 17 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . ( The tobacco law does not define the word `` minor '' , but age of majority is reached at the age of 17 years ) . Oman 18 Pakistan None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . A clearly legible notice with the sale restriction has to be placed at point of sale . Palestine 14 Philippines 18 Only people over 18 may buy cigarettes and tobacco due to the `` STOP for Health Act '' . ( Stop Tobacco and Other Products for Health ) Qatar None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco to a person unter the age of 18 years . Saudi Arabia 18 Singapore 18 Smoking age in Singapore is currently 18 , increasing to 19 by 2019 and 21 by 2021 . It is illegal to sell or give , directly or indirectly any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . No minor is allowed to consume or possess any tobacco product in public . South Korea 19 20 Sri Lanka None 21 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 21 years . Syria None 18 It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Taiwan 18 It is illegal to sell or provide tobacco to persons under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to force , induce or use other means to cause a pregnant woman to smoke . It is illegal for a pregnant women or a minor to smoke . No penalty is provided for pregnant women who smoke . Tajikistan 14 Thailand None 18 Turkmenistan Illegal In January 2016 , President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedow reportedly banned tobacco sales in Turkmenistan . United Arab Emirates 18 Vietnam 18 It is illegal for people less than 18 years of age use , buy , and sell tobacco products . It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco product to people less than 18 years of age . Yemen 14 Europe ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Europe as of 2015 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 Depending on jurisdiction Note : Regulation by canton in Switzerland is below . Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Switzerland by canton as of 2015 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Albania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years . Armenia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors may not sell tobacco products . No minimum age prior to 24 December 2004 . Austria 16 The minimum age is regulated by each federal state , but is nationwide 16 years . It is illegal in every state to sell or give tobacco products to a person under the age of 16 years as well as the consumption by a person under the age of 16 years in any public place . Azerbaijan None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . The packaging of tobacco products must contain a warning that sale to minors is prohibited . No minimum age prior to 1 January 2002 . Belarus None 18 ( Decree No. 28 of 2002 `` It is banned to sell tobacco products to citizens ( by citizens ) of the Republic of Belarus , foreign citizens and individuals with no citizenship under 18 years old . '' ) Belgium None 16 ( `` It is forbidden to sell tobacco products to young people under the age of 16 and advertising for tobacco products is forbidden . '' ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 It is illegal to sell and gift tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors under the age of 18 years to gift , sell and consume tobacco products . The minimum age was 15 years prior to 28 September 2004 . No minimum age prior to 9 March 1998 . Bulgaria None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Croatia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . It is the responsibility of any salesperson to ensure that no tobacco is sold to minors and therefore to request an ID to make sure that the purchaser is at least 18 years of age . Minors may not sell tobacco products . Cyprus None 18 It is illegal to sell or otherwise provide tobacco products to a minor . `` ( ... ) any person who provides a tobacco product to a minor is guilty of offense and in any case of his / her conviction , he / she shall be subject to a penalty not exceeding one thousand pounds or to incarceration not exceeding six months and / or to both penalties . '' Czech Republic None 18 Selling tobacco products to anyone under 18 is prohibited . Sale of tobacco products and tobacco through vending machines is permitted if the tobacco purchase age is not violated . The seller shall place a clearly visible notice displaying the sale restrictions of tobacco to person under the age of 18 . A person selling tobacco must be 18 years or older , unless the minor is preparing for a future career in the hotel or tourism industry , as a cook - waiter or salesman . However , it is very easy to get tobacco products for minors as many sellers do n't check the age . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 2 September 1999 . Denmark None 18 The minimum age was 16 years prior to 1 September 2008 . Estonia 18 The minimum age to purchase tobacco products or to smoke in public is set at 18 . Minors may not be in possession of , or handle tobacco products . Finland 18 Prior to October 2010 it was not illegal for minors to smoke in public . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 1 March 1995 . France None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors under the age of 18 years may not smoke in any school or on school property . Vending machines outside a tobacco shop is prohibited . Prior to 21 July 2009 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age . Georgia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 . Germany 18 The Protection of Young Persons Act states that children and young people under 18 years of age shall not be sold tobacco products nor should they be permitted to smoke in public . This does not apply to married adolescents . Minimum age was 18 from 10 June 1943 until 1 January 1952 . Minimum age was 16 from 1 January 1952 to 1 September 2007 . Gibraltar 18 It is illegal to sell and furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Any police officer may confiscate tobacco from a minor in public . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 7 July 2006 . Greece None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors . Hungary 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 . It is illegal to smoke under the age of 18 . The sale of tobacco is prohibited within 200 m of schools and health care units . Iceland None 18 It is illegal to sell or deliver tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors may not handle or sell tobacco products . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1985 . The minimum age was 16 years from 1 January 1985 to 1 October 1996 . Ireland 18 The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal . It is illegal to buy or smoke cigarettes if you are under the age of 18 . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 27 March 2002 . Italy None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation is punished with a fine between € 250.00 and € 1000.00 . If the law is violated more than once the fine is increased to € 500.00 and € 2,000.00 and a revocation of the tobacco license for at least 3 months . Minimum age for electronic cigarettes was 16 prior to 1 May 2013 . Kosovo None Latvia 18 The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 is prohibited . Liechtenstein 16 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 16 to possess or consume tobacco products . Lithuania 18 No minimum age to smoke prior to 1 May 2015 . Luxembourg None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1 January 2006 . Minimum purchase age increased from 16 to 18 on 1 August 2017 . Macedonia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Malta None 18 `` No person shall sell , supply or distribute by way of compensation or otherwise , any cigarettes , cigars , tobacco , tobacco products or smoking requisites to any person who is under the age of 18 years , or in any manner induce such person to smoke . '' Moldova None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Montenegro None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . A poster with the sale restrictions must be placed at point of sale . Netherlands None 18 The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal . Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport . As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke - free environment . All forms of tobacco advertising , promotion or sponsorship are prohibited . Smoking remains prevalent in the Netherlands despite these efforts . Tobacco can be bought at every supermarket and at other stores . Norway None 18 No age limit for use of tobacco but no sales of cigarettes or Swedish snus to people under 18 by law . Vending machines are only allowed when they are cited inside an approved store , with a demand of buying a receipt from the cashier first . and imitation tobacco products are not allowed . Cigarette commercials are also strictly forbidden by law . As of June 2004 , smoking is prohibited in all public places , including restaurants , pubs and work places . Poland None 18 Minors are not allowed to buy tobacco products . Portugal 18 It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor as well as the consumption of a tobacco product in any public place by a minor . There is a proposition to ban vending machines in places accessible to people younger than 18 . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 2008 . Romania None 18 There is a ban on sale of tobacco to those younger than 18 . Vending machines selling tobacco are banned . There is no minimum legal age of smoking . Russia None 18 Retail sales of tobacco products to any person under the age of 18 years are an offence . Serbia None 18 The sale to persons under 18 is prohibited . Contrary to that , a lot of salesmen sell cigarettes to minors in Serbia . Acquiring tobacco products is very easy for minors despite the law . Slovakia None 18 Tobacco sales to under 18 year olds are prohibited . Slovenia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . ID - Card or passport has to be shown if requested . Spain None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product or other smoking substances ( e.g. electronic cigarettes ) to a person under the age of 18 years . Minimum age was 16 in most regions prior to 1 January 2006 . Sweden None 18 It is illegal to sell or commercially distribute tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1997 . Switzerland Regulations by canton : States / territories Smoking age Purchase age Notes Aargau None 16 It is an offence to sell or supply ( except for Parents ) any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age . Appenzell Ausserrhoden None 16 It is an offence to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age . Appenzell Innerrhoden None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Basel - Landschaft None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Basel - Stadt None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Bern None 18 ( to enter smoking facility or premises ) 18 Selling or giving any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Fribourg None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Geneva None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Glarus None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Graubünden None 16 Jura None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Luzern None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Neuchâtel None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Nidwalden None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Obwalden None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Schaffhausen None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Schwyz None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Solothurn None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . St. Gallen None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Thurgau None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Ticino None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Uri None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Valais None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Currently the cantonal government is planning to raise the minimum age to 18 years . Vaud None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Zug None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Zürich None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Turkey None 18 Ukraine 14 18 United Kingdom 18 ( purchase de jure ) 16 ( public possession & purchase de facto ) England and Wales : It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . The minimum age to smoke in public is 16 and authorities have the duty to seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 16 . Minimum age to purchase was 16 from 1908 to 1 October 2007 . No minimum age prior to 1908 . 18 Scotland : A person who sells a tobacco product or cigarette papers to a person under the age of 18 commits an offence . Any person under the age of 18 who buys or attempts to buy a tobacco product or cigarette papers commits an offence as well as an adult who knowlingly buys a tobacco product or cigarette papers on behalf of a person under the age of 18 . Any constable who has reasonable grounds for suspecting that a person in a public place is under the age of 18 , and in possession of a tobacco product or cigarette papers may require the person to surrender the tobacco product . Minimum age was 16 prior to 30 September 2007 . 18 Northern Ireland : A person who sells to a person under the age of 18 any tobacco or cigarette papers , whether for his own use or not , shall be guilty of an offence . A member of the Police Service of Northern Ireland may seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 18 whom he finds smoking in any street or public place . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 September 2008 . ^ Disputed . Oceania ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Australia Regulations by state / territory : Province / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Australian Capital Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a person under the age of 18 years . Further it is illegal to buy a tobacco product for a minor . New South Wales None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco or non-tobacco smoking product to a person who is under the age of 18 years . Northern Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a minor or on behalf of a minors . It is illegal to smoke in a vehicle with a person under the age of 18 years present . Queensland None 18 It is illegal for an adult to supply a tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years ; however , a responsible adult for a child does not commit an offence by supplying a smoking product to the child . South Australia None 18 It is an offence to supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . Tasmania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 1997 . Victoria None 18 It is illegal to supply tobacco to a minor . Smoking in a vehicle with a person under 18 present is an offence . Western Australia None 18 It is illegal to sell , deliver or supply tobacco or smoking implement to a minor . Purchase on behalf of people under 18 prohibited . Fiji None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . Micronesia , Federated States of 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . New Zealand None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor under 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1903 . Minimum age of 15 years from 1903 to 1988 . Minimum age of 16 years from 1988 to 1998 . ' Palau None 18 21 ( Only rolling papers and elaus ) It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . If the purchaser appears to be under the age of 30 years , ID must be checked before sale . It is illegal to employ anyone under the age of 21 handling tobacco products . It is illegal to sell rolling papers and elaus to anyone under the age of 21 years . Papua New Guinea None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Samoa 21 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years . It is not illegal for a person under the age of 21 years to possess or smoke tobacco in public . Solomon Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor . Tonga None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor . Tokelau 16 It is illegal for a person under 16 to smoke tobacco . Vanuatu 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a persons under 18 . It is illegal for persons under 18 to smoke tobacco . Historical regulations ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the European Union as of 1995 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the USA as of 1989 : Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 17 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age See also ( edit ) Age of candidacy Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Alcoholism Amethyst Initiative Choose Responsibility Legal drinking age Legal drinking age controversy Mature minor doctrine National Minimum Drinking Age Act National Youth Rights Association Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) The Century Council Youth Youth rights Youth suffrage References ( edit ) ^ `` Le projet de la loi relative à la santé interdit la vente du tabac et des boissons alcoolisées aux mineurs '' . aps.dz ( in French ) . Algérie Presse Service . 16 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . ^ `` Lei n ° 1 / 07 de 14 de Maio 2007 `` . wipo.int . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 2006 - 12 Concerning Regulation of the Production , Commercialization and Consumption of Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY . p. 6 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Control of Smoking Act , 1992 : '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 040 - 2010 / Concerning Tobacco Control in Burkina Faso '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS. 25 November 2011 . p. 9 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Decree No. 630 / 3007 / CAB / 2011 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org ( in French ) . 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 010 / PR / 2010 on Tobacco Control '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Chad. 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 11 - 002 / AU of 27 March 2011 on Tobacco Control '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . UNION OF THE COMOROS. 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 12 - 2012 on Tobacco Control '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND THE SENATE. 4 July 2012 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` ARRETE MINISTERIEL N ° 1250 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org ( in French ) . LE MINISTRE DE LA SANTE PUBLIQUE. 19 July 2007 . p. 2 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 175 - AN - 07 on Tobacco Control '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Djibouti. 2 December 2007 . p. 5 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . ^ `` Decree No. 3 / 1988 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` Proclamation No. 143 / 2004 to Provide for Tobacco Control '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Eritrea . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Control Directive '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Ethiopian Food , Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority . 2015 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 006 / 2013 on Tobacco Control '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Official Journal of the Republic of Gabon . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` Public Health Act , 2012 ( Act 851 ) '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org. 9 October 2012 . p. 33 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` The Tobacco Control Act , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Parliament . 2007 . p. 12 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` The Tobacco Regulations '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org. 1 September 2011 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Decision No. ( 206 ) '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . General People 's Committee . 2009 . p. 4 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` Interministerial Order No. 18171 / 2003 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . MINISTRY OF ECONOMY , FINANCE AND BUDGET -- MINISTRY OF INDUSTRIALIZATION , TRADE AND PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT -- MINISTRY OF HEALTH. 20 January 2004 . p. 4 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Law on the Sale and Consumption of Tobacco and Tobacco Products '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . National Assembly . 12 July 2010 . p. 2 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Decree No. 11 / 2007 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Products Control Act , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . OFFICE OF THE PRIME MINISTER. 14 April 2010 . p. 15 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` Establishing the modes of enforcement of n ° 2006 - 12 of May 15 , 2006 relative to tobacco control '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Council of Ministers. 2006 . p. 4 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Control Bill 2008 `` . docs.google.com . Minister of Health . 2008 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 08 / 2013 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org. 1 March 2013 . p. 16 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 3 / 2014 , Tobacco Control Law '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Loi relative à la fabrication , au conditionnement , l'étiquetage , à la vente et à l'usage du tabac '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org ( in French ) . L'Assemblée nationale. 2 June 2009 . p. 15 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . President and National Assembly . 19 August 2009 . p. 5 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Products Control Act , 1993 `` . acts.co.za . Acts Online . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ `` THE TOBACCO PRODUCTS CONTROL ACT , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org. 2013 . p. 11 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Control Law 2005 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . National Assembly . 2005 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` THE TOBACCO PRODUCTS ( REGULATION ) ACT , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Tanzania. 2005 . p. 5 . 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Parliamentary Research Branch . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO AND SMOKING REDUCTION ACT '' ( PDF ) . qp.alberta.ca . Legislative Assembly of Alberta . 20 February 2015 . p. 9 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Control Act `` . bclaws.ca . Legislative Assembly of British Columbia . 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ `` The Non-Smokers Health Protection Act `` . gov.mb.ca . Legislative Assembly of Manitoba . 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Sales Act , SNB 1993 , c T - 6.1 `` . canlii.org . Federation of Law Societies of Canada . 1 January 2009 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT `` . assembly.nl.ca . Queen 's Printer. 17 December 1993 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT '' ( PDF ) . justice.gov.nt.ca . Department of Justice . 21 January 2007 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ `` Smoke - free Places Act . 2002 , c. 12 , s . 1 '' . nslegislature.ca . Office of the Legislative Counsel , Nova Scotia House of Assembly . 2002 . 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Volkswirtschaftsdirektion des Kanton Bern . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . ^ `` Vente Brochure '' ( PDF ) . cipretfribourg.ch ( in French ) . Direction de la santé et des affaires sociales du canton de Fribourg . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . ^ `` Gesetz über die Handels - und Gewerbetätigkeiten `` . gesetze.gl.ch ( in German ) . Erlassen von der Landsgemeinde. 1 September 2014 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . ^ `` Auftrag Schütz betreffend Verkauf von Tabakwaren an unter 16 - Jährige und das Aufstellen und Betreiben von Zigarettenautomaten im Freien , in Bahnhöfen und in Restaurants '' . gr.ch ( in German ) . Kanton Graubünden. 17 June 2004 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . ^ `` Loi sanitaire : deux nouvelles dispositions visant à protéger la santé de la jeunesse '' . jura.ch ( in French ) . République et Canton du Jura. 1 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2015 . 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Retrieved 11 June 2015 . ^ `` Le Valais veut interdire la vente de tabac aux mineurs '' . lematin.ch ( in French ) . Le Matin. 17 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . ^ `` Vente de tabac aux mineurs : interdite dans le canton de Vaud '' . cipretvaud.ch ( in French ) . CIPRET VAUD . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . ^ `` Nichtraucher - und Jugendschutz '' . zg.ch ( in German ) . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . ^ `` Alkohol - und Tabakverkauf '' . stadt-zuerich.ch ( in German ) . City of Zürich . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . ^ `` The Children and Young Persons ( Sale of Tobacco etc . ) Order 2007 `` . legislation.gov.uk . Government of the United Kingdom . 2007 . p. 1 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ `` Children and Young Persons Act 1933 c. 12 `` . legislation.gov.uk . Government of the United Kingdom . 1933 . p. 1 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco and Primary Medical Services ( Scotland ) Act 2010 `` . legislation.gov.uk . Government of the United Kingdom . 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco and Primary Medical Services ( Scotland ) Act 2010 `` . legislation.gov.uk . Government of the United Kingdom . 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` Health and Personal Social Services ( Northern Ireland ) Order 1978 `` . legislation.gov.uk . Government of the United Kingdom . 1978 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO ACT 1927 `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII. 1927 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO ACT 1927 `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII. 1927 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO ACT 1927 - Division 1 Juvenile smoking '' . legislation.nsw.gov.au . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ `` Tobacco and Other Smoking Products Act 1998 '' ( PDF ) . legislation.qld.gov.au. 1998 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Products Regulation Act 1997 '' ( PDF ) . legislation.sa.gov.au . p. 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` History of tobacco laws in Tasmania '' . dhhs.tas.gov.au . Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO ACT 1987 `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII. 1987 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO PRODUCTS CONTROL ACT 2006 `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII. 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO PRODUCTS CONTROL ACT 2006 `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII. 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT 1998 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Fidji. 1998 . p. 12 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ http://www.cab.org.nz/vat/gl/roi/pages/legalagesandid.aspx ^ `` That was the law -- The Police Offences Act 1927 '' . lawsociety.org.nz . New Zealand Law Society . 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` The history of tobacco control in New Zealand '' . sfc.org.nz . The Smokefree Coalition . Archived from the original on 14 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Control '' ( PDF ) . Government of Palau. 2009 . p. 12 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Products ( Health Control ) 1987 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Office of Legislative Counsel. 1987 . p. 9 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Control Act 2008 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org. 2008 . p. 18 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT 2010 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org. 26 March 2010 . p. 17 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT 2000 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Legislative Assembly . 2000 . p. 11 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ Crimes , Procedure and Evidence Rules 2003 , s51 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT NO . 19 OF 2008 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Vanuatu. 2008 . p. 13 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` STATE `` MINIMUM AGE '' lAWS E_ _D 1989 -- 1994 `` . industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu . Legacy Tobacco Documents . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . 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related lists Lists by country Minimum ages Youth rights Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Georgian - language sources ( ka ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Albanian - language sources ( sq ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use dmy dates from March 2018 Incomplete lists from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 21 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what age can you buy cigarettes in australia	[ "\n\nCountry\nDe jure\nNotes\n\n\nSmoking age\nPurchase age\n\n\n Australia\n\n\nRegulations by state/territory:\n\n\nProvince/territory\nSmoking age\nPurchase age\nNotes\n\n\n Australian Capital Territory\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell tobacco products to a person under the age of 18 years.[271] Further it is illegal to buy a tobacco product for a minor.[272]\n\n\n New South Wales\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell any tobacco or non-tobacco smoking product to a person who is under the age of 18 years.[273]\n\n\n Northern Territory\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a minor or on behalf of a minors. It is illegal to smoke in a vehicle with a person under the age of 18 years present.[274][275]\n\n\n Queensland\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal for an adult to supply a tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years; however, a responsible adult for a child does not commit an offence by supplying a smoking product to the child.[276]\n\n\n South Australia\nNone\n18\nIt is an offence to supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years.[277]\n\n\n Tasmania\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.\nMinimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 1997.[278]\n\n\n Victoria\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to supply tobacco to a minor. Smoking in a vehicle with a person under 18 present is an offence.[279]\n\n\n Western Australia\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell, deliver or supply tobacco or smoking implement to a minor. Purchase on behalf of people under 18 prohibited.[280][281]\n\n\n\n\n\n Fiji\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor.[282]\n\n\n Micronesia, Federated States of\n18\nIt is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor.\n\n\n New Zealand\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor under 18 years.[283]\nNo minimum age prior to 1903.\nMinimum age of 15 years from 1903 to 1988.\nMinimum age of 16 years from 1988 to 1998.[284][285]'\n\n\n Palau\nNone\n18\n21 (Only rolling papers and elaus)\nIt is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. If the purchaser appears to be under the age of 30 years, ID must be checked before sale. It is illegal to employ anyone under the age of 21 handling tobacco products. It is illegal to sell rolling papers and elaus to anyone under the age of 21 years.[286]\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[287]\n\n\n Samoa\n21\nIt is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years. It is not illegal for a person under the age of 21 years to possess or smoke tobacco in public.[288]\n\n\n Solomon Islands\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor.[289]\n\n\n Tonga\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor.[290]\n\n\n Tokelau\n16\nIt is illegal for a person under 16 to smoke tobacco.[291]\n\n\n Vanuatu\n18\nIt is illegal to sell tobacco to a persons under 18. It is illegal for persons under 18 to smoke tobacco.[292]\n\n" ]	[ "18" ]
3084858802578147326	Flag of Argentina	Flag of Argentina - wikipedia Flag of Argentina Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the state flag . For a list of Argentine flags , see List of Argentine flags . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Argentina Use National flag and ensign Proportion 5 : 8 or 9 : 14 Adopted February 27 , 1812 ( original ) , 1861 ( current version ) Design A horizontal triband of light blue ( top and bottom ) and white with the Sun of May centered on the white band . Designed by Manuel Belgrano The flag of Argentina is a triband , composed of three equally wide horizontal bands coloured baby blue and white . There are multiple interpretations on the reasons for those colors . The flag was created by Manuel Belgrano , in line with the creation of the Cockade of Argentina , and was first raised at the city of Rosario on February 27 , 1812 , during the Argentine War of Independence . The National Flag Memorial was later built on the site . The First Triumvirate did not approve the use of the flag , but the Asamblea del Año XIII allowed the use of the flag as a war flag . It was the Congress of Tucumán which finally designated it as the national flag , in 1816 . A yellow Sun of May was added to the center in 1818 . The full flag featuring the sun is called the Official Ceremonial Flag ( Spanish : Bandera Oficial de Ceremonia ) . The flag without the sun is considered the Ornamental Flag ( Bandera de Ornato ) . While both versions are equally considered the national flag , the ornamental version must always be hoisted below the Official Ceremony Flag . In vexillological terms , the Official Ceremonial Flag is the civil , state and war flag and ensign , while the Ornamental Flag is an alternative civil flag and ensign . There is controversy of the true colour of the first flag , between scientist and the descendants of Manuel Belgrano between blue and pale blue . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 2.1 Shape and size 2.2 Colors 2.3 Sun of May 3 Influence of the Argentine flag 4 Anthems to the flag 4.1 Aurora ( Sunrise ) 4.2 Saludo a la bandera ( Salutation to the Flag ) 4.3 Mi Bandera ( My Flag ) 5 Pledge to the Flag 5.1 Variant 1 5.2 Variant 2 5.3 Military / police variant 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Manuel Belgrano holding the flag . The flag of Argentina was created by Manuel Belgrano during the Argentine War of Independence . While in Rosario he noticed that both the royalist and patriotic forces were using the same colors , Spain 's yellow and red . After realizing this , Belgrano created the Cockade of Argentina , which was approved by the First Triumvirate on February 18 , 1812 . Encouraged by this success , he created a flag of the same colors nine days later . It used the colors that were used by the Criollos during the May Revolution in 1810 . However , recent research and studies would indicate that the colors were chosen from the Spanish Order of Charles III symbolizing the allegiance to the rightful , and then captive King Ferdinand VII of Spain . Most portraits about the creation or first uses of the flag show the modern design of it , but the flag of Macha , a very early design kept at the House of Freedom in Sucre , Bolivia was instead a vertical triband with two white bands and a light blue one in the middle . The flag was first flown for soldiers to swear allegiance to it on 27 February 1812 , on the Batería Libertad ( Liberty Battery ) , by the Paraná River . On that day , Belgrano said the following words : Soldiers of the Fatherland , we have heretofore had the glory of wearing the national cockade ; there ( pointing to the Independence battery ) , on the Independence Battery , where our Government has recently had the honor of bestowing it upon , shall our weapons enlarge their glory . Let us swear to defeat our enemies , internal and external , and South America will become the temple of Independence and Freedom . In testament that you so swear it , say with me : LONG LIVE THE FATHERLAND ! ( after the oath ) `` Lord Captain and troops chosen for the first time for the Independence Battery : go , take possession of it and fulfill the oath you have just sworn today . Belgrano dispatched a letter addressed to the First Triumvirate , informing them of the newly created flag . However , unlike with the cockade , the Triumvirate did not accept the use of the flag : policy at the time was to state that the government was ruling on behalf of King Ferdinand VII of Spain who was captive of Napoleon , whereas the creation of a flag was a clear independentist act . Thus , the triumvirate sent a warning to Belgrano not to fight under the flag , but by the time the reply had arrived , Belgrano had moved to the north , following the previous orders that requested him to strengthen the patriotic position in the Upper Peru after the defeat of Juan José Castelli at the Battle of Huaqui . Meanwhile , the flag was hoisted for the first time in Buenos Aires atop the Church of Saint Nicholas of Bari on August 23 , 1812 ; where nowadays the Obelisk of Buenos Aires is located . Still not knowing about the Triumvirate 's refusal , Belgrano raised the flag at San Salvador de Jujuy and had it blessed by the local church on the second anniversary of the May Revolution . Belgrano accepted the orders from the Triumvirate by time they arrived to Salta and ceased using the flag . As soldiers had already made oaths to the new flag , Belgrano said that he was saving it for the circumstance of a great victory . The priest Juan Ignacio Gorriti blessing the flag . The First Triumvirate was later replaced by the Second Triumvirate , with a more liberal ideology , who called the Asamblea del Año XIII . Despite being one of its original goals , it did not declare independence , and so did not approve the use of a national flag either ; nevertheless , the flag made by Belgrano was authorized to be used as a war flag . The first oath to the newly - approved flag was on February 13 , 1813 , next to the Salado River , which became known as the `` Río Juramento '' ( `` Oath River '' ) . The first battle fought with the approved flag was the Battle of Salta , a decisive patriotic victory that achieved the complete defeat of royalist Pío Tristán . The flag would be finally declared the national flag by the Congress of Tucumán on July 20 , 1816 , shortly after the declaration of independence . The proposal was made by the deputy Juan José Paso and the text written by the deputy of Charcas , José Serrano . On February 25 , 1818 , the Congress ( now working at Buenos Aires ) included the Sun of May in the war flag , after the proposal of deputy Chorroarín . The sun was copied after the one that the first Argentine coin featured in 1813 . It was subsequently decided to keep it as part of the regular flag afterwards , and thus the sun no longer represents war . The Argentine flag flying for the first time over a coastal battery on the shores of the Paraná , 27 February 1812 José de San Martín was aware of the new flag , but did not employ it during the crossing of the Andes in 1817 . Being a joint operation of both Argentine and Chilean forces , he thought that a new flag would be a better idea than using either the Argentine or the Chilean flag . This led to the creation of the Flag of the Andes , used in the crossing . This flag is currently used as a provincial flag by Mendoza province . On June 8 , 1938 , president Roberto Ortiz sanctioned national law no. 12,361 declaring June 20 `` Flag Day '' , a national holiday . The date was decided as the anniversary of Belgrano 's death in 1820 . In 1957 the National Flag Memorial ( a 10,000 m monumental complex ) was inaugurated in Rosario to commemorate the creation of the flag , and the official Flag Day ceremonies have customarily been conducted in its vicinity since then . In 1978 it was specified , among other measurements , that the Official Ceremony Flag should be 1.4 meters wide and 0.9 meters high , and that the sun must be embroidered . According to the Decree 10,302 / 1944 the article 2 stated that the Official Flag of the Nation is the flag with sun , approved by the `` Congress of Tucumán '' , reunited in Buenos Aires on 25 February 1818 . The article 3 stated that the flag with the sun in its center is to be used only by the Federal and Provincial Governments ; while individuals and institutions use a flag without the sun . In 1985 the Law 23,208 repealed the article 3 of the Decree 10,302 / 1944 , saying that the Federal and Provincial Governments , as well as individuals have the right to use the Official Flag of the Nation . The Cross of Burgundy flag of Spain ( 1536 ) Flag used in the Spanish coastal fortifications ( 1717 ) Flag of Spain ( 1785 ) Flag of Belgrano ( 1812 ) Flag of Macha ( 1816 ) Flag used ( 1818 ) Flag used during the Liga Federal ( 1830 ) Flag used ( 1835 ) Flag of the Argentine Confederation ( 1850 ) Flag of Argentina ( 1861 ) Design ( edit ) The flag at Plaza de Mayo , in front of the Casa Rosada . Flag in Buenos Aires . Flag in Puerto Madryn . Popular belief attributes the colors to those of the sky , clouds and the sun ; some anthems to the flag like `` Aurora '' or `` Salute to the flag '' state so as well . However , historians usually disregard this idea , and attribute them to loyalty towards the House of Bourbon . After the May Revolution , the first times of the Argentine War of Independence , the Triumvirate claimed to be acting on behalf of the Spanish King Ferdinand VII , who was prisoner of Napoleon Bonaparte during the Peninsular War . Whether such loyalty was real or a trick to conceal independentism is a topic of dispute . The creation of a new flag with those colors would have been then a way to denote autonomy , while keeping the relations with the captive king alive . Shape and size ( edit ) From 1978 , the flag 's official proportions are 9 : 14 , and its official size is 0.9 by 1.4 meters . It features three stripes alternating sky blue , white and sky blue . Each stripe is 30 centimeters high . In the center stripe there is an emblem known as the Sun of May ( Spanish : Sol de Mayo ) , a golden sun . Historian Diego Abad de Santillán claimed that the Sun of May was a representation of the Inca sun god Inti . Flags with proportions of 1 : 2 and 2 : 3 are also in use . Colors ( edit ) The colors are officially defined using the CIE 1976 standard : Scheme Sky blue Yellow Brown CIE ( L * , a * , b * ) 67.27 , - 6.88 , - 32.23 74.97 , 29.22 , 81.58 44.53 , 27.16 , 22.48 * Black and white are as normal . * Source : http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/normas-iram/ The following are given for computer , textile , print and plastic use : Scheme Sky blue Yellow Brown RGB 117 , 170 , 219 # 75AADB 252 , 191 , 73 # FCBF49 132 , 53 , 17 # 843511 Pantone ( textile ) 16 - 4132 TC 14 - 1064 TC 18 - 1441 TC Pantone ( print ) 284 C / 284 U 1235 C / 116 U 483 C / 483 U Pantone ( plastic ) Q 300 - 4 - 1 Q 030 - 2 - 1 Q 120 - 2 - 4 Number 75AADB FCBF49 843511 * Source : ibid . The Spanish word celeste ( sky blue ) is used to describe the colour of the blue stripes . Sun of May ( edit ) The sun is called the Sun of May because it is a replica of an engraving on the first Argentine coin , approved in 1813 , whose value was eight escudos ( one Spanish dollar ) . It has 16 straight and 16 waved sunbeams . In 1978 the sun color was specified to be golden yellow ( amarillo oro ) , to have an inner diameter of 10 cm , and an outer diameter of 25 cm ( the diameter of the sun equals ⁄ the height of the white stripe . The sun 's face is ⁄ of its height ) . It features 32 rays , alternately wavy and straight , and from 1978 it must be embroidered in the `` Official Flag Ceremony '' . Influence of the Argentine flag ( edit ) The flag of the United Provinces of Central America . Flag of Peru ( 1822 ) The French privateer Louis - Michel Aury used the Argentine flag as a model for the blue - white - blue flag of the first independent state in Central America , which was created 1818 in Isla de Providencia , an island off the east coast of Nicaragua . This state existed until approximately 1821 , before the Gran Colombia took over control of these islands . Somewhat later ( 1823 ) this flag was again used as the model for the flag of the United Provinces of Central America , a confederation of the current Central American states of Guatemala , Honduras , El Salvador , Nicaragua and Costa Rica , which existed from 1823 to 1838 . After the dissolution of the Union , the five countries became independent , but even today all of these states except Costa Rica use flags of blue - white - blue stripes ( the Costa Rican flag has a red stripe superimposed on the white one , added to incorporate all the colors of the French flag ) . The Argentine flag also inspired the flags of Uruguay and Paraguay . Current flags of Central and South American countries Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Paraguay Uruguay Anthems to the flag ( edit ) Aurora ( sunrise ) ( edit ) Alta en el cielo , un águila guerrera Audaz se eleva en vuelo triunfal . Azul un ala del color del cielo , Azul un ala del color del mar . Así en el alta aurora irradial . Punta de flecha el áureo rostro imita . Y forma estela el purpurado cuello . El ala es paño , el águila es bandera . Es la bandera de la patria mía , del sol nacido que me ha dado Dios . Es la bandera de la Patria Mía , del sol nacido que me ha dado Dios . High in the sky , a warrior eagle rises audacious in its triumphal flight One wing is blue , sky - colored ; one wing is blue , sea - colored . In the high radiant aurora its golden face resembles the tip of an arrow . And its purple nape leaves a wake . The wing is cloth , the eagle is a flag . It is the flag of the Fatherland of mine that God gave me , born of the sun . It is the flag of the Fatherland of mine that God gave me , born of the sun . Lyrics by Luigi Illica and Héctor Cipriano Quesada , music by Héctor Panizza , it is sung during flag raising ceremonies . Saludo a la Bandera ( salutation to the flag ) ( edit ) Salve , argentina bandera azul y blanca . Jirón del cielo en donde impera el Sol . Tú , la más noble , la más gloriosa y santa , el firmamento su color te dio . Yo te saludo , bandera de mi Patria , sublime enseña de libertad y honor . Jurando amarte , como así defenderte , mientras palpite mi fiel corazón . Hail , Argentine Blue and white flag Shred of the sky Where the Sun reigns You , the Most Noble The Most Glorious and Holy The sky gave its color to you I salute you Flag of my motherland Sublime ensign of freedom and honour Swearing to love you as well as to defend you for as long as my faithful heart beats Mi Bandera ( my flag ) ( edit ) Aquí está la bandera idolatrada , la enseña que Belgrano nos legó , cuando triste la Patria esclavizada con valor sus vínculos rompió . Aquí está la bandera esplendorosa que al mundo con sus triunfos admiró , cuando altiva en la lucha y victoriosa la cima de los Andes escaló . Aquí está la bandera que un día en la batalla tremoló triunfal y , llena de orgullo y bizarría , a San Lorenzo se dirigió inmortal . Aquí está , como el cielo refulgente , ostentando sublime majestad , después de haber cruzado el Continente , exclamando a su paso : ¡ Libertad ! ¡ Libertad ! ¡ Libertad ! Here is the idolized flag , the flag that Belgrano left to us , when the sad enslaved Homeland bravely broke its bonds . Here is the splendorous flag that surprised the world with its victory , when arrogant and victoriously during the battles the top of the Andes it has climbed . Here is the flag that one day triumphantly rose in the middle of the battle and , full of pride and gallantry , to San Lorenzo it went immortal . Here it is , like the shining sky , showing sublimate majesty after having crossed the continent shouting in its way : `` Freedom ! '' `` Freedom ! Freedom ! '' Pledge to the flag ( edit ) As Flag Day is celebrated on June 20 , the following pledge is recited to students nationwide on this day by their respective school principals or grade level advisers . In large towns where students are gathered en masse , the pledge is taken by the local town or city executive , preceded by words of advice and honor to the memory of its creator , Manuel Belgrano , using the following or similar formulas : Variant 1 ( edit ) Summons : Niños / Alumnos , la Bandera blanca y celeste -- Dios sea loado -- no ha sido atada jamás al carro triunfal de ningún vencedor de la tierra . Niños / Alumnos , esa Bandera gloriosa representa a la Patria de los Argentinos . Prometáis rendirle vuestro más sincero y respetuoso homenaje , quererla con amor inmenso y formarle , desde la aurora de la vida un culto fervoroso e imborrable en vuestros corazones ; preparándoos desde la escuela para practicar a su tiempo , con toda pureza y honestidad , las nobles virtudes inherentes a la ciudadanía , estudiar con empeño la historia de nuestro país y la de sus grandes benefactores a fin de seguir sus huellas luminosas ya fin también de honrar la Bandera y de que no se amortigüe jamás en vuestras almas el delicado y generoso sentimiento de amor a la Patria . En una palabra : ¿ prometéis lo que esté en las medidas de vuestras fuerzas que la Bandera Argentina flamee por siempre sobra nuestras murallas y fortalezas , en lo alto de los mástiles de nuestras naves ya la cabeza de nuestras legiones y para que el honor sea su aliento , la gloria su aureola , la justicia su empresa ? Response : ¡ Sí , prometo ! Summons : Children / Students , the white and sky - blue flag , God be praised , has never been carried in the triumphal carts of any victors of this Earth . Children / Students , this glorious Flag represents the Fatherland of the Argentines . I ask you all to promise to produce your most sincere and respectful homage , to love it and form it with immense love , from the dawn of the life a fervent and indelible cult in your hearts ; preparing yourselves from the school to practice to its time , with all purity and honesty , the noble virtues inherent in citizenship , studying with determination the history of our country and that of its big benefactors in order to continue its luminous traces and to end also of honoring the Flag and of which there should never get depressed in your souls the delicate and generous love feeling to the Fatherland . In a word : do you promise that what should be in the measurements of your forces that the Flag of Argentina flames forever exceeds our walls and fortitude , on top of the masts of our ships and at the head of our legions and so that the honor should be its breath , the glory its aurora , the justice its company ? Response : `` Yes , we promise ! '' ( either using the Bellamy salute or using the hand over the heart gesture , if not all stand at attention ) Versions of this include references to Belgrano and to all who fought for the country during the Argentine War of Independence and other wars that followed . Variant 2 ( edit ) Summons : Niños / Alumnos , esta es la Bandera que creó Manuel Belgrano en los albores de nuestra libertad , simboliza a la República Argentina , nuestra Patria . Niños / Alumnos , es el símbolo de nuestra libre soberanía , que hace sagrados a los hombres y mujeres ya todos los pueblos del mundo . Convoca el ejercicio de nuestros deberes y nuestros derechos , a respetar las leyes y las instituciones . Es la expresión de nuestra historia forjada con la esperanza y el esfuerzo de millones de hombres y mujeres , los que nacieron en nuestra tierra y los que vinieron a poblarla al amparo de nuestra bandera y nuestra Constitución . Representa nuestra tierra y nuestros mares , nuestros ríos y bosques , nuestros llanos y montañas , el esfuerzo de sus habitantes sus sueños y realizaciones . Simboliza nuestro presente , en el que , día a día , debemos construir la democracia que nos ennoblece , y conquistar el conocimiento que nos libera ; y nuestro futuro , el de nuestros hijos y el de las sucesivas generaciones de argentinos . Niños / Alumnos , ¿ prometen defenderla , respetarla y amarla , con fraterna tolerancia y respeto , estudiando con firme voluntad , comprometiéndose a ser ciudadanos libres y justos , aceptando solidariamente en sus diferencias a todos los que pueblan nuestro suelo y transmitiendo , en todos y cada uno de nuestros actos , sus valores permanentes e irrenunciables ? Response : Sí , prometo ! Summons : Children / Students , in the sunrise of our freedom , Manuel Belgrano created this flag , the very symbol of our fatherland , the Republic of Argentina . Children / Students , it is the symbol of our free sovereignty , which makes it sacred to the men and women and to all the peoples of the world . It was convoked by the exercise of our duties and our rights , to respect the laws and institutions . It is the expression of our history forged with the hope and the efforts of millions of men and women , those who were born in our land and those who came to settle it under our flag and our Constitution . It represents our land and seas , our rivers and forests , our plains and mountains , the efforts of its inhabitants , their dreams and achievements . It symbolizes our present , in which , day to day , we must build democracy that enables us , and conquer the knowledge that frees us ; and our future , for our children and the successive generations of Argentines . Children / Students , therefore , do you promise to defend , respect , and love it , with fraternal tolerance and respect , studying with determination , committing to be free and honest citizens , in solidarity accepting their differences to all who populate in our land and manifest , in each and every one of our actions , these permanent and inalienable values ? Response : `` Yes , we promise ! '' ( either using the Bellamy salute or using the hand over the heart gesture , if not all stand at attention ) The Glorious Revielle may be sounded by a military band or a marching band at this point when available , and confetti may be or may not be showered on the students . In the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic and civil uniformed services the pledge is similar but with a different formula and response of ¡ Si , juro ! ( Yes , we pledge ! ) Military / Police variant ( edit ) Summons : ¿ Jurais a la Patria , seguir constantemente su bandera y defenderla hasta perder la vida ? Response : ¡ Sí , juro ! Summons : Do you therefore pledge to the Fatherland , constantly follow its flag and defend it even at the cost of your lives ? Response : `` Yes , we pledge ! '' If in the Argentine Federal Police the words y su Constitution Nacional ( and its Constitution ) may be inserted . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ La Primera Bandera y su destino ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Spanish : Soldados de la Patria , en este punto hemos tenido la gloria de vestir la escarapela nacional ; en aquél ( señalando la batería Independencia ) nuestras armas aumentarán sus glorias . Juremos vencer a nuestros enemigos interiores y exteriores y la América del Sud será el templo de la Independencia y de la Libertad . En fe de que así lo juráis decid conmigo : ¡ Viva la Patria ! '' `` Señor capitán y tropa destinada por la primera vez a la batería Independencia : id , posesionaos de ella y cumplid el juramento que acabáis de hacer . Proclama dirigida por M. Belgrano a su ejército al enarbolar por primera vez la bandera Jump up ^ Decreto 10.302 / 44 - Que el Escudo , la Bandera , el Himno y su letra son los símbolos de la soberanía de la Nación Jump up ^ Ley 23.208 - Determina quiénes tienen derecho a usar la Bandera Oficial de la Nación . Jump up ^ Abad de Santillán , Diego ( 1965 ) . Historia Argentina ( Argentine history ) ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : TEA ( Tipográfica Editora Argentina ) . OCLC 9405703 . Unknown ID 2900104629702 . Jump up ^ Felipe Pigna ( 2005 ) . Los mitos de la Historia Argentina 2 . Argentina : Grupo Editorial Planeta S.A.I.C. 2005 . p. 92 . ISBN 950 - 49 - 1342 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Belgrano dejó descendencia en América Central '' . aimdigital . August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El origen de las banderas de centroamérica '' . mdz online . June 20 , 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.gob.gba.gov.ar/legislacion/legislacion/98-2785.html Decree 2785 / 98 of the Province of Buenos Aires . Jump up ^ http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/20dejunio/promesa.html. Student Oath to the Flag as sanctioned by the Ministry of Education of Argentina . Jump up ^ Rumbos Aeronauticos . `` Military / Civil Uniformed Services Pledge to the Flag of Argentina '' . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Argentina . Argentina at Flags of the World All anthems to the Argentine flag More information ( in Spanish ) Día de la Bandera ( in Spanish ) National symbols of Argentina National flag Coat of arms Cockade Sun of May Himno Nacional Argentino ( National anthem ) En unión y libertad ( Motto ) Logo José de San Martín ( Father of the Fatherland ) Effigy of the Republic - Gaucho ( National personifications ) Ceibo ( National tree ) Red Quebracho ( National forest tree ) Ceibo flower ( Floral emblem ) Hornero ( National animal / National bird ) Rhodochrosite ( National stone ) Pato ( National sport ) Wine ( National liquor ) Asado - Locro ( National dishes ) Our Lady of Luján ( Patron saint ) Flags of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Manuel Belgrano Political career Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires Telégrafo Mercantil Carlotism May Revolution Primera Junta Inca plan Military career Paraguay campaign Battle of Campichuelo Battle of Paraguarí Battle of Tacuarí 2nd Upper Peru expedition Creation of the Flag of Argentina Jujuy Exodus Battle of Tucumán Battle of Salta Battle of Vilcapugio Battle of Ayohuma Yatasto relay Historiography Autobiography Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina Belgranian National Institute Monuments National Flag Memorial Equestrian monument to General Manuel Belgrano Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Argentina&oldid=806193156 '' Categories : National symbols of Argentina Flags of Argentina 1812 introductions Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles containing Spanish - language text CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Pangasinan Polski Português Română Русский Davvisámegiella Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 09 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which flag has a sun in the middle	[ "The flag of Argentina is a triband, composed of three equally wide horizontal bands coloured baby blue and white. There are multiple interpretations on the reasons for those colors. The flag was created by Manuel Belgrano, in line with the creation of the Cockade of Argentina, and was first raised at the city of Rosario on February 27, 1812, during the Argentine War of Independence. The National Flag Memorial was later built on the site. The First Triumvirate did not approve the use of the flag, but the Asamblea del Año XIII allowed the use of the flag as a war flag. It was the Congress of Tucumán which finally designated it as the national flag, in 1816. A yellow Sun of May was added to the center in 1818." ]	[ "flag of Argentina" ]
-2374931349271333316	Super Bowl ring	Super Bowl ring - wikipedia Super Bowl ring Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Steelers Super Bowl XL ring Joe Theismann 's Super Bowl ring ( right ) The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league 's annual championship game , the Super Bowl . Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team ( ownership ) itself , the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable memento for the actual players and team members to keep for themselves to symbolise their victory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Value and resale 3 Most Super Bowl rings 4 Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Details ( edit ) These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds . They usually include the team name , team logo , and Super Bowl number ( usually indicated in Roman numerals ) . The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for the winning team ; any additional costs are borne by the team . Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens . In 2015 , the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each , making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced . The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose , including usually , but not limited to : players ( active roster or injured ) , coaches , trainers , executives , personnel , and general staff . Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season , despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself . Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle . Teams can distribute any number of rings . A recent trend over the last 15 -- 20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff . These are commonly called `` B '' and `` C '' level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds . The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones ( which resemble diamonds ) . When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII , the players and coaches received rings with a diamond - centered Lombardi trophy . Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the `` C '' level ring did not contain any diamonds . Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football . Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo . Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won . Also , the rings are customized with the player 's name and uniform number . The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring contained more than 100 diamonds . The Packer logo , in the center of the ring , made up 13 diamonds , one for each title the team has won , dating back to 1929 . In a break from tradition , this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum , not gold . The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds , to commemorate their comeback from being down 28 - 3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter . Value and resale ( edit ) Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles , along with genuine rings . Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay . Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008 . Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia . Tight end Shannon Sharpe , meanwhile , gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling , who had his career cut short by injury . In 2011 , a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright , a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s , sold for over $73,000 at auction . Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders ' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction . In 2012 , Lawrence Taylor 's son sold his father 's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000 . Most Super Bowl rings ( edit ) Seven : two people . Bill Belichick : two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots Neal Dahlen : five with San Francisco 49ers ( staff and player personnel ) and two with Denver Broncos ( general manager ) Six : six people . Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II : each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers Chuck Noll : four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers Bill Nunn : each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers `` Mean Joe '' Greene : four as a defensive tackle , two as a special assistant for player personnel , all with the Pittsburgh Steelers Conditioning coach Mike Woicik : three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots Five : twenty people . Charles Haley , five ( two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys ) Tom Brady , five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots ; he has the most rings of any active player ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) , he is the only player to win five playing for one team , and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history . Robert Kraft , five as owner of New England Patriots Edward J. DeBartolo , Jr. , five as owner of San Francisco 49ers Keith Simon : five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers Bobb McKittrick : five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Ray Rhodes : five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers Bill McPherson : five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Dick Hoak : each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers Romeo Crennel : two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots George Seifert : three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers Dwight Clark : two as a player and three as a member of the front office , all with San Francisco 49ers Pepper Johnson : two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots Monsignor Peter Armstrong : five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers Markus Paul : three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots , and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants Tim Rooney : Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants ( as Pro Personnel Director / Scout ) Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant , second as defensive coaching assistant , third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator . Ivan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach . Ernie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director Brian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots , one as a defensive coaching assistant , two as wide receivers coach , and two as tight ends coach Four : at least 39 players , many coaches and staff . The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight - end Marv Fleming , who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967 , and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973 . Twenty - two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s : Terry Bradshaw , Franco Harris , Lynn Swann , John Stallworth , Mel Blount , Jack Lambert , Jack Ham , Mike Webster , Donnie Shell , L.C. Greenwood , Rocky Bleier , Gerry Mullins , Larry Brown , Mike Wagner , J.T. Thomas , Loren Toews , Jon Kolb , Sam Davis , Steve Furness , Dwight White , Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene ( who later added two more rings ) . At least five coaches were with the team all four years : George Perles , Louis Riecke , Woody Widenhofer and ( as noted above ) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak . The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley . Tom Flores : First person to have rings as a player ( Kansas City Chiefs ) , assistant coach and head coach ( Oakland Raiders ) Joe Montana , Keena Turner , Jesse Sapolu , Eric Wright , Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers . Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts Russ Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers Ted Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders Bill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos Coach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams , one with Oakland Raiders , one with Los Angeles Raiders , one with San Francisco 49ers , and one with Washington Redskins ( only player to earn a ring with four different cities ) Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers Willie Davis Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers : two as a player , one as a member of the team 's board of directors , and one as an emeritus director . He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay 's Super Bowl rings . Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961 , 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams , bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven , as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants Ken Norton , Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl - winning teams in a row as a player , and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks Larry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots , and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants Coach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach , two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator , and one as the head coach of the Broncos Dante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach , along with being assistant head coach for three of them Brian Pariani has won four rings . One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos Three : many players , coaches and staff Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh , John Elway , Mike Ditka , Mike Shanahan , Art Shell , Jerry Rice , Steve Young , Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , Jay Novacek , Michael Irvin , Larry Brown , Eric Mangini , Joe Gibbs , Dave Dalby , Cliff Branch , Roger Craig , Shannon Sharpe , Ed McCaffrey , Mark Schlereth , Forrest Gregg , Herb Adderley , Tom Coughlin , LeGarrette Blount , and Matt Cavanaugh . Twenty - two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s : Troy Brown , Willie McGinest , Richard Seymour , Ty Law , Mike Vrabel , Tedy Bruschi , Kevin Faulk , Matt Light , Patrick Pass , Ted Johnson , Lonie Paxton , Stephen Neal , Joe Andruzzi , David Patten , Roman Phifer , Tom Ashworth , Adrian Klemm , Je'Rod Cherry , Matt Chatham , the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri ( who later added a fourth ring with the Colts ) , the aforementioned Tom Brady ( who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots ) , and the aforementioned Larry Izzo ( who won a fourth with the Giants ) . Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings ( edit ) As of 2017 , ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada 's equivalent Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . O.J. Brigance ( linebacker ) won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL 's Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens . He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city . Brandon Browner ( cornerback ) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks , although he did not play in that game due to a suspension . He went on to play against the Seahawks in the following year 's Super Bowl , when he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots . Terry Greer ( wide receiver ) was the first person to win both championships ; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983 , and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989 . Harald Hasselbach ( defensive end ) won a ring in 1992 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos . Bobby Singh ( guard ) is the only player to win a Super Bowl ( 1999 with the St. Louis Rams ) , and a Grey Cup ( 2006 with the BC Lions ) , and the XFL Championship ( 2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme ) . Alvin Walton ( safety ) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL 's Washington Redskins ( 1987 and 1991 seasons , but he did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory ) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 . Barry Wilburn ( cornerback ) won a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988 and the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions . Tyrone Williams ( wide receiver ) won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993 , although he did not participate in either game . He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996 . Andre Rison ( wide receiver ) won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996 , and a Grey Cup with the Toronto Argonauts in 2004 . Josh Miller ( punter ) won a Grey Cup with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 , and a Super Bowl with the New England Patriots in 2004 . See also ( edit ) National Football League portal Championship ring World Series ring References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How much does a Super Bowl ring cost ? It depends '' . Christian Science Monitor. 2015 - 01 - 26 . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How much does each Patriots Super Bowl ring cost ? '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Week 15 : Winter Leaves its Mark : Playoff Picture Remains Muddled '' . Last Call . ESPN . Jump up ^ Duncan , Jeff ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Former New Orleans Saints Player Steve Gleason Gets a Super Bowl Ring at an Emotional Party '' . The Times - Picayune . New Orleans . Jump up ^ d'Estries , Michael ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` New Orleans Saints Raffle Super Bowl Ring for Gulf Spill Charities '' . Mother Nature Network . Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Packers Marvel at Super Bowl Ring 's Might '' . In My Opinion . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Familiar ring : Pats ' SB bling has 283 diamonds '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers Super Bowl Rings Sold In Online Auction '' . Pittsburgh : WTAE - TV . July 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Je'Rod Cherry Super Bowl XXXVI Ring Raffle '' . Celebrities for Charities . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . This ring is currently in the possession of a sports collector in Ottawa , Canada Jump up ^ Garber , Greg . `` Super Bowl Ring ' a Symbol of Excellence ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Edholm , Eric ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Lord of the Rings '' . Pro Football Weekly . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Delozier , Dave ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` 7 Super Bowl Rings for a Coloradan '' . Denvery : KUSA - TV . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Long - Time Scout Bill Nunn Is a Man who Made a Difference '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Steelers Scout Nunn Receives Honor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Greene one of few with six rings '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Former Bears Safety Boasts Five Super Bowl Rings '' ( Press release ) . Chicago Bears . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spofford , Mike ( July 2 , 2011 ) . `` One man has all four rings '' ( Press release ) . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the most super bowl rings in nfl history	[ "Seven: two people.\n\nBill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots\nNeal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco 49ers (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver Broncos (general manager)\n\n", "Seven: two people.\n\nBill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots\nNeal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco 49ers (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver Broncos (general manager)\n\n" ]	[ "Bill Belichick", "Neal Dahlen" ]
-2940346311364639713	History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel	History of the Jews and Judaism in the land of Israel - wikipedia History of the Jews and Judaism in the land of Israel Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of Israel Ancient Israel and Judah Natufian culture Prehistory Canaan Israelites United monarchy Northern Kingdom Kingdom of Judah Babylonian rule Second Temple period ( 530 BC -- AD 70 ) Persian rule Hellenistic period Hasmonean dynasty Herodian dynasty Kingdom Tetrarchy Roman Judea Middle Ages ( 70 -- 1517 ) Roman Palaestina Byzantine Palaestina Prima Secunda Revolt against Constantius Gallus Samaritan revolts Revolt against Heraclius Caliphates Filastin Urdunn Crusades Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Sultanate Modern history ( 1517 -- 1948 ) Ottoman rule Eyalet Mutasarrifate Old Yishuv Zionism OETA British mandate State of Israel ( 1948 -- present ) Independence Timeline Years Arab -- Israeli conflict Start - up Nation History of the Land of Israel by topic Judaism Jerusalem Zionism Jewish leaders Jewish warfare Nationality Related Jewish history Hebrew calendar Archaeology Museums Israel portal Part of a series on Jews and Judaism Etymology Who is a Jew ? 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Although they had first arrived centuries earlier , and the Jewish Bible claims that a Jewish monarchy existed starting in the 10th century BCE , the first appearance of the name `` Israel '' in the secular ( non-Biblical ) historic record is the Egyptian Merneptah Stele , circa 1200 BCE . During the Biblical period , two kingdoms occupied the highland zone , the Kingdom of Israel ( Samaria ) in the north , and the Kingdom of Judah in the south . The Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire ( circa 722 BCE ) , and the Kingdom of Judah by the Neo-Babylonian Empire ( 586 BCE ) . Upon the defeat of the Babylonian Empire by the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great ( 538 BCE ) , the Jewish elite returned to Jerusalem , and the Second Temple was built . In 332 BCE the Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great conquered Israel , starting a long religious struggle that split the Jewish population into traditional ( orthodox ) and Hellenized components . In 165 BCE , after the religion - driven Maccabean Revolt , the independent orthodox Hasmonean Kingdom was established . In 64 BCE the Romans conquered Israel , turning it into a Roman province . Although coming under the sway of various empires and home to a variety of ethnicities , the area of ancient Israel was predominantly Jewish until the Jewish -- Roman wars of 66 -- 136 CE , during which the Romans expelled most of the Jews from the area and replaced it with the Roman province of Palaestina , beginning the Jewish Diaspora . After this time , Jews became a minority in most regions , except Galilee , and the area became increasingly Christian after the 3rd century , though the percentages of Christians and Jews are unknown , the former perhaps coming to predominate in urban areas , the latter remaining in rural areas Jewish settlements declined from over 160 to 50 by the time of the Muslim conquest . Michael Avi - Yonah calculated that Jews constituted 10 -- 15 % of Palestine 's population by the time of the Persian invasion of 614 , while Moshe Gil claims that Jews constituted the majority of the population until the 7th century Muslim conquest ( 638 CE ) . In 1099 the Crusaders conquered Jerusalem and nearby coastal areas , losing and recapturing it for almost 200 years until their final ouster from Acre in 1291 . In 1517 the Ottoman Empire conquered it , ruling it until the British conquered it in 1917 , and ruled it under the British Mandate until 1948 , when the Jewish State of Israel was proclaimed , which was made possible by the Zionist movement and its promotion of mass Jewish immigration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Ancient times 2.1 Early Israelites 2.2 Israel and Judah 2.3 Exile under Babylon ( 586 -- 538 BCE ) 3 Classical era ( 538 BCE -- 636 CE ) 3.1 Persian rule ( 538 -- 332 BCE ) 3.2 Hellenistic and Hasmonean era ( 332 -- 64 BCE ) 3.3 Roman era ( 64 BCE -- 324 CE ) 3.4 Byzantine period ( 324 -- 638 ) 4 Middle Ages ( 636 -- 1517 ) 4.1 Under Islamic rule ( 638 -- 1099 ) 4.2 Under Crusader rule ( 1099 -- 1291 ) 4.3 Gradual revival with increased immigration ( 1211 -- 1517 ) 5 Modern history ( 1517 -- present ) 5.1 Growth and stability under Ottoman rule ( 1517 -- 1917 ) 5.2 British Mandate ( 1917 -- 1948 ) 5.3 State of Israel ( 1948 -- present ) 6 See also 7 External links 8 References 8.1 Bibliography Etymology Main articles : Jew ( word ) , Hebrews , and Israelites The term `` Jews '' originates from the Biblical Hebrew word Yehudi , and in its original meaning refers to the people of the Tribe of Judah or the people of the Kingdom of Judah . The name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah , the fourth son of Jacob . Originally , the Hebrew term Yehudi referred only to members of the tribe of Judah . Later , after the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel ( Samaria ) , the term `` Yehudi '' was applied to anyone from the Kingdom of Judah , including the tribes of Judah , Benjamin and Levi , as well as scattered settlements from other tribes . The land of Israel , which is considered by Jews to be the promised land , was the place where Jewish identity was formed , although this identity was formed gradually reaching much of its current form in the Exilic and post-Exilic period . By the Hellenistic period ( after 332 BCE ) the Jews had become a self - consciously separate community based in Jerusalem . Ancient times Early Israelites Main article : History of ancient Israel and Judah See also : Kingdom of Israel ( united monarchy ) , Kingdom of Israel ( Samaria ) , and Kingdom of Judah The Merneptah stele . While alternative translations exist , the majority of biblical archeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs as `` Israel '' , representing the first instance of the name Israel in the historical record . The Iron Age kingdom of Israel ( blue ) and kingdom of Judah ( tan ) , with their neighbours ( 8th century BCE ) , based on Biblical accounts The name Israel first appears in the stele of the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BC , `` Israel is laid waste and his seed is not . '' This `` Israel '' was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands , well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony , but an ethnic group rather than an organized state . Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites who occupied Canaan and the Sea Peoples . According to modern archaeologists , sometime during Iron Age I a population began to identify itself as ' Israelite ' , differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage , an emphasis on family history and genealogy , and religion . Villages had populations of up to 300 or 400 , which lived by farming and herding , and were largely self - sufficient ; economic interchange was prevalent . Writing was known and available for recording , even in small sites . The archaeological evidence indicates a society of village - like centres , but with more limited resources and a small population . Israel and Judah Main article : History of ancient Israel and Judah The archaeological record indicates that the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged in the Early Iron Age ( Iron Age I , 1200 -- 1000 BCE ) from the Canaanite city - state culture of the Late Bronze Age , at the same time and in the same circumstances as the neighbouring states of Edom , Moab , Aram , and the Philistinian and Phoenician city - states . The oldest Hebrew text ever found was discovered at the ancient Israelite settlement , Elah Fortress , which dates to between 1050 and 970 BCE . An artist 's depiction of the Solomon 's Temple . The Bible states that David founded a dynasty of kings and that his son Solomon built a Temple . Possible references to the House of David have been found at two sites , the Tel Dan Stele and the Mesha Stele . Yigael Yadin 's excavations at Hazor , Megiddo , Beit Shean and Gezer uncovered structures that he and others have argued date from Solomon 's reign , but others , such as Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman ( who agree that Solomon was a historical king ) , argue that they should be dated to the Omride period , more than a century after Solomon . By around 930 BCE , Judaism was divided into a southern Kingdom of Judah and a northern Kingdom of Israel . By the middle of the 9th century BCE , it is possible that an alliance between Ahab of Israel and Ben Hadad II of Damascus managed to repulse the incursions of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III , with a victory at the Battle of Qarqar ( 854 BCE ) . The Tel Dan stele tells of the death of a king of Israel , probably Jehoram , at the hands of an Aramean king ( c. 841 ) . From the middle of the 8th century BCE Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding neo-Assyrian empire . Under Tiglath - Pileser III it first split Israel 's territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital , Samaria ( 722 BCE ) . Both the biblical and Assyrian sources speak of a massive deportation of the people of Israel and their replacement with an equally large number of forced settlers from other parts of the empire -- such population exchanges were an established part of Assyrian imperial policy , a means of breaking the old power structure - and the former Israel never again became an independent political entity . This deportation gave rise to the notion of the Lost Tribes of Israel . The Samaritan people claim to be descended from survivors of the Assyrian conquest . The recovered seal of the Ahaz , king of Judah , ( c. 732 -- 716 BCE ) identifies him as King of Judah . The Assyrian king Sennacherib , tried and failed to conquer Judah . Assyrian records say he leveled 46 walled cities and besieged Jerusalem , leaving after receiving tribute . During the reign of Hezekiah ( c. 716 -- 687 BCE ) a notable increase in the power of the Judean state is reflected by archaeological sites and findings such as the Broad Wall and the Siloam Tunnel in Jerusalem . Judah prospered in the 7th century BCE , probably in a cooperative arrangement with the Assyrians to establish Judah as an Assyrian vassal ( despite a disastrous rebellion against the Assyrian king Sennacherib ) . However , in the last half of the 7th century Assyria suddenly collapsed , and the ensuing competition between the Egyptian and Neo-Babylonian empires for control of Palestine led to the destruction of Judah in a series of campaigns between 597 and 582 . Exile under Babylon ( 586 -- 538 BCE ) Main articles : Babylonian exile and Yehud ( Babylonian province ) An artist 's depiction of the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to Babylon and the destruction of Jerusalem and Solomon 's temple The Assyrian Empire was overthrown in 612 BCE by the Medes and the Neo-Babylonian Empire . In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah . According to the Hebrew Bible , he destroyed Solomon 's Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon . The defeat was also recorded by the Babylonians in the Babylonian Chronicles . The exile of Jews may have been restricted to the elite . One of the 21 LMLK seals found near the ancient city of Lachish , which has an inscription written in Paleo - Hebrew alphabet and is dated from the reign of Hezekiah Babylonian Judah suffered a steep decline in both economy and population and lost the Negev , the Shephelah , and part of the Judean hill country , including Hebron , to encroachments from Edom and other neighbours . Jerusalem , while probably not totally abandoned , was much smaller than previously , and the town of Mizpah in Benjamin in the relatively unscathed northern section of the kingdom became the capital of the new Babylonian province of Yehud Medinata . ( This was standard Babylonian practice : when the Philistine city of Ashkalon was conquered in 604 , the political , religious and economic elite ( but not the bulk of the population ) was banished and the administrative centre shifted to a new location ) . There is also a strong probability that for most or all of the period the temple at Bethel in Benjamin replaced that at Jerusalem , boosting the prestige of Bethel 's priests ( the Aaronites ) against those of Jerusalem ( the Zadokites ) , now in exile in Babylon . The Babylonian conquest entailed not just the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple , but the ruination of the entire infrastructure which had sustained Judah for centuries . The most significant casualty was the state ideology of `` Zion theology , '' the idea that Yahweh , God of Israel , had chosen Jerusalem for his dwelling - place and that the Davidic dynasty would reign there forever . The fall of the city and the end of Davidic kingship forced the leaders of the exile community -- kings , priests , scribes and prophets -- to reformulate the concepts of community , faith and politics . The exile community in Babylon thus became the source of significant portions of the Hebrew Bible : Isaiah 40 -- 55 , Ezekiel , the final version of Jeremiah , the work of the Priestly source in the Pentateuch , and the final form of the history of Israel from Deuteronomy to 2 Kings Theologically , they were responsible for the doctrines of individual responsibility and universalism ( the concept that one god controls the entire world ) , and for the increased emphasis on purity and holiness . Most significantly , the trauma of the exile experience led to the development of a strong sense of identity as a people distinct from other peoples , and increased emphasis on symbols such as circumcision and Sabbath - observance to maintain that separation . Classical era ( 538 BCE -- 636 CE ) Persian rule ( 538 -- 332 BCE ) In 538 BCE , Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon and took over its empire . Judah remained a province of the Persian empire until 332 BCE . According to the biblical history , Cyrus issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations their freedom . Jewish exiles in Babylon , including 50,000 Judeans , led by Zerubabel returned to Judah to rebuild the temple , a task which they are said to have completed c. 515 . A second group of 5,000 , led by Ezra and Nehemiah , returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return . Yet it was probably only in the middle of the next century , at the earliest , that Jerusalem again became the capital of Judah . The Persians may have experimented initially with ruling Judah as a Dividic client - kingdom under descendants of Jehoiachin , but by the mid -- 5th century BCE Judah had become in practice a theocracy , ruled by hereditary High Priests and a Persian - appointed governor , frequently Jewish , charged with keeping order and seeing that tribute was paid . According to the biblical history , Ezra and Nehemiah arrived in Jerusalem in the middle of the 5th century BCE , the first empowered by the Persian king to enforce the Torah , the second with the status of governor and a royal mission to restore the walls of the city . The biblical history mentions tension between the returnees and those who had remained in Judah , the former rebuffing the attempt of the `` peoples of the land '' to participate in the rebuilding of the Temple ; this attitude was based partly on the exclusivism which the exiles had developed while in Babylon and , probably , partly on disputes over property . The careers of Ezra and Nehemiah in the 5th century BCE were thus a kind of religious colonisation in reverse , an attempt by one of the many Jewish factions in Babylon to create a self - segregated , ritually pure society inspired by the prophesies of Ezekiel and his followers . Hellenistic and Hasmonean era ( 332 -- 64 BCE ) Main articles : Seleucid Kingdom , Hellenistic Judaism , and Hasmonean kingdom The Hasmonean kingdom at its largest extent . In 332 BCE the Persians were defeated by Alexander the Great . After his death in 322 BCE , his generals divided the empire between them and Judea became the frontier between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt , but in 198 Judea was incorporated into the Seleucid Kingdom . At first , relations between the Seleucids and the Jews were cordial , but later on as the relations between the hellenized Jews and the religious Jews deteriorated , the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes ( 174 -- 163 ) attempted to impose decrees banning certain Jewish religious rites and traditions . Consequently , this sparked a national rebellion led by Judas Maccabeus . The Maccabean Revolt ( 174 -- 135 BCE ) , whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah , is retold in the Books of the Maccabees . A Jewish group called the Hasideans opposed both Seleucid Hellenism and the revolt , but eventually gave their support to the Maccabees . The Jews prevailed with the expulsion of the Syrians and the establishment of an independent Jewish kingdom under the Hasmonean dynasty . The Maccabean Revolt led to a twenty - five - year period of Jewish independence due to the steady collapse of the Seleucid Empire under attacks from the rising powers of the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire . The Hasmonean dynasty of priest - kings ruled Judea with the Pharisees , Saducees and Essenes as the principal social movements . As part of their struggle against Hellenistic civilization , the Pharisees established what may have been the world 's first national male ( religious ) education and literacy program , based around synagogues . Justice was administered by the Sanhedrin , whose leader was known as the Nasi . The Nasi 's religious authority gradually superseded that of the Temple 's high priest ( under the Hasmoneans this was the king ) . In 125 BCE the Hasmonean King John Hyrcanus subjugated Edom and forcibly converted the population to Judaism . The same power vacuum that enabled the Jewish state to be recognized by the Roman Senate c. 139 BCE after the demise of the Seleucid Empire was next exploited by the Romans themselves . Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II , Simon 's great - grandsons , became pawns in a proxy war between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great that ended with the kingdom under the supervision of the Roman governor of Syria ( 64 BCE ) . Roman era ( 64 BCE -- 324 CE ) See also : History of the Jews in the Roman Empire and Jewish -- Roman wars 1st - century BCE -- 2nd - century CE 64 BCE Rome conquers Judea and Jerusalem 40 -- 37 Antigonus the Hasmonean rules as King of Judea 37 Herod the Great made ruler of Judea 19 Herod 's Temple completed 4 BCE Tetrarchy of Judea formed 6 CE Iudaea province formed 20 Tiberias founded 66 -- 73 First Jewish -- Roman War 67 Gamla and Jotapata fall 70 Second Temple destroyed , Council of Jamnia founded 73 Massada falls 115 -- 117 Kitos War 130 Temple of Jupiter built upon Temple Mount 132 Judea merged into Syria Palaestina 132 -- 136 Bar - Kochba revolt , Ten Martyrs executed c. 200 Mishnah completed In 63 BCE the Roman general Pompey sacked Jerusalem and made the Jewish kingdom a client of Rome . The situation was not to last , as the deaths of Pompey in 48 BCE and Caesar in 44 BCE , together with the related Roman civil wars , relaxed Rome 's grip on Judea . This resulted in the Parthian Empire and their Jewish ally Antigonus the Hasmonean defeating the pro-Roman Jewish forces ( high priest Hyrcanus II , Phasael and Herod the Great ) in 40 BCE . They invaded the Roman eastern provinces and managed to expel the Romans . Antigonus was made King of Judea . Herod fled to Rome , where he was elected `` King of the Jews '' by the Roman Senate and was given the task of retaking Judea . In 37 BCE , with Roman support , Herod reclaimed Judea , and the short - lived reemergence of the Hasmonean dynasty came to an end . From 37 BCE to 6 CE , the Herodian dynasty , Jewish - Roman client kings , ruled Judea . In 20 BCE , Herod began a refurbishment and expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem . His son , Herod Antipas , founded the Jewish city of Tiberias in the Galilee . Model of Herod 's Temple , ( Israel Museum ) Judea under Roman rule was at first a client kingdom , but gradually the rule over Judea became less and less Jewish , until it became under the direct rule of Roman administration from Caesarea Maritima , which was often callous and brutal in its treatment of its Judean , Galilean , and Samaritan subjects . In this period Rabbinical Judaism , led by Hillel the Elder , began to assume popular prominence over the Temple priesthood . In 66 CE , the Jews of Judea rose in revolt against Rome , naming their new kingdom `` Israel '' ( see also First Jewish Revolt coinage ) . The events were described by the Jewish historian Josephus , including the desperate defence of Jotapata , the siege of Jerusalem ( 69 -- 70 CE ) and heroic last stand at Gamla where 9,000 died and Massada ( 72 -- 73 CE ) where they killed themselves rather than fall into the hand of their enemies . The revolt was crushed by the Roman emperors Vespasian and Titus . The Romans destroyed much of the Temple in Jerusalem and took as punitive tribute the Menorah and other Temple artefacts back to Rome . Josephus writes that 1,100,000 Jews perished during the revolt , while a further 97,000 were taken captive . The Fiscus Judaicus was instituted by the Empire as part of reparations . It was during this period that the split of early Christianity and Judaism occurred . The Pharisee movement , led by Yochanan ben Zakai , made peace with Rome and survived . Judeans continued to live in their land in significant numbers , and were allowed to practice their religion . An estimated 2 / 3 of the population in the Galilee and 1 / 3 of the coastal region were Jewish . The 2nd century saw two further Jewish revolts against the Roman rule . The Kitos War ( 115 -- 117 ) was followed by the more fierce Bar - Kochba revolt ( 132 -- 136 ) led by Simon Bar Kokhba . Judea was ravaged while Julius Severus and Emperor Hadrian crushed the rebellion . According to Cassius Dio , 580,000 Jews were killed , and 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed . In 131 , Emperor Hadrian renamed Jerusalem Aelia Capitolina and constructed a Temple of Jupiter on the site of the former Jewish temple . Jews were banned from Jerusalem and Roman Judaea was renamed Syria Palaestina , from which derived `` Palestine '' in English and `` Filistin '' in Arabic . The sack of Jerusalem depicted on the Arch of Titus , Rome After suppressing the Bar Kochba revolt , the Romans permitted a hereditary rabbinical patriarch from the House of Hillel to represent the Jews in dealings with the Romans . The most famous of these was Judah the Prince . Jewish seminaries continued to produce scholars , of whom the most astute became members of the Sanhedrin . The remaining Jewish population was now centred in the Galilee . In this era , according to a popular theory , the Council of Jamnia developed the Jewish Bible canon which decided which books of the Hebrew Bible were to be included , the Jewish apocrypha being left out . It was also the time when the tannaim and amoraim were active in debating and recording the Jewish Oral Law . Their discussions and religious instructions were compiled in the form of the Mishnah by Judah the Prince around 200 CE . Various other compilations , including the Beraita and Tosefta , also come from this period . These texts were the foundation of the Jerusalem Talmud , which was redacted in around 400 CE , probably in Tiberias . Continued persecution and the economic crisis that affected the Roman empire in the 3rd - century led to further Jewish migration from Palestine to the more tolerant Persian Sassanid Empire , where a prosperous Jewish community existed in the area of Babylon . Byzantine period ( 324 -- 638 ) Main article : History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire Byzantine period 351 -- 352 Jewish revolt against Gallus , Jewish communities and academies in disarray 358 Hillel II institutes Hebrew calendar 361 -- 363 Rebuilding of Temple attempted under Julian 425 Gamliel VI , last Prince of the Sanhedrin , dies 429 Jewish Patriarchate abolished by Theodosius II 438 Eudocia allows Jewish prayer on Temple Mount 450 Redaction of Jerusalem Talmud 614 -- 617 Jews gain autonomy in Jerusalem under Persian rule 625 Liturgical poet Yanai flourishes Eshtemoa synagogue menorah , carved during the 3rd or 4th century . The ancient synagogue at Nabratein was destroyed in the Galilee earthquake of 363 Umm el - Kanatir , `` Mother of the Arches '' synagogue , Golan Heights , dated to the 6th - 8th century Early in the 4th century , Roman Empire split and Constantinople became the capital of the East Roman Empire known as the Byzantine Empire . Under the Byzantines , Christianity , dominated by the ( Greek ) Orthodox Church , was adopted as the official religion . Jerusalem became a Christian city and Jews were still banned from living there . In 351 -- 2 , there was another Jewish revolt against a corrupt Roman governor . The Jewish population in Sepphoris rebelled under the leadership of Patricius against the rule of Constantius Gallus . The revolt was eventually subdued by Ursicinus . According to tradition , in 359 CE Hillel II created the Hebrew calendar based on the lunar year . Until then , The entire Jewish community outside the land of Israel depended on the calendar sanctioned by the Sanhedrin ; this was necessary for the proper observance of the Jewish holy days . However , danger threatened the participants in that sanction and the messengers who communicated their decisions to distant congregations . As the religious persecutions continued , Hillel determined to provide an authorized calendar for all time to come . During his short reign , Emperor Julian ( 361 -- 363 ) abolished the special taxes paid by the Jews to the Roman government and also sought to ease the burden of mandatory Jewish financial support of the Jewish patriarchate . He also gave permission for the Jews to rebuild and populate Jerusalem . In one of his most remarkable endeavours , he initiated the restoration of the Jewish Temple which had been demolished in 70 CE . A contingent of thousands of Jews from Persian districts hoping to assist in the construction effort were killed en route by Persian soldiers . The great earthquake together with Julian 's death put an end to Jewish hopes of rebuilding the Third Temple . Had the attempt been successful , it is likely that the re-establishment of the Jewish state with its sacrifices , priests and Sanhedrin or Senate would have occurred . Jews probably constituted the majority of the population of Palestine until the 4th - century , when Constantine converted to Christianity . Jews lived in at least forty - three Jewish communities in Palestine : twelve towns on the coast , in the Negev , and east of the Jordan , and thirty - one villages in Galilee and in the Jordan valley . The persecuted Jews of Palestine revolted twice against their Christian rulers . In the 5th century , the Western Roman Empire collapsed leading to Christian migration into Palestine and development of a Christian majority . Jews numbered 10 -- 15 % of the population . Judaism was the only non-Christian religion tolerated , but there were bans on Jews building new places of worship , holding public office or owning slaves . There were also two Samaritan revolts during this period . In 438 , The Empress Eudocia removed the ban on Jews ' praying at the Temple site and the heads of the Community in Galilee issued a call `` to the great and mighty people of the Jews '' : `` Know that the end of the exile of our people has come '' ! In about 450 , the Jerusalem Talmud was completed . According to Procopius , in 533 Byzantine general Belisarius took the treasures of the Jewish temple from Vandals who had taken them from Rome . In 611 , Sassanid Persia invaded the Byzantine Empire . In 613 , a Jewish revolt against the Byzantine Empire joined forces with these Persian invaders to capture Jerusalem in 614 . The great majority of Christians in Jerusalem were subsequently deported to Persia . The Jews gained autonomy in Jerusalem , until in 617 when the Persians betrayed agreements and withdrew their forces from the region . With return of the Byzantines in 628 , the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius promised to restore Jewish rights and received Jewish help in ousting the Persians with the aid of Jewish leader Benjamin of Tiberias . Heraclius later reneged on the agreement after reconquering Palestine by issuing an edict banning Judaism from the Byzantine Empire and thousands of Jewish refugees fled to Egypt , following Byzantine and Ghassanid perpetrated massacres across the Galilee and Jerusalem . ( Egyptian ) Coptic Christians took responsibility for this broken pledge and still fast in penance . Middle Ages ( 636 -- 1517 ) Under Islamic rule ( 638 -- 1099 ) Main articles : History of the Jews under Muslim rule and Dhimmi Islamic period 638 Umar allows Jews back into Jerusalem 691 -- 705 Islamization of the Temple Mount 720 Jews permanently excluded from ascending Temple Mount c. 750 Palestinian Gaonate based in Tiberias c. 850 Seat of the Gaonate transferred to Jerusalem 875 Mourners of Zion reside in Jerusalem 921 Controversy erupts regarding calendrical calculations of Aaron ben Meïr 960 Masorete Aaron ben Asher dies in Tiberias 1071 Gaonate exiled to Tyre In 638 CE , the Byzantine Empire lost the Levant to the Arab Islamic Empire . According to Moshe Gil , at the time of the Arab conquest in the 7th century , the majority of the population was Jewish or Samaritan . According to one estimate , the Jews of Palestine numbered between 300,000 and 400,000 at the time . After the conquest , the majority of the population ( probably including many Jews ) became Arabized in culture and language , many also adopting the new faith of Islam . The Muslims continued to ban the building of new synagogues . Until the Crusades took Palestine in 1099 , various Muslim dynasties controlled Palestine . It was first ruled by the Medinah - based Rashidun Caliphs , then by the Damascus - based Umayyad Caliphate and after by the Baghdad - based Abbasid Caliphs . In succeeding centuries a common view is that Christians and Muslims were equally divided . The conversion of the Christians to Islam - Gil maintaining they were a majority - is generally thought to have occurred on a large scale only after the Crusades , in the wake of Saladin 's conquest , and as a result of disaffection for the Latins . Historical sources mentions the settlement of Arab tribes and the establishment of new settlements in the 7th century , although little archaeological records have been preserved . However some Arabian settlements like Khirbet Suwwwana , located on outskirts of Jerusalem provides archaeological records of Islamic nomadic settlement and sedentarization among local population . The establishment of new Arab settlements during 7th and 8th century was relatively rare . The religious transformation of the land is evident with large congregation style mosques built in cities like Tiberias , Jarash , Beth Shean , Jerusalem and possibly Cesarea . However the establishment of these mosques point to the influx of Muslim newcomers , rather than to conversion of Jews and Christians to Islam . The settlement map of the land changed dramatically between 6th and 11th century . The sixth century map revealed an urban and rural society at its height , while the 11th century map shows a society that was economically and phiscally stagnant veering toward total collapse . After the conquest , Jewish communities began to grow and flourish . Umar allowed and encouraged Jews to settle in Jerusalem . It was first time , after almost 500 years of oppressive Christian rule , that Jews were allowed to enter and worship freely in their holy city . Seventy Jewish families from Tiberias moved to Jerusalem in order to help strengthen the Jewish community there . But with the construction of the Dome of the Rock in 691 and the Al - Aqsa Mosque in 705 , the Muslims established the Temple Mount as an Islamic holy site . The dome enshrined the Foundation Stone , the holiest site for Jews . Before Omar Abd al - Aziz died in 720 , he banned the Jews from worshipping on the Temple Mount , a policy which remained in place for over the next 1,000 years of Islamic rule . In around 875 , Karaite leader Daniel al - Kumisi arrived in Jerusalem and established an ascetic community of Mourners of Zion . Michael the Syrian notes thirty synagogues which were destroyed in Tiberias by the earthquake of 749 . In the mid-8th - century , taking advantage of the warring Islamic factions in Palestine , a false messiah named Abu Isa Obadiah of Isfahan inspired and organised a group of 10,000 armed Jews who hoped to restore the Holy Land to the Jewish nation . Soon after , when Al - Mansur came to power , Abu Isa joined forces with a Persian chieftain who was also conducting a rebellion against the caliph . The rebellion was subdued by the caliph and Abu Isa fell in battle in 755 . In 1039 , part of the synagogue in Ramla was still in ruins , probably resulting from the earthquake of 1033 . Jews also returned to Rafah and documents from 1015 and 1080 attest to a significant community there . A large Jewish community existed in Ramle and smaller communities inhabited Hebron and the coastal cities of Acre , Caesarea , Jaffa , Ashkelon and Gaza . Al - Muqaddasi ( 985 ) wrote that `` for the most part the assayers of corn , dyers , bankers , and tanners are Jews . '' Under the Islamic rule , the rights of Jews and Christians were curtailed and residence was permitted upon payment of the special tax . Between the 7th and 11th centuries , Masoretes ( Jewish scribes ) in the Galilee and Jerusalem were active in compiling a system of pronunciation and grammatical guides of the Hebrew language . They authorised the division of the Jewish Tanakh , known as the Masoretic Text , which is regarded as authoritative till today . Under Crusader rule ( 1099 -- 1291 ) Main article : History of the Jews and the Crusades Capture of Jerusalem , 1099 According to Gilbert , from 1099 to 1291 the Christian Crusaders `` mercilessly persecuted and slaughtered the Jews of Palestine . '' In 1099 , the Jews were among the rest of the population who tried in vain to defend Jerusalem against the Crusaders . When the city fell , a massacre of 6,000 Jews occurred when the synagogue they were seeking refuge in was set alight . Almost all perished . In Haifa , the Jews and Muslims held out for a whole month , ( June -- July 1099 ) . Under Crusader rule , Jews were not allowed to hold land and involved themselves in commerce in the coastal towns during times of quiescence . Most of them were artisans : glassblowers in Sidon , furriers and dyers in Jerusalem . At this time there were Jewish communities scattered all over the country , including Jerusalem , Tiberias , Ramleh , Ashkelon , Caesarea , and Gaza . In line with trail of bloodshed the Crusaders left in Europe on their way to liberate the Holyland , in Palestine , both Muslims and Jews were indiscriminately massacred or sold into slavery . A large volume of piyutim and midrashim originated in Palestine at this time . In 1165 Maimonides visited Jerusalem and prayed on the Temple Mount , in the `` great , holy house '' . In 1141 Spanish poet , Yehuda Halevi , issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel , a journey he undertook himself . In the crusading era , there were significant Jewish communities in several cities and Jews are known to have fought alongside Arabs against the Christian invaders . Gradual revival with increased immigration ( 1211 -- 1517 ) Main article : Pre-Zionist Aliyah 12th to 14th - century 1191 Jews of Ascalon arrive in Jerusalem 1198 Maghreb Jews arrive in Jerusalem 1204 Maimonides buried in Tiberias 1209 - 1211 Immigration of 300 French and English rabbis 1217 Judah al - Harizi bemoans state of the Temple Mount 1260 Yechiel of Paris establishes talmudical academy in Acre 1266 Jews banned from entering the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron 1267 Nachmanides arrives in Jerusalem , Ramban synagogue established 1286 Meir of Rothenburg incarcerated after attempting to emigrate to Mamluk Palestine 1355 Physician and geographer Ishtori Haparchi dies in Bet She'an 15th - century 1428 Jews attempt to purchase Tomb of David , Pope prevents ships carrying Jews to Mamluk Palestine 1434 Elijah of Ferrara settles in Jerusalem 1441 Famine forces Jerusalem Jews to send emissary to Europe 1455 Failed large scale immigration attempt from Sicily 1474 Great Synagogue of Jerusalem demolished by Arab mob 1488 Obadiah ben Abraham begins revival of Jerusalem 1507 Joseph Saragossi dies in Safed The Crusader rule over Palestine had taken its toll on the Jews . Relief came in 1187 when Ayyubid Sultan Saladin defeated the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin , taking Jerusalem and most of Palestine . ( A Crusader state centred round Acre survived in weakened form for another century . ) In time , Saladin issued a proclamation inviting all Jews to return and settle in Jerusalem , and according to Judah al - Harizi , they did : `` From the day the Arabs took Jerusalem , the Israelites inhabited it . '' al - Harizi compared Saladins decree allowing Jews to re-establish themselves in Jerusalem to the one issued by the Persian Cyrus the Great over 1,600 years earlier . Synagogue of Nachmanides , Casale Pilgrim ( 16th - century ) In 1211 , the Jewish community in the country was strengthened by the arrival of a group headed by over 300 rabbis from France and England , among them Rabbi Samson ben Abraham of Sens . The motivation of European Jews to emigrate to the Holyland in the 13th - century possibly lay in persecution , economic hardship , messianic expectations or the desire to fulfill the commandments specific to the land of Israel . In 1217 , Spanish pilgrim Judah al - Harizi found the sight of the non-Jewish structures on the Temple Mount profoundly disturbing : `` What torment to see our holy courts converted into an alien temple ! '' he wrote . Nachmanides , the 13th - century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews . He wrote `` If the gentiles wish to make peace , we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms ; but as for the land , we shall not leave it in their hands , nor in the hands of any nation , not in any generation . '' In 1267 he arrived in Jerusalem and found only two Jewish inhabitants -- brothers , dyers by trade . Wishing to re-establish a strong Jewish presence in the holy city , he brought a Torah scroll from Nablus and founded a synagogue . Nahmanides later settled at Acre , where he headed a yeshiva together with Yechiel of Paris who had emigrated to Acre in 1260 , along with his son and a large group of followers . Upon arrival , he had established the Beth Midrash ha - Gadol d'Paris Talmudic academy where one of the greatest Karaite authorities , Aaron ben Joseph the Elder , was said to have attended . Title page of Ishtori Haparchi 's Kaftor Vaferech , Venice 1549 . In the first Hebrew book printed on the geography of Palestine , 180 locations mentioned in the Bible and Talmudic literature are identified . In 1260 , control passed to the Egyptian Mamluks and until 1291 Palestine became the frontier between Mongol invaders ( occasional Crusader allies ) . The conflict impoverished the country and severely reduced the population . Sultan Qutuz of Egypt eventually defeated the Mongols in the Battle of Ain Jalut ( near Ein Harod ) and his successor ( and assassin ) , Baibars , eliminated the last Crusader Kingdom of Acre in 1291 , thereby ending the Crusader presence . In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering , which previously would be able to enter it for a fee . The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967 . In 1286 , leader of German Jewry Meir of Rothenburg , was imprisoned by Rudolf I for attempting to lead a large group of Jews hoping to settle in Palestine . Exiled from France in 1306 , Ishtori Haparchi ( d . 1355 ) arrived in Palestine and settled Bet She'an in 1313 . Over the next seven years he compiled an informative geographical account of the land in which he attempts to identify biblical and talmudic era locations . Two other noted Spanish kabbalists , Hananel ibn Askara and Shem Tov ibn Gaon , emigrated to Safed around this time . During the tolerant reign of Nassir Mahomet ( 1299 -- 1341 ) Jewish pilgrims from Egypt and Syria were able to spend the festivals in Jerusalem , which had a large Jewish community . Many of the Jerusalem Jews occupied themselves with study of the codes and the kabbalah . Others were artisans , merchants , calligraphers or physicians . The vibrant community of Hebron engaged in weaving , dyeing and glassware manufacturing ; others where shepherds . The 1428 attempt by German Jews to acquire rooms and buildings on Mount Zion over the Tomb of David had dire consequences . The Franciscans , who had occupied the site since 1335 , petitioned Pope Martin V who issued a papal order prohibiting sea captains from carrying Jews to Palestine . In 1438 , Italian rabbi Elijah of Ferrara settled in Jerusalem and became a lecturer and dayyan . In 1455 , a large group of prospective emigrants from across Sicily were arrested for attempting to sail to Palestine . Not wanting to forfeit revenue made from special Jewish taxes , the authorities were against the mass emigration of Jews and accused the group of planning to illegally smuggle gold off the island . After nine months of imprisonment , a heavy ransom freed 24 Jews who were then granted permission to travel to Palestine so long as they abandoned all their property . In 1470 , Isaac b . Meir Latif arrived from Ancona and counted 150 Jewish families in Jerusalem . In 1473 , the authorities closed down the Nachmanides Synagogue after part of it had collapsed in a heavy rainstorm . A year later , after an appealing to Sultan Qaitbay , the Jews were given permission to repair it . The Muslims of the adjoining mosque however contested the verdict and for two days , proceeded to demolish the synagogue completely . The vandals were punished , but the synagogue was only rebuilt 50 years later in 1523 . 1481 saw Italian Joseph Mantabia being appointed dayyan in Jerusalem . A few years later in 1488 , Italian commentator and spiritual leader of Jewry , Obadiah ben Abraham arrived in Jerusalem . He found the city forsaken holding about seventy poor Jewish families . By 1495 , there were 200 families . Obadiah , a dynamic and erudite leader , had begun the rejuvenation of Jerusalem 's Jewish community . This , despite the fact many refugess from the Spanish and Portuguese expulsion of 1492 - 97 stayed away worried about the lawlessness of Mamulk rule . An anonymous letter of the time lamented : `` In all these lands there is no judgement and no judge , especially for the Jews against Arabs . '' Mass immigration would start after the Turks conquered the region in 1517 . Yet in Safed , the situation fared better . Thanks to Joseph Saragossi who had arrived in the closing years of the 15th century , Safed and its environs had developed into the largest concentration of Jews in Palestine . With the help of the Sephardic immigration from Spain , the Jewish population had increased to 10,000 by the early 16th century . Twenty - five years earlier Joseph Mantabia had counted just 300 families in and around Safed . The first record of Jews at Safed was provided by French explorer Samuel ben Samson 300 years earlier in 1210 when he found only 50 Jews in residence . At the beginning of the 17th century , Safed was to boast eighteen talmudical colleges and twenty - one synagogues . Records cite at least 30 Jewish urban and rural communities in the country at the opening of the 16th century . Modern History ( 1517 -- present ) Main article : Chronology of the Jewish settlement in the land of Israel in modern times Growth and stability under Ottoman rule ( 1517 -- 1917 ) Main articles : Old Yishuv and Ottoman Jews Old Yishuv Jewish life in the Land of Israel under Ottoman rule Key events Aliya of Nachmanides ( 1267 ) Alhambra ( 1492 ) Manuel I decree ( 1496 ) Hebron and Safed massacres ( 1517 ) Revival of Tiberias ( 1563 ) Sack of Tiberias ( 1660 ) Hebron massacre ( 1834 ) Safed attack ( 1838 ) Jerusalem expansion Moshavot establishment Key figures Ishtori Haparchi ( d . 1313 ) Joseph Saragossi ( d . 1507 ) Obadiah MiBartenura ( d . 1515 ) Levi ibn Habib ( d . 1545 ) Jacob Berab ( d . 1546 ) Joseph Nasi ( d . 1579 ) Moses Galante ( d . 1689 ) Moses ibn Habib ( d . 1696 ) Yehuda he - Hasid ( d . 1700 ) Haim Abulafia ( d . 1744 ) Menachem Mendel ( d . 1788 ) Haim Farhi ( d . 1820 ) Jacob Saphir ( d . 1886 ) Haim Aharon Valero ( d . 1923 ) Economy Etrog cultivation Winemaking Banking Printing Soap production Textiles Philanthropy Kollel Halukka Montefiore Judah Touro Communities Musta'arabim Sephardim Perushim Hasidim Jerusalem Mea Shearim Mishkenot Sha'ananim Hebron Safed Tiberias Jaffa Haifa Peki'in Acco Shechem Gaza Kafr Yasif Shefa - ' Amr Petah Tikva Synagogues Great Academy of Paris ( 1258 ) Ramban ( 1267 ) Abuhav ( 1490s ) Abraham Avinu ( 1540 ) Ari ( 1570s ) Johanan ben Zakai ( 1600s ) Hurva ( 1700 ) Tifereth Israel ( 1872 ) Related articles History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel Four Holy Cities Applicability of religious laws History of Zionism Timeline Pre-Modern Aliyah Return to Zion Three Oaths Haredim and Zionism Edah HaChareidis ShaDaR One of the earliest photographs of Jews praying at the Western Wall of Herod 's Temple , 1870s . The Scroll of Ahimaaz ( 1050 CE ) mentions the location as a Jewish prayer site . In around 1560 , Suleiman the Magnificent gave official recognition of the right of Jews to pray there . The Ari Synagogue in Safed . Founded in the 1570s , it was rebuilt in 1857 following an earthquake . Palestine was conquered by Turkish Sultan Selim II in 1516 -- 17 , and became part of the province of Syria for the next four centuries . In 1534 , Spanish refugee Jacob Berab settled in Safed . He believed the time was ripe to reintroduce the old `` semikah '' ( ordination ) which would create for Jews worldwide a recognised central authority . In 1538 , an assembly of Safed twenty - five rabbis ordained Berab , a step which they hoped would instigate the formation of a new Sanhedrin . But the plan faltered upon a strong and concerted protest by the chief rabbi of Jerusalem , Levi ben Jacob ibn Habib . Additionally , worried about a scheme which would invest excessive authority in a Jewish senate , possibly resulting in the first step toward the restoration of the Jewish state , the new Ottoman rulers forced Berab to flee Palestine and the plan did not materialize . The 16th - century nevertheless saw a resurgence of Jewish life in Palestine . Palestinian rabbis were instrumental producing a universally accepted manual of Jewish law and some of the most beautiful liturgical poems . Much of this activity occurred at Safed which had become a spiritual centre , a haven for mystics . Joseph Karo 's comprehensive guide to Jewish law , the Shulchan Aruch , was considered so authoritative that the variant customs of German - Polish Jewry were merely added as supplement glosses . Some of the most celebrated hymns were written in Safed by poets such as Israel Najara and Solomon Alkabetz . The town was also a centre of Jewish mysticism , notable kabbalists included Moses Cordovero and the German - born Naphtali Hertz ben Jacob Elhanan . A new method of understanding the kabbalah was developed by Palestinian mystic Isaac Luria , and espoused by his student Chaim Vital . In Safed , the Jews developed a number of branches of trade , especially in grain , spices , textiles and dyeing . In 1577 , a Hebrew printing press was established in Safed . The 8,000 or 10,000 Jews in Safed in 1555 grew to 20,000 or 30,000 by the end of the century . In around 1563 , Joseph Nasi secured permission from Sultan Selim II to acquire Tiberias and seven surrounding villages to create a Jewish city - state . He hoped that large numbers of Jewish refugees and Marranos would settle there , free from fear and oppression ; indeed , the persecuted Jews of Cori , Italy , numbering about 200 souls , decided to emigrate to Tiberias . Nasi had the walls of the town rebuilt by 1564 and attempted to turn it into a self - sufficient textile manufacturing center by planting mulberry trees for the cultivation of silk . Nevertheless , a number of factors during the following years contributed to the plan 's ultimate failure . Nasi 's aunt , Doña Gracia Mendes Nasi supported a yeshiva in the town for many years until her death in 1569 . In 1567 , a Yemenite scholar and Rabbi , Zechariah Dhahiri , visited Safed and wrote of his experiences in a book entitled Sefer Ha - Musar . His vivid descriptions of the town Safed and of Rabbi Joseph Karo 's yeshiva are of primary importance to historians , seeing that they are a first - hand account of these places , and the only extant account which describes the yeshiva of the great Sephardic Rabbi , Joseph Karo . In 1576 , the Jewish community of Safed faced an expulsion order : 1,000 prosperous families were to be deported to Cyprus , `` for the good of the said island '' , with another 500 the following year . The order was later rescinded due to the realisation of the financial gains of Jewish rental income . In 1586 , the Jews of Istanbul agreed to build a fortified khan to provide a refuge for Safed 's Jews against `` night bandits and armed thieves . '' In 1569 , the Radbaz moved to Jerusalem , but soon moved to Safed to escape the high taxes imposed on Jews by the authorities . Installation of the Chacham Bashi at the Ben Zakai Synagogue , 1893 . According to legend , the synagogue stands on the site of the study hall of 1st - century sage , Rabban Yochanan ben Zakai . The current building was constructed in 1610 . In 1610 , the Yochanan ben Zakai Synagogue in Jerusalem was completed . It became the main synagogue of the Sephardic Jews , the place where their chief rabbi was invested . The adjacent study hall which had been added by 1625 later became the Synagogue of Elijah the Prophet . In the 1648 -- 1654 Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine over 100,000 Jews were massacred , leading to some migration to Israel . In 1660 ( or 1662 ) , the majorly Jewish towns of Safed and Tiberias are destroyed by the Druze , following a power struggle in Galilee . In 1665 , the events surrounding the arrival of the self - proclaimed Messiah Sabbatai Zevi to Jerusalem , causes a massacre of the Jews in Jerusalem . The Near East earthquake of 1759 destroys much of Safed killing 2000 people with 190 Jews among the dead , and also destroys Tiberias . The disciples of the Vilna Gaon settled in the land of Israel almost a decade after the arrival of two of his pupils , R. Hayim of Vilna and R. Israel ben Samuel of Shklov . In all there were three groups of the Gaon 's students which emigrated to the land of Israel . They formed the basis of the Ashkenazi communities of Jerusalem and Safed , setting up what was known as the Kollel Perushim . Their arrival encouraged an Ashkenazi revival in Jerusalem , whose Jewish community until this time was mostly Sephardi . Many of the descendants of the disciples became leading figures in modern Israeli society . The Gaon himself also set forth with his pupils to the Land , but for an unknown reason he turned back and returned to Vilna , where he died soon after . During the siege of Acre in 1799 , Napoleon issued a proclamation to the Jews of Asia and Africa to help him conquer Jerusalem . The siege was lost to the British , however , and the plan was never carried out . In 1821 the brothers of murdered Jewish adviser and finance minister to the rulers of the Galilee , Haim Farkhi formed an army with Ottoman permission , marched south and conquered the Galilee . They were held up at Akko which they besieged for 14 months after which they gave up and retreated to Damascus . During the Peasants ' Revolt under Muhammad Ali of Egypt 's occupation , Jews were targeted in the 1834 looting of Safed and the 1834 Hebron massacre . By 1844 , some sources report that Jews had become the largest population group in Jerusalem and by 1890 an absolute majority in the city , but as a whole the Jewish population made up far less than 10 % of the region . British Mandate ( 1917 -- 1948 ) Main articles : British Mandate of Palestine and 1947 -- 1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine Part of a series on Aliyah Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel Concepts Promised Land Gathering of Israel Diaspora Negation Homeland for the Jewish people Zionism Jewish question Law of Return Pre-Modern Aliyah Return to Zion Old Yishuv Perushim Aliyah in modern times First Second during World War I Third Fourth Fifth Aliyah Bet Bricha from Muslim countries Yemen Iraq Morocco Lebanon from the Soviet Union post-Soviet from Ethiopia from Latin America Absorption Revival of the Hebrew language Ulpan Hebraization of surnames Kibbutz Youth village Immigrant camps Ma'abarot Development town Austerity Organizations World Zionist Organization Jewish National Fund Jewish Agency for Israel Youth Aliyah Mossad LeAliyah Bet El Al Ministry of Immigrant Absorption Nefesh B'Nefesh Am Yisrael Foundation Related topics Yishuv Sabra Yerida Jewish refugees History of the Jews in the Land of Israel Demographic history of Palestine ( region ) Historical Jewish population comparisons Yom HaAliyah The UN partition plan Between 1882 and 1948 , a series of Jewish migrations to what is the modern nation of Israel , known as Aliyahs commenced . These migrations preceded the Zionist period . In 1917 , towards the end of World War I , following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire , Palestine was occupied by British forces . The United Kingdom was granted control of the area west of the River Jordan now comprising the State of Israel , the West Bank and the Gaza Strip ( Mandatory Palestine ) , and on the east bank of what later became Jordan ( as a separate mandate ) by the Versailles Peace Conference which established the League of Nations in 1919 . Herbert Samuel , a former Postmaster General in the British cabinet , who was instrumental in drafting the Balfour Declaration was appointed the first High Commissioner of Mandatory Palestine , generally simply known as Palestine . During World War I the British had made two promises regarding territory in the Middle East . Britain had promised the local Arabs , through Lawrence of Arabia , independence for a united Arab country covering most of the Arab Middle East , in exchange for their supporting the British ; and Britain had promised to create and foster a Jewish national home as laid out in the Balfour Declaration , 1917 . In 1947 , following increasing levels of violence , the British government expressed a wish to withdraw from Palestine . The proposed plan of partition would have split Palestine into two states , an Arab state and a Jewish state , and the City of Jerusalem , giving slightly more than half the land area to the proposed Jewish state . Immediately following the adoption by the United Nations General Assembly of a resolution recommending the adoption and implementation of the Partition Plan ( Resolution 181 ( II ) ) , and the subsequent declaration of statehood by the Jewish National Council , civil war broke out between the Arab community and the Jewish community , as armies of the Arab League , which rejected the Partition Plan which Israel accepted , sought to squelch the new Jewish state . On 14 May 1948 , one day before the end of the British Mandate , the leaders of the Jewish community in Palestine led by the future prime minister David Ben - Gurion , declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz - Israel , to be known as the State of Israel . State of Israel ( 1948 -- present ) Main articles : History of Israel and Israeli Jews Western Wall in Jerusalem The armies of Egypt , Lebanon , Syria , Jordan , and Iraq marched into the territory of what had just ceased to be the British Mandate , thus starting the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . The nascent Israel Defense Forces repulsed the Arab armies , and extended Israel 's borders beyond the original Resolution 181 ( II ) boundaries for the proposed Jewish state . By December 1948 , Israel controlled most of the portion of Mandate Palestine west of the Jordan River . The remainder of the Mandate came to be called the West Bank ( controlled by Jordan ) , and the Gaza Strip ( controlled by Egypt ) . Prior to and during this conflict , 711,000 Palestinians Arabs were expelled or fled their homes to become Palestinian refugees . One third went to the West Bank and one third to the Gaza Strip , occupied by Jordan and Egypt respectively , and the rest to Jordan , Syria , Lebanon and other countries . After the establishment of Israel , immigration of Holocaust survivors from Europe and a large influx of Jewish refugees from Arab countries had doubled Israel 's population within one year of its independence . Overall , during the following years approximately 850,000 Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews fled or were expelled from Arab countries , Iran and Afghanistan . Of these , about 680,000 settled in Israel . Yemenite Jews in Ma'abarat ( Absorption Camp ) Rosh Ha - Ayin in 1949 Israel 's Jewish population continued to grow at a very high rate for years , fed by waves of Jewish immigration from round the world , including the massive immigration wave of Soviet Jews , who arrived in Israel in the early 1990s , according to the Law of Return . Some 380,000 Jewish immigrants from the Soviet Union arrived in 1990 -- 91 alone . Since 1948 , Israel has been involved in a series of major military conflicts , including the 1956 Suez Crisis , 1967 Six - Day War , 1973 Yom Kippur War , 1982 Lebanon War , and 2006 Lebanon War , as well as a nearly constant series of other conflicts , among them the ongoing Israeli -- Palestinian conflict . Despite the constant security threats , Israel -- a majorly Jewish state -- has thrived economically . Throughout the 1980s and the 1990s there were numerous liberalization measures : in monetary policy , in domestic capital markets , and in various instruments of governmental interference in economic activity . The role of government in the economy was considerably decreased . On the other hand , some governmental economic functions were increased : a national health insurance system was introduced , though private health providers continued to provide health services within the national system . Social welfare payments , such as unemployment benefits , child allowances , old age pensions and minimum income support , were expanded continuously , until they formed a major budgetary expenditure . These transfer payments compensated , to a large extent , for the continuous growth of income inequality , which had moved Israel from among the developed countries with the least income inequality to those with the most . See also List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel Time periods in the Palestine region Muslim history in Palestine ( Islamization ) Israeli Jews ( Palestinian Jews ) List of Jewish communities by country List of Yeshivas and Midrashas in Israel Demographic history of Palestine ( region ) External links Yearning for Zion The conquests of Jerusalem in 614CE and 638CE within the context of attempts at Jewish restoration Timeline of the History of the Jews and the Land of Israel Based on `` A Historical Survey of the Jewish Population in Palestine Presented to the United Nations in 1947 The Historyscoper References Jump up ^ Catherine Hezser , Jewish Literacy in Roman Palestine , Mohr Siebeck , 2001 pp. 170 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Michael Avi - Yonah , The Jews Under Roman and Byzantine Rule : A Political History of Palestine from the Bar Kokhba War to the Arab Conquest , Magnes Press , Hebrew University , 1984 , pp. 15 -- 19 , 20 , 132 -- 33 , 241 cited William David Davies , Louis Finkelstein , Steven T. Katz ( eds . ) , The Cambridge History of Judaism : Volume 4 , The Late Roman - Rabbinic Period , pp. 407ffff . ^ Jump up to : Moshe Gil , A History of Palestine : 634 -- 1099 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Jew '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Who Is a Jew ? '' . Judaism101 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A history of the Jewish nation : from the earliest times to the present day ( 1883 ) ( archived ) '' . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Stager in Coogan 1998 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Dever 2003 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Miller 1986 , pp. 78 -- 9 . Jump up ^ McNutt 1999 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ McNutt 1999 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Miller 2005 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ McNutt 1999 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Miller 2005 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Miller 2005 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Lehman in Vaughn 1992 , pp. 156 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Bloch - Smith and Beth Alpert Nakhai , `` A Landscape Comes to Life : The Iron Age I '' , Near Eastern Archeology , Vol. 62 , No. 2 ( June 1999 ) , pp. 62 -- 92 Jump up ^ Gil Ronen ( 31 October 2008 ) . `` Oldest Hebrew Text Discovered at King David 's Border Fortress '' . Israel National News . Jump up ^ Yosef Garfinkel and Saar Ganor , Khirbet Qeiyafa : Sha'arayim Archived 4 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures , Volume 8 , Article 22 . ISSN 1203 - 1542 . Jump up ^ Jerusalem : The Biography by Simon Sebag Montefiore pp 28 and 39 Phoenix 2011 Jump up ^ Dever 2001 Jump up ^ Finkelstein The Bible Unearthed Jump up ^ Kurkh stela : https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367117&partId=1 For original inscription see http://rbedrosian.com/Downloads3/ancient_records_assyria1.pdf page 223 Jump up ^ Mazar in Finkelstein 2007 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Lemche 1998 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ First Impression : What We Learn from King Ahaz 's Seal by Robert Deutsch . Jump up ^ http://www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/readings/sennprism.html column 2 line 61 to column 3 line 49 Jump up ^ David M. Carr ( 2005 ) . Writing on the Tablet of the Heart : Origins of Scripture and Literature . Oxford University Press . p. 164 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p410 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . 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( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` HYRCANUS , JOHN ( JOHANAN ) I . '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . Jump up ^ Martin Goodman , Rome and Jerusalem : The Clash of Ancient Civilizations , Penguin 2008 pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ M. Avi - Yonah , The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule , Jerusalem 1984 chapter I Jump up ^ The ' Five Good Emperors ' ( roman-empire.net ) Jump up ^ Mosaic or mosaic ? -- The Genesis of the Israeli Language by Zuckermann , Gilad Jump up ^ Martin Goodman , Rome and Jerusalem : The Clash of Ancient Civilizations , Penguin 2008 p. 494 Jump up ^ M. Avi - Yonah , The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule , Jerusalem 1984 sections II to V Jump up ^ For more information , see `` The Canon Debate '' edited by McDonald and Sanders , 2002 Hendrickson . Jump up ^ Bernard Lazare . `` Jewish History Sourcebook : Bernard Lazare : Antisemitism : Its History and Causes , 1894 '' . Fordham University . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Julian and the Jews 361 -- 363 CE '' ( Fordham University , The Jesuit University of New York ) . Jump up ^ Andrew Cain ; Noel Emmanuel Lenski ( 2009 ) . The power of religion in late antiquity . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . pp. 245 -- 246 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6725 - 4 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Abraham Malamat ; Haim Hillel Ben - Sasson ( 1976 ) . A History of the Jewish people . Harvard University Press . p. 353 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 39731 - 6 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Günter Stemberger ( 2000 ) . Jews and Christians in the Holy Land : Palestine in the fourth century . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 08699 - 0 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Edward Kessler ( 31 March 2010 ) . An Introduction to Jewish - Christian Relations . Cambridge University Press . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 70562 - 2 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ M. Avi - Yonah , The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule , Jerusalem 1984 chapters XI -- XII Jump up ^ Peter Schäfer , The History of the Jews in the Greco - Roman World , Routledge 2003 p. 191 . Jump up ^ While the Syrians and the Melchite Greeks ceased to observe the penance after the death of Heraclius ; Elijah of Nisibis ( Beweis der Wahrheit des Glaubens , translation by Horst , p. 108 , Colmar 1886 ) see http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=B&artid=1642#4756 . Jump up ^ Israel Cohen ( 1950 ) . Contemporary Jewry : a survey of social , cultural , economic , and political conditions . Methuen . p. 310 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Lauren S. Bahr ; Bernard Johnston ( M.A. ) ; Louise A. Bloomfield ( 1996 ) . Collier 's encyclopedia : with bibliography and index . Collier 's . p. 328 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Norman Roth ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Synagogues '' . Medieval Jewish Civilization : An Encyclopedia . Routledge . p. 622 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 77155 - 2 . The Muslims had reinforced the Byzantine prohibition against new synagogues in Palestine after their conquest of the land ... Jump up ^ Gideon Avni , The Byzantine - Islamic Transition in Palestine : An Archaeological Approach , OUP Oxford , 2014 pp. 332 -- 336 . Jump up ^ Ira M. Lapidus , Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century : A Global History , Cambridge University Press , 2012 p. 201 , Jump up ^ The Byzantine - Islamic Transition in Palestine : An Archaeological Approach , Gideon Avni , p. 354 in reference to Moshe Gil 1992 , p. 112 -- 114 Jump up ^ The Byzantine - Islamic Transition in Palestine : An Archaeological Approach , Gideon Avni , p ... 337 Jump up ^ The Byzantine - Islamic Transition in Palestine : An Archaeological Approach , Gideon Avni , p. 353 Jump up ^ Gil p. 70 - 71 . Jump up ^ Moshe Dothan ; Ḥevrah la - ḥaḳirat Erets - Yiśraʼel ṿe - ʻatiḳoteha ; Israel . Agaf ha - ʻatiḳot ṿeha - muzeʼonim ( 2000 ) . Hammath Tiberias : Late synagogues . Israel Exploration Society . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 965 - 221 - 043 - 2 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Élie Barnavi ; Miriam Eliav - Feldon ; Denis Charbit ( 2002 ) . A historical atlas of the Jewish people : from the time of the patriarchs to the present . Schocken Books . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8052 - 4226 - 3 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon Sebag Montefiore ( 27 January 2011 ) . Jerusalem : The Biography . Orion . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 85864 - 5 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Marina Rustow ( 2008 ) . Heresy and the politics of community : the Jews of the Fatimid caliphate . Cornell University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4582 - 8 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Moshe Gil ( 1997 ) . A history of Palestine , 634 -- 1099 . Cambridge University Press . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59984 - 9 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ A History of the Jewish People , A. Marx. page 259 . Jump up ^ Stefan C. Reif ; Shulamit Reif ( 2002 ) . The Cambridge Genizah Collections : Their Contents and Significance . Cambridge University Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81361 - 7 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Raphael Patai ( 15 November 1999 ) . The Children of Noah : Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times . Princeton University Press . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00968 - 1 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Salo Wittmayer Baron ( 1952 ) . A Social and Religious History of the Jews : High Middle Ages , 500 - 1200 . Columbia University Press . p. 168 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia Americana . Americana Corp. 1977 . p. 370 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7172 - 0108 - 2 . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert ( 2005 ) . `` The Jews of Palestine 636 AD to 1880 '' . The Routledge Atlas of the Arab -- Israeli Conflict . Psychology Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35901 - 6 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Allan D. Cooper ( 2009 ) . The Geography of Genocide . University Press of America . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 4097 - 8 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Alex Carmel ; Peter Schäfer ; Yossi Ben - Artzi . The Jewish Settlement in Palestine , 634 -- 1881 . L. Reichert . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Jerusalem in the Crusader Period Jerusalem : Life throughout the ages in a holy city , David Eisenstadt , March 1997 Jump up ^ Sefer HaCharedim Mitzvat Tshuva Chapter 3 . Maimonides established a yearly holiday for himself and his sons , 6 Cheshvan , commemorating the day he went up to pray on the Temple Mount , and another , 9 Cheshvan , commemorating the day he merited to pray at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron . Jump up ^ Alan John Day ; Judith Bell ( 1987 ) . Border and Territorial Disputes . Longman . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 00987 - 5 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Abraham P. Bloch ( 1987 ) . `` Sultan Saladin Opens Jerusalem to Jews '' . One a Day : An Anthology of Jewish Historical Anniversaries for Every Day of the Year . KTAV Publishing House , Inc. p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88125 - 108 - 1 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Benzion Dinur ( 1974 ) . `` From Bar Kochba 's Revolt to the Turkish Conquest '' . In David Ben - Gurion . The Jews in Their Land . Aldus Books . p. 217 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Hindley ( 28 February 2007 ) . Saladin : Hero of Islam . Pen & Sword Military . p. xiii . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 499 - 9 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Alex Carmel ; Peter Schäfer ; Yossi Ben - Artzi ( 1990 ) . The Jewish Settlement in Palestine , 634 -- 1881 . L. Reichert . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 88226 - 479 - 1 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Samson ben Abraham of Sens , Jewish Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Abraham P. Bloch ( 1987 ) . One a Day : An Anthology of Jewish Historical Anniversaries for Every Day of the Year . KTAV Publishing House , Inc. p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88125 - 108 - 1 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Cuffel . Call and Response : European Jewish Emigration to Egypt and Palestine in the Middle Ages , 1999 . Jump up ^ Karen Armstrong ( 29 April 1997 ) . Jerusalem : One City , Three Faiths . Ballantine Books . p. 229 . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Moshe Lichtman ( September 2006 ) . Eretz Yisrael in the Parshah : The Centrality of the Land of Israel in the Torah . Devora Publishing . p. 302 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932687 - 70 - 5 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Acre ( Acco ) '' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Shlomo Pereira ( 26 May 2003 ) . `` Biographical Notes : Rabbanim of the Period of the Rishonim and Achronim '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Benjamin J. Segal . `` Returning , the Land of Israel as a Focus in Jewish History . Section III : The Biblical Age . Chapter 17 : Awaiting the Messiah '' . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ M. Sharon ( 2010 ) . `` Al Khalil '' . Encyclopedia of Islam , Second Edition . Koninklijke Brill NV . Jump up ^ International Dictionary of Historic Places : Middle East and Africa by Trudy Ring , Robert M. Salkin , Sharon La Boda , pp. 336 -- 339 Jump up ^ The Blackwell Dictionary of Judaica , Meir of Rothenburg . Jump up ^ Joan Comay ; Lavinia Cohn - Sherbok ( 2002 ) . Who 's Who in Jewish History : After the Period of the Old Testament . Psychology Press . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26030 - 5 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Heinrich Graetz ; Bella Lowy ( 31 December 2009 ) . History of the Jews , Vol. IV ( in Six Volumes ) : From the Rise of the Kabbala ( 1270 CE . ) to the Permanent Settlement of the Marranos in Holland ( 1618 CE . ) . Cosimo , Inc . pp. 72 -- 75 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60520 - 946 - 3 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Abraham David ; Dena Ordan ( 24 May 2010 ) . To Come to the Land : Immigration and Settlement in 16th - Century Eretz - Israel . University of Alabama Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 5643 - 9 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Bahat ( 1976 ) . Twenty Centuries of Jewish life in the Holy Land : The Forgotten Generations . Israel Economist . p. 48 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Berl Locker ( 1947 ) . Covenant everlasting : Palestine in Jewish History . Sharon Books . p. 83 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Abraham P. Bloch ( 1987 ) . `` Illegal Aliyah from Sicily '' . One a Day : An Anthology of Jewish Historical Anniversaries for Every Day of the Year . KTAV Publishing House , Inc. p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88125 - 108 - 1 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Denys Pringle ( 2007 ) . The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem : The city of Jerusalem . Cambridge University Press . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39038 - 5 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Land of Israel : Aliyah and Absorption - Encyclopaedia Judaica Encyclopedia.com Jump up ^ Abraham P. Bloch ( 1987 ) . One a Day : An Anthology of Jewish Historical Anniversaries for Every Day of the Year . KTAV Publishing House , Inc. p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88125 - 108 - 1 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Israel Zinberg ( 1978 ) . `` Spanish Exiles in Turkey and Palestine '' . A History of Jewish Literature : The Jewish Center of Culture in the Ottoman Empire . KTAV Publishing House , Inc. p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87068 - 241 - 4 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Fannie Fern Andrews ( February 1976 ) . The Holy Land Under Mandate . Hyperion Press . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88355 - 304 - 6 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon Schechter ( May 2003 ) . Studies in Judaism . Gorgias Press LLC . p. 206 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59333 - 039 - 2 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Max Leopold Margolis ; Alexander Marx ( 1985 ) . A History of the Jewish People . Atheneum . p. 519 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 689 - 70134 - 4 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Koren , Zalman . `` The Temple and the Western Wall '' . Western Wall Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on 28 December 2007 . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jacob Berab , Jewish Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ S.M. Dubnow ; Simon Dubnow ; Israel Friedlaender ( June 2000 ) . History of the Jews in Russia and Poland . Avotaynu Inc . pp. 56 -- 57 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 886223 - 11 - 0 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ William Lee Holladay ( June 1993 ) . The Psalms through three thousand years : prayerbook of a cloud of witnesses . Fortress Press . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2752 - 2 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . This is followed by Lekhah Dodi ... a hymn composed by Rabbi Shlomo Halevy Alkabetz , a Palestinian poet of the sixteenth century . Jump up ^ Raphael Patai ( 1 September 1990 ) . The Hebrew goddess . Wayne State University Press . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 2271 - 0 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul A. Harrison ( 24 June 2004 ) . Elements of Pantheism . Media Creations . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59526 - 317 - 9 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Arthur A. Cohen ; Paul Mendes - Flohr ( February 2009 ) . 20th Century Jewish Religious Thought : Original Essays on Critical Concepts , Movements , and Beliefs . Jewish Publication Society . p. 1081 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8276 - 0892 - 4 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Shmuel Abramski ( 1963 ) . Ancient towns in Israel . Youth and Hechalutz Dept. of the World Zionist Organization . p. 238 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Franz Kobler ( 1952 ) . Letters of Jews through the ages from Biblical times to the middle of the eighteenth century . Ararat Pub . Society . pp. 360 -- 363 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Elli Kohen ( 2007 ) . History of the Turkish Jews and Sephardim : memories of a past golden age . University Press of America . pp. 77 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 3600 - 1 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Abraham David ; Dena Ordan ( 24 May 2010 ) . To Come to the Land : Immigration and Settlement in 16th - Century Eretz - Israel . University of Alabama Press . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 5643 - 9 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Adena Tanenbaum , Didacticism or Literary Legerdemain ? Philosophical and Ethical Themes in Zechariah Aldahiri 's Sefer Hamusar , in Adaptations and Innovations : Studies on the Interaction between Jewish and Islamic Thought and Literature from the Early Middle Ages to the Late Twentieth Century , Dedicated to Professor Joel L. Kraemer , ed . Y . Tzvi Langermann and Josef Stern ( Leuven : Peeters Publishers , 2008 ) , pp. 355 -- 379 ^ Jump up to : Elli Kohen ( 2007 ) . History of the Turkish Jews and Sephardim : Memories of a Past Golden Age . University Press of America . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 3600 - 1 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Bernard Lewis ( 18 January 1996 ) . Cultures in Conflict : Christians , Muslims , and Jews in the Age of Discovery . Oxford University Press . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510283 - 3 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Babel Translations ( Firm ) ( July 1987 ) . Israel , a Phaidon Art and Architecture Guide . Prentice Hall Press . p. 205 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Isidore Singer ; Cyrus Adler ( 1912 ) . The Jewish Encyclopedia : A Descriptive Record of the History , Religion , Literature , and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day . Funk and Wagnalls . p. 283 . In 1660 , under Mohammed IV . ( 1649 - 87 ) , Safed was destroyed by the Arabs . Jump up ^ Jacob De Haas ( 1934 ) . History of Palestine . p. 345 . Safed , hotbed of mystics , is not mentioned in the Zebi adventure . Its community had been massacred in 1660 , when the town was destroyed by Arabs , and only one Jew escaped . Jump up ^ Sidney Mendelssohn . The Jews of Asia : especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth century . ( 1920 ) p. 241 . `` Long before the culmination of Sabbathai 's mad career , Safed had been destroyed by the Arabs and the Jews had suffered severely , while in the same year ( 1660 ) there was a great fire in Constantinople in which they endured heavy losses ... '' Jump up ^ Franco , Moïse ( 1897 ) . Essai sur l'histoire des Israélites de l'Empire ottoman : depuis les origines jusqu'à nos jours . Librairie A. Durlacher . p. 88 . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Moins de douze ans après , en 1660 , sous Mohammed IV , la ville de Safed , si importante autrefois dans les annales juives parce qu'elle était habitée exclusivement par les Israélites , fut détruite par les Arabes , au point qu'il n ' y resta , dit une chroniquer une seule ame juive . Jump up ^ A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine . P. 409 . `` Sultan Seliman surrounded it with a wall in 5300 ( 1540 ) , and it commenced to revive a little , and to be inhabited by the most distinguished Jewish literati ; but it was destroyed again in 5420 ( 1660 ) . '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Joel Rappel . History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 ( 1980 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 531 . `` In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem . It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze : Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned ... '' Jump up ^ Barnai , Jacob . The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century : under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine ( University of Alabama Press 1992 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 0572 - 7 ; p. 14 Jump up ^ `` How to Respond to Common Misstatements About Israel '' . Anti-Defamation League . 2006 . Retrieved 4 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948 '' . MidEastWeb.org. 2005 . Retrieved 4 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Editors , Charles River ( September 21 , 2013 ) . Decoding the Conflict Between Israel and the Palestinians . Charles River Editors . p. chapter 5 . ISBN 978 - 1492783619 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs : Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel : 14 May 1948 Archived 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , Charles D. Palestine and the Arab -- Israeli Conflict : A History With Documents . Bedford / St. Martin 's : Boston . ( 2004 ) . Pg. 198 Jump up ^ GENERAL PROGRESS REPORT AND SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONCILIATION COMMISSION FOR PALESTINE , Covering the period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950 , Georgia A / 1367 / Rev. 1 23 October 1950 Jump up ^ Benny Morris ( 2004 ) . The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited . Cambridge . passim . Jump up ^ Palestinian Refugees : An Overview , PRRN Bibliography Albertz , Rainer ( 1994 ) ( Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992 ) . A History of Israelite Religion : Volume II : From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy . Westminster John Knox Press . Albertz , Rainer ( 2003a ) . Israel in Exile : The History and Literature of the 6th century BCE . Society of Biblical Literature . Albertz , Rainer ; Becking , Bob , eds . ( 2003b ) . Yahwism After the Exile : Perspectives on Israelite Religion in the Persian Era . Koninklijke Van Gorcum . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Becking , Bob . `` Law as Expression of Religion ( Ezra 7 -- 10 ) '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Amit , Yaira , et al. , eds. ( 2006 ) . Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context : A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman . Eisenbrauns . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Davies , Philip R . `` The Origin of Biblical Israel '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Barstad , Hans M. ( 2008 ) . History and the Hebrew Bible . Mohr Siebeck . Becking , Bob , ed. ( 2001 ) . Only One God ? Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah . Sheffield Academic Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Dijkstra , Meindert . `` El the God of Israel , Israel the People of YHWH : On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Dijkstra , Meindert . `` I Have Blessed You by Yahweh of Samaria and His Asherah : Texts with Religious Elements from the Soil Archive of Ancient Israel '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Becking , Bob ; Korpel , Marjo Christina Annette , eds. ( 1999 ) . The Crisis of Israelite Religion : Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic and Post-Exilic Times . Brill . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Niehr , Herbert . Religio - Historical Aspects of the Early Post-Exilic Period . Bedford , Peter Ross ( 2001 ) . Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah . Brill . Ben - Sasson , H.H. ( 1976 ) . A History of the Jewish People . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 39731 - 2 . Blenkinsopp , Joseph ; Lipschits , Oded , eds. ( 2003 ) . Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period . Eisenbrauns . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Blenkinsopp , Joseph . `` Bethel in the Neo-Babylonian Period '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Lemaire , Andre . `` Nabonidus in Arabia and Judea During the Neo-Babylonian Period '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 2009 ) . Judaism , the First Phase : The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism . Eerdmans . Brett , Mark G. ( 2002 ) . Ethnicity and the Bible . Brill . Edelman , Diana . `` Ethnicity and Early Israel '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Bright , John ( 2000 ) . A History of Israel . Westminster John Knox Press . Coogan , Michael D. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Oxford History of the Biblical World . Oxford University Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stager , Lawrence E. `` Forging an Identity : The Emergence of Ancient Israel '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Coogan , Michael D. ( 2009 ) . A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament . Oxford University Press . Coote , Robert B. ; Whitelam , Keith W. ( 1986 ) . `` The Emergence of Israel : Social Transformation and State Formation Following the Decline in Late Bronze Age Trade '' . Semeia ( 37 ) : 107 -- 47 . Davies , Philip R. ( 1992 ) . In Search of Ancient Israel . Sheffield . Davies , Philip R. ( 2009 ) . `` The Origin of Biblical Israel '' . Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 9 ( 47 ) . Archived from the original on 28 May 2008 . Day , John ( 2002 ) . Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan . Sheffield Academic Press . Dever , William ( 2001 ) . What Did the Biblical Writers Know , and When Did They Know It ? . Eerdmans . Dever , William ( 2003 ) . Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From ? . Eerdmans . Dever , William ( 2005 ) . Did God Have a Wife ? : Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel . Eerdmans . Doumani , Beshara ( 1995 ) . Rediscovering Palestine : Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus , 1700 -- 1900 . Berkeley : University of California Press ISBN 0 - 520 - 20370 - 4 Edelman , Diana , ed. ( 1995 ) . The Triumph of Elohim : From Yahwisms to Judaisms . Kok Pharos . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Farsoun , Samih K. & Naseer Aruri ( 2006 ) . Palestine and the Palestinians . Westview Press ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4336 - 4 Finkelstein , Israel ; Silberman , Neil Asher ( 2001 ) . The Bible Unearthed . Finkelstein , Israel ; Mazar , Amihay ; Schmidt , Brian B. ( 2007 ) . The Quest for the Historical Israel . Society of Biblical Literature . Mazar , Amihay . `` The Divided Monarchy : Comments on Some Archaeological Issues '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Gnuse , Robert Karl ( 1997 ) . No Other Gods : Emergent Monotheism in Israel . Sheffield Academic Press . Golden , Jonathan Michael ( 2004a ) . Ancient Canaan and Israel : An Introduction . Oxford University Press . Golden , Jonathan Michael ( 2004b ) . Ancient Canaan and Israel : New Perspectives . ABC - CLIO . Gordon , Benjamin Lee . New Judea : Jewish Life in Modern Palestine and Egypt , Manchester , New Hampshire , Ayer Publishing , 1977 Grabbe , Lester L. ( 2004 ) . A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period . T&T Clark International . Grabbe , Lester L. , ed. ( 2008 ) . Israel in Transition : From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa ( c. 1250 -- 850 BCE . ) . T&T Clark International . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Karpat , Kemal H. ( 2002 ) Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History . Leiden : Brill ISBN 90 - 04 - 12101 - 3 Katz , Shmuel ( 1973 ) Battleground : Fact and Fantasy in Palestine Shapolsky Pub ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 933503 - 03 - 8 Killebrew , Ann E. ( 2005 ) . Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity : An Archaeological Study of Egyptians , Canaanites , and Early Israel , 1300 -- 1100 BCE . Society of Biblical Literature . King , Philip J. ; Stager , Lawrence E. ( 2001 ) . Life in Biblical Israel . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22148 - 3 . Kuhrt , Amélie ( 1995 ) . The Ancient Near East c. 3000 -- 330 BC . Routledge . Le Strange , Guy ( 1890 ) . Palestine under the Moslems : A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 . Reprinted by Khayats , Beirut , 1965 , ISBN 0 - 404 - 56288 - 4 Lemche , Niels Peter ( 1998 ) . The Israelites in History and Tradition . Westminster John Knox Press . Levy , Thomas E. ( 1998 ) . The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land . Continuum International Publishing . LaBianca , Øystein S. ; Younker , Randall W . `` The Kingdoms of Ammon , Moab and Edom : The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze / Iron Age Transjordan ( c. 1400 -- 500 CE ) '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Lipschits , Oded ( 2005 ) . The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem . Eisenbrauns . Lipschits , Oded , et al. , eds. ( 2006 ) . Judah and the Judeans in the 4th century BCE . Eisenbrauns . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Kottsieper , Ingo . `` And They Did Not Care to Speak Yehudit '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Lipschits , Oded ; Vanderhooft , David . `` Yehud Stamp Impressions in the 4th century BCE . '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Maniscalco , Fabio ( 2005 ) . Protection , Conservation and Valorisation of Palestinian Cultural Patrimony , Massa Publisher . ISBN 88 - 87835 - 62 - 4 . Masterman , E.W.G. ( 1903 ) . The Jews in Modern Palestine McNutt , Paula ( 1999 ) . Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel . Westminster John Knox Press . McCarthy , Justin ( 1990 ) . The Population of Palestine . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 07110 - 8 . Merrill , Eugene H. ( 1995 ) . `` The Late Bronze / Early Iron Age Transition and the Emergence of Israel '' . Bibliotheca Sacra. 152 ( 606 ) : 145 -- 162 . Middlemas , Jill Anne ( 2005 ) . The Troubles of Templeless Judah . Oxford University Press . Miller , James Maxwell ; Hayes , John Haralson ( 1986 ) . A History of Ancient Israel and Judah . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 21262 - X . Miller , Robert D. ( 2005 ) . Chieftains of the Highland Clans : A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries BC . Eerdmans . Nodet , Étienne ( 1999 ) ( Editions du Cerf 1997 ) . A Search for the Origins of Judaism : From Joshua to the Mishnah . Sheffield Academic Press . Parfitt , Tudor ( 1987 ) . The Jews in Palestine , 1800 -- 1882 . Royal Historical Society studies in history ( 52 ) . Woodbridge : Published for the Royal Historical Society by Boydell . Pitkänen , Pekka ( 2004 ) . `` Ethnicity , Assimilation and the Israelite Settlement '' ( PDF ) . Tyndale Bulletin . 55 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 82 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 July 2011 . Rogan , Eugene L. ( 2002 ) . Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire : Transjordan , 1850 -- 1921 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 - 521 - 89223 - 6 . Sicker , Martin ( 1999 ) . Reshaping Palestine : From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate , 1831 -- 1922 . New York : Praeger / Greenwood ISBN 0 - 275 - 96639 - 9 Silberman , Neil Asher ; Small , David B. , eds. ( 1997 ) . The Archaeology of Israel : Constructing the Past , Interpreting the Present . Sheffield Academic Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Hesse , Brian ; Wapnish , Paula . `` Can Pig Remains Be Used for Ethnic Diagnosis in the Ancient Near East ? '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Soggin , Michael J. ( 1998 ) . An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah . Paideia . Thompson , Thomas L. ( 1992 ) . Early History of the Israelite People . Brill . Van der Toorn , Karel ( 1996 ) . Family Religion in Babylonia , Syria , and Israel . Brill . Vaughn , Andrew G. ; Killebrew , Ann E. , eds. ( 1992 ) . Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology : The First Temple Period . Sheffield . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Cahill , Jane M. `` Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Lehman , Gunnar . `` The United Monarchy in the Countryside '' . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Wylen , Stephen M. ( 1996 ) . The Jews in the Time of Jesus : An Introduction . Paulist Press . Zevit , Ziony ( 2001 ) . The Religions of Ancient Israel : A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches . Continuum . The Works of Josephus , Complete and Unabridged New Updated Edition . Translated by William Whiston , Peabody , Massachusetts : Hendrickson Publishers , Inc. , 1987 . 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-864632349599436214	I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)	I Can Only Imagine ( MercyMe song ) - wikipedia I Can Only Imagine ( MercyMe song ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' Single cover Single by MercyMe from the album The Worship Project and Almost There A-side `` Word of God Speak '' Released 2001 Format CD digital download Recorded 1999 and 2001 in the United States Ivy Park The Indigo Room Paradise Sound IBC Studios Genre Christian alternative rock pop rock contemporary Christian Length 4 : 08 Label INO Curb Songwriter ( s ) Bart Millard Producer ( s ) Pete Kipley MercyMe singles chronology `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' ( 2001 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( 2001 ) `` Spoken For '' ( 2002 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( sometimes shortened to `` Imagine '' ) is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe . Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard , the song , based around a main piano track , was inspired by the death of Millard 's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe 's 1999 album The Worship Project , which was released on an independent record label . The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major - label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album . `` I Can Only Imagine '' was released in 2001 as the album 's lead single . It gained significant airplay on Christian radio formats before crossing over to mainstream radio formats such as adult contemporary and Top 40 in late 2003 and into 2004 ; to aid in promotion to these markets , a double A-side physical single ( combined with `` Word of God Speak '' ) was released in 2003 . It charted on several formats , including the Billboard Adult Contemporary ( where it peaked at No. 5 ) and the Hot 100 ( where it peaked at No. 71 ) . In 2002 , `` I Can Only Imagine '' earned the Dove Awards for ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' ; Millard earned the Dove Award ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . With 2.5 million copies sold , it is the best - selling Christian single of all time , having been certified 3x platinum by the RIAA . As of 2018 , it is the only Christian song to reach that milestone . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Release and promotion 4 Impact 5 Music video 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Chart performance 6.3 Awards and accolades 7 Other versions 8 Track listing 9 Release history 10 Charts and certifications 11 Film adaptation 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' was the debut single for United States contemporary Christian and Christian rock band MercyMe . Bart Millard , the band 's vocalist , lost his father , Arthur Wesley Millard Jr. , in 1991 . Millard was 18 at the time . Millard began writing the words `` I can only imagine '' on items when he was thinking about his father . During the recording of the band 's 1999 independent album The Worship Project , MercyMe needed one more song to fill out the album . Millard , alone on a bus in the middle of the night , finally wrote the lyrics to the song by drawing on his thoughts and personal faith about what one would experience standing before God in Heaven . Millard attests that `` ( ' I Can Only Imagine ' ) is one of the only songs I have ever written where there was n't any mistakes , it was just written the way it is and left at that '' , and estimated that it took him only ten minutes to write the lyrics . In writing the music for the song , however , the band faced more difficulty ; Millard noted that `` at first it was a fast song ... it was all these random ideas '' . Keyboardist Jim Bryson noted that , `` we were literally tearing down the stuff ... ( Millard ) and I were talking about arranging it differently and doing a slower version , so we just tried out a piano intro ... it was literally the first thing I played . It was n't anything to do with me , I think it was just a God thing . ( Millard ) said ' here it is , this is what 's going to happen ' , and we laid the song down in about five minutes . '' At that time , the other MercyMe members were Robby Shaffer on drums and percussion , Nathan Cochran on bass guitar and Michael Scheuchzer on guitar . This line - up recorded the first version of the song for The Worship Project . In 2006 , it was included in the ' Platinum Edition ' of Almost There . Composition ( edit ) I Can Only Imagine A sample of `` I Can Only Imagine '' . MercyMe 's debut single , `` I Can Only Imagine '' is `` a passionate piano - driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I Can Only Imagine '' is a ballad with a length of four minutes and eight seconds . The song is set in the key of E major and has a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute with a vocal range from B -- G ♯ . The song opens up with only a piano , and builds up to include guitar and drums . Millard is credited with both the lyrics and music to the song . The song was produced by Pete Kipley , who had worked with MercyMe previously as well as with artists including Rebecca St. James , Phil Wickham and Lincoln Brewster . The lyrics to the song are based around the narrator wondering what it will be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . Regarding this theme , Millard explained to Fox News that `` I was always told that if he could choose , he would rather be in Heaven than here with me . As a Christian I believed that , but as an 18 - year - old it was a little hard to swallow . So the questions in the song came from me asking God what was so great about Him that my dad would rather be there . '' Release and promotion ( edit ) MercyMe 's lead singer - songwriter , Bart Millard ( left ) and drummer , Robby Shaffer , performing in February 2008 . `` I Can Only Imagine '' was re-recorded for their major - label debut record Almost There and released as its lead single in 2001 . The album was recorded in various locations : Ivy Park , The Indigo Room , Paradise Sound and IBC Studios . The single gained radio airplay on some contemporary Christian formats ; by November , it peaked at number - one on the Radio & Records Christian AC format and in the top twenty of the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . In 2003 , a Dallas mainstream radio station , 100.3 Wild - FM , first played the song on its morning show , The Fitz Radio Program . They had responded to a caller 's repeated requests and the urgings of the program 's producer , Todd Sheppard . The song soon became the most requested and most played song on the station . After hearing the song played on the station , Millard called - in and spoke with the crew ; MercyMe then came in and played the song live . As other stations around the country caught on , MercyMe 's label , INO Records , partnered with Curb Records . They marketed the single to wider audiences , such as Top 40 radio . In September , INO and Curb also released a double A-side physical single , `` I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak '' . The latter track was co-written by Millard with the band 's producer , Kipley . Eventually , the song cracked into secular charts , including the Billboard Hot 100 and the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts . Impact ( edit ) MercyMe did not expect `` I Can Only Imagine '' to gain mainstream success , in part due to its explicit references to Jesus and Heaven . Millard noted that the band joked around about `` the top five songs never to cross over , and they had included `` I Can Only Imagine '' on that list . Millard also believed some radio stations were playing the song to prove it could not succeed on mainstream radio . The song had a significant effect on the band 's musical image ; in an interview , Millard commented that `` We were a rock band when we started 11 years ago . But we kind of became the ' adult contemporary poster child ' when ' I Can Only Imagine ' took off '' . Music video ( edit ) Millard holding his father 's photograph in the music video . A music video was released for `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Millard recalled the video 's inspiration : `` I just kept seeing all these people holding picture frames ( at MercyMe concerts ) that are empty because we all carry these people with us in some way . I 've had so many people after a show pull out a picture of someone they 've lost . These people embrace these photos and I just thought how can we tap into that '' . The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait , Tammy Trent , Bob Herdman , and Jesse Katina , each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one ; as the video progresses , they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father 's photograph . The video opens with a shot of an empty room and a chair , shifting to show a young boy climbing up a flight of stairs . The camera then shifts to the band before returning to the boy , now in an attic which is filled with many empty picture frames . The video alternates between shots of the boy and the band before shifting to individual shots of other people , each holding an empty picture frame . As the other instruments join in , the camera comes back to the band , focusing on them before returning to shots of the people , whose picture frames now contain pictures of deceased relatives . At the end of the video , the camera returns to the boy , now running down a street with an empty frame , climaxing with him lying down in a field with the empty frame . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Critical reception for `` I Can Only Imagine '' was positive . Steve Losey of AllMusic commented that `` ( the song ) is a passionate piano - driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling '' . Jesus Freak Hideout 's reviewer Kevin Chamberlin felt `` The lyrics for the song are amazing . If you have n't listened to the lyrics , because you 're afraid of hearing pop music , get over it and listen to it . '' Kevin McNeese of NewReleaseTuesday commented that `` The definite highlight on ( Almost There ) is the worship / ballad ' I Can Only Imagine ' ... The song starts out with just piano that instantly invokes chills and builds dynamically into a powerful display of drums and guitar . But what makes the song are the lyrics , penned by Bart Millard himself . The song speaks about that day that we all dream about when we finally meet Jesus ... It 's a song that ca n't be listened to with eyes open '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the chart week of 11 October 2003 at No. 76 . The song peaked at No. 71 for two weeks and spent 16 non-consecutive weeks on the Hot 100 . On the Adult Contemporary chart , `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted at No. 29 for the chart week of 23 May 2003 , with an eventual peak of No. 5 for the chart week of 8 September 2003 ; in all , `` I Can Only Imagine '' spent 30 weeks on the chart . On the Adult Top 40 chart , `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted at No. 39 for the chart week of 9 August 2003 and reached a peak position of No. 27 , holding that spot for three consecutive weeks ; in all , the song spent 26 weeks on the chart . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart , the song debuted at No. 37 for the chart week of 12 July 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 33 . On the Country Songs chart , the song debuted at No. 58 for the chart week of 27 December 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 52 , which it held for two weeks . According to Mike Curb on the Curb Records website , `` I Can Only Imagine '' also peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart for 10 weeks , No. 1 on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart for two weeks , and No. 15 on the Christian CHR chart . In April 2010 , `` I Can Only Imagine '' was certified platinum by the RIAA , signifying sales of over 1,000,000 digital downloads . It is the first single by any artist in the Christian music genre to go platinum . The song was certified 2x platinum in 2014 . It was certified 3x platinum in 2018 . As of June 2018 , it has sold 3 million copies , making it the best - selling Christian single of all time . Awards and accolades ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' earned two GMA Dove Awards in 2002 ; ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' . Millard also won ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . In November 2009 , the song was played on board Space Shuttle Atlantis as a wake - up call for Barry E. Wilmore during STS - 129 . Other versions ( edit ) The original version of `` I Can Only Imagine '' was a track on MercyMe 's 1999 independent release The Worship Project . In August 2006 , both an acoustic and live form ( as well as the original 1999 version ) were included in the ' Platinum edition ' of Almost There . MercyMe recorded a version of the song for their iTunes Originals album . In 2009 , two further variants were included on their compilation album 10 ; a ' symphony version ' featuring the London Symphony Orchestra , and a live version . `` I Can Only Imagine '' has also been covered by several artists . In 2002 Amy Grant released a reworked version of the song ( titled `` Imagine '' and paired with `` Sing the Wondrous Love of Jesus '' ) on her album , Legacy ... Hymns and Faith . In 2003 , Jeff Carson and Kathryn Scott each issued variants of the song ; Carson 's version peaked at No. 50 on the Country Songs chart . In 2005 Wynonna Judd issued her form of the song ; while in 2007 Emerson Drive provided theirs . The song was covered again in 2010 by Marie Osmond and in 2013 by gospel artist Tamela Mann . The song was performed live by Garwin Dobbins , a man struggling with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva , a crippling disease referred to as Stone Man 's syndrome , in which the body 's repair mechanism replaces muscle with bone , causing many joints to become permanently frozen in place . Dobbins , who died in 2004 , sang the song on a broadcast of Austin Awakening , accompanied by pastor Randy Phillips of Phillips , Craig and Dean . Footage of the performance was featured in the finale of the Trevor Glass documentary `` Suffer the Children . '' There is also a German version `` Ich kann nur davon träumen '' . Track listing ( edit ) CD release `` I Can Only Imagine '' -- 4 : 08 ( Bart Millard ) `` Word of God Speak '' -- 3 : 07 ( Peter Kipley , Millard ) Release history ( edit ) Date Territory Label Format 2001 United States INO Airplay 23 September 2003 INO Curb CD 4 January 2005 INO Epic Digital Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Peak Position Radio and Records Christian AC Radio and Records Christian CHR 15 Chart ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Peak Position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 71 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 33 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak Position France ( SNEP ) 65 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak Position US Christian Digital Song Sales ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak Position US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts Chart ( 2003 ) Position Billboard Adult Contemporary 20 Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales 24 Chart ( 2010 ) Position Billboard Christian / Gospel Digital Songs 9 Chart ( 2011 ) Position Billboard Christian / Gospel Digital Songs 7 Certifications Country Certifications ( sales thresholds ) United States 3x Platinum Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : I Can Only Imagine ( film ) The story behind the song was made into a feature film starring J. Michael Finley and Dennis Quaid . The film was released on March 16 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brad Schmitt , `` MercyMe 's Bart Millard thought his father was going to kill him '' , Tennessean , February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Ramsay ( 6 July 2003 ) . `` Christian Rock Crosses Over '' . Fox News ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jenison , David . `` A Severe Mercy '' . Today'sChristianMusic . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Correa , Karen ( Fall 2003 ) . `` The Quality of MercyMe '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bart Millard , Jim Bryson ( interviewees ) ( 2007 ) . Faith & Fame -- MercyMe . NME . UK : IPC Media ( Time Inc . ) . Event occurs at a-d. 12 : 13 -- 13 : 07 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Note : video may not be available in your region , e.g. Australia . Supplied by INO Records / Columbia Records . ^ Jump up to : `` The Worship Project -- MercyMe '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes -- Music -- Almost There ( Platinum Edition ) by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc. 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Losey , Steve . `` '' Almost There '' -- MercyMe ( Review ) `` . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe -- `` I Can Only Imagine '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes , Inc . ( Kathleen Marsh ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Note : To access archive , user must click ' bypass ' and then , on the next screen , click ' please click here ' . ^ Jump up to : McNeese , Kevin ( 30 January 2008 ) . `` Almost There by MercyMe ( Review ) '' . NewReleaseTuesday.com ( NRT Media ( Kevin McNeese ) ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Almost There ( CD liner ) . MercyMe . INO Records . 2001 . 39972 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Kipley ( Credits ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak `` , MercyMe , Music CD Single -- Barnes & Noble '' . Barnes & Noble . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curb , Mike . `` Billboard Charted Singles '' ( PDF ) . Mikecurb.com . Curb Records . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curb , Mike . `` Number One Records '' ( PDF ) . Mikecurb.com . Curb Records . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Farris , Christa ( September 2003 ) . `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' Is Still The Little Song That Could '' ( PDF ) . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . 26 ( 3 ) : 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Natalie Nichols ( 2 June 2003 ) . `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' Impacts Mainstream Radio `` . Crosswalk.com . Salem Web Network ( Salem Communications ) . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ MercyMe ( interviewees ) ( 2004 ) . The Story Behind `` I Can Only Imagine '' . INO Records . Event occurs at 5 : 55 -- 6 : 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Cusic , Don ( 2010 ) . `` Curb , Mike '' . In Cusic , Don . Encyclopedia of contemporary Christian music : pop , rock , and worship . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34425 - 1 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Deborah Evans ( 25 October 2003 ) . `` A Yearning for More Meaning '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media : 3 , 76 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . `` Chart Beat Chat '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Title Search `` Word of God Speak '' `` . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Thompson , John J. ( 9 December 2005 ) . `` Well Mercy Me , Children ! '' . Today'sChristianMusic . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' -- MercyMe ( VEVO ) `` . Vevo ( Universal Music Group , Sony Music Entertainment , Abu Dhabi Media Company , E1 Entertainment ) . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Note : video may not be available in your region , e.g. Australia . ^ Jump up to : Nentwig , Wendy Lee ( 23 September 2003 ) . `` Song Story : `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` . Crosswalk.com ( Salem Web Communications ( Salem Communications ) ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Kevin ( 9 September 2002 ) . `` MercyMe , Almost There review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Gold and Platinum '' . RIAA. 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Note : Requires user to input artist , e.g. MercyMe . Jump up ^ `` Mercyme makes history as `` I Can Only Imagine '' surpasses 1 million downloads `` . Christian Today . Andrew Clark . 21 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dove Awards History Year ( searchable database ) '' . GMA Dove Award . Gospel Music Association ( GMA ) . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Note : Search for either MercyMe or Bart Millard . ^ Jump up to : Losey , Steven Douglas ( 26 December 2002 ) . `` Real People , Real Worship '' . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 129 Wakeup Calls '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Curator : Kim Dismukes ; responsible official : Amiko Kauderer . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matt ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` MercyMe , iTunes Originals Review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Originals by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matt ( 7 April 2009 ) . `` MercyMe , `` 10 '' Review `` . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Title Search `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kim . `` Who Sings `` I Can Only Imagine '' ? `` . About.com . About.com ( The New York Times Company ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Breimeier , Russ . `` Satisfy , Christian Music Reviews '' . The Fish . Christianity Today International ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 September Demi Lovato has also covered the song . 2011 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Jeff Carson Album & Song History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emerson Drive '' . Emerson Drive . 22 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Charisma . `` ' Hairpiece Revival ' Spreads Worship Awakening Across the Country -- Charisma Magazine '' . www.charismamag.com . Jump up ^ Spiritwatch Ministries On YouTube ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Suffer The Children - a film by Trevor Glass '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com `` I Can Only Imagine '' / `` Word of God Speak '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Almost There by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Spoken For by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Word of God Speak '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes , Inc . ( Kathleen Marsh ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- MercyMe -- I Can Only Imagine '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Digital Songs : Top Worship Music Chart '' . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine Archives ( 12 / 27 / 03 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 December 2011 . pp. YE - 80 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart Archives ( AC ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives ( Singles sales ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine Archives ( 12 / 27 / 03 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 December 2011 . pp. YE - 34 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives 2010 ( Digital songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives 2011 ( Digital songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . External links ( edit ) 2010s portal film in the United States portal MercyMe singles Discography Almost There `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' Spoken For `` Spoken For '' `` Word of God Speak '' `` The Change Inside Of Me '' Undone `` Here with Me '' `` Homesick '' `` In the Blink of an Eye '' Coming Up to Breathe `` So Long Self '' `` Hold Fast '' `` Bring the Rain '' All That Is Within Me `` God with Us '' `` You Reign '' `` Finally Home '' The Generous Mr. Lovewell `` All of Creation '' `` Beautiful '' `` Move '' The Hurt & The Healer `` The Hurt & The Healer '' Welcome to the New `` Shake '' Lifer `` Even If '' Other charted songs `` O Holy Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' `` The Little Drummer Boy '' `` It Came Upon a Midnight Clear '' `` Go Tell it on the Mountain '' `` Sleigh Ride '' Jeff Carson Studio albums Jeff Carson Butterfly Kisses Real Life Singles `` Not on Your Love '' `` The Car '' `` Holdin ' Onto Somethin ' '' `` Butterfly Kisses '' `` Real Life ( I Never Was the Same Again ) '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(MercyMe_song)&oldid=856716816 '' Categories : 1990s ballads 1999 songs 2001 singles MercyMe songs Pop ballads Songs written by Bart Millard Curb Records singles Billboard Christian Songs number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from November 2012 Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 03 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was mercyme i can only imagine released	[ "\"I Can Only Imagine\" was released in 2001 as the album's lead single. It gained significant airplay on Christian radio formats before crossing over to mainstream radio formats such as adult contemporary and Top 40 in late 2003 and into 2004; to aid in promotion to these markets, a double A-side physical single (combined with \"Word of God Speak\") was released in 2003. It charted on several formats, including the Billboard Adult Contemporary (where it peaked at No. 5) and the Hot 100 (where it peaked at No. 71). In 2002, \"I Can Only Imagine\" earned the Dove Awards for 'Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year' and 'Song of the Year'; Millard earned the Dove Award 'Songwriter of the Year' at the same ceremony. With 2.5 million copies sold, it is the best-selling Christian single of all time, having been certified 3x platinum by the RIAA. As of 2018, it is the only Christian song to reach that milestone.\n" ]	[ "2001" ]
1631176097866976637	Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge	Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge - wikipedia Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Jump to : navigation , search Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Concept art released in August 2015 Disneyland Status Under construction Opening date 2019 Replaced Big Thunder Ranch Disney 's Hollywood Studios Status Under construction Opening date 2019 Replaced Streets of America General Statistics Theme Star Wars Area 14 acres ( 5.7 ha ) Attractions Attractions 2 total Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge is an upcoming Star Wars - themed area being developed at Disneyland Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim , California and Disney 's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake , Florida . The Star Wars - themed area , or `` land , '' at each park will encompass 14 acres . Announced in August 2015 , the lands are scheduled to open at both locations in 2019 , with the Disneyland version opening first . Walt Disney Imagineering executive Scott Trowbridge is supervising the development of the new land at both parks . Disney CEO Bob Iger announced on March 3 , 2016 , at the Disney shareholders meeting , that construction on both versions of the land would begin in April 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 History 1.2 Design 2 Parks 2.1 Disneyland 2.2 Disney 's Hollywood Studios 3 See also 4 References Background ( edit ) History ( edit ) Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge was first publicly announced by The Walt Disney Company Chairman and CEO Bob Iger at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 , though it did not have an official name at the time . According to Iger , it will be `` occupied by many inhabitants ; humanoids , aliens and droids ... the attractions , the entertainment , everything we create will be part of our storytelling . Nothing will be out of character or stray from the mythology . '' Bob Chapek , chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , stated that the land `` will introduce you to a Star Wars planet you 've never seen before -- a gateway planet located on the outer rim , full of places and characters familiar and not so familiar . '' In an interview for the winter 2015 issue of the official Disney fan club publication Disney twenty - three , Trowbridge stated : `` ( O ) ur intent is to make it feel as if you just walked into one of the movies ... Bringing Star Wars to life in the physical world gives us the opportunity to play with a whole bunch of things we 've never done before ... to really engage all of the senses . What does that street feel like ? What does that animal smell like ? What does blue milk taste like ? '' Iger announced in March 2016 that construction on both versions of the land would begin in April 2016 . Construction began at both locations on April 14 , 2016 . In February 2017 , Iger stated that the lands are scheduled to open in 2019 at both Disneyland and Hollywood Studios . In July 2017 at the D23 Expo , Chapek revealed that the themed lands would be called Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge . Chapek also announced that Disneyland 's version will open first . Design ( edit ) Walt Disney Imagineering designed the project in collaboration with the Lucasfilm Story Group , with Imagineer Scott Trowbridge supervising the project , Asa Kalama and Chris Beatty serving as executive creative directors , and Lucasfilm 's Pablo Hidalgo and designer Doug Chiang of Industrial Light & Magic involved as consultants . Together , the team decided to set the lands on a new planet , located within the Outer Rim of the Unknown Regions . Described as a `` remote frontier outpost '' , the unnamed planet has not previously appeared in other media , although it has existed within canon `` for thousands and thousands of years . '' The team chose to create a newly designed world instead of using an existing planet from the films such as Tatooine or Hoth , because those locations evoked a pre-existing familiarity with guests , with Trowbridge explaining , `` We wanted to build new Star Wars stories , new Star Wars destinations , but this time you could be in that story that required us to go to a new place . '' This used to be a vibrant trading port back in the old sub-lightspeed days , but now with advent of hyperspace , its prominence has kind of fallen and faded a little bit which has made it a great spot for those who did n't want to be on that kind of mainstream path . The smugglers , the bounty hunters , the rogue adventurers looking to crew up , the people who do n't want to be found -- basically all the interesting people . -- Supervising Imagineer Scott Trowbridge describing the featured planet The development team drew inspiration from real - world locations , including as Istanbul and Morocco , and traveled there to study the architecture , culture , and weather . The team also cited Ralph McQuarrie 's concept art for the original Star Wars trilogy as a basis for the aesthetic look of the land . The timeline is set after the events of Return of the Jedi , in the years leading up to the sequel trilogy , and will depict the rising presence of both the First Order and the Resistance . The Star Wars - themed land will have two new attractions : one will allow riders to control the Millennium Falcon , and the other will place guests into the middle of a battle between the First Order and the Resistance . Concept art depicts a full - size Millennium Falcon situated among alien buildings built into tall cliffs . There will also be a version of a cantina . The new planet is designed for guests to begin their own narrative . The Millennium Falcon attraction will feature a `` customized secret mission '' . Parks ( edit ) Disneyland ( edit ) At Disneyland , Galaxy 's Edge is being built to the north of Frontierland , where Big Thunder Ranch and backstage areas were located . As a result of the expansion , Disney purchased nearby properties to relocate the office and warehouse space that was on the land . On January 11 , 2016 , several attractions in Frontierland and Critter Country were closed . Big Thunder Ranch closed permanently , including the multifunction event space , barbecue restaurant , and petting zoo . Other attractions closed temporarily , including the Disneyland Railroad and Rivers of America . Tom Sawyer Island reopened on June 16 , 2017 , and Fantasmic ! reopened on July 17 , 2017 . The Disneyland Railroad , Mark Twain Riverboat , Sailing Ship Columbia , and Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes reopened on July 29 . The construction of Galaxy 's Edge resulted in a reconfigured route for the Disneyland Railroad and Rivers of America . A first look at how these changes would impact the park were revealed in January 2016 , when concept art was released depicting the northern bank of the river after construction was completed . Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( edit ) At Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Galaxy 's Edge is replacing the majority of the park 's Streets of America , including the Lights , Motors , Action ! Extreme Stunt Show and Honey , I Shrunk the Kids : Movie Set Adventure which closed on April 2 , 2016 , as well as the surrounding backlot facades , restaurants , and shops . Together with the previously closed Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow attraction , Galaxy 's Edge will be part of a major expansion of the park that will include Toy Story Land . The remaining operating portions of Streets of America ( containing Muppet * Vision 3D ) were left undisturbed and renamed as Muppets Courtyard . The land will be accompanied by the Star Wars Hotel . See also ( edit ) The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , a themed land at Universal Parks & Resorts in Osaka , Hollywood , and Orlando Pandora -- The World of Avatar , a themed land at Disney 's Animal Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora -- The World of Avatar to Open May 27 , Star Wars Lands Coming in 2019 - The Walt Disney Company '' . The Walt Disney Company . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ; Zumberg , Marianne ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Themed Lands Coming to Disney Parks , Says Bob Iger '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pedicini , Sandra ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars land coming to Disney 's Hollywood Studios - Orlando Sentinel '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars - Themed Lands Coming to Walt Disney World and Disneyland Resorts '' . Disney Parks Blog . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bevil , Dewayne . `` Coming to Disney World : Tron , Guardians of the Galaxy ride , ' Star Wars ' hotel '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tomorrowland at Disneyland revamps with Season of the Force ahead of new ' Star Wars ' movie release '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing Company . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Frye , Jim ( Winter 2015 ) . `` Chewie , We 're Home '' . Disney twenty - three . Burbank : Walt Disney Company . 7 ( 4 ) : 20 -- 23 . ISSN 2162 - 5492 . OCLC 698366817 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Hugo ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Disneyland to start building its ' Star Wars ' land in April '' . latimes.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Breaks Ground on ' Star Wars ' Land in California and Florida '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Seth ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Everything We Know About the ' Star Wars ' Disney Theme Parks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tribou , Richard ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` New Disney Star Wars land details revealed at Star Wars Celebration '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Bryan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the creation of Disney 's ambitious and immersive Star Wars land '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hartwell , Chris ; Couch , Aaron ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Land : Millennium Falcon Ride Has Surprisingly High Stakes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Brady . `` 8 unanswered questions about Disneyland 's Star Wars Land '' . latimes.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Chuck . `` Disney World expansion to add ' Star Wars ' land '' . KNS . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pimentel , Joseph ; Eades , Mark ; Larsen , Peter ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` VIDEO : It 's official : ' Star Wars ' theme land coming to Disneyland '' . Orange County Register . Jump up ^ Plautz , Jessica . `` Get a Sneak Peek at the ' Star Wars ' Lands Coming to Disney Parks '' . Travel and Leisure . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugo ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney buys Anaheim land , sparking expansion speculation '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Tracy ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disneyland Closing Several Attractions on Monday Ahead of ' Star Wars ' Land Construction '' . ktla.com . Tribune Broadcasting . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Niles , Robert ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Disneyland targets summer 2017 for Rivers of America return '' . Themeparkinsider.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland favorites returning after hiatus amid ' Star Wars ' - themed land construction '' . abc7.com . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pimentel , Joseph ; Eades , Mark ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Concept art : How Disneyland 's Rivers of America will look after ' Star Wars ' land construction is finished '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knopp , JeniLynn ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` VIDEO : Star Wars area construction progressing at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . insidethemagic.net . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paige , Rachel ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` What 's closing at Disney World to make way for `` Star Wars '' Land `` . hellogiggles.com . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Studios attractions on their way out at Disney World '' . orlandosentinel.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedicini , Sandra ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Earffel Tower coming down , attractions closing at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedicini , Sandra ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Hollywood Studios : When a theme park is part construction zone '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kumparak , Greg . `` Disney is opening an immersive Star Wars Hotel where each guest gets a storyline - TechCrunch '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne . `` Coming to Disney World : Tron , Guardians of the Galaxy ride , ' Star Wars ' hotel '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fickley - Baker , Jennifer . `` Plans Unveiled for Star Wars - Inspired Themed Resort at Walt Disney World '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Disney wants to build a Westworld for Star Wars fans '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Anthology Rogue One ( 2016 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) Other The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Television and radio Films Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) cast episodes Rebels ( 2014 -- ) characters episodes Detours Radio dramas ( 1981 -- 1996 ) Other media Games and multimedia Video games list Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) The Old Republic ( 2011 -- ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) Literature and artwork Art Books non-fiction Comics list Legends Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Creatures / Species Languages The Force Physics Planets and moons Events Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Canon Cast Changes in film re-releases Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Cultural impact Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets TV series The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Droid Tales ( 2015 ) The Resistance Rises ( 2016 ) The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- ) Video games Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Parodies Hardware Wars ( 1978 ) Spaceballs ( 1987 ) Star Warped ( 1997 ) Thumb Wars ( 1999 ) George Lucas in Love ( 1999 ) Robot Chicken : Star Wars ( 2007 ) Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy ( 2007 -- 10 ) The People vs. George Lucas ( 2010 ) Other 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Themed lands of Disney theme parks A Bug 's Land Adventureland American Waterfront Arabian Coast Buena Vista Street A Bug 's Land Cars Land Critter Country Fantasyland Frontierland Front Lot Grizzly Peak Holidayland Hollywood Land Liberty Square Lost River Delta Main Street , U.S.A. Mediterranean Harbor Mermaid Lagoon Mickey 's Toontown Mysterious Island Mystic Point New Orleans Square Pandora -- The World of Avatar Paradise Pier Port Discovery Production Courtyard Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Tomorrowland Toon Studio Toy Story Land Disneyland Current attractions Former attractions Main Street , U.S.A. Disneyland Railroad The Disneyland Story presenting Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln The Disney Gallery Main Street Cinema Main Street Vehicles Main Street Windows Fantasyland Alice in Wonderland Casey Jr . Circus Train Dumbo the Flying Elephant Fantasyland Theatre It 's a Small World King Arthur Carrousel Mad Tea Party Matterhorn Bobsleds Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride Peter Pan 's Flight Pinocchio 's Daring Journey Pixie Hollow Sleeping Beauty Castle Snow White Grotto Snow White 's Scary Adventures Storybook Land Canal Boats Adventureland Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room Indiana Jones Adventure : Temple of the Forbidden Eye Jungle Cruise Tarzan 's Treehouse Tomorrowland Astro Orbitor Autopia Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters Disneyland Monorail Disneyland Railroad Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Space Mountain Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars : Path of the Jedi Frontierland Big Thunder Mountain Railroad Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Frontierland Shootin ' Exposition Golden Horseshoe Saloon Mark Twain Riverboat Sailing Ship Columbia New Orleans Square Disneyland Railroad Pirates of the Caribbean Haunted Mansion Critter Country Splash Mountain Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Mickey 's Toontown Chip ' n Dale Treehouse Donald 's Boat Disneyland Railroad Gadget 's Go Coaster Goofy 's Playhouse Mickey 's House and Meet Mickey Minnie 's House Roger Rabbit 's Car Toon Spin Future Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Entertainment The Dapper Dans Fantasmic ! Main Street Electrical Parade Mickey 's Soundsational Parade Seasonal entertainment Halloween Screams Haunted Mansion Holiday Space Mountain Ghost Galaxy It 's a Small World Holiday Other Partners Disney 's Hollywood Studios Attractions Echo Lake 50 's Prime Time Café For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Hollywood & Vine Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Muppets Courtyard Mama Melrose 's Ristorante Italiano Muppet * Vision 3D Pixar Place Toy Story Midway Mania ! Animation Courtyard Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! Star Wars Launch Bay Voyage of the Little Mermaid Walt Disney Presents Sunset Boulevard Beauty and the Beast -- Live on Stage Fantasmic ! Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Commissary Lane ABC Commissary Sci - Fi Dine - In Theater Restaurant Entertainment Fantasmic ! Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Future areas and attractions Mickey & Minnie 's Runaway Railway Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Toy Story Land Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars:_Galaxy%27s_Edge&oldid=800684002 '' Categories : Under construction amusement attractions Themed areas in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Disneyland Disney 's Hollywood Studios Attractions based on Star Wars Proposed buildings and structures in the United States Space in amusement parks 2019 architecture Hidden categories : California articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Florida articles missing geocoordinate data Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 01 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does star wars land disney world open	[ "Announced in August 2015,[4] the lands are scheduled to open at both locations in 2019, with the Disneyland version opening first.[5] Walt Disney Imagineering executive Scott Trowbridge is supervising the development of the new land at both parks.[6][7] Disney CEO Bob Iger announced on March 3, 2016, at the Disney shareholders meeting, that construction on both versions of the land would begin in April 2016.[8]" ]	[ "2019" ]
-9216470792918425446	List of My Hero Academia episodes	List of My hero Academia episodes - wikipedia List of My hero Academia episodes Jump to : navigation , search My Hero Academia is a Japanese superhero manga series written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi . It has been serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump since July 2014 , and 12 volumes have been collected in tankōbon format . The series has been licensed for English - language release by Viz Media , and began serialization in their weekly digital manga anthology Weekly Shonen Jump on February 9 , 2015 . The story follows Izuku Midoriya , a boy born without superpowers in a world where they are the norm , but who still dreams of becoming a superhero himself , and is scouted by the world 's greatest hero who shares his powers with Izuku after recognizing his value and enrolls him in a high school for heroes in training . The manga was adapted into an anime television series ; the first season aired from April 3 to June 26 , 2016 , and a second season premiered on April 1 , 2017 . The first season of the anime premiered on April 3 , 2016 on MBS and other Japan News Network stations in ' Nichigo ' timeslot at 5pm on Sundays in Japan . The opening theme is `` The Day '' , performed by Porno Graffitti and the ending theme is `` Heroes '' , performed by Brian the Sun . The second season premiered on April 1 , 2017 on NTV and YTV , with the staff and cast from the first season returning to reprise their roles . The second season 's first opening theme is `` Peace Sign '' , performed by Kenshi Yonezu and the first ending theme is `` Dakara , Hitori ja nai '' ( だから、ひとりじゃない , lit . Therefore , I am not Alone ) , performed by Little Glee Monster . The second opening theme is `` Sora ni Utaeba '' ( 空に歌えば , lit . If I Sing in the Sky ) performed by amazarashi and the ending theme is `` Datte Atashi no Hero '' ( だってアタシのヒーロー , lit . Still My Hero ) by LiSA . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 2 OVA 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` Izuku Midoriya : Origin '' `` Midoriya Izuku : Orijin '' ( 緑谷出久 : オリジン ) April 3 , 2016 In a world where most of the population is gifted with special powers known as `` Quirks '' , Izuku Midoriya is a young boy who always dreamed of becoming a hero , despite not having a Quirk himself , until one day he is attacked by a villain and is rescued by no other than All Might , the most famous hero ever and his idol since childhood . `` What It Takes to Be a Hero '' `` Hiro no Jouken '' ( ヒーローの条件 ) April 10 , 2016 Izuku discovers that All Might 's true form is that of a frail , emaciated man , who suffered a massive injury years ago . All Might tells Izuku that he should give up on being a hero and focus on a more realistic dream . Disheartened , Izuku makes his way home , only to see his classmate and bully Katsuki Bakugō attacked by a villain . With no heroes around able to fight the villain , Izuku , without any thought given , rushes in . `` Roaring Muscles '' `` Unare kin'niku '' ( うなれ筋肉 ) April 17 , 2016 All Might tells Izuku of his quirk , `` One For All '' , a special quirk that transfers its strength from person to person . While All Might believes Izuku to be worthy of his quirk , bestowing it to him right away would ruin his untrained body . All Might then designs a ten - month training regimen , to ensure that Izuku can become a vessel that can carry it . `` Start Line '' `` Sutaatorain '' ( スタートライン ) April 24 , 2016 After receiving All Might 's Quirk , the time has come for Izuku to attend the exams for the prestigious U.A. High School for heroes in training . However , during the practical exam , Izuku gets himself in a pinch and is about to fail , until one of his fellow examinees finds herself in serious danger and he runs to her rescue . 5 `` What I Can Do For Now '' `` Ima Boku ni Dekiru Koto wo '' ( 今僕に出来ることを ) May 1 , 2016 It 's Izuku 's first day as a student of U.A. High School . However , his homeroom teacher Shōta Aizawa decides to hold a physical test to evaluate how the students use their Quirks . Mr. Aizawa threatens the worst ranked student with expulsion , and Izuku finds himself in another predicament as he still has not learned to control his Quirk properly . 6 `` Rage , You Damned Nerd '' `` Takere Kusonādo '' ( 猛れクソナード ) May 8 , 2016 Now donning their own hero costumes , the students are assigned to a mock battle between teams of two to test their combat abilities . Izuku is paired with Ochako Uraraka , the girl he helped during the entrance exams who also becomes his friend much to his joy . However , also to his dismay , one of his opponents is Bakugō , who always mocked him for his quirklessness , and is now furious at him . 7 `` Deku vs. Kacchan '' ( デク vs かっちゃん ) May 15 , 2016 The mock battle continues with Izuku barely holding against Bakugō 's devastating attacks , leaving Ochako to face the other opponent Tenya Iida by herself . As the time limit approaches , Izuku seems to have no option but to use his Quirk against Bakugō in an attempt to just defeat him , until he comes up with a better idea . 8 `` Bakugō 's Starting Line '' `` Sutāto Rain , Bakugō no . '' ( スタートライン、爆豪の . ) May 22 , 2016 After losing against Izuku in the mock battle , Bakugō watches the rest of his classmates in action and realizes that he still has a long way to stand above his peers . After recovering from his injuries , Izuku attempts to cheer him up , to the point of sharing with him parts of his secret . Meanwhile , news that All Might is teaching at U.A. are received by some individuals with contempt . 9 `` Yeah , Just Do Your Best , Iida ! '' `` Ii zo Ganbare Iida - kun ! '' ( いいぞガンバレ飯田くん ! ) May 29 , 2016 Izuku is chosen as the class president , much to his surprise , but he ends up relinquishing the position to Iida when he and his friends find him more suitable for the position . The students are then assigned to another field exercise , but before it begins , a horde of villains suddenly appear before them . 10 `` Encounter with the Unknown '' `` Michi to no Sōgū '' ( 未知との遭遇 ) June 5 , 2016 The villains use their powers to scatter and ambush the students around in order to attract All Might for a trap . Izuku ends up stranded and surrounded on a boat along with his classmates Tsuyu Asui and Minoru Mineta , but after learning more about their powers , he comes up with a plan to turn the tides literally , while Iida is chosen by the others to break through the enemy trap and call for help . 11 `` Game Over '' `` Gēmu Ōbā '' ( ゲームオーバー ) June 12 , 2016 The students fight for their lives against the Villains while Iida manages to escape with his friends ' help . Once knowing that Iida will warn the other teachers who will come to stop them , the Villains ' leader Tomura Shigaraki decides to kill Izuku and his friends just to hurt All Might 's pride before they leave , when All Might himself appears . 12 `` All Might '' `` Ōrumaito '' ( オールマイト ) June 19 , 2016 Shigaraki unleashes his secret weapon , the multi-quirk monster called `` Noumu '' against All Might , who finds himself in a pinch , until Izuku and some other students arrive to assist him , but All Might has little time left before he runs out of power to defeat the creature in order to protect the school . 13 `` In Each of Their Hearts '' `` Onoono no Mune ni '' ( 各々の胸に ) June 26 , 2016 Despite having defeated the Noumu , All Might has no energy left and is defenseless against Shigaraki , but Izuku manages to stall the enemy long enough for the other teachers to arrive and forcing him to retreat . As the leftover Villains are captured and the students are rescued , All Might thanks Izuku for saving his life , but elsewhere , Shigaraki confides with his master , implying that their feud against the Heroes is just beginning . Season 2 ( edit ) Series no . Episode no . Title Original air date 13.5 0 `` Hero Notebook '' `` Hīrō Nōto '' ( ヒーローノート ) March 25 , 2017 A recap of the first season . Note : The episode earned a 3.3 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 14 `` That 's the Idea , Ochaco '' `` Sou iu Koto ne Ochako - san '' ( そういうことねお茶子さん ) April 1 , 2017 Still recovering from the previous incident , the school is about to hold the Sports Festival , which will serve as an opportunity for the students to show off their Quirks for professional heroes looking for assistants . In the occasion , All Might confesses to Izuku that his powers are diminishing , and that the festival is an opportunity for Izuku to show his true value to the world . Note : The episode earned a 3.4 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 15 `` Roaring Sports Festival '' `` Unare Taiikusai '' ( うなれ体育祭 ) April 8 , 2017 Todoroki expresses to Midoriya that he will defeat him and show his true power . As the Sports Festival begins , the students from the four branches of the school - Hero , General Studies , Business and Support Courses - participate in an obstacle - course race . Note : The episode earned a 3.5 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 16 `` In Their Own Quirky Ways '' `` Minna Koseiteki de ii ne '' ( みんな個性的でいいね ) April 15 , 2017 During the obstacle race , Todoroki effortlessly passes each obstacle with Bakugo in hot pursuit . At the last obstacle , Izuku uses his wits to pass through both and win the race . However , his victory is short - lived when he learns that by being first place , he is the top target for the next round . 17 `` Strategy , Strategy , Strategy '' `` Saku Saku Saku '' ( 策策策 ) April 22 , 2017 In the next round , the Cavalry Battle , Izuku teams up with Ochako , Fumikage and Support Course student Mei . Being the team with most points , they barely evade the advances from the other teams from their class , while the students from Class B take advantage of it to claim points for themselves . 18 5 `` Cavalry Battle Finale '' `` Kibasen Kecchaku '' ( 騎馬戦決着 ) April 29 , 2017 As the end of the Cavalry Battle approaches , Izuku 's team have a heated confrontation with the team led by Todoroki and despite losing the first place to them , they earn a place in the next round by working together . 19 6 `` The Boy Born with Everything '' `` Subete o Motte Umareta Otokonoko '' ( 全てを持って生まれた男の子 ) May 6 , 2017 The 16 remaining students advance to the final stage , with battles one on one to decide the winner . Before the fights begin , Todoroki has a private talk with Izuku , revealing the reasons for his hatred toward his father , the world 's second - best hero Endeavor . Note : The episode earned a 3.5 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 20 7 `` Victory or Defeat '' `` Kachimake '' ( 勝ち負け ) May 13 , 2017 In the first round , Izuku is struck by Hitoshi Shinso 's brainwashing ability , but breaks free in the last moment and obtains victory , while Todoroki displays his overwhelming power and easily wins his match against Hanta Sero , becoming Izuku 's opponent in the following round . Note : The episode earned a 3.4 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 21 8 `` Battle on , Challengers ! '' `` Furue ! Charenjā '' ( 奮え ! チャレンジャー ) May 20 , 2017 The U.A. Sports Festival continues with the completion of the other six bracket matches . Shiozaki swiftly overcomes Kaminari . Mei manipulates Iida in order to show off her tech to support companies , giving him the win by stepping out . Mina beats Aoyama by exploiting his weakness . Yaoyorozu is overwhelmed by the speed of Tokoyami 's Dark Shadow and is pushed out of the ring . Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have a homestyle brawl ending in a tie . Throughout all of this , Ochako is trying to prepare herself for the daunting task of battling Bakugo . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 22 9 `` Bakugo vs. Uraraka '' `` Bakugo vs. Uraraka '' ( 爆 vs 麗日豪 ) May 27 , 2017 Ochako uses many different strategies to attempt to defeat Bakugo . However , despite her plans , Bakugo wins after Ochako falls unconscious . Afterwards , Ochako talks over the phone with her father who tries to console her , but to no avail . Also during this time , Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have an arm - wrestling contest to determine who moves on to the next round ; Kirishima wins and the two become friends . Izuku prepares for his fight with Todoroki . 23 10 `` Shoto Todoroki : Origin '' `` Todoroki ase kō : Orijin '' ( 轟焦凍 : オリジン ) June 3 , 2017 Izuku and Todoroki begin their match . Izuku , while still trying to win , is attempting to get Todoroki to use his left side so they can both battle at their full power . As Todoroki fights on , more of his past is revealed through his thoughts . He remembers his mother saying it was okay to use his left side because he wanted to be a hero . So Izuku fights Todoroki who is using both sides . Cementoss and Midnight attempt to stop the match before the two deal their final attacks but to no avail . Izuku is thrown out of bounds and Todoroki moves on . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 24 11 `` Fight on , Iida '' `` Īda - kun Faito '' ( 飯田くんファイト ) June 10 , 2017 Izuku caused significant damage in his right hand warranting surgery ; school nurse Recovery Girl refuses future treatment if he does it again . All Might admits to his youth being identical to Izuku 's . Todoroki admits to Endeavor he was able to use his left side fire because he forgot all about his father . In the last matches of the second round , Iida and Tokoyami push respective opponents Shiozaki and Ashido out of bounds , while Bakugo overpowers Kirishima . When Iida vs Todoroki , Iida is frozen and rendered unable to go on . Bakugo figures Tokoyami 's weakness to intense light as they fight and makes him yield . Meanwhile in Tokyo , Iida 's brother Ingenium is crippled in pursuit of the Hero Killer : Stain , and Iida is informed not long after by his mother . Stain is invited by Kurogiri to meet with Shiguraki about joining the Villain 's League . 25 12 `` Todoroki vs. Bakugo '' `` Todoroki vs. Bakugo '' ( 轟 vs 爆豪 ) June 17 , 2017 Todoroki is still unsure if he should be using his left side . As the match starts , Todoroki attacks Bakugo with his ice power . Bakugo becomes angry as he wants Todoroki to fight him with both of his sides . After Izuku 's cheer , Todoroki decides to use his left side but when Bakugo is about to use his `` Howitzer Impact '' , Todoroki suddenly stops using his left side . The attack pushes Todoroki out of bounds , resulting in Bakugo being named the winner . Angered , Bakugo still goes after Todoroki , but Midnight stops him . After the match , All Might gives everyone medals . Iida goes to see his brother at the hospital before the match begins and did not attend the award ceremony . After everyone went home to recover , Todoroki finally decides to go see his mother whom he had not seen for many years . 26 13 `` Time to Pick Some Names '' `` Namae o Tsuke te Miyō no Kai '' ( 名前をつけてみようの会 ) June 24 , 2017 The Sports Festival is over , and everyone 's injuries are almost recovered . Everyone is present in class and Mr. Aizawa announces that everyone has to decide a hero name for themselves . He also tells how many students have gotten offers from the pro-heroes ; besides that , he announces that everyone will be doing a one - week internship at a hero agency . Midnight joins Aizawa and guides students so that everyone can pick a good hero name . After that , everyone decides an agency where they want to do the internship . Midoriya is still not sure which agency he should join when suddenly All Might shows up . He tells Izuku that his teacher has offered an internship , and Izuku accepts it . Meanwhile , Iida picks an agency in the area where his brother was attacked . The next day , everyone sets off for the internship . 27 14 `` Bizarre ! Gran Torino Appears '' `` Kaiki ! Guran Torino Arawaru '' ( 怪奇 ! グラントリノ現る ) July 8 , 2017 internship program starts and izuku is waiting to meet gran tarino but When he does he is not what he expected . izuku decids to go back then gran tarino shows his power and tempts izuku to fight him . Meanwhile Iida is looking for hero - killer stain and every other candidate in the program Are also busy in their internship . izuku train hard with gran tarino and finally after tarino advice he starts to Understand One For All . 28 15 `` Midoriya and Shigaraki '' `` Midoriya to Shigaraki '' ( 緑谷と死柄木 ) July 15 , 2017 Now that izuku knows how to control some of his powers he starts to train more and more with gran tarnio to perfect that power . Meanwhile truth about Nomu is revealed to All Might and hero - killer stain refuses to join the league of hero and attacks Haso city . Shigaraki also jumps in the attack . Gran tarino decids to take izuku to shibuya city . During their ride they are attack by another Nomu meanwhile Iida finds hero - killer and begins his fight . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 29 16 `` Hero Killer : Stain vs U.A. Students '' `` Hīrō Goroshi Sutein vs U.A. Seito '' ( ヒーロー殺しステイン vs 雄英生徒 ) July 22 , 2017 Haso city is under attack by league of villain with their Nomu army and hero killer is about to kill his victims including Iida . izuku starts to look for Iida and save 's Iida from getting killed . izuku fights hero - killer and after some time Todoroki also joins the fight . They both start to fight hero - killer with all their might and the fight starts to begin more and more intense as hero - killer starts to take the fight seriously . Note : The episode earned a 2.8 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 30 17 `` Climax '' `` Ketchaku '' ( 決着 ) July 29 , 2017 As hero - killer quirk is known both izuku and todoroki starts to take the fight more carefully and Iida also joins the fight . Endeavor and gran tarino defeats a nomu meanwhile Iida and izuku receives some serious injuries and are finally able to defeat hero - killer . Endeavor defeats the remaining nomu and controls the situation . Note : The episode earned a 4.5 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 31 18 `` The Aftermath of Hero Killer : Stain '' `` ' Hīrō - Goroshi Sutein ' Sono Yoha '' ( 「ヒーロー殺しステイン」その余波 ) August 5 , 2017 Following Stain 's arrest , the video of Stain expressing his views on the present Heroes has gone viral , and more people are falling to those views , and with no one to follow , they begin to gravitate towards the Villan League . Meanwhile , credit for the arrest has gone to Endeavor , to ensure that Iida , Izuku and Todoroki are not arrested for using their powers without permission . Iida apologizes for his rash behavior and decides to work on improving himself . 32 19 `` Everyone 's Internships '' `` Sorezore no Shokuba Taiken '' ( それぞれの職場体験 ) August 12 , 2017 Anime - original episode showing what some of the other characters did on their internships , particularly focusing on Tsuyu / Froppy . 33 20 `` Listen Up ! ! A Tale from the Past '' `` Shire ! ! Mukashi no Hanashi '' ( 知れ ! ! 昔の話 ) August 19 , 2017 Following their internships , everyone has returned to school , and All Might decides to tell Izuku the truth behind the Quirk , One for All . 34 21 `` Gear up for the Final Exams '' `` Sonaero Kimatsu Tesuto '' ( 備えろ期末テスト ) September 2 , 2017 The episode begins with Mr. Aizawa telling the students about their end semester exams , the final exams begin with the 3 day written test followed by the beginning of the practical exams which shocks everyone . 35 22 `` Yaoyorozu : Rising '' `` Yaoyorozu : Raijingu '' ( 八百万 : ライジング ) September 9 , 2017 Meanwhile , Momo is creating Russian dolls and informs Shoto what she is creating . Momo is impressed with Shoto for being able to not only think of a strategy against Shouta but also have the judgment to make quick decisions on the best course of action . Shoto tells Momo that its normal ; Momo admits that even though she is a recommended freshmen she is the only one that has n't shown any noteworthy results . 36 23 `` Stripping the Varnish '' `` Mukero Hitokawa '' ( むけろ一皮 ) September 16 , 2017 Practical exams continue and everyone completes their exams with the last one left . 37 24 `` Katsuki Bakugo : Origin '' `` Bakugo Katsuki : Orijin '' ( 爆豪勝己 : オリジン ) September 23 , 2017 The final match of the final exams begins between Izuku , Katsuki and All Might . From the monitoring room , Recovery Girl notes that Katsuki simply wants to win while Izuku is only thinking of fleeing . All Might confronts Katsuki and deduces that he 's been fighting so hastily because he 's angry over Izuku 's improvement . Katsuki ponders All Might 's overwhelming strength and admits that he is the biggest wall to becoming the world 's greatest hero . 38 25 `` Encounter '' `` Enkauntā '' ( エンカウンター ) September 30 , 2017 At the League of Villains hideout , Tomura is looking at a picture of Izuku . Tomura disintegrates the picture after the same man from the hostess bar brings in two visitors ; a boy and a girl who express interest in joining the League of Villains . A few minutes before meeting with Izuku , Tomura is confused about why Stain 's ideology has inspired so many people and is unable to understand why his own methods ( similar to Stain 's ) have not worked . OVA ( edit ) No . Title Original air date OVA 1 `` Rescue ! Rescue Training ! '' ( 救え ! 救助訓練 ! ) November 27 , 2016 ( event ) April 4 , 2017 ( DVD ) OVA 2 `` Training Of The Dead '' June 2 , 2017 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Crunchyroll . See also ( edit ) List of My Hero Academia chapters List of My Hero Academia characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shonen Jump to Launch 4 Manga Series in Next 3 Issues '' . Anime News Network . June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Viz 's Shonen Jump Adds My Hero Academia '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia TV Anime Adaptation Confirmed '' . Anime News Network . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Latest `` My Hero Academia '' Anime Cast Addition And Plans Spotted `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Season 2 's Ad Previews Opening Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Anime Reveals New Opening Theme Artist , Cast for Gran Torino '' . Anime News Network . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LiSA Performs New Ending Theme For My Hero Academia Anime 's 2nd Season '' . Anime News Network . June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ス卜一リー STORY '' . ytv . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , March 20 - 26 '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia 2nd Season 's 1st Episode Will Recap 1st Season '' . Anime News Network . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , March 27 - April 2 '' . Anime News Network . April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , April 3 - 9 '' . Anime News Network . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , May 1 - 7 '' . Anime News Network . May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , May 8 - 14 '' . Anime News Network . May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , May 15 - 21 '' . Anime News Network . May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , May 29 - June 4 '' . Anime News Network . June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , July 10 - 16 '' . Anime News Network . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , July 17 - 23 '' . Anime News Network . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , July 24 - 30 '' . Anime News Network . August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_My_Hero_Academia_episodes&oldid=802398187 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 22 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episode of my hero academia season 2	[ "\n\nSeries no.\nEpisode no.\nTitle[a]\nOriginal air date[8]\n\n\n13.5\n0\n\"Hero Notebook\"\n\"Hīrō Nōto\" (ヒーローノート) \nMarch 25, 2017[10]\n\n\n\nA recap of the first season.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.3% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[9] \n\n\n14\n1\n\"That's the Idea, Ochaco\"\n\"Sou iu Koto ne Ochako-san\" (そういうことねお茶子さん) \nApril 1, 2017\n\n\n\nStill recovering from the previous incident, the school is about to hold the Sports Festival, which will serve as an opportunity for the students to show off their Quirks for professional heroes looking for assistants. In the occasion, All Might confesses to Izuku that his powers are diminishing, and that the festival is an opportunity for Izuku to show his true value to the world.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[11] \n\n\n15\n2\n\"Roaring Sports Festival\"\n\"Unare Taiikusai\" (うなれ体育祭) \nApril 8, 2017\n\n\n\nTodoroki expresses to Midoriya that he will defeat him and show his true power. As the Sports Festival begins, the students from the four branches of the school - Hero, General Studies, Business and Support Courses - participate in an obstacle-course race.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[12] \n\n\n16\n3\n\"In Their Own Quirky Ways\"\n\"Minna Koseiteki de ii ne\" (みんな個性的でいいね) \nApril 15, 2017\n\n\nDuring the obstacle race, Todoroki effortlessly passes each obstacle with Bakugo in hot pursuit. At the last obstacle, Izuku uses his wits to pass through both and win the race. However, his victory is short-lived when he learns that by being first place, he is the top target for the next round. \n\n\n17\n4\n\"Strategy, Strategy, Strategy\"\n\"Saku Saku Saku\" (策策策) \nApril 22, 2017\n\n\nIn the next round, the Cavalry Battle, Izuku teams up with Ochako, Fumikage and Support Course student Mei. Being the team with most points, they barely evade the advances from the other teams from their class, while the students from Class B take advantage of it to claim points for themselves. \n\n\n18\n5\n\"Cavalry Battle Finale\"\n\"Kibasen Kecchaku\" (騎馬戦決着) \nApril 29, 2017\n\n\nAs the end of the Cavalry Battle approaches, Izuku's team have a heated confrontation with the team led by Todoroki and despite losing the first place to them, they earn a place in the next round by working together. \n\n\n19\n6\n\"The Boy Born with Everything\"\n\"Subete o Motte Umareta Otokonoko\" (全てを持って生まれた男の子) \nMay 6, 2017\n\n\n\nThe 16 remaining students advance to the final stage, with battles one on one to decide the winner. Before the fights begin, Todoroki has a private talk with Izuku, revealing the reasons for his hatred toward his father, the world's second-best hero Endeavor.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[13] \n\n\n20\n7\n\"Victory or Defeat\"\n\"Kachimake\" (勝ち負け) \nMay 13, 2017\n\n\n\nIn the first round, Izuku is struck by Hitoshi Shinso's brainwashing ability, but breaks free in the last moment and obtains victory, while Todoroki displays his overwhelming power and easily wins his match against Hanta Sero, becoming Izuku's opponent in the following round.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[14] \n\n\n21\n8\n\"Battle on, Challengers!\"\n\"Furue! Charenjā\" (奮え！チャレンジャー) \nMay 20, 2017\n\n\n\nThe U.A. Sports Festival continues with the completion of the other six bracket matches. Shiozaki swiftly overcomes Kaminari. Mei manipulates Iida in order to show off her tech to support companies, giving him the win by stepping out. Mina beats Aoyama by exploiting his weakness. Yaoyorozu is overwhelmed by the speed of Tokoyami's Dark Shadow and is pushed out of the ring. Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have a homestyle brawl ending in a tie. Throughout all of this, Ochako is trying to prepare herself for the daunting task of battling Bakugo.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[15] \n\n\n22\n9\n\"Bakugo vs. Uraraka\"\n\"Bakugo vs. Uraraka\" (爆vs麗日豪) \nMay 27, 2017\n\n\nOchako uses many different strategies to attempt to defeat Bakugo. However, despite her plans, Bakugo wins after Ochako falls unconscious. Afterwards, Ochako talks over the phone with her father who tries to console her, but to no avail. Also during this time, Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have an arm-wrestling contest to determine who moves on to the next round; Kirishima wins and the two become friends. Izuku prepares for his fight with Todoroki. \n\n\n23\n10\n\"Shoto Todoroki: Origin\"\n\"Todoroki ase kō: Orijin\" (轟焦凍:オリジン) \nJune 3, 2017\n\n\n\nIzuku and Todoroki begin their match. Izuku, while still trying to win, is attempting to get Todoroki to use his left side so they can both battle at their full power. As Todoroki fights on, more of his past is revealed through his thoughts. He remembers his mother saying it was okay to use his left side because he wanted to be a hero. So Izuku fights Todoroki who is using both sides. Cementoss and Midnight attempt to stop the match before the two deal their final attacks but to no avail. Izuku is thrown out of bounds and Todoroki moves on.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[16] \n\n\n24\n11\n\"Fight on, Iida\"\n\"Īda-kun Faito\" (飯田くんファイト) \nJune 10, 2017\n\n\nIzuku caused significant damage in his right hand warranting surgery; school nurse Recovery Girl refuses future treatment if he does it again. All Might admits to his youth being identical to Izuku's. Todoroki admits to Endeavor he was able to use his left side fire because he forgot all about his father. In the last matches of the second round, Iida and Tokoyami push respective opponents Shiozaki and Ashido out of bounds, while Bakugo overpowers Kirishima. When Iida vs Todoroki, Iida is frozen and rendered unable to go on. Bakugo figures Tokoyami's weakness to intense light as they fight and makes him yield. Meanwhile in Tokyo, Iida's brother Ingenium is crippled in pursuit of the Hero Killer: Stain, and Iida is informed not long after by his mother. Stain is invited by Kurogiri to meet with Shiguraki about joining the Villain's League. \n\n\n25\n12\n\"Todoroki vs. Bakugo\"\n\"Todoroki vs. Bakugo\" (轟vs爆豪) \nJune 17, 2017\n\n\nTodoroki is still unsure if he should be using his left side. As the match starts, Todoroki attacks Bakugo with his ice power. Bakugo becomes angry as he wants Todoroki to fight him with both of his sides. After Izuku's cheer, Todoroki decides to use his left side but when Bakugo is about to use his \"Howitzer Impact\", Todoroki suddenly stops using his left side. The attack pushes Todoroki out of bounds, resulting in Bakugo being named the winner. Angered, Bakugo still goes after Todoroki, but Midnight stops him. After the match, All Might gives everyone medals. Iida goes to see his brother at the hospital before the match begins and did not attend the award ceremony. After everyone went home to recover, Todoroki finally decides to go see his mother whom he had not seen for many years. \n\n\n26\n13\n\"Time to Pick Some Names\"\n\"Namae o Tsuke te Miyō no Kai\" (名前をつけてみようの会) \nJune 24, 2017\n\n\nThe Sports Festival is over, and everyone's injuries are almost recovered. Everyone is present in class and Mr. Aizawa announces that everyone has to decide a hero name for themselves. He also tells how many students have gotten offers from the pro-heroes; besides that, he announces that everyone will be doing a one-week internship at a hero agency. Midnight joins Aizawa and guides students so that everyone can pick a good hero name. After that, everyone decides an agency where they want to do the internship. Midoriya is still not sure which agency he should join when suddenly All Might shows up. He tells Izuku that his teacher has offered an internship, and Izuku accepts it. Meanwhile, Iida picks an agency in the area where his brother was attacked. The next day, everyone sets off for the internship. \n\n\n27\n14\n\"Bizarre! Gran Torino Appears\"\n\"Kaiki! Guran Torino Arawaru\" (怪奇!グラントリノ現る) \nJuly 8, 2017\n\n\ninternship program starts and izuku is waiting to meet gran tarino but When he does he is not what he expected. izuku decids to go back then gran tarino shows his power and tempts izuku to fight him. Meanwhile Iida is looking for hero-killer stain and every other candidate in the program Are also busy in their internship. izuku train hard with gran tarino and finally after tarino advice he starts to Understand One For All. \n\n\n28\n15\n\"Midoriya and Shigaraki\"\n\"Midoriya to Shigaraki\" (緑谷と死柄木) \nJuly 15, 2017\n\n\n\nNow that izuku knows how to control some of his powers he starts to train more and more with gran tarnio to perfect that power. Meanwhile truth about Nomu is revealed to All Might and hero-killer stain refuses to join the league of hero and attacks Haso city. Shigaraki also jumps in the attack. Gran tarino decids to take izuku to shibuya city. During their ride they are attack by another Nomu meanwhile Iida finds hero-killer and begins his fight.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[17] \n\n\n29\n16\n\"Hero Killer: Stain vs U.A. Students\"\n\"Hīrō Goroshi Sutein vs U.A. Seito\" (ヒーロー殺しステインvs雄英生徒) \nJuly 22, 2017\n\n\n\nHaso city is under attack by league of villain with their Nomu army and hero killer is about to kill his victims including Iida. izuku starts to look for Iida and save's Iida from getting killed. izuku fights hero-killer and after some time Todoroki also joins the fight. They both start to fight hero-killer with all their might and the fight starts to begin more and more intense as hero-killer starts to take the fight seriously.\nNote: The episode earned a 2.8% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[18] \n\n\n30\n17\n\"Climax\"\n\"Ketchaku\" (決着) \nJuly 29, 2017\n\n\n\nAs hero-killer quirk is known both izuku and todoroki starts to take the fight more carefully and Iida also joins the fight. Endeavor and gran tarino defeats a nomu meanwhile Iida and izuku receives some serious injuries and are finally able to defeat hero-killer. Endeavor defeats the remaining nomu and controls the situation.\nNote: The episode earned a 4.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[19] \n\n\n31\n18\n\"The Aftermath of Hero Killer: Stain\"\n\"'Hīrō-Goroshi Sutein' Sono Yoha\" (「ヒーロー殺しステイン」その余波) \nAugust 5, 2017\n\n\nFollowing Stain's arrest, the video of Stain expressing his views on the present Heroes has gone viral, and more people are falling to those views, and with no one to follow, they begin to gravitate towards the Villan League. Meanwhile, credit for the arrest has gone to Endeavor, to ensure that Iida, Izuku and Todoroki are not arrested for using their powers without permission. Iida apologizes for his rash behavior and decides to work on improving himself. \n\n\n32\n19\n\"Everyone's Internships\"\n\"Sorezore no Shokuba Taiken\" (それぞれの職場体験) \nAugust 12, 2017\n\n\nAnime-original episode showing what some of the other characters did on their internships, particularly focusing on Tsuyu/Froppy. \n\n\n33\n20\n\"Listen Up!! A Tale from the Past\"\n\"Shire!! Mukashi no Hanashi\" (知れ!!昔の話) \nAugust 19, 2017\n\n\nFollowing their internships, everyone has returned to school, and All Might decides to tell Izuku the truth behind the Quirk, One for All. \n\n\n34\n21\n\"Gear up for the Final Exams\"\n\"Sonaero Kimatsu Tesuto\" (備えろ期末テスト) \nSeptember 2, 2017\n\n\nThe episode begins with Mr. Aizawa telling the students about their end semester exams, the final exams begin with the 3 day written test followed by the beginning of the practical exams which shocks everyone. \n\n\n35\n22\n\"Yaoyorozu: Rising\"\n\"Yaoyorozu: Raijingu\" (八百万：ライジング) \nSeptember 9, 2017\n\n\nMeanwhile, Momo is creating Russian dolls and informs Shoto what she is creating. Momo is impressed with Shoto for being able to not only think of a strategy against Shouta but also have the judgment to make quick decisions on the best course of action. Shoto tells Momo that its normal; Momo admits that even though she is a recommended freshmen she is the only one that hasn't shown any noteworthy results. \n\n\n36\n23\n\"Stripping the Varnish\"\n\"Mukero Hitokawa\" (むけろ一皮) \nSeptember 16, 2017\n\n\nPractical exams continue and everyone completes their exams with the last one left. \n\n\n37\n24\n\"Katsuki Bakugo: Origin\"\n\"Bakugo Katsuki: Orijin\" (爆豪勝己：オリジン) \nSeptember 23, 2017\n\n\nThe final match of the final exams begins between Izuku, Katsuki and All Might. From the monitoring room, Recovery Girl notes that Katsuki simply wants to win while Izuku is only thinking of fleeing. All Might confronts Katsuki and deduces that he's been fighting so hastily because he's angry over Izuku's improvement. Katsuki ponders All Might's overwhelming strength and admits that he is the biggest wall to becoming the world's greatest hero. \n\n\n38\n25\n\"Encounter\"\n\"Enkauntā\" (エンカウンター) \nSeptember 30, 2017\n\n\nAt the League of Villains hideout, Tomura is looking at a picture of Izuku. Tomura disintegrates the picture after the same man from the hostess bar brings in two visitors; a boy and a girl who express interest in joining the League of Villains. A few minutes before meeting with Izuku, Tomura is confused about why Stain's ideology has inspired so many people and is unable to understand why his own methods (similar to Stain's) have not worked. \n\n" ]	[ "25" ]
553987667679345079	Elvis Presley	Elvis Presley - wikipedia Elvis Presley `` Elvis '' redirects here . For other uses , see Elvis ( disambiguation ) . Elvis Presley Presley in a publicity photograph for the 1957 film Jailhouse Rock Elvis Aaron Presley ( 1935 - 01 - 08 ) January 8 , 1935 Tupelo , Mississippi , U.S. August 16 , 1977 ( 1977 - 08 - 16 ) ( aged 42 ) Memphis , Tennessee , U.S. Cause of death Heart attack Resting place Graceland Memphis , Tennessee 35 ° 2 ′ 46 '' N 90 ° 1 ′ 23 '' W / 35.04611 ° N 90.02306 ° W / 35.04611 ; - 90.02306 Occupation Singer , actor Spouse ( s ) Priscilla Presley ( m . 1967 ; div. 1973 ) Children Lisa Marie Presley Relatives Riley Keough ( granddaughter ) Musical career Genres Rock and roll pop rockabilly country blues gospel rhythm and blues Instruments Vocals guitar piano Years active 1953 -- 1977 Labels Sun RCA ( Victor ) HMV Associated acts The Blue Moon Boys The Jordanaires The Imperials Million Dollar Quartet Website elvis.com Signature Elvis Aaron Presley ( January 8 , 1935 -- August 16 , 1977 ) was an American singer and actor . Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century , he is often referred to as the `` King of Rock and Roll '' or simply `` the King '' . Presley was born in Tupelo , Mississippi , and relocated to Memphis , Tennessee , with his family when he was 13 years old . His music career began there in 1954 , recording at Sun Records with producer Sam Phillips , who wanted to bring the sound of African - American music to a wider audience . Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black , Presley was a pioneer of rockabilly , an uptempo , backbeat - driven fusion of country music and rhythm and blues . In 1955 , drummer D.J. Fontana joined to complete the lineup of Presley 's classic quartet and RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker , who would manage the singer for more than two decades . Presley 's first RCA single , `` Heartbreak Hotel '' , was released in January 1956 and became a number one hit in the United States . With a series of successful network television appearances and chart - topping records , he became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll . His energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style , combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines during a transformative era in race relations , made him enormously popular -- and controversial . In November 1956 , Presley made his film debut in Love Me Tender . Drafted into military service in 1958 , Presley relaunched his recording career two years later with some of his most commercially successful work . He held few concerts however , and guided by Parker , proceeded to devote much of the 1960s to making Hollywood movies and soundtrack albums , most of them critically derided . In 1968 , following a seven - year break from live performances , he returned to the stage in the acclaimed television comeback special Elvis , which led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of highly profitable tours . In 1973 , Presley gave the first concert by a solo artist to be broadcast around the world , Aloha from Hawaii . Years of prescription drug abuse severely compromised his health , and he died suddenly in 1977 at his Graceland estate at the age of 42 . Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century . Commercially successful in many genres , including pop , country , blues , and gospel , he is the best - selling solo artist in the history of recorded music . He won three competitive Grammys , received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36 , and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame . Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 1935 -- 1953 : Early years 1.1. 1 Childhood in Tupelo 1.1. 2 Teenage life in Memphis 1.2 1953 -- 1955 : First recordings 1.2. 1 Sam Phillips and Sun Records 1.2. 2 Early live performances and signing with RCA 1.2. 3 Louisiana Hayride radio commercial and first television performance 1.3 1956 -- 1958 : Commercial breakout and controversy 1.3. 1 First national TV appearances and debut album 1.3. 2 Milton Berle Show and `` Hound Dog '' 1.3. 3 Steve Allen Show and first Sullivan appearance 1.3. 4 Crazed crowds and film debut 1.3. 5 Leiber and Stoller collaboration and draft notice 1.4 1958 -- 1960 : Military service and mother 's death 1.5 1960 -- 1967 : Focus on films 1.5. 1 Elvis Is Back 1.5. 2 Lost in Hollywood 1.6 1968 -- 1973 : Comeback 1.6. 1 Elvis : the ' 68 Comeback Special 1.6. 2 From Elvis In Memphis and the International 1.6. 3 Back on tour and meeting Nixon 1.6. 4 Marriage breakdown and Aloha from Hawaii 1.7 1973 -- 1977 : Health deterioration and death 1.7. 1 Medical crises and last studio sessions 1.7. 2 Final months and death 1.8 Questions over cause of death 1.9 Since 1977 2 Artistry 2.1 Influences 2.2 Musical styles and genres 2.3 Vocal style and range 3 Public image 3.1 Racial issues 3.2 Sex symbol 4 Associates 4.1 Colonel Parker and the Aberbachs 4.2 Memphis Mafia 5 Legacy 6 Achievements 7 Discography 7.1 Number - one albums 7.2 Number - one singles 8 Filmography 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Life and career 1935 -- 1953 : early years Childhood in Tupelo Presley 's birthplace in Tupelo , Mississippi Elvis Presley was born on January 8 , 1935 , in Tupelo , Mississippi , to Gladys Love Presley ( née Smith ) in the two - room shotgun house built by his father , Vernon Elvis Presley , in preparation for the birth . Jesse Garon Presley , his identical twin brother , was delivered 35 minutes before him , stillborn . Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother . The family attended an Assembly of God church , where he found his initial musical inspiration . On his mother 's side Presley 's ancestry was Scots - Irish , with some French Norman . Gladys and the rest of the family apparently believed that her great - great - grandmother , Morning Dove White , was Cherokee ; the biography by Elaine Dundy supports the idea , but at least one genealogy researcher has contested it on multiple grounds . Vernon 's forebears were of German or Scottish origin . Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family . Vernon moved from one odd job to the next , evincing little ambition . The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance . In 1938 , they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of altering a check written by his landowner and sometime employer . He was jailed for eight months , while Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives . In September 1941 , Presley entered first grade at East Tupelo Consolidated , where his teachers regarded him as `` average '' . He was encouraged to enter a singing contest after impressing his schoolteacher with a rendition of Red Foley 's country song `` Old Shep '' during morning prayers . The contest , held at the Mississippi -- Alabama Fair and Dairy Show on October 3 , 1945 , was his first public performance . The ten - year - old Presley was dressed as a cowboy ; he stood on a chair to reach the microphone and sang `` Old Shep '' . He recalled placing fifth . A few months later , Presley received his first guitar for his birthday ; he had hoped for something else -- by different accounts , either a bicycle or a rifle . Over the following year , he received basic guitar lessons from two of his uncles and the new pastor at the family 's church . Presley recalled , `` I took the guitar , and I watched people , and I learned to play a little bit . But I would never sing in public . I was very shy about it . '' In September 1946 , Presley entered a new school , Milam , for sixth grade ; he was regarded as a loner . The following year , he began bringing his guitar to school on a daily basis . He played and sang during lunchtime , and was often teased as a `` trashy '' kid who played hillbilly music . By then , the family was living in a largely African - American neighborhood . Presley was a devotee of Mississippi Slim 's show on the Tupelo radio station WELO . He was described as `` crazy about music '' by Slim 's younger brother , who was one of Presley 's classmates and often took him into the station . Slim supplemented Presley 's guitar tuition by demonstrating chord techniques . When his protégé was twelve years old , Slim scheduled him for two on - air performances . Presley was overcome by stage fright the first time , but succeeded in performing the following week . Teenage life in Memphis In November 1948 , the family moved to Memphis , Tennessee . After residing for nearly a year in rooming houses , they were granted a two - bedroom apartment in the public housing complex known as the Lauderdale Courts . Enrolled at L.C. Humes High School , Presley received only a C in music in eighth grade . When his music teacher told him that he had no aptitude for singing , he brought in his guitar the next day and sang a recent hit , `` Keep Them Cold Icy Fingers Off Me '' , in an effort to prove otherwise . A classmate later recalled that the teacher `` agreed that Elvis was right when he said that she did n't appreciate his kind of singing '' . He was usually too shy to perform openly , and was occasionally bullied by classmates who viewed him as a `` mama 's boy '' . In 1950 , he began practicing guitar regularly under the tutelage of Lee Denson , a neighbor two - and - a-half years his senior . They and three other boys -- including two future rockabilly pioneers , brothers Dorsey and Johnny Burnette -- formed a loose musical collective that played frequently around the Courts . That September , he began working as an usher at Loew 's State Theater . Other jobs followed : Precision Tool , Loew 's again , and MARL Metal Products . During his junior year , Presley began to stand out more among his classmates , largely because of his appearance : he grew out his sideburns and styled his hair with rose oil and Vaseline . In his free time , he would head down to Beale Street , the heart of Memphis 's thriving blues scene , and gaze longingly at the wild , flashy clothes in the windows of Lansky Brothers . By his senior year , he was wearing those clothes . Overcoming his reticence about performing outside the Lauderdale Courts , he competed in Humes 's Annual `` Minstrel '' show in April 1953 . Singing and playing guitar , he opened with `` Till I Waltz Again with You '' , a recent hit for Teresa Brewer . Presley recalled that the performance did much for his reputation : `` I was n't popular in school ... I failed music -- only thing I ever failed . And then they entered me in this talent show ... when I came onstage I heard people kind of rumbling and whispering and so forth , ' cause nobody knew I even sang . It was amazing how popular I became after that . '' Presley , who received no formal music training and could not read music , studied and played by ear . He also frequented record stores that provided jukeboxes and listening booths to customers . He knew all of Hank Snow 's songs , and he loved records by other country singers such as Roy Acuff , Ernest Tubb , Ted Daffan , Jimmie Rodgers , Jimmie Davis , and Bob Wills . The Southern gospel singer Jake Hess , one of his favorite performers , was a significant influence on his ballad - singing style . He was a regular audience member at the monthly All - Night Singings downtown , where many of the white gospel groups that performed reflected the influence of African - American spiritual music . He adored the music of black gospel singer Sister Rosetta Tharpe . Like some of his peers , he may have attended blues venues -- of necessity , in the segregated South , only on nights designated for exclusively white audiences . He certainly listened to the regional radio stations , such as WDIA - AM , that played `` race records '' : spirituals , blues , and the modern , backbeat - heavy sound of rhythm and blues . Many of his future recordings were inspired by local African - American musicians such as Arthur Crudup and Rufus Thomas . B.B. King recalled that he had known Presley before he was popular , when they both used to frequent Beale Street . By the time he graduated from high school in June 1953 , Presley had already singled out music as his future . 1953 -- 1955 : first recordings Sam Phillips and Sun records See also : List of songs recorded by Elvis Presley on the Sun label Presley in a Sun Records promotional photograph , 1954 In August 1953 , Presley checked into the offices of Sun Records . He aimed to pay for a few minutes of studio time to record a two - sided acetate disc : `` My Happiness '' and `` That 's When Your Heartaches Begin '' . He later claimed that he intended the record as a gift for his mother , or that he was merely interested in what he `` sounded like '' , although there was a much cheaper , amateur record - making service at a nearby general store . Biographer Peter Guralnick argued that he chose Sun in the hope of being discovered . Asked by receptionist Marion Keisker what kind of singer he was , Presley responded , `` I sing all kinds . '' When she pressed him on who he sounded like , he repeatedly answered , `` I do n't sound like nobody . '' After he recorded , Sun boss Sam Phillips asked Keisker to note down the young man 's name , which she did along with her own commentary : `` Good ballad singer . Hold . '' In January 1954 , Presley cut a second acetate at Sun Records -- `` I 'll Never Stand In Your Way '' and `` It Would n't Be the Same Without You '' -- but again nothing came of it . Not long after , he failed an audition for a local vocal quartet , the Songfellows . He explained to his father , `` They told me I could n't sing . '' Songfellow Jim Hamill later claimed that he was turned down because he did not demonstrate an ear for harmony at the time . In April , Presley began working for the Crown Electric company as a truck driver . His friend Ronnie Smith , after playing a few local gigs with him , suggested he contact Eddie Bond , leader of Smith 's professional band , which had an opening for a vocalist . Bond rejected him after a tryout , advising Presley to stick to truck driving `` because you 're never going to make it as a singer '' . Phillips , meanwhile , was always on the lookout for someone who could bring to a broader audience the sound of the black musicians on whom Sun focused . As Keisker reported , `` Over and over I remember Sam saying , ' If I could find a white man who had the Negro sound and the Negro feel , I could make a billion dollars . ' '' In June , he acquired a demo recording by Jimmy Sweeney of a ballad , `` Without You '' , that he thought might suit the teenage singer . Presley came by the studio , but was unable to do it justice . Despite this , Phillips asked Presley to sing as many numbers as he knew . He was sufficiently affected by what he heard to invite two local musicians , guitarist Winfield `` Scotty '' Moore and upright bass player Bill Black , to work something up with Presley for a recording session . `` That 's All Right '' Presley transformed not only the sound but the emotion of the song , turning what had been written as a `` lament for a lost love into a satisfied declaration of independence . '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . The session , held the evening of July 5 , proved entirely unfruitful until late in the night . As they were about to abort and go home , Presley took his guitar and launched into a 1946 blues number , Arthur Crudup 's `` That 's All Right '' . Moore recalled , `` All of a sudden , Elvis just started singing this song , jumping around and acting the fool , and then Bill picked up his bass , and he started acting the fool , too , and I started playing with them . Sam , I think , had the door to the control booth open ... he stuck his head out and said , ' What are you doing ? ' And we said , ' We do n't know . ' ' Well , back up , ' he said , ' try to find a place to start , and do it again . ' '' Phillips quickly began taping ; this was the sound he had been looking for . Three days later , popular Memphis DJ Dewey Phillips played `` That 's All Right '' on his Red , Hot , and Blue show . Listeners began phoning in , eager to find out who the singer really was . The interest was such that Phillips played the record repeatedly during the remaining two hours of his show . Interviewing Presley on - air , Phillips asked him what high school he attended in order to clarify his color for the many callers who had assumed that he was black . During the next few days , the trio recorded a bluegrass number , Bill Monroe 's `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' , again in a distinctive style and employing a jury rigged echo effect that Sam Phillips dubbed `` slapback '' . A single was pressed with `` That 's All Right '' on the A side and `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' on the reverse . Early live performances and signing with RCA The trio played publicly for the first time on July 17 at the Bon Air club -- Presley still sporting his child - size guitar . At the end of the month , they appeared at the Overton Park Shell , with Slim Whitman headlining . A combination of his strong response to rhythm and nervousness at playing before a large crowd led Presley to shake his legs as he performed : his wide - cut pants emphasized his movements , causing young women in the audience to start screaming . Moore recalled , `` During the instrumental parts , he would back off from the mike and be playing and shaking , and the crowd would just go wild '' . Black , a natural showman , whooped and rode his bass , hitting double licks that Presley would later remember as `` really a wild sound , like a jungle drum or something '' . Soon after , Moore and Black left their old band , the Starlite Wranglers , to play with Presley regularly , and DJ / promoter Bob Neal became the trio 's manager . From August through October , they played frequently at the Eagle 's Nest club and returned to Sun Studio for more recording sessions , and Presley quickly grew more confident on stage . According to Moore , `` His movement was a natural thing , but he was also very conscious of what got a reaction . He 'd do something one time and then he would expand on it real quick . '' Presley made what would be his only appearance on Nashville 's Grand Ole Opry stage on October 2 ; after a polite audience response , Opry manager Jim Denny told Phillips that his singer was `` not bad '' but did not suit the program . Louisiana Hayride radio commercial and first television performance In November 1954 , Presley performed on Louisiana Hayride -- the Opry 's chief , and more adventurous , rival . The Shreveport - based show was broadcast to 198 radio stations in 28 states . Presley had another attack of nerves during the first set , which drew a muted reaction . A more composed and energetic second set inspired an enthusiastic response . House drummer D.J. Fontana brought a new element , complementing Presley 's movements with accented beats that he had mastered playing in strip clubs . Soon after the show , the Hayride engaged Presley for a year 's worth of Saturday - night appearances . Trading in his old guitar for $8 ( and seeing it promptly dispatched to the garbage ) , he purchased a Martin instrument for $175 , and his trio began playing in new locales , including Houston , Texas and Texarkana , Arkansas . Elvis made his first television appearance on the KSLA - TV television broadcast of Louisiana Hayride . Soon after , he failed an audition for Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts on the CBS television network . By early 1955 , Presley 's regular Hayride appearances , constant touring , and well - received record releases had made him a regional star , from Tennessee to West Texas . In January , Neal signed a formal management contract with Presley and brought the singer to the attention of Colonel Tom Parker , whom he considered the best promoter in the music business . Parker -- who claimed to be from West Virginia ( he was actually Dutch ) -- had acquired an honorary colonel 's commission from country singer turned Louisiana governor Jimmie Davis . Having successfully managed top country star Eddy Arnold , Parker was working with the new number - one country singer , Hank Snow . Parker booked Presley on Snow 's February tour . When the tour reached Odessa , Texas , a 19 - year - old Roy Orbison saw Presley for the first time : `` His energy was incredible , his instinct was just amazing ... I just did n't know what to make of it . There was just no reference point in the culture to compare it . '' By August , Sun had released ten sides credited to `` Elvis Presley , Scotty and Bill '' ; on the latest recordings , the trio were joined by a drummer . Some of the songs , like `` That 's All Right '' , were in what one Memphis journalist described as the `` R&B idiom of negro field jazz '' ; others , like `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' , were `` more in the country field '' , `` but there was a curious blending of the two different musics in both '' . This blend of styles made it difficult for Presley 's music to find radio airplay . According to Neal , many country - music disc jockeys would not play it because he sounded too much like a black artist and none of the rhythm - and - blues stations would touch him because `` he sounded too much like a hillbilly . '' The blend came to be known as rockabilly . At the time , Presley was variously billed as `` The King of Western Bop '' , `` The Hillbilly Cat '' , and `` The Memphis Flash '' . Presley renewed Neal 's management contract in August 1955 , simultaneously appointing Parker as his special adviser . The group maintained an extensive touring schedule throughout the second half of the year . Neal recalled , `` It was almost frightening , the reaction that came to Elvis from the teenaged boys . So many of them , through some sort of jealousy , would practically hate him . There were occasions in some towns in Texas when we 'd have to be sure to have a police guard because somebody 'd always try to take a crack at him . They 'd get a gang and try to waylay him or something . '' The trio became a quartet when Hayride drummer Fontana joined as a full member . In mid-October , they played a few shows in support of Bill Haley , whose `` Rock Around the Clock '' track had been a number - one hit the previous year . Haley observed that Presley had a natural feel for rhythm , and advised him to sing fewer ballads . At the Country Disc Jockey Convention in early November , Presley was voted the year 's most promising male artist . Several record companies had by now shown interest in signing him . After three major labels made offers of up to $25,000 , Parker and Phillips struck a deal with RCA Victor on November 21 to acquire Presley 's Sun contract for an unprecedented $40,000 . Presley , at 20 , was still a minor , so his father signed the contract . Parker arranged with the owners of Hill & Range Publishing , Jean and Julian Aberbach , to create two entities , Elvis Presley Music and Gladys Music , to handle all the new material recorded by Presley . Songwriters were obliged to forgo one third of their customary royalties in exchange for having him perform their compositions . By December , RCA had begun to heavily promote its new singer , and before month 's end had reissued many of his Sun recordings . 1956 -- 1958 : commercial breakout and controversy First national TV appearances and debut album The `` iconic cover '' of Presley 's 1956 debut album , an image crucial in codifying the guitar as the defining instrument of rock and roll On January 10 , 1956 , Presley made his first recordings for RCA in Nashville . Extending the singer 's by now customary backup of Moore , Black , Fontana , and Hayride pianist Floyd Cramer -- who had been performing at live club dates with Presley -- RCA enlisted guitarist Chet Atkins and three background singers , including Gordon Stoker of the popular Jordanaires quartet , to fill out the sound . The session produced the moody , unusual `` Heartbreak Hotel '' , released as a single on January 27 . Parker finally brought Presley to national television , booking him on CBS 's Stage Show for six appearances over two months . The program , produced in New York , was hosted on alternate weeks by big band leaders and brothers Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey . After his first appearance , on January 28 , Presley stayed in town to record at RCA 's New York studio . The sessions yielded eight songs , including a cover of Carl Perkins 's rockabilly anthem `` Blue Suede Shoes '' . In February , Presley 's `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' , a Sun recording initially released the previous August , reached the top of the Billboard country chart . Neal 's contract was terminated , and , on March 2 , Parker became Presley 's manager . RCA released Presley 's self - titled debut album on March 23 . Joined by five previously unreleased Sun recordings , its seven recently recorded tracks were of a broad variety . There were two country songs and a bouncy pop tune . The others would centrally define the evolving sound of rock and roll : `` Blue Suede Shoes '' -- `` an improvement over Perkins ' in almost every way '' , according to critic Robert Hilburn -- and three R&B numbers that had been part of Presley 's stage repertoire for some time , covers of Little Richard , Ray Charles , and The Drifters . As described by Hilburn , these `` were the most revealing of all . Unlike many white artists ... who watered down the gritty edges of the original R&B versions of songs in the ' 50s , Presley reshaped them . He not only injected the tunes with his own vocal character but also made guitar , not piano , the lead instrument in all three cases . '' It became the first rock and roll album to top the Billboard chart , a position it held for 10 weeks . While Presley was not an innovative guitarist like Moore or contemporary African - American rockers Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry , cultural historian Gilbert B. Rodman argued that the album 's cover image , `` of Elvis having the time of his life on stage with a guitar in his hands played a crucial role in positioning the guitar ... as the instrument that best captured the style and spirit of this new music . '' Milton Berle show and `` Hound Dog '' Presley signing autographs in Minneapolis in 1956 On April 3 , Presley made the first of two appearances on NBC 's Milton Berle Show . His performance , on the deck of the USS Hancock in San Diego , California , prompted cheers and screams from an audience of sailors and their dates . A few days later , a flight taking Presley and his band to Nashville for a recording session left all three badly shaken when an engine died and the plane almost went down over Arkansas . Twelve weeks after its original release , `` Heartbreak Hotel '' became Presley 's first number one pop hit . In late April , Presley began a two - week residency at the New Frontier Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The shows were poorly received by the conservative , middle - aged hotel guests -- `` like a jug of corn liquor at a champagne party '' , wrote a critic for Newsweek . Amid his Vegas tenure , Presley , who had serious acting ambitions , signed a seven - year contract with Paramount Pictures . He began a tour of the Midwest in mid-May , taking in 15 cities in as many days . He had attended several shows by Freddie Bell and the Bellboys in Vegas and was struck by their cover of `` Hound Dog '' , a hit in 1953 for blues singer Big Mama Thornton by songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller . It became the new closing number of his act . After a show in La Crosse , Wisconsin , an urgent message on the letterhead of the local Catholic diocese 's newspaper was sent to FBI director J. Edgar Hoover . It warned that `` Presley is a definite danger to the security of the United States ... ( His ) actions and motions were such as to rouse the sexual passions of teenaged youth ... After the show , more than 1,000 teenagers tried to gang into Presley 's room at the auditorium ... Indications of the harm Presley did just in La Crosse were the two high school girls ... whose abdomen and thigh had Presley 's autograph . '' The second Milton Berle Show appearance came on June 5 at NBC 's Hollywood studio , amid another hectic tour . Berle persuaded Presley to leave his guitar backstage , advising , `` Let ' em see you , son . '' During the performance , Presley abruptly halted an uptempo rendition of `` Hound Dog '' with a wave of his arm and launched into a slow , grinding version accentuated with energetic , exaggerated body movements . Presley 's gyrations created a storm of controversy . Television critics were outraged : Jack Gould of The New York Times wrote , `` Mr. Presley has no discernible singing ability ... His phrasing , if it can be called that , consists of the stereotyped variations that go with a beginner 's aria in a bathtub ... His one specialty is an accented movement of the body ... primarily identified with the repertoire of the blond bombshells of the burlesque runway . '' Ben Gross of the New York Daily News opined that popular music `` has reached its lowest depths in the ' grunt and groin ' antics of one Elvis Presley ... Elvis , who rotates his pelvis ... gave an exhibition that was suggestive and vulgar , tinged with the kind of animalism that should be confined to dives and bordellos '' . Ed Sullivan , whose own variety show was the nation 's most popular , declared him `` unfit for family viewing '' . To Presley 's displeasure , he soon found himself being referred to as `` Elvis the Pelvis '' , which he called `` one of the most childish expressions I ever heard , comin ' from an adult . '' Steve Allen show and first Sullivan appearance Ed Sullivan and Presley during rehearsals for his second appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show , October 26 , 1956 The Berle shows drew such high ratings that Presley was booked for a July 1 appearance on NBC 's Steve Allen Show in New York . Allen , no fan of rock and roll , introduced a `` new Elvis '' in a white bow tie and black tails . Presley sang `` Hound Dog '' for less than a minute to a basset hound wearing a top hat and bow tie . As described by television historian Jake Austen , `` Allen thought Presley was talentless and absurd ... ( he ) set things up so that Presley would show his contrition '' . Allen , for his part , later wrote that he found Presley 's `` strange , gangly , country - boy charisma , his hard - to - define cuteness , and his charming eccentricity intriguing '' and simply worked the singer into the customary `` comedy fabric '' of his program . Just before the final rehearsal for the show , Presley told a reporter , `` I 'm holding down on this show . I do n't want to do anything to make people dislike me . I think TV is important so I 'm going to go along , but I wo n't be able to give the kind of show I do in a personal appearance . '' Presley would refer back to the Allen show as the most ridiculous performance of his career . Later that night , he appeared on Hy Gardner Calling , a popular local TV show . Pressed on whether he had learned anything from the criticism to which he was being subjected , Presley responded , `` No , I have n't , I do n't feel like I 'm doing anything wrong ... I do n't see how any type of music would have any bad influence on people when it 's only music ... I mean , how would rock ' n ' roll music make anyone rebel against their parents ? '' The next day , Presley recorded `` Hound Dog '' , along with `` Any Way You Want Me '' and `` Do n't Be Cruel '' . The Jordanaires sang harmony , as they had on The Steve Allen Show ; they would work with Presley through the 1960s . A few days later , Presley made an outdoor concert appearance in Memphis , at which he announced , `` You know , those people in New York are not gon na change me none . I 'm gon na show you what the real Elvis is like tonight . '' In August , a judge in Jacksonville , Florida , ordered Presley to tame his act . Throughout the following performance , he largely kept still , except for wiggling his little finger suggestively in mockery of the order . The single pairing `` Do n't Be Cruel '' with `` Hound Dog '' ruled the top of the charts for 11 weeks -- a mark that would not be surpassed for 36 years . Recording sessions for Presley 's second album took place in Hollywood during the first week of September . Leiber and Stoller , the writers of `` Hound Dog '' , contributed `` Love Me '' . Allen 's show with Presley had , for the first time , beaten CBS 's Ed Sullivan Show in the ratings . Sullivan , despite his June pronouncement , booked the singer for three appearances for an unprecedented $50,000 . The first , on September 9 , 1956 , was seen by approximately 60 million viewers -- a record 82.6 percent of the television audience . Actor Charles Laughton hosted the show , filling in while Sullivan was recovering from a car accident . Presley appeared in two segments that night from CBS Television City in Los Angeles . According to Elvis legend , Presley was shot only from the waist up . Watching clips of the Allen and Berle shows with his producer , Sullivan had opined that Presley `` got some kind of device hanging down below the crotch of his pants -- so when he moves his legs back and forth you can see the outline of his cock ... I think it 's a Coke bottle ... We just ca n't have this on a Sunday night . This is a family show ! '' Sullivan publicly told TV Guide , `` As for his gyrations , the whole thing can be controlled with camera shots . '' In fact , Presley was shown head - to - toe in the first and second shows . Though the camerawork was relatively discreet during his debut , with leg - concealing closeups when he danced , the studio audience reacted in customary style : screaming . Presley 's performance of his forthcoming single , the ballad `` Love Me Tender '' , prompted a record - shattering million advance orders . More than any other single event , it was this first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show that made Presley a national celebrity of barely precedented proportions . Accompanying Presley 's rise to fame , a cultural shift was taking place that he both helped inspire and came to symbolize . Igniting the `` biggest pop craze since Glenn Miller and Frank Sinatra ... Presley brought rock'n'roll into the mainstream of popular culture '' , writes historian Marty Jezer . `` As Presley set the artistic pace , other artists followed ... Presley , more than anyone else , gave the young a belief in themselves as a distinct and somehow unified generation -- the first in America ever to feel the power of an integrated youth culture . '' Crazed crowds and film debut Presley performing live at the Mississippi - Alabama Fairgrounds in Tupelo , September 26 , 1956 `` We 're gon na do a sad song ... '' Presley 's definition of rock and roll included a sense of humor -- here , during his second Sullivan appearance , he introduces one of his signature numbers . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The audience response at Presley 's live shows became increasingly fevered . Moore recalled , `` He 'd start out , ' You ai n't nothin ' but a Hound Dog , ' and they 'd just go to pieces . They 'd always react the same way . There 'd be a riot every time . '' At the two concerts he performed in September at the Mississippi -- Alabama Fair and Dairy Show , 50 National Guardsmen were added to the police security to ensure that the crowd would not cause a ruckus . Elvis , Presley 's second album , was released in October and quickly rose to number one on the billboard . The album includes `` Old Shep '' , which he sang at the talent show in 1945 , and which now marked the first time he played piano on an RCA session . According to Guralnick , one can hear `` in the halting chords and the somewhat stumbling rhythm both the unmistakable emotion and the equally unmistakable valuing of emotion over technique . '' Assessing the musical and cultural impact of Presley 's recordings from `` That 's All Right '' through Elvis , rock critic Dave Marsh wrote that `` these records , more than any others , contain the seeds of what rock & roll was , has been and most likely what it may foreseeably become . '' Presley returned to the Sullivan show at its main studio in New York , hosted this time by its namesake , on October 28 . After the performance , crowds in Nashville and St. Louis burned him in effigy . His first motion picture , Love Me Tender , was released on November 21 . Though he was not top billed , the film 's original title -- The Reno Brothers -- was changed to capitalize on his latest number one record : `` Love Me Tender '' had hit the top of the charts earlier that month . To further take advantage of Presley 's popularity , four musical numbers were added to what was originally a straight acting role . The film was panned by the critics but did very well at the box office . Presley would receive top billing on every subsequent film he made . On December 4 , Presley dropped into Sun Records where Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis were recording and had an impromptu jam session , along with Johnny Cash . Though Phillips no longer had the right to release any Presley material , he made sure that the session was captured on tape . The results , none officially released for 25 years , became known as the `` Million Dollar Quartet '' recordings . The year ended with a front - page story in The Wall Street Journal reporting that Presley merchandise had brought in $22 million on top of his record sales , and Billboard 's declaration that he had placed more songs in the top 100 than any other artist since records were first charted . In his first full year at RCA , one of the music industry 's largest companies , Presley had accounted for over 50 percent of the label 's singles sales . Leiber and Stoller collaboration and draft notice Publicity photos for Jailhouse Rock Presley made his third and final Ed Sullivan Show appearance on January 6 , 1957 -- on this occasion indeed shot only down to the waist . Some commentators have claimed that Parker orchestrated an appearance of censorship to generate publicity . In any event , as critic Greil Marcus describes , Presley `` did not tie himself down . Leaving behind the bland clothes he had worn on the first two shows , he stepped out in the outlandish costume of a pasha , if not a harem girl . From the make - up over his eyes , the hair falling in his face , the overwhelmingly sexual cast of his mouth , he was playing Rudolph Valentino in The Sheik , with all stops out . '' To close , displaying his range and defying Sullivan 's wishes , Presley sang a gentle black spiritual , `` Peace in the Valley '' . At the end of the show , Sullivan declared Presley `` a real decent , fine boy '' . Two days later , the Memphis draft board announced that Presley would be classified 1 - A and would probably be drafted sometime that year . Each of the three Presley singles released in the first half of 1957 went to number one : `` Too Much '' , `` All Shook Up '' , and `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' . Already an international star , he was attracting fans even where his music was not officially released . Under the headline `` Presley Records a Craze in Soviet '' , The New York Times reported that pressings of his music on discarded X-ray plates were commanding high prices in Leningrad . Between film shoots and recording sessions , Presley also found time to purchase an 18 - room mansion eight miles ( 13 km ) south of downtown Memphis for himself and his parents : Graceland . Loving You -- the soundtrack to his second film , released in July -- was Presley 's third straight number one album . The title track was written by Leiber and Stoller , who were then retained to write four of the six songs recorded at the sessions for Jailhouse Rock , Presley 's next film . The songwriting team effectively produced the Jailhouse sessions and developed a close working relationship with Presley , who came to regard them as his `` good - luck charm '' . `` He was fast , '' said Leiber . `` Any demo you gave him he knew by heart in ten minutes . '' The title track was yet another number one hit , as was the Jailhouse Rock EP . Presley and costar Judy Tyler in the trailer for Jailhouse Rock , released October 1957 Presley undertook three brief tours during the year , continuing to generate a crazed audience response . A Detroit newspaper suggested that `` the trouble with going to see Elvis Presley is that you 're liable to get killed . '' Villanova students pelted him with eggs in Philadelphia , and in Vancouver the crowd rioted after the end of the show , destroying the stage . Frank Sinatra , who had famously inspired the swooning of teenage girls in the 1940s , condemned the new musical phenomenon . In a magazine article , he decried rock and roll as `` brutal , ugly , degenerate , vicious ... It fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people . It smells phoney and false . It is sung , played and written , for the most part , by cretinous goons ... This rancid - smelling aphrodisiac I deplore . '' Asked for a response , Presley said , `` I admire the man . He has a right to say what he wants to say . He is a great success and a fine actor , but I think he should n't have said it ... This is a trend , just the same as he faced when he started years ago . '' Leiber and Stoller were again in the studio for the recording of Elvis ' Christmas Album . Toward the end of the session , they wrote a song on the spot at Presley 's request : `` Santa Claus Is Back in Town '' , an innuendo - laden blues . The holiday release stretched Presley 's string of number one albums to four and would become the best - selling Christmas album ever in the United States , with eventual sales of over 20 million worldwide . After the session , Moore and Black -- drawing only modest weekly salaries , sharing in none of Presley 's massive financial success -- resigned . Though they were brought back on a per diem basis a few weeks later , it was clear that they had not been part of Presley 's inner circle for some time . On December 20 , Presley received his draft notice . He was granted a deferment to finish the forthcoming King Creole , in which $350,000 had already been invested by Paramount and producer Hal Wallis . A couple of weeks into the new year , `` Do n't '' , another Leiber and Stoller tune , became Presley 's tenth number one seller . It had been only 21 months since `` Heartbreak Hotel '' had brought him to the top for the first time . Recording sessions for the King Creole soundtrack were held in Hollywood in mid-January 1958 . Leiber and Stoller provided three songs and were again on hand , but it would be the last time they and Presley worked closely together . As Stoller recalled , Presley 's manager and entourage sought to wall him off : `` He was removed ... They kept him separate . '' A brief soundtrack session on February 11 marked another ending -- it was the final occasion on which Black was to perform with Presley . He died in 1965 . 1958 -- 1960 : military service and mother 's death See also : Elvis Presley 's Army career Presley being sworn into the U.S. Army at Fort Chaffee , Arkansas , March 24 , 1958 On March 24 , 1958 , Presley was drafted into the U.S. Army as a private at Fort Chaffee , near Fort Smith , Arkansas . His arrival was a major media event . Hundreds of people descended on Presley as he stepped from the bus ; photographers then accompanied him into the fort . Presley announced that he was looking forward to his military stint , saying that he did not want to be treated any differently from anyone else : `` The Army can do anything it wants with me . '' Presley commenced basic training at Fort Hood , Texas . During a two - week leave in early June , he recorded five songs in Nashville . In early August , his mother was diagnosed with hepatitis , and her condition rapidly worsened . Presley , granted emergency leave to visit her , arrived in Memphis on August 12 . Two days later , she died of heart failure , aged 46 . Presley was devastated ; their relationship had remained extremely close -- even into his adulthood , they would use baby talk with each other and Presley would address her with pet names . After training , Presley joined the 3rd Armored Division in Friedberg , Germany , on October 1 . While on maneuvers , Presley was introduced to amphetamines by a sergeant . He became `` practically evangelical about their benefits '' , not only for energy but for `` strength '' and weight loss as well , and many of his friends in the outfit joined him in indulging . The Army also introduced Presley to karate , which he studied seriously , training with Jürgen Seydel . It became a lifelong interest , which he later included in his live performances. < / ref > Fellow soldiers have attested to Presley 's wish to be seen as an able , ordinary soldier , despite his fame , and to his generosity . He donated his Army pay to charity , purchased TV sets for the base , and bought an extra set of fatigues for everyone in his outfit . While in Friedberg , Presley met 14 - year - old Priscilla Beaulieu . They would eventually marry after a seven - and - a-half - year courtship . In her autobiography , Priscilla said that Presley was concerned that his 24 - month spell as a G.I. would ruin his career . In Special Services , he would have been able to give musical performances and remain in touch with the public , but Parker had convinced him that to gain popular respect , he should serve his country as a regular soldier . Media reports echoed Presley 's concerns about his career , but RCA producer Steve Sholes and Freddy Bienstock of Hill and Range had carefully prepared for his two - year hiatus . Armed with a substantial amount of unreleased material , they kept up a regular stream of successful releases . Between his induction and discharge , Presley had ten top 40 hits , including `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' , the best - selling `` Hard Headed Woman '' , and `` One Night '' in 1958 , and `` ( Now and Then There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' and the number one `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' in 1959 . RCA also generated four albums compiling old material during this period , most successfully Elvis ' Golden Records ( 1958 ) , which hit number three on the LP chart . 1960 -- 1967 : focus on films See also : Elvis Presley on film and television Elvis is back `` It 's Now or Never '' Presley broke new stylistic ground and displayed his vocal range with this number one hit . The quasi-operatic ballad ends with Presley `` soaring up to an incredible top G sharp . '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . Presley returned to the United States on March 2 , 1960 , and was honorably discharged three days later with the rank of sergeant . The train that carried him from New Jersey to Tennessee was mobbed all the way , and Presley was called upon to appear at scheduled stops to please his fans . On the night of March 20 , he entered RCA 's Nashville studio to cut tracks for a new album along with a single , `` Stuck on You '' , which was rushed into release and swiftly became a number one hit . Another Nashville session two weeks later yielded a pair of his best - selling singles , the ballads `` It 's Now or Never '' and `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' , along with the rest of Elvis Is Back ! The album features several songs described by Greil Marcus as full of Chicago blues `` menace , driven by Presley 's own super-miked acoustic guitar , brilliant playing by Scotty Moore , and demonic sax work from Boots Randolph . Elvis 's singing was n't sexy , it was pornographic . '' As a whole , the record `` conjured up the vision of a performer who could be all things '' , in the words of music historian John Robertson : `` a flirtatious teenage idol with a heart of gold ; a tempestuous , dangerous lover ; a gutbucket blues singer ; a sophisticated nightclub entertainer ; ( a ) raucous rocker '' . Released only days after recording was complete , it reached number two on the album chart . Presley with Juliet Prowse in G.I. Blues Presley returned to television on May 12 as a guest on The Frank Sinatra Timex Special -- ironic for both stars , given Sinatra 's not - so - distant excoriation of rock and roll . Also known as Welcome Home Elvis , the show had been taped in late March , the only time all year Presley performed in front of an audience . Parker secured an unheard - of $125,000 fee for eight minutes of singing . The broadcast drew an enormous viewership . G.I. Blues , the soundtrack to Presley 's first film since his return , was a number one album in October . His first LP of sacred material , His Hand in Mine , followed two months later . It reached number 13 on the U.S. pop chart and number 3 in the U.K. , remarkable figures for a gospel album . In February 1961 , Presley performed two shows for a benefit event in Memphis , on behalf of 24 local charities . During a luncheon preceding the event , RCA presented him with a plaque certifying worldwide sales of over 75 million records . A 12 - hour Nashville session in mid-March yielded nearly all of Presley 's next studio album , Something for Everybody . As described by John Robertson , it exemplifies the Nashville sound , the restrained , cosmopolitan style that would define country music in the 1960s . Presaging much of what was to come from Presley himself over the next half - decade , the album is largely `` a pleasant , unthreatening pastiche of the music that had once been Elvis 's birthright '' . It would be his sixth number one LP . Another benefit concert , raising money for a Pearl Harbor memorial , was staged on March 25 , in Hawaii . It was to be Presley 's last public performance for seven years . Lost in Hollywood Parker had by now pushed Presley into a heavy film making schedule , focused on formulaic , modestly budgeted musical comedies . Presley , at first , insisted on pursuing higher roles , but when two films in a more dramatic vein -- Flaming Star ( 1960 ) and Wild in the Country ( 1961 ) -- were less commercially successful , he reverted to the formula . Among the 27 movies he made during the 1960s , there were a few further exceptions . His films were almost universally panned ; critic Andrew Caine dismissed them as a `` pantheon of bad taste '' . Nonetheless , they were virtually all profitable . Hal Wallis , who produced nine of them , declared , `` A Presley picture is the only sure thing in Hollywood . '' Of Presley 's films in the 1960s , 15 were accompanied by soundtrack albums and another 5 by soundtrack EPs . The movies ' rapid production and release schedules -- he frequently starred in three a year -- affected his music . According to Jerry Leiber , the soundtrack formula was already evident before Presley left for the Army : `` three ballads , one medium - tempo ( number ) , one up - tempo , and one break blues boogie '' . As the decade wore on , the quality of the soundtrack songs grew `` progressively worse '' . Julie Parrish , who appeared in Paradise , Hawaiian Style ( 1966 ) , says that he disliked many of the songs chosen for his films . The Jordanaires ' Gordon Stoker describes how Presley would retreat from the studio microphone : `` The material was so bad that he felt like he could n't sing it . '' Most of the movie albums featured a song or two from respected writers such as the team of Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman . But by and large , according to biographer Jerry Hopkins , the numbers seemed to be `` written on order by men who never really understood Elvis or rock and roll '' . Regardless of the songs ' quality , it has been argued that Presley generally sang them well , with commitment . Critic Dave Marsh heard the opposite : `` Presley is n't trying , probably the wisest course in the face of material like ' No Room to Rumba in a Sports Car ' and ' Rock - a-Hula Baby ' . '' In the first half of the decade , three of Presley 's soundtrack albums were ranked number one on the pop charts , and a few of his most popular songs came from his films , such as `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1961 ) and `` Return to Sender '' ( 1962 ) . ( `` Viva Las Vegas '' , the title track to the 1964 film , was a minor hit as a B - side , and became truly popular only later . ) But , as with artistic merit , the commercial returns steadily diminished . During a five - year span -- 1964 through 1968 -- Presley had only one top - ten hit : `` Crying in the Chapel '' ( 1965 ) , a gospel number recorded back in 1960 . As for non-movie albums , between the June 1962 release of Pot Luck and the November 1968 release of the soundtrack to the television special that signaled his comeback , only one LP of new material by Presley was issued : the gospel album How Great Thou Art ( 1967 ) . It won him his first Grammy Award , for Best Sacred Performance . As Marsh described , Presley was `` arguably the greatest white gospel singer of his time ( and ) really the last rock & roll artist to make gospel as vital a component of his musical personality as his secular songs '' . Shortly before Christmas 1966 , more than seven years since they first met , Presley proposed to Priscilla Beaulieu . They were married on May 1 , 1967 , in a brief ceremony in their suite at the Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas . The flow of formulaic movies and assembly - line soundtracks rolled on . It was not until October 1967 , when the Clambake soundtrack LP registered record low sales for a new Presley album , that RCA executives recognized a problem . `` By then , of course , the damage had been done '' , as historians Connie Kirchberg and Marc Hendrickx put it . `` Elvis was viewed as a joke by serious music lovers and a has - been to all but his most loyal fans . '' 1968 -- 1973 : Comeback Elvis : the ' 68 Comeback Special Main article : Singer Presents ... ELVIS The ' 68 Comeback Special produced `` one of the most famous images '' of Presley . Taken on June 29 , 1968 , it was adapted for the cover of Rolling Stone in July 1969 . Presley 's only child , Lisa Marie , was born on February 1 , 1968 , during a period when he had grown deeply unhappy with his career . Of the eight Presley singles released between January 1967 and May 1968 , only two charted in the top 40 , and none higher than number 28 . His forthcoming soundtrack album , Speedway , would rank at number 82 on the Billboard chart . Parker had already shifted his plans to television , where Presley had not appeared since the Sinatra Timex show in 1960 . He maneuvered a deal with NBC that committed the network to both finance a theatrical feature and broadcast a Christmas special . Recorded in late June in Burbank , California , the special , called simply Elvis , aired on December 3 , 1968 . Later known as the ' 68 Comeback Special , the show featured lavishly staged studio productions as well as songs performed with a band in front of a small audience -- Presley 's first live performances since 1961 . The live segments saw Presley dressed in tight black leather , singing and playing guitar in an uninhibited style reminiscent of his early rock and roll days . Director and co-producer Steve Binder had worked hard to produce a show that was far from the hour of Christmas songs Parker had originally planned . The show , NBC 's highest rated that season , captured 42 percent of the total viewing audience . Jon Landau of Eye magazine remarked , `` There is something magical about watching a man who has lost himself find his way back home . He sang with the kind of power people no longer expect of rock ' n ' roll singers . He moved his body with a lack of pretension and effort that must have made Jim Morrison green with envy . '' Dave Marsh calls the performance one of `` emotional grandeur and historical resonance '' . By January 1969 , the single `` If I Can Dream '' , written for the special , reached number 12 . The soundtrack album rose into the top ten . According to friend Jerry Schilling , the special reminded Presley of what `` he had not been able to do for years , being able to choose the people ; being able to choose what songs and not being told what had to be on the soundtrack ... He was out of prison , man . '' Binder said of Presley 's reaction , `` I played Elvis the 60 - minute show , and he told me in the screening room , ' Steve , it 's the greatest thing I 've ever done in my life . I give you my word I will never sing a song I do n't believe in . ' '' From Elvis in Memphis and the International `` Power of My Love '' Beginning with his American Sound recordings , soul music became a central element in Presley 's fusion of styles . Here , he revels in lyrics full of sexual innuendo . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Presley in a publicity photo for the film The Trouble with Girls , released September 1969 Buoyed by the experience of the Comeback Special , Presley engaged in a prolific series of recording sessions at American Sound Studio , which led to the acclaimed From Elvis in Memphis . Released in June 1969 , it was his first secular , non-soundtrack album from a dedicated period in the studio in eight years . As described by Dave Marsh , it is `` a masterpiece in which Presley immediately catches up with pop music trends that had seemed to pass him by during the movie years . He sings country songs , soul songs and rockers with real conviction , a stunning achievement . '' The album featured the hit single `` In the Ghetto '' , issued in April , which reached number three on the pop chart -- Presley 's first non-gospel top ten hit since `` Bossa Nova Baby '' in 1963 . Further hit singles were culled from the American Sound sessions : `` Suspicious Minds '' , `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' , and `` Kentucky Rain '' . Presley was keen to resume regular live performing . Following the success of the Comeback Special , offers came in from around the world . The London Palladium offered Parker $28,000 for a one - week engagement . He responded , `` That 's fine for me , now how much can you get for Elvis ? '' In May , the brand new International Hotel in Las Vegas , boasting the largest showroom in the city , announced that it had booked Presley . He was scheduled to perform 57 shows over four weeks beginning July 31 . Moore , Fontana , and the Jordanaires declined to participate , afraid of losing the lucrative session work they had in Nashville . Presley assembled new , top - notch accompaniment , led by guitarist James Burton and including two gospel groups , The Imperials and Sweet Inspirations . Costume designer Bill Belew , responsible for the intense leather styling of the Comeback Special , created a new stage look for Presley , inspired by the singer 's passion for karate . Nonetheless , he was nervous : his only previous Las Vegas engagement , in 1956 , had been dismal . Parker , who intended to make Presley 's return the show business event of the year , oversaw a major promotional push . For his part , hotel owner Kirk Kerkorian arranged to send his own plane to New York to fly in rock journalists for the debut performance . Presley took to the stage without introduction . The audience of 2,200 , including many celebrities , gave him a standing ovation before he sang a note and another after his performance . A third followed his encore , `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( a song that would be his closing number for much of the 1970s ) . At a press conference after the show , when a journalist referred to him as `` The King '' , Presley gestured toward Fats Domino , who was taking in the scene . `` No , '' Presley said , `` that 's the real king of rock and roll . '' The next day , Parker 's negotiations with the hotel resulted in a five - year contract for Presley to play each February and August , at an annual salary of $1 million . Newsweek commented , `` There are several unbelievable things about Elvis , but the most incredible is his staying power in a world where meteoric careers fade like shooting stars . '' Rolling Stone called Presley `` supernatural , his own resurrection . '' In November , Presley 's final non-concert movie , Change of Habit , opened . The double album From Memphis to Vegas / From Vegas to Memphis came out the same month ; the first LP consisted of live performances from the International , the second of more cuts from the American Sound sessions . `` Suspicious Minds '' reached the top of the charts -- Presley 's first U.S. pop number one in over seven years , and his last . Cassandra Peterson , later television 's Elvira , met Presley during this period in Las Vegas , where she was working as a showgirl . She recalled of their encounter , `` He was so anti-drug when I met him . I mentioned to him that I smoked marijuana , and he was just appalled . He said , ' Do n't ever do that again . ' '' Presley was not only deeply opposed to recreational drugs , he also rarely drank . Several of his family members had been alcoholics , a fate he intended to avoid . Back on tour and meeting Nixon Presley returned to the International early in 1970 for the first of the year 's two month - long engagements , performing two shows a night . Recordings from these shows were issued on the album On Stage . In late February , Presley performed six attendance - record -- breaking shows at the Houston Astrodome . In April , the single `` The Wonder of You '' was issued -- a number one hit in the U.K. , it topped the U.S. adult contemporary chart , as well . MGM filmed rehearsal and concert footage at the International during August for the documentary Elvis : That 's the Way It Is . Presley was performing in a jumpsuit , which would become a trademark of his live act . During this engagement , he was threatened with murder unless $50,000 was paid . Presley had been the target of many threats since the 1950s , often without his knowledge . The FBI took the threat seriously and security was stepped up for the next two shows . Presley went onstage with a Derringer in his right boot and a . 45 pistol in his waistband , but the concerts succeeded without any incidents . The album , That 's the Way It Is , produced to accompany the documentary and featuring both studio and live recordings , marked a stylistic shift . As music historian John Robertson noted , `` The authority of Presley 's singing helped disguise the fact that the album stepped decisively away from the American - roots inspiration of the Memphis sessions towards a more middle - of - the - road sound . With country put on the back burner , and soul and R&B left in Memphis , what was left was very classy , very clean white pop -- perfect for the Las Vegas crowd , but a definite retrograde step for Elvis . '' After the end of his International engagement on September 7 , Presley embarked on a week - long concert tour , largely of the South , his first since 1958 . Another week - long tour , of the West Coast , followed in November . Presley meets U.S. President Richard Nixon in the White House Oval Office , December 21 , 1970 On December 21 , 1970 , Presley engineered a meeting with President Richard Nixon at the White House , where he expressed his patriotism and explained how he believed he could reach out to the hippies to help combat the drug culture he and the president abhorred . He asked Nixon for a Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs badge , to add to similar items he had begun collecting and to signify official sanction of his patriotic efforts . Nixon , who apparently found the encounter awkward , expressed a belief that Presley could send a positive message to young people and that it was therefore important that he `` retain his credibility '' . Presley told Nixon that The Beatles , whose songs he regularly performed in concert during the era , exemplified what he saw as a trend of anti-Americanism . ( Presley and his friends had had a four - hour get - together with The Beatles five years earlier . ) On hearing reports of the meeting , Paul McCartney later said that he `` felt a bit betrayed ... The great joke was that we were taking ( illegal ) drugs , and look what happened to him '' , a reference to Presley 's early death , linked to prescription drug abuse . The U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce named Presley one of its annual Ten Most Outstanding Young Men of the Nation on January 16 , 1971 . Not long after , the City of Memphis named the stretch of Highway 51 South on which Graceland is located `` Elvis Presley Boulevard '' . The same year , Presley became the first rock and roll singer to be awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award ( then known as the Bing Crosby Award ) by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences , the Grammy Award organization . Three new , non-movie Presley studio albums were released in 1971 , as many as had come out over the previous eight years . Best received by critics was Elvis Country , a concept record that focused on genre standards . The biggest seller was Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas , `` the truest statement of all '' , according to Greil Marcus . `` In the midst of ten painfully genteel Christmas songs , every one sung with appalling sincerity and humility , one could find Elvis tom - catting his way through six blazing minutes of ' Merry Christmas Baby , ' a raunchy old Charles Brown blues ... If ( Presley 's ) sin was his lifelessness , it was his sinfulness that brought him to life '' . Marriage breakdown and Aloha from Hawaii See also : Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Presley with friends Bill Porter and Paul Anka backstage at the Las Vegas Hilton on August 5 , 1972 MGM again filmed Presley in April 1972 , this time for Elvis on Tour , which went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Documentary Film that year . His gospel album He Touched Me , released that month , would earn him his second competitive Grammy Award , for Best Inspirational Performance . A 14 - date tour commenced with an unprecedented four consecutive sold - out shows at New York 's Madison Square Garden . The evening concert on July 10 was recorded and issued in an LP form a week later . Elvis : As Recorded at Madison Square Garden became one of Presley 's biggest - selling albums . After the tour , the single `` Burning Love '' was released -- Presley 's last top ten hit on the U.S. pop chart . `` The most exciting single Elvis has made since ' All Shook Up ' '' , wrote rock critic Robert Christgau . `` Who else could make ' It 's coming closer , the flames are now licking my body ' sound like an assignation with James Brown 's backup band ? '' Presley came up with his famous outfit 's eagle motif , as `` something that would say ' America ' to the world '' . Presley and his wife , meanwhile , had become increasingly distant , barely cohabiting . In 1971 , an affair he had with Joyce Bova resulted -- unbeknownst to him -- in her pregnancy and an abortion . He often raised the possibility of her moving into Graceland , saying that he was likely to leave Priscilla . The Presleys separated on February 23 , 1972 , after Priscilla disclosed her relationship with Mike Stone , a karate instructor Presley had recommended to her . Priscilla related that when she told him , Presley `` grabbed ... and forcefully made love to '' her , declaring , `` This is how a real man makes love to his woman . '' She later stated in an interview that she regretted her choice of words in describing the incident , and said it had been an overstatement . Five months later , Presley 's new girlfriend , Linda Thompson , a songwriter and one - time Memphis beauty queen , moved in with him . Presley and his wife filed for divorce on August 18 . According to Joe Moscheo of the Imperials , the failure of Presley 's marriage `` was a blow from which he never recovered . '' At a rare press conference that June , a reporter had asked Presley whether he was satisfied with his image . Presley replied , `` Well , the image is one thing and the human being another ... it 's very hard to live up to an image . '' In January 1973 , Presley performed two benefit concerts for the Kui Lee Cancer Fund in connection with a groundbreaking TV special , Aloha from Hawaii , which would be the first concert by a solo artist to be aired globally . The first show served as a practice run and backup should technical problems affect the live broadcast two days later . On January 14 , Aloha from Hawaii aired live via satellite to prime - time audiences in Japan , South Korea , Thailand , the Philippines , Australia , and New Zealand , as well as to U.S. servicemen based across Southeast Asia . In Japan , where it capped a nationwide Elvis Presley Week , it smashed viewing records . The next night , it was simulcast to 28 European countries , and in April an extended version finally aired in the U.S. , where it won a 57 percent share of the TV audience . Over time , Parker 's claim that it was seen by one billion or more people would be broadly accepted , but that figure appeared to have been sheer invention . Presley 's stage costume became the most recognized example of the elaborate concert garb with which his latter - day persona became closely associated . As described by Bobbie Ann Mason , `` At the end of the show , when he spreads out his American Eagle cape , with the full stretched wings of the eagle studded on the back , he becomes a god figure . '' The accompanying double album , released in February , went to number one and eventually sold over 5 million copies in the United States . It proved to be Presley 's last U.S. number one pop album during his lifetime . At a midnight show the same month , four men rushed onto the stage in an apparent attack . Security men came to Presley 's defense , and the singer 's karate instinct took over as he ejected one invader from the stage himself . Following the show , he became obsessed with the idea that the men had been sent by Mike Stone to kill him . Though they were shown to have been only overexuberant fans , he raged , `` There 's too much pain in me ... Stone ( must ) die . '' His outbursts continued with such intensity that a physician was unable to calm him , despite administering large doses of medication . After another two full days of raging , Red West , his friend and bodyguard , felt compelled to get a price for a contract killing and was relieved when Presley decided , `` Aw hell , let 's just leave it for now . Maybe it 's a bit heavy . '' 1973 -- 1977 : health deterioration and death Medical crises and last studio sessions Presley 's divorce was finalized on October 9 , 1973 . By then , his health was in serious decline . Twice during the year , he overdosed on barbiturates , spending three days in a coma in his hotel suite after the first incident . Towards the end of 1973 , he was hospitalized , semi-comatose from the effects of pethidine addiction . According to his primary care physician , Dr. George C. Nichopoulos , Presley `` felt that by getting ( drugs ) from a doctor , he was n't the common everyday junkie getting something off the street '' . Since his comeback , he had staged more live shows with each passing year , and 1973 saw 168 concerts , his busiest schedule ever . Despite his failing health , in 1974 , he undertook another intensive touring schedule . Presley 's condition declined precipitously in September . Keyboardist Tony Brown remembered the singer 's arrival at a University of Maryland concert : `` He fell out of the limousine , to his knees . People jumped to help , and he pushed them away like , ' Do n't help me . ' He walked on stage and held onto the mike for the first thirty minutes like it was a post . Everybody 's looking at each other like , Is the tour gon na happen ? '' Guitarist John Wilkinson recalled , `` He was all gut . He was slurring . He was so fucked up ... It was obvious he was drugged . It was obvious there was something terribly wrong with his body . It was so bad the words to the songs were barely intelligible ... I remember crying . He could barely get through the introductions . '' Wilkinson recounted that a few nights later in Detroit , `` I watched him in his dressing room , just draped over a chair , unable to move . So often I thought , ' Boss , why do n't you just cancel this tour and take a year off ... ? ' I mentioned something once in a guarded moment . He patted me on the back and said , ' It 'll be all right . Do n't you worry about it . ' '' Presley continued to play to sellout crowds . As cultural critic Marjorie Garber describes , he was now widely seen as a garish pop crooner : `` in effect he had become Liberace . Even his fans were now middle - aged matrons and blue - haired grandmothers . '' On July 13 , 1976 , Vernon Presley -- who had become deeply involved in his son 's financial affairs -- fired `` Memphis Mafia '' bodyguards Red West ( Presley 's friend since the 1950s ) , Sonny West , and David Hebler , citing the need to `` cut back on expenses '' . Presley was in Palm Springs at the time , and some suggested that the singer was too cowardly to face the three himself . Another associate of Presley 's , John O'Grady , argued that the bodyguards were dropped because their rough treatment of fans had prompted too many lawsuits . However , Presley 's stepbrother , David Stanley , claimed that the bodyguards were fired because they were becoming more outspoken about Presley 's drug dependency . RCA , which had enjoyed a steady stream of product from Presley for over a decade , grew anxious as his interest in spending time in the studio waned . After a December 1973 session that produced 18 songs , enough for almost two albums , he did not enter the studio in 1974 . Parker sold RCA on another concert record , Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis . Recorded on March 20 , it included a version of `` How Great Thou Art '' that would win Presley his third and final competitive Grammy Award . ( All three of his competitive Grammy wins -- out of 14 total nominations -- were for gospel recordings . ) Presley returned to the studio in Hollywood in March 1975 , but Parker 's attempts to arrange another session toward the end of the year were unsuccessful . In 1976 , RCA sent a mobile studio to Graceland that made possible two full - scale recording sessions at Presley 's home . Even in that comfortable context , the recording process became a struggle for him . `` Hurt '' An R&B hit for Roy Hamilton in 1955 and a pop hit for blue - eyed soul singer Timi Yuro in 1961 , Presley 's deep soul version was picked up by country radio in 1976 . Problems playing this file ? See media help . For all the concerns of his label and manager , in studio sessions between July 1973 and October 1976 , Presley recorded virtually the entire contents of six albums . Though he was no longer a major presence on the pop charts , five of those albums entered the top five of the country chart , and three went to number one : Promised Land ( 1975 ) , From Elvis Presley Boulevard , Memphis , Tennessee ( 1976 ) , and Moody Blue ( 1977 ) . The story was similar with his singles -- there were no major pop hits , but Presley was a significant force in not just the country market , but on adult contemporary radio as well . Eight studio singles from this period released during his lifetime were top ten hits on one or both charts , four in 1974 alone . `` My Boy '' was a number one adult contemporary hit in 1975 , and `` Moody Blue '' topped the country chart and reached the second spot on the adult contemporary chart in 1976 . Perhaps his most critically acclaimed recording of the era came that year , with what Greil Marcus described as his `` apocalyptic attack '' on the soul classic `` Hurt '' . `` If he felt the way he sounded '' , Dave Marsh wrote of Presley 's performance , `` the wonder is n't that he had only a year left to live but that he managed to survive that long . '' Final months and death Presley and Linda Thompson split in November 1976 , and he took up with a new girlfriend , Ginger Alden . He proposed to Alden and gave her an engagement ring two months later , though several of his friends later claimed that he had no serious intention of marrying again . Journalist Tony Scherman wrote that by early 1977 , `` Presley had become a grotesque caricature of his sleek , energetic former self . Hugely overweight , his mind dulled by the pharmacopia he daily ingested , he was barely able to pull himself through his abbreviated concerts . '' In Alexandria , Louisiana , the singer was on stage for less than an hour , and `` was impossible to understand '' . On March 31 , Presley failed to perform in Baton Rouge , unable to get out of his hotel bed ; a total of four shows had to be canceled and rescheduled . Despite the accelerating deterioration of his health , he stuck to most touring commitments . According to Guralnick , fans `` were becoming increasingly voluble about their disappointment , but it all seemed to go right past Presley , whose world was now confined almost entirely to his room and his spiritualism books . '' A cousin , Billy Smith , recalled how Presley would sit in his room and chat for hours , sometimes recounting favorite Monty Python sketches and his own past escapades , but more often gripped by paranoid obsessions that reminded Smith of Howard Hughes . `` Way Down '' , Presley 's last single issued during his career , was released on June 6 . That month , CBS filmed two concerts for a TV special , Elvis in Concert , to be aired in October . In the first , shot in Omaha on June 19 , Presley 's voice , Guralnick writes , `` is almost unrecognizable , a small , childlike instrument in which he talks more than sings most of the songs , casts about uncertainly for the melody in others , and is virtually unable to articulate or project '' . Two days later , in Rapid City , South Dakota , `` he looked healthier , seemed to have lost a little weight , and sounded better , too '' , though by the conclusion of the performance , his face was `` framed in a helmet of blue - black hair from which sweat sheets down over pale , swollen cheeks '' . His final concert was held in Indianapolis at Market Square Arena , on June 26 . Presley 's gravestone at Graceland The book Elvis : What Happened ? , co-written by the three bodyguards fired the previous year , was published on August 1 . It was the first exposé to detail Presley 's years of drug misuse . He was devastated by the book and tried unsuccessfully to halt its release by offering money to the publishers . By this point , he suffered from multiple ailments : glaucoma , high blood pressure , liver damage , and an enlarged colon , each magnified -- and possibly caused -- by drug abuse . On the evening of August 16 , 1977 , Presley was scheduled to fly out of Memphis to begin another tour . That afternoon , Ginger Alden discovered him in an unresponsive state on a bathroom floor . According to her eyewitness account , `` Elvis looked as if his entire body had completely frozen in a seated position while using the commode and then had fallen forward , in that fixed position , directly in front of it . ( ... ) It was clear that , from the time whatever hit him to the moment he had landed on the floor , Elvis had n't moved . '' Attempts to revive him failed , and his death was officially pronounced at 3 : 30 p.m. at the Baptist Memorial Hospital . President Jimmy Carter issued a statement that credited Presley with having `` permanently changed the face of American popular culture '' . Thousands of people gathered outside Graceland to view the open casket . One of Presley 's cousins , Billy Mann , accepted $18,000 to secretly photograph the corpse ; the picture appeared on the cover of the National Enquirer 's biggest - selling issue ever . Alden struck a $105,000 deal with the Enquirer for her story , but settled for less when she broke her exclusivity agreement . Presley left her nothing in his will . Presley 's funeral was held at Graceland on Thursday , August 18 . Outside the gates , a car plowed into a group of fans , killing two women and critically injuring a third . About 80,000 people lined the processional route to Forest Hill Cemetery , where Presley was buried next to his mother . Within a few days , `` Way Down '' topped the country and U.K. pop charts . Following an attempt to steal the singer 's body in late August , the remains of both Presley and his mother were reburied in Graceland 's Meditation Garden on October 2 . Questions over cause of death While an autopsy , undertaken the same day Presley died , was still in progress , Memphis medical examiner Dr. Jerry Francisco announced that the immediate cause of death was cardiac arrest . Asked if drugs were involved , he declared that `` drugs played no role in Presley 's death '' . In fact , `` drug use was heavily implicated '' in Presley 's death , writes Guralnick . The pathologists conducting the autopsy thought it possible , for instance , that he had suffered `` anaphylactic shock brought on by the codeine pills he had gotten from his dentist , to which he was known to have had a mild allergy '' . A pair of lab reports filed two months later strongly suggested that polypharmacy was the primary cause of death ; one reported `` fourteen drugs in Elvis ' system , ten in significant quantity '' . In 1979 , forensic pathologist Cyril Wecht conducted a review of the reports and concluded that a combination of central nervous system depressants had resulted in Presley 's accidental death . Forensic historian and pathologist Michael Baden viewed the situation as complicated : `` Elvis had had an enlarged heart for a long time . That , together with his drug habit , caused his death . But he was difficult to diagnose ; it was a judgment call . '' The competence and ethics of two of the centrally involved medical professionals were seriously questioned . Dr. Francisco had offered a cause of death before the autopsy was complete ; claimed the underlying ailment was cardiac arrhythmia , a condition that can be determined only in someone who is still alive ; and denied drugs played any part in Presley 's death before the toxicology results were known . Allegations of a cover - up were widespread . While a 1981 trial of Presley 's main physician , Dr. George Nichopoulos , exonerated him of criminal liability for the singer 's death , the facts were startling : `` In the first eight months of 1977 alone , he had ( prescribed ) more than 10,000 doses of sedatives , amphetamines , and narcotics : all in Elvis 's name . '' His license was suspended for three months . It was permanently revoked in the 1990s after the Tennessee Medical Board brought new charges of over-prescription . In 1994 , the Presley autopsy report was reopened . Dr. Joseph Davis , who had conducted thousands of autopsies as Miami - Dade County coroner , declared at its completion , `` There is nothing in any of the data that supports a death from drugs . In fact , everything points to a sudden , violent heart attack . '' More recent research has revealed that Dr. Francisco did not speak for the entire pathology team . Other staff `` could say nothing with confidence until they got the results back from the laboratories , if then . That would be a matter of weeks . '' One of the examiners , Dr. E. Eric Muirhead `` could not believe his ears . Francisco had not only presumed to speak for the hospital 's team of pathologists , he had announced a conclusion that they had not reached ... Early on , a meticulous dissection of the body ... confirmed ( that ) Elvis was chronically ill with diabetes , glaucoma , and constipation . As they proceeded , the doctors saw evidence that his body had been wracked over a span of years by a large and constant stream of drugs . They had also studied his hospital records , which included two admissions for drug detoxification and methadone treatments . '' Writer Frank Coffey thought Elvis 's death was due to `` a phenomenon called the Valsalva maneuver ( essentially straining on the toilet leading to heart stoppage -- plausible because Elvis suffered constipation , a common reaction to drug use ) '' . In similar terms , Dr. Dan Warlick , who was present at the autopsy , `` believes Presley 's chronic constipation -- the result of years of prescription drug abuse and high - fat , high - cholesterol gorging -- brought on what 's known as Valsalva 's maneuver . Put simply , the strain of attempting to defecate compressed the singer 's abdominal aorta , shutting down his heart . '' However , in 2013 , Dr. Forest Tennant , who had testified as a defense witness in Nichopoulos 's trial , described his own analysis of Presley 's available medical records . He concluded that Presley 's `` drug abuse had led to falls , head trauma , and overdoses that damaged his brain '' , and that his death was due in part to a toxic reaction to codeine -- exacerbated by an undetected liver enzyme defect -- which can cause sudden cardiac arrhythmia . DNA analysis in 2014 of a hair sample purported to be Presley 's found evidence of genetic variants that can lead to glaucoma , migraines , and obesity ; a crucial variant associated with the heart - muscle disease hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was also identified . Since 1977 Between 1977 and 1981 , six of Presley 's posthumously released singles were top ten country hits . Graceland was opened to the public in 1982 . Attracting over half a million visitors annually , it is the second most - visited home in the United States , after the White House . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2006 . Presley has been inducted into five music halls of fame : the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( 1986 ) , the Country Music Hall of Fame ( 1998 ) , the Gospel Music Hall of Fame ( 2001 ) , the Rockabilly Hall of Fame ( 2007 ) , and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame ( 2012 ) . In 1984 , he received the W.C. Handy Award from the Blues Foundation and the Academy of Country Music 's first Golden Hat Award . In 1987 , he received the American Music Awards ' Award of Merit . A Junkie XL remix of Presley 's `` A Little Less Conversation '' ( credited as `` Elvis Vs JXL '' ) was used in a Nike advertising campaign during the 2002 FIFA World Cup . It topped the charts in over 20 countries , and was included in a compilation of Presley 's number one hits , ELV1S , that was also an international success . The album returned Presley to the Billboard summit for the first time in almost three decades . In 2003 , a remix of `` Rubberneckin ' '' , a 1969 recording of Presley 's , topped the U.S. sales chart , as did a 50th - anniversary re-release of `` That 's All Right '' the following year . The latter was an outright hit in Britain , debuting at number three on the pop chart ; it also made the top ten in Canada . In 2005 , another three reissued singles , `` Jailhouse Rock '' , `` One Night '' / `` I Got Stung '' , and `` It 's Now or Never '' , went to number one in the United Kingdom . They were part of a campaign that saw the re-release of all 18 of Presley 's previous chart - topping U.K. singles . The first , `` All Shook Up '' , came with a collectors ' box that made it ineligible to chart again ; each of the other 17 reissues hit the British top five . In 2005 , Forbes named Presley the top - earning deceased celebrity for the fifth straight year , with a gross income of $45 million . He placed second in 2006 , returned to the top spot the next two years , and ranked fourth in 2009 . The following year , he was ranked second , with his highest annual income ever -- $60 million -- spurred by the celebration of his 75th birthday and the launch of Cirque du Soleil 's Viva Elvis show in Las Vegas . In November 2010 , Viva Elvis : The Album was released , setting his voice to newly recorded instrumental tracks . As of mid-2011 , there were an estimated 15,000 licensed Presley products , and he was again the second - highest - earning deceased celebrity . Six years later , he ranked fourth with earnings of $35 million , up $8 million from 2016 due in part to the opening of a new entertainment complex , Elvis Presley 's Memphis , and hotel , The Guest House at Graceland . For much of his adult life , Presley , with his rise from poverty to riches and massive fame , had seemed to epitomize the American Dream . In his final years and even more so after his death , and the revelations about its circumstances , he became a symbol of excess and gluttony . Increasing attention , for instance , was paid to his appetite for the rich , heavy Southern cooking of his upbringing , foods such as chicken - fried steak and biscuits and gravy . In particular , his love of calorie - laden fried peanut butter , banana , and ( sometimes ) bacon sandwiches , now known as `` Elvis sandwiches '' , came to stand for this aspect of his persona . But the Elvis sandwich represents more than just unhealthy overindulgence -- as media and culture scholar Robert Thompson describes , the unsophisticated treat also signifies Presley 's enduring all - American appeal : `` He was n't only the king , he was one of us . '' Since 1977 , there have been numerous alleged sightings of Presley . A long - standing conspiracy theory among some fans is that he faked his death . Adherents cite alleged discrepancies in the death certificate , reports of a wax dummy in his original coffin , and accounts of Presley planning a diversion so he could retire in peace . An unusually large number of fans have domestic shrines devoted to Presley and journey to sites with which he is connected , however faintly . Every August 16 , the anniversary of his death , thousands of people gather outside Graceland and celebrate his memory with a candlelight ritual . `` With Elvis , it is not just his music that has survived death '' , writes Ted Harrison . `` He himself has been raised , like a medieval saint , to a figure of cultic status . It is as if he has been canonized by acclamation . '' Artistry Influences Presley 's earliest musical influence came from gospel . His mother recalled that from the age of two , at the Assembly of God church in Tupelo attended by the family , `` he would slide down off my lap , run into the aisle and scramble up to the platform . There he would stand looking at the choir and trying to sing with them . '' In Memphis , Presley frequently attended all - night gospel singings at the Ellis Auditorium , where groups such as the Statesmen Quartet led the music in a style that , Guralnick suggests , sowed the seeds of Presley 's future stage act : The Statesmen were an electric combination ... featuring some of the most thrillingly emotive singing and daringly unconventional showmanship in the entertainment world ... dressed in suits that might have come out of the window of Lansky 's ... Bass singer Jim Wetherington , known universally as the Big Chief , maintained a steady bottom , ceaselessly jiggling first his left leg , then his right , with the material of the pants leg ballooning out and shimmering . `` He went about as far as you could go in gospel music , '' said Jake Hess . `` The women would jump up , just like they do for the pop shows . '' Preachers frequently objected to the lewd movements ... but audiences reacted with screams and swoons . As a teenager , Presley 's musical interests were wide - ranging , and he was deeply informed about both white and African - American musical idioms . Though he never had any formal training , he was blessed with a remarkable memory , and his musical knowledge was already considerable by the time he made his first professional recordings aged 19 in 1954 . When Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller met him two years later , they were astonished at his encyclopedic understanding of the blues , and , as Stoller put it , `` He certainly knew a lot more than we did about country music and gospel music . '' At a press conference the following year , he proudly declared , `` I know practically every religious song that 's ever been written . '' Musical styles and genres Presley with his longtime vocal backup group , the Jordanaires , March 1957 Presley was a central figure in the development of rockabilly , according to music historians . `` Rockabilly crystallized into a recognizable style in 1954 with Elvis Presley 's first release , on the Sun label '' , writes Craig Morrison . Paul Friedlander describes the defining elements of rockabilly , which he similarly characterizes as `` essentially ... an Elvis Presley construction '' : `` the raw , emotive , and slurred vocal style and emphasis on rhythmic feeling ( of ) the blues with the string band and strummed rhythm guitar ( of ) country '' . In `` That 's All Right '' , the Presley trio 's first record , Scotty Moore 's guitar solo , `` a combination of Merle Travis -- style country finger - picking , double - stop slides from acoustic boogie , and blues - based bent - note , single - string work , is a microcosm of this fusion . '' While Katherine Charlton likewise calls Presley `` rockabilly 's originator '' , Carl Perkins has explicitly stated that `` ( Sam ) Phillips , Elvis , and I did n't create rockabilly . '' and , according to Michael Campbell , `` Bill Haley recorded the first big rockabilly hit . '' In Moore 's view , too , `` It had been there for quite a while , really . Carl Perkins was doing basically the same sort of thing up around Jackson , and I know for a fact Jerry Lee Lewis had been playing that kind of music ever since he was ten years old . '' At RCA , Presley 's rock and roll sound grew distinct from rockabilly with group chorus vocals , more heavily amplified electric guitars and a tougher , more intense manner . While he was known for taking songs from various sources and giving them a rockabilly / rock and roll treatment , he also recorded songs in other genres from early in his career , from the pop standard `` Blue Moon '' at Sun to the country ballad `` How 's the World Treating You ? '' on his second LP to the blues of `` Santa Claus Is Back In Town '' . In 1957 , his first gospel record was released , the four - song EP Peace in the Valley . Certified as a million seller , it became the top - selling gospel EP in recording history . Presley would record gospel periodically for the rest of his life . `` Run On '' From How Great Thou Art ( 1967 ) , a traditional song popular in the black gospel tradition . The arrangement evokes `` the percussive style of the 1930s Golden Gate Quartet . '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . After his return from military service in 1960 , Presley continued to perform rock and roll , but the characteristic style was substantially toned down . His first post-Army single , the number one hit `` Stuck on You '' , is typical of this shift . RCA publicity materials referred to its `` mild rock beat '' ; discographer Ernst Jorgensen calls it `` upbeat pop '' . The number five `` She 's Not You '' ( 1962 ) `` integrates the Jordanaires so completely , it 's practically doo - wop '' . The modern blues / R&B sound captured with great success on Elvis Is Back ! was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966 -- 67 recordings as `` Down in the Alley '' and `` Hi - Heel Sneakers '' . The singer 's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music , often in the form of ballads such as `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' , a number one in 1960 . `` It 's Now or Never '' , which also topped the chart that year , was a classically influenced variation of pop based on the Neapolitan `` ' O sole mio '' and concluding with a `` full - voiced operatic cadence '' . These were both dramatic numbers , but most of what Presley recorded for his many film soundtracks was in a much lighter vein . While Presley performed several of his classic ballads for the ' 68 Comeback Special , the sound of the show was dominated by aggressive rock and roll . He would record few new straight - ahead rock and roll songs thereafter ; as he explained , they were `` hard to find '' . A significant exception was `` Burning Love '' , his last major hit on the pop charts . Like his work of the 1950s , Presley 's subsequent recordings reworked pop and country songs , but in markedly different permutations . His stylistic range now began to embrace a more contemporary rock sound as well as soul and funk . Much of Elvis In Memphis , as well as `` Suspicious Minds '' , cut at the same sessions , reflected his new rock and soul fusion . In the mid-1970s , many of his singles found a home on country radio , the field where he first became a star . Vocal style and range The developmental arc of Presley 's singing voice , as described by critic Dave Marsh , goes from `` high and thrilled in the early days , ( to ) lower and perplexed in the final months . '' Marsh credits Presley with the introduction of the `` vocal stutter '' on 1955 's `` Baby Let 's Play House '' . When on `` Do n't Be Cruel '' , Presley `` slides into a ' mmmmm ' that marks the transition between the first two verses , '' he shows `` how masterful his relaxed style really is . '' Marsh describes the vocal performance on `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' as one of `` gentle insistence and delicacy of phrasing '' , with the line `` ' Shall I stay ' pronounced as if the words are fragile as crystal '' . Publicity photo for the CBS program Stage Show , January 16 , 1956 Jorgensen calls the 1966 recording of `` How Great Thou Art '' `` an extraordinary fulfillment of his vocal ambitions '' , as Presley `` crafted for himself an ad - hoc arrangement in which he took every part of the four - part vocal , from ( the ) bass intro to the soaring heights of the song 's operatic climax '' , becoming `` a kind of one - man quartet '' . Guralnick finds `` Stand By Me '' from the same gospel sessions `` a beautifully articulated , almost nakedly yearning performance , '' but , by contrast , feels that Presley reaches beyond his powers on `` Where No One Stands Alone '' , resorting `` to a kind of inelegant bellowing to push out a sound '' that Jake Hess of the Statesmen Quartet had in his command . Hess himself thought that while others might have voices the equal of Presley 's , `` he had that certain something that everyone searches for all during their lifetime . '' Guralnick attempts to pinpoint that something : `` The warmth of his voice , his controlled use of both vibrato technique and natural falsetto range , the subtlety and deeply felt conviction of his singing were all qualities recognizably belonging to his talent but just as recognizably not to be achieved without sustained dedication and effort . '' Marsh praises his 1968 reading of `` U.S. Male '' , `` bearing down on the hard guy lyrics , not sending them up or overplaying them but tossing them around with that astonishingly tough yet gentle assurance that he brought to his Sun records . '' The performance on `` In the Ghetto '' is , according to Jorgensen , `` devoid of any of his characteristic vocal tricks or mannerisms '' , instead relying on the exceptional `` clarity and sensitivity of his voice '' . Guralnick describes the song 's delivery as of `` almost translucent eloquence ... so quietly confident in its simplicity '' . On `` Suspicious Minds '' , Guralnick hears essentially the same `` remarkable mixture of tenderness and poise '' , but supplemented with `` an expressive quality somewhere between stoicism ( at suspected infidelity ) and anguish ( over impending loss ) '' . Music critic Henry Pleasants observes that `` Presley has been described variously as a baritone and a tenor . An extraordinary compass ... and a very wide range of vocal color have something to do with this divergence of opinion . '' He identifies Presley as a high baritone , calculating his range as two octaves and a third , `` from the baritone low G to the tenor high B , with an upward extension in falsetto to at least a D - flat . Presley 's best octave is in the middle , D - flat to D - flat , granting an extra full step up or down . '' In Pleasants ' view , his voice was `` variable and unpredictable '' at the bottom , `` often brilliant '' at the top , with the capacity for `` full - voiced high Gs and As that an opera baritone might envy '' . Scholar Lindsay Waters , who figures Presley 's range as two - and - a-quarter octaves , emphasizes that `` his voice had an emotional range from tender whispers to sighs down to shouts , grunts , grumbles , and sheer gruffness that could move the listener from calmness and surrender , to fear . His voice can not be measured in octaves , but in decibels ; even that misses the problem of how to measure delicate whispers that are hardly audible at all . '' Presley was always `` able to duplicate the open , hoarse , ecstatic , screaming , shouting , wailing , reckless sound of the black rhythm - and - blues and gospel singers '' , writes Pleasants , and also demonstrated a remarkable ability to assimilate many other vocal styles . Public image Racial issues When Dewey Phillips first aired `` That 's All Right '' on Memphis 's WHBQ , many listeners who contacted the station by phone and telegram to ask for it again assumed that its singer was black . From the beginning of his national fame , Presley expressed respect for African - American performers and their music , and disregard for the norms of segregation and racial prejudice then prevalent in the South . Interviewed in 1956 , he recalled how in his childhood he would listen to blues musician Arthur Crudup -- the originator of `` That 's All Right '' -- `` bang his box the way I do now , and I said if I ever got to the place where I could feel all old Arthur felt , I 'd be a music man like nobody ever saw . '' The Memphis World , an African - American newspaper , reported that Presley , `` the rock ' n ' roll phenomenon '' , `` cracked Memphis 's segregation laws '' by attending the local amusement park on what was designated as its `` colored night '' . Such statements and actions led Presley to be generally hailed in the black community during the early days of his stardom . In contrast , many white adults , according to Billboard 's Arnold Shaw , `` did not like him , and condemned him as depraved . Anti-negro prejudice doubtless figured in adult antagonism . Regardless of whether parents were aware of the Negro sexual origins of the phrase ' rock ' n ' roll ' , Presley impressed them as the visual and aural embodiment of sex . '' Despite the largely positive view of Presley held by African Americans , a rumor spread in mid-1957 that he had at some point announced , `` The only thing Negroes can do for me is buy my records and shine my shoes . '' A journalist with the national African - American weekly Jet , Louie Robinson , pursued the story . On the set of Jailhouse Rock , Presley granted Robinson an interview , though he was no longer dealing with the mainstream press . He denied making such a statement or holding in any way to its racist view : `` I never said anything like that , and people who know me know that I would n't have said it ... A lot of people seem to think I started this business . But rock ' n ' roll was here a long time before I came along . Nobody can sing that kind of music like colored people . Let 's face it : I ca n't sing like Fats Domino can . I know that . '' Robinson found no evidence that the remark had ever been made , and on the contrary elicited testimony from many individuals indicating that Presley was anything but racist . Blues singer Ivory Joe Hunter , who had heard the rumor before he visited Graceland one evening , reported of Presley , `` He showed me every courtesy , and I think he 's one of the greatest . '' Though the rumored remark was wholly discredited at the time , it was still being used against Presley decades later . The identification of Presley with racism -- either personally or symbolically -- was expressed most famously in the lyrics of the 1989 rap hit `` Fight the Power '' , by Public Enemy : `` Elvis was a hero to most / But he never meant shit to me / Straight - up racist that sucker was / Simple and plain '' . The persistence of such attitudes was fueled by resentment over the fact that Presley , whose musical and visual performance idiom owed much to African - American sources , achieved the cultural acknowledgement and commercial success largely denied his black peers . Into the 21st century , the notion that Presley had `` stolen '' black music still found adherents . Notable among African - American entertainers expressly rejecting this view was Jackie Wilson , who argued , `` A lot of people have accused Elvis of stealing the black man 's music , when in fact , almost every black solo entertainer copied his stage mannerisms from Elvis . '' And throughout his career , Presley plainly acknowledged his debt . Addressing his ' 68 Comeback Special audience , he said , `` Rock ' n ' roll music is basically gospel or rhythm and blues , or it sprang from that . People have been adding to it , adding instruments to it , experimenting with it , but it all boils down to ( that ) . '' Nine years earlier , he had said , `` Rock ' n ' roll has been around for many years . It used to be called rhythm and blues . '' Sex symbol Poster for the film Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! ( 1962 ) , visualizing Presley 's sex symbol image Presley 's physical attractiveness and sexual appeal were widely acknowledged . `` He was once beautiful , astonishingly beautiful '' , in the words of critic Mark Feeney . Television director Steve Binder , no fan of Presley 's music before he oversaw the ' 68 Comeback Special , reported , `` I 'm straight as an arrow and I got to tell you , you stop , whether you 're male or female , to look at him . He was that good looking . And if you never knew he was a superstar , it would n't make any difference ; if he 'd walked in the room , you 'd know somebody special was in your presence . '' His performance style , as much as his physical beauty , was responsible for Presley 's eroticized image . Writing in 1970 , critic George Melly described him as `` the master of the sexual simile , treating his guitar as both phallus and girl '' . In his Presley obituary , Lester Bangs credited him as `` the man who brought overt blatant vulgar sexual frenzy to the popular arts in America '' . Ed Sullivan 's declaration that he perceived a soda bottle in Presley 's trousers was echoed by rumors involving a similarly positioned toilet roll tube or lead bar . While Presley was marketed as an icon of heterosexuality , some cultural critics have argued that his image was ambiguous . In 1959 , Sight and Sound 's Peter John Dyer described his onscreen persona as `` aggressively bisexual in appeal '' . Brett Farmer places the `` orgasmic gyrations '' of the title dance sequence in Jailhouse Rock within a lineage of cinematic musical numbers that offer a `` spectacular eroticization , if not homoeroticization , of the male image '' . In the analysis of Yvonne Tasker , `` Elvis was an ambivalent figure who articulated a peculiar feminised , objectifying version of white working - class masculinity as aggressive sexual display . '' Reinforcing Presley 's image as a sex symbol were the reports of his dalliances with various Hollywood stars and starlets , from Natalie Wood in the 1950s to Connie Stevens and Ann - Margret in the 1960s to Candice Bergen and Cybill Shepherd in the 1970s . June Juanico of Memphis , one of Presley 's early girlfriends , later blamed Parker for encouraging him to choose his dating partners with publicity in mind . Presley never grew comfortable with the Hollywood scene , and most of these relationships were insubstantial . Associates Colonel Parker and the aberbachs Further information : Colonel Tom Parker Presley and Colonel Tom Parker , 1969 Once he became Presley 's manager , Colonel Tom Parker insisted on exceptionally tight control over his client 's career . Early on , he and his Hill and Range allies , the brothers Jean and Julian Aberbach , perceived the close relationship that developed between Presley and songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller as a serious threat to that control . Parker effectively ended the relationship , deliberately or not , with the new contract he sent Leiber in early 1958 . Leiber thought there was a mistake -- the sheet of paper was blank except for Parker 's signature and a line on which to enter his . `` There 's no mistake , boy , just sign it and return it '' , Parker directed . `` Do n't worry , we 'll fill it in later . '' Leiber declined , and Presley 's fruitful collaboration with the writing team was over . Other respected songwriters lost interest in or simply avoided writing for Presley because of the requirement that they surrender a third of their usual royalties . By 1967 , Parker 's contracts with Presley gave him 50 percent of most of the singer 's earnings from recordings , films , and merchandise . Beginning in February 1972 , he took a third of the profit from live appearances ; a January 1976 agreement entitled him to half of that as well . Priscilla Presley noted that `` Elvis detested the business side of his career . He would sign a contract without even reading it . '' Presley 's friend Marty Lacker regarded Parker as a `` hustler and a con artist . He was only interested in ' now money ' -- get the buck and get gone . '' Lacker was instrumental in convincing Presley to record with Memphis producer Chips Moman and his handpicked musicians at American Sound Studio in early 1969 . The American Sound sessions represented a significant departure from the control customarily exerted by Hill and Range . Moman still had to deal with the publisher 's staff on site , whose song suggestions he regarded as unacceptable . He was on the verge of quitting , until Presley ordered the Hill and Range personnel out of the studio . Although RCA executive Joan Deary was later full of praise for the producer 's song choices and the quality of the recordings , Moman , to his fury , received neither credit on the records nor royalties for his work . Throughout his entire career , Presley performed in only three venues outside the United States -- all of them in Canada , during brief tours there in 1957 . In 1968 , he remarked , `` Before too long I 'm going to make some personal appearance tours . I 'll probably start out here in this country and after that , play some concerts abroad , probably starting in Europe . I want to see some places I 've never seen before . '' Rumors that he would play overseas for the first time were fueled in 1974 by a million - dollar bid for an Australian tour . Parker was uncharacteristically reluctant , prompting those close to Presley to speculate about the manager 's past and the reasons for his evident unwillingness to apply for a passport . After Presley 's death , it was revealed that Parker was born Andreas Cornelis van Kuijk in the Netherlands ; having immigrated illegally to the U.S. , he had reason to fear that if he left the country , he would not be allowed back in again . Parker ultimately squelched any notions Presley had of working abroad , claiming that foreign security was poor and the venues unsuitable for a star of his magnitude . Parker arguably exercised tightest control over Presley 's film career . Hal Wallis said , `` I 'd rather try and close a deal with the devil '' than with Parker . Fellow movie producer Sam Katzman described him as `` the biggest con artist in the world '' . In 1957 , Robert Mitchum asked Presley to costar with him in Thunder Road , which Mitchum was producing and writing . According to George Klein , one of his oldest friends , Presley was also offered starring roles in West Side Story and Midnight Cowboy . In 1974 , Barbra Streisand approached Presley to star with her in the remake of A Star is Born . In each case , any ambitions the singer may have had to play such parts were thwarted by his manager 's negotiating demands or flat refusals . In Lacker 's description , `` The only thing that kept Elvis going after the early years was a new challenge . But Parker kept running everything into the ground . '' The prevailing attitude may have been summed up best by the response Leiber and Stoller received when they brought a serious film project for Presley to Parker and the Hill and Range owners for their consideration . In Leiber 's telling , Jean Aberbach warned them to never again `` try to interfere with the business or artistic workings of the process known as Elvis Presley '' . Memphis Mafia Main article : Memphis Mafia In the early 1960s , the circle of friends with whom Presley constantly surrounded himself until his death came to be known as the `` Memphis Mafia '' . `` Surrounded by the ( ir ) parasitic presence '' , as journalist John Harris puts it , `` it was no wonder that as he slid into addiction and torpor , no - one raised the alarm : to them , Elvis was the bank , and it had to remain open . '' Tony Brown , who played piano for Presley regularly in the last two years of the singer 's life , observed his rapidly declining health and the urgent need to address it : `` But we all knew it was hopeless because Elvis was surrounded by that little circle of people ... all those so - called friends '' . In the Memphis Mafia 's defense , Marty Lacker has said , `` ( Presley ) was his own man ... If we had n't been around , he would have been dead a lot earlier . '' Larry Geller became Presley 's hairdresser in 1964 . Unlike others in the Memphis Mafia , he was interested in spiritual questions and recalls how , from their first conversation , Presley revealed his secret thoughts and anxieties : `` I mean there has to be a purpose ... there 's got to be a reason ... why I was chosen to be Elvis Presley ... I swear to God , no one knows how lonely I get . And how empty I really feel . '' Thereafter , Geller supplied him with books on religion and mysticism , which the singer read voraciously . Presley would be preoccupied by such matters for much of his life , taking trunkloads of books with him on tour . Legacy Further information : Cultural impact of Elvis Presley , Cultural depictions of Elvis Presley , Elvis has left the building , and List of songs about or referencing Elvis Presley I know he invented rock and roll , in a manner of speaking , but ... that 's not why he 's worshiped as a god today . He 's worshiped as a god today because in addition to inventing rock and roll he was the greatest ballad singer this side of Frank Sinatra -- because the spiritual translucence and reined - in gut sexuality of his slow weeper and torchy pop blues still activate the hormones and slavish devotion of millions of female human beings worldwide . -- Robert Christgau December 24 , 1985 Presley 's rise to national attention in 1956 transformed the field of popular music and had a huge effect on the broader scope of popular culture . As the catalyst for the cultural revolution that was rock and roll , he was central not only to defining it as a musical genre but in making it a touchstone of youth culture and rebellious attitude . With its racially mixed origins -- repeatedly affirmed by Presley -- rock and roll 's occupation of a central position in mainstream American culture facilitated a new acceptance and appreciation of black culture . In this regard , Little Richard said of Presley , `` He was an integrator . Elvis was a blessing . They would n't let black music through . He opened the door for black music . '' Al Green agreed : `` He broke the ice for all of us . '' President Jimmy Carter remarked on his legacy in 1977 : `` His music and his personality , fusing the styles of white country and black rhythm and blues , permanently changed the face of American popular culture . His following was immense , and he was a symbol to people the world over of the vitality , rebelliousness , and good humor of his country . '' Presley also heralded the vastly expanded reach of celebrity in the era of mass communication : at the age of 21 , within a year of his first appearance on American network television , he was one of the most famous people in the world . Presley 's name , image , and voice are instantly recognizable around the globe . He has inspired a legion of impersonators . In polls and surveys , he is recognized as one of the most important popular music artists and influential Americans . `` Elvis Presley is the greatest cultural force in the twentieth century '' , said composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein . `` He introduced the beat to everything and he changed everything -- music , language , clothes . It 's a whole new social revolution -- the sixties came from it . '' In the words of John Lennon , `` Nothing really affected me until Elvis . '' Bob Dylan described the sensation of first hearing Presley as `` like busting out of jail '' . Presley 's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6777 Hollywood Blvd On the 25th anniversary of Presley 's death , The New York Times asserted , `` All the talentless impersonators and appalling black velvet paintings on display can make him seem little more than a perverse and distant memory . But before Elvis was camp , he was its opposite : a genuine cultural force ... Elvis 's breakthroughs are underappreciated because in this rock - and - roll age , his hard - rocking music and sultry style have triumphed so completely . '' Not only Presley 's achievements , but his failings as well , are seen by some cultural observers as adding to the power of his legacy , as in this description by Greil Marcus : Elvis Presley is a supreme figure in American life , one whose presence , no matter how banal or predictable , brooks no real comparisons ... The cultural range of his music has expanded to the point where it includes not only the hits of the day , but also patriotic recitals , pure country gospel , and really dirty blues ... Elvis has emerged as a great artist , a great rocker , a great purveyor of schlock , a great heart throb , a great bore , a great symbol of potency , a great ham , a great nice person , and , yes , a great American . Achievements To this day , Presley remains the best selling solo artist , with sales estimates ranging from 600 million to 1 billion sales . Presley holds the records for most songs charting in Billboard 's top 40 -- 114 -- and top 100 : 151 , according to chart statistician Joel Whitburn , 138 according to Presley historian Adam Victor . Presley 's rankings for top ten and number one hits vary depending on how the double - sided `` Hound Dog / Do n't Be Cruel '' and `` Do n't / I Beg of You '' singles , which precede the inception of Billboard 's unified Hot 100 chart , are analyzed . According to Whitburn 's analysis , Presley holds the record with 38 , tying with Madonna ; per Billboard 's current assessment , he ranks second with 36 . Whitburn and Billboard concur that the Beatles hold the record for most number one hits with 20 , and that Mariah Carey is second with 18 . Whitburn has Presley also with 18 , and thus tied for second ; Billboard has him third with 17 . Presley retains the record for cumulative weeks at number one : alone at 80 , according to Whitburn and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ; tied with Carey at 79 , according to Billboard . He holds the records for most British number one hits with 21 , and top ten hits with 76 . As an album artist , Presley is credited by Billboard with the record for the most albums charting in the Billboard 200 : 129 , far ahead of second - place Frank Sinatra 's 82 . He also holds the record for most time spent at number one on the Billboard 200 : 67 weeks . In 2015 and 2016 , two albums setting Presley 's vocals against music by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra , If I Can Dream and The Wonder of You , both reached number one in the United Kingdom . This gave him a new record for number one U.K. albums by a solo artist with 13 , and extended his record for longest span between number one albums by anybody -- Presley had first topped the British chart in 1956 with his self - titled debut . As of 2018 , the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) credits Presley with 146.5 million certified album sales in the U.S. , third all time behind the Beatles and Garth Brooks . He holds the records for most gold albums ( 117 , more than twice as many as second - place Barbra Streisand 's 51 ) , most platinum albums ( 67 ) , and most multi-platinum albums ( 27 ) . His total of 197 album certification awards ( including one diamond award ) , far outpaces the Beatles ' second - best 122 . He has the most gold singles ( 54 ) and the fourth-most platinum singles ( 27 , behind Rihanna , Taylor Swift , and Chris Brown ) . Discography Main articles : Elvis Presley albums discography and Elvis Presley singles discography See also : List of songs recorded by Elvis Presley and List of Elvis Presley hit albums A vast number of recordings have been issued under Presley 's name . The total number of his original master recordings has been variously calculated as 665 and 711 . His career began and he was most successful during an era when singles were the primary commercial medium for pop music . In the case of his albums , the distinction between `` official '' studio records and other forms is often blurred . For most of the 1960s , his recording career focused on soundtrack albums . In the 1970s , his most heavily promoted and best - selling LP releases tended to be concert albums . This summary discography lists only the albums and singles that reached the top of one or more of the following charts : the main U.S. Billboard pop chart ; the Billboard country chart , the genre chart with which he was most identified ( there was no country album chart before 1964 ) ; and the official British pop chart . In the U.S. , Presley also had five or six number - one R&B singles and seven number - one adult contemporary singles ; in 1964 , his `` Blue Christmas '' topped the Christmas singles chart during a period when Billboard did not rank holiday singles in its primary pop chart . Between 2015 and 2017 , three albums featuring Presley 's vocals and newly recorded orchestral music reached the top of the Billboard classical chart . He also had number - one hits in many countries beside the U.S. and United Kingdom . Number - one albums Year Album Type Peak chart positions US US Country UK 1956 Elvis Presley studio × Elvis studio × 1957 Loving You soundtrack × Elvis ' Christmas Album studio × 1958 King Creole soundtrack × 1960 Elvis Is Back ! studio × G.I. Blues soundtrack × 1961 Something for Everybody studio × Blue Hawaii soundtrack × 1962 Pot Luck studio × 1964 Roustabout soundtrack -- 12 1969 From Elvis in Memphis studio 13 1973 Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite live 11 Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 1 compilation 43 20 Promised Land studio 47 21 1976 From Elvis Presley Boulevard , Memphis , Tennessee studio 41 29 1977 Elvis ' 40 Greatest compilation -- -- Moody Blue studio Elvis in Concert live 5 13 2002 ELV1S : 30 No. 1 Hits compilation 2007 Elvis the King compilation -- -- 2015 If I Can Dream compilation 21 -- 2016 The Wonder of You compilation 47 -- `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . `` × '' denotes periods where charts did not exist or were not archived . Number - one singles Year Single Peak chart positions US US Country UK 1956 `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' ( reissue ) -- -- `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' 14 `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Hound Dog '' `` Love Me Tender '' 11 1957 `` Too Much '' 6 `` All Shook Up '' `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Jailhouse Rock '' 1958 `` Do n't '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' 1959 `` One Night '' / `` I Got Stung '' 4 / 8 24 / -- `` A Fool Such as I '' / `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' 2 / 4 -- `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' -- 1960 `` Stuck on You '' 27 `` It 's Now or Never '' -- `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 22 1961 `` Wooden Heart '' -- -- `` Surrender '' -- `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' 4 / 5 -- 1962 `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 2 / 23 -- `` Good Luck Charm '' -- `` She 's Not You '' 5 -- `` Return to Sender '' -- 1963 `` ( You 're The ) Devil in Disguise '' -- 1965 `` Crying in the Chapel '' -- 1969 `` Suspicious Minds '' -- 1970 `` The Wonder of You '' 9 37 1977 `` Moody Blue '' 31 6 `` Way Down '' 18 1981 `` Guitar Man '' ( remix ) 28 43 2002 `` A Little Less Conversation '' ( JXL remix ) 50 -- 2005 `` Jailhouse Rock '' ( reissue ) -- -- `` One Night '' / `` I Got Stung '' ( reissue ) -- -- `` It 's Now or Never '' ( reissue ) -- -- Filmography Main article : Elvis Presley on film and television Love Me Tender ( 1956 ) Loving You ( 1957 ) Jailhouse Rock ( 1957 ) King Creole ( 1958 ) G.I. Blues ( 1960 ) Flaming Star ( 1960 ) Wild in the Country ( 1961 ) Blue Hawaii ( 1961 ) Follow That Dream ( 1962 ) Kid Galahad ( 1962 ) Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! ( 1962 ) It Happened at the World 's Fair ( 1963 ) Fun in Acapulco ( 1963 ) Kissin ' Cousins ( 1964 ) Viva Las Vegas ( 1964 ) Roustabout ( 1964 ) Girl Happy ( 1965 ) Tickle Me ( 1965 ) Harum Scarum ( 1965 ) Frankie and Johnny ( 1966 ) Paradise , Hawaiian Style ( 1966 ) Spinout ( 1966 ) Easy Come , Easy Go ( 1967 ) Double Trouble ( 1967 ) Clambake ( 1967 ) Stay Away , Joe ( 1968 ) Speedway ( 1968 ) Live a Little , Love a Little ( 1968 ) Charro ! ( 1969 ) The Trouble with Girls ( 1969 ) Change of Habit ( 1969 ) Elvis : That 's the Way It Is ( 1970 ) Elvis on Tour ( 1972 ) TV concert specials Elvis ( 1968 ) Elvis : Aloha from Hawaii via Satellite ( 1973 ) Elvis in Concert ( 1977 ) See also Elvis Presley Enterprises Honorific nicknames in popular music List of artists by number of UK Albums Chart number ones List of artists by number of UK Singles Chart number ones List of best - selling music artists Personal relationships of Elvis Presley Phule 's Company ( series ) Notes Jump up ^ Although some pronounce his surname / ˈprɛzli / PREZ - lee , Presley himself used the Southern American English pronunciation , / ˈprɛsli / PRESS - lee , as did his family and those who worked with him . The correct spelling of his middle name has long been a matter of debate . The physician who delivered him wrote `` Elvis Aaron Presley '' in his ledger . The state - issued birth certificate reads `` Elvis Aron Presley '' . The name was chosen after the Presleys ' friend and fellow congregation member Aaron Kennedy , though a single - A spelling was probably intended by Presley 's parents in order to parallel the middle name of Presley 's stillborn brother , Jesse Garon . It reads Aron on most official documents produced during his lifetime , including his high school diploma , RCA record contract , and marriage license , and this was generally taken to be the proper spelling . In 1966 , Presley expressed the desire to his father that the more traditional biblical rendering , Aaron , be used henceforth , `` especially on legal documents '' . Five years later , the Jaycees citation honoring him as one of the country 's Outstanding Young Men used Aaron . Late in his life , he sought to officially change the spelling to Aaron and discovered that state records already listed it that way . Knowing his wishes for his middle name , Aaron is the spelling his father chose for Presley 's tombstone , and it is the spelling his estate has designated as official . Jump up ^ In her book Elvis and Gladys , Dundy also states that Presley 's great - great - grandmother Nancy Burdine Tackett was Jewish , citing a third cousin of Presley 's , Oscar Tackett . However , there is no evidence that the Presley family shared this belief and the syndicated columnist and Jewish genealogist Nate Bloom has challenged the cousin 's account , which he calls a `` tall tale '' . Jump up ^ Of the $40,000 , $5,000 covered back royalties owed by Sun . Jump up ^ In 1956 -- 57 , Presley was also credited as a cowriter on several songs where he had no hand in the writing process : `` Heartbreak Hotel '' ; `` Do n't Be Cruel '' ; all four songs from his first film , including the title track , `` Love Me Tender '' ; `` Paralyzed '' ; and `` All Shook Up '' . ( Parker , however , failed to register Presley with such musical licensing firms as ASCAP and / or its rival BMI , which eventually denied Presley annuity from songwriter 's royalties . ) He received credit on two other songs to which he did contribute : he provided the title for `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' ( 1961 ) , written by his friend and former Humes schoolmate Red West ; Presley and West collaborated with another friend , guitarist Charlie Hodge , on `` You 'll Be Gone '' ( 1962 ) . Jump up ^ VH1 ranked Presley No. 8 among the `` 100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll '' in 1998 . The BBC ranked him as the No. 2 `` Voice of the Century '' in 2001 . Rolling Stone placed him No. 3 in its list of `` The Immortals : The Fifty Greatest Artists of All Time '' in 2004 . CMT ranked him No. 15 among the `` 40 Greatest Men in Country Music '' in 2005 . The Discovery Channel placed him No. 8 on its `` Greatest American '' list in 2005 . Variety put him in the top ten of its `` 100 Icons of the Century '' in 2005 . The Atlantic ranked him No. 66 among the `` 100 Most Influential Figures in American History '' in 2006 . Jump up ^ Whitburn follows actual Billboard history in considering the four songs on the `` Do n't Be Cruel / Hound Dog '' and `` Do n't / I Beg of You '' singles as distinct . He tallies each side of the former single as a number one ( Billboard 's sales chart had `` Do n't Be Cruel '' at number one for five weeks , then `` Hound Dog '' for six ) and reckons `` I Beg of You '' as a top ten , as it reached number eight on the old Top 100 chart . Billboard now considers both singles as unified items , ignoring the historical sales split of the former and its old Top 100 chart entirely . Whitburn thus analyzes the four songs as yielding three number ones and a total of four top tens . Billboard now states that they yielded just two number ones and a total of two top tens , voiding the separate chart appearances of `` Hound Dog '' and `` I Beg of You '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) The year given is the year the record first reached number one , rather than its original year of release . For instance , in 1974 , Elvis ' 40 Greatest , a compilation on the budget Arcade label , was the fourth highest selling album of the year in the United Kingdom ; at the time , the main British chart did not rank such compilations , relegating them to a chart for midpriced and TV - advertised albums , which Elvis ' 40 Greatest topped for 15 weeks . The policy was altered in 1975 , allowing the album to hit number one on the main chart in 1977 , following Presley 's death . ( 2 ) Before late 1958 , rather than unified pop and country singles charts , Billboard had as many as four charts for each , separately ranking records according to sales , jukebox play , jockey spins ( i.e. , airplay ) , and , in the case of pop , a general Top 100 . Billboard now regards the sales charts as definitive for the period . Widely cited chart statistician Joel Whitburn accords historical releases the highest ranking they achieved among the separate charts . Presley discographer Ernst Jorgensen refers only to the Top 100 chart for pop hits . All of the 1956 -- 58 songs listed here as number one U.S. pop hits reached the top of both the sales and , with three exceptions , the Top 100 charts : `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' ( three ) , `` Hound Dog '' ( two , behind its flip side , `` Do n't Be Cruel '' ) , and `` Hard Headed Woman '' ( two ) . ( 3 ) Several Presley singles reached number one in the United Kingdom as double A-sides ; in the United States , the respective sides of those singles were ranked separately by Billboard . Jump up ^ Whitburn calculates a total of six number one R&B singles , including `` Do n't Be Cruel '' , released as a double A-side with `` Hound Dog '' ; Billboard 's Keith Caulfield excludes `` Do n't Be Cruel '' . References Footnotes Jump up ^ Elster 2006 , p. 391 . ^ Jump up to : Nash 2005 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 1994 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Adelman 2002 , pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 1994 , pp. 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Dundy 2004 , pp. 13 , 16 , 20 -- 22 , 26 . Jump up ^ Dundy 2004 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Nash 2005 , pp. 2 , 188 . Jump up ^ Dundy 2004 , pp. xv , 13 , 16 . Jump up ^ VOA 2009 . Jump up ^ Dundy 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2010 . Jump up ^ Kamphoefner 2009 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Dundy 2004 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 11 -- 12 , 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Victor 2008 , p. 419 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Dundy 2004 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 23 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Dundy 2004 , pp. 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 35 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 43 , 44 , 49 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 44 , 46 , 51 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 52 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 1994 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew - Walker 1979 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 46 -- 48 , 358 . Jump up ^ Wadey 2004 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 47 -- 48 , 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 38 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2004 . Jump up ^ Bertrand 2000 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Szatmary 1996 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 62 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Cusic 1988 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Marcus 1982 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 94 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Ponce de Leon 2007 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 1994 , pp. 100 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 102 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 105 , 139 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 106 , 108 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 1994 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 117 -- 27 , 131 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 128 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Mason 2007 , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 127 -- 28 , 135 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Burke & Griffin 2006 , pp. 61 , 176 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 152 , 156 , 182 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 144 , 159 , 167 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Nash 2003 , pp. 6 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bertrand 2000 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2007 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Rogers 1982 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 217 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley & Coffey 1998 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Escott 1998 , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , pp. 36 , 54 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , pp. 35 , 51 , 57 , 61 , 75 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , pp. 157 -- 58 , 166 , 168 . Jump up ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Guffey 2006 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Rodman 1996 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley & Coffey 1998 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 235 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Slaughter & Nixon 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999 , pp. 50 , 54 , 64 . Jump up ^ Hilburn 2005 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 262 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 274 . ^ Jump up to : Victor 2008 , p. 315 . Jump up ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 273 , 284 . Jump up ^ Fensch 2001 , pp. 14 -- 18 . ^ Jump up to : Burke & Griffin 2006 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Gould 1956 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Marcus 2006 . Jump up ^ Marsh 1982 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Austen 2005 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Allen 1992 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley : ' King of Rock ' '' 1956 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Keogh 2004 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 1993 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , pp. 60 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Austen 2005 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Edgerton 2007 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Brown & Broeske 1997 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 338 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Victor 2008 , p. 439 . Jump up ^ Jezer 1982 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Moore & Dickerson 1997 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 335 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh 1980 , p. 395 . Jump up ^ O'Malley 2016 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Palladino 1996 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Clayton & Heard 2003 , pp. 117 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Keogh 2004 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Salisbury 1957 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 395 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 406 -- 8 , 452 . Jump up ^ Fox 1986 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 399 -- 402 , 428 -- 30 , 437 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 1994 , p. 400 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 1994 , p. 430 . Jump up ^ Turner 2004 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 437 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Grein 2008 . Jump up ^ Caulfield 2016 . Jump up ^ Baird 2017 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 431 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 448 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Fox 1986 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , pp. 99 , 105 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' 1965 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 461 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Victor 2008 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , pp. 106 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 474 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Ponce de Leon 2007 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Corcoran 1998 . Jump up ^ Tillery 2013 , Chapter 5 : Patriot . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 47 , 49 , 55 , 60 , 73 . Jump up ^ Clayton & Heard 2003 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Victor 2008 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Presley 1985 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2010 , p. 520 . Jump up ^ Marcus 1982 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Matthew - Walker 1979 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Slaughter & Nixon 2004 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Matthew - Walker 1979 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Slaughter & Nixon 2004 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Marcus 1982 , pp. 279 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Robertson 2004 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` Red Carpet '' 1960 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , pp. 124 -- 27 , 414 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 44 , 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2005 , pp. 110 , 114 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Robertson 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2005 , pp. 110 , 119 . Jump up ^ Ponce de Leon 2007 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Caine 2005 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Fields 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 1994 , p. 449 . Jump up ^ Kirchberg & Hendrickx 1999 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Lisanti 2000 , pp. 19 , 136 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2002 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Matthew - Walker 1979 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Marsh 2004 , p. 650 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 261 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Kirchberg & Hendrickx 1999 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Keogh 2004 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 2009 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2010 , p. 521 . Jump up ^ Kubernick 2008 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 293 , 296 . ^ Jump up to : Kubernick 2008 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 2007 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Marsh 2004 , p. 649 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Marsh 1980 , p. 396 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 419 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2005 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 343 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 346 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2005 , pp. 149 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cook 2004 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999 , pp. 259 , 262 . Jump up ^ Moyer 2002 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2010 , pp. 521 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Stein 1997 . Jump up ^ Mason 2007 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2007 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2007 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Robertson 2004 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 419 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , pp. 284 , 286 , 307 -- 8 , 313 , 326 , 338 , 357 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 420 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Marcus 1982 , pp. 284 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Marcus 1982 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Williamson 2015 , pp. 253 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 451 , 446 , 453 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Marsh 2015 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2007 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 474 . Jump up ^ Moscheo 2007 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Keogh 2004 , pp. 234 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2002 , pp. 61 , 67 , 73 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2002 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Victor 2008 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Brown & Broeske 1997 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 475 . Jump up ^ Fessier 2013 . Jump up ^ Mason 2007 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ RIAA 2010 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , pp. 422 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 488 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999 , p. 329 . ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham 2002 . Jump up ^ Keogh 2004 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 481 , 487 , 499 , 504 , 519 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 547 . ^ Jump up to : Hopkins 1986 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Garber 1997 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 50 , 148 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 601 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2007 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 560 . Jump up ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 381 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 584 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 593 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 595 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 397 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield 2004 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2006 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Marcus 1982 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Marsh 1989 , p. 430 . Jump up ^ Victor 2008 , pp. 8 , 526 . Jump up ^ Victor 2008 , pp. 8 , 224 , 325 . Jump up ^ Scherman 2006 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 628 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 628 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 634 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 212 , 642 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 1999 , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Humphries 2003 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Alden 2014 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 645 -- 48 . ^ Jump up to : Woolley & Peters 1977 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2007 , p. 386 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 1999 , p. 660 . Jump up ^ Victor 2008 , pp. 581 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Matthew - Walker 1979 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Pendergast & Pendergast 2000 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Warwick et al. 2004 , pp. 860 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Ramsland 2010 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 651 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Baden & Hennessee 1990 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Tennant 2013 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Williamson 2015 , pp. 11 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Coffey 1997 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Wertheimer 1997 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Tennant 2013 . Jump up ^ Guardian 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown & Broeske 1997 , p. 433 . Jump up ^ National Park Service 2010 . Jump up ^ Cook 2004 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Garrity 2002 . Jump up ^ Bronson 2004 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' 2004 . Jump up ^ Sexton 2007 . Jump up ^ Goldman & Ewalt 2007 . Jump up ^ Rose 2006 . Jump up ^ Goldman & Paine 2007 . Jump up ^ Hoy 2008 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz et al. 2009 . Jump up ^ Rose et al. 2010 . Jump up ^ Baillie 2010 . Jump up ^ Bouchard 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynch 2011 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2011 . Jump up ^ Greenburg 2017 . Jump up ^ Nash 2005 , p. xv . Jump up ^ Harrison 2016 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Cosby 2016 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Doll 2016 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Martin 2000 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 . Jump up ^ Dundy 2004 , pp. 227 , 256 . Jump up ^ Wilson 2010 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Slater 2002 . Jump up ^ Milly 2002 . Jump up ^ Harrison 1992 , pp. 42 , 157 -- 60 , 169 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2006 , pp. 77 , 80 . Jump up ^ Harrison 1992 , pp. 159 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison 2016 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Segré 2002 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Bertrand 2000 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Morrison 1996 , p. x . ^ Jump up to : Friedlander 1996 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Charlton 2006 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Jancik 1998 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2009 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1989 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Gillett 2000 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Wolfe 1994 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wolfe 1994 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Keogh 2004 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Marsh 1982 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , pp. 213 , 237 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , pp. 142 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Ponce de Leon 2007 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Marsh 1982 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Marsh 1989 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Marsh 1989 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Marsh 1989 , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Marsh 1989 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 335 . ^ Jump up to : Pleasants 2004 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Waters 2003 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Denisoff 1975 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Williams 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pilgrim 2006 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , p. 426 . ^ Jump up to : Kolawole 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Myrie 2009 , pp. 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Masley 2002 . Jump up ^ Osborne 2000 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Bertrand 2000 , p. 198 . ^ Jump up to : Feeney 2010 . Jump up ^ Ashley 2009 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Rodman 1996 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Rodman 1996 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Garber 1997 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ Dyer 1959 -- 1960 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Farmer 2000 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Tasker 2007 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Kirchberg & Hendrickx 1999 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 415 -- 17 , 448 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1994 , pp. 452 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999 , pp. 304 , 365 . Jump up ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999 , pp. 358 , 375 . Jump up ^ Presley 1985 , p. 188 . ^ Jump up to : Nash 2005 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Clayton & Heard 2003 , pp. 262 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Clayton & Heard 2003 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen 1998 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Nash 2003 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Nash 2003 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Nash 2005 , pp. 64 , 478 . Jump up ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2007 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Brown & Broeske 1997 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Clayton & Heard 2003 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , pp. 563 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Ponce de Leon 2007 , pp. 139 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 2006 . Jump up ^ Clayton & Heard 2003 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Connelly 2008 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Christgau 1985 . Jump up ^ Collins 2002 . Jump up ^ Sadie 1994 , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Bertrand 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Rodman 1996 , p. 193 . ^ Jump up to : Victor 2008 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Arnett 2006 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Doss 1999 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Lott 1997 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ VH1 1998 . Jump up ^ BBC News 2001 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 2004 . Jump up ^ CMT 2005 . Jump up ^ Discovery Channel 2005 . Jump up ^ Variety.com 2005 . Jump up ^ Atlantic 2006 . Jump up ^ Keogh 2004 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Davies 1996 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ New York Times 2002 . Jump up ^ Marcus 1982 , pp. 141 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Kennedy & Gadpaille 2017 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Bennet 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2010 , p. 875 . ^ Jump up to : Victor 2008 , p. 438 . Jump up ^ Hilburn 2007 . Jump up ^ Hasty 2008 . Jump up ^ Moody 2008 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2010 , p. 876 . Jump up ^ RRHF 2010 . Jump up ^ Bronson 1998 . Jump up ^ Trust 2010 . Jump up ^ everyHit.com 2010a . Jump up ^ everyHit.com 2010b . Jump up ^ Trust 2015 . Jump up ^ Sexton 2016 . Jump up ^ RIAA 2018a . Jump up ^ RIAA 2018b . Jump up ^ RIAA 2018c . Jump up ^ RIAA 2018d . Jump up ^ Lewis 2017 . Jump up ^ RIAA 2018e . Jump up ^ RIAA 2018f . Jump up ^ Mawer 2007a . Jump up ^ Mawer 2007b . Jump up ^ `` King of Crossover '' 2004 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2010 , pp. 519 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Billboard 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2007 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2008 . ^ Jump up to : everyHit.com 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2010 , pp. 519 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2006 , pp. 271 -- 73 . Sources Adelman , Kim . The Girls ' Guide to Elvis : The Clothes , the Hair , the Women , and More ! Random House ; 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1188 - 1 . Alden , Ginger . Elvis & Ginger : Elvis Presley 's Fiancée and Last Love Finally Tells her Story . New York : Berkeley Publishing ; 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 61613 - 0 . Allen , Steve . Hi - Ho , Steverino ! : My Adventures in the Wonderful Wacky World of TV . Thorndike Press ; 1992 . ISBN 1 - 56054 - 521 - 6 . Arnett , Jeffrey Jensen . Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood : A Cultural Approach . 3rd ed . Pearson Prentice Hall ; 2006 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 195071 - 1 . Ashley , Martin . How High Should Boys Sing ? Ashgate ; 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6475 - 8 . The Atlantic . The Top 100 ; December 2006 ( Retrieved January 19 , 2018 ) . Austen , Jake . TV - A-Go - Go : Rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol . Chicago Review Press ; 2005 . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 572 - 9 . Baden , Michael M. ; Hennessee , Judith Adler . Unnatural Death : Confessions of a Medical Examiner . Ballantine ; 1990 . ISBN 0 - 8041 - 0599 - 5 . Baillie , Russell . New Zealand Herald . Album Review : Elvis Presley Viva Elvis The Album ; November 6 , 2010 ( Retrieved November 9 , 2010 ) . Baird , Robert . `` Elvis and the Royal Philharmonic '' . Stereophile . December 23 , 2017 ( Retrieved January 17 , 2018 ) . BBC News . `` Sinatra Is Voice of the Century '' ; April 18 , 2001 ( Retrieved December 29 , 2009 ) . The Beatles . The Beatles Anthology . Chronicle Books ; 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Bennet , Mark . Elvis impersonator reviews his career highlights , wardrobe . Daily Herald of Arlington Heights . August 15 , 2017 ( Retrieved February 2 , 2018 ) . Bertrand , Michael T. Race , Rock , and Elvis . University of Illinois Press ; 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02586 - 0 . `` Bill Black Dies at 39 '' . Billboard . October 30 , 1965 : 8 . Billboard . Elvis Presley : Chart History -- Classical Albums ; 2018 ( archived January 9 , 2018 ; Retrieved January 9 , 2018 ) . Bloom , Nate . `` The Jews Who Wrote Christmas Songs '' . InterfaithFamily.com. 2010 ( archived November 9 , 2011 ; Retrieved February 6 , 2011 ) . Bouchard , Dany . `` Priscilla Presley Keeps King Alive '' . Toronto Sun . November 5 , 2010 ( Retrieved November 9 , 2010 ) . Bronson , Fred . `` Chart Beat '' . Billboard . May 9 , 1998 : 94 . Bronson , Fred . `` Chart Beat '' . Billboard . July 3 , 2004 : 57 . Brown , Peter Harry ; Broeske , Pat H. Down at the End of Lonely Street : The Life and Death of Elvis Presley . Signet ; 1997 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 19094 - 7 . Burke , Ken ; Griffin , Dan . The Blue Moon Boys : The Story of Elvis Presley 's Band . Chicago Review Press ; 2006 . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 614 - 8 . Caine , Andrew . Interpreting Rock Movies : The Pop Film and Its Critics in Britain . Palgrave Macmillan ; 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6538 - 0 . Campbell , Michael . Popular Music in America . 3rd ed. 2009 . Caulfield , Keith . `` The King of Crossover 's No. 1 Hits '' . Billboard . September 18 , 2004 . Caulfield , Keith . `` Popular Demand '' . Billboard . November 25 , 2016 ( Retrieved January 17 , 2018 ) . Charlton , Katherine . Rock Music Styles : A History . 5th ed . McGraw - Hill ; 2006 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 312162 - 2 . Christgau , Robert . Christgau 's Consumer Guide . ( New York ) December 24 , 1985 ( Retrieved August 26 , 2012 ) . Clarke , Steve . `` Conspiracy Theories and Conspiracy Theorizing '' . In : Coady , David , editor . Conspiracy Theories : The Philosophical Debate . Ashgate ; 2006 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5250 - 5 . Clayton , Dick ; Heard , James . Elvis : By Those Who Knew Him Best . Virgin Publishing ; 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0835 - 4 . CMT. 40 Greatest Men in Country Music ; 2005 ( Retrieved December 29 , 2009 ) . CNN . Elvis Presley Fast Facts ; May 12 , 2017 ( Retrieved January 20 , 2018 ) . Coffey , Frank . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Elvis . New York : Alpha Books ; 1997 . Collins , Dan . CBS News / Associated Press . `` How Big Was The King ? '' ; August 7 , 2002 ( Retrieved December 27 , 2009 ) . Connelly , Charlie . In Search of Elvis : A Journey to Find the Man Beneath the Jumpsuit . Little , Brown ; 2008 . ISBN 0 - 349 - 11900 - 7 . Cook , Jody . Graceland National Historic Landmark Nomination Form ( PDF ) . United States Department of the Interior ; 2004 . Corcoran , John . The King and Karate . Black Belt . March 1 , 1998 ( Retrieved December 17 , 2017 ) : 48 -- 54 . Cosby , James A ... Devil 's Music , Holy Rollers and Hillbillies : How America Gave Birth to Rock and Roll . McFarland ; 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6229 - 9 . Cusic , Don . `` Singing with the King '' . Rejoice ! The Gospel Music Magazine . Summer 1988 . Davies , Hunter . The Beatles . 2nd rev . ed . W.W. Norton ; 1996 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31571 - 1 . Denisoff , R. Serge . Solid Gold : The Popular Record Industry . 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The Death and Resurrection of Elvis Presley . Reaktion ; 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78023 - 637 - 7 . Hasty , Katie . `` Madonna Leads Busy Billboard 200 with 7th No. 1 '' . Billboard . May 7 , 2008 ( Retrieved January 20 , 2018 ) . Higginbotham , Alan . `` Doctor Feelgood '' . The Observer . August 11 , 2002 ( Retrieved December 29 , 2009 ) . Hilburn , Robert . `` From the Man Who Would Be King '' . Los Angeles Times . February 6 , 2005 ( Retrieved January 4 , 2010 ) . Hilburn , Robert . `` This Fan of Charts Is No. 1 , with a Bullet '' . Los Angeles Times . October 30 , 2007 ( Retrieved January 17 , 2010 ) . `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . July 24 , 2004 : 62 . Hopkins , Jerry . Elvis : The Final Years . Berkley ; 1986 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 08999 - 1 . Hopkins , Jerry . Elvis in Hawaii . Bess Press ; 2002 . ISBN 1 - 57306 - 142 - 5 . Hopkins , Jerry . Elvis -- The Biography . Plexus ; 2007 . ISBN 0 - 85965 - 391 - 9 . Hoy , Peter . Top - Earning Dead Celebrities . Forbes . 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Do n't Rhyme for the Sake of Riddlin ' : The Authorized Story of Public Enemy . Canongate ; 2009 . ISBN 1 - 84767 - 182 - 9 . Nash , Alanna . The Colonel : The Extraordinary Story of Colonel Tom Parker and Elvis Presley . Simon & Schuster ; 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 1301 - 7 . Nash , Alanna , et al. Elvis and the Memphis Mafia . Aurum ; 2005 . ISBN 1 - 84513 - 128 - 2 . National Park Service . Graceland ; 2010 ( archived December 30 , 2011 ; Retrieved January 7 , 2010 ) . New York Times . `` Long Live the King '' ; August 16 , 2002 ( Retrieved December 30 , 2009 ) . O'Malley , Sheila . Love Me Tender . Bright Wall / Dark Room . April 4 , 2016 ( Retrieved January 17 , 2018 ) . Osborne , Jerry . Elvis : Word for Word . Harmony ; 2000 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 60803 - 7 . Palladino , Grace . Teenagers : An American History . Westview ; 1996 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00766 - X . Pendergast , Sara ; Pendergast , Tom . St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture . 4th ed . St. James Press ; 2000 . 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Rose , Lacey ; Pomerantz , Dorothy ; Greenburg , Zack O'Malley ; Paine , Jake . `` In Pictures : The 13 Top - Earning Dead Celebs -- No. 2 Elvis Presley '' . Forbes . October 25 , 2010 ( Retrieved June 5 , 2011 ) . Sadie , Stanley , ed . The Norton / Grove Concise Encyclopedia of Music . Revised ed . W.W. Norton ; 1994 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 03753 - 3 . Salisbury , Harrison . `` Presley Records a Craze in Soviet '' . New York Times . February 3 , 1957 . Scherman , Tony . `` Elvis Dies '' . American Heritage . August 16 , 2006 ( Retrieved December 29 , 2009 ) . Segré , Gabriel . `` Le rite de la Candlelight '' . Ethnologie française. 2002 ( Retrieved February 12 , 2014 ) . doi : 10.3917 / ethn. 021.0149 . Sexton , Paul . `` New Presley Reissue Campaign Aimed at U.K. '' . Billboard . August 3 , 2007 ( Retrieved January 21 , 2018 ) . Sexton , Paul . `` The King Reigns Again as Elvis Presley Takes U.K. Album Honors '' . Billboard . October 28 , 2016 ( Retrieved January 20 , 2018 ) . Slater , Nigel . `` Grease Is the Word '' . The Guardian . August 11 , 2002 ( Retrieved January 20 , 2018 ) . Slaughter , Todd ; Anne E. Nixon . The Elvis Archives . Omnibus Press ; 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84449 - 380 - 6 . Smith , Liz . `` Ai n't Nothin ' but a Chow Hound '' . New York Times . November 10 , 2002 ( Retrieved January 20 , 2018 ) . Stanley , David ; Coffey , Frank . The Elvis Encyclopedia . Virgin Books ; 1998 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0293 - 3 . Stein , Ruthe . `` Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! '' . San Francisco Chronicle . August 3 , 1997 ( Retrieved December 29 , 2009 ) . Szatmary , David . A Time to Rock : A Social History of Rock ' n ' Roll . Schirmer Books ; 1996 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864670 - 3 . Tasker , Yvonne . `` Cowgirl Tales '' . In : Codell , Julie F. , editor . Genre , Gender , Race , and World Cinema : An Anthology . Blackwell ; 2007 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3232 - 9 . Tennant , Forest . `` Elvis Presley : Head Trauma , Autoimmunity , Pain , and Early Death '' . Practical Pain Management . June 2013 ( Retrieved January 9 , 2018 ) . Tillery , Gary . The Seeker King : A Spiritual Biography of Elvis Presley . Quest Books ; 2013 ( Retrieved February 2 , 2018 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8356 - 0915 - 9 . Trust , Gary . `` Chart Beat '' . Billboard . June 2 , 2010 ( Retrieved July 22 , 2010 ) . Trust , Gary . `` Elvis Presley 's Billboard Chart Records '' . Billboard . January 8 , 2015 ( Retrieved January 19 , 2018 ) . Turner , John Frayn . Frank Sinatra . Taylor Trade Publications ; 2004 . ISBN 1 - 58979 - 145 - 2 . Variety.com. 100 Icons of the Century ; 2005 ( Retrieved December 29 , 2009 ) . VH1. 100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll ; 1998 ( Retrieved December 29 , 2009 ) . Victor , Adam . The Elvis Encyclopedia . Overlook Duckworth ; 2008 . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 598 - 9 . VOA . Southern Genealogy Yields Surprises ; October 27 , 2009 ( Retrieved January 19 , 2018 ) . Wadey , Paul . `` Jake Hess '' . The Independent . January 8 , 2004 ( archived July 13 , 2010 ) . Warwick , Neil ; Kutner , Jon ; Brown , Tony . The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles & Albums . 3rd ed . Omnibus Press ; 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84449 - 058 - 0 . Waters , Lindsay . `` Come Softly , Darling , Hear What I Say : Listening in a State of Distraction -- A Tribute to the Work of Walter Benjamin , Elvis Presley , and Robert Christgau '' . Boundary 2 . Spring 2003 ( Retrieved February 25 , 2017 ) . Wertheimer , Neil . Total Health for Men . Rodale Press ; 1997 . Whitburn , Joel . Billboard Top 1000 Singles 1955 -- 1992 . Billboard Books ; 1993 . ISBN 0 - 7935 - 2072 - X . Whitburn , Joel . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits . 2nd ed . Billboard Books ; 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8291 - 1 . Whitburn , Joel . Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Albums . 6th ed. Record Research ; 2007 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 166 - 7 . Whitburn , Joel . Joel Whitburn Presents Hot Country Albums : Billboard 1964 to 2007 . Record Research ; 2008 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 173 - X . Whitburn , Joel . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits . 9th ed . Billboard Books ; 2010 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8554 - 6 . Williams , Todd . `` Why I Stopped Hating Elvis Presley '' . Creative Loafing . August 20 , 2012 ( archived July 4 , 2016 ; Retrieved January 20 , 2018 ) . Williamson , Joel . Elvis Presley : A Southern Life . Oxford University Press ; 2015 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 986317 - 4 . Wilson , Bee . Sandwich : A Global History . Reaktion ; 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 771 - 8 . Wolfe , Charles . Amazing Grace : His Greatest Sacred Performances . CD Booklet RCA / BMG . UPC 7863664212 ; 1994 . Woolley , John T. ; Peters , Gerhard . American Presidency Project . University of California , Santa Barbara . Jimmy Carter : Death of Elvis Presley Statement by the President ; August 17 , 1977 ( Retrieved December 29 , 2009 ) . Further reading Allen , Lew ( 2007 ) . Elvis and the Birth of Rock . Genesis . ISBN 1 - 905662 - 00 - 9 . Cantor , Louis ( 2005 ) . Dewey and Elvis : The Life and Times of a Rock ' n ' Roll Deejay . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02981 - X . Dickerson , James L. ( 2001 ) . Colonel Tom Parker : The Curious Life of Elvis Presley 's Eccentric Manager . Cooper Square Press . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1267 - 3 . Goldman , Albert ( 1981 ) . Elvis . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 023657 - 7 . Goldman , Albert ( 1990 ) . Elvis : The Last 24 Hours . St. Martin 's . ISBN 0 - 312 - 92541 - 7 . Klein , George ( 2010 ) . Elvis : My Best Man : Radio Days , Rock ' n ' Roll Nights , and My Lifelong Friendship with Elvis Presley . Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45274 - 0 Marcus , Greil ( 1991 ) . Dead Elvis : A Chronicle of a Cultural Obsession . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 41718 - 1 . Marcus , Greil ( 2000 ) . Double Trouble : Bill Clinton and Elvis Presley in a Land of No Alternative . Picador . ISBN 0 - 571 - 20676 - X . Nash , Alanna ( 2010 ) . Baby , Let 's Play House : Elvis Presley and the Women Who Loved Him . It Books . ISBN 0 - 06 - 169984 - 5 . Roy , Samuel ( 1985 ) . Elvis : Prophet of Power . Branden , ISBN 0 - 8283 - 1898 - 0 . West , Red , Sonny West , and Dave Hebler ( as told to Steve Dunleavy ) ( 1977 ) . Elvis : What Happened ? Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 27215 - 3 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elvis Presley . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Elvis Presley Elvis Presley at Encyclopædia Britannica Elvis Presley on IMDb Elvis Presley at the TCM Movie Database Elvis Presley at AllMovie Elvis Presley discography at Discogs Elvis Presley Enterprises official site of the Elvis Presley brand Elvis The Music official record label site Elvis Presley Interviews on officially sanctioned Elvis Australia site `` The All American Boy : Enter Elvis and the Rock - a-billies '' episode of 1968 Pop Chronicles radio series Elvis Presley Albums Singles Songs Films and television Personal relationships Cultural depictions Cultural impact Studio albums Elvis Presley Elvis Elvis ' Christmas Album Elvis Is Back ! His Hand in Mine Something for Everybody Pot Luck Elvis for Everyone ! How Great Thou Art From Elvis in Memphis From Memphis to Vegas / From Vegas to Memphis That 's the Way It Is Elvis Country ( I 'm 10,000 Years Old ) Love Letters from Elvis Elvis sings The Wonderful World of Christmas Elvis Now He Touched Me Elvis Raised on Rock / For Ol ' Times Sake Good Times Promised Land Today From Elvis Presley Boulevard , Memphis , Tennessee Moody Blue Soundtrack albums Loving You King Creole G.I. Blues Blue Hawaii Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! It Happened at the World 's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin ' Cousins Roustabout Girl Happy Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise Hawaiian Style Spinout Double Trouble Clambake Speedway Viva Elvis EPs Love Me Tender Peace in the Valley Jailhouse Rock Flaming Star Follow That Dream Kid Galahad Viva Las Vegas Tickle Me Easy Come , Easy Go Live albums Elvis ( NBC TV Special ) On Stage As Recorded at Madison Square Garden Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis Having Fun with Elvis on Stage Elvis in Concert An Afternoon in the Garden Compilation albums Elvis ' Golden Records For LP Fans Only A Date with Elvis 50,000,000 Elvis Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Elvis ' Golden Records Volume 3 Elvis ' Gold Records Volume 4 Elvis Sings Flaming Star Let 's Be Friends Almost in Love C'mon Everybody I Got Lucky Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 1 Elvis ' 40 Greatest Pure Gold Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 2 The Sun Sessions Welcome to My World Mahalo from Elvis Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 3 Greatest Hits Volume 1 Elvis ' Gold Records Volume 5 Amazing Grace : His Greatest Sacred Performances Command Performances : The Essential 60s Masters II Elvis 56 Tiger Man Memories : The ' 68 Comeback Special Sunrise Suspicious Minds : The Memphis 1969 Anthology The 50 Greatest Hits ELV1S : 30 # 1 Hits 2nd to None Elvis at Sun Hitstory Elvis Inspirational Elvis Rock Elvis Christmas The Essential Elvis Presley Christmas Duets If I Can Dream Way Down in the Jungle Room The Wonder of You When No One Stands Alone Box sets Worldwide 50 Gold Award Hits Vol. 1 The King of Rock ' n ' Roll : The Complete 50 's Masters From Nashville to Memphis : The Essential ' 60s Masters Walk a Mile in My Shoes : The Essential ' 70s Masters Peace in the Valley : The Complete Gospel Recordings Live in Las Vegas Today , Tomorrow , and Forever Elvis the King The Complete ' 68 Comeback Special The Complete Elvis Presley Masters Biographical films Elvis ( 1979 film ) Elvis ( 1990 series ) Elvis Meets Nixon Elvis ( 2005 miniseries ) Elvis & Nixon Documentaries The Pied Piper of Cleveland Elvis : That 's the Way It Is Elvis on Tour This Is Elvis The New Gladiators TV specials The Frank Sinatra Timex Show : Welcome Home Elvis Singer Presents ... ELVIS Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis in Concert Stage shows Cooking with Elvis All Shook Up Elvis . The Musical Elvis : The Concert Viva Elvis The Elvis Dead Related people Sam Phillips The Blue Moon Boys The Jordanaires The Imperials The Sweet Inspirations TCB Band J.D. Sumner Stephen H. Sholes June Juanico Memphis Mafia Colonel Tom Parker George C. Nichopoulos Lisa Marie Presley Priscilla Presley Judy Spreckels Linda Thompson Ginger Alden Larry Geller Related articles Graceland Audubon Street House Impersonators Elvis and Gladys Elvis and Me Elvis : What Happened ? Elvis - A-Rama Museum Sun recordings Million Dollar Quartet Songs about Elvis Elvis Presley Enterprises Elvis Presley Lake `` Elvis has left the building '' Elvis Radio FBI files on Elvis Presley Army career Eight Elvises Triple Elvis Elvis Presley 's Pink Cadillac Elvis Presley 's guitars Elvis Presley Forever stamp Elvis sightings Elvis ' Greatest Shit Book Category Portal Elvis Presley singles 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' / `` Loving You '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' / `` I Beg of You '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' / `` I Got Stung '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come From '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Category Country Music Hall of Fame 1990s Tennessee Ernie Ford ( 1990 ) Felice and Boudleaux Bryant ( 1991 ) George Jones ( 1992 ) Frances Preston ( 1992 ) Willie Nelson ( 1993 ) Merle Haggard ( 1994 ) Roger Miller ( 1995 ) Jo Walker - Meador ( 1995 ) Patsy Montana ( 1996 ) Buck Owens ( 1996 ) Ray Price ( 1996 ) Harlan Howard ( 1997 ) Brenda Lee ( 1997 ) Cindy Walker ( 1997 ) George Morgan ( 1998 ) Elvis Presley ( 1998 ) E.W. `` Bud '' Wendell ( 1998 ) Tammy Wynette ( 1998 ) Johnny Bond ( 1999 ) Dolly Parton ( 1999 ) Conway Twitty ( 1999 ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -- Class of 1986 Performers Chuck Berry James Brown Ray Charles Sam Cooke Fats Domino The Everly Brothers Don Everly , Phil Everly Buddy Holly Jerry Lee Lewis Little Richard Elvis Presley Early influences Jimmie Rodgers Jimmy Yancey Robert Johnson Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Alan Freed Sam Phillips Lifetime achievement John Hammond BIBSYS : 90053849 BNE : XX1145719 BNF : cb13898654b ( data ) GND : 118596357 ISNI : 0000 0001 2124 1960 LCCN : n78079487 LNB : 000079520 MusicBrainz : 01809552 - 4f87 - 45b0 - afff - 2c6f0730a3be NARA : 10582255 NDL : 00621316 NKC : jn20000604506 NLA : 35432597 NSK : 000008137 SELIBR : 228312 SNAC : w6fb512h SUDOC : 027341461 VIAF : 23404836 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elvis_Presley&oldid=856680715 '' Categories : Elvis Presley 1935 births 1977 deaths 20th - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is known as the king of rock	[ "Elvis Aaron Presley[a] (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is often referred to as the \"King of Rock and Roll\" or simply \"the King\".\n" ]	[ "Elvis Aaron Presley" ]
-6615158303727928797	Twenty One Pilots	Twenty One Pilots - Wikipedia Twenty One Pilots This article is about the band . For the band 's self - titled album , see Twenty One Pilots ( album ) . Twenty One Pilots Twenty One Pilots performing in 2018 Background information Origin Columbus , Ohio , U.S. Genres Alternative hip hop electropop indie pop pop rock rap rock alternative rock Years active 2009 -- present Labels Fueled by Ramen DCD2 WEA International Atlantic Website twentyonepilots.com Members Tyler Joseph Josh Dun Past members Nick Thomas Chris Salih Twenty One Pilots ( stylized as twenty one pilots or twenty øne piløts ) is an American musical duo from Columbus , Ohio . The band was formed in 2009 by lead vocalist Tyler Joseph along with Nick Thomas and Chris Salih , who left in 2011 . The current line - up is Joseph and drummer Josh Dun . They put out two self - released albums , Twenty One Pilots in 2009 and Regional at Best in 2011 , before being signed by Fueled by Ramen in 2012 . Their label debut , Vessel , was released in 2013 . The duo achieved breakthrough success with their fourth album , Blurryface ( 2015 ) , which produced the successful singles `` Stressed Out '' and `` Ride '' . In addition , the single `` Heathens '' , recorded for the soundtrack of the film Suicide Squad , made the group the first alternative artist to have two concurrent top ten singles in the US . The duo 's fifth studio album , Trench , was released on October 5 , 2018 . They have won a Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance . Contents 1 History 1.1 2009 -- 2011 : Formation and self - titled album 1.2 2011 -- 2012 : Lineup changes and Regional at Best 1.3 2013 -- 2014 : Major label signing and Vessel 1.4 2015 -- 2017 : Blurryface 1.5 2018 -- present : Trench 2 Musical style and influences 3 Band name , iconography and fandom 4 Band members 5 Discography 6 Concert tours 6.1 Headlining 6.2 Opening act 7 Awards and nominations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History 2009 -- 2011 : formation and self - titled album Main article : Twenty One Pilots ( album ) Tyler Joseph first met future bandmate Nicholas `` Nick '' Thomas at a young age while playing youth basketball in Columbus , Ohio . Thomas later transferred to Joseph 's middle school , and the two would remain friends through high school . Joseph began playing music after finding an old keyboard in his closet , a Christmas gift from his mother , and started mimicking radio melodies . In 2007 , Joseph recorded a solo album titled No Phun Intended in his parent 's basement . Thomas contributed guitar to several songs on the album , and collaborated on the track `` Trees '' , which would later become a signature Twenty One Pilots song . While attending Ohio State University , Joseph met Texas - born future bandmate Christopher `` Chris '' Salih at a party . Noting the songwriter 's talent and creative energy , Salih consulted Joseph about starting a band . Impressed by the recording studio Salih had built in his house , Joseph agreed to play music together and began sharing his ideas for new music . Just before their first performance , Joseph invited Thomas to join the unnamed band as a bassist . In 2009 , the group moved into a house of their own , where their first album was conceptualized and recorded in the basement . The band initially played for a wide variety of audiences at clubs and venues around the Columbus area . Playing at metal , hardcore , and electronic venues influenced Joseph to incorporate these disparate styles with his songwriting . To catch the attention of unfamiliar or disinterested attendees and promoters , the band began to experiment with costumes and on - stage acrobatics . Now going by `` Twenty One Pilots '' , the group released their debut , self - titled album , Twenty One Pilots , on December 29 , 2009 , and began touring the rest of Ohio . Their initial marketing was grassroots ; Joseph 's mother would stand outside of Ohio State University giving away tickets to his shows . During this time , the band participated in `` Battle of the Band '' contests at The Alrosa Villa and The Basement , important Columbus music venues . In 2010 , the band posted two tracks to their SoundCloud account , a cover of `` Jar of Hearts '' by Christina Perri and a remixed interpretation of `` Con te partirò ( Time to Say Goodbye ) '' by Andrea Bocelli and Sarah Brightman . The latter track would become the first song local drummer Josh Dun heard from the group . Joseph , Dun , and Salih participated in musical efforts of a Columbus , Ohio church called Five14 . They contributed to four of fourteen tracks of their album album Clear , with Travis Whittaker and the gospel band `` New Albany Music . '' In 2011 , Joseph appeared in a 3 - part video called `` The ( moderately inspiring tale of the ) Longboard Rodeo Tango ''. , and sang `` O come , O come , Emmanuel '' in another video , Christmas With the Stars . 2011 -- 2012 : lineup changes and Regional at Best Salih left on May 8 , 2011 to focus on work , and Thomas left the next month on June 3 , 2011 to focus on schooling , both posting farewell notes on the band 's official Facebook page . Before departing the project , Salih invited Guitar Center co-worker and friend of the group Josh Dun ( former touring drummer for House of Heroes ) , to take his place in the band . Impressed by the band 's potential and Joseph 's creative vision , Dun abandoned plans to pursue drumming in Nashville and joined the project only a few weeks before Thomas left the group . Both Salih and Thomas remained involved with the band 's production for some time after their departure . Thomas briefly attended school in North Carolina , but moved back into Joseph and Dun 's house in Columbus a year later and began to manage their merchandise . Thomas remained a part of the merchandise distribution crew throughout the production of Blurryface and continues to stay actively involved in the band 's tour cycle . Thomas has since relocated to Savannah , Georgia where he resides today . Salih co-founded the carpentry company `` Elmwood Custom Goods '' , where he works as an account manager and resides in Columbus . Twenty One Pilots performing in 2012 With a new lineup consisting of only Joseph and Dun , Twenty One Pilots self - released their second album , Regional at Best , on July 8 , 2011 . The album was accompanied by a free CD release show on the grounds of New Albany High School . While Salih and Thomas were involved with the conceptualization of the album , neither they nor Dun claim to have had much involvement with its production , which was handled nearly exclusively by Joseph . The album features Joseph 's brother Zack on the track `` Kitchen Sink '' and Joseph 's college acquaintance Jocef on the track `` Be Concerned '' . In November 2011 , after months of cultivating a fan base in the Columbus area via social media interaction and constant touring , the band played a sold out concert at Columbus ' Newport Music Hall . This notable accomplishment for an unsigned local group caught the attention of several record labels interested in seeing if the band 's appeal could stretch outside of Ohio . That same year , the duo put out two free , otherwise unreleased songs via their email newsletter : the original version of `` House of Gold '' and `` Two '' . On February 11 , 2012 , the band released a music video on YouTube for an unreleased song titled `` Goner '' . `` Goner '' was rewritten and again recorded for its release on Blurryface in 2015 . Joseph and Dun embarked on the Regional at Best Tour with rock band CHALLENGER ! , documenting it in a series of videos uploaded to the Twenty One Pilots YouTube channel . 2013 -- 2014 : major label signing and Vessel Main article : Vessel ( Twenty One Pilots album ) In April 2012 , the band announced their signing to Atlantic Records subsidiary Fueled by Ramen , the label responsible for the commercial success of popular alternative artists like Panic ! at the Disco and Paramore , during a sold out show at the Lifestyle Communities Pavilion . On July 17 , 2012 , they released their debut Fueled by Ramen recording , an EP entitled Three Songs . The next month , the band embarked on a short tour with Neon Trees and Walk the Moon . Tyler Joseph successfully negotiated to maintain ownership of the preceding self - titled album , which remains available digitally . However , as part of a signing agreement in 2012 with record label Fueled by Ramen , rights to Regional at Best were transferred to the label , meaning that Regional at Best was discontinued and removed from digital markets . Regional at Best tracks `` Slowtown '' , `` Anathema '' , `` Ruby '' , `` Be Concerned '' , and `` Clear '' have since been made commercially unavailable , and physical copies of the album are now rare and highly sought after . On November 12 , 2012 , the official music video for `` Holding on to You '' , directed by Jordan Bahat , was released on YouTube . On January 7 and April 19 , 2013 , the band released music videos for `` Guns for Hands '' and `` Car Radio '' , respectively , both directed by Mark Eshleman of Reel Bear Media . In an interview with the Huffington Post , Joseph described Regional at Best as a `` glorified mixtape '' and confirmed that songs from that project would reappear on their major - label debut studio album . Ultimately , five tracks from Regional at Best -- `` Guns for Hands '' , `` Holding on to You '' , `` Ode to Sleep '' , `` Car Radio '' , and `` Trees '' -- were re-recorded and released for their third album . `` Lovely '' was also re-recorded and released as a single in Japan on April 17 , 2013 . `` Glowing Eyes '' , `` Kitchen Sink '' , and `` Forest '' appeared unchanged as bonus tracks on the UK version of Vessel . Twenty One Pilots ' third album , Vessel , was released January 8 , 2013 ; it would reach No. 21 on the Billboard 200 , No. 9 on the Digital Albums chart , No. 17 on the Internet Albums chart , No. 15 on the Rock Albums Chart , and No. 10 on the Alternative Albums Chart . The band 's first charting single , `` Holding on to You '' , reached No. 11 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart . Additionally , the singles `` Guns for Hands '' and `` Lovely '' reached No. 21 and No. 67 , respectively , on the Japan Hot 100 . In May 2013 , Twenty One Pilots were announced to join Fall Out Boy as opening acts on their Save Rock and Roll Arena Tour , along with Panic ! at the Disco , also serving as opening acts . Lead vocalist Tyler Joseph performing in 2014 On August 8 , 2013 , Twenty One Pilots performed `` House of Gold '' on Conan in their late night debut . On October 2 , the music video for the song was uploaded onto YouTube . Twenty One Pilots performing live in 2014 for `` Boston Calling : Day Three '' On March 17 , 2014 , Twenty One Pilots performed a set at the mtvU Woodie Awards during SXSW . On April 13 , Twenty One Pilots performed `` Car Radio '' at the 2014 MTV Movie Awards . On April 28 , the band performed `` Car Radio '' on Late Night with Seth Meyers . In 2014 , Twenty One Pilots played a number of music festivals and other events around the United States , such as Lollapalooza , Bonnaroo , Boston Calling , and Firefly . Requests from many of these cities were incorporated into the band 's first headlining tour , the Quiet Is Violent World Tour , which began in September 2014 and ended in November of the same year . On December 31 , 2014 , the band released a music video for the song `` Ode to Sleep '' . Composed of footage captured by the band 's creative director , Mark C. Eshleman of Reel Bear Media , from three concerts over the preceding three years , the video depicted the band 's rapid growth from their origins as a small local band to a nationally - popular alternative act , an upward trend that would continue into the next album cycle . 2015 -- 2017 : Blurryface Main article : Blurryface On March 16 , 2015 , the band announced that a new album , Blurryface , was to be released on May 19 . They also released the first single , `` Fairly Local '' , on March 17 . Their second single of the album , `` Tear in My Heart '' , and its music video were released on April 5 , 2015 . On April 28 , `` Stressed Out '' , the third single from the album , was released along with a music video . `` Stressed Out '' became the group 's highest selling single , peaking at No. 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and No. 1 on both Alternative Songs and Hot Rock Songs charts and surpassing one billion views on YouTube . Blurryface was released two days early on May 17 , 2015 , and sold 134,000 copies in the first week in the United States , becoming the band 's first No. 1 album on the Billboard 200 . On May 22 , 2016 , Blurryface won in the category of `` Top Rock Album '' at the Billboard Music Awards , while the band won the category of `` Top Rock Artist '' . Twenty One Pilots performing at Shepherds Bush Empire in late 2015 The band began the Blurryface Tour on May 11 , 2015 , in Glasgow , Scotland . The tour spanned the United States , Australia , South East Asia , Japan and Europe . The U.S. section began September 8 , 2015 and featured Echosmith and Finish Ticket as openers . Twenty One Pilots performed `` Stressed Out '' on Late Night with Seth Meyers on September 14 , 2015 . The band announced a London show in February 2016 , and later announced a run of UK dates , with a second London date added . The band Transviolet served as openers . This run of UK dates ended the initial Blurryface Tour . Soon after , the band announced a second tour for the Blurryface album , the Emotional Roadshow World Tour , which started in Cincinnati on May 31 , 2016 . The tour covered the United States , Canada , Mexico , Europe , and Australia . Chef'Special and Mutemath opened for the American leg . Irish singer Bry joined the tour for its European leg . On June 16 , 2016 , the band released the song `` Heathens '' as the first single from the Suicide Squad soundtrack , earlier than the expected release date of June 24 , after the song leaked onto the Internet on June 15 . A music video for the song was released on June 21 , 2016 . `` Heathens '' plays during the ending credits of the film . Twenty One Pilots became only the third rock act to have two singles simultaneously chart in the top five of the Billboard Hot 100 , joining the Beatles and Elvis Presley , in addition to becoming the third duo to accomplish this feat , after OutKast in 2003 and Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ten years later . Twenty One Pilots performing in London in 2016 In September 2016 , the band contributed a cover of the piano ballad `` Cancer '' by My Chemical Romance to the tribute album Rock Sound Presents : The Black Parade . An animated lyric video followed the release of the song . Twenty One Pilots featured as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live on October 8 , 2016 , performing orchestra - accompanied versions of `` Heathens '' and `` Ride '' in what Rolling Stone called their `` most high profile performance yet '' . The band later performed a medley of `` Heathens '' and `` Stressed Out '' on the American Music Awards of 2016 , where they also accepted their first awards on American television for Favorite Pop / Rock Duo and Favorite Alternative Rock Artist . On November 25 , 2016 , the band released a limited - edition live vinyl album documenting two performances at Fox Oakland Theatre , on the duo 's 2015 Blurryface Tour under the name Blurryface Live . Joseph and Dun collaborated with alternative rock band Mutemath , for a five - song EP , TOPxMM , composed of remixes and reimaginings of four tracks from Blurryface and Heathens . The EP was uploaded onto the band 's official website free of charge on December 19 ; a twenty - five - minute long video of the bands recording the songs live in studio was also released on the band 's YouTube channel . On February 12 , 2017 , Twenty One Pilots won a Grammy Award for `` Stressed Out '' in the Best Pop Duo / Group Performance category . The band stripped to their underwear before taking the stage , with Joseph claiming in their acceptance speech that this was a fulfillment of a promise the duo had made each other in their early days as a local Columbus band . On March 27 , 2017 , the band began selling tickets for what they called a `` Tour De Columbus '' , a five - date hometown tour taking place in June 2017 . The duo performed at several small venues they first played as a local band including The Basement , Newport Music Hall , and Express Live ! , before ending their tour cycle with arena shows at Nationwide Arena and Value City Arena . In an interview with Alternative Press in November 2016 , Twenty One Pilots stated that after their last show , they will be `` going dark '' to focus on new music . Joseph stated that he would like to focus on lyrical content of the music , and bring the music back to the `` authenticity , lyrics , delivery , and fearlessness of songwriting '' similar to that of the self - titled album . The band 's last activity came in July 2017 in the form of posts on social media depicting an eye closing over lyrics from several of their songs . In March 2018 , their song `` Hometown '' received a Gold certification from the RIAA , making Blurryface the first full - length album to have every track achieve at least gold status . 2018 -- present : Trench Main article : Trench ( album ) In April 2018 , a cryptic message was uncovered on the band 's web store , which revealed a website . Fans began using the clues and found other sections of this site , hinting at the possibility of the band 's return . There were multiple images uploaded to the website , including letters from a character named `` Clancy '' . In July 2018 , Twenty One Pilots broke their year - long silence , first sending a cryptic email to fans and later posting a video to all social media platforms and updating their logo and branding. Tyler Joseph made his first media appearance in over a year for an interview with Zane Lowe of Beats 1 from his own home studio in Columbus , Ohio , in which he spoke about the band 's year long hiatus , creating the new album , and battling against personal demons and insecurities . On July 11 , 2018 , the band released two new songs , `` Jumpsuit '' and `` Nico and the Niners '' , as well as the music video for `` Jumpsuit '' . They also made the announcement of their fifth studio album , Trench , scheduled to be released on October 5 , 2018 , and a new world tour , titled `` The Bandito Tour '' , starting October 16 . Later , on July 26 , 2018 , the music video for `` Nico and the Niners '' was released . The song `` Levitate '' was subsequently released as the album 's third single via Zane Lowe 's Beats 1 show as the day 's `` World Record '' . The music video was also released , concluding the trilogy series . On August 20 , 2018 , at the MTV VMAs , a ten second long snippet of the song `` My Blood '' was played at the end of a commercial promoting the album . On August 27 , 2018 , the band made `` My Blood '' available on streaming services as the album 's fourth official single . Twenty One Pilots released their fifth album , Trench , on October 5 , 2018 . On the same day , they released the music video for their single `` My Blood '' on their YouTube channel . Trench debuted at number one on the Billboard Top Rock Albums and Alternative Albums charts . All 14 tracks from the album charted in the top 25 of the Hot Rock Songs chart , where five tracks were in the top 10 . On September 12 , 2018 , Twenty One Pilots played their first live show in over a year , titled A Complete Diversion , at Brixton 's O2 Academy in London . They performed the four released songs from Trench , as well as some songs from their previous albums , to promote the album and the upcoming `` The Bandito Tour '' . Twenty One Pilots performed their single `` Jumpsuit '' at the 2018 American Music Awards on October 9 , at the Microsoft Theatre in Los Angeles . On October 16 , the band embarked on the international Bandito Tour , starting in the United States and continuing with legs in Oceania and Europe . Musical style and influences A sample from `` Ride '' that illustrates the influence of reggae in Blurryface The band 's musical style has been described as alternative hip hop , electropop , indie pop , pop rock , rap rock , alternative rock , reggae , rock , synth - pop , pop , electronica , electronic rock , emo rap , indie rock , pop - rap , hip hop , psychedelic , and indietronica . Ultimately , it is difficult to categorize the band using a single genre only , since they bridge so many of them . This has been attributed partly to the fact that both Joseph and Dun are self - taught musicians , meaning that while producing their work they broke many musical conventions that they were not aware of , including staying confined to a single genre of music . Instrumentally , Twenty One Pilots bring a mix of piano ( sometimes an electronic keyboard or a keytar ) , synthesizers , drums ( sometimes mixed with electronic drums ) , vocals , organs , bass , and occasionally the ukulele , guitar and trumpet . Lyrically , their songs are written by Joseph , who incorporates both sung and rapped lyrics . Music journalist Carl Wilson has noted that Joseph 's rapping is often compared to that of Macklemore , yet he wrote `` but among the ranks of post-Eminem white rappers , I find Joseph more probing , sardonic , and expressive . '' Joseph has stated that he had never intended to become a rapper , but that when attempting to fit poetry which he had written with music , he found that rapping elements of it was the only way for it to fit within the song . Band name , iconography and fandom Twenty One Pilots ' official logo as of 2018 Joseph came up with the band 's name while studying All My Sons by Arthur Miller , a play about a man whose choice to send out faulty airplane parts for the good of his business and family caused the death of twenty - one pilots during World War II . Joseph explains that the story 's themes of moral dilemma and choosing between the easy and the right decision inspired the name and formation of the band . `` Bicycle Thief '' and `` Chill Coat '' were among some of the rejected band names . The band 's name was originally stylized as `` twenty one pilots '' on their earlier cover art ; however , by the time of their second album Regional at Best , the formatting was changed to `` twenty øne piløts '' using empty sets in place of the letter O . Former Twenty One Pilots member Chris Salih stated in an interview that Mark C. Eshleman , a longtime friend of and creative director for Twenty One Pilots , created the band 's logo by `` messing around with shapes '' . Joseph found the arrangement to resonate with him . In regard to their logo , Joseph stated in an interview that : It means Twenty One Pilots , the logo does . Why it means Twenty One Pilots , is it really goes along with one of our songs called `` Kitchen Sink '' . The whole concept of that song is that I feel that humans are always struggling all the time when it comes to purpose , trying to figure out what their purpose is , what purpose even is , what 's the point , justifying your own existence . A lot of kids and people my age struggle with `` what 's the point '' , and with the logo , what it really means is it 's an encouragement . When someone asks me what the logo means to me , the logo means something to me because I made it mean something to me . That 's the point . The point is that I created something that only I understand and whether or not I decide to disclose the meaning of it , that 's the beginning of purpose for me . The meaning of purpose for me , is by creating something , if it be by writing lyrics , painting a picture , by expressing yourself through art if it 's photography or music or theater , or whatever it is . It does n't have to be artistic , but if you create something and only you know the meaning of it , that 's the beginning of purpose for you . When you 're in the room by yourself trying to decide whether to stay alive , you can tell yourself `` I should probably stay alive because I 'm the only one who knows the meaning of that thing '' , so the logo is an encouragement for people to create . That 's what it means . Twenty One Pilots ' typeface logo as of 2018 Skeleton Clique logos According to the band , their purpose for making music is `` to make people think '' , as well as encourage them to find joy in what they come to believe in life . The band 's fandom has been dubbed as the `` Skeleton Clique '' or just the Clique , in reference to the band 's use of skeleton iconography in many performances , graphics , and music videos . The Skeleton Clique are represented in the band 's official iconography by logos of a skull and alien head atop lines resembling keys . Salih speculates that Tyler Joseph himself originally used the term `` Clique '' to identify with his fans . In November 2016 , during the Blurryface World Tour , Wood Green tube station in London was decorated in Clique - related artwork , spanning over one - hundred advertising panels . During the 2017 Tour De Columbus , Twenty One Pilots hosted a public art show , dubbed `` Artøpia '' , exclusively for Clique - related artwork at the Nationwide Arena . Band members Current members Tyler Joseph -- lead vocals , piano , keyboards , synthesizers , ukulele , bass guitar ( 2009 -- present ) Josh Dun -- drums , percussion ( 2011 -- present ) Former members Nick Thomas -- guitars , bass guitar , piano , keyboards ( 2009 -- 2011 ) , backing vocals ( 2009 ) , merchandise distribution ( 2015 -- present ) Chris Salih -- drums , percussion ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Timeline Discography Main article : Twenty One Pilots discography Twenty One Pilots ( 2009 ) Regional at Best ( 2011 ) Vessel ( 2013 ) Blurryface ( 2015 ) Trench ( 2018 ) Concert tours Headlining Regional at Best Tour headlining alongside CHALLENGER ! ( 2011 ) Mostly November Tour ( 2012 ) Quiet Is Violent Tour ( 2014 ) Blurryface Tour ( 2015 -- 16 ) Emotional Roadshow World Tour ( 2016 -- 17 ) Bandito Tour ( 2018 -- 19 ) Opening act Nylon Music Tour for Neon Trees and alongside Walk the Moon ( 2012 ) Save Rock and Roll Tour for Fall Out Boy and alongside Panic ! at the Disco ( 2013 ) The Self Titled Tour for Paramore ( 2013 - 14 ) Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Twenty One Pilots See also List of songs recorded by Twenty One Pilots References Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` Hear Twenty One Pilots ' New Songs ' Jumpsuit , ' ' Nico and the Niners ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 59th Annual Grammy Awards Nominees '' . The Recording Academy . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode 10 - Nick Thomas '' . The Twenty One Pilots Podcast on Soundcloud . ^ Jump up to : `` Twenty One Pilots Biography Billboard '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` With debut album set for release , Columbus duo Twenty One Pilots poised to break out '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Twenty One Pilots , part 1 '' . Columbus Alive. April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MessiahPulse Interview : Twenty One Pilots '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` 20 Facts on twenty one pilots ' `` Vessel '' `` . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Founding Twenty One Pilots member Chris Salih opens up about band '' . altpress.com ; Chris Salih interview . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Singer Tyler Joseph Discusses How His Hard Work in Basketball Paid Off in a Successful Music Career '' . Inquisitr . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots - Trapdoor Live @ The Battle of the Bands 10 - 11 - 09 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots - Friend , Please Live @ The Battle of the Bands 10 - 11 - 09 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` twentonepilots '' . SoundCloud . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Twenty One Pilots ' Tyler Joseph and Josh Dun , part 1 '' . ColumbusAlive.com . Jump up ^ `` Lord of Glory - New Albany Music ft. twenty one pilots '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots interview at Five14 Church '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` New Albany ( Feat. Tyler Joseph & Josh Dun ) - Lord of Glory ( Subtítulos Español ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Clear by Whittaker '' . Spotify . Jump up ^ `` Clear by Whittaker '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` The ( moderately inspiring tale of the ) Longboard Rodeo Tango Episode 1 '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 -- via YouTube . 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The Twenty One Pilots Podcast on Soundcloud . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` 13 Things We Learned Hanging Out With Twenty One Pilots '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Thomas 's Twitter account `` realpootom '' given on Chris Robinson 's podcast `` . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Elmwood Custom Goods . Jump up ^ `` Review : Twenty One Pilots in finest form at hometown show '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Old Songs That Only True Twenty One Pilots Fans Will Know '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review twenty one pilots Regional at Best '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The site '' . Twenty One Pilots . February 23 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Fred . `` Twenty One Pilots Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots : Goner '' . February 11 , 2012 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ twenty one pilots ( February 11 , 2012 ) , twenty one pilots : Goner , retrieved October 29 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Challenger ! and Twenty One Pilots featured on `` The Regional at Best Tour '' this summer `` . Club. Kingsnake . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Regional at Best Tour '' featuring CHALLENGER ! and Twenty One Pilots Kicks Off July 16th in Chicago IL ! ! `` . Neufutr . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Regional at Best Tour ' Featuring Challenger ! And Twenty One Pilots Kicks Off July 16th in Chicago ! '' . Top40 Charts . ^ Jump up to : `` twenty one pilots : Regional at Best Tour Part 01 ( Episode 06 - Regional at Best : The Web Series ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` three songs - Twenty One Pilots - Release Information , Reviews and Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Album Announcement / Video Premiere : twenty one pilots , ' three songs ' EP ; `` Holding Onto You '' live `` . Alternative Press . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Regional at Best '' . Genius . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots ex regrets deleted music '' . Team Rock . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots : Every Album , Ranked '' . Radio.com . Jump up ^ `` Regional at Best for sale '' . eBay . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots : Holding on to You '' . November 14 , 2012 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots : Guns For Hands '' . January 7 , 2013 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots : Car Radio '' . April 19 , 2013 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Lovely - Single by twenty one pilots '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Glenn ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Vessel : Chatting With Twenty One Pilots ' Tyler Joseph , Plus Reintroducing The Johnny Stallings Arts Program and Six Market Blvd '' . HuffPost . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple Music 内の Twenty One Pilots 「 Lovely - Single 」 '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vessel by twenty one pilots '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots - Vessel ( Bonus Tracks Version ) '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Vessel '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Billboard 200 Albums : Dec 31 , 2015 Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twenty One Pilots added to Fall Out Boy arena tour '' . Alternative Press . May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Halis , Alisa ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots perform ' House of Gold ' on ' Conan ' '' . Infectiousmagazine.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Obenschain , Philip ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Twenty One Pilots perform ' House of Gold ' on ' Conan ' '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots : House of Gold '' . October 2 , 2013 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots Perform ' Guns For Hands ' At mtvU Woodie Awards '' . Fueled by Ramen . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots live at the MTV Movie Awards 2014 '' . MTV . April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch twenty one pilots perform ' Car Radio ' on ' Late Night With Seth Meyers ' '' . Alternative Press . April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots '' . Lollapalooza.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots '' . Bonnaroo.com . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Firefly Music Festival '' . Twentyonepilots.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tour '' . Twentyonepilots.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Twenty One Pilots ' Tyler Joseph Captured Their Career on Film for ' Ode to Sleep ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Haskoor , Michael . `` Watch Twenty One Pilots ' Music Video for ' Ode to Sleep , ' Three Years in the Making Read More : Watch Twenty One Pilots ' Music Video for ' Ode to Sleep ' '' . Diffuser.fm . Loudwire Network . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pierangelo , Hannah ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots Announce New Album + Tour Dates '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fairly Local - Single '' . iTunes Store . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hear twenty one pilots ' eerie new single `` Fairly Local '' from impending album ' Blurryface ' `` . Alternative Press . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kraus , Brian ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` twenty one pilots release video for exuberant new single , `` Tear in My Heart '' `` . Alternative Press . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ twenty one pilots : Tear In My Heart ( Official Video ) ; YouTube , April 6 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots long for ' the good old days ' in somber `` Stressed Out '' video `` . Alternative Press . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Courtney . `` Twenty One Pilots ' ' Stressed Out ' Video Puts on a Suburban Fairytale : Watch '' . Radio.com . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stressed Out ; Google Play Store , April 28 , 2015 Jump up ^ twenty one pilots : Stressed Out ( Official Video ) ; YouTube , April 28 , 2015 Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Retakes No. 1 Spot From Zayn on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dickman , Maggie ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots ' Stressed Out ' music video has surpassed one billion views on YouTube '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Earn First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Awards 2016 : Complete Winners List '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots announce Blurryface World Tour '' . Axs.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kuchik , Natalie ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots reveal tour dates for the fall of 2015 '' . AXS . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Perform New Single ' Stressed Out ' on Late Night '' . Broadway World . September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK tour '' . Kerrang.com . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil . `` Twenty One Pilots ' Rock Dreams Come True at Emotional Roadshow Tour Kick - Off '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TWENTY ONE PILOTS : EMØTIØNALRØADSHØW '' . Twentyonepilots.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Announces Emotional Roadshow World Tour : See Dates Here '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chef'Special & Mutemath To Join twenty one pilots ' Tour '' . Fueled by Ramen . Fueled by Ramen . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bry Announces Tour With Twenty One Pilots and Album '' . Teneightymagazine.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Record label wants Reddit to snitch on the user that leaked Suicide Squad soundtrack '' . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Records asks Reddit for user 's IP address over Suicide Squad song leak '' . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who leaked that ' Suicide Squad ' song ? Reddit has answers , record label says '' . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Release Prison - Based ' Heathens ' Video '' . KROQ . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots : Heathens ( from Suicide Squad : The Album ) ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Prasad , Karthik ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Suicide Squad : New End Credit Hints Extended Cut For Blu - Ray Watch ' Heathens ' By Twenty One Pilots '' . Morning News Usa . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots Match A Charting Feat That Only The Beatles And Elvis Have Managed '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing ... ' Rock Sound Presents : The Black Parade ' '' . Rock Sound . August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wicks , Amanda ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots Cover My Chemical Romance 's ' Cancer ' '' . Radio.com . CBS Radio . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Twenty One Pilots Cover My Chemical Romance 's ' Cancer ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Twenty One Pilots ' Soaring ' SNL ' Performance '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Twenty One Pilots Tear Up the 2016 AMAs With Torrid ' Heathens ' - Meets - ' Stressed Out ' Medley '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Announce Triple - Disc Live Album Just in Time For the Holidays '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ twenty one pilots . `` TOPxMM '' . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots : TOPxMM ( the MUTEMATH sessions ) '' . Twenty One Pilots on YouTube . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOPxMM '' . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Drop Their Pants To Accept Grammy Award ( For a Legitimate Reason ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammys 2017 : The complete list of winners '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sukosd , Csaba ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots adds 5th Columbus show at Nationwide Arena '' . WSYX . ABC6 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mikesell , Terry ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots using lottery for tickets to three Columbus shows in smaller venues '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots talk new music , fans , more in our latest issue '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Update : Twenty One Pilots tease `` come and find me , '' and fans are freaking out `` . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Are Teasing Something & Fans Are Going Nuts '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/GP_March_2018.pdf Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` Twenty One Pilots ' ' Blurryface ' Is The First Album in History To Earn This Golden Distinction '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots ' `` Blurryface '' Earns Unrivaled Gold & Platinum Achievement : First Album In Digital Era With Every Song RIAA Certified - RIAA `` . RIAA . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots ' billboards popped up in London over night '' . PopBuzz . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` r / twentyonepilots - Twenty One Pilots 2018 Return ( MEGATHREAD ) '' . reddit . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Whitney ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots Just Broke Their Social Media Silence With Cryptic Post '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rincón , Alessandra ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` 5 Things We Want From Twenty One Pilots ' New Album '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ zanelowe made the trip to Ohio and we talked about the new record. tune in tomorrow on @ beats1 at 9am pt '' . Twitter . September 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Release TWO New Singles ' Jumpsuit ' and ' Nico and the Niners ' '' . PopBuzz . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Have Announced Their New Album , ' Trench ' ! - News - Rock Sound Magazine '' . Rock Sound Magazine . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Hint at Rebel Uprising in Cryptic ' Nico and the Niners ' Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` Hear Twenty One Pilots ' Groove - Driven Song ' My Blood ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Take Flight With New Album ' Trench ' : Stream It Now '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil . `` Twenty One Pilots Channel ' Fight Club ' in Emotional ' My Blood ' Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin . `` Twenty One Pilots ' Trench ' Rules Top Rock Albums , Entire Set Hits Top 25 of Hot Rock Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots Return With Mind - Blowing ' A Complete Diversion ' London Show MTV UK '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots announce A Complete Diversion one - off show '' . Alternative Press . August 20 , 2018 . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Tania . `` Twenty One Pilots to Perform at 2018 American Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots announce the ' Bandito ' tour '' . Alternative Press . 2018 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Chau , Thomas ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots Accept Award for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance at the 2017 Grammy Awards In Their Underwear '' . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twenty One Pilots : Was this Tucson 's best arena show of 2017 ? '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Glenn ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots concert magical , promoted inclusivity '' . Lsunow.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Ashley ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Album review : Twenty One Pilots -- A change in sound , but for the better '' . Eagle News Online . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Rising electro - pop act twenty one pilots hits Fox '' . ktvu.com . October 20 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots projected to top Billboard charts '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Concert Review : Twenty One Pilots w / Misterwives and Vinyl Theatre at Rio Theatre - October 13th , 2014 '' . Thepermanentrainpress.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Twenty One Pilots '' . xxivmagazine . January 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock duo Twenty One Pilots takes on new , clear direction with ' Blurryface ' '' . dailycal.org . May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Von Einem , Johnny ( January 20 , 2014 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Twenty One Pilots '' . XXIV Magazine . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Yi , Catherine ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` twenty - one - pilots -- Vessel : Album Review '' . Idobi.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Twenty One Pilots album soars '' . thetowerlight.com . October 8 , 2018 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lindquist , David ( October 2 , 2018 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots will visit Indianapolis as part of 2019 tour '' . indystar.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hartshorn , Kristel ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots talk music , ' Quiet is Violent ' tour and keeping fans entertained '' . Cleveland . Advance Ohio . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Etchison , Amanda ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots comes home to two full houses '' . The Lantern . The Lantern . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McMullen , Sally ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots Get Deep About Dealing With Insecurities & Their Upcoming Australian Shows '' . Music Feeds . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Twenty One Pilots channeled Trump - state anxieties and became the biggest new rock band ( if they are a rock band ) in America '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Subpoenas Reddit To Identify Twenty One Pilots Leaker '' . August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots try to replicate ' Blurryface ' success , release third new track on upcoming album '' . August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Samson , Diana ( July 7 , 2018 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots Breaks Year - Long Hiatus With Mysterious Email To Fans '' . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Ryan ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` Hear Twenty One Pilots ' New Songs '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Changed Rock History in a Major Way in 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kamps , Garrett ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Pop Duo Twenty One Pilots Makes a Hot Mess ( in a Good Way ) on ' Blurryface ' : Album Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots - Music , biography , Credits and Discography : AllMusic '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Samson , Diana ( July 28 , 2018 ) . `` Twenty One Pilot Drops Creepy Nico And The Niners Music Video '' . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` StudioA : Meet indie rockers Twenty One Pilots '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots : Inside the Biggest New Band of the Past Year '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SowingSeason ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots -- Blurryface '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : LeRoy , Dan ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` The 10 best twenty one pilots songs '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Briony Edwards ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` Louder 's Tracks Of The Week : New music from Mudhoney , Twenty One Pilots and more '' . Retrieved September 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Interview : Twenty One Pilots Archived October 20 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. ; WOUB , March 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` 21 Pilots ' Surprising Lift - Off : At Home with 2016 's Biggest Band '' . Rolling Stone ( Podcast ) . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Carl . `` The Mood Swing Vote '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Interview : twenty one pilots ; The National Student , April 9 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` About twenty one pilots '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tolentino , Jia . `` The Slippery Appeal of the Biggest New Band in America '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Founding Twenty One Pilots member Chris Salih opens up about band '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 09 - Chris Salih '' . The Twenty One Pilots Podcast on Soundcloud . Jump up ^ Medina , John ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` Get to know our locals : Twenty One Pilots '' . Sound Scene Press . Archived from the original on 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Skeleton Clique and Blurryface art '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 09 - Chris Salih '' . The Twenty One Pilots broadcast on Soundcloud . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Just Turned A London Tube Station Into A Clique Fan Art Gallery '' . Pop Buzz . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots are holding their own art show '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Mostly November Tour '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots announce Blurryface World Tour '' . axs.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tour '' . twenty one pilots ' Official Website . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haskoor , Michael ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots Announce Huge Arena Tour , 2016 's ' Emotional Roadshow ' '' . Music Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots Announces Emotional Roadshow World Tour : See Dates Here '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Announce The ' Bandito ' Tour '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots : Ca n't Help Falling In Love ( Cover ) '' . YouTube.com . Jump up ^ `` Twenty One Pilots Save Rock and Roll Tour Setlist '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots Kick Off Australian Tour With Paramore - Fueled By Ramen Latest News '' . Fueled By Ramen Official Website . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 18 . External links Find more aboutTwenty One Pilotsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Twenty One Pilots on IMDb Twenty One Pilots Tyler Joseph Josh Dun Studio albums Twenty One Pilots Regional at Best Vessel Blurryface Trench Singles `` Holding on to You '' `` Guns for Hands '' `` Lovely '' `` House of Gold '' `` Fake You Out '' `` Car Radio '' `` Fairly Local '' `` Tear in My Heart '' `` Stressed Out '' `` Lane Boy '' `` Ride '' `` Heathens '' `` Heavydirtysoul '' `` Jumpsuit '' `` Nico and the Niners '' `` Levitate '' `` My Blood '' Other songs `` Ode to Sleep '' `` We Do n't Believe What 's on TV '' `` Neon Gravestones '' Tours Emotional Roadshow World Tour Bandito Tour Discography Awards and nominations List of songs recorded by Twenty One Pilots WorldCat Identities BNF : cb16992609n ( data ) GND : 1031978143 LCCN : no2013085079 MusicBrainz : a6c6897a - 7415 - 4f8d - b5a5 - 3a5e05f3be67 VIAF : 296295093 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twenty_One_Pilots&oldid=866252464 '' Categories : Twenty One Pilots 2009 establishments in Ohio American hip hop groups American indie pop groups American musical duos Rock music groups from Ohio Electropop groups Fueled by Ramen artists Grammy Award winners Musical groups established in 2009 Musical groups from Columbus , Ohio Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2018 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2018 Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 06 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did twenty one pilots album come out	[ "They put out two self-released albums, Twenty One Pilots in 2009 and Regional at Best in 2011, before being signed by Fueled by Ramen in 2012. Their label debut, Vessel, was released in 2013. The duo achieved breakthrough success with their fourth album, Blurryface (2015), which produced the successful singles \"Stressed Out\" and \"Ride\". In addition, the single \"Heathens\", recorded for the soundtrack of the film Suicide Squad, made the group the first alternative artist to have two concurrent top ten singles in the US. The duo's fifth studio album, Trench, was released on October 5, 2018.[2] They have won a Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance.[3]\n" ]	[ "2009" ]
-46876583596805661	List of My Hero Academia episodes	List of My Hero Academia episodes - wikipedia List of My Hero Academia episodes Jump to : navigation , search My Hero Academia is a Japanese superhero manga series written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi . It has been serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump since July 2014 , and 12 volumes have been collected in tankōbon format . The series has been licensed for English - language release by Viz Media , and began serialization in their weekly digital manga anthology Weekly Shonen Jump on February 9 , 2015 . The story follows Izuku Midoriya , a boy born without superpowers in a world where they are the norm , but who still dreams of becoming a superhero himself , and is scouted by the world 's greatest hero who shares his powers with Izuku after recognizing his value and enrolls him in a high school for heroes in training . The manga was adapted into an anime television series ; the first season aired from April 3 to June 26 , 2016 . A second season aired from April 1 to September 30 , 2017 . The third season premiered on April 7 , 2018 . The first season of the anime premiered on April 3 , 2016 on MBS and other Japan News Network stations in ' Nichigo ' timeslot at 5pm on Sundays in Japan . The opening theme is `` The Day '' , performed by Porno Graffitti and the ending theme is `` Heroes '' , performed by Brian the Sun . The second season aired from April 1 to September 30 , 2017 on NTV and YTV , with the staff and cast from the first season returning to reprise their roles . The second season 's first opening theme is `` Peace Sign '' performed by Kenshi Yonezu and the first ending theme is `` Dakara , Hitori ja nai '' ( だから、ひとりじゃない , lit . Therefore , I am not Alone ) , performed by Little Glee Monster . The second opening theme is `` Sora ni Utaeba '' ( 空に歌えば , lit . If I Sing in the Sky ) performed by amazarashi and the ending theme is `` Datte Atashi no Hero '' ( だってアタシのヒーロー , lit . Still My Hero ) by LiSA . The third season 's opening theme is `` Odd Future '' by Uverworld and the ending theme is `` Update '' ( アップデート ) by miwa . Adult Swim 's Toonami block premiered the series on May 5 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 2 OVA 3 Film 4 Notes 5 References 6 See also Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate English airdate `` Izuku Midoriya : Origin '' `` Midoriya Izuku : Orijin '' ( 緑谷出久 : オリジン ) April 3 , 2016 May 5 , 2018 In a world where most of the population is gifted with special powers known as `` Quirks '' , Izuku Midoriya is a young boy who always dreamed of becoming a hero , despite not having a Quirk himself , until one day he is attacked by a villain and is rescued by no other than All Might , the most famous hero ever and his idol since childhood . `` What It Takes to Be a Hero '' `` Hiro no Jouken '' ( ヒーローの条件 ) April 10 , 2016 May 12 , 2018 Izuku discovers that All Might 's true form is that of a frail , emaciated man , who suffered a massive injury years ago . All Might tells Izuku that he should give up on being a hero and focus on a more realistic dream . Disheartened , Izuku makes his way home , only to see his classmate and bully Katsuki Bakugō attacked by a villain . With no heroes around able to fight the villain , Izuku , without any thought given , rushes in . `` Roaring Muscles '' `` Unare kin'niku '' ( うなれ筋肉 ) April 17 , 2016 May 19 , 2018 All Might tells Izuku of his quirk , `` One For All '' , a special quirk that transfers its strength from person to person . While All Might believes Izuku to be worthy of his quirk , bestowing it to him right away would ruin his untrained body . All Might then designs a ten - month training regimen to ensure that Izuku can become a vessel that can carry it . `` Start Line '' `` Sutaatorain '' ( スタートライン ) April 24 , 2016 June 2 , 2018 After receiving All Might 's Quirk , the time has come for Izuku to attend the exams for the prestigious U.A. High School for heroes in training . During the practical exam , Izuku gets himself in a pinch and is about to fail until one of his fellow examinees finds herself in serious danger and he runs to her rescue . 5 `` What I Can Do For Now '' `` Ima Boku ni Dekiru Koto wo '' ( 今僕に出来ることを ) May 1 , 2016 June 9 , 2018 It 's Izuku 's first day as a student of U.A. High School . However , his homeroom teacher Shōta Aizawa decides to hold a physical test to evaluate how the students use their Quirks . Mr. Aizawa threatens the worst ranked student with expulsion , and Izuku finds himself in another predicament as he still has not learned to control his Quirk properly . 6 `` Rage , You Damned Nerd '' `` Takere Kusonādo '' ( 猛れクソナード ) May 8 , 2016 June 16 , 2018 Now donning their own hero costumes , the students are assigned to a mock battle between teams of two to test their combat abilities . Izuku is paired with Ochako Uraraka , the girl he helped during the entrance exams who also becomes his friend much to his joy . However , also to his dismay , one of his opponents is Bakugō , who always mocked him for his quirklessness , and is now furious at him . 7 `` Deku vs. Kacchan '' ( デク vs かっちゃん ) May 15 , 2016 -- The mock battle continues with Izuku barely holding against Bakugō 's devastating attacks , leaving Ochako to face the other opponent Tenya Iida by herself . As the time limit approaches , Izuku seems to have no option but to use his Quirk against Bakugō in an attempt to defeat him , until he comes up with a better idea . 8 `` Bakugō 's Starting Line '' `` Sutāto Rain , Bakugō no . '' ( スタートライン、爆豪の . ) May 22 , 2016 -- After losing against Izuku in the mock battle , Bakugō watches the rest of his classmates in action and realizes that he still has a long way to stand above his peers . After recovering from his injuries , Izuku attempts to cheer him up , to the point of sharing with him parts of his secret . Meanwhile , news that All Might is teaching at U.A. are received by some individuals with contempt . 9 `` Yeah , Just Do Your Best , Iida ! '' `` Ii zo Ganbare Īda - kun ! '' ( いいぞガンバレ飯田くん ! ) May 29 , 2016 -- Izuku is chosen as the class president , much to his surprise , but he ends up relinquishing the position to Iida when he and his friends find him more suitable for the position . The students are then assigned to another field exercise , but before it begins , a horde of villains suddenly appear before them . 10 `` Encounter with the Unknown '' `` Michi to no Sōgū '' ( 未知との遭遇 ) June 5 , 2016 -- The villains use their powers to scatter and ambush the students in order to attract All Might for a trap . Izuku ends up stranded and surrounded on a boat along with his classmates Tsuyu Asui and Minoru Mineta , but after learning more about their powers , he comes up with a plan to turn the tides literally . Elsewhere , Iida is chosen by the others to break through the enemy trap and call for help . 11 `` Game Over '' `` Gēmu Ōbā '' ( ゲームオーバー ) June 12 , 2016 -- The students fight for their lives against the Villains while Iida manages to escape with his friends ' help . Once it 's clear that Iida will warn the other teachers who will come to stop them , the Villains ' leader Tomura Shigaraki decides to kill Izuku and his friends just to hurt All Might 's pride before they leave , when All Might himself appears . 12 `` All Might '' `` Ōrumaito '' ( オールマイト ) June 19 , 2016 -- Shigaraki unleashes his secret weapon , the multi-quirk monster called `` Noumu '' against All Might , who finds himself in a pinch , until Izuku and some other students arrive to assist him , but All Might has little time left before he runs out of power to defeat the creature in order to protect the school . 13 `` In Each of our Hearts '' `` Onoono no Mune ni '' ( 各々の胸に ) June 26 , 2016 -- Although he was able to defeat the Noumu , All Might has no energy left and is defenseless against Shigaraki , but Izuku manages to stall the enemy long enough for the other teachers to arrive and force him to retreat . As the leftover Villains are captured and the students are rescued , All Might thanks Izuku for saving his life , but elsewhere , Shigaraki confers with his master , implying that their feud against the Heroes is just beginning . Season 2 ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 13.5 0 `` Hero Notebook '' `` Hīrō Nōto '' ( ヒーローノート ) March 25 , 2017 A recap of the first season . Note : The episode earned a 3.3 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 14 `` That 's the Idea , Ochaco '' `` Sou iu Koto ne Ochako - san '' ( そういうことねお茶子さん ) April 1 , 2017 Still recovering from the previous incident , the school is about to hold the Sports Festival , which will serve as an opportunity for the students to show off their Quirks for professional heroes looking for sidekicks . In the occasion , All Might confesses to Izuku that his powers are diminishing , and that the festival is an opportunity for Izuku to show his true value to the world . Note : The episode earned a 3.4 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 15 `` Roaring Sports Festival '' `` Unare Taiikusai '' ( うなれ体育祭 ) April 8 , 2017 Todoroki expresses to Izuku that he will defeat him and show his true power . As the Sports Festival begins , the students from the four branches of the school - Hero , General Studies , Business and Support Courses - participate in an obstacle - course race . Note : The episode earned a 3.5 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 16 `` In Their Own Quirky Ways '' `` Minna Koseiteki de ii ne '' ( みんな個性的でいいね ) April 15 , 2017 During the obstacle race , Todoroki effortlessly passes each obstacle with Bakugo in hot pursuit . At the last obstacle , Izuku uses his wits to pass through both and win the race . However , his victory is short - lived when he learns that by being first place , he is the top target for the next round . 17 `` Strategy , Strategy , Strategy '' `` Saku Saku Saku '' ( 策策策 ) April 22 , 2017 In the next round , the Cavalry Battle , Izuku teams up with Ochako , Tokoyami and Support Course student Mei . Being the team with most points , they barely evade the advances from the other teams from their class , while the students from Class B take advantage of it to claim points for themselves . 18 5 `` Cavalry Battle Finale '' `` Kibasen Kecchaku '' ( 騎馬戦決着 ) April 29 , 2017 As the end of the Cavalry Battle approaches , Izuku 's team have a heated confrontation with the team led by Todoroki and despite losing the first place to them , they earn a place in the next round by working together . 19 6 `` The Boy Born with Everything '' `` Subete o Motte Umareta Otokonoko '' ( 全てを持って生まれた男の子 ) May 6 , 2017 The 16 remaining students advance to the final stage , with battles one on one to decide the winner . Before the fights begin , Todoroki has a private talk with Izuku , revealing the reasons for his hatred toward his father , the world 's second - best hero Endeavor . Note : The episode earned a 3.5 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 20 7 `` Victory or Defeat '' `` Kachimake '' ( 勝ち負け ) May 13 , 2017 In the first round , Izuku is struck by Hitoshi Shinso 's brainwashing ability , but breaks free in the last moment and obtains victory , while Todoroki displays his overwhelming power and easily wins his match against Hanta Sero , becoming Izuku 's opponent in the following round . Note : The episode earned a 3.4 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 21 8 `` Battle on , Challengers ! '' `` Furue ! Charenjā '' ( 奮え ! チャレンジャー ) May 20 , 2017 The U.A. Sports Festival continues with the completion of the other six bracket matches . Shiozaki swiftly overcomes Kaminari . Mei manipulates Iida in order to show off her tech to support companies , giving him the win by stepping out . Mina beats Aoyama by exploiting his weakness . Yaoyorozu is overwhelmed by the speed of Tokoyami 's Dark Shadow and is pushed out of the ring . Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have a homestyle brawl ending in a tie . Throughout all of this , Ochako is trying to prepare herself for the daunting task of battling Bakugo . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 22 9 `` Bakugo vs. Uraraka '' `` Bakugō vs. Uraraka '' ( 爆 vs 麗日豪 ) May 27 , 2017 Ochako uses many different strategies to attempt to defeat Bakugo . However , despite her plans , Bakugo wins after Ochako falls unconscious . Afterwards , Ochako talks over the phone with her father who tries to console her , but to no avail . Also during this time , Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have an arm - wrestling contest to determine who moves on to the next round ; Kirishima wins and the two become friends . Izuku prepares for his fight with Todoroki . 23 10 `` Shoto Todoroki : Origin '' `` Todoroki Shōto : Orijin '' ( 轟焦凍 : オリジン ) June 3 , 2017 Izuku and Todoroki begin their match . Izuku , while still trying to win , is attempting to get Todoroki to use his left side so they can both battle at their full power . As Todoroki fights on , more of his past is revealed through flashbacks . He remembers his mother saying it was okay to use his left side because he wanted to be a hero . So Izuku fights Todoroki who is using both sides . Cementoss and Midnight attempt to stop the match before the two deal their final attacks but to no avail . Izuku is thrown out of bounds and Todoroki moves on . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 24 11 `` Fight on , Iida '' `` Īda - kun Faito '' ( 飯田くんファイト ) June 10 , 2017 Izuku caused significant damage in his right hand warranting surgery ; school nurse Recovery Girl refuses future treatment if he does it again . All Might admits to his youth being identical to Izuku 's . Todoroki admits to Endeavor he was able to use his left side fire because he forgot all about his father . In the last matches of the second round , Iida and Tokoyami push respective opponents Shiozaki and Ashido out of bounds , while Bakugo overpowers Kirishima . When Iida fights Todoroki , Iida is frozen and rendered unable to go on . Bakugo figures Tokoyami 's weakness to intense light as they fight and makes him yield . Meanwhile in Tokyo , Iida 's brother Ingenium is crippled in pursuit of the Hero Killer : Stain , and Iida is informed not long after by his mother . Stain is invited by Kurogiri to meet with Shiguraki about joining the Villain 's League . 25 12 `` Todoroki vs. Bakugo '' `` Todoroki vs. Bakugo '' ( 轟 vs 爆豪 ) June 17 , 2017 Todoroki is still unsure if he should be using his left side . As the match starts , Todoroki attacks Bakugo with his ice power . Bakugo becomes angry as he wants Todoroki to fight him with both of his sides . After Izuku 's cheer , Todoroki decides to use his left side but when Bakugo is about to use his `` Howitzer Impact '' , Todoroki suddenly stops using his left side . The attack pushes Todoroki out of bounds , resulting in Bakugo being named the winner . Angered , Bakugo still goes after Todoroki , but Midnight stops him . After the match , All Might gives everyone medals . Iida goes to see his brother at the hospital before the match begins and did not attend the award ceremony . After everyone went home to recover , Todoroki finally decides to go see his mother whom he had not seen for many years . 26 13 `` Time to Pick Some Names '' `` Namae o Tsuke te Miyō no Kai '' ( 名前をつけてみようの会 ) June 24 , 2017 The Sports Festival is over , and everyone 's injuries are almost recovered . Mr. Aizawa announces that everyone has to decide a hero name for themselves , and that since many of the students have gotten multiple offers from pro heroes , everyone will be doing a one - week internship at a hero agency . Midnight joins in to offer feedback on everyone 's hero name requests . After that , everyone chooses an agency for their internship . Izuku is still not sure which agency he should join when suddenly All Might shows up . He tells Izuku that his teacher has offered an internship , and Izuku accepts it . Meanwhile , Iida picks an agency in the area where his brother was attacked . The next day , everyone sets off for the internship . 27 14 `` Bizarre ! Gran Torino Appears '' `` Kaiki ! Guran Torino Arawaru '' ( 怪奇 ! グラントリノ現る ) July 8 , 2017 The internship program starts and Izuku is waiting to meet Gran Torino but when he does he is not what he expected . Izuku begins to leave until Gran Torino shows his power and tempts Izuku to fight him . Meanwhile Tenya is looking for hero - killer Stain and the other students of Class A are also busy in their internship . Izuku trains hard with Gran Torino and finally starts to understand One For All . 28 15 `` Midoriya and Shigaraki '' `` Midoriya to Shigaraki '' ( 緑谷と死柄木 ) July 15 , 2017 Now that Izuku knows how to control some of his powers he starts to train more and more with Gran Torino to perfect that power . All Might learns more about the captured Nomu . After Stain refuses to join the League of Villains , he returns to Haso City to hunt down more heroes . Shigaraki also goes to Haso , releasing several Nomus into the city . On the way to respond to the Nomu attacks , Tenya discovers Stain just as he is about to kill another hero . Meanwhile , Gran Torino decides to take Izuku to Shibuya city , and their train is attacked by a Nomu as they pass Haso . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 29 16 `` Hero Killer : Stain vs U.A. Students '' `` Hīrō Goroshi Sutein vs U.A. Seito '' ( ヒーロー殺しステイン vs 雄英生徒 ) July 22 , 2017 Haso City is under attack by Stain and by three Nomus released by the League of Villains . As Gran Torino battles the Nomu that attacked their train , Izuku searches the city for Tenya and arrives just in time to prevent Stain from killing him . Having received a cryptic message from Izuku before he attacked Stain , Shoto arrives just as Stain has used his Quirk to paralyze Izuku . As Izuku figures out the secret of Stain 's Quirk , Shoto struggles to evade Stain 's many blades and Tenya struggles with his own rage and quest for vengeance . Note : The episode earned a 2.8 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 30 17 `` Climax '' `` Ketchaku '' ( 決着 ) July 29 , 2017 Tenya fights off Stain 's Quirk and joins the battle with Shoto and Izuku . Endeavor and Gran Torino defeat a Nomu while the three UA students defeat Stain - at the cost of serious injuries to Tenya and Izuku . Endeavor defeats the remaining Nomu and controls the situation . Note : The episode earned a 4.5 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 31 18 `` The Aftermath of Hero Killer : Stain '' `` ' Hīrō - Goroshi Sutein ' Sono Yoha '' ( 「ヒーロー殺しステイン」その余波 ) August 5 , 2017 Following Stain 's arrest , the video of Stain expressing his views on the present Heroes has gone viral , and more people are falling to those views . With Stain in custody , they begin to gravitate towards the League of Villains . Meanwhile , credit for the arrest has gone to Endeavor , to ensure that Tenya , Izuku and Shoto are not arrested for using their powers without permission . Iida apologizes for his rash behavior and decides to work on improving himself . 32 19 `` Everyone 's Internships '' `` Sorezore no Shokuba Taiken '' ( それぞれの職場体験 ) August 12 , 2017 Anime - original episode showing what some of the other characters did during their internships , particularly Tsuyu / Froppy . Note : The episode earned a 2.7 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 33 20 `` Listen Up ! ! A Tale from the Past '' `` Shire ! ! Mukashi no Hanashi '' ( 知れ ! ! 昔の話 ) August 19 , 2017 Following their internships , everyone has returned to school , and All Might decides to tell Izuku the truth behind his Quirk , One for All . Note : The episode earned a 4.1 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 34 21 `` Gear up for Final Exams '' `` Sonaero Kimatsu Tesuto '' ( 備えろ期末テスト ) September 2 , 2017 Final exams are approaching , and the class prepares for their written and practical exams . Momo hosts a study party at her mansion , and Itsuka tells Izuku and his friends that the practical exam will be against robot enemies . After making it through three days of written exams , everyone is shocked to learn that the practical exam will not involve robots this year - instead , they will be fighting in predetermined pairs against one of their teachers . To pass , they must either defeat the teacher or escape the arena before time runs out . Note : The episode earned a 3.2 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 35 22 `` Yaoyorozu : Rising '' `` Yaoyorozu : Raijingu '' ( 八百万 : ライジング ) September 9 , 2017 Tsuyu and Fumikage work together to evade Ectoplasm 's army of clones . Tenya and Mashirao face off against the burrowing Power Loader . Todoroki and Momo , whose confidence was shattered after being easily defeated by Fumikage in the Sports Festival , attempt to evade Aizawa 's Quirk . Ochaco and Yuga try to avoid being sucked into Thirteen 's black hole . Note : The episode earned a 3.0 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 36 23 `` Stripping the Varnish '' `` Mukero Hitokawa '' ( むけろ一皮 ) September 16 , 2017 Yuga asks Ochaco if she likes Izuku , prompting an unexpected resolution to their match with Thirteen . Denki and Mina attempt to evade the buildings being toppled by Principal Nezu as he strategically cuts off their escape routes . Kyoka and Koji , who both have sound - dependent Quirks , struggle to come up with a strategy against Present Mic 's overpowering noise . Mezo creates a distraction to allow Toru an opening against Snipe . Midnight takes out Hanta quickly , leaving Mineta alone against her somnambulist Quirk . Note : The episode earned a 3.9 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 37 24 `` Katsuki Bakugo : Origin '' `` Bakugo Katsuki : Orijin '' ( 爆豪勝己 : オリジン ) September 23 , 2017 The final match of the final exams pits Izuku and Katsuki against All Might . Izuku struggles to convince Katsuki to work with him , especially since Izuku believes they have no choice but to escape and Katsuki seems determined to fight All Might head - on . Even with All Might 's diminishing strength and handicap weights , both students face serious injuries as they put everything they have into the fight . Note : The episode earned a 3.4 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 38 25 `` Encounter '' `` Enkauntā '' ( エンカウンター ) September 30 , 2017 At the League of Villains hideout , two visitors express interest in joining the League of Villains . Tomura resents the fact that Stain 's ideology has inspired so many people when his own approach has not been nearly as successful . Meanwhile , Izuku and his classmates go on a shopping trip to prepare for summer training camp . Season 3 ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 39 `` Game Start '' `` Gēmu Sutāto '' ( ゲーム・スタート ) April 7 , 2018 The students of 1 - A have a PE class at the pool , while reminiscing about the main events of the previous seasons . Note : The episode earned a 4.9 % rating in the Kantō region of Japan . 40 `` Wild Wild Pussycats '' `` Wairudo Wairudo Pusshīkyattsu '' ( ワイルド・ワイルド・プッシーキャッツ ) April 14 , 2018 On the day of the forest lodge trip , Class 1 - A and 1 - B prepare to board buses . An hour later , Class 1 - A 's bus stops for a restroom break . Suddenly , two women wearing cat - like costumes and a small boy appear . The women introduce themselves as the professional Hero Team , The Pussycats , while the boy is revealed to be Kota , an orphan in their care who despises heroes . Mandalay tells class 1 - A that they must reach the training camp at the base of the mountain by midday or they will miss lunch . Despite their best efforts , class 1 - A 's progress is inhibited by earthen beasts throughout the forest , controlled by Pixie - Bob with her Quirk , and the students miss their deadline by hours . However , team Pussycats is satisfied with their performances , and they are offered dinner instead . Afterwards , Class 1 - A go to the hot springs for a bath . Mineta tries to peek at the girls ' bath side but is prevented by Kota ; Kota accidentally sees the girls and faints , but is saved by Izuku . Izuku brings the unconscious Kota to the cabin and comes to find out why he despises heroes . 41 `` Kota '' `` Kōta - kun '' ( 洸汰くん ) April 21 , 2018 Class 1 - A and 1 - B continues training as the villains prepare to attack . Despite Kota 's despise for heroes , Midoriya tries to convince Kota by telling his own tales as his friend 's story . The villains attack when the students are participating in a training exercise and catch them unawares . 42 `` My Hero '' `` Boku no Hīrō '' ( 僕のヒーロー ) April 28 , 2018 The villains continue their attack , working in teams or alone to target different groups of students and teachers . Muscular , one of the villains chances upon Kota at his secret hideout and tries to kill him but is stopped by Izuku . Izuku is pushed to his limit in the fight but manages to defeat Muscular with a 1,000,000 % Detroit Smash and saves Kota . Kota finally overcomes his despise of heroes due to Izuku 's selflessness and calls him `` My Hero '' . 43 5 `` Drive It Home , Iron Fist ! ! ! '' `` Buchi komu tekken ! ! ! '' ( ブチ込む鉄拳 ! ! ! ) May 5 , 2018 After defeating Muscular , Izuku carries Kota back to the camp and runs into Shota . Izuku passes Kota over to Shota as he has a message to deliver to everyone through Mandalay 's telepathy . Shota asks Izuku to deliver a message from him as well . Mandalay delivers both messages : Katsuki is one of the villains ' targets and the students have permission to use their quirks to defend themselves . Meanwhile Tetsutetsu and Itsuka find the source of a poisonous gas that is filling part of the forest : a villain named Mustard . The two work together to defeat Mustard and this results in the gas dissipating . Izuku runs into Mezo while searching for Katsuki and learns that Fumikage 's quirk , Dark Shadow is out of control . 44 6 `` Roaring Upheaval '' `` Ganaru Fūunkyū '' ( がなる風雲急 ) May 12 , 2018 Mezo asks for Izuku 's help in saving Fumikage from his own quirk and to choose between saving Fumikage or Katsuki . Izuku devises a plan to save both which involves leading Dark Shadow to Katsuki and Shoto who are fighting the villain Moonshine . Dark Shadow defeats Moonshadow and is then weakened and brought back to control by Katsuki and Shoto . The students team up and run into Ochaco and Tsuyu fighting a villain called Himiko . Together , they manage to make her retreat . Izuku asks the girls to help them protect Katsuki but Katsuki and Fumikage have already been kidnapped by the villain Mr. Compress . A Nomu chases Yosetsu who is carrying a heavily injured Momo but the Nomu is called back by Dabi as their mission has been accomplished . Momo makes a tracking device which Yosetsu attaches to the Nomu . Izuku and the others continue to chase Mr. Compress but are unable to keep up with his speed . Izuku devises a plan to launch him , Shoto and Mezo into the air using Ochaco and Tsuyu 's quirks . They manage to successfully tackle Mr. Compress to the ground . 45 7 `` What a Twist ! '' `` Ten Ten Ten ! '' ( 転転転 ! ) May 19 , 2018 This episode begins in Deku 's hospital room as class 1 - A continues to debate whether or not they should save Bakugo . Meanwhile Bakugo is being recruited by the League of Villains , pro Heroes have gathered for a rescue mission , and U.A. Teachers are holding a press conference . 46 8 `` From Iida to Midoriya '' ( 飯田からみどり屋まで ) May 26 , 2018 OVA ( edit ) No . Title Release date 5 `` Save ! Rescue Training ! '' `` Sukue ! Kyūjo Kunren ! '' ( 救え ! 救助訓練 ! ) November 27 , 2016 ( event ) April 4 , 2017 ( DVD ) 8 `` Training of the Dead '' ( トレーニング・オブ・ザ・デッド ) June 2 , 2017 Film ( edit ) An original film entitled My Hero Academia the Movie : The Two Heroes is set to be released in 2018 , developed by the same team of the anime . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : All English titles are taken from Crunchyroll . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shonen Jump to Launch 4 Manga Series in Next 3 Issues '' . Anime News Network . June 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Viz 's Shonen Jump Adds My Hero Academia '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia TV Anime Adaptation Confirmed '' . Anime News Network . October 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Anime Gets 3rd Season '' . Anime News Network . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Anime 's 3rd Season Premieres April 7 '' . Anime News Network . January 30 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Latest `` My Hero Academia '' Anime Cast Addition And Plans Spotted `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Season 2 's Ad Previews Opening Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Anime Reveals New Opening Theme Artist , Cast for Gran Torino '' . Anime News Network . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LiSA Performs New Ending Theme For My Hero Academia Anime 's 2nd Season '' . Anime News Network . June 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia 3rd Anime Season 's 2nd Promo Video Previews UVERworld 's Theme '' . Anime News Network . March 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2018 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia to Air on Toonami '' . Anime News Network . April 19 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ス卜一リー STORY '' . ytv . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , March 20 ― 26 '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia 2nd Season 's 1st Episode Will Recap 1st Season '' . Anime News Network . February 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , March 27 ― April 2 '' . Anime News Network . April 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , April 3 ― 9 '' . Anime News Network . April 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , May 1 ― 7 '' . Anime News Network . May 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , May 8 ― 14 '' . Anime News Network . May 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , May 15 ― 21 '' . Anime News Network . May 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , May 29 ― June 4 '' . Anime News Network . June 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , July 10 ― 16 '' . Anime News Network . July 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , July 17 ― 23 '' . Anime News Network . July 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , July 24 ― 30 '' . Anime News Network . August 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , August 7 ― 13 '' . Anime News Network . August 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , August 14 ― 20 '' . Anime News Network . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , August 28 ― September 3 '' . Anime News Network . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , September 3 ― 9 '' . Anime News Network . September 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , September 10 ― 16 '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , September 17 ― 23 '' . Anime News Network . September 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , April 2 - 8 '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Gets Anime Film With Original Story in Summer 2018 '' . Anime News Network . December 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of My Hero Academia chapters List of My Hero Academia characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_My_Hero_Academia_episodes&oldid=843646199 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 14 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	boku no hero academia season 2 number of episodes	[ "\n\nNo. in series\nNo. in season\nTitle[a]\nOriginal air date[12]\n\n\n13.5\n0\n\"Hero Notebook\"\n\"Hīrō Nōto\" (ヒーローノート) \nMarch 25, 2017[14]\n\n\n\nA recap of the first season.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.3% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[13] \n\n\n14\n1\n\"That's the Idea, Ochaco\"\n\"Sou iu Koto ne Ochako-san\" (そういうことねお茶子さん) \nApril 1, 2017\n\n\n\nStill recovering from the previous incident, the school is about to hold the Sports Festival, which will serve as an opportunity for the students to show off their Quirks for professional heroes looking for sidekicks. In the occasion, All Might confesses to Izuku that his powers are diminishing, and that the festival is an opportunity for Izuku to show his true value to the world.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[15] \n\n\n15\n2\n\"Roaring Sports Festival\"\n\"Unare Taiikusai\" (うなれ体育祭) \nApril 8, 2017\n\n\n\nTodoroki expresses to Izuku that he will defeat him and show his true power. As the Sports Festival begins, the students from the four branches of the school - Hero, General Studies, Business and Support Courses - participate in an obstacle-course race.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[16] \n\n\n16\n3\n\"In Their Own Quirky Ways\"\n\"Minna Koseiteki de ii ne\" (みんな個性的でいいね) \nApril 15, 2017\n\n\nDuring the obstacle race, Todoroki effortlessly passes each obstacle with Bakugo in hot pursuit. At the last obstacle, Izuku uses his wits to pass through both and win the race. However, his victory is short-lived when he learns that by being first place, he is the top target for the next round. \n\n\n17\n4\n\"Strategy, Strategy, Strategy\"\n\"Saku Saku Saku\" (策策策) \nApril 22, 2017\n\n\nIn the next round, the Cavalry Battle, Izuku teams up with Ochako, Tokoyami and Support Course student Mei. Being the team with most points, they barely evade the advances from the other teams from their class, while the students from Class B take advantage of it to claim points for themselves. \n\n\n18\n5\n\"Cavalry Battle Finale\"\n\"Kibasen Kecchaku\" (騎馬戦決着) \nApril 29, 2017\n\n\nAs the end of the Cavalry Battle approaches, Izuku's team have a heated confrontation with the team led by Todoroki and despite losing the first place to them, they earn a place in the next round by working together. \n\n\n19\n6\n\"The Boy Born with Everything\"\n\"Subete o Motte Umareta Otokonoko\" (全てを持って生まれた男の子) \nMay 6, 2017\n\n\n\nThe 16 remaining students advance to the final stage, with battles one on one to decide the winner. Before the fights begin, Todoroki has a private talk with Izuku, revealing the reasons for his hatred toward his father, the world's second-best hero Endeavor.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[17] \n\n\n20\n7\n\"Victory or Defeat\"\n\"Kachimake\" (勝ち負け) \nMay 13, 2017\n\n\n\nIn the first round, Izuku is struck by Hitoshi Shinso's brainwashing ability, but breaks free in the last moment and obtains victory, while Todoroki displays his overwhelming power and easily wins his match against Hanta Sero, becoming Izuku's opponent in the following round.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[18] \n\n\n21\n8\n\"Battle on, Challengers!\"\n\"Furue! Charenjā\" (奮え！チャレンジャー) \nMay 20, 2017\n\n\n\nThe U.A. Sports Festival continues with the completion of the other six bracket matches. Shiozaki swiftly overcomes Kaminari. Mei manipulates Iida in order to show off her tech to support companies, giving him the win by stepping out. Mina beats Aoyama by exploiting his weakness. Yaoyorozu is overwhelmed by the speed of Tokoyami's Dark Shadow and is pushed out of the ring. Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have a homestyle brawl ending in a tie. Throughout all of this, Ochako is trying to prepare herself for the daunting task of battling Bakugo.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[19] \n\n\n22\n9\n\"Bakugo vs. Uraraka\"\n\"Bakugō vs. Uraraka\" (爆vs麗日豪) \nMay 27, 2017\n\n\nOchako uses many different strategies to attempt to defeat Bakugo. However, despite her plans, Bakugo wins after Ochako falls unconscious. Afterwards, Ochako talks over the phone with her father who tries to console her, but to no avail. Also during this time, Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have an arm-wrestling contest to determine who moves on to the next round; Kirishima wins and the two become friends. Izuku prepares for his fight with Todoroki. \n\n\n23\n10\n\"Shoto Todoroki: Origin\"\n\"Todoroki Shōto: Orijin\" (轟焦凍:オリジン) \nJune 3, 2017\n\n\n\nIzuku and Todoroki begin their match. Izuku, while still trying to win, is attempting to get Todoroki to use his left side so they can both battle at their full power. As Todoroki fights on, more of his past is revealed through flashbacks. He remembers his mother saying it was okay to use his left side because he wanted to be a hero. So Izuku fights Todoroki who is using both sides. Cementoss and Midnight attempt to stop the match before the two deal their final attacks but to no avail. Izuku is thrown out of bounds and Todoroki moves on.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[20] \n\n\n24\n11\n\"Fight on, Iida\"\n\"Īda-kun Faito\" (飯田くんファイト) \nJune 10, 2017\n\n\nIzuku caused significant damage in his right hand warranting surgery; school nurse Recovery Girl refuses future treatment if he does it again. All Might admits to his youth being identical to Izuku's. Todoroki admits to Endeavor he was able to use his left side fire because he forgot all about his father. In the last matches of the second round, Iida and Tokoyami push respective opponents Shiozaki and Ashido out of bounds, while Bakugo overpowers Kirishima. When Iida fights Todoroki, Iida is frozen and rendered unable to go on. Bakugo figures Tokoyami's weakness to intense light as they fight and makes him yield. Meanwhile in Tokyo, Iida's brother Ingenium is crippled in pursuit of the Hero Killer: Stain, and Iida is informed not long after by his mother. Stain is invited by Kurogiri to meet with Shiguraki about joining the Villain's League. \n\n\n25\n12\n\"Todoroki vs. Bakugo\"\n\"Todoroki vs. Bakugo\" (轟vs爆豪) \nJune 17, 2017\n\n\nTodoroki is still unsure if he should be using his left side. As the match starts, Todoroki attacks Bakugo with his ice power. Bakugo becomes angry as he wants Todoroki to fight him with both of his sides. After Izuku's cheer, Todoroki decides to use his left side but when Bakugo is about to use his \"Howitzer Impact\", Todoroki suddenly stops using his left side. The attack pushes Todoroki out of bounds, resulting in Bakugo being named the winner. Angered, Bakugo still goes after Todoroki, but Midnight stops him. After the match, All Might gives everyone medals. Iida goes to see his brother at the hospital before the match begins and did not attend the award ceremony. After everyone went home to recover, Todoroki finally decides to go see his mother whom he had not seen for many years. \n\n\n26\n13\n\"Time to Pick Some Names\"\n\"Namae o Tsuke te Miyō no Kai\" (名前をつけてみようの会) \nJune 24, 2017\n\n\nThe Sports Festival is over, and everyone's injuries are almost recovered. Mr. Aizawa announces that everyone has to decide a hero name for themselves, and that since many of the students have gotten multiple offers from pro heroes, everyone will be doing a one-week internship at a hero agency. Midnight joins in to offer feedback on everyone's hero name requests. After that, everyone chooses an agency for their internship. Izuku is still not sure which agency he should join when suddenly All Might shows up. He tells Izuku that his teacher has offered an internship, and Izuku accepts it. Meanwhile, Iida picks an agency in the area where his brother was attacked. The next day, everyone sets off for the internship. \n\n\n27\n14\n\"Bizarre! Gran Torino Appears\"\n\"Kaiki! Guran Torino Arawaru\" (怪奇!グラントリノ現る) \nJuly 8, 2017\n\n\nThe internship program starts and Izuku is waiting to meet Gran Torino but when he does he is not what he expected. Izuku begins to leave until Gran Torino shows his power and tempts Izuku to fight him. Meanwhile Tenya is looking for hero-killer Stain and the other students of Class A are also busy in their internship. Izuku trains hard with Gran Torino and finally starts to understand One For All. \n\n\n28\n15\n\"Midoriya and Shigaraki\"\n\"Midoriya to Shigaraki\" (緑谷と死柄木) \nJuly 15, 2017\n\n\n\nNow that Izuku knows how to control some of his powers he starts to train more and more with Gran Torino to perfect that power. All Might learns more about the captured Nomu. After Stain refuses to join the League of Villains, he returns to Haso City to hunt down more heroes. Shigaraki also goes to Haso, releasing several Nomus into the city. On the way to respond to the Nomu attacks, Tenya discovers Stain just as he is about to kill another hero. Meanwhile, Gran Torino decides to take Izuku to Shibuya city, and their train is attacked by a Nomu as they pass Haso.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[21] \n\n\n29\n16\n\"Hero Killer: Stain vs U.A. Students\"\n\"Hīrō Goroshi Sutein vs U.A. Seito\" (ヒーロー殺しステインvs雄英生徒) \nJuly 22, 2017\n\n\n\nHaso City is under attack by Stain and by three Nomus released by the League of Villains. As Gran Torino battles the Nomu that attacked their train, Izuku searches the city for Tenya and arrives just in time to prevent Stain from killing him. Having received a cryptic message from Izuku before he attacked Stain, Shoto arrives just as Stain has used his Quirk to paralyze Izuku. As Izuku figures out the secret of Stain's Quirk, Shoto struggles to evade Stain's many blades and Tenya struggles with his own rage and quest for vengeance.\nNote: The episode earned a 2.8% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[22] \n\n\n30\n17\n\"Climax\"\n\"Ketchaku\" (決着) \nJuly 29, 2017\n\n\n\nTenya fights off Stain's Quirk and joins the battle with Shoto and Izuku. Endeavor and Gran Torino defeat a Nomu while the three UA students defeat Stain - at the cost of serious injuries to Tenya and Izuku. Endeavor defeats the remaining Nomu and controls the situation.\nNote: The episode earned a 4.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[23] \n\n\n31\n18\n\"The Aftermath of Hero Killer: Stain\"\n\"'Hīrō-Goroshi Sutein' Sono Yoha\" (「ヒーロー殺しステイン」その余波) \nAugust 5, 2017\n\n\nFollowing Stain's arrest, the video of Stain expressing his views on the present Heroes has gone viral, and more people are falling to those views. With Stain in custody, they begin to gravitate towards the League of Villains. Meanwhile, credit for the arrest has gone to Endeavor, to ensure that Tenya, Izuku and Shoto are not arrested for using their powers without permission. Iida apologizes for his rash behavior and decides to work on improving himself. \n\n\n32\n19\n\"Everyone's Internships\"\n\"Sorezore no Shokuba Taiken\" (それぞれの職場体験) \nAugust 12, 2017\n\n\n\nAnime-original episode showing what some of the other characters did during their internships, particularly Tsuyu/Froppy.\nNote: The episode earned a 2.7% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[24] \n\n\n33\n20\n\"Listen Up!! A Tale from the Past\"\n\"Shire!! Mukashi no Hanashi\" (知れ!!昔の話) \nAugust 19, 2017\n\n\n\nFollowing their internships, everyone has returned to school, and All Might decides to tell Izuku the truth behind his Quirk, One for All.\nNote: The episode earned a 4.1% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[25] \n\n\n34\n21\n\"Gear up for Final Exams\"\n\"Sonaero Kimatsu Tesuto\" (備えろ期末テスト) \nSeptember 2, 2017\n\n\n\nFinal exams are approaching, and the class prepares for their written and practical exams. Momo hosts a study party at her mansion, and Itsuka tells Izuku and his friends that the practical exam will be against robot enemies. After making it through three days of written exams, everyone is shocked to learn that the practical exam will not involve robots this year - instead, they will be fighting in predetermined pairs against one of their teachers. To pass, they must either defeat the teacher or escape the arena before time runs out.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.2% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[26] \n\n\n35\n22\n\"Yaoyorozu: Rising\"\n\"Yaoyorozu: Raijingu\" (八百万：ライジング) \nSeptember 9, 2017\n\n\n\nTsuyu and Fumikage work together to evade Ectoplasm's army of clones. Tenya and Mashirao face off against the burrowing Power Loader. Todoroki and Momo, whose confidence was shattered after being easily defeated by Fumikage in the Sports Festival, attempt to evade Aizawa's Quirk. Ochaco and Yuga try to avoid being sucked into Thirteen's black hole.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[27] \n\n\n36\n23\n\"Stripping the Varnish\"\n\"Mukero Hitokawa\" (むけろ一皮) \nSeptember 16, 2017\n\n\n\nYuga asks Ochaco if she likes Izuku, prompting an unexpected resolution to their match with Thirteen. Denki and Mina attempt to evade the buildings being toppled by Principal Nezu as he strategically cuts off their escape routes. Kyoka and Koji, who both have sound-dependent Quirks, struggle to come up with a strategy against Present Mic's overpowering noise. Mezo creates a distraction to allow Toru an opening against Snipe. Midnight takes out Hanta quickly, leaving Mineta alone against her somnambulist Quirk.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.9% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[28] \n\n\n37\n24\n\"Katsuki Bakugo: Origin\"\n\"Bakugo Katsuki: Orijin\" (爆豪勝己：オリジン) \nSeptember 23, 2017\n\n\n\nThe final match of the final exams pits Izuku and Katsuki against All Might. Izuku struggles to convince Katsuki to work with him, especially since Izuku believes they have no choice but to escape and Katsuki seems determined to fight All Might head-on. Even with All Might's diminishing strength and handicap weights, both students face serious injuries as they put everything they have into the fight.\nNote: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[29] \n\n\n38\n25\n\"Encounter\"\n\"Enkauntā\" (エンカウンター) \nSeptember 30, 2017\n\n\nAt the League of Villains hideout, two visitors express interest in joining the League of Villains. Tomura resents the fact that Stain's ideology has inspired so many people when his own approach has not been nearly as successful. Meanwhile, Izuku and his classmates go on a shopping trip to prepare for summer training camp. \n\n" ]	[ "25" ]
-189535742079727961	Babylonian numerals	Babylonian numerals - wikipedia Babylonian numerals See also : Babylonian mathematics Babylonian numerals Babylonian numerals were written in cuneiform , using a wedge - tipped reed stylus to make a mark on a soft clay tablet which would be exposed in the sun to harden to create a permanent record . The Babylonians , who were famous for their astronomical observations and calculations ( aided by their invention of the abacus ) , used a sexagesimal ( base - 60 ) positional numeral system inherited from either the Sumerian or the Eblaite civilizations . Neither of the predecessors was a positional system ( having a convention for which ' end ' of the numeral represented the units ) . Contents 1 Origin 2 Characters 3 Zero 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 External links Origin ( edit ) This system first appeared around 2000 BC ; its structure reflects the decimal lexical numerals of Semitic languages rather than Sumerian lexical numbers . However , the use of a special Sumerian sign for 60 ( beside two Semitic signs for the same number ) attests to a relation with the Sumerian system . Numeral systems Hindu -- Arabic numeral system Western Arabic Eastern Arabic Bengali Gurmukhi Indian Sinhala Tamil Balinese Burmese Dzongkha Gujarati Javanese Khmer Lao Mongolian Thai East Asian Chinese Suzhou Hokkien Japanese Korean Vietnamese Counting rods Alphabetic Abjad Armenian Āryabhaṭa Cyrillic Ge'ez Georgian Greek Hebrew Roman Former Aegean Attic Babylonian Brahmi Chuvash Egyptian Etruscan Inuit Kharosthi Mayan Muisca Quipu Prehistoric Positional systems by base 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 60 Non-standard positional numeral systems Bijective numeration ( 1 ) Signed - digit representation ( Balanced ternary ) factorial negative Complex - base system ( 2i ) Non-integer representation ( φ ) mixed Asymmetric numeral systems List of numeral systems Characters ( edit ) The Babylonian system is credited as being the first known positional numeral system , in which the value of a particular digit depends both on the digit itself and its position within the number . This was an extremely important development , because non-place - value systems require unique symbols to represent each power of a base ( ten , one hundred , one thousand , and so forth ) , which can make calculations more difficult . Only two symbols ( to count units and to count tens ) were used to notate the 59 non-zero digits . These symbols and their values were combined to form a digit in a sign - value notation quite similar to that of Roman numerals ; for example , the combination represented the digit for 23 ( see table of digits below ) . A space was left to indicate a place without value , similar to the modern - day zero . Babylonians later devised a sign to represent this empty place . They lacked a symbol to serve the function of radix point , so the place of the units had to be inferred from context : could have represented 23 or 23 × 60 or 23 × 60 × 60 or 23 / 60 , etc . Their system clearly used internal decimal to represent digits , but it was not really a mixed - radix system of bases 10 and 6 , since the ten sub-base was used merely to facilitate the representation of the large set of digits needed , while the place - values in a digit string were consistently 60 - based and the arithmetic needed to work with these digit strings was correspondingly sexagesimal . The legacy of sexagesimal still survives to this day , in the form of degrees ( 360 ° in a circle or 60 ° in an angle of an equilateral triangle ) , minutes , and seconds in trigonometry and the measurement of time , although both of these systems are actually mixed radix . A common theory is that 60 , a superior highly composite number ( the previous and next in the series being 12 and 120 ) , was chosen due to its prime factorization : 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 , which makes it divisible by 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 20 , and 30 . Integers and fractions were represented identically -- a radix point was not written but rather made clear by context . Zero ( edit ) The Babylonians did not technically have a digit for , nor a concept of , the number zero . Although they understood the idea of nothingness , it was not seen as a number -- merely the lack of a number . What the Babylonians had instead was a space ( and later a disambiguating placeholder symbol ) to mark the nonexistence of a digit in a certain place value . See also ( edit ) Mathematics portal Ancient Near East portal Babylon Babylonia History of zero Numeral system Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stephen Chrisomalis ( 2010 ) . Numerical Notation : A Comparative History . p. 247 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Chrisomalis ( 2010 ) . Numerical Notation : A Comparative History . p. 248 . Jump up ^ http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/experts-time-division-days-hours-minutes/ Bibliography ( edit ) Menninger , Karl W. ( 1969 ) . Number Words and Number Symbols : A Cultural History of Numbers . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 13040 - 8 . McLeish , John ( 1991 ) . Number : From Ancient Civilisations to the Computer . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 654484 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Babylonian numerals . Babylonian numerals Cuneiform numbers Babylonian Mathematics High resolution photographs , descriptions , and analysis of the root ( 2 ) tablet ( YBC 7289 ) from the Yale Babylonian Collection Photograph , illustration , and description of the root ( 2 ) tablet from the Yale Babylonian Collection Babylonian Numerals by Michael Schreiber , Wolfram Demonstrations Project . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Sexagesimal '' . MathWorld . CESCNC - a handy and easy - to use numeral converter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_numerals&oldid=862648042 '' Categories : Babylonian mathematics Non-standard positional numeral systems Numeral systems Numerals Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Plattdüütsch Português Русский Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2018 , at 19 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the babylonians began using cuneiform numerals	[ "This system first appeared around 2000 BC;[1] its structure reflects the decimal lexical numerals of Semitic languages rather than Sumerian lexical numbers.[2] However, the use of a special Sumerian sign for 60 (beside two Semitic signs for the same number)[1] attests to a relation with the Sumerian system.[2]\n" ]	[ "around 2000 BC" ]
4141232142135311976	Tenochtitlan	Tenochtitlan - wikipedia Tenochtitlan Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Teotihuacan . Mexico - Tenochtitlan 1325 -- 1521 Glyph Model of the temple district of Tenochtitlan at the National Museum of Anthropology Capital Tenochtitlan Languages Nahuatl Religion Mexica religion Government Monarchy Historical era Pre-Columbian Established 1325 Formation of 1521 Succeeded by Aztec Empire Tenochtitlan ( Spanish : Tenochtitlan , Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈmexiko tenotʃˈtitlan ) ( listen ) ) , originally known as México - Tenochtitlan ( Classical Nahuatl : Mēxihco - Tenōchtitlan ( meːˈʃíʔ. ko te. noːt͡ʃ. ˈtí. t͡ɬan ) ) , was a large Mexica city - state on an island in Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico . Founded on June 20 , 1325 , it was the capital of the expanding Aztec Empire in the 15th century until it was captured by the Spanish in 1521 . At its peak , it was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas . It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . Today , the ruins of Tenochtitlan are in the historic center of Mexico City . Tenochtitlan was one of two Nahua āltēpetl ( city - states ) on the island , the other being Tlatelolco . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 3 City plans 3.1 Marketplaces 3.2 Public buildings 3.3 Palaces of Moctezuma II 4 Social classes 5 History 5.1 The coming of Cortés 5.2 After the conquest 5.3 Ruins 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) Traditionally , the name Tenochtitlan was thought to come from Nahuatl tetl ( ˈtetɬ ) ( `` rock '' ) and nōchtli ( ˈnoːtʃtɬi ) ( `` prickly pear '' ) and is often thought to mean , `` Among the prickly pears ( growing among ) rocks '' . However , one attestation in the late 16th - century manuscript known as `` the Bancroft dialogues '' suggest the second vowel was short , so that the true etymology remains uncertain . Geography ( edit ) The western side of the shallow Lake Texcoco . Tenochtitlan is the southern part of the main island ( under the red line ) . The northern part is Tlatelolco . Tenochtitlan covered an estimated 8 to 13.5 km ( 3.1 to 5.2 sq mi ) , situated on the western side of the shallow Lake Texcoco . At the time of Spanish conquests , Mexico City comprised both Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco . The city extended from north to south , from the north border of Tlatelolco to the swamps , which by that time were gradually disappearing to the west ; the city ended more or less at the present location of Avenida Bucareli . The city was connected to the mainland by causeways leading to the north , south , and west . The causeways were interrupted by bridges that allowed canoes and other water traffic to pass freely . The bridges could be pulled away , if necessary , to defend the city . The city was interlaced with a series of canals , so that all sections of the city could be visited either on foot or via canoe . Lake Texcoco was the largest of five interconnected lakes . Since it formed in an endorheic basin , Lake Texcoco was brackish . During the reign of Moctezuma I , the `` levee of Nezahualcoyotl '' was constructed , reputedly designed by Nezahualcoyotl . Estimated to be 12 to 16 km ( 7.5 to 9.9 mi ) in length , the levee was completed circa 1453 . The levee kept fresh spring - fed water in the waters around Tenochtitlan and kept the brackish waters beyond the dike , to the east . Two double aqueducts , each more than 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) long and made of terracotta , provided the city with fresh water from the springs at Chapultepec . This was intended mainly for cleaning and washing . For drinking , water from mountain springs was preferred . Most of the population liked to bathe twice a day ; Moctezuma was said to take four baths a day . According to the context of Aztec culture in literature , the soap that they most likely used was the root of a plant called copalxocotl ( Saponaria americana ) , and to clean their clothes they used the root of metl ( Agave americana ) . Also , the upper classes and pregnant women washed themselves in a temazcalli , similar to a sauna bath , which is still used in the south of Mexico . This was also popular in other Mesoamerican cultures . City plans ( edit ) When we saw so many cities and villages built in the water and other great towns on dry land we were amazed and said that it was like the enchantments ( ... ) on account of the great towers and cues and buildings rising from the water , and all built of masonry . And some of our soldiers even asked whether the things that we saw were not a dream ? ( ... ) I do not know how to describe it , seeing things as we did that had never been heard of or seen before , not even dreamed about . -- Bernal Díaz del Castillo , The Conquest of New Spain The city was divided into four zones , or camps ; each camp was divided into 20 districts ( calpullis , Nahuatl calpōlli ) ; and each calpulli , or ' big house ' , was crossed by streets or tlaxilcalli . There were three main streets that crossed the city , each leading to one of the three causeways to the mainland of Tepeyac , Ixtapalpa , and Tlacopan . Bernal Díaz del Castillo reported that they were wide enough for ten horses . Surrounding the raised causeways were artificial floating gardens with canal waterways and gardens of plants , shrubs , and trees . The calpullis were divided by channels used for transportation , with wood bridges that were removed at night . The earliest European images of the city were woodcuts published in Augsburg around 1522 . Marketplaces ( edit ) The Tlatelolco Marketplace as depicted at The Field Museum , Chicago . Each calpulli ( from Classical Nahuatl calpōlli , Nahuatl pronunciation : ( kaɬˈpoːlːi ) , meaning `` large house '' ) had its own tiyanquiztli ( marketplace ) , but there was also a main marketplace in Tlatelolco -- Tenochtitlan 's sister city . Cortés estimated it was twice the size of the city of Salamanca with about 60,000 people trading daily . Bernardino de Sahagún provides a more conservative population estimate of 20,000 on ordinary days and 40,000 on feast days . There were also specialized markets in the other central Mexican cities . Public buildings ( edit ) A picture of Tenochtitlan and a model of the Templo Mayor . In the center of the city were the public buildings , temples , and palaces . Inside a walled square , 500 meters to a side , was the ceremonial center . There were about 45 public buildings , including : the Templo Mayor , which was dedicated to the Aztec patron deity Huitzilopochtli and the Rain God Tlaloc ; the temple of Quetzalcoatl ; the tlachtli ( ball game court ) with the tzompantli or rack of skulls ; the Sun Temple , which was dedicated to Tonatiuh ; the Eagle 's House , which was associated with warriors and the ancient power of rulers ; the platforms for the gladiatorial sacrifice ; and some minor temples . Outside was the palace of Moctezuma with 100 rooms , each with its own bath , for the lords and ambassadors of allies and conquered people . Also located nearby was the cuicalli , or house of the songs , and the calmecac . The city had great symmetry . All constructions had to be approved by the calmimilocatl , a functionary in charge of the city planning . Palaces of Moctezuma II ( edit ) The palace of Moctezuma II also had two houses or zoos , one for birds of prey and another for other birds , reptiles , and mammals . About 300 people were dedicated to the care of the animals . There was also a botanical garden and an aquarium . The aquarium had ten ponds of salt water and ten ponds of fresh water , containing various fish and aquatic birds . Places like this also existed in Texcoco , Chapultepec , Huaxtepec ( now called Oaxtepec ) , and Texcotzingo . Social classes ( edit ) Tenochtitlan can be considered the most complex society in Mesoamerica in regard to social stratification . The complex system involved many social classes . The macehualtin were commoners who lived outside the island city of Tenochtitlan . The pipiltin were noblemen who were relatives of leaders and former leaders , and lived in the confines of the island . Cuauhipiltin , or eagle nobles , were commoners who impressed the nobles with their martial prowess , and were treated as nobles . Teteuctin were the highest class , rulers of various parts of the empire , including the king . Tlacohtin were individuals who chose to enslave themselves to pay back a debt ; they were not slaves forever and were not treated as badly as typical slaves seen in other ancient civilizations worldwide . Finally , the pochteca were merchants who traveled all of Mesoamerica trading . The membership of this class was based on heredity . Pochteca could become very rich because they did not pay taxes , but they had to sponsor the ritual feast of Xocotl Huetzi from the wealth that they obtained from their trade expeditions . Status was displayed by location and type of house where a person lived . Ordinary people lived in houses made of reeds plastered with mud and roofed with thatch . People who were better off had houses of adobe brick with flat roofs . The wealthy had houses of stone masonry with flat roofs . They most likely made up the house complexes that were arranged around the inner court . The higher officials in Tenochtitlan lived in the great palace complexes that made up the city . Adding even more complexity to Aztec social stratification was the calpolli . Calpolli , meaning ' big house ' is a group of families related by either kinship or proximity . These groups consist of both elite members of Aztec society and commoners . Elites provided commoners with arable land and nonagricultural occupations , and commoners performed services for chiefs and gave tribute . History ( edit ) A Mexico City statue commemorating the foundation of Tenochtitlan . Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Mexican civilization of the Mexica people founded in 1325 . The state religion of the Mexica civilization awaited the fulfillment of an ancient prophecy : the wandering tribes would find the destined site for a great city whose location would be signaled by an eagle with a snake in its beak perched atop a ( Opuntia ) cactus . The Mexica saw this vision on what was then a small swampy island in Lake Texcoco , a vision that is now immortalized in Mexico 's coat of arms and on the Mexican flag . Not deterred by the unfavourable terrain , they set about building their city , using the chinampa system ( misnamed as `` floating gardens '' ) for agriculture and to dry and expand the island . A thriving culture developed , and the Mexica civilization came to dominate other tribes around Mexico . The small natural island was perpetually enlarged as Tenochtitlan grew to become the largest and most powerful city in Mesoamerica . Commercial routes were developed that brought goods from places as far as the Gulf of Mexico , the Pacific Ocean and perhaps even the Inca Empire . After a flood of Lake Texcoco , the city was rebuilt under the rule of Ahuitzotl in a style that made it one of the grandest ever in Mesoamerica . Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés arrived in Tenochtitlan on November 8 , 1519 . With an estimated population between 200,000 and 300,000 , many scholars believe Tenochtitlan to have been among the largest cities in the world at that time . Compared to the cities of Europe , only Paris , Venice and Constantinople might have rivaled it . It was five times the size of the London of Henry VIII . In a letter to the Spanish king , Cortés wrote that Tenochtitlan was as large as Seville or Córdoba . Cortes ' men were in awe at the sight of the splendid city and many wondered if they were dreaming . Although some popular sources put the number as high as 350,000 , the most common estimates of the population are of over 200,000 people . One of the few comprehensive academic surveys of Mesoamerican city and town sizes arrived at a population of 212,500 living on 13.5 km ( 5.2 sq mi ) , It is also said that at one time , Moctezuma had rule over an empire of almost five million people in central and southern Mexico because he had extended his rule to surrounding territories to gain tribute and prisoners to sacrifice to the gods . The coming of Cortés ( edit ) Further information : Fall of Tenochtitlan The Conquest of Tenochtitlan . When Cortés and his men arrived in Tenochtitlan , Moctezuma II , who precariously ruled over a large empire , chose to welcome Cortés as an honored guest , rather than risk a war which might quickly be joined by aggrieved indigenous people . Moctezuma may have feared that Cortés was the returning god Quetzalcoatl , because the Spanish arrival coincided with the close of an Aztec calendar cycle consistent with such a return . This claim is found in the Florenino Codex , among other early sources , and accepted as true in many later histories . However , some scholars doubt it . As Cortés approached the great city of Tenochtitlan , the natives put on many events . One particular event was the most important of them all , the celebration of Toxcatl . This event was when the most prominent warriors of altepetl would dance in front of a huge statue of Huitzilopochtli . The Spanish leader , Pedro de Alvarado , who was left in charge , worried that this would be the day that the natives would plan a surprise attack on them . He captured three natives and began to torture them until they confessed that this was indeed true . There was no proof that the natives would attack the Spaniards during this festival , however , Alvarado would plan an attack first by following an old maxim by deciding that the person who would attack first would be successful in this attack . During the festival , the Spaniards came heavily armed and closed off every exit surrounding the courtyard so that no one would escape . This would happen during their last days in Tenochtitlan. . Nobles lined each side along the buildings of the city 's main causeway , which extended about a league . Walking down the center came Moctezuma II , who had two lords at his side , one being his brother , the ruler of Iztapalapa . Cortés dismounted , and was greeted by the ruler and his lords , but was forbidden to touch him . Cortés gave him a necklace of crystals , placing it over his neck . They were then brought to a large house that would serve as their home for their stay in the city . Once they were settled , Moctezuma himself sat down and spoke with Cortés . The great ruler declared that anything that they needed would be theirs to have . He was thrilled to have visitors of such stature . Although the Spaniards were seeking gold , Moctezuma expressed that he had very little of the sort , but all of it was to be given to Cortés if he so desired it . Since arriving in Tenochtitlan , Cortés faced early trouble . Leaving a post in Vera Cruz , the officer left in charge received a letter from Qualpopoca , the leader of Almería , asking to become a vassal of the Spaniards . He requested that officers be sent to him so that he could confirm his submission . To reach the province , the officers would have to travel through hostile land . The officer in charge of Vera Cruz decided to send four officers to meet with Qualpopoca . When they arrived , they were captured and two were killed , the other two escaping through the woods . Upon their return to Vera Cruz , the officer in charge was infuriated , and so led troops to storm Almería . Here they learned that Moctezuma was supposedly the one who commanded the officers to be executed . Back in Tenochtitlan , Cortés detained Moctezuma and questioned him endlessly . Though no serious conclusions were made , this started the relationship between Moctezuma and the Spaniards on a bad note . After the conquest ( edit ) Cortés subsequently besieged Tenochtitlan for 75 days , causing the inhabitants utter famine , directed the systematic destruction and leveling of the city , and began its rebuilding , despite opposition , with a central area designated for Spanish use ( the traza ) . The outer Indian section , now dubbed San Juan Tenochtitlan , continued to be governed by the previous indigenous elite and was divided into the same subdivisions as before. . While the people of Tenochtitlan were celebrating the few Spaniards who were not able to escape and were killed , the city was in great ruins . The people of Tenochtitlan were exposed to diseases from their enemy . A citizen who was exposed to these diseases would not feel it for the first 10 days , then the disease would spread throughout the body , causing many sores the remaining days . This consisted of pain in the body and high fever . People were weak to the point that they could not move , nor be able to obtain food and water . They could n't cook or bury the remaining dead bodies from the conquest . The population of the people of Tenochtitlan began to starve and weaken . For the next 60 days , the amount of citizens that died , began to rise even higher . Ruins ( edit ) The ruins of the Templo Mayor . Tenochtitlan 's main temple complex , the Templo Mayor , was dismantled and the central district of the Spanish colonial city was constructed on top of it . The great temple was destroyed by the Spanish during the construction of a cathedral . The location of the Templo Mayor was rediscovered in the early 20th century , but major excavations did not take place until 1978 -- 1982 , after utility workers came across a massive stone disc depicting the nude dismembered body of the moon goddess Coyolxauhqui . This stone disc is 3.25 meters in diameter ( or 10.5 ft ) . These finds are held at the Templo Mayor Museum . Fundación de México ( The foundation of Mexico ) -- Tenochtitlán by Roberto Cueva del Río . The ruins , constructed over seven periods , were built on top of each other . The resulting weight of the structures caused them to sink into the sediment of Lake Texcoco . This resulted in the ruins now resting at an angle instead of horizontally . Mexico City 's Zócalo , the Plaza de la Constitución , is located at the site of Tenochtitlan 's original central plaza and market , and many of the original calzadas still correspond to modern city streets . The Aztec calendar stone was located in the ruins . This stone is 4 meters in diameter and weighs over 20 tons . It was once located half - way up the great pyramid . This sculpture was made around 1470 under the rule of King Axayacatl , the predecessor of Tizoc , and is said to tell the history of the Mexicas and a prophecy for the future . In August 1987 , archaeologists discovered a mix of 1,789 human bones five metres below street level in Mexico City . The burial dates back to the 1480s and lies at the foot of the main temple in the sacred ceremonial precinct of the Aztec capital . The bones are from children , teenagers and adults and a complete skeleton of a young woman was also found at the site . See also ( edit ) List of megalithic sites List of Mesoamerican pyramids History of Mexico City Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tenochtitlán , la capital azteca '' . www.historiang.com . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Frances Karttunen ( 1983 ) An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl p. 225 , Texas linguistic series , University of Texas , Austin ISBN 978 - 0 - 2927 - 0365 - 0 ; OCLC 230535203 Jump up ^ Cortés , H . Jump up ^ Aguilar - Moreno , Manuel ( 2006 ) . Handbook to life in the Aztec world . Infobase Publishing . p. 368 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5673 - 6 . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Bernal Diaz Del Castillo , `` The Discovery And Conquest Of Mexico 1517 1521 '' , Edited by Genaro Garcia , Translated with an Introduction and Notes ? , pp. 269 -- , A.P. Maudslay , first pub 1928 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Coe , M. 2008 , p. 193 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , C. 1980 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ `` Newspaper About the Country that the Spaniards Found in 1521 , Called Yucatan '' . World Digital Library . 2011 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Coe , M. 2008 , p. 193 Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Coe , M. 2008 , pp. 194 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Blainey , G. A Very Short History of the World , 2007 Jump up ^ Levy , Buddy ( 2008 ) . Conquistador : Hernán Cortés , King Montezuma , and the Last Stand of the Aztecs . Bantam Books . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0553384710 . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Douglas ; Chance , John K. ( 1981 ) . Latin American urbanization . CUP Archive . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 28175 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stannard , D. ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Smith ( 2005 ) , p. 411 Jump up ^ Townsend , Camilla . `` Burying the White Gods : New Perspectives on the Conquest of Mexico , '' American Historical Review ( June 2003 ) Jump up ^ Townsend , Camilla. 2006 . 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Stannard , D. 1992 , 214 . Jump up ^ `` The Colonial Spanish - American City : Urban Life in the Age of Atlantic Capitalism '' , Jay Kinsbruner , University of Texas Press , 2005 , p. 20 , ISBN 0 - 292 - 70668 - 5 Jump up ^ Stannard , D. 1992 , 109 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Camilla. 2006 , 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Snow , Dean R. ( 2010 ) . Archaeology of Native North America . Boston : Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 615686 - 4 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 162 -- 167 ^ Jump up to : A.R Williams ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` Venerable Bones '' . National Geographic . References ( edit ) Coe , Michael D. ( 2008 ) . Mexico : From the Olmecs to the Aztecs . New York , New York : Thames & Hudson . Cohen , Sara E. ( March 1972 ) . `` How the Aztecs Appraised Montezuma '' . Society for History Education : The History Teacher. 5 ( 3 ) : 21 -- 30 . Cortés , Hernán ( 1969 ) . Five Letters of Cortés to the Emperor . Morris J. Baynard ( ed. and trans . ) . Díaz del Castillo , Bernal ( 1963 ) ( 1632 ) . The Conquest of New Spain . Penguin Classics . J.M. Cohen ( trans . ) ( 6th printing ( 1973 ) ed . ) . Harmondsworth , England : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044123 - 9 . OCLC 162351797 . Smith , Michael E. ( May 2005 ) . `` City Size in Late Post-Classic Mesoamerica '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Urban History . Beverley Hills , CA : SAGE Publications . 31 ( 4 ) : 403 -- 434 . doi : 10.1177 / 0096144204274396 . OCLC 1798556 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 01 . Soustelle , Jacques ( 1984 ) . La vida cotidiana de los aztecas en visperas de la conquista ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : Fondo de Cultura Economica . Stannard , David E. ( 1992 ) . American Holocaust : Columbus and the conquest of the New World . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . Walker , Charles ( 1980 ) . Wonders of the Ancient World . New York , New York : Crescent Books . Townsend , Camilla . Malintzin 's Choices : An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 2006 . Print . Further reading ( edit ) Calnek , Edward . `` Settlement Pattern and Chinampa Agriculture at Tenochtitlan . '' American Antiquity 37.1. ( 1973 ) 190 -- 95 . Calnek , Edward . `` El sistema de mercado en Tenochtitlan . '' In Economía política e ideología en el México prehispánico . Eds . Pedro Carrasco and Johanna Broda , pp. 97 -- 114 . Mexico City : Centro de Investigaciones Superiores del Instituto de Antropología e Historia , 1978 . Calnek , Edward . `` Tenochtitlan in the Early Colonial Period . '' Acts of the XLII International Congress of Americanists 8 , 1976 ( 1979 ) 35 -- 40 . Calnek , Edward . `` Tenochtitlan - Tlatelolco : the Natural History of a City . '' In El Urbanismo en Mesoamérica / Urbanism in Mesoamerica , vol. 1 . edited by W.T. Sanders et al. , 149 -- 202 . Mexico City : Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia ; University Park : Pennsylvania State University 2003 . Molina Montes , Augusto F. ( December 1980 ) . `` The building of Tenochtitlan '' . National Geographic . Vol. 158 no . 6 . pp. 753 -- 764 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . Mundy , Barbara E. `` Mapping the Aztec Capital : the 1524 Nuremberg Map of Tenochtitlan , Its Sources and Meanings . '' Imago Mundi 50 ( 1998 ) , 1 -- 22 . Mundy , Barbara E. `` Place - Names in Mexico - Tenochtitlan . '' Ethnohistory 61 ( 2 ) Spring 2014 . 329 -- 355 . Mundy , Barbara E. The Death of Aztec Tenochtitlan , the Life of Mexico City . Austin : University of Texas Press 2015 . Toussaint , Manuel , Federico Gómez de Orozco , and Justino Fernández , Planos de la Ciudad de México . XVI Congreso Internacional de Planificación y de la Habitación . Mexico City : Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1938 . Townsend , Richard F. State and Cosmos in the Art of Tenochtitlan . Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archeology 20 . Washington D.C. , Dumbarton Oaks 1979 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tenochtitlan . VIAF : 242273504 GND : 4401405 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&oldid=808750406 '' Categories : Former monarchies of North America Former countries in North America States and territories established in 1325 States and territories disestablished in 1521 Tenochtitlan Aztec sites Destroyed cities Former populated places in Mexico History of Mexico City Lake islands of Mexico Valley of Mexico 1325 establishments in the Aztec civilization 1521 disestablishments in the Aztec civilization Populated places established in the 1320s Populated places disestablished in 1521 Artificial islands of Mexico Razed cities Hidden categories : Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing non-English - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2014 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Mexico articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Aragonés Aymar aru বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 22 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the name of the aztecs capital city	[ "Tenochtitlan (Spanish: Tenochtitlan, Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmexiko tenotʃˈtitlan] ( listen)), originally known as México-Tenochtitlan (Classical Nahuatl: Mēxihco-Tenōchtitlan [meːˈʃíʔ.ko te.noːt͡ʃ.ˈtí.t͡ɬan]), was a large Mexica city-state on an island in Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico. Founded on June 20, 1325, it was the capital of the expanding Aztec Empire in the 15th century[1] until it was captured by the Spanish in 1521." ]	[ "Tenochtitlan" ]
-7612789396027174533	World Series	World Series - wikipedia World Series Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the annual championship series of Major League Baseball . For the most recent MLB championship , see 2017 World Series . For other uses , see World Series ( disambiguation ) . World Series The Commissioner 's Trophy is awarded to the team that wins the World Series . First played 1903 Most recently played 2017 Current champions Houston Astros ( 2017 ) ( 1st title ) Current runners - up Los Angeles Dodgers Most titles New York Yankees ( 27 ) Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Tie Breakers Tie Breaker Games Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in North America , contested since 1903 between the American League ( AL ) champion team and the National League ( NL ) champion team . The winner of the World Series championship is determined through a best - of - seven playoff , and the winning team is awarded the Commissioner 's Trophy . As the series is played during the fall season in North America , it is sometimes referred to as the Fall Classic . Prior to 1969 , the team with the best regular season win - loss record in each league automatically advanced to the World Series ; since then each league has conducted a championship series ( ALCS and NLCS ) preceding the World Series to determine which teams will advance . As of 2017 , the World Series has been contested 113 times , with the AL winning 65 and the NL winning 48 . The 2017 World Series took place between the Los Angeles Dodgers and Houston Astros . Seven games were played , with the Astros victorious after game seven , played in Los Angeles . This was the first World Series won by the Astros . In the American League , the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27 , the Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9 , and the Boston Red Sox have played in 12 and won 8 , including the first World Series . In the National League , the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11 , the New York / San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8 , the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 19 and won 6 , and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5 . As of 2017 , no team has won consecutive World Series championships since the New York Yankees in 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 -- the longest such drought in Major League Baseball history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors to the modern World Series ( 1857 -- 1902 ) 1.1 The original World Series 1.2 1892 -- 1900 : `` The Monopoly Years '' 2 Modern World Series ( 1903 -- present ) 2.1 First attempt 2.2 Boycott of 1904 2.3 1919 Black Sox Scandal 2.4 New York Yankees dynasty ( 1920 -- 1964 ) 2.4. 1 1947 -- 1964 : New York City teams dominate World Series play 2.5 The World Series in California 2.6 1969 : League Championship Series 2.7 1970s 2.7. 1 1971 : World Series at night 2.7. 2 1972 -- 1978 : Threepeat , repeats , and Fisk 's home run 2.7. 3 1976 : The designated hitter comes to the World Series 2.8 1980s 2.8. 1 1984 : Anderson becomes first to win in both leagues 2.8. 2 1988 : Kirk Gibson 's home run 2.8. 3 1989 : Earthquake 2.9 1990s 2.9. 1 1992 -- 1993 : The World Series enters Canada 2.9. 2 1994 : League Division Series 2.9. 3 1994 -- 1995 strike 2.10 2000s 2.10. 1 All - Star Game and home - field advantage ( 2003 -- 2016 ) 2.11 2010s 3 Modern World Series appearances by franchise 3.1 World Series record by team or franchise , 1903 -- 2017 3.2 Team patterns in the World Series 3.2. 1 Streaks and droughts 3.2. 2 Game - by - game 3.2. 3 Local rivalries 3.2. 3.1 Cross-town Series 3.2. 3.2 Cross-state rivalries 3.2. 4 Pennants won in different cities 3.2. 5 The original sixteen teams 3.2. 6 Expansion teams ( after 1960 ) 3.2. 7 Other notes 4 Television coverage and ratings 5 International participation 6 Image gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Precursors to the modern World Series ( 1857 -- 1902 ) ( edit ) Further information : List of pre-World Series baseball champions The original World Series ( edit ) Until the formation of the American Association in 1882 as a second major league , the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ( 1871 -- 1875 ) and then the National League ( founded 1876 ) represented the top level of organized baseball in the United States . All championships were awarded to the team with the best record at the end of the season , without a postseason series being played . From 1884 to 1890 , the National League and the American Association faced each other in a series of games at the end of the season to determine an overall champion . These series were disorganized in comparison to the modern World Series , with the terms arranged through negotiation of the owners of the championship teams beforehand . The number of games played ranged from as few as three in 1884 ( Providence defeated New York three games to zero ) , to a high of fifteen in 1887 ( Detroit beat St. Louis ten games to five ) . Both the 1885 and 1890 Series ended in ties , each team having won three games with one tie game . The series was promoted and referred to as `` The Championship of the United States '' , `` World 's Championship Series '' , or `` World 's Series '' for short . In his book Krakatoa : The Day the World Exploded : August 27 , 1883 , Simon Winchester mentions in passing that the World Series was named for the New York World newspaper , but this view is disputed . The 19th - century competitions are , however , not officially recognized as part of World Series history by Major League Baseball , as it considers 19th - century baseball to be a prologue to the modern baseball era . Until about 1960 , some sources treated the 19th - century Series on an equal basis with the post-19th - century series . After about 1930 , however , many authorities list the start of the World Series in 1903 and discuss the earlier contests separately . ( For example , the 1929 World Almanac and Book of Facts lists `` Baseball World 's Championships 1884 -- 1928 '' in a single table , but the 1943 edition lists `` Baseball World Championships 1903 -- 1942 '' . ) 1892 -- 1900 : `` the monopoly years '' ( edit ) Following the collapse of the American Association after the 1891 season , the National League was again the only major league . The league championship was awarded in 1892 by a playoff between half - season champions . This scheme was abandoned after one season . Beginning in 1893 -- and continuing until divisional play was introduced in 1969 -- the pennant was awarded to the first - place club in the standings at the end of the season . For four seasons , 1894 -- 1897 , the league champions played the runners - up in the post season championship series called the Temple Cup . A second attempt at this format was the Chronicle - Telegraph Cup series , which was played only once , in 1900 . In 1901 , the American League was formed as a second major league . No championship series were played in 1901 or 1902 as the National and American Leagues fought each other for business supremacy ( in 1902 , the top teams instead opted to compete in a football championship ) . Modern World Series ( 1903 -- present ) ( edit ) Further information : List of World Series champions First attempt ( edit ) After two years of bitter competition and player raiding , the National and American Leagues made peace and , as part of the accord , several pairs of teams squared off for interleague exhibition games after the 1903 season . These series were arranged by the participating clubs , as the 1880s World 's Series matches had been . One of them matched the two pennant winners , Pittsburg Pirates of the NL and Boston Americans ( later known as the Red Sox ) of the AL ; that one is known as the 1903 World Series . It had been arranged well in advance by the two owners , as both teams were league leaders by large margins . Boston upset Pittsburg by five games to three , winning with pitching depth behind Cy Young and Bill Dinneen and with the support of the band of Royal Rooters . The Series brought much civic pride to Boston and proved the new American League could beat the Nationals . Boycott of 1904 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 1904 Series , if it had been held , would have been between the AL 's Boston Americans ( Boston Red Sox ) and the NL 's New York Giants ( now the San Francisco Giants ) . At that point there was no governing body for the World Series nor any requirement that a Series be played . Thus the Giants ' owner John T. Brush refused to allow his team to participate in such an event , citing the `` inferiority '' of the upstart American League . John McGraw , the Giants ' manager , even went so far as to say that his Giants were already `` world champions '' since they were the champions of the `` only real major league '' . At the time of the announcement , their new cross-town rivals , the New York Highlanders ( now the New York Yankees ) , were leading the AL , and the prospect of facing the Highlanders did not please Giants management . Boston won on the last day of the season , and the leagues had previously agreed to hold a World 's Championship Series in 1904 , but it was not binding , and Brush stuck to his original decision . In addition to political reasons , Brush also factually cited the lack of rules under which money would be split , where games would be played , and how they would be operated and staffed . During the winter of 1904 -- 1905 , however , feeling the sting of press criticism , Brush had a change of heart and proposed what came to be known as the `` Brush Rules '' , under which the series were played subsequently . One rule was that player shares would come from a portion of the gate receipts for the first four games only . This was to discourage teams from fixing early games in order to prolong the series and make more money . Receipts for later games would be split among the two clubs and the National Commission , the governing body for the sport , which was able to cover much of its annual operating expense from World Series revenue . Most importantly , the now - official and compulsory World 's Series matches were operated strictly by the National Commission itself , not by the participating clubs . With the new rules in place and the National Commission in control , McGraw 's Giants made it to the 1905 Series , and beat the Philadelphia A 's four games to one . Since then the Series has been held every year except 1994 , when it was canceled due to a players ' strike . The list of postseason rules evolved over time . In 1925 , Brooklyn owner Charles Ebbets persuaded others to adopt as a permanent rule the 2 -- 3 -- 2 pattern used in 1924 . Prior to 1924 , the pattern had been to alternate by game or to make another arrangement convenient to both clubs . The 2 -- 3 -- 2 pattern has been used ever since save for the 1943 and 1945 World Series , which followed a 3 -- 4 pattern due to World War II travel restrictions ; in 1944 , the normal pattern was followed because both teams were based in the same home stadium . 1919 Black Sox scandal ( edit ) Main article : Black Sox Scandal This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gambling and game - fixing had been a problem in professional baseball from the beginning ; star pitcher Jim Devlin was banned for life in 1877 , when the National League was just two years old . Baseball 's gambling problems came to a head in 1919 , when eight players of the Chicago White Sox were alleged to have conspired to throw the 1919 World Series . The Sox had won the Series in 1917 and were heavy favorites to beat the Cincinnati Reds in 1919 , but first baseman Chick Gandil had other plans . Gandil , in collaboration with gambler Joseph `` Sport '' Sullivan , approached his teammates and got six of them to agree to throw the Series : starting pitchers Eddie Cicotte and Lefty Williams , shortstop Swede Risberg , left fielder Shoeless Joe Jackson , center fielder Happy Felsch , and utility infielder Fred McMullin . Third baseman Buck Weaver knew of the fix but declined to participate , hitting . 324 for the series from 11 hits and committing no errors in the field . The Sox , who were promised $100,000 for cooperating , proceeded to lose the Series in eight games , pitching poorly , hitting poorly and making many errors . Though he took the money , Jackson insisted to his death that he played to the best of his ability in the series ( he was the best hitter in the series , including having hit the series ' only home run , but had markedly worse numbers in the games the White Sox lost ) . During the Series , writer and humorist Ring Lardner had facetiously called the event the `` World 's Serious '' . The Series turned out to indeed have serious consequences for the sport . After rumors circulated for nearly a year , the players were suspended in September 1920 . The `` Black Sox '' were acquitted in a criminal conspiracy trial . However , baseball in the meantime had established the office of Commissioner in an effort to protect the game 's integrity , and the first commissioner , Kenesaw Mountain Landis , banned all of the players involved , including Weaver , for life . The White Sox would not win a World Series again until 2005 . The events of the 1919 Series , segueing into the `` live ball '' era , marked a point in time of change of the fortunes of several teams . The two most prolific World Series winners to date , the New York Yankees and the St. Louis Cardinals , did not win their first championship until the 1920s ; and three of the teams that were highly successful prior to 1920 ( the Boston Red Sox , Chicago White Sox and the Chicago Cubs ) went the rest of the 20th century without another World Series win . The Red Sox and White Sox finally won again in 2004 and 2005 , respectively . The Cubs had to wait over a century ( until the 2016 season ) for their next trophy . They did not appear in the Fall Classic from 1945 until 2016 , the longest drought of any MLB club . New York Yankees dynasty ( 1920 -- 1964 ) ( edit ) The New York Yankees purchased Babe Ruth from the Boston Red Sox after the 1919 season , appeared in their first World Series two years later in 1921 , and became frequent participants thereafter . Over a period of 45 years from 1920 to 1964 , the Yankees played in 29 World Series championships , winning 20 . The team 's dynasty reached its apex between 1947 and 1964 , when the Yankees reached the World Series 15 times in eighteen years , helped by an agreement with the Kansas City Athletics ( after that team moved from Philadelphia during 1954 -- 1955 offseason ) whereby the teams made several deals advantageous to the Yankees ( until ended by new Athletics ' owner Charles O. Finley ) . During that span , the Yankees played in all World Series except 1948 , 1954 , and 1959 , winning ten . From 1949 to 1953 , the Yankees won the World Series five years in a row ; from 1936 -- 1939 the Yankees won four World Series Championships in a row . There are only two other occasions when a team has won at least three consecutive World Series : 1972 to 1974 by the Oakland Athletics , and 1998 to 2000 by the New York Yankees . 1947 -- 1964 : New York City teams dominate World Series play ( edit ) In an 18 - year span from 1947 to 1964 , except for 1948 and 1959 , the World Series was played in New York City , featuring at least one of the three teams located in New York at the time . The Dodgers and Giants moved to California after the 1957 season , leaving the Yankees as the lone team in the city until the Mets were enfranchised in 1962 . During this period , other than 1948 , 1954 , and 1959 , the Yankees represented the American League in the World Series . In the years 1947 , 1949 , 1951 -- 1953 , and 1955 -- 1956 , both teams in the World Series were from New York , with the Yankees playing against either the Dodgers or Giants . The World Series in California ( edit ) In 1958 , the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants took their long - time rivalry to the west coast , moving to Los Angeles and San Francisco , respectively , bringing Major League Baseball west of St. Louis and Kansas City . The Dodgers were the first of the two clubs to contest a World Series on the west coast , defeating the Chicago White Sox in 1959 . The 1962 Giants made the first California World Series appearance of that franchise , losing to the Yankees . The Dodgers made three World Series appearances in the 1960s : a 1963 win over the Yankees , a 1965 win over the Minnesota Twins and a 1966 loss to the Baltimore Orioles . In 1968 , the Kansas City Athletics relocated to Oakland and the following year 1969 , the National League granted a franchise to San Diego as the San Diego Padres . The A 's became a powerful dynasty , winning three consecutive World Series from 1972 -- 1974 . In 1974 , the A 's played the Dodgers in the first all - California World Series . The Padres have two World Series appearances ( a 1984 loss to the Detroit Tigers , and a 1998 loss to the New York Yankees ) . The Dodgers won two more World Series in the 1980s ( 1981 , 1988 ) . The A 's again went to three straight world series , from 1988 -- 1990 , winning once . 1988 and 1989 were all - California series as the A 's lost to the Dodgers and beat the Giants , respectively . The Giants have been in four World Series ' in the new millennium , losing in 2002 to the Anaheim Angels ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim since 2005 ) , and winning in 2010 ( Rangers ) , 2012 ( Tigers ) , and 2014 ( Royals ) . 1969 : League championship Series ( edit ) Prior to 1969 , the National League and the American League each crowned its champion ( the `` pennant winner '' ) based on the best win - loss record at the end of the regular season . A structured playoff series began in 1969 , when both the National and American Leagues were reorganized into two divisions each , East and West . The two division winners within each league played each other in a best - of - five League Championship Series to determine who would advance to the World Series . In 1985 , the format changed to best - of - seven . The National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) and American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) , since the expansion to best - of - seven , are always played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format : Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 are played in the stadium of the team that has home - field advantage , and Games 3 , 4 and 5 are played in the stadium of the team that does not . 1970s ( edit ) 1971 : World Series at night ( edit ) MLB night games started being held in 1935 by the Cincinnati Reds , but the World Series remained a strictly daytime event for years thereafter . In the final game of the 1949 World Series , a Series game was finished under lights for the first time . The first scheduled night World Series game was Game 4 of the 1971 World Series at Three Rivers Stadium . Afterward , World Series games were frequently scheduled at night , when television audiences were larger . Game 6 of the 1987 World Series was the last World Series game played in the daytime , indoors at the Metrodome in Minnesota . ( The last World Series played outdoors during the day was the final game of the 1984 series in Detroit 's Tiger Stadium . ) 1972 -- 1978 : threepeat , repeats , and Fisk 's home run ( edit ) During this seven - year period , only three teams won the World Series : the Oakland Athletics from 1972 to 1974 , Cincinnati Reds in 1975 and 1976 , and New York Yankees in 1977 and 1978 . This is the only time in World Series history in which three teams have won consecutive series in succession . This period was book - ended by World Championships for the Pittsburgh Pirates , in 1971 and 1979 . However , the Baltimore Orioles made three consecutive World Series appearances : 1969 ( losing to the `` amazing '' eight - year - old franchise New York Mets ) , 1970 ( beating the Reds in their first World Series appearance of the decade ) , and 1971 ( losing to the Pittsburgh Pirates , as well their 1979 appearance , when they again lost to the Pirates ) , and the Los Angeles Dodgers ' back - to - back World Series appearances in 1977 and 1978 ( both losses to the New York Yankees ) , as well in 1974 losing against the cross-state rival Oakland Athletics . Game 6 of the 1975 World Series is regarded by most as one of the greatest World Series games ever played . It found the Boston Red Sox winning in the 12th inning in Fenway Park , defeating the Cincinnati Reds to force a seventh and deciding game . The game is best remembered for its exciting lead changes , nail - biting turns of events , and a game - winning walk - off home run by Carlton Fisk , resulting in a 7 -- 6 Red Sox victory . 1976 : the designated hitter comes to the World Series ( edit ) The National and American Leagues operated under essentially identical rules until 1973 , when the American League adopted the designated hitter ( DH ) rule , allowing its teams to use another hitter to bat in place of the ( usually ) weak - hitting pitcher . The National League did not adopt the DH rule . This presented a problem for the World Series , whose two contestants would now be playing their regular - season games under different rules . From 1973 to 1975 , the World Series did not include a DH . Starting in 1976 , the World Series allowed for the use of a DH in even - numbered years only . ( The Cincinnati Reds swept the 1976 Series in four games , using the same nine - man lineup in each contest . Dan Driessen was the Reds ' DH during the series , thereby becoming the National League 's first designated hitter . ) Finally , in 1986 , baseball adopted the current rule in which the DH is used for World Series games played in the AL champion 's park but not the NL champion 's . Thus , the DH rule 's use or non-use can affect the performance of the home team . 1980s ( edit ) 1984 : Anderson becomes first to win in both leagues ( edit ) The 1984 Detroit Tigers gained distinction as just the third team in major league history ( after the 1927 New York Yankees and 1955 Brooklyn Dodgers ) to lead a season wire - to - wire , from opening day through their World Series victory . In the process , Tigers skipper Sparky Anderson became the first manager to win a World Series title in both leagues , having previously won in 1975 and 1976 with the Cincinnati Reds . 1988 : Kirk Gibson 's home run ( edit ) The 1988 World Series is remembered for the iconic home run by the Los Angeles Dodgers ' Kirk Gibson with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning . The Dodgers were huge underdogs against the 104 - win Oakland Athletics , who had swept the Boston Red Sox in the ALCS . Baseball 's top relief pitcher , Dennis Eckersley , closed out all four games in the ALCS , and he appeared ready to do the same in Game 1 against a Dodgers team trailing 4 -- 3 in the ninth . After getting the first two outs , Eckersley walked Mike Davis of the Dodgers , who were playing without Gibson , their best position player and the NL MVP . Gibson had injured himself in the NLCS and was expected to miss the entire World Series . Yet , despite not being able to walk without a noticeable limp , Gibson surprised all in attendance at Dodger Stadium ( and all watching on TV ) by pinch - hitting . After two quick strikes and then working the count full , Gibson hit a home run to right , inspiring iconic pronouncements by two legendary broadcasters calling the game , Vin Scully ( on TV ) and Jack Buck ( on radio ) . On NBC , as Gibson limped around the bases , Scully famously exclaimed , `` The impossible has happened ! '' and on radio , Buck equally famously exclaimed , `` I do n't believe what I just saw ! '' Gibson 's home run set the tone for the series , as the Dodgers went on to beat the A 's 4 games to 1 . The severity of Gibson 's injury prevented him from playing in any of the remaining games . 1989 : earthquake ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When the 1989 World Series began , it was notable chiefly for being the first ever World Series matchup between the two San Francisco Bay Area teams , the San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics . Oakland won the first two games at home , and the two teams crossed the bridge to San Francisco to play Game 3 on Tuesday , October 17 . ABC 's broadcast of Game 3 began at 5 pm local time , approximately 30 minutes before the first pitch was scheduled . At 5 : 04 , while broadcasters Al Michaels and Tim McCarver were narrating highlights and the teams were warming up , the Loma Prieta earthquake occurred ( having a surface - wave magnitude of 7.1 with an epicenter ten miles ( 16 km ) northeast of Santa Cruz , California ) . The earthquake caused substantial property and economic damage in the Bay Area and killed 63 people . Television viewers saw the video signal deteriorate and heard Michaels say `` I 'll tell you what , we 're having an earth -- '' before the feed from Candlestick Park was lost . Fans filing into the stadium saw Candlestick sway visibly during the quake . Television coverage later resumed , using backup generators , with Michaels becoming a news reporter on the unfolding disaster . Approximately 30 minutes after the earthquake , Commissioner Fay Vincent ordered the game to be postponed . Fans , workers , and the teams evacuated a blacked out ( although still sunlit ) Candlestick . Game 3 was finally played on October 27 , and Oakland won that day and the next to complete a four - game sweep . 1990s ( edit ) 1992 -- 1993 : the World Series enters Canada ( edit ) World Series games were contested outside of the United States for the first time in 1992 , with the Toronto Blue Jays defeating the Atlanta Braves in six games . The World Series returned to Canada in 1993 , with the Blue Jays victorious again , this time against the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . No other Series has featured a team from outside of the United States . Toronto is the only expansion team to win successive World Series titles . The 1993 World Series was also notable for being only the second championship concluded by a home run and the first concluded by a come - from - behind homer , after Joe Carter 's three - run shot in the bottom of the ninth inning sealed an 8 -- 6 Toronto win in Game 6 . The first Series to end with a homer was the 1960 World Series , when Bill Mazeroski hit a ninth - inning solo shot in Game 7 to win the championship for the Pittsburgh Pirates . 1994 : League division Series ( edit ) In 1994 , each league was restructured into three divisions , with the three division winners and the newly introduced wild card winner advancing to a best - of - five playoff round ( the `` division series '' ) , the National League Division Series ( NLDS ) and American League Division Series ( ALDS ) . The team with the best league record is matched against the wild card team , unless they are in the same division , in which case , the team with the second - best record plays against the wild card winner . The remaining two division winners are pitted against each other . The winners of the series in the first round advance to the best - of - seven NLCS and ALCS . Due to a players ' strike , however , the NLDS and ALDS were not played until 1995 . Beginning in 1998 , home field advantage was given to the team with the better regular season record , with the exception that the Wild Card team can not get home - field advantage . 1994 -- 1995 strike ( edit ) Main article : 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike After the boycott of 1904 , the World Series was played every year until 1994 despite the First World War , the global influenza pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 , the Great Depression of the 1930s , America 's involvement in the Second World War , and even an earthquake in the host cities of the 1989 World Series . A breakdown in collective bargaining led to a strike in August 1994 and the eventual cancellation of the rest of the season , including the playoffs . As the labor talks began , baseball franchise owners demanded a salary cap in order to limit payrolls , the elimination of salary arbitration , and the right to retain free agent players by matching a competitor 's best offer . The Major League Baseball Players Association ( MLBPA ) refused to agree to limit payrolls , noting that the responsibility for high payrolls lay with those owners who were voluntarily offering contracts . One difficulty in reaching a settlement was the absence of a commissioner . When Fay Vincent was forced to resign in 1992 , owners did not replace him , electing instead to make Milwaukee Brewers owner Bud Selig acting commissioner . Thus , baseball headed into the 1994 work stoppage without a full - time commissioner for the first time since the office was founded in 1920 . The previous collective bargaining agreement expired on December 31 , 1993 , and baseball began the 1994 season without a new agreement . Owners and players negotiated as the season progressed , but owners refused to give up the idea of a salary cap and players refused to accept one . On August 12 , 1994 , the players went on strike . After a month passed with no progress in the labor talks , Selig canceled the rest of the 1994 season and the postseason on September 14 . The World Series was not played for the first time in 90 years . The Montreal Expos , now the Washington Nationals , were the best team in baseball at the time of the stoppage , with a record of 74 -- 40 ( since their founding in 1969 , the Expos / Nationals have never played in a World Series . ) The labor dispute lasted into the spring of 1995 , with owners beginning spring training with replacement players . However , the MLBPA returned to work on April 2 , 1995 after a federal judge , future U.S. Supreme Court justice Sonia Sotomayor , ruled that the owners had engaged in unfair labor practices . The season started on April 25 and the 1995 World Series was played as scheduled , with Atlanta beating Cleveland four games to two . 2000s ( edit ) The 2001 World Series was the first World Series to end in November , due to the week - long delay in the regular season after the September 11 attacks . Game 4 had begun on Oct. 31 but went into extra innings and ended early on the morning of Nov. 1 , the first time the Series had been played in November . Yankee shortstop Derek Jeter won the game with a 12th inning walk - off home run and was dubbed `` Mr. November '' by elements of the media -- echoing the media 's designation of Reggie Jackson as `` Mr. October '' for his slugging achievements during the 1977 World Series . With the 2006 World Series victory by the St. Louis Cardinals , Tony La Russa became the second manager to a win a World Series in both the American and National Leagues . All - Star game and home - field advantage ( 2003 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Prior to 2003 , home - field advantage in the World Series alternated from year to year between the NL and AL . After the 2002 Major League Baseball All - Star Game ended in a tie , MLB decided to award home - field advantage in the World Series to the winner of the All - Star Game . Originally implemented as a two - year trial from 2003 to 2004 , the practice was extended . The American League had won every All - Star Game since this change until 2010 and thus enjoyed home - field advantage from 2002 , when it also had home - field advantage based on the alternating schedule , through 2009 . From 2003 to 2010 , the AL and NL had each won the World Series four times , but none of them had gone the full seven games . Since then , the 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , and 2017 World Series have gone the full seven games . This rule was subject to debate , with various writers feeling that home - field advantage should be decided based on the regular season records of the participants , not on an exhibition game played several months earlier . Some writers especially questioned the integrity of this rule after the 2014 All - Star Game , when St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Adam Wainwright suggested that he intentionally gave Derek Jeter some easy pitches to hit in the New York Yankees ' shortstop 's final All - Star appearance before he retired at the end of that season . As Bob Ryan of The Boston Globe wrote in July 2015 about the rule : `` So now we have a game that 's not real baseball determining which league hosts Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 in the World Series . It 's not a game if pitchers throw one inning . It 's not a game if managers try to get everyone on a bloated roster into the game . It 's not a game if every franchise , no matter how wretched , has to put a player on the team ... If the game is going to count , tell the managers to channel their inner Connie Mack and go for it . '' However , within the last seven seasons , home - field advantage , in terms of deciding World Series games , has not necessarily worked for teams of said games . Since 2014 , the home team has not won the deciding game of a World Series . 2010s ( edit ) The San Francisco Giants won the World Series in 2010 , 2012 , and 2014 while failing to qualify to play in the postseason in the intervening seasons . The Texas Rangers were twice only one strike away from winning their first World Series title in 2011 , but the St. Louis Cardinals scored late twice in Game 6 by the soon to become Series MVP , David Freese , to force a Game 7 . The Kansas City Royals reached the World Series in 2014 , which was their first appearance in the postseason since winning the series in 1985 . At the time , it was the longest postseason drought in baseball . They lost in 7 games to the Giants . The following season , the Royals finished with the American League 's best record , and won a second consecutive American League pennant . They defeated the New York Mets in the World Series 4 -- 1 , capturing their first title in 30 years . The 2015 contest was the first time that two expansion clubs met for the Fall Classic . In 2016 , the Chicago Cubs ended their 108 - year long drought without a World Series title by defeating the Cleveland Indians , rallying from a 3 -- 1 Series deficit in the process . That extended Cleveland 's World Series title drought to 68 years and counting -- the Indians last won the Series in 1948 -- now the longest title drought in the majors . Beginning in 2017 , home field advantage in the World Series is awarded to the league champion team with the better regular season win - loss record . If both league champions have the same record , the second tie - breaker would be head - to - head record , and if that does not resolve it , the third tie - breaker would be best divisional record . The Houston Astros won the 2017 World Series in 7 games against the Los Angeles Dodgers on November 1 , 2017 , winning their first World Series since their creation in 1962 . Modern World Series appearances by franchise ( edit ) Further information : List of World Series champions World Series record by team or franchise , 1903 -- 2017 ( edit ) Teams † Series Wins Series Played Last Won Last Played New York Yankees ( AL ) ( previously New York Highlanders / Baltimore Orioles ) 27 40 2009 2009 St. Louis Cardinals ( NL ) 11 19 2011 2013 Oakland Athletics ( AL ) ( previously Philadelphia / Kansas City ) 9 14 1989 1990 San Francisco Giants ( NL ) ( previously New York ) 8 20 2014 2014 Boston Red Sox ( AL ) ( previously Americans ) 8 12 2013 2013 Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) ( previously Brooklyn ) 6 19 1988 2017 Cincinnati Reds ( NL ) ( previously Redlegs , Red Stockings ) 5 9 1990 1990 Pittsburgh Pirates ( NL ) 5 7 1979 1979 Detroit Tigers ( AL ) 11 1984 2012 Chicago Cubs ( NL ) 11 2016 2016 Atlanta Braves ( NL ) ( previously Boston Red Stockings , Beaneaters , Doves , Rustlers , Braves / Milwaukee ) 9 1995 1999 Baltimore Orioles ( AL ) ( previously Milwaukee Brewers / St. Louis Browns ) 7 Minnesota Twins ( AL ) ( previously 1st Washington Senators ) 6 1991 1991 Chicago White Sox ( AL ) 5 2005 2005 Philadelphia Phillies ( NL ) 7 2008 2009 Cleveland Indians ( AL ) 6 1948 2016 New York Mets ( NL , 1962 ) * 5 1986 2015 Kansas City Royals ( AL , 1969 ) * 2015 2015 Miami Marlins ( NL , 1993 ) * ( previously Florida ) 2003 2003 Toronto Blue Jays ( AL , 1977 ) * 1993 1993 Houston Astros ( NL , 1962 ; AL , 2013 ) * ( previously Colt . 45 's , NL ) 2017 2017 Los Angeles Angels ( AL , 1961 ) * ( previously California / Anaheim Angels and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) 2002 2002 Arizona Diamondbacks ( NL , 1998 ) * 2001 2001 Texas Rangers ( AL , 1961 ) * ( previously 2nd Washington Senators ) 0 0 ! -- 2011 San Diego Padres ( NL , 1969 ) * 0 0 ! -- 1998 Milwaukee Brewers ( AL , 1969 ; NL , 1998 ) * ( previously Seattle Pilots , AL ) 0 0 ! -- 1982 Tampa Bay Rays ( AL , 1998 ) * ( previously Devil Rays ) 0 0 ! -- 2008 Colorado Rockies ( NL , 1993 ) * 0 0 ! -- 2007 Seattle Mariners ( AL , 1977 ) * 0 0 0 ! -- 0 ! -- Washington Nationals ( NL , 1969 ) * ( previously Montreal Expos ) 0 0 0 ! -- 0 ! -- Key to table AL = American League NL = National League * Joined the AL or NL after 1960 † Totals include a team 's record with another nickname or in a previous city ( bracketed in small type below its current name ) . For further details , see individual team articles or Major League franchises . See also : List of World Series champions Source : MLB.com Notes American League ( AL ) teams have won 65 of the 113 World Series played ( 57.5 % ) . The New York Yankees have won 27 titles , accounting for 23.9 % of all series played and 41.5 % of the wins by American League teams . The St. Louis Cardinals have won 11 World Series , accounting for 9.7 % of all series played and 23 % of the 48 National League victories . When the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , there were eight teams in each league . These 16 franchises , all of which are still in existence , have each won at least two World Series titles . The number of teams was unchanged until 1961 , with fourteen `` expansion teams '' joining MLB since then . Twelve have played in a World Series ( the Mariners and Expos / Nationals being the two exceptions ) . The expansion teams have won ten of the 22 Series ( 45 % ) in which they have played , which is 9 % of all 112 series played since 1903 . In 2015 , the first World Series featuring only expansion teams was played between the Kansas City Royals and New York Mets . Team patterns in the World Series ( edit ) This information is up to date through the present time : This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Streaks and droughts ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks and List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts Since their first championship in 1923 , the New York Yankees have won two or more World Series titles in every decade except the 1980s , when they won none . Additionally , they have won at least one American League pennant in every decade since the 1920s . ( They have yet to win a pennant or Series in the 2010s . ) The Yankees are the only team in either League to win more than three series in a row , winning in four consecutive seasons from 1936 to 1939 , and a still MLB record five consecutive seasons from 1949 to 1953 . The New York Giants ' four World Series appearances from 1921 to 1924 are the most consecutive appearances for any National League franchise . The Yankees are the only American League franchise to appear in four or more consecutive World Series . The 1907 -- 1908 Cubs , 1921 -- 1922 Giants and the 1975 -- 1976 Reds are the only National League teams to win back - to - back World Series . The 1907 -- 1909 Detroit Tigers and the 1911 -- 1913 New York Giants are the only teams to lose three consecutive World Series . The Chicago Cubs hold the record for the longest World Series championship drought of all time , with no titles between 1908 and 2016 ( 108 years ) . They also hold the longest ever pennant drought of all time , which stretched from 1945 to 2016 . Their pennant drought ended with a 4 -- 2 series victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2016 NLCS . With the Cubs ' subsequent victory in the 2016 World Series , the longest World Series championship drought belongs to the Cleveland Indians , who have not won a World Series since 1948 . The Indians ' drought is the second longest championship drought among all four major professional sports leagues in North America ( MLB , NBA , NFL , and NHL ) ; only the NFL 's Arizona Cardinals , who last won a league championship in 1947 , when the team still operated as the Chicago Cardinals , have a longer championship drought . The team with the longest active pennant drought among AL teams that have played in a World Series at least once is the Baltimore Orioles , who have not reached a World Series since winning their last title in 1983 . The team with the longest active pennant drought among NL teams that have played in a World Series at least once is the Pittsburgh Pirates , who have not reached a World Series since winning their last title in 1979 . This also means that the Pirates hold the second longest active World Series title drought among all teams that have at least one Series and longest championship drought among NL teams that have won a Series . Twenty - three of the 28 teams to play in the World Series have won it at least once . The only exceptions are : Milwaukee Brewers ( formerly Seattle Pilots , 1969 ) , San Diego Padres ( 1969 ) , Colorado Rockies ( 1993 ) , Tampa Bay Rays ( formerly Devil Rays , 1998 ) , and Texas Rangers ( formerly Washington Senators , 1961 ) . The Padres and Rangers have both lost two World Series ; the remaining teams have all lost their only Series appearance . As of the present , all teams with three or more World Series appearances have won the World Series at least once . Two teams have never played in the World Series : the National League 's Washington Nationals ( formerly Montreal Expos , established in 1969 ) , and the American League 's Seattle Mariners ( established in 1977 ) . Both franchises have participated in post-season play and competed in a League Championship Series at least once , but neither team has any League Championship Series victories . The Red Sox have the most World Series titles before their first World Series loss , winning the championship in their first five appearances -- 1903 , 1912 , 1915 , 1916 , and 1918 -- before losing in the next series they played , in 1946 . The only other teams who have more than one Series victory before their first Series loss are the Chicago White Sox ( in 1906 and 1917 ) , the Cleveland Indians ( in 1920 and 1948 ) , the Toronto Blue Jays ( in 1992 and 1993 ) , and the Miami Marlins ( in 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) . The Blue Jays and the Marlins have never lost a World Series . The American League 's Toronto Blue Jays ( 1992 and 1993 ) and National League 's Miami Marlins ( 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) hold the record for most appearances in a Series without ever losing a Series . Two other franchises have won their lone appearance : the National League 's Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2001 ) and American League 's Los Angeles Angels ( 2002 as the Anaheim Angels ) . The Pirates , Reds , Red Sox , and Giants are tied with the longest active streak of World Series victories ( three ) since the last time they lost a series . After losing the 1927 series to the Yankees , the Pirates have emerged victorious in the next three series in which they played ( 1960 , 1971 , and 1979 ) . The Reds last series loss prior to their current active streak of three titles ( 1975 , 1976 , and 1990 ) was in 1972 . The Red Sox are the American League leaders in this category with three consecutive titles ( 2004 , 2007 , and 2013 ) since their last series loss ( 1986 ) . The Giants lost in 2002 before winning the next three they appeared in ( 2010 , 2012 , and 2014 ) . The Yankees have the most World Series victories ( eight ) between World Series losses . After losing the 1926 World Series to the Cardinals , the Yankees won their next eight appearances in the series ( 1927 , 1928 , 1932 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , and 1941 ) before losing in 1942 to the Cardinals again . After this loss , the Yankees went on to win their next seven Series appearances ( 1943 , 1947 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , and 1953 ) before their next Series loss in 1955 to the Brooklyn Dodgers . The Cardinals are the National League leader in this category , with four titles ( 1944 , 1946 , 1964 , and 1967 ) between series losses in 1943 and 1968 . The Cubs and Dodgers are tied at seven apiece for most World Series losses between World Series victories . The Dodgers lost their first seven appearances in the Fall Classics ( 1916 , 1920 , 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , and 1953 ) before winning their first title in 1955 . The Cubs ' situation was the opposite : between winning their last two titles ( in 1908 and 2016 ) , they lost the World Series in 1910 , 1918 , 1929 , 1932 , 1935 , 1938 , and 1945 . The Cleveland Indians have four World Series losses ( 1954 , 1995 , 1997 , and 2016 ) since their last crown in 1948 , more than any other team in the American League . The longest duration without repeat World Series champions is sixteen years , dating back to the 2000 New York Yankees . The previous record of fourteen years ( in between the 1978 New York Yankees ' win and the 1993 Toronto Blue Jays ' win ) was broken when the San Francisco Giants , who won the 2014 World Series , did not qualify for the postseason in 2015 . The longest sequence of World Series in which each Series was won by a different franchise is 10 , from 1978 ( Yankees ) through 1987 ( Minnesota Twins ) . This streak was broken when the Dodgers , which had won in 1981 , won in 1988 . Game - by - game ( edit ) Game 7 was won by the home team in the 9 World Series between 1980 and 2013 that went to seven games ( the 1982 St. Louis Cardinals , 1985 Kansas City Royals , 1986 New York Mets , 1987 and 1991 Minnesota Twins , 1997 Florida Marlins , 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2002 Anaheim Angels , and 2011 St. Louis Cardinals ) before the Giants won game 7 on the road in 2014 . This trend reverses the previous historical trend in which Game 7 had been most often won by the road team , in 1979 , 1975 , 1972 , 1971 , 1968 , 1967 , 1965 , and 1962 . During the 1960s and 1970s , the home team had won Game 7 only in 1960 , 1964 , and 1973 . Since 2003 , when home field advantage started to be awarded to the team representing the league that won the All - Star game , the first Series that reached Game 7 was in 2011 . The greatest comebacks in World Series history were in 1968 , when the Detroit Tigers came back from a 3 -- 1 game disadvantage to win Game 5 after being behind by 3 runs , before winning games 6 and 7 on the road at St. Louis , and 2016 , when the Chicago Cubs scored three runs to win Game 5 and won the last two games in Cleveland . The 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers are the last team to win a World Series after losing the first two games on the road ( against New York ) . The recent tendency of a team winning the first two games at home and then winning the Series suggests the theoretical advantage to gaining home - field advantage ( and the first two games at home ) . The Pittsburgh Pirates won all five of their World Series championships in seven games . The Minnesota Twins / Washington Senators won all three of their World Series championships in seven games . There have been 19 World Series four - game ( 4 -- 0 ) sweeps , the most recent of which occurred in 2012 . Nine different teams have swept a World Series at least once , the Yankees having done so most often ( 8 times ) . The Red Sox , Reds , and Giants have all done it twice . The Braves , Orioles , White Sox , Dodgers , and Athletics have each swept one Series . Six of these teams ( all but the Orioles , Red Sox and White Sox ) have also been swept 0 -- 4 in at least one World Series . The Red Sox ' two World Series sweeps are the most of any team that has never been swept in one . The Reds and Yankees are the only teams to have swept each other ( the Yankees swept the Reds in 1939 , while the Reds swept the Yankees in 1976 ) . The Giants are the only team to record World Series sweeps in two different cities : New York ( 1954 ) and San Francisco ( 2012 ) . The 1999 Yankees are the last team to date , and the only one since 1966 , to sweep a World Series it began on the road ( as well as the last American League champion to win a World Series it began on the road until the 2017 season when the Astros defeated the Dodgers in 7 games ) . The 1963 Dodgers are the last National League team to date to sweep a World Series it began on the road . The Athletics , Cardinals , Cubs , and Yankees are the only teams to be swept in two World Series . The Athletics and Yankees are the only two of these with at least one World Series sweep to their credit , the other two being among nine teams overall that have never swept a World Series , but have been swept in one ( the Tigers , Astros , Indians , Padres , Phillies , Pirates , and Rockies being the others ) . The Cubs in 1907 and the Giants in 1922 won 4 games to 0 , but each of those Series ' included a tied game and are not considered to be true sweeps . In 1907 , the first game was the tie and the Cubs won four straight after that . In 1922 , Game 2 was the tie . The Cincinnati Reds were the only National League team to sweep any World Series between 1963 and 2012 , sweeping their last two series appearances to date in 1976 and 1990 . When added to their Game 7 victory in 1975 , this means that the Reds have won their last 9 consecutive World Series games , making this the current longest winning streak in terms of consecutive World Series games won . Nine World Series have ended with `` walk - off '' hits , i.e. , that game and the Series ended when the home team won with a base hit in the bottom of the ninth or in extra innings : 1924 * , 1929 , 1935 , 1953 , 1960 * , 1991 * , 1993 , 1997 * , and 2001 * . Five of these ( marked with a * ) were in a deciding Game 7 . In addition , the deciding Game 8 ( one game had ended in a tie ) of the 1912 World Series ended in a walk - off sacrifice fly . Two men have ended a World Series with a walk - off home run : Bill Mazeroski in 1960 and Joe Carter in 1993 . Mazeroski 's was a solo shot in the bottom of the ninth of Game 7 to win a championship for the Pittsburgh Pirates , while Carter 's was a three - run shot in Game 6 that won a championship for the Toronto Blue Jays . There has been one World Series that ended on a runner caught stealing , on a play that involved three future Hall of Famers . In the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 of the 1926 World Series , Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees tried to steal second base with two outs and his team trailing the St. Louis Cardinals 3 -- 2 . Ruth was thrown out by Cardinals catcher Bob O'Farrell after Bob Meusel swung at and missed a pitch from Grover Cleveland Alexander . St. Louis second baseman Rogers Hornsby applied the tag on Ruth , who in his career was successful on 51 % of his stolen base attempts . Ruth , Alexander and Hornsby were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . One World Series game has ended with a pick - off of a runner . Kolten Wong of the St. Louis Cardinals was picked off first base in Game 4 of the 2013 World Series by Boston Red Sox closer Koji Uehara . The score was 4 -- 2 and rookie Wong was a pinch runner . The Philadelphia Phillies and the Tampa Bay Rays are the first teams to have an elimination game ( or any game ) be suspended because of weather , and not have it cancelled . Game 5 ( in Philadelphia ) was suspended on Monday , October 27 , 2008 with a 2 -- 2 score , and resumed in the bottom of the sixth on Wednesday , October 29 . The Phillies went on to win the game and clinch the series . Both of the Minnesota Twins ' World Series titles since relocating to the Twin Cities from Washington , D.C. ( where they were the first Washington Senators ) were in 7 game series where all games were won by the home team . The Twins accomplished this in 1987 , when the Twins defeated the St. Louis Cardinals , then 4 years later in 1991 , when the Twins defeated the Atlanta Braves . The Twins victories in both series were in games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 , while their National League opponents won games 3 , 4 , and 5 . This same scenario also occurred in 2001 , when the Arizona Diamondbacks defeated the New York Yankees . Also of note when it comes to the three series where every game was won by the home team , a pitcher was MVP . In the 1987 World Series , Frank Viola was the MVP having pitched games 1 , 4 , and 7 , and finishing with a 2 -- 1 record . In 1991 , Jack Morris achieved the same feat pitching games 1 , 4 , and 7 with a 2 -- 0 record and a no decision in game 4 , and winning MVP honors . However , Morris 's MVP came on the heels of pitching 10 shutout innings in game 7 . Finally , in 2001 , Curt Schilling and Randy Johnson took MVP honors by being the reason the Arizona Diamondbacks were in position to win the series . The Boston Red Sox have lost 4 World Series , all in 7 games . ( 1946 , 1967 , 1975 , & 1986 ) Four World Series ended with teams clinching the championship in the final game of the series which was not a game 7 and went into extra innings . The title was won this way in 1939 , 1992 , 2012 , and 2015 , with the road team winning each time . The home team has not won a deciding game of a World Series since 2013 , and has not done so in four of the last six seasons . Local rivalries ( edit ) See also : Major League Baseball rivalries When two teams share the same state or metropolitan area , fans often develop strong loyalties to one and antipathies towards the other , sometimes building on already - existing rivalries between cities or neighborhoods . Before the introduction of interleague play in 1997 , the only opportunity for two teams playing in the same area but in different leagues to face each other in official competition would have been in a World Series . Cross-town Series ( edit ) The first city to host an entire World Series was Chicago in 1906 . The Chicago White Sox were known as `` the Hitless Wonders '' that year , with the worst team batting average in the American League . The Chicago Cubs had a winning percentage of . 763 , a record that still stands . But in an upset , the White Sox beat the Cubs four games to two . Fourteen `` Subway Series '' have been played entirely within New York City , all including the American League 's New York Yankees . Thirteen of them matched the Yankees with either the New York Giants or the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National League . The initial instances occurred in 1921 and 1922 , when the Giants beat the Yankees in consecutive World Series that were not technically `` subway series '' since the teams shared the Polo Grounds as their home ballpark . The Yankees finally beat the Giants the following year , their first in their brand - new Yankee Stadium , and won the two teams ' three subsequent Fall Classic match - ups in 1936 , 1937 and 1951 . The Yankees faced Brooklyn seven times in October , winning their first five meetings in 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 and 1953 , before losing to the Dodgers in 1955 , Brooklyn 's sole World Championship . The last Subway Series involving the original New York ballclubs came in 1956 , when the Yankees again beat the Dodgers . The trio was separated in 1958 when the Dodgers and Giants moved to California ( although the Yankees subsequently met and beat the now - San Francisco Giants in 1962 , and played the now - Los Angeles Dodgers four times , losing to them in a four - game sweep in 1963 , beating them back - to - back in 1977 and 1978 and losing to them in 1981 ) . An all - New York Series did not recur until 2000 , when the Yankees defeated the New York Mets in five games . The last World Series played entirely in one ballpark was the 1944 `` Streetcar Series '' between the St. Louis Cardinals and the St. Louis Browns . The Cardinals won in six games , all held in their shared home , Sportsman 's Park . The 1989 World Series , sometimes called the `` Bay Bridge Series '' or the `` BART Series '' ( after the connecting transit line ) , featured the Oakland Athletics and the San Francisco Giants , teams that play just across San Francisco Bay from each other . The series is most remembered for the major earthquake that struck the San Francisco Bay Area just before game 3 was scheduled to begin . The quake caused significant damage to both communities and severed the Bay Bridge that connects them , forcing the postponement of the series . Play resumed ten days later , and the A 's swept the Giants in four games . ( The earthquake disruption of the Series almost completely overshadowed the fact that the 1989 Series represented a resumption after many decades of the October rivalry between the Giants and the A 's dating back to the early years of the 20th Century , when the then - New York Giants had defeated the then - Philadelphia Athletics in 1905 , and had lost to them in 1911 and again in 1913 . ) The Giants are the only team to have played in cross-town World Series in two different cities , having faced the Yankees six times while located in New York , and the Athletics once while based in San Francisco . Two cross-town World Series match - ups were formerly possible but did not occur -- the Boston Red Sox vs. the Boston Braves , and the Philadelphia Phillies vs. the Philadelphia Athletics . ( The Braves moved to Milwaukee in 1953 , and the Athletics moved to Kansas City in 1955 . ) Currently there are four metropolitan areas that have two Major League Baseball teams -- New York , Chicago , San Francisco , and Los Angeles . Of the four , only Los Angeles has not hosted a cross-town World Series . Such a contest would pit the Dodgers against the Angels . Below is a chronological list of World Series played between teams from the same metropolitan area , with the winning teams listed in boldface . Year American League National League 1906 Chicago White Sox Chicago Cubs 1921 New York Yankees New York Giants 1922 New York Yankees New York Giants 1923 New York Yankees New York Giants 1936 New York Yankees New York Giants 1937 New York Yankees New York Giants 1941 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1944 St. Louis Browns St. Louis Cardinals 1947 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1949 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1951 New York Yankees New York Giants 1952 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1953 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1956 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1989 Oakland Athletics San Francisco Giants 2000 New York Yankees New York Mets Cross-state rivalries ( edit ) The historic rivalry between Northern and Southern California added to the interest in the Oakland Athletics - Los Angeles Dodgers series in 1974 and 1988 and in the San Francisco Giants ' series against the then - Anaheim Angels in 2002 . Other than the St. Louis World Series of 1944 , the only postseason tournament held entirely within Missouri was the I - 70 Series in 1985 ( named for the Interstate Highway connecting the two cities ) between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Kansas City Royals , who won at home in the seventh game . Going into the 2017 season , there has never been an in - state World Series between the teams in Ohio ( Cleveland Indians and Cincinnati Reds ) , Florida ( Tampa Bay Rays and Miami Marlins ) , Texas ( Texas Rangers and Houston Astros -- who now both play in the American League since the Astros changed leagues in 2013 , making any future joint World Series appearance an impossibility unless one of the teams switches leagues ) , or Pennsylvania ( the Philadelphia Phillies and the Pittsburgh Pirates have been traditional National League rivals going back to the late 19th Century ) . Neither the Phillies nor the Pirates ever faced the Athletics in October during the latter team 's tenure in Philadelphia , through 1954 . The Boston Red Sox never similarly faced the Braves while the latter team played in Boston through 1952 . There also was never an all - Canada World Series between the Toronto Blue Jays and the former Montreal Expos , who never won a National League pennant when they played in that Canadian city from 1969 through 2004 . The Expos became the Washington Nationals in 2005 -- raising the possibility of a potential future `` I - 95 World Series '' between the National League team and the AL 's Baltimore Orioles , who play just 50 miles to the north of Washington . Finally , the Los Angeles and / or Anaheim Angels have never faced off in October against either the Dodgers or against the San Diego Padres for bragging rights in Southern California , although all three of those teams have appeared in the World Series at various times . Pennants won in different cities ( edit ) The Braves are the only team to have both won and lost a World Series in three different home cities ( Boston , Milwaukee , and Atlanta ) . The Athletics have had three different home cities ( Philadelphia , Kansas City , and Oakland ) , but have appeared in the World Series ( both winning and losing ) while based in only two of them ( Philadelphia and Oakland ) . Three other teams have both won and lost the Fall Classic in two different home cities : The Dodgers ( Brooklyn and Los Angeles ) , the Giants ( New York and San Francisco ) , and the Twins ( the Twin Cities and Washington , D.C. , as the first Senators ) . The Orioles are the only other team to have played in the World Series in two different home cities ( Baltimore and St. Louis , as the Browns ) , but all three of their titles ( and three of their four losses ) have come while based in Baltimore . The original sixteen teams ( edit ) At the time the first modern World Series began in 1903 , each league had eight clubs , all of which survive today ( although sometimes in a different city or with a new nickname ) , comprising the `` original sixteen '' . Every original team has won at least two World Series titles . The Philadelphia Phillies ( National League ) were the last of the original teams to win their first Series , in 1980 . They were also the last to win at least two , with their second Series victory in 2008 . The Cubs were the first team to win the series twice , in 1907 and 1908 . The last original American League team to win its first World Series was the Baltimore Orioles ( former St. Louis Browns , originally the Milwaukee Brewers ) , winning in 1966 . The Orioles were also the last original team in the majors to make their first World Series appearance , as the St. Louis Browns in 1944 . Although they never won another American League pennant while in St. Louis , they have won three World Series in six appearances since moving to Baltimore . The St. Louis Cardinals were the last original National League team to appear in or win a modern World Series , doing both in 1926 . They have subsequently won more World Series than any other National League club : 11 championships through 2017 . The New York Yankees have defeated all eight original NL teams in a World Series . Conversely , they have lost at least one World Series to six of the original NL teams , never losing to the Chicago Cubs or the Philadelphia Phillies . The Boston Red Sox have played at least one Series against every original National League team except the ( Boston , Milwaukee and Atlanta ) Braves , with whom they shared a home city through 1952 . The St. Louis Cardinals are currently the only club of the National League 's original eight that holds an overall Series lead over the Yankees , 3 to 2 , taking that lead in 1964 . The Giants won their first two Series over the Yankees ( 1921 and 1922 ) , but the Yankees have faced the Giants five times since then and have won all five , taking the overall lead over the Giants in 1937 . The Pittsburgh Pirates and Yankees have faced each other twice ( 1927 and 1960 ) , with the Yankees winning in 1927 and the Pirates winning in 1960 , making the two teams . 500 against each other . Since the two leagues expanded beyond eight teams apiece in 1961 , the American League 's Cleveland Indians are the only original team that has not won a World Series against the larger field of competitors . The 2015 World Series was the first ever World Series to not feature any of the original sixteen teams . Expansion teams ( after 1960 ) ( edit ) The 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks won their first pennant and World Series in fewer seasons than any other expansion team ( both attained in their 4th season ) . The 1997 World Series Champion Florida Marlins achieved these milestones in the second - fewest number of seasons ( fifth season ) . The fastest AL expansion franchise to win a pennant was the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ( 11th season ) and the fastest AL expansion franchise to win a World Series was the Toronto Blue Jays in 1992 ( 16th season ) . While the New York Mets ( NL ) were the first expansion team to win or appear in the World Series ( doing both in 1969 ) , the American League would have to wait until 1980 for its first expansion - team World Series appearance , and until 1985 for its first expansion - team win . Both were by the Kansas City Royals . The AL also had two expansion teams appear in the World Series ( the Milwaukee Brewers being the second , in 1982 ) before the National League 's second expansion team to appear -- the San Diego Padres in 1984 . With the New York Mets defeating the Chicago Cubs in a four - game sweep in the 2015 National League Championship Series and the Kansas City Royals defeating the Toronto Blue Jays in six games in the 2015 American League Championship Series , the 2015 World Series became the first ever World Series matchup in which both teams were expansion teams , where the Mets ( whose first season occurred in 1962 ) faced off against the Kansas City Royals ( whose first season occurred in 1969 ) , with the Royals winning in five games . Until 2015 , all World Series matchups featured at least one of the 16 teams established by 1903 . In the first World Series to only have expansion teams , the New York Mets and the Kansas City Royals were each the first expansion team in each respective league to appear in the World Series , the Mets in 1969 and the Royals in 1980 . Each team was also the first team in each respective league to win the World Series , the Mets in 1969 and the Royals in 1985 . Each team has the most appearance by an expansion team in each respective league in the World Series , with five for the Mets in 1969 , 1973 , 1986 , 2000 , and 2015 , and four for the Royals in 1980 , 1985 , 2014 , and 2015 . 12 expansion teams have now played in at least one Series . As of the end of the 2017 edition , expansion teams were 11 -- 12 in the World Series , with four teams ( the New York Mets , Kansas City Royals , Toronto Blue Jays and Miami Marlins ) each winning two . The then - Anaheim Angels , the Arizona Diamondbacks , and the Houston Astros had each won one Series by the end of the 2017 season . The Toronto Blue Jays ( 1992 and 1993 ) , Miami Marlins ( 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) , Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2001 ) and Los Angeles Angels ( 2002 as the Anaheim Angels ) have never lost a World Series appearance . Five expansion teams have appeared in the World Series without ever winning a championship : twice for the Texas Rangers ( formerly the second Washington Senators ) and San Diego Padres , and once each for the Milwaukee Brewers ( formerly Seattle Pilots ) , Colorado Rockies , and Tampa Bay Rays ( formerly Devil Rays ) . Two expansion teams have not yet won a league pennant ( and therefore also have not appeared in a World Series ) : the American League 's Seattle Mariners and the National League 's Washington Nationals ( formerly Montreal Expos ) . Both teams have competed in postseason play and appeared in their respective League Championship Series at least once , but have no League Championship Series victories . Other notes ( edit ) The team with the better regular season winning percentage has won the World Series 53 times , or 48.18 % ( 53 of 110 ) of the time . Three World Series have featured teams with identical regular season records ( 1949 , 1958 , 2013 ) . The Toronto Blue Jays are the only Canadian team ever to win a pennant or a World Series , doing both twice , in 1992 and 1993 . The Chicago Cubs and the Houston Astros are the only teams with a World Series title that have never clinched one at home . Three series have matched up the previous two World Champions , with the New York Yankees winning all three . The 1928 World Series was contested by the 1926 champion Cardinals and 1927 champion Yankees ; the Yankees won the series 4 -- 0 . In 1943 , the 1941 champion Yankees met the 1942 champion Cardinals , which the Yankees won 4 -- 1 . In the 1958 World Series , the 1956 champion Yankees faced the 1957 champion Milwaukee Braves ; the Yankees won this series 4 -- 3 . The 2012 National League Championship Series also matched up the previous two World Champions : the 2010 champion Giants and the 2011 champion Cardinals ; the Giants won this series 4 -- 3 . As of the present , there are two World Series that can not have a rematch , the 1982 World Series between the NL champion St. Louis Cardinals and AL champion Milwaukee Brewers and the 2005 World Series between the AL champion Chicago White Sox and NL champion Houston Astros . The Brewers , who were inaugurated by the American League as the Seattle Pilots in 1969 and relocated to Milwaukee in 1970 , were moved to the NL starting in 1998 . The Astros , who were inaugurated by the National League in 1962 as the Houston Colt . 45s and adopted their current name in 1965 , were moved to the AL starting in 2013 . Therefore , the latest postseason round where the Brewers could face the Cardinals today would be in the National League Championship Series ( which has occurred once , in 2011 ) while the latest postseason round where the Astros could face the White Sox today would be in the American League Championship Series ( has never occurred ) . The Milwaukee Brewers and Houston Astros are the only two teams in MLB to have played in both the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) and National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) . The Brewers have won their lone ALCS appearance in 1982 against the then - California Angels and have lost in their only NLCS appearance in 2011 against the St. Louis Cardinals , making them 1 -- 1 all time between both League Championship Series . The Astros , meanwhile , have a 2 -- 3 record between both League Championship Series , having gone 1 -- 3 in four NLCS appearances ( lost in 1980 to the Philadelphia Phillies , lost in 1986 to the New York Mets , lost in 2004 to the Cardinals , and won in 2005 versus the Cardinals ) and having won their only ALCS appearance in 2017 against the New York Yankees . With their victories in both the 2005 National League Championship Series and the 2017 American League Championship Series , the Astros are the only team in MLB to have represented both the National League and the American League in the World Series . The 2015 World Series game 1 between the New York Mets and the Kansas City Royals was the longest game 1 in history at 5 hours and 9 minutes . Yogi Berra of the New York Yankees holds the record for most World Series championships by a player with 10 . Joe DiMaggio of the Yankees is second with 9 . Joe McCarthy and Casey Stengel are tied for the most World Series titles by a manager with 7 apiece , all 14 of them with the Yankees . Connie Mack managed the Philadelphia Athletics to 5 World Series crowns . The all - time World Series single - game attendance record is 92,706 , set in Game 5 of the 1959 World Series at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the temporary home of the Los Angeles Dodgers until Dodger Stadium opened in 1962 . The Chicago White Sox defeated the Dodgers 1 -- 0 in the record - setting game . Games 3 and 4 of that series also drew crowds in excess of 92,000 . Television coverage and ratings ( edit ) See also : List of World Series broadcasters and World Series television ratings When the World Series was first broadcast on television in 1947 , it was only televised to a few surrounding areas via coaxial inter-connected stations : New York City ( WNBT ) ; Philadelphia ( WPTZ ) ; Schenectady / Albany , New York ( WRGB ) ; Washington , D.C. ( WNBW ) and surrounding suburbs / environs . In 1948 , games in Boston were only seen in the Northeast . Meanwhile , games in Cleveland were only seen in the Midwest and Pittsburgh . The games were open to all channels with a network affiliation . In all , the 1948 World Series was televised to fans in seven Midwestern cities : Cleveland , Chicago , Detroit , Milwaukee , St. Louis , and Toledo . By 1949 , World Series games could now be seen east of the Mississippi River . The games were open to all channels with a network affiliation . By 1950 , World Series games could be seen in most of the country , but not all . 1951 marked the first time that the World Series was televised coast to coast . Meanwhile , 1955 marked the first time that the World Series was televised in color . Network Number broadcast Years broadcast Future scheduled telecasts ABC 11 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1977 , 1979 , 1981 , 1983 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 1995 ( Games 1 , 4 -- 5 ) CBS 8 1947 ( Games 3 -- 4 ) , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 DuMont 1947 ( Games 2 , 6 -- 7 ) , 1948 , 1949 Fox 19 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 2018 2019 , 2020 , 2021 NBC 39 1947 ( Games 1 , 5 ) , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 , 1995 ( Games 2 -- 3 , 6 ) , 1997 , 1999 ^ * : Not currently broadcasting Major League Baseball . ^ * * : Per the current broadcast agreement , the World Series will be televised by Fox through 2021 . ^ * * * : Gillette , which sponsored World Series telecasts exclusively from roughly 1947 to 1965 ( prior to 1966 , the Series announcers were chosen by the Gillette Company along with the Commissioner of Baseball and NBC ) , paid for airtime on DuMont 's owned - and - operated Pittsburgh affiliate , WDTV ( now KDKA - TV ) to air the World Series . In the meantime , Gillette also bought airtime on ABC , CBS , and NBC . More to the point , in some cities , the World Series was broadcast on three different stations at once . ^ * * * * : NBC was originally scheduled to televise the entire 1995 World Series ; however , due to the cancellation of the 1994 Series ( which had been slated for ABC , who last televised a World Series in 1989 ) , coverage ended up being split between the two networks . Game 5 is , to date , the last Major League Baseball game to be telecast by ABC ( had there been a Game 7 , ABC would 've televised it ) . This was the only World Series to be produced under the `` Baseball Network '' umbrella ( a revenue sharing joint venture between Major League Baseball , ABC , and NBC ) . In July 1995 , both networks announced that they would be pulling out of what was supposed to be a six - year - long venture . NBC would next cover the 1997 ( NBC 's first entirely since 1988 ) and 1999 World Series over the course of a five - year - long contract , in which Fox would cover the World Series in even numbered years ( 1996 , 1998 , and 2000 ) . International participation ( edit ) See also : Baseball § Around - the - world , and History of baseball outside the United States Despite its name , the World Series remains solely the championship of the major - league baseball teams in the United States and Canada , although MLB , its players , and North American media sometimes informally refer to World Series winners as `` world champions of baseball '' . The United States , Canada , and Mexico ( Liga Méxicana de Béisbol , established 1925 ) were the only professional baseball countries until a few decades into the 20th century . The first Japanese professional baseball efforts began in 1920 . The current Japanese leagues date from the late 1940s ( after World War II ) . Various Latin American leagues also formed around that time . By the 1990s , baseball was played at a highly skilled level in many countries . Reaching North America 's high - salary major leagues is the goal of many of the best players around the world , which gives a strong international flavor to the Series . Many talented players from Latin America , the Caribbean , the Pacific Rim , and elsewhere now play in the majors . One notable exception is Cuban citizens , because of the political tensions between the US and Cuba since 1959 ( yet a number of Cuba 's finest ballplayers have still managed to defect to the United States over the past half - century to play in the American professional leagues ) . Japanese professional players also have a difficult time coming to the North American leagues . They become free agents only after nine years playing service in the NPB , although their Japanese teams may at any time `` post '' them for bids from MLB teams , which commonly happens at the player 's request . Several tournaments feature teams composed only of players from one country , similar to national teams in other sports . The World Baseball Classic , sponsored by Major League Baseball and sanctioned by the sport 's world governing body , the World Baseball Softball Confederation ( WBSC ) , uses a format similar to the FIFA World Cup to promote competition between nations every four years . The WBSC has since added the Premier12 , a tournament also involving national teams ; the first event was held in 2015 , and is planned to be held every four years ( in the middle of the World Baseball Classic cycle ) . The World Baseball Classic is held in March and the Premier12 is held in November , allowing both events to feature top - level players from all nations . The predecessor to the WBSC as the sport 's international governing body , the International Baseball Federation , also sponsored a Baseball World Cup to crown a world champion . However , because the World Cup was held during the Northern Hemisphere summer , during the playing season of almost all top - level leagues , its teams did not feature the best talent from each nation . As a result , baseball fans paid little or no attention to the World Cup and generally disregarded its results . The Caribbean Series features competition among the league champions from Mexico , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , and Venezuela but unlike the FIFA Club World Cup , there is no club competition that features champions from all professional leagues across the world . Image gallery ( edit ) Rooftop view of a 1903 World Series game in Boston Game action in the 1906 Series in Chicago ( the only all - Chicago World Series to date ) Bill Wambsganss completes his unassisted triple play in 1920 Washington 's Bucky Harris scores his home run in the fourth inning of Game 7 ( October 10 , 1924 ) The Chicago Cubs celebrate winning the 2016 World Series , which ended the club 's 108 - year championship drought . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal AL pennant winners ( 1901 -- 1968 ) AL Wild Card winners ( since 1994 ) Americas Baseball Cup Asia Series Asian Baseball Championship Baseball at the Asian Games Baseball at the Central American and Caribbean Games Baseball at the Pan American Games Baseball at the Summer Olympics Baseball World Cup Caribbean Series Chronicle - Telegraph Cup College World Series European Baseball Championship European Champion Cup Final Four European Cup ( baseball ) Home advantage Intercontinental Cup ( International Baseball Federation ( IBAF ) ) Japan Series Korean Series Little League World Series MLB division winners MLB franchise postseason droughts MLB postseason MLB postseason teams MLB rivalries Negro World Series NL pennant winners ( 1876 -- 1968 ) NL Wild Card winners ( since 1994 ) Temple Cup Women 's Baseball World Cup World Baseball Classic World Series broadcasters World Series champions World Series starting pitchers World Series television ratings Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Series trophy profile '' . mlb.mlb.com . December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Enders , Eric ( 2007 ) . The Fall Classic : The Definitive History of the World Series . Sterling Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4770 - 0 . , et al . Jump up ^ `` List of World Series at Baseball Reference '' . Baseball Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` World Series : A Comprehensive History of the World Series '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved October 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Roger ( 2003 ) . The First World Series and the Baseball Fanatics of 1903 . Northeastern . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 561 - 2 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Simon ( 2005 ) . Krakatoa : The Day the World Exploded August 27 , 1883 . New York City : HarperCollins . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 083859 - 1 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barak , Tal ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` World Series ? Wait a Minute ... '' NPR . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Summary '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ for example , Ernest Lanigan 's Baseball Cyclopedia from 1922 , and Turkin and Thompson 's Encyclopedia of Baseball series throughout the 1950s . Jump up ^ The Sporting News Record Book , which began publishing in the 1930s , listed only the modern Series , but also included regular - season achievements for all the 19th century leagues . Also , a paperback from 1961 called World Series Encyclopedia , edited by Don Schiffer , mentioned the 1880s and 1890s Series in the introduction but otherwise left them out of the discussion . Jump up ^ page 776 of the facsimile edition , published by the American Heritage Press and Workman Publishing , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 071881 - 4 Jump up ^ page 677 . The World Almanac has also long since modified that list 's heading to read simply `` World Series Results '' . Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Temple Cup Archived May 20 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . at Baseball Library Jump up ^ `` BASEBALL LEGISLATION . -- The National League Abolishes the Temple Cup Series -- New Rule as to Drafting Players '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . November 13 , 1897 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 51 Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 52 -- 54 Jump up ^ `` FIVE GREAT MOMENTS AT THREE RIVERS STADIUM '' . The Sporting News . 2000 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . The first night game in World Series history was a thrilling one for Pittsburgh fans . Jump up ^ Tramel , Berry ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` World Series : Turn back clock on baseball '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Bless You Boys : A Celebration of the ' 84 Tigers '' at mlb.com `` . Detroit.tigers.mlb.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Nate ( October 13 , 2013 ) . `` When will we end the charade of the All - Star game deciding World Series home - field advantage ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Should the All - Star Game ' count ' ? '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Did Wainwright let up on Jeter ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Machir , Troy ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Adam Wainwright admits , then denies he served fat pitch to Jeter '' . Sporting News . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Whatever happened to the All - Star Game ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Peace & glove : Owners , players reach CBA deal '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Most of the changes were regarding issues that had been discussed for weeks , but one surprising twist is that home - field advantage in the World Series will no longer be tied to the All - Star Game , as first reported by The Associated Press . Instead , the pennant winner with the better regular - season record will get home - field advantage in the Fall Classic . Jump up ^ `` Mets - Royals World Series is the first between 2 expansion teams '' . Newsday . October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Series ended with walk - off hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Game 8 play by play , 1912 World Series Jump up ^ `` Baseball History in 1906 : The Hitless Wonders '' . This Great Game . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Ed . `` The 1906 World Series Featuring the Cubs and Sox '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barra , Allen ( October 2006 ) . `` The Greatest Series ? '' . American Heritage Magazine . 57 ( 5 ) . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil . `` Mets - Royals World Series is the first between 2 expansion teams -- Newsday '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Mike ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` TV signals limited viewing of 1948 World Series '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Will Carry Series on 5 Networks '' . Schenectady Gazette . Associated Press . September 24 , 1948 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 24 , 1948 ) . `` All Chains Get Offer on Series TV '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C4 . Jump up ^ Buttefield , C.E. ( September 19 , 1949 ) . `` World Series Via Video Destined for 45 Stations '' . The St. Petersburg Independent . Associated Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Drebinger , John ( October 5 , 1949 ) . `` Reynolds to Face Newcombe ( Maybe ) in Opener of Series Today '' . New York Times . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 16 , 1950 ) . `` TELEVISION ALL SET TO HIT LINE FOR GRID FANS '' . Chicago Tribune . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Wolters , Larry ( October 1 , 1950 ) . `` TELEVISION COMES OF AGE AND STARS FLOCK TO SIGN UP '' . Chicago Tribune . p . NW_B1 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( October 5 , 1950 ) . `` TV STRIKES OUT ON TWO INNINGS OF WORLD SERIES '' . Chicago Tribune . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Coast - to - Coast TV Lights Up For San Francisco Parley '' . Christian Science Monitor . Associated Press . September 4 , 1951 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 16 , 1951 ) . `` TELEVISION SET FOR A BOMBING SEASON '' . Chicago Tribune . p . N_D1 . Jump up ^ `` COAST - TO - COAST TV CARRIES PLAY - OFF '' . New York Times . October 2 , 1951 . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Adams , Val ( September 27 , 1955 ) . `` DUROCHER MEETS WITH NBC ON JOB '' . New York Times . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Crosby , John ( October 5 , 1955 ) . `` Series In Color Lacked Black And White 's Clarity '' . Hartford Courant . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Baseball Scores $12 Billion In Television Deals '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallant , Joseph . `` Channel 12 : Feedback '' . DuMont Television Network Historical Website . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frank Thomas in the Chicago White Sox victory celebration in 2005 exclaimed `` We 're world 's champions , baby ! '' At the close of the 2006 Series , Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig called the St. Louis Cardinals `` champions of the world '' . Likewise , the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine for November 6 , 2006 , featured Series MVP David Eckstein and was subtitled `` World Champions '' . Immediately after the final putout of the 2008 World Series , Philadelphia Phillies broadcaster Harry Kalas commented that `` the Philadelphia Phillies are 2008 World Champions of baseball ! '' References ( edit ) Ernest Lanigan , Baseball Cyclopedia , 1922 , originally published by Baseball Magazine , available as a reprint from McFarland . Turkin , Hy ; S.C. Thompson ( 1951 ) . The Official Encyclopedia of Baseball . A.S. Barnes and Company . Buchanan , Lamont ( 1951 ) . The World Series and Highlights of Baseball . E.P. Dutton & Company . Jordan A. Deutsch , Richard M. Cohen , David Neft , Roland T. Johnson , The Scrapbook History of Baseball , 1975 , Bobbs - Merrill Company . Cohen , Richard M. ; David Neft ; Roland T. Johnson ; Jordan A. Deutsch ( 1976 ) . The World Series . Dial Press . The New York Times ( 1980 ) . The Complete Book of Baseball : A Scrapbook History . Sporting News , Baseball Record Book and Baseball Guide , published annually since ca . 1941 . Lansch , Jerry ( 1991 ) . Glory Fades Away : The Nineteenth Century World Series Rediscovered . Taylor Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 726 - 1 . 100 Years of the World Series ( DVD ) . Major League Baseball . 2002 . Further reading ( edit ) Auf Der Mar , Nick . `` World Series Fever Offers No Relief from Agony of Stadium Envy . '' The ( Montreal ) Gazette . October 30 , 1991 ( p . A2 ) . Dickey , Glenn . The History of the World Series Since 1903 . New York : Stein and Day , 1984 . Seymour , Harold . Baseball : The Early Years . New York : Oxford University Press , 1960 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505912 - 3 . Sutherland , Norman . `` Unhappy Start for Yankees . '' The ( Glasgow ) Herald . March 20 , 1999 ( p. 9 ) . Thorn , John et al. Total Baseball . Kingston , New York : Total Sports Publishing , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 930844 - 01 - 8 ( pp. 265 -- 280 ) . Minneapolis Star Tribune . `` Q & A on the News . '' October 29 , 1999 ( p . A2 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Series . Official website Baseball Reference `` postseason '' page , listing every World Series , with links to play - by - play summaries of every game Sporting News : History of the World Series Baseball Almanac : World Series List of World Series Winning Rosters Coolest World Series teams ever ESPN Classic -- Who 's # 1 ? : Best World Series World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Series&oldid=836834409 '' Categories : World Series Annual sporting events in the United States October sporting events Recurring sporting events established in 1903 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from October 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 03 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who's won the most world series in baseball	[ "\n\nWorld Series\n\n\n\nThe Commissioner's Trophy is awarded to the team that wins the World Series.\n\n\n\nFirst played\n1903\n\n\nMost recently played\n2017\n\n\nCurrent champions\nHouston Astros\n(2017) (1st title)\n\n\nCurrent runners-up\nLos Angeles Dodgers\n\n\nMost titles\nNew York Yankees (27)\n\n" ]	[ "New York Yankees" ]
-2202414486049172224	Yuri Gagarin	Yuri Gagarin - wikipedia Yuri Gagarin `` Gagarin '' redirects here . For other uses , see Gagarin ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the Russian cosmonaut . For the Swedish rock band , see Yuri Gagarin ( band ) . This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs ; the patronymic is Alekseyevich and the family name is Gagarin . Yuri Gagarin Gagarin in Helsinki , 1961 Soviet cosmonaut Native name Ю́рий Алексе́евич Гага́рин Nationality Soviet Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin ( 1934 - 03 - 09 ) 9 March 1934 Klushino , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union 27 March 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 27 ) ( aged 34 ) Novosyolovo , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union Resting place Kremlin Wall Necropolis Other occupation Pilot Rank Colonel ( Polkovnik ) , Soviet Air Forces Time in space 1 hour , 48 minutes Selection Soviet Air Force Group 1 Missions Vostok 1 Awards Part of a series of articles on the Soviet space program Soviet space program Soviet manned lunar programs Luna programme Soviet manned space programs ( show ) Vostok Voskhod Soyuz Salyut Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project ( joint ) Mir Zond ( lunar Soyuz 7K - L1 ) N1 - L3 ( Moon landing ) TMK ( Mars flyby ) Spiral Almaz / TKS Energia / Buran USSR space probes ( show ) Sputnik program Kosmos Bion GLONASS Molniya Meteor Zenit Luna programme Zond program Lunokhod programme Mars program Phobos program Marsnik program Astron ( spacecraft ) Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories RELIKT - 1 Venera Vega program Expendable launch vehicles ( show ) Kosmos - 3M Molniya - M Proton Soyuz U Zenit Energia Kosmos 2I 3M N1 R - 7 Luna Molniya Polyot Soyuz U2 Soyuz / Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok 2M Tsyklon Notable figures ( show ) Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Friedrich Zander Mstislav Keldysh Sergei Korolev Yuri Gagarin Valentina Tereshkova Alexei Leonov Konstantin Feoktistov Mikhail Tikhonravov Mikhail Yangel Valentin Glushko Vladimir Chelomey Kerim Kerimov Vasily Mishin Boris Chertok Laika Cosmonauts ( show ) List of Soviet and Russian cosmonauts Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin ( Russian : Ю́рий Алексе́евич Гага́рин , IPA : ( ˈjʉrjɪj ɐljɪˈksjejɪvjɪtɕ ɡɐˈɡarjɪn ) ; 9 March 1934 -- 27 March 1968 ) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut . He was the first human to journey into outer space when his Vostok spacecraft completed an orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961 . Gagarin became an international celebrity and was awarded many medals and titles , including Hero of the Soviet Union , the nation 's highest honour . Vostok 1 marked his only spaceflight , but he served as backup crew to the Soyuz 1 mission ( which ended in a fatal crash ) . Gagarin later became deputy training director of the Cosmonaut Training Centre outside Moscow , which was later named after him . Gagarin died in 1968 when the MiG - 15 training jet he was piloting crashed . The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale awards the Yuri A. Gagarin Gold Medal in his honor . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Soviet Air Force 3 Soviet space program 3.1 Selection and training 3.2 Vostok 1 4 After the Soviet space program 5 Death 5.1 Cause of jet crash 6 Personal life 7 Legacy and tributes 7.1 Legacy 7.2 Tributes 7.2. 1 Statues 7.2. 2 50th anniversary 7.3 Honours and awards 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life and education Yuri Gagarin was born 9 March 1934 in the village of Klushino , near Gzhatsk ( renamed Gagarin in 1968 after his death ) . His parents worked on a collective farm : Alexey Ivanovich Gagarin as a carpenter and bricklayer , and Anna Timofeyevna Gagarina as a milkmaid . Yuri was the third of four children : older brother Valentin , older sister Zoya , and younger brother Boris . Like millions of people in the Soviet Union , the Gagarin family suffered during Nazi occupation in World War II . Klushino was occupied in November 1941 during the German advance on Moscow , and an officer took over the Gagarin residence . The family was allowed to build a mud hut , approximately 3 by 3 metres ( 10 by 10 ft ) inside , on the land behind their house , where they spent a year and nine months until the end of the occupation . His two older siblings were deported by the Germans to Poland for slave labour in 1943 , and did not return until after the war in 1945 . In 1946 , the family moved to Gzhatsk , where Gagarin continued his secondary education . In 1950 , Gagarin entered into an apprenticeship at age 16 as a foundryman at the Lyubertsy Steel Plant near Moscow , and also enrolled at a local `` young workers '' school for seventh grade evening classes . After graduating in 1951 from both the seventh grade and the vocational school with honours in moldmaking and foundry work , he was selected for further training at the Saratov Industrial Technical School , where he studied tractors . While in Saratov , Gagarin volunteered for weekend training as a Soviet air cadet at a local flying club , where he learned to fly -- at first in a biplane and later in a Yak - 18 trainer . He also earned extra money as a part - time dock laborer on the Volga River . Soviet Air Force Valentina Gagarina , Sima Eivazova and Yuri Gagarin in Bulgaria in 1966 After he graduated from the technical school in 1955 , the Soviet Army drafted Gagarin . On a recommendation , Gagarin was sent to the First Chkalov Air Force Pilot 's School in Orenburg , and soloed in a MiG - 15 in 1957 . After graduation , he was assigned to the Luostari airbase in Murmansk Oblast , close to the Norwegian border , where terrible weather made flying risky . He became a Lieutenant in the Soviet Air Forces on 5 November 1957 ; on 6 November 1959 he received the rank of Senior Lieutenant . Soviet Space program Selection and training See also : Vostok programme In 1960 , after an extensive search and selection process , Gagarin was chosen with 19 other pilots for the Soviet space program . Gagarin was further selected for an elite training group known as the Sochi Six , from which the first cosmonauts of the Vostok programme would be chosen . Gagarin and other prospective candidates were subjected to experiments designed to test physical and psychological endurance ; he also underwent training for the upcoming flight . Out of the twenty selected , the eventual choices for the first launch were Gagarin and Gherman Titov due to their performance during training sessions as well as their physical characteristics -- space was limited in the small Vostok cockpit , and both men were rather short . Gagarin was 1.57 metres ( 5 ft 2 in ) tall . In August 1960 , when Gagarin was one of 20 possible candidates , a Soviet Air Force doctor evaluated his personality as follows : Modest ; embarrasses when his humor gets a little too racy ; high degree of intellectual development evident in Yuriy ; fantastic memory ; distinguishes himself from his colleagues by his sharp and far - ranging sense of attention to his surroundings ; a well - developed imagination ; quick reactions ; persevering , prepares himself painstakingly for his activities and training exercises , handles celestial mechanics and mathematical formulae with ease as well as excels in higher mathematics ; does not feel constrained when he has to defend his point of view if he considers himself right ; appears that he understands life better than a lot of his friends . Gagarin was also a favoured candidate by his peers . When the 20 candidates were asked to anonymously vote for which other candidate they would like to see as the first to fly , all but three chose Gagarin . One of these candidates , Yevgeny Khrunov , believed that Gagarin was very focused , and was demanding of himself and others when necessary . Gagarin kept physically fit throughout his life , and was a keen sportsman . Cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky wrote : Service in the Air Force made us strong , both physically and morally . All of us cosmonauts took up sports and PT seriously when we served in the Air Force . I know that Yuri Gagarin was fond of ice hockey . He liked to play goal keeper ... I do n't think I am wrong when I say that sports became a fixture in the life of the cosmonauts . In addition to being a keen ice hockey player , Gagarin was also a basketball fan , and coached the Saratov Industrial Technical School team , as well as being a referee . Vostok 1 Main article : Vostok 1 On 12 April 1961 , the Vostok 3KA - 3 ( Vostok 1 ) spacecraft with Gagarin aboard was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome . Gagarin thus became both the first human to travel into space , and the first to orbit the Earth . His call sign was Kedr ( Russian : Кедр , Siberian pine or Cedar ) . Poyekhali ! Gagarin 's voice Problems playing this file ? See media help . The radio communication between the launch control room and Gagarin included the following dialogue at the moment of rocket launch : Korolev : `` Preliminary stage ... intermediate ... main ... lift off ! We wish you a good flight . Everything is all right . '' Gagarin : `` Поехали ! '' ( Poyekhali ! -- Let 's go ! ) . Gagarin 's informal poyekhali ! became a historical phrase in the Eastern Bloc , used to refer to the beginning of the Space Age in human history . In his post-flight report , Gagarin recalled his experience of spaceflight , having been the first human in space : The feeling of weightlessness was somewhat unfamiliar compared with Earth conditions . Here , you feel as if you were hanging in a horizontal position in straps . You feel as if you are suspended . Vostok I capsule on display at the RKK Energiya museum Following the flight , Gagarin told the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev that during reentry he had whistled the tune `` The Motherland Hears , The Motherland Knows '' ( Russian : `` Родина слышит , Родина знает '' ) . The first two lines of the song are : `` The Motherland hears , the Motherland knows / Where her son flies in the sky '' . This patriotic song was written by Dmitri Shostakovich in 1951 ( opus 86 ) , with words by Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky . Some sources have claimed that Gagarin commented during the flight , `` I do n't see any God up here . '' However , no such words appear in the verbatim record of his conversations with Earth - based stations during the spaceflight . In a 2006 interview , Gagarin 's friend Colonel Valentin Petrov stated that the cosmonaut never said such words , and that the quote originated from Nikita Khrushchev 's speech at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU about the state 's anti-religion campaign , saying `` Gagarin flew into space , but did n't see any god there . '' Petrov also said that Gagarin had been baptised into the Orthodox Church as a child , and a 2011 Foma magazine article quoted the rector of the Orthodox church in Star City saying , `` Gagarin baptized his elder daughter Yelena shortly before his space flight ; and his family used to celebrate Christmas and Easter and keep icons in the house . '' After the Soviet Space program Gagarin 's flight was a triumph for the Soviet space program . The announcement on the Soviet radio was made by Yuri Levitan , the same speaker who announced all major events in the Great Patriotic War . Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc , and a worldwide celebrity . Newspapers around the globe published his biography and details of his flight . Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations , the scale of which was second only to World War II Victory Parades . Gagarin was escorted in a long motorcade of high - ranking officials through the streets of Moscow to the Kremlin where , in a lavish ceremony , he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union , by Nikita Khrushchev . Gagarin in Warsaw , 1961 Later on , Gagarin toured widely abroad . He visited Italy , Germany , Canada , Brazil , Japan , Egypt and Finland to promote the Soviet Union 's accomplishment of putting the first human in space . He visited the United Kingdom three months after the Vostok 1 mission , going to London and Manchester . The sudden rise to fame took its toll on Gagarin . While acquaintances say Gagarin had been a `` sensible drinker '' , his touring schedule placed him in social situations where he was always expected to drink . Gagarin was also reportedly caught by his wife in a room with another woman , a nurse named Anna who had aided him after a boating incident earlier in the day , at a Black Sea resort in September 1961 . He attempted to escape by leaving through a window and jumping off her second floor balcony , hitting his face on a kerbstone and leaving a permanent scar above his left eyebrow . In 1962 , he began serving as a Deputy to the Soviet of the Union , and was elected to the Central Committee of the Young Communist League . He later returned to Star City , the cosmonaut facility , where he spent several years working on designs for a reusable spacecraft . He became a lieutenant colonel of the Soviet Air Forces on 12 June 1962 , and received the rank of colonel on 6 November 1963 . Soviet officials tried to keep him away from any flights , being worried of losing their hero in an accident . Gagarin was backup pilot for his friend Vladimir Komarov in the Soyuz 1 flight , which was launched despite Gagarin 's protests that additional safety precautions were necessary . When Komarov 's flight ended in a fatal crash , Gagarin was permanently banned from training for and participating in further spaceflights . On 20 December 1963 , Gagarin had become Deputy Training Director of the Star City cosmonaut training base . Two years later he was re-elected as a deputy to the SSSU , but this time to the Soviet of Nationalities . Next year he began to re-qualify as a fighter pilot . On 17 February 1968 he successfully defended his aerospace engineering thesis on the subject of spaceplane aerodynamic configuration , passing with flying colors . Death Plaque indicating Gagarin 's interment in the Kremlin Wall On 27 March 1968 , while on a routine training flight from Chkalovsky Air Base , he and flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin died in a MiG - 15UTI crash near the town of Kirzhach . The bodies of Gagarin and Seryogin were cremated and the ashes were buried in the walls of the Kremlin on Red Square . Gagarin was survived by his wife Valentina , a graduate of the Orenburg medical school ; and two daughters , Yelena ( born 1959 ) and Galina ( born 1961 ) . Cause of jet crash The cause of the crash that killed Gagarin is not entirely certain , and has been subject to speculation about conspiracy theories over the ensuing decades . Soviet documents declassified in March 2003 showed that the KGB had conducted their own investigation of the accident , in addition to one government and two military investigations . The KGB 's report dismissed various conspiracy theories , instead indicating that the actions of airbase personnel contributed to the crash . The report states that an air traffic controller provided Gagarin with outdated weather information , and that by the time of his flight , conditions had deteriorated significantly . Ground crew also left external fuel tanks attached to the aircraft . Gagarin 's planned flight activities needed clear weather and no outboard tanks . The investigation concluded that Gagarin 's aircraft entered a spin , either due to a bird strike or because of a sudden move to avoid another aircraft . Because of the out - of - date weather report , the crew believed their altitude to be higher than it actually was , and could not react properly to bring the MiG - 15 out of its spin . Another theory , advanced by the original crash investigator in 2005 , hypothesizes that a cabin air vent was accidentally left open by the crew or the previous pilot , leading to oxygen deprivation and leaving the crew incapable of controlling the aircraft . A similar theory , published in Air & Space magazine , is that the crew detected the open vent and followed procedure by executing a rapid dive to a lower altitude . This dive caused them to lose consciousness and crash . On 12 April 2007 , the Kremlin vetoed a new investigation into the death of Gagarin . Government officials said that they saw no reason to begin a new investigation . A Russian MiG - 15UTI , the same type as Gagarin was flying In April 2011 , documents from a 1968 commission set up by the Central Committee of the Communist Party to investigate the accident were declassified . Those documents revealed that the commission 's original conclusion was that Gagarin or Seryogin had maneuvered sharply either to avoid a weather balloon , leading the jet into a `` super-critical flight regime and to its stalling in complex meteorological conditions , '' or to avoid `` entry into the upper limit of the first layer of cloud cover '' . In his 2004 book Two Sides of the Moon , Alexey Leonov , who was part of a State Commission established to investigate the death in 1968 , recounts that he was flying a helicopter in the same area that day when he heard `` two loud booms in the distance . '' Corroborating other theories , his conclusion is that a Sukhoi jet ( which he identifies as a Su - 15 ' Flagon ' ) was flying below its minimum allowed altitude , and `` without realizing it because of the terrible weather conditions , he passed within 10 or 20 meters of Yuri and Seregin 's plane while breaking the sound barrier . '' The resulting turbulence would have sent the MiG into an uncontrolled spin . Leonov believes the first boom he heard was that of the jet breaking the sound barrier , and the second was Gagarin 's plane crashing . In a June 2013 interview with Russian television network RT , Leonov said that a declassified report on the incident revealed the presence of a second , `` unauthorized '' Su - 15 flying in the area . Leonov states that this aircraft had descended to 450 metres ( 1,480 ft ) and that , while running afterburners , `` the aircraft reduced its echelon at a distance of 10 -- 15 meters in the clouds , passing close to Gagarin , turning his plane and thus sending it into a tailspin -- a deep spiral , to be precise -- at a speed of 750 kilometers per hour . '' As a condition of being allowed to discuss the report , however , Leonov was required to not disclose the name of the other pilot , who was reported to be 80 years old ( as of 2013 ) and in poor health . Personal life In 1957 , while at the First Chkalov Air Force Pilot 's School in Orenburg , Gagarin met Valentina Ivanovna Goryacheva , a medical technician graduate of the Orenburg Medical School . They were married on 7 November 1957 , the same day Gagarin graduated from Orenburg , and they have two daughters . Yelena Yurievna Gagarina is an art historian who has worked as the Director - General of the Moscow Kremlin Museums since 2001 . Galina Yurievna Gagarina is a professor of economics and the department chair at Plekhanov Russian University of Economics in Moscow . Legacy and tributes Russian Rouble commemorating Gagarin in 2001 Monument to Yuri Gagarin in Moscow Monument to Yuri Gagarin in Karaganda , Kazakhstan Yuri Gagarin statue at the Royal Greenwich Observatory in London John Glenn panel and Yuri Gagarin statue in Houston , at the former NASA office on Wayside Drive Legacy Aside from his short stature at 1.57 metres ( 5 ft 2 in ) , one of Gagarin 's most notable traits was his smile . Many commented on how Gagarin 's smile gained the attention of crowds on the frequent tours he did in the months after the Vostok 1 mission success . Gagarin also garnered a reputation as an adept public figure . When he visited Manchester in the United Kingdom , it was pouring rain . However , Gagarin insisted that the convertible top remain down so that the cheering crowds could catch a glimpse of him . Gagarin stated , `` If all these people have turned out to welcome me and can stand in the rain , so can I . '' Gagarin refused an umbrella and remained standing in his open - top Bentley so that the cheering crowds could still see him . Sergei Korolev , one of the masterminds behind the early years of the Soviet space program , later said that Gagarin possessed a smile `` that lit up the darkness of the Cold War '' . Tributes 12 April , the date of Gagarin 's space flight , has been commemorated as a special date . Since 1962 , it has been celebrated in the USSR and later in Russia and other post-Soviet states as the Cosmonautics Day . In 2011 it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations . Since 2001 , Yuri 's Night , an international celebration , is held every 12 April to commemorate milestones in space exploration . A number of buildings and other sites on Earth have been named for Gagarin . The Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City was named in 1969 . The launch pad at Baikonur Cosmodrome from which Sputnik 1 and Vostok 1 were launched , is now known as Gagarin 's Start . Gagarin Raion in the Sevastopol city ( Ukraine ) was named after him during the period of the Soviet Union . The Air Force Academy was renamed Gagarin Air Force Academy in 1968 . Gagarin has been honored on the Moon by both astronauts and astronomers . He was honored by the American space program during Apollo 11 in 1969 when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left a memorial satchel containing medals commemorating Gagarin and fellow cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov on the surface . In 1971 , Apollo 15 astronauts David Scott and James Irwin left the Fallen Astronaut at their landing site as a memorial to all the American astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts who died in the Space Race , with Yuri Gagarin listed among 14 others . He is memorialized by the official naming of a 265 km crater on the Far Side after him . Gagarin is memorialized in music , including a cycle of Soviet patriotic songs The Constellation Gagarin ( Russian : Созвездье Гагарина , tr . Sozvezdie Gagarina ) was written by Alexandra Pakhmutova and Nikolai Dobronravov in 1970 -- 1971 . The most famous of these songs referred to Gagarin 's poyekhali ! : He said `` let 's go ! '' He waved his hand . He was the inspiration for the pieces `` Hey Gagarin '' by Jean Michel Jarre ( on Métamorphoses ) , `` Gagarin '' by Public Service Broadcasting , and `` Gagarin , I loved you '' by Undervud . Vessels have been named for him . Soviet tracking ship Kosmonavt Yuri Gagarin was built in 1971 . Armenian airline Armavia named their first Sukhoi Superjet 100 in Gagarin 's honour in 2011 . There were two commemorative coins issued in the Soviet Union to honour the 20th and 30th anniversaries of his flight : 1 ruble coin ( 1981 , copper - nickel ) and 3 ruble coin ( 1991 , silver ) . In 2001 , to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Gagarin 's flight , a series of four coins bearing his likeness was issued in Russia : 2 ruble coin ( copper - nickel ) , 3 ruble coin ( silver ) , 10 ruble coin ( brass - copper , nickel ) , and 100 ruble coin ( silver ) . In 2011 , Russia issued a 1,000 ruble coin ( gold ) and 3 ruble coin ( silver ) to mark the 50th anniversary of his flight . In 2008 , the Kontinental Hockey League named their championship trophy the Gagarin Cup . In a 2010 Space Foundation survey , Gagarin was ranked as the # 6 most popular space hero , tied with Star Trek 's fictional Capt . James T. Kirk . The Russian docudrama , Gagarin : First in Space , was released in 2013 . Statues Several statues have been erected in his honor . On 4 June 1980 , a monument to Gagarin was opened on Gagarin Square in Leninsky Avenue , Moscow . The monument is 42.4 m tall and constructed of titanium . Beside the column is a replica of the descent module used by Gagarin . In 2011 a statue , Yuri Gagarin , was unveiled at the Admiralty Arch end of The Mall in London , opposite the permanent sculpture of James Cook . It is a copy of the statue outside Gagarin 's former school in Lyubertsy . In 2013 the statue was moved to a permanent location outside the Royal Observatory in Greenwich . In 2012 a statue was unveiled at the site of NASA 's original spaceflight headquarters on South Wayside Drive in Houston . The sculpture , completed in 2011 by artist / cosmonaut Alexsei Leonov , was a gift to Houston by various Russian organisations . Houston Mayor Annise Parker , NASA Administrator Charles Bolden , and Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak were present for the dedication . In April 2018 a bust of Gagarin , erected on the street which bears his name in the Serbian capital Belgrade , was removed , after less than week , following an outcry over the size of its head . Locals said that the tribute , was an `` insult '' to Gagarin . A new work will be commissioned . It was revealed that the city had had no prior knowledge of the design , and neither had the Serbian Ministry of Culture , nor the foundation which had financed it . Apart from these , Gagarin has also statues and monuments for example in Karaganda , Orenburg , Izhevsk , Gagarin - Smolensk Oblast , Yoshkar - Ola , Cheboksary , Druzhkivka , Tiraspol , Irkutsk , Komsomolsk - on - Amur and Nicosia . 50th anniversary 50th anniversary stamp of Ukraine The 50th anniversary of Gagarin 's journey into space was marked in 2011 by tributes around the world . A film titled First Orbit was shot from the International Space Station , combining the original flight audio with footage of the route taken by Gagarin . The Russian , American , and Italian Expedition 27 crew aboard the ISS sent a special video message to wish the people of the world a `` Happy Yuri 's Night '' , wearing shirts with an image of Gagarin . Swiss - based German watchmaker Bernhard Lederer created a limited edition of 50 Gagarin Tourbillons to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin 's flight . The launch of Soyuz TMA - 21 on 4 April 2011 was devoted to the 50th anniversary of the first manned space mission . Honours and awards This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Graffiti of Gagarin ( with Maradona and Castro ) , in Drvengrad , Serbia . Jubilee Medal `` 40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR '' ( USSR , 1958 ) Hero of the Soviet Union ( 14 April 1961 ) Order of Lenin ( USSR , 14 April 1961 ) Hero of Socialist Labour ( Czechoslovak Socialist Republic , 29 April 1961 ) Hero of Socialist Labour , ( People 's Republic of Bulgaria , 24 May 1961 ) Order of Georgi Dimitrov ( Bulgaria , 24 May 1961 ) Order of the Star of Indonesia , 2nd Class ( Indonesia , 10 June 1961 ) Cross of Grunwald , 1st class ( Poland , 20 June 1961 ) Pilot - Cosmonaut of the USSR ( 27 June 1961 ) The first Commander of the Order of Playa Girón ( Cuba , 18 July 1961 ) `` For achievements in aeronautics '' ( Brazil , 2 August 1961 ) Jânio Quadros , President of Brazil , decorated Gagarin in 1961 . Order of the Southern Cross ( Brazil , 3 August 1961 ) Order of the Flag of the Hungarian Republic , 1st class with diamonds ( Hungary , 21 August 1961 ) Honored Master of Sports of the USSR ( 1961 , title obtained as a reward for a space flight ) Military Pilot 1st Class ( 1961 , awarded the qualification of space flight ) Gold Medal of the British Interplanetary Society , 1961 Honorary suvorovets ( Moscow Suvorov Military School , 1962 ) Order of the Nile ( Egypt , 31 January 1962 ) Order of the African Star ( Liberia , 6 February 1962 ) Hero of Labour , ( Democratic Republic of Vietnam , 28 April 1962 ) Gold Medal of the Austrian Government , 1962 Honorary president of the Soviet - Cuban friendship society Honorary Member of the Society , `` the Finland - Soviet Union '' Order of Karl Marx ( German Democratic Republic , 22 October 1963 ) Jubilee Medal `` Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941 -- 1945 '' ( USSR , 9 May 1965 ) Medal `` For Impeccable Service '' , 3rd class ( Soviet Union , March 1966 ) Honorary member of the International Academy of Astronautics ( 1966 ) Order of Klement Gottwald ( Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ) Jubilee Medal `` 50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR '' ( USSR , January 1968 ) Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Gold Medal `` for outstanding work in the field of interplanetary communications '' ( USSR ) Medal of de Lavaux ( FAI ) Gold medal and diploma `` Man in Space '' , the Italian Association of Space Gold Medal `` For outstanding difference '' and the Royal Aero Club Diploma , Sweden Medal of Columbus ( Italy ) Gold Medal of Saint - Denis ( France ) Gold Medal Award `` for courage '' of the Fund Matstsotti ( Italy ) , 2007 and others . Yuri Gagarin was elected an honorary citizen of the following cities : USSR : Kaluga , Novozybkov , Klintsy , Novocherkassk , Lyubertsy , Sumqayit ( in modern - day Azerbaijan ) , Smolensk , Vinnytsia ( in modern - day Ukraine ) , Sevastopol ( in Crimea ) , Saratov , Komsomolsk - on - Amur , Tyumen Russia : Orenburg Bulgaria : Sofia , Pernik , Plovdiv Greece : Athens Cyprus : Famagusta , Limassol France : Saint - Denis Czechoslovakia : Trenčianske Teplice He was also awarded the golden keys to the gates of the Egyptian cities Cairo and Alexandria . See also Biography portal Spaceflight portal Soviet Union portal Notes Jump up ^ Gagarin 's first name is sometimes transliterated as Yuriy , Youri , or Yury . Jump up ^ Alexey and Anna 's names are sometimes transliterated as Aleksei Ivanovich and Anna Timofeevna , respectively ( Bassin 2012 ) . References Jump up ^ Hanbury - Tenison , Robin , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Great Explorers . London : Thames & Hudson . p. 270 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 25169 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Tito , Dennis ( 13 November 2006 ) . `` Yuri Gagarin '' . Time Europe via Time.com . Archived from the original on 26 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Jennifer . `` Yuri Gagarin : The First Man in Space '' . About.com . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rodgers , Paul ( 3 April 2011 ) . `` Yuri Gagarin : The man who fell to Earth '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 4 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moskvitch , Katia ( 3 April 2011 ) . `` Yuri Gagarin 's Klushino : Forgotten home of space legend '' . BBC News . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bizony , Piers ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` First man of Space -- the flight and plight of Yuri Gagarin '' . Engineering & Technology . 6 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yury Gagarin : Biography '' . RIA Novosti. 30 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rincon , Paul ; Moskvitch , Katia ( 4 April 2011 ) . `` Profile : Yuri Gagarin '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 22 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин . Astronaut.ru ( in Russian ) . 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Siddiqi 2000 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi 2000 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi 2000 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Bykovsky quoted in Gavrilin 1973 , p. 26 - 27 . Jump up ^ Louis , Victor E ; Louis , Jennifer M ( 1980 ) . Sport in the Soviet Union . Oxford : Pergamon . p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 024506 - 4 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi 2000 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Hall and Shayler , p. 150 ^ Jump up to : Душенко , Константин ( 2014 ) . Большой словарь цитат и крылатых выражений ( in Russian ) . Litres . ISBN 978 - 5 - 699 - 40115 - 4 . Jump up ^ Первушин , Антон ( 2011 ) . `` 6.2 Он сказал `` Поехали ! '' `` . 108 минут , изменившие мир ( in Russian ) . Эксмо . ISBN 9785457022300 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Siddiqi 2000 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Гагарин , Юрий ( 3 December 2004 ) . Дорога в космос . Pravda via TestPilot.ru ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 15 March 2008 . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Motherland Hears ( download ) '' . SovMusic.ru . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Motherland Hears ( lyrics ) '' . SovMusic.ru . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Полная стенограмма переговоров Юрия Гагарина с Землей с момента его посадки в корабль ( за два часа до старта ) до выхода корабля `` Востока - 1 '' из зоны радиоприема . Cosmoworld.ru ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` I am proud to be accused of having introduced Yury Gagarin to Orthodoxy '' . Interfax-religion.com. 12 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gagarin 's family celebrated Easter and Christmas , Korolev used to pray and confess '' . Interfax-religion.com. 11 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Первушин , Антон ( October 2013 ) . `` 7.1 Гражданин мира '' . 108 минут , изменившие мир ( in Russian ) . Litres . ISBN 9785457022300 . Jump up ^ На орбите дружбы . МК в Египте ( in Russian ) . 24 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Callow , John ( 17 January 2009 ) . `` Yuri Gagarin in Manchester '' . WCML.org.uk . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : French , Francis ( July 1998 ) . `` Yuri Gagarin 's Visit to Manchester '' . Spaceflight . British Interplanetary Society . 40 ( 7 ) . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gafutulin , Nail ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` Космонавт и Депутат '' ( Astronaut and Deputy ) . Red Star ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Krulwich , Robert ( 18 March 2011 ) . `` Cosmonaut Crashed Into Earth ' Crying In Rage ' '' . Krulwich Wonders via NPR.org . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин '' ( Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin ) . Astronaut.ru ( in Russian ) . 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gagarin '' . www.astronautix.com . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Lebedev , Vitaliy ( August 2011 ) . `` Диплом Гагарина '' ( Gagarin 's Diploma ) ( PDF ) . New Defence Order Strategy ( in Russian ) ( 16 ) : 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Lebedev , Vitaliy ( October 2011 ) . `` Диплом Гагарина '' ( Gagarin 's Diploma ) ( PDF ) . New Defence Order Strategy ( in Russian ) ( 17 ) : 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ The First Man in Space . New York : Crosscurrents Press . 1961 . p. 79 . OCLC 220499322 . Jump up ^ Aris , Ben ( 28 March 2008 ) . `` KGB held ground staff to blame for Gagarin 's death '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Holt , Ed ( 3 April 2005 ) . `` Inquiry promises to solve Gagarin death riddle '' . Scotland on Sunday . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Andrew ( September 2010 ) . `` What Made Yuri Fall ? '' . Air & Space . Retrieved 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Andrew ( 12 April 2007 ) . `` Kremlin vetoes new inquiry into mystery death of Yuri Gagarin '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Malpas , Anna ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` Russia sheds light on Gagarin death mystery '' . AFP . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Leonov , Alexei ; Scott , David ( 2004 ) . Two Sides of the Moon . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . p. 218 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 30865 - 5 . OCLC 56587777 . Jump up ^ `` Death of Yuri Gagarin demystified 40 years on '' . RT.com. 14 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Major , Jason ( 14 June 2013 ) . `` Details of Yuri Gagarin 's Tragic Death Revealed '' . Universe Today . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Abel , Allen ( May 2011 ) . `` The Family He Left Behind '' . Air & Space . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gagarin in his daughter 's words '' . Euronews.net. 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Праздничные мероприятия , посвященные 50 - летию полета Ю. А . Гагарина в космос ( in Russian ) . Rea.ru. 11 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Huw ( 7 March 2011 ) . `` Memories sought of Yuri Gagarin 's way into space '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ McKie , Robin ( 13 March 2011 ) . `` Sergei Korolev : the rocket genius behind Yuri Gagarin '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UN Resolution A / RES / 65 / 271 , The International Day of Human Space Flight ( 12 April ) '' . 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Minard , Anne ( 21 July 2009 ) . `` Apollo 11 : 5 Little - Known Facts About the Moon Landing '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Aldrin , Buzz ; McConnell , Malcolm ( 1989 ) . Men From Earth . New York : Bantam . ISBN 0553053744 . Jump up ^ Pocock , Philip ( 2012 ) . Geppert , Alexander C.T. , ed . Imagining Outer Space : European Astroculture in the Twentieth Century . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 335 -- 336 . ISBN 0230231721 . Jump up ^ Powell , Corey S. ; Shapiro , Laurie Gwen ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` The Sculpture on the Moon '' . Slate . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Созвездье Гагарина . Alexandra Pakhmutova 's website Jump up ^ Kaminski - Morrow , David ( 15 January 2011 ) . `` Picture : First Armavia Superjet awaits delivery '' . FlightGlobal.com . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ База данных по памятным и инвестиционным монетам . CBR.ru ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 19 December 2008 . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yuri Gagarin Featured on Russian Gold and Silver Coins '' . Coin Update. 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Adam ( 19 May 2010 ) . `` UFA Sports to market Kontinental Hockey League '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Space Foundation Survey Reveals Broad Range of Space Heroes '' . Space Foundation . 27 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Tom ( 6 April 2011 ) . `` How Yuri Gagarin 's historic flight was nearly grounded '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gagarin Monument Moved from London 's Mall to Greenwich '' . RIA Novosti. 7 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Mayor , NASA Administrator & Russian Ambassador Dedicate Gifts of Artworks Honoring Russian and US Space Pioneers '' . City of Houston . 15 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tiny head Gagarin tribute is removed '' . BBC News . 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Controversial Gagarin monument to be removed , new one built '' . B92. 10 April 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Riley , Christopher ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` What Yuri Gagarin saw : First Orbit film to reveal the view from Vostok 1 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yuri 's Night 2011 International Space Station Crew : 50th Anniversary of Human Spaceflight '' . YouTube.com. 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Gagarin Tourbillon '' . The Gagarin Tourbillon . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Anikeev , Alexander ( 29 April 2011 ) . `` Spacecraft `` Soyuz - TMA21 '' `` . Manned Aeronautics . Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Bruno . `` Para Yuri Gagarin , Brasília era um planeta diferente '' ( For Yuri Gagarin , Brasil was a different planet ) . Brasil Almanaque de Cultura Popular ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Почётные граждане '' ( Honorary citizens ) . City of Orenburg . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Sources Bassin , Mark ; Kelly , Catriona , eds. ( 2012 ) . Soviet and Post-Soviet Identities . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 140 -- 141 . ISBN 1107011175 . Gavrilin , Vyacheslav Mikhailovich ( 1973 ) . Sportsmen of the Soviet Army . Moscow : Novosti Press Agency . OCLC 23374154 . Hall , Rex ; Shayler , David ( May 2001 ) . The Rocket Men : Vostok & Voskhod , the First Soviet Manned Spaceflights . Springer . p. 350 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 391 - X . Siddiqi , Asif A ( 2000 ) . Challenge to Apollo : The Soviet Union and the Space Race , 1945 -- 1974 . Washington , D.C. : NASA . OCLC 48909645 . SP - 2000 - 4408 . Part 1 ( page 1 - 500 ) , Part 2 ( page 501 - 1011 ) . Further reading Cole , Michael D ( 1995 ) . Vostok 1 : First Human in Space . Springfield , NJ : Enslow . ISBN 0 - 89490 - 541 - 4 . Doran , Jamie ; Bizony , Piers ( 1998 ) . Starman : The Truth Behind the Legend of Yuri Gagarin . London : Bloomsbury . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 4267 - 8 . Jenks , Andrew L ( 2012 ) . The Cosmonaut Who Could n't Stop Smiling : The Life and Legend of Yuri Gagarin . Northern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87580 - 447 - 7 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Yuri Gagarin Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yuri Gagarin . External images Memorial to Gagarin and Seregin at crash location Memorial obelisk photo Memorial obelisk closeup photo Coordinates 56 ° 02 ′ 48 '' N 39 ° 01 ′ 35 '' E / 56.04664 ° N 39.0265 ° E / 56.04664 ; 39.0265 Biography by Encyclopedia Astronautica Biography by Colin Burgess Yuri 's Night , an annual worldwide space party YuriGagarin50.org , the 50th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin 's flight into space Obituary by The New York Times , 28 March 1968 Yuri Gagarin at Find a Grave Multimedia First Orbit , feature film on YouTube by First Orbit First Man in Space : Yuri Gagarin , short film on YouTube by Roscosmos Soviet Man in Space ( 1961 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Soviets Hail Space Hero ( 1961 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Photo gallery by KP.ru Photo gallery by Sputnik News Pilot - Cosmonauts of the USSR 1960s Yuri Gagarin ( 1961 ) Gherman Titov ( 1961 ) Andriyan Nikolayev ( 1962 ) Pavel Popovich ( 1962 ) Valery Bykovsky ( 1963 ) Valentina Tereshkova ( 1963 ) Boris Yegorov ( 1964 ) Vladimir Komarov ( 1964 ) Konstantin Feoktistov ( 1964 ) Pavel Belyayev ( 1965 ) Alexey Leonov ( 1965 ) Georgy Beregovoy ( 1968 ) Vladislav Volkov ( 1969 ) Boris Volynov ( 1969 ) Viktor Gorbatko ( 1969 ) Aleksei Yeliseyev ( 1969 ) Valeri Kubasov ( 1969 ) Anatoly Filipchenko ( 1969 ) Yevgeny Khrunov ( 1969 ) Vladimir Shatalov ( 1969 ) Georgy Shonin ( 1969 ) 1970s Vitaly Sevastyanov ( 1970 ) Nikolay Rukavishnikov ( 1971 ) Pyotr Klimuk ( 1973 ) Vasily Lazarev ( 1973 ) Valentin Lebedev ( 1973 ) Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov ( 1973 ) Yury Artyukhin ( 1974 ) Lev Dyomin ( 1974 ) Gennadi Sarafanov ( 1974 ) Georgy Grechko ( 1975 ) Aleksei Gubarev ( 1975 ) Vladimir Aksyonov ( 1976 ) Vitaly Zholobov ( 1976 ) Vyacheslav Zudov ( 1976 ) Valery Rozhdestvensky ( 1976 ) Yury Glazkov ( 1977 ) Vladimir Kovalyonok ( 1977 ) Valery Ryumin ( 1977 ) Vladimir Dzhanibekov ( 1978 ) Aleksandr Ivanchenkov ( 1978 ) Yury Romanenko ( 1978 ) Vladimir Lyakhov ( 1979 ) 1980s Leonid Kizim ( 1980 ) Yury Malyshev ( 1980 ) Leonid Popov ( 1980 ) Gennadi Strekalov ( 1980 ) Viktor Savinykh ( 1981 ) Anatoly Berezovoy ( 1982 ) Svetlana Savitskaya ( 1982 ) Aleksandr Serebrov ( 1982 ) Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov ( 1983 ) Vladimir Titov ( 1983 ) Oleg Atkov ( 1984 ) Igor Volk ( 1984 ) Vladimir Solovyov ( 1984 ) Vladimir Vasyutin ( 1985 ) Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Volkov ( 1985 ) Aleksandr Viktorenko ( 1987 ) Aleksandr Laveykin ( 1987 ) Anatoli Levchenko ( 1987 ) Musa Manarov ( 1988 ) Anatoly Solovyev ( 1988 ) Sergei Krikalev ( 1989 ) Valeri Polyakov ( 1989 ) 1990s Aleksandr Nikolayevich Balandin ( 1990 ) Anatoly Artsebarsky ( 1991 ) Toktar Aubakirov ( 1991 ) Viktor Afanasyev ( 1991 ) Gennadi Manakov ( 1991 ) BNE : XX1050308 BNF : cb127780570 ( data ) GND : 118537105 ISNI : 0000 0000 8387 5419 LCCN : n50015443 NARA : 10580707 NDL : 00440377 NKC : jn20000700578 NLA : 35108995 SELIBR : 187847 SNAC : w6fz0p4k SUDOC : 050132008 ULAN : 500342574 VIAF : 61673822 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Gagarin&oldid=853955281 '' Categories : Heroes of the Soviet Union Recipients of the Order of Lenin 1934 births 1961 in spaceflight 1968 deaths Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis Foundrymen Honorary citizens of Baikonur People from Gagarinsky District , Smolensk Oblast Recipients of the Order of Georgi Dimitrov Recipients of the Order of Karl Marx Recipients of the Order of Klement Gottwald Recipients of the Order of the African Star Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald , 1st class Recipients of the Order of the Flag of the Hungarian Republic Recipients of the Order of the Nile Russian aviators Russian explorers Russian Orthodox Christians from Russia Russian Orthodox Christians from the Soviet Union Soviet Air Force officers Soviet cosmonauts Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Soviet Union Yuri Gagarin Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the first person that went to space	[ "Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin [note 1] (Russian: Ю́рий Алексе́евич Гага́рин, IPA: [ˈjʉrʲɪj ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ɡɐˈɡarʲɪn]; 9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. He was the first human to journey into outer space when his Vostok spacecraft completed an orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961.\n" ]	[ "Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin" ]
7980778628300682186	Leviathan (book)	Leviathan ( book ) - wikipedia Leviathan ( book ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Leviathan ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Leviathan Frontispiece of Leviathan by Abraham Bosse , with input from Hobbes . Author Thomas Hobbes Country England Language English , Latin ( Hobbes produced a new version of Leviathan in Latin in 1668 : Leviathan , sive De materia , forma , & potestate civitatis ecclesiasticae et civilis . Many passages in the Latin version differ from the English version . Genre Political philosophy Publication date 1651 ISBN 978 - 1439297254 Leviathan or The Matter , Forme and Power of a Common - Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil -- commonly referred to as Leviathan -- is a book written by Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 -- 1679 ) and published in 1651 ( revised Latin edition 1668 ) . Its name derives from the biblical Leviathan . The work concerns the structure of society and legitimate government , and is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory . Leviathan ranks as a classic western work on statecraft comparable to Machiavelli 's The Prince . Written during the English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) , Leviathan argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign . Hobbes wrote that civil war and the brute situation of a state of nature ( `` the war of all against all '' ) could only be avoided by strong , undivided government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 1.1 Frontispiece 1.2 Part I : Of Man 1.3 Part II : Of Common - wealth 1.3. 1 Types of commonwealth 1.3. 2 Succession 1.3. 3 Religion 1.3. 4 Taxation 1.4 Part III : Of a Christian Common - wealth 1.5 Part IV : Of the Kingdom of Darkness 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 4.1 Editions of Leviathan 4.2 Critical studies 5 External links Content ( edit ) Frontispiece ( edit ) After lengthy discussion with Thomas Hobbes , the Parisian Abraham Bosse created the etching for the book 's famous frontispiece in the géometrique style which Bosse himself had refined . It is similar in organisation to the frontispiece of Hobbes ' De Cive ( 1642 ) , created by Jean Matheus . The frontispiece has two main elements , of which the upper part is by far the more striking . In it , a giant crowned figure is seen emerging from the landscape , clutching a sword and a crosier , beneath a quote from the Book of Job -- `` Non est potestas Super Terram quae Comparetur ei . Iob. 41 . 24 '' ( `` There is no power on earth to be compared to him . Job 41 . 24 '' ) -- linking the figure to the monster of that book . ( Due to disagreements over the precise location of the chapters and verses when they were divided in the late Middle Ages , the verse Hobbes quotes is usually given as Job 41 : 33 in modern Christian translations into English , Job 41 : 25 in the Masoretic text , Septuagint , and the Luther Bible ; it is 41 : 24 in the Vulgate . ) The torso and arms of the figure are composed of over three hundred persons , in the style of Giuseppe Arcimboldo ; all are facing inwards with just the giant 's head having visible features . ( A manuscript of Leviathan created for Charles II in 1651 has notable differences -- a different main head but significantly the body is also composed of many faces , all looking outwards from the body and with a range of expressions . ) The lower portion is a triptych , framed in a wooden border . The centre form contains the title on an ornate curtain . The two sides reflect the sword and crosier of the main figure -- earthly power on the left and the powers of the church on the right . Each side element reflects the equivalent power -- castle to church , crown to mitre , cannon to excommunication , weapons to logic , and the battlefield to the religious courts . The giant holds the symbols of both sides , reflecting the union of secular , and spiritual in the sovereign , but the construction of the torso also makes the figure the state . Part I : of man ( edit ) Hobbes begins his treatise on politics with an account of human nature . He presents an image of man as matter in motion , attempting to show through example how everything about humanity can be explained materialistically , that is , without recourse to an incorporeal , immaterial soul or a faculty for understanding ideas that are external to the human mind . Hobbes proceeds by defining terms clearly and unsentimentally . Good and evil are nothing more than terms used to denote an individual 's appetites and desires , while these appetites and desires are nothing more than the tendency to move toward or away from an object . Hope is nothing more than an appetite for a thing combined with opinion that it can be had . He suggests the dominant political theology of the time , Scholasticism , thrives on confused definitions of everyday words , such as incorporeal substance , which for Hobbes is a contradiction in terms . Hobbes describes human psychology without any reference to the summum bonum , or greatest good , as previous thought had done . Not only is the concept of a summum bonum superfluous , but given the variability of human desires , there could be no such thing . Consequently , any political community that sought to provide the greatest good to its members would find itself driven by competing conceptions of that good with no way to decide among them . The result would be civil war . However , Hobbes states that there is a summum malum , or greatest evil . This is the fear of violent death . A political community can be oriented around this fear . Since there is no summum bonum , the natural state of man is not to be found in a political community that pursues the greatest good . But to be outside of a political community is to be in an anarchic condition . Given human nature , the variability of human desires , and need for scarce resources to fulfill those desires , the state of nature , as Hobbes calls this anarchic condition , must be a war of all against all . Even when two men are not fighting , there is no guarantee that the other will not try to kill him for his property or just out of an aggrieved sense of honour , and so they must constantly be on guard against one another . It is even reasonable to preemptively attack one 's neighbour . In such condition there is no place for industry , because the fruit thereof is uncertain , and consequently no culture of the earth , no navigation nor the use of commodities that may be imported by sea , no commodious building , no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force , no knowledge of the face of the earth , no account of time , no arts , no letters , no society , and which is worst of all , continual fear and danger of violent death , and the life of man , solitary , poor , nasty , brutish , and short . The desire to avoid the state of nature , as the place where the summum malum of violent death is most likely to occur , forms the polestar of political reasoning . It suggests a number of laws of nature , although Hobbes is quick to point out that they can not properly speaking be called `` laws , '' since there is no one to enforce them . The first thing that reason suggests is to seek peace , but that where peace can not be had , to use all of the advantages of war . Hobbes is explicit that in the state of nature nothing can be considered just or unjust , and every man must be considered to have a right to all things . The second law of nature is that one ought to be willing to renounce one 's right to all things where others are willing to do the same , to quit the state of nature , and to erect a commonwealth with the authority to command them in all things . Hobbes concludes Part One by articulating an additional seventeen laws of nature that make the performance of the first two possible and by explaining what it would mean for a sovereign to represent the people even when they disagree with the sovereign . Part II : of Common - Wealth ( edit ) The purpose of a commonwealth is given at the start of Part II : THE final cause , end , or design of men ( who naturally love liberty , and dominion over others ) in the introduction of that restraint upon themselves , in which we see them live in Commonwealths , is the foresight of their own preservation , and of a more contented life thereby ; that is to say , of getting themselves out from that miserable condition of war which is necessarily consequent , as hath been shown , to the natural passions of men when there is no visible power to keep them in awe , and tie them by fear of punishment to the performance of their covenants ... The commonwealth is instituted when all agree in the following manner : I authorise and give up my right of governing myself to this man , or to this assembly of men , on this condition ; that thou give up , thy right to him , and authorise all his actions in like manner . The sovereign has twelve principal rights : Because a successive covenant can not override a prior one , the subjects can not ( lawfully ) change the form of government . Because the covenant forming the commonwealth results from subjects giving to the sovereign the right to act for them , the sovereign can not possibly breach the covenant ; and therefore the subjects can never argue to be freed from the covenant because of the actions of the sovereign . The sovereign exists because the majority has consented to his rule ; the minority have agreed to abide by this arrangement and must then assent to the sovereign 's actions . Every subject is author of the acts of the sovereign : hence the sovereign can not injure any of his subjects and can not be accused of injustice . Following this , the sovereign can not justly be put to death by the subjects . because the purpose of the commonwealth is peace , and the sovereign has the right to do whatever he thinks necessary for the preserving of peace and security and prevention of discord . Therefore , the sovereign may judge what opinions and doctrines are averse , who shall be allowed to speak to multitudes , and who shall examine the doctrines of all books before they are published . To prescribe the rules of civil law and property . To be judge in all cases . To make war and peace as he sees fit and to command the army . To choose counsellors , ministers , magistrates and officers . To reward with riches and honour or to punish with corporal or pecuniary punishment or ignominy . To establish laws about honour and a scale of worth . Hobbes explicitly rejects the idea of Separation of Powers , in particular the form that would later become the separation of powers under the United States Constitution . Part 6 is perhaps an under - emphasised feature of Hobbes 's argument : he is explicitly in favour of censorship of the press and restrictions on the rights of free speech should they be considered desirable by the sovereign to promote order . Types of commonwealth ( edit ) There are three ( monarchy , aristocracy and democracy ) : The difference of Commonwealths consisted in the difference of the sovereign , or the person representative of all and every one of the multitude . And because the sovereignty is either in one man , or in an assembly of more than one ; and into that assembly either every man hath right to enter , or not every one , but certain men distinguished from the rest ; it is manifest there can be but three kinds of Commonwealth . For the representative must needs be one man , or more ; and if more , then it is the assembly of all , or but of a part . When the representative is one man , then is the Commonwealth a monarchy ; when an assembly of all that will come together , then it is a democracy , or popular Commonwealth ; when an assembly of a part only , then it is called an aristocracy . And only three : Other kind of Commonwealth there can be none : for either one , or more , or all , must have the sovereign power ( which I have shown to be indivisible ) entire . There be other names of government in the histories and books of policy ; as tyranny and oligarchy ; but they are not the names of other forms of government , but of the same forms misliked . For they that are discontented under monarchy call it tyranny ; and they that are displeased with aristocracy call it oligarchy : so also , they which find themselves grieved under a democracy call it anarchy , which signifies want of government ; and yet I think no man believes that want of government is any new kind of government : nor by the same reason ought they to believe that the government is of one kind when they like it , and another when they mislike it or are oppressed by the governors . And monarchy is the best , on practical grounds : The difference between these three kinds of Commonwealth consisteth not in the difference of power , but in the difference of convenience or aptitude to produce the peace and security of the people ; for which end they were instituted . And to compare monarchy with the other two , we may observe : first , that whosoever beareth the person of the people , or is one of that assembly that bears it , beareth also his own natural person . And though he be careful in his politic person to procure the common interest , yet he is more , or no less , careful to procure the private good of himself , his family , kindred and friends ; and for the most part , if the public interest chance to cross the private , he prefers the private : for the passions of men are commonly more potent than their reason . From whence it follows that where the public and private interest are most closely united , there is the public most advanced . Now in monarchy the private interest is the same with the public . The riches , power , and honour of a monarch arise only from the riches , strength , and reputation of his subjects . For no king can be rich , nor glorious , nor secure , whose subjects are either poor , or contemptible , or too weak through want , or dissension , to maintain a war against their enemies ; whereas in a democracy , or aristocracy , the public prosperity confers not so much to the private fortune of one that is corrupt , or ambitious , as doth many times a perfidious advice , a treacherous action , or a civil war . Succession ( edit ) The right of succession always lies with the sovereign . Democracies and aristocracies have easy succession ; monarchy is harder : The greatest difficulty about the right of succession is in monarchy : and the difficulty ariseth from this , that at first sight , it is not manifest who is to appoint the successor ; nor many times who it is whom he hath appointed . For in both these cases , there is required a more exact ratiocination than every man is accustomed to use . Because in general people have n't thought carefully . However , the succession is definitely in the gift of the monarch : As to the question who shall appoint the successor of a monarch that hath the sovereign authority ... we are to consider that either he that is in possession has right to dispose of the succession , or else that right is again in the dissolved multitude ... Therefore it is manifest that by the institution of monarchy , the disposing of the successor is always left to the judgement and will of the present possessor . But , it is not always obvious who the monarch has appointed : And for the question which may arise sometimes , who it is that the monarch in possession hath designed to the succession and inheritance of his power However , the answer is : it is determined by his express words and testament ; or by other tacit signs sufficient . And this means : By express words , or testament , when it is declared by him in his lifetime , viva voce , or by writing ; as the first emperors of Rome declared who should be their heirs . Note that ( perhaps rather radically ) this does not have to be any blood relative : For the word heir does not of itself imply the children or nearest kindred of a man ; but whomsoever a man shall any way declare he would have to succeed him in his estate . If therefore a monarch declare expressly that such a man shall be his heir , either by word or writing , then is that man immediately after the decease of his predecessor invested in the right of being monarch . However , practically this means : But where testament and express words are wanting , other natural signs of the will are to be followed : whereof the one is custom . And therefore where the custom is that the next of kindred absolutely succeedeth , there also the next of kindred hath right to the succession ; for that , if the will of him that was in possession had been otherwise , he might easily have declared the same in his lifetime ... Religion ( edit ) In Leviathan , Hobbes explicitly states that the sovereign has authority to assert power over matters of faith and doctrine , and that if he does not do so , he invites discord . Hobbes presents his own religious theory , but states that he would defer to the will of the sovereign ( when that was re-established : again , Leviathan was written during the Civil War ) as to whether his theory was acceptable . Tuck argues that it further marks Hobbes as a supporter of the religious policy of the post-Civil War English republic , Independency . Taxation ( edit ) Thomas Hobbes also touched upon the sovereign 's ability to tax in Leviathan , although he is not as widely cited for his economic theories as he is for his political theories . Hobbes believed that equal justice includes the equal imposition of taxes . The equality of taxes does n't depend on equality of wealth , but on the equality of the debt that every man owes to the commonwealth for his defence and the maintenance of the rule of law . Hobbes also supported public support for those unable to maintain themselves by labour , which would presumably be funded by taxation . He advocated public encouragement of works of Navigation etc. to usefully employ the poor who could work . Part III : of a Christian Common - Wealth ( edit ) In Part III Hobbes seeks to investigate the nature of a Christian commonwealth . This immediately raises the question of which scriptures we should trust , and why . If any person may claim supernatural revelation superior to the civil law , then there would be chaos , and Hobbes ' fervent desire is to avoid this . Hobbes thus begins by establishing that we can not infallibly know another 's personal word to be divine revelation : When God speaketh to man , it must be either immediately or by mediation of another man , to whom He had formerly spoken by Himself immediately . How God speaketh to a man immediately may be understood by those well enough to whom He hath so spoken ; but how the same should be understood by another is hard , if not impossible , to know . For if a man pretend to me that God hath spoken to him supernaturally , and immediately , and I make doubt of it , I can not easily perceive what argument he can produce to oblige me to believe it . This is good , but if applied too fervently would lead to all the Bible being rejected . So , Hobbes says , we need a test : and the true test is established by examining the books of scripture , and is : So that it is manifest that the teaching of the religion which God hath established , and the showing of a present miracle , joined together , were the only marks whereby the Scripture would have a true prophet , that is to say , immediate revelation , to be acknowledged ; of them being singly sufficient to oblige any other man to regard what he saith . Seeing therefore miracles now cease , we have no sign left whereby to acknowledge the pretended revelations or inspirations of any private man ; nor obligation to give ear to any doctrine , farther than it is conformable to the Holy Scriptures , which since the time of our Saviour supply the place and sufficiently recompense the want of all other prophecy `` Seeing therefore miracles now cease '' means that only the books of the Bible can be trusted . Hobbes then discusses the various books which are accepted by various sects , and the `` question much disputed between the diverse sects of Christian religion , from whence the Scriptures derive their authority '' . To Hobbes , `` it is manifest that none can know they are God 's word ( though all true Christians believe it ) but those to whom God Himself hath revealed it supernaturally '' . And therefore `` The question truly stated is : by what authority they are made law ? '' Unsurprisingly , Hobbes concludes that ultimately there is no way to determine this other than the civil power : He therefore to whom God hath not supernaturally revealed that they are His , nor that those that published them were sent by Him , is not obliged to obey them by any authority but his whose commands have already the force of laws ; that is to say , by any other authority than that of the Commonwealth , residing in the sovereign , who only has the legislative power . He discusses the Ten Commandments , and asks `` who it was that gave to these written tables the obligatory force of laws . There is no doubt but they were made laws by God Himself : but because a law obliges not , nor is law to any but to them that acknowledge it to be the act of the sovereign , how could the people of Israel , that were forbidden to approach the mountain to hear what God said to Moses , be obliged to obedience to all those laws which Moses propounded to them ? '' and concludes , as before , that `` making of the Scripture law , belonged to the civil sovereign . '' Finally : `` We are to consider now what office in the Church those persons have who , being civil sovereigns , have embraced also the Christian faith ? '' to which the answer is : `` Christian kings are still the supreme pastors of their people , and have power to ordain what pastors they please , to teach the Church , that is , to teach the people committed to their charge . '' There is an enormous amount of biblical scholarship in this third part . However , once Hobbes ' initial argument is accepted ( that no - one can know for sure anyone else 's divine revelation ) his conclusion ( the religious power is subordinate to the civil ) follows from his logic . The very extensive discussions of the chapter were probably necessary for its time . The need ( as Hobbes saw it ) for the civil sovereign to be supreme arose partly from the many sects that arose around the civil war , and to quash the Pope of Rome 's challenge , to which Hobbes devotes an extensive section . Part IV : of the kingdom of darkness ( edit ) Hobbes named Part IV of his book Kingdom of Darkness . By this , Hobbes does not mean Hell ( he did not believe in Hell or Purgatory ) but the darkness of ignorance as opposed to the light of true knowledge . Hobbes ' interpretation is largely unorthodox and so sees much darkness in what he sees as the misinterpretation of Scripture . This considered , the kingdom of darkness ... is nothing else but a confederacy of deceivers that , to obtain dominion over men in this present world , endeavour , by dark and erroneous doctrines , to extinguish in them the light ... Hobbes enumerates four causes of this darkness . The first is by extinguishing the light of scripture through misinterpretation . Hobbes sees the main abuse as teaching that the kingdom of God can be found in the church , thus undermining the authority of the civil sovereign . Another general abuse of scripture , in his view , is the turning of consecration into conjuration , or silly ritual . The second cause is the demonology of the heathen poets : in Hobbes 's opinion , demons are nothing more than constructs of the brain . Hobbes then goes on to criticize what he sees as many of the practices of Catholicism : `` Now for the worship of saints , and images , and relics , and other things at this day practiced in the Church of Rome , I say they are not allowed by the word of God '' . The third is by mixing with the Scripture diverse relics of the religion , and much of the vain and erroneous philosophy of the Greeks , especially of Aristotle . Hobbes has little time for the various disputing sects of philosophers and objects to what people have taken `` From Aristotle 's civil philosophy , they have learned to call all manner of Commonwealths but the popular ( such as was at that time the state of Athens ) , tyranny '' . At the end of this comes an interesting section ( darkness is suppressing true knowledge as well as introducing falsehoods ) , which would appear to bear on the discoveries of Galileo Galilei . `` Our own navigations make manifest , and all men learned in human sciences now acknowledge , there are antipodes '' ( i.e. , the Earth is round ) `` ... Nevertheless , men ... have been punished for it by authority ecclesiastical . But what reason is there for it ? Is it because such opinions are contrary to true religion ? That can not be , if they be true . '' However , Hobbes is quite happy for the truth to be suppressed if necessary : if `` they tend to disorder in government , as countenancing rebellion or sedition ? Then let them be silenced , and the teachers punished '' -- but only by the civil authority . The fourth is by mingling with both these , false or uncertain traditions , and feigned or uncertain history . Hobbes finishes by inquiring who benefits from the errors he diagnoses : Cicero maketh honourable mention of one of the Cassii , a severe judge amongst the Romans , for a custom he had in criminal causes , when the testimony of the witnesses was not sufficient , to ask the accusers , cui bono ; that is to say , what profit , honour , or other contentment the accused obtained or expected by the fact . For amongst presumptions , there is none that so evidently declareth the author as doth the benefit of the action . Hobbes concludes that the beneficiaries are the churches and churchmen . See also ( edit ) Behemoth by Thomas Hobbes Classical republicanism John Locke Scientia potentia est References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Glen Newey , Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Hobbes and Leviathan , Routledge , 2008 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Thomas Hobbes : Leviathan -- Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Hilary Brown , Luise Gottsched the Translator , Camden House , 2012 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ It 's in this edition that Hobbes coined the expression auctoritas non veritas facit legem , which means `` authority , not truth , makes law '' : book 2 , chapter 26 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ `` Hobbes 's Moral and Political Philosophy '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ( Retrieved 11 March 2009 ) Jump up ^ Hobbes , Leviathan , XIII. 9 . Jump up ^ Hobbes , Leviathan , XIV. 4 . Jump up ^ Hobbes , Leviathan , XIII. 13 . Jump up ^ Aaron Levy ( October 1954 ) . `` Economic Views of Thomas Hobbes '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 15 ( 4 ) : 589 -- 595 . JSTOR 2707677 . doi : 10.2307 / 2707677 . Jump up ^ `` Leviathan : Part II . Commonwealth ; Chapters 17 -- 31 '' ( PDF ) . Early Modern Texts . Jump up ^ Chapter XLVI : Lastly , for the errors brought in from false or uncertain history , what is all the legend of fictitious miracles in the lives of the saints ; and all the histories of apparitions and ghosts alleged by the doctors of the Roman Church , to make good their doctrines of hell and purgatory , the power of exorcism , and other doctrines which have no warrant , neither in reason nor Scripture ; as also all those traditions which they call the unwritten word of God ; but old wives ' fables ? , Jump up ^ Chapter XLIV Further reading ( edit ) Editions of Leviathan ( edit ) Leviathan . Revised Edition , eds . A.P. Martinich and Brian Battiste . Peterborough , ON : Broadview Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55481 - 003 - 1. ( 1 ) Leviathan : Or the Matter , Forme , and Power of a Common - Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill , ed. by Ian Shapiro ( Yale University Press ; 2010 ) . Leviathan , Critical edition by Noel Malcolm in three volumes : 1 . Editorial Introduction ; 2 and 3 . The English and Latin Texts , Oxford University Press , 2012 ( Clarendon Edition of the Works of Thomas Hobbes ) . Critical studies ( edit ) Bagby , Laurie M. Hobbes 's Leviathan : Reader 's Guide , New York : Continuum , 2007 . Baumrin , Bernard Herbert ( ed . ) Hobbes 's Leviathan -- interpretation and criticism Belmont , CA : Wadsworth , 1969 . Harrison , Ross . Hobbes , Locke , and Confusion 's Empire : an Examination of Seventeenth - Century Political Philosophy . Cambridge University Press , 2003 . Hood , Francis Campbell . The divine politics of Thomas Hobbes -- an interpretation of Leviathan , Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1964 . Johnston , David . The rhetoric of Leviathan -- Thomas Hobbes and the politics of cultural transformation , Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1986 . Newey , Glen . Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Hobbes and Leviathan , New York : Routledge , 2008 . Rogers , Graham Alan John . Leviathan -- contemporary responses to the political theory of Thomas Hobbes Bristol : Thoemmes Press , 1995 . Schmitt , Carl . The Leviathan in the state theory of Thomas Hobbes -- meaning and failure of a political symbol , Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 2008 ( earlier : Greenwood Press , 1996 ) . Springborg , Patricia . The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes 's Leviathan , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . Windolph , Francis Lyman . Leviathan and natural law , Princeton NJ : Princeton University Press , 1951 . Zagorin , Perez . Hobbes and the Law of Nature , Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leviathan . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Leviathan Reprint from the 1651 edition Leviathan at Project Gutenberg Leviathan public domain audiobook at LibriVox Full text online at oregonstate.edu A reduced version of Leviathan at earlymoderntexts.com Scan of 1651 edition VIAF : 180243883 LCCN : n84233406 GND : 4231132 - 9 SUDOC : 027324931 BNF : cb119391676 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leviathan_(book)&oldid=803633371 '' Categories : 1651 books Books by Thomas Hobbes Books critical of Christianity Books in political philosophy Ethics books Oligarchy 17th - century Latin books Books about sovereignty Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Alemannisch বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Македонски Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 18 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote leviathan detailing his ideas about a state of nature	[ "Leviathan or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil—commonly referred to as Leviathan—is a book written by Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) and published in 1651 (revised Latin edition 1668).[1][3][4] Its name derives from the biblical Leviathan. The work concerns the structure of society and legitimate government, and is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory.[5] Leviathan ranks as a classic western work on statecraft comparable to Machiavelli's The Prince. Written during the English Civil War (1642–1651), Leviathan argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign. Hobbes wrote that civil war and the brute situation of a state of nature (\"the war of all against all\") could only be avoided by strong, undivided government." ]	[ "Thomas Hobbes" ]
-4865713909945444580	Karen Gillan	Karen Gillan - wikipedia Karen Gillan Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Karen Gillon . Karen Gillan Gillan in 2016 Karen Sheila Gillan ( 1987 - 11 - 28 ) 28 November 1987 ( age 29 ) Inverness , Scotland Residence New York City , New York , US Alma mater Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts Occupation Actress , director , screenwriter Years active 2006 -- present Relatives Caitlin Blackwood ( cousin ) Karen Sheila Gillan ( born 28 November 1987 ) is a Scottish actress , director , and screenwriter . She is known for the role of Amy Pond , companion to the Eleventh Doctor , in the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who ( 2010 -- 13 ) . In film , she has starred as Jane Lockhart in Not Another Happy Ending ( 2013 ) , Kaylie Russell in the horror film Oculus ( 2013 ) , and Nebula in the Marvel film Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) and its sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) . She took part in the upcoming films Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and its untitled sequel ( 2019 ) . In 2017 , she wrote and directed her first feature film , The Party 's Just Beginning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Modelling 2.2 Acting and directing 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Stage 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Gillan was born and raised in Inverness in the Scottish highlands , the only child of Marie ( née Paterson ) and Raymond Gillan , a singer and recording artist . When she turned 16 , Gillan moved to Edinburgh and completed an HNC Acting and Performance course at Telford College . She moved to London at age 18 to study at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts drama school . Career ( edit ) Gillan with Matt Smith , promoting series 5 of Doctor Who , March 2010 Gillan at the 2011 San Diego Comic Con International Gillan at Florida Supercon in 2017 Modelling ( edit ) While studying at Italia Conti , Gillan was scouted by a modelling agency . Gillan has said she would not give up her acting career to return to modelling , stating that she enjoyed modelling but acting was always her main interest and goal . Acting and directing ( edit ) Gillan 's early television acting career included guest appearances on several drama series , with her first role being in an episode of Rebus , a role she obtained while still at Italia Conti . Gillan then undertook a two - year stint as a member of the ensemble cast of the sketch comedy series The Kevin Bishop Show , in which she played multiple characters including celebrities such as Katy Perry and Angelina Jolie . She appeared in the Channel 4 film Stacked , playing the role of Ginny . Gillan also appeared on TV in a leading role in a horror project entitled The Well , which was broadcast as a series of episodic short films on BBC Two and later as a web series on BBC.co.uk . Part of the BBC 's multimedia `` switch '' programming , the short episodes interconnect with online games that further explore the environments presented in the series . She was cast for the role of the Eleventh Doctor 's first companion , Amy Pond , on the British sci - fi series Doctor Who in May 2009 . She made her first on - screen appearance as Amy Pond in `` The Eleventh Hour '' with her cousin Caitlin Blackwood portraying a young Amelia ( Amy ) Pond . She appeared in the following sixth series in 2011 and the first five episodes of the seventh series in 2012 . She reprised the role in a cameo appearance in the 2013 Christmas special `` The Time of the Doctor '' . Gillan had appeared in Doctor Who once before in the series four episode `` The Fires of Pompeii '' in the role of a Soothsayer . Gillan made her first theatre appearance playing the role of Shirley in John Osborne 's play Inadmissible Evidence along with Douglas Hodge . The play debuted at the Donmar Warehouse on 16 October 2011 . During an interview at the 2011 San Diego Comic - Con , Gillan revealed that she would be returning to Doctor Who for its seventh series . On 15 December 2011 , it was announced Gillan and Arthur Darvill ( Rory Williams ) would be leaving Doctor Who during the seventh series in 2012 . On 26 January 2012 , Karen Gillan played the part of supermodel Jean Shrimpton in the television film We 'll Take Manhattan , which told the story of Shrimpton 's relationship with the photographer David Bailey . In August 2011 , it was announced that Gillan would star in an indie Scottish rom - com called Not Another Happy Ending alongside Emun Elliott . She was selected by director John McKay because he came to know her during the production of We 'll Take Manhattan , which he also directed , as `` a very bubbly , vibrant , energetic , funny , slightly clumsy person '' who was a perfect fit for the character . Filming took place in July 2012 , though Elliott was replaced by Stanley Weber . Gillan told journalists that she was happy to be involved in a Scottish production that `` is n't about drug use or fighting the English '' . The film premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival in June 2013 . Gillan starred in the lead role in the supernatural horror movie Oculus , which was filmed in Alabama and released in April 2014 . She was cast in comedian Charlie Brooker 's TV series A Touch of Cloth , as well as in a film titled The List which began filming in Los Angeles in May 2013 . FHM magazine ranked Gillan number 42 on their list of the 100 Sexiest Women 2011 , and in 2012 , they also ranked her number 36 . Gillan has also voiced advertisements for eHarmony and The Royal Bank of Scotland . In May 2013 , Gillan was cast as Nebula in the Marvel superhero science fiction film Guardians of the Galaxy , which was released in August 2014 . Gillan had her head shaved bald for the role . Gillan joined the regular cast of Adult Swim 's NTSF : SD : SUV : : for the show 's third season in 2013 . In November 2013 Gillan appeared on Broadway in a play called Time to Act , one of the plays included in `` The 24 Hour Plays on Broadway '' to benefit the non-profit Urban Arts Partnership . In February 2014 , Gillan was cast as the lead in Selfie , an American single - camera sitcom for ABC , which is produced by Warner Bros. Television and was greenlit for the 2014 -- 15 US television season . Gillan played a social media - obsessed socialite named Eliza Dooley , a modern - day take on the main character from My Fair Lady , Eliza Doolittle . This is Gillan 's first time starring in the lead role of an American television series . The series was cancelled by ABC on 7 November 2014 after seven episodes ; the remaining six episodes were made available on Hulu starting 25 November 2014 . In May 2014 , Gillan was cast in the Ti West - directed Western film In a Valley of Violence opposite John Travolta , Ethan Hawke and Taissa Farmiga . Gillan will portray Ellen , the older sister to Farmiga 's character . Gillan also appeared in TV on the Radio 's `` Happy Idiot '' music video , released on 3 October 2014 . BuddyTV ranked her number six on its list of `` TV 's 100 Sexiest Women of 2014 '' . In 2015 , Gillan appeared in the Adam McKay - directed drama film The Big Short alongside Brad Pitt , Christian Bale , Ryan Gosling , Steve Carell and Melissa Leo . Gillan wrote and directed her first short film , Coward , which screened at the 2015 Edinburgh Film Festival , and nominated for several awards . Later in the year she wrote , directed , and starred in another short film called Conventional . In 2017 , Gillan reprised her role as Nebula in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , this time becoming a member of the film 's eponymous team , and co-starred in The Circle , alongside Emma Watson , Tom Hanks , and John Boyega . The latter film , released in April , was directed and written by James Ponsoldt , and was based on the novel by Dave Eggers . On 30 August 2016 , it was announced that Gillan was cast in the lead female role in the Jumanji sequel . Gillan starred alongside Dwayne Johnson , Kevin Hart , Jack Black and Nick Jonas . On 2 November 2016 , it was announced that Gillan will write , direct and star in her feature directorial debut with Burbank - based development and production company Mt . Hollywood Films ' indie drama project titled Tupperware Party . Set in her home city of Inverness in the Scottish Highlands , filming began in January 2017 and wrapped in the next month . The title of the film changed to The Party 's Just Beginning . Also in January 2017 , principal photography for Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel began at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , and is expected to shoot back - to - back with its sequel until late 2017 . Gillan is set to appear in both films as Nebula . Personal life ( edit ) In 2011 , Gillan helped promote Fashion Targets Breast Cancer ( FTBC ) and the opening of Squirrel Ward in Great Ormond Street Hospital in London . During a 2012 interview on The Late Late Show , she stated that she had relocated to the US to star in the film Oculus . She has stated that , though her family is Catholic , she was never baptised and is not religious , instead agreeing with the statement that , `` we 're just minuscule dots in the vast cosmic emptiness of the universe '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Outcast Ally 2012 We 'll Take Manhattan Jean Shrimpton 2013 Not Another Happy Ending Jane Lockhart 2013 Oculus Kaylie Russell 2014 Guardians of the Galaxy Nebula 2014 Bound for Greatness Maeve MacDonough Short film 2015 Warning Labels Mindy Short film 2015 Coward N / A Short film ; director , screenwriter and executive producer 2015 Conventional Rachel Milligan Short film ; also director and screenwriter 2015 List , The The List Lily 2015 The Big Short Evie 2016 In a Valley of Violence Ellen 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Nebula 2017 The Circle Annie Allerton 2017 All Creatures Here Below Martha Post-production 2017 Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Ruby Roundhouse Post-production 2018 The Party 's Just Beginning Lucy Post-production ; also director and screenwriter 2018 Avengers : Infinity War Nebula Post-Production 2019 Untitled Avengers film Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 Rebus Teri Cotter Episode : `` A Question of Blood '' 2008 Stacked Ginny Turner Television film 2008 Doctor Who Soothsayer Episode : `` The Fires of Pompeii '' 2008 Harley Street Holly Episode 1 2008 -- 09 Kevin Bishop Show , The The Kevin Bishop Show Various characters Main role ( 12 episodes ) 2008 Coming Up Anna Episode : `` Thinspiration '' 2009 Well , The The Well Coll 4 episodes 2010 -- 13 Doctor Who Amy Pond 34 episodes ( Series 5 -- 7 , 2013 specials ) 2010 -- 11 Doctor Who Confidential Herself 26 episodes 2012 In Love with Coward Laura 2013 NTSF : SD : SUV : : Daisy Main role ( 9 episodes ) 2014 Touch of Cloth , AA Touch of Cloth Kerry Newblood 2 episodes 2014 Selfie Eliza Dooley Main role ( 13 episodes ) 2015 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Herself Episode : `` Karen Gillan Wears A Black and White Striped Pullover and Coral Skirt '' 2015 7 Days in Hell Lily Allsworth Television film 2015 Robot Chicken Anastasia Steele Voice Episode : `` Zero Vegetables '' 2016 Emo Dad Jessica ( voice ) 5 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : City of the Daleks Amy Pond Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : Blood of the Cybermen Amy Pond Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : TARDIS Amy Pond Doctor Who : Evacuation Earth Amy Pond Doctor Who : Return to Earth Amy Pond Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : Shadows of the Vashta Nerada Amy Pond 2011 Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : The Gunpowder Plot Amy Pond Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Venue 2011 Inadmissible Evidence Shirley Donmar Warehouse 2013 Time to Act Karen Broadway Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Work Result Ref . TV Quick Awards Best Actress Doctor Who Nominated Cosmopolitan `` Woman of the Year '' Awards Best Actress Won 2011 SFX Awards Best Actress Won 2011 TV Choice Awards Best Actress Won 2011 Scream Awards Best Sci - Fi Actress Nominated 2012 National Television Awards Best Drama Performance : Female Won 2012 Nickelodeon UK Kids ' Choice Awards Favourite UK Actress N / A Nominated 2012 Scottish Fashion Awards Scotland 's Fashion Icon N / A Won 2013 National Television Awards Best Drama Performance -- Female Doctor Who Nominated 2014 Fright Meter Awards Best Actress Oculus Nominated 2014 Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Guardians of the Galaxy Won 2014 Nevada Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Cast Won 2014 Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Cast Nominated 2015 Central Ohio Film Critics Association Best Ensemble Nominated 2015 Empire Awards Best Female Newcomer Guardians of the Galaxy and Oculus Won 2015 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Actress Oculus Nominated 2015 Hang Onto Your Shorts Film Festival Best Actress in a Short Film ( Long ) Bound for Greatness Nominated 2015 IFS Film Festival Best Actress in a Short Film Won 2015 IFS Film Festival Best Independent Short Coward Won 2015 Edinburgh International Film Festival Best Short Film Nominated 2016 London IFF Film Festival Best Lead Actress in a Short Film Bound for Greatness Won 2016 FirstGlance Film Festival Best Actress in a Short Film Won 2017 Maui Film Festival Rising Star N / A Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dad of former Doctor Who star Karen Gillan aims to follow his daughter into the movie business with film about football star Len Shackleton '' . Daily Record . Scotland . 19 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview Karen Gillan '' . The Scotsman. 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Macleod , Calum ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` Who 's that girl ? '' . Inverness Courier . Scottish Provincial Press . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Mark ( 22 March 2010 ) . `` Karen Gillan on being the new doctor who companion '' . The Herald . Newsquest . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Farhoud , Nada ( 20 June 2010 ) . `` Karen Gillan on her role as doctor who 's new sexy sidekick '' . People.co.uk . Archived from the original on 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Gerard ( 6 May 2011 ) . `` Karen Gillan : Obsessive fans , short skirts and life with Doctor Who '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : Bhattacharya , Sanjiv ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` Karen Gillan : ' The American dating scene terrified me ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Rick ( 26 August 2008 ) . `` Well Stacked : Raunchy New TV Drama Feature Sexy Antics at Scottish Lads ' Mag '' . Daily Record -- via thefreelibrary.com . Jump up ^ `` BBC Switch presents `` The Well '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan bags relative role '' . STV. 31 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Stuart ( 22 July 2010 ) . `` Gillan never watched Dr Who until landing leading role '' . The Scotsman . Jump up ^ Morgan , Susan ( 24 April 2011 ) . `` Interview : Karen Gillan , Doctor Who actor '' . The Scotsman . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who star Karen Gillan to make theatre debut '' . BBC News . BBC . 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Doctor Who ' star Karen Gillan set for Season 7 : ' I am going to come back ! ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Daniel ( 15 December 2011 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' : Karen Gillan , Arthur Darvill to leave next series '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We 'll Take Manhattan '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Sarah ( 1 August 2011 ) . `` Not another happy ending '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Beaton , Connor ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` John McKay Talks ' Not Another Happy Ending ' '' . zConnection . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Beaton , Connor ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` '' Not Another Happy Ending '' Casts Stanley Weber `` . zConnection . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Beaton , Connor ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Karen Gillan And Arthur Darvill : What 's Next ? '' . zConnection . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Beaton , Connor ( 24 April 2013 ) . `` Karen Gillan Rom - Com Will Close Edinburgh Film Festival '' . zConnection . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 30 March 2011 ) . `` Doctor Who 's Karen Gillan to play Jean Shrimpton in BBC4 drama '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Karen Gillan to star in Romeo & Brittney '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Casting : Karen Gillan to star in `` Oculus '' `` . It 's on the grid . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan To Star in Sky1 's A Touch of Cloth '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan facts '' . FHM.com . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FHM 's 100 Sexiest Women in the World 2012 : Part 07 ( 40 -- 31 ) '' . 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' villains revealed '' . Hit Fix . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Wicks , Kevin ( 21 March 2013 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Alum Karen Gillan Joins Adult Swim 's ' NTSF : SD : SUV : : ' '' . BBC America . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 21 March 2013 ) . `` Doctor Who 's Karen Gillan Joins NTSF : SD : SUV '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 24 Hour Plays on Broadway Benefit 2013 '' . Urban Arts Partnership . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Wicks , Kevin ( 18 February 2014 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Star Karen Gillan Scores Lead in ABC Sitcom Pilot , ' Selfie ' '' . BBC America . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Thursday , May 8 - ABC Continues Series Orders with Quartet '' . The Futon Critic. 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Suzanna ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Karen Gillan 's US comedy Selfie gets a full series '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` ' Selfie ' Cancelled By ABC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 24 November 2014 ) . `` Unaired Selfie Episodes Head to Hulu '' . TVLine . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` ' Doctor Who 's Karen Gillan Joins Ti West 's ' In A Valley Of Violence ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Minsker , Evan . `` TV on the Radio 's `` Happy Idiot '' Video Stars Paul Reubens ( aka Pee - wee Herman ) and Karen Gillan `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's 100 Sexiest Women of 2014 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan Joins Brad Pitt 's ' The Big Short ' '' . The Hollywood News . 9 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IFS 2015 Awards '' . The IFS . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Filmmaking Strikes a Note at EIFF 2015 '' . Edinburgh Film Festival . 19 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conventional '' . Fun Sized Horror. 19 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( 17 July 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 : Zoe Saldana On Gamora , Nebula And Thanos '' . IGN . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` Karen Gillan Joins Tom Hanks , Emma Watson , John Boyega in ' The Circle ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Whiteman , Bobbie ( 7 September 2015 ) . `` She 's in The Circle ! Emma Watson dons black leather as she jets in to LAX to co-star with Tom Hanks in his new sci - fi drama '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 30 August 2016 ) . `` Karen Gillan Game For Big Role In ' Jumanji ' Alongside Dwayne Johnson & Kevin Hart '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan on Tupperware Party , Inverness and Avengers '' . BBC . 17 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Karen Gillan on Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . That 's a wrap on Tupperware Party ! I am so amazed by every single one of our cast and crew . We had a bloody good laugh and made something really special . Thanks to everyone involved . # tupperwarepartymovie # filmmaking @ malielfman @ clairey1111 Jump up ^ `` Fashion Targets Breast Cancer Launches New Campaign for 2011 '' . The Trend Boutique.co.uk. 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Squirrel Ward opens with a visit from Karen Gillan '' . Great Ormond Street Hospital . 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who actress Karen Gillan travels back in time as she moves into family home '' . Daily Record . 24 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Teddy ( 15 June 2013 ) . `` Karen Gillan on life , love and Doctor Who '' . The Herald . Jump up ^ `` TV Quick Award '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmo 's Ultimate Women of the Year Awards '' . Cosmopolitan. 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Golder , Dave ( 5 February 2011 ) . `` SFX Awards Winners Announced ( 2011 ) '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Choice Awards 2011 -- The winners -- TV News '' . Digital Spy. 13 September 2011 . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Budow , Aileen ( 7 September 2011 ) . `` Spike TV Announces `` SCREAM Awards 2011 '' Nominees `` . Spike TV . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards winners list -- In Full '' . Digital Spy. 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 KCA Nominees '' . Nickelodeon. 19 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who 's Day Roundup : Karen Gillan Named Scottish Fashion Icon of the Year '' . BBC America . 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National TV Awards 2013 : The winners ' list -- in full '' . Digital Spy. 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners of Fright Meter Awards ( 2014 ) '' . Fright Meter Awards . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . 15 December 2014 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Awards for Achievement in Film '' . Nevada Film Critics Society . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Award Nominations '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Central Ohio Film Critics Association Awards for 2015 '' . IMDb . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` ' Interstellar ' wins Film , Director at Empire Awards '' . Variety.com . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Female Newcomer '' . Empireonline.com . Bauer Consumer Media . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Gingold ( 2015 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The 2015 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Winners and Full Results ! FANGORIA ® '' . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners and Nominees '' . hangontoyourshortsfilmfestival.com . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFS 2015 AWARD WINNERS '' . IFS . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Official Awards nominees '' . Edinburgh International Film Festival . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ IFF ( @ FilmFestInt ) ( 26 February 2016 ) . `` Best Lead Actress in a Short Film - Bound for Greatness @ karengillan @ jimmygadd # LondonIFF2016Winners '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ FirstGlance Films ( @ firstglancefilm ) ( 20 April 2016 ) . `` Winner - Best Actress ( Short Film ) awarded to @ karengillan # BoundforGreatness by @ jimmygadd # indiefilm # filmmaking '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Maui Film Festival Announces Karen Gillan as Rising Star Award Recipient '' . Variety . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karen Gillan . Karen Gillan on IMDb Awards for Karen Gillan Empire Award for Best Female Newcomer Felicity Jones ( 2012 ) Samantha Barks ( 2013 ) Margot Robbie ( 2014 ) Karen Gillan ( 2015 ) Daisy Ridley ( 2016 ) Anya Taylor - Joy ( 2017 ) National Television Award for Outstanding Drama Performance David Tennant ( 2008 ) David Tennant ( 2010 ) David Jason ( 2011 ) Matt Smith / Karen Gillan ( 2012 ) Colin Morgan / Miranda Hart ( 2013 ) Matt Smith ( 2014 ) Sheridan Smith ( 2015 ) Suranne Jones ( 2016 ) Sarah Lancashire ( 2017 ) VIAF : 160099895 LCCN : no2010182102 SUDOC : 170541908 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karen_Gillan&oldid=804132873 '' Categories : 1987 births 21st - century Scottish actresses Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts Living people People from Inverness Scottish expatriates in the United States Scottish female models Scottish film actresses Scottish television actresses Scottish video game actresses Hidden categories : EngvarB from March 2017 Use dmy dates from October 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 23 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays nebula in guardians of the galaxy 1	[ "Karen Sheila Gillan (born 28 November 1987) is a Scottish actress, director, and screenwriter. She is known for the role of Amy Pond, companion to the Eleventh Doctor, in the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who (2010–13). In film, she has starred as Jane Lockhart in Not Another Happy Ending (2013), Kaylie Russell in the horror film Oculus (2013), and Nebula in the Marvel film Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and its sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017). She took part in the upcoming films Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and its untitled sequel (2019). In 2017, she wrote and directed her first feature film, The Party's Just Beginning." ]	[ "Karen Sheila Gillan" ]
3428288182153898950	President of Mexico	President of Mexico - wikipedia President of Mexico This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) President of the United Mexican States Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Seal of the Federal Government of Mexico Mexican Presidential Standard Incumbent Enrique Peña Nieto since December 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) Executive branch of the Mexican Government Office of the President of Mexico Residence Los Pinos Seat Mexico City Appointer Federal Electoral Tribunal Term length Six years ( sexenio ) Single term Constituting instrument Constitution of Mexico Inaugural holder Guadalupe Victoria Formation October 10 , 1824 Salary MXN $208,570.92 per month , before taxes . Website en.presidencia.gob.mx The President of Mexico ( Spanish : Presidente de México ) , officially known as the President of the United Mexican States ( Spanish : Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos ) , is the head of state and government of Mexico . Under the Constitution , the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces . The current President is Enrique Peña Nieto , who took office on December 1 , 2012 . Andrés Manuel López Obrador won the presidential election on July 1 , 2018 to become President - elect . Currently , the office of the President is considered to be revolutionary , in that the powers of office are derived from the Revolutionary Constitution of 1917 . Another legacy of the Revolution is its ban on re-election . Mexican presidents are limited to a single six - year term , called a sexenio . No one who has held the post , even on a caretaker basis , is allowed to run or serve again . The constitution and the office of the President closely follow the presidential system of government . Contents 1 Requirements to hold office 2 Presidential elections 2.1 President - elect 3 Presidential powers 4 Oath of office 5 Presidential sash and flag 6 Presidential residence 7 Succession 8 Living former Presidents 9 List of Presidents of Mexico 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Requirements to hold office ( edit ) Chapter III of Title III of the Constitution deals with the executive branch of government and sets forth the powers of the president , as well as the qualifications for the office . He is vested with the `` supreme executive power of the Union '' . To be eligible to serve as president , Article 82 of the Constitution specifies that the following requirements must be met : Be a natural - born citizen of Mexico ( `` mexicano por nacimiento '' ) able to exercise full citizenship rights , with at least one parent who is a natural - born citizen of Mexico . Be a resident of Mexico for at least twenty ( 20 ) years . Be thirty - five years of age or older at the time of the election . Be a resident of Mexico for the entire year prior to the election ( although absences of 30 days or fewer are explicitly stated not to interrupt residency ) . Not be an official or minister of any church or religious denomination . Not be in active military service during the six months prior to the election . Not be a secretary of state or under - secretary of state , attorney general , governor of a State , or head of the government of Mexico City , unless `` separated from the post '' ( resigned or been granted permanent leave of absence ) at least six months prior to the election . Not have been president already , even in a provisional capacity ( see Succession below ) . The ban on any sort of presidential re-election dates back to the aftermath of the Porfiriato and the end of the Mexican Revolution . It is so entrenched in Mexican politics that it has remained in place even as it was relaxed for other offices . In 2014 , the constitution was amended to allow Deputies and Senators to run for a second consecutive term . Previously , Deputies and Senators were barred from successive re-election . However , the president remained barred from re-election , even if it is nonsuccessive . Presidential elections ( edit ) The presidential term was set at four years from 1821 to 1928 , and has been set at six years since 1928 . The president is elected by direct , popular , universal suffrage . Whoever wins a simple plurality of the national vote is elected ; there is no runoff election . The most recent former President , Felipe Calderón , won with 36.38 % of the votes in the 2006 general election , finishing only 0.56 percent above his nearest rival , Andrés Manuel López Obrador ( who contested the official results ) . Former President Vicente Fox was elected with a plurality of 43 % of the popular vote , Ernesto Zedillo won 48 % of the vote , and his predecessor Carlos Salinas won with a majority of 50 % . The current president , Enrique Peña Nieto won 38 % of the popular vote . The history of Mexico has not been a peaceful one . After the fall of dictator Porfirio Díaz in 1910 because of the Mexican Revolution , there was no stable government until 1929 , when all the revolutionary leaders united in one political party : the National Revolutionary Party , which later changed its name to the Party of the Mexican Revolution , and is now the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( Spanish : Partido Revolucionario Institucional ) . From then until 1988 , the PRI ruled Mexico as a virtual one - party state . Toward the end of his term , the incumbent president in consultation with party leaders , selected the PRI 's candidate in the next election in a procedure known as `` the tap of the finger '' ( Spanish : el dedazo ) . Until 1988 , the PRI 's candidate was virtually assured of election , winning by margins well over 70 percent of the vote -- results that were usually obtained by massive electoral fraud . In 1988 , however , the PRI ruptured and the dissidents formed the National Democratic Front with rival center - left parties ( now the PRD ) . Discontent with the PRI , and the popularity of the Front 's candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas led to worries that PRI candidate Carlos Salinas de Gortari would not come close to a majority , and might actually be defeated . While the votes were being counted , the tabulation system mysteriously shut down . The government declared Salinas the winner , leading to stronger than ever allegations of electoral fraud . The PRI enacted a strict internal discipline and government presence in the country , and electoral fraud became common . After the country regained its peace , this pattern of fraud continued , with the opposition losing every election until the later part of the 20th century . The first presidential election broadly considered legitimate was the one held in 1994 , when the PRI 's Ernesto Zedillo took office , and in his term several reforms were enacted to ensure fairness and transparency in elections . Partly as a consequence of these reforms , the 1997 federal congressional election saw the first opposition Chamber of Deputies ever , and the 2000 elections saw Vicente Fox of a PAN / PVEM alliance become the first opposition candidate to win an election since 1911 . This historical defeat was accepted on election night by the PRI in the voice of President Zedillo ; while this calmed fears of violence , it also fueled questions about the role of the president in the electoral process and to whom the responsibility of conceding defeat should fall in a democratic election . The role of unions in the new balance of power and future elections is documented in works like historian Enrique Krauze 's Analysis of the Corporative System . President - elect ( edit ) After the presidential election , political parties may issue challenges to the election . These challenges are heard by the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Power ; after it has heard and ruled on them , the Tribunal must either declare the election invalid , or certify the results of the elections in accordance to their rulings . Once the Tribunal declares the election valid , it issues a `` Certificate of Majority '' ( Constancia de Mayoría ) to the candidate who obtained a plurality . That candidate then becomes President - elect . The final decision is made in September , two months after the election is carried out . Presidential powers ( edit ) Mexico This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Mexico Constitution Law ( show ) Constitution ( history ) Human rights LGBT rights Law Abortion Labor Nationality Capital punishment Life imprisonment Gun politics Executive ( show ) President ( list ) Enrique Peña Nieto Federal government Cabinet Legislative ( show ) Congress ( current ) Senate Chamber of Deputies Federal electoral districts Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of Justice Federal Electoral Tribunal Administrative divisions ( show ) States Governors Municipalities Elections ( show ) Recent major elections General : 2006 2012 2018 Legislative : 2003 2009 2015 Gubernatorial : 2010 Federal Electoral Institute Political parties ( show ) Institutional Revolutionary National Action Democratic Revolution Labor Party National Regeneration Ecologist Green Citizens ' Movement New Alliance Foreign relations Other countries Atlas The 1917 Constitution borrowed heavily from the Constitution of the United States , providing for a clear separation of powers while giving the president wider powers than his American counterpart . However , this has only recently become the case in practice . For the first 71 years after the enactment of the 1917 Constitution , the president exercised nearly absolute control over the country . Much of this power came from the de facto monopoly status of the PRI . As mentioned above , he effectively chose his successor as president by personally nominating the PRI 's candidate in the next election . In addition , the unwritten rules of the PRI allowed him to designate party officials and candidates all the way down to the local level . He thus had an important ( but not exclusive ) influence over the political life of the country ( part of his power had to be shared with unions and other groups , but as an individual he had no peers ) . This , and his constitutional powers , made some political commentators describe the president as a six - year dictator , and to call this system an `` imperial presidency '' . The situation remained largely unchanged until the early 1980s , when a grave economic crisis created discomfort both in the population and inside the party , and the president 's power was no longer absolute but still impressive . An important characteristic of this system is that the new president was effectively chosen by the old one ( since the PRI candidate was assured of election ) but once he assumed power , the old one lost all power and influence ( `` no reelection '' is a cornerstone of Mexican politics ) . In fact , tradition called for the incumbent president to fade into the background during the campaign to elect his successor . This renewed command helped maintain party discipline and avoided the stagnation associated with a single man holding power for decades , prompting Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa to call Mexico 's political system `` the perfect dictatorship '' , since the president 's powers were cloaked by democratic practice . With the democratic reforms of recent years and fairer elections , the president 's powers have been limited in fact as well as in name . Vargas Llosa , during the Fox administration , called this new system `` The Imperfect Democracy '' . The current rights and powers of the president of Mexico are established , limited and enumerated by Article 89 of the Constitution which include the following : Promulgate and execute the laws enacted by the Congress , providing in the administrative sphere to its exact observance ; Appoint and remove freely the Secretaries of State , remove the ambassadors , consuls general and senior employees of the Treasury , appoint and remove freely all other employees of the Union whose appointment or removal is not otherwise in the Constitution or in laws ; Appoint , with Senate approval , ambassadors , consuls general , superior employees of the Treasury and members of collegial bodies of regulation in telecommunications , energy and economic competition ; Appoint , with the approval of the Senate , the colonels and other senior officers of the Army , Navy and Air Force ; Preserve national security , under the terms of the respective law , and have all of the permanent Armed Forces i.e. Army , Navy and Air Force for internal security and external defense of the Federation ; Having the National Guard to the same objects , in the terms that prevents Section IV of Article 76 ; Declare war on behalf of the United Mexican States with consent from the Congress of the Union ; Intervene in the appointment of the Attorney General of the Republic and delete it , in terms of the provisions of Article 102 , Section A , of this Constitution ; Conduct foreign policy and conclude international treaties and finish , denounce , suspend , modify , amend , remove reservations and issuing interpretative statements thereon , and submitting to the approval of the Senate . In conducting such a policy , the Chief Executive shall observe the following normative principles : self - determination of peoples ; nonintervention ; the peaceful settlement of disputes ; the prohibition of the threat or use of force in international relations ; the legal equality of States ; international cooperation for development ; respect , protection and promotion of human rights and the struggle for international peace and security ; Convene Congress into special session , when agreed by the Standing Committee ; Provide the judiciary the aid they need for the expeditious exercise of its functions ; Enable all classes of ports , establish maritime and border customs and designate their location ; Grant , according to law , pardons to criminals convicted of crimes jurisdiction of the federal courts ; Grant exclusive privileges for a limited time , in accordance with the respective law , to discoverers , inventors or perfectors in any branch of industry ; When the Senate is not in session , the President of the Republic may make appointments mentioned in sections III , IV and IX , with the approval of the Standing Committee ; At any time , opt for a coalition government with one or more of the political parties represented in Congress . To submit to the Senate , the three candidates for the appointment of judges of the Supreme Court and submit their resignations to the approval of licenses and Senate itself ; Objecting the appointment of commissioners body that sets the guarantor Article 6 . of this Constitution made by the Senate , under the terms established in this Constitution and the law ; The others expressly conferred by this Constitution . A decree is a legislative instrument that has an expiration date and that is issued by one of the three branches of government . Congress may issue decrees , and the President may issue decrees as well . However , they have all the power of laws , but can not be changed except by the power that issued them . Decrees are very limited in their extent . One such decree is the federal budget , which is issued by Congress . The president 's office may suggest a budget , but at the end of the day , it is Congress that decrees how to collect taxes and how to spend them . A Supreme Court ruling on Vicente Fox 's veto of the 2004 budget suggests that the President may have the right to veto decrees from Congress . Since 1997 , the Congress has been plural , usually with opposition parties having a majority . Major reforms ( tax , energy ) have to pass by Congress , and the ruling President usually found his efforts blocked : the PRI 's Zedillo by opposing PAN / PRD congressmen , and later the PAN 's Fox by the PRI and PRD . The PAN would push the reforms it denied to the PRI and vice versa . This situation , novel in a country where Congress was + 90 % dominated by the president 's party for most of the century , has led to a legal analysis of the president 's power . Formerly almost a dictator ( because of PRI 's party discipline ) , the current times show the president 's power as somewhat limited . In 2004 , President Fox threatened to veto the budget approved by Congress , claiming the budget overstepped his authority to lead the country , only to learn no branch of government had the power to veto a decree issued by another branch of government ( although a different , non jurisprudence - setting ruling stated he could return the budget with observations ) . Oath of office ( edit ) Upon taking office , the President raises his / her right arm to shoulder - level and takes the following oath : Protesto guardar y hacer guardar la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y las leyes que de ella emanen , y desempeñar leal y patrióticamente el cargo de Presidente de la República que el pueblo me ha conferido , mirando en todo por el bien y prosperidad de la Unión ; y si así no lo hiciere que la Nación me lo demande . Translation : I affirm to follow and uphold the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States and the laws that emanate from it , and to perform the office of President of the Republic which the people have conferred upon me with loyalty and patriotism , in all actions looking after the good and prosperity of the Union ; and if I do not fulfill these obligations , may the Nation demand it of me . Presidential sash and flag ( edit ) Ensign of the President , for use aboard naval vessels The Mexican Presidential sash has the colors of the Mexican flag in three bands of equal width , with red on top , white in the center , and green on the bottom , worn from right shoulder to left waist ; it also includes the National Seal , in gold thread , to be worn chest - high . During the swearing - in ceremony of a newly elected President , the outgoing President turns in the sash to the current President of Congress , who in turn gives it to the new President after the latter has sworn the oath of office . The sash is the symbol of the Executive Federal Power , and may only be worn by the current President . According to Article 35 of the Law on the National Arms , Flag , and Anthem , the President must wear the sash at the swearing - in ceremony , when he makes his annual State of the Union report to Congress , during the commemoration of the Grito de Dolores on September 15 of each year , and when he receives the diplomatic credentials of accredited foreign ambassadors and ministers . He is also expected to wear it `` in those official ceremonies of greatest solemnity '' . The sash is worn from right shoulder to left hip , and should be worn underneath the coat except during the swearing - in ceremony , when both the out - going and incoming president wear it over their coat ( Article 36 ) . In addition to the Presidential Sash , each president receives a Presidential Flag ; the flag has imprinted the words Estados Unidos Mexicanos in golden letters and the national coat of arms also in gold . Presidential residence ( edit ) The President 's official residence and main workplace is Los Pinos , located inside the Bosque de Chapultepec ( Chapultepec Park ) . The President has the right to use this residence for the six - year term of office . The National Palace , a building facing the Mexico City Zócalo , is officially the seat of the Executive Power , but is used only for ceremonies or national holidays such as Independence Day or Revolution Day . Some areas of the historic building are open to the public , and others hold some government offices . The President also has the use of Chapultepec Castle , formerly an Imperial palace of the Second Mexican Empire , and afterwards the official residence of Mexican Presidents until the Presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas . Succession ( edit ) Article 84 of the Mexican Constitution states that `` in case of absolute absence of a President '' the following should happen : Until Congress names a Substitute or Interim President , the Secretary of the Interior ( Secretario de Gobernación ) assumes executive powers provisionally ( Presidente Provisional ) , but can not make changes to the cabinet without advice and consent from the Senate . He must also provide an official report of his actions within ten days of leaving the post . Congress must elect an Interim or Substitute President within 60 days of the original absence . The Secretary of the Interior is not required to meet all requirements for the Presidency ; specifically , he is not required to meet the age or residency requirements , nor the requirement to not hold certain government positions ( Secretary of state , under - secretary of state , etc . ) If Congress is not in session , then the Permanent Commission calls Congress to an extraordinary session , at which point the process continues as below . If the absence ( death , impeachment , etc . ) should occur in the first two years of the term , Congress ( if in session , or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission ) must elect , by a majority of votes in a secret ballot with a quorum of at least two - thirds of its members , an Interim President ( Presidente Interino ) . Congress must also call for elections in no less than 14 months and no more than 18 months after the absence of the President occurs ; the person who wins those elections will be President for the remainder of the original six - year presidential term . If the absence should occur in the last four years of the term , Congress ( if in session , or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission ) will select a Substitute President ( Presidente Substituto ) by a majority of votes in a secret ballot as above . The Substitute President will be President of the United Mexican States until the end of the original six - year presidential term , at which point regular elections are held . No person who has already served as President , whether elected , Provisional , Interim , or Substitute , can be designated as Provisional , Interim , or Substitute President . The designation of the Secretary of the Interior as the immediate successor dates to August 2012 , when the changes to the Constitution were published in the Official Diary . The succession provisions have come into play only twice since the current constitution was enacted . In 1928 , after the assassination of president - elect Álvaro Obregón , Congress appointed Emilio Portes Gil as Interim President ; Portes Gil served in the position for 14 months while new elections were called . Pascual Ortiz Rubio was elected President in the special elections that followed in 1930 , but he resigned in 1932 . Abelardo L. Rodríguez was then appointed Interim President to fill out the remainder of Ortiz Rubio 's term ( under current law Rodríguez would be Substitute President , but at the time there was no distinction between Interim , Substitute , and Provisional Presidents ) . Living former presidents ( edit ) There are five living former presidents . The most recent former president to die was Miguel de la Madrid ( 1982 -- 1988 ) , on 1 April 2012 . Luis Echeverría ( 1970 -- 1976 ) ( 1922 - 01 - 17 ) January 17 , 1922 ( age 96 ) Carlos Salinas de Gortari ( 1988 -- 1994 ) ( 1948 - 04 - 03 ) April 3 , 1948 ( age 70 ) Ernesto Zedillo ( 1994 -- 2000 ) ( 1951 - 12 - 27 ) December 27 , 1951 ( age 66 ) Vicente Fox ( 2000 -- 2006 ) ( 1942 - 07 - 02 ) July 2 , 1942 ( age 76 ) Felipe Calderón ( 2006 -- 2012 ) ( 1962 - 08 - 18 ) August 18 , 1962 ( age 55 ) Former presidents of Mexico continue to carry the title `` President '' until death but are rarely referred by it ; they are commonly called ex-Presidents . They are also given protection by the Estado Mayor Presidencial . Former presidents are also given a lifelong pension , which they can refuse , as in the case of Ernesto Zedillo . Contrary to what happens in many other countries , former presidents of Mexico do not continue to be important national figures once out of office , and usually lead a discreet life . This is partly because they do not want to interfere with the government of the new president and partly because they may not have a good public image . This tradition can be traced back to the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas . Former president Plutarco Elías Calles had personally selected Cárdenas as his successor , and had hoped to control things from behind the scenes as he had for the last five years . However , when Cárdenas showed he was going to rule in fact as well as in name , Calles publicly criticized him , prompting Cárdenas to have Calles escorted out of the country by military police . Cárdenas himself remained silent on the policies of his successor Manuel Ávila Camacho , establishing a tradition that former presidents do not interfere with their successors . For example , Ernesto Zedillo holds important offices in the United Nations and in the private sector , but outside of Mexico . It is speculated he lives in a self - imposed exile to avoid the hatred of some of his fellow members of the PRI for having acknowledged the PRI 's defeat in the 2000 presidential election . Carlos Salinas also lived in a self - imposed exile in Ireland , but returned to Mexico . He campaigned intensely to have his brother , Raúl Salinas , freed after he was jailed in the early days of Zedillo 's term , accused of drug trafficking and planning the assassination of José Francisco Ruiz Massieu . Carlos Salinas also wrote a book on neo-liberal Mexico , secured a position with the Dow Jones Company in the United States , and worked as a professor at several prestigious universities in that country . Felipe Calderón was given a contract to work as a professor for Harvard University in 2013 , but he returned to Mexico in 2014 . It was rumored that he would look after the then newly created Humanist Party ; this fact was eventually denied by his wife . Along with Felipe Calderón , two other surviving former presidents , Luis Echeverría and Vicente Fox , still live in Mexico . On June 30 , 2006 , Echeverría was placed under house arrest under charges of genocide for his role as Secretary of the Interior during the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre . The house arrest was lifted in 2009 . List of Presidents of Mexico ( edit ) Main article : List of heads of state of Mexico See also ( edit ) Mexico portal List of Tenochtitlan rulers Emperor of Mexico References ( edit ) Jump up ^ At an exchange rate of 17.95 pesos to one dollar , approximately $11,619 per month ; the salary after taxes is listed as MXN $147,651.22 ( US $11,391.99 ) . `` Portal de Obligaciones de Transparencia '' . 2012 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Article 80 , Constitution of Mexico . `` Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Cámara de Diputados . p. 55 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Enrique Pena Nieto wins Mexican presidential election '' . The Daily Telegraph ( London ) . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Buckman , Robert T. ( 2007 ) . The World Today Series : Latin America 2007 . Harpers Ferry , West Virginia : Stryker - Post Publications . ISBN 1 - 887985 - 84 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Branch . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Felipe Calderón regresa a México para `` supervisar '' al Partido Humanista `` . SDP Noticias . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Felipe Calderón regresó a México , confirma su esposa '' . Proceso . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Echeverría , bajo prisión preventiva domiciliaria - El Universal - México '' . El Universal . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 19 . External links ( edit ) President of México - Official government website Presidents of Mexico Guadalupe Victoria Vicente Guerrero José María Bocanegra Pedro Vélez Anastasio Bustamante Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Valentín Gómez Farías Antonio López de Santa Anna Miguel Barragán José Justo Corro Nicolás Bravo Francisco Javier Echeverría Valentín Canalizo José Joaquín de Herrera Mariano Paredes José Mariano Salas Pedro María de Anaya Manuel de la Peña Mariano Arista Juan Bautista Ceballos Manuel María Lombardini Martín Carrera Rómulo Díaz Juan Álvarez Hurtado Ignacio Comonfort Félix María Zuloaga Manuel Robles Pezuela Miguel Miramón José Ignacio Pavón Benito Juárez Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada José María Iglesias Juan N. Méndez Porfirio Díaz Manuel González Flores Francisco León de la Barra Francisco I. Madero Pedro Lascuráin Victoriano Huerta Francisco S. 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-6646418029124242876	Long Day's Journey into Night	Long Day 's Journey into Night - wikipedia Long Day 's Journey into Night For other uses , see Long Day 's Journey into Night ( disambiguation ) . Long Day 's Journey into Night First edition 1956 Written by Eugene O'Neill Characters Mary Cavan Tyrone James Tyrone Edmund Tyrone James Tyrone , Jr . Cathleen Date premiered 2 February 1956 Place premiered Royal Dramatic Theatre Stockholm , Sweden Original language English Subject An autobiographical account of his explosive home life with a drug - addicted mother . Genre Drama Setting The summer home of the Tyrones , August 1912 Long Day 's Journey into Night is a drama play in four acts written by American playwright Eugene O'Neill in 1941 -- 42 but first published in 1956 . The play is widely considered to be his magnum opus and one of the finest American plays of the 20th century . It premiered in Sweden in February 1956 and then opened on Broadway in November 1956 , winning the Tony Award for Best Play . O'Neill posthumously received the 1957 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for Long Day 's Journey into Night . The work concerns the Tyrone family -- consisting of parents James and Mary and their sons Edmund and Jamie . Mary is addicted to morphine and Edmund is ill with tuberculosis . The `` Long Day '' refers to the setting of the play , which takes place during one day . The play is semi-autobiographical . Contents 1 Summary 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 2.3 Act III 2.4 Act IV 3 Characters 4 History of the play 5 Autobiographical content 6 Productions 6.1 Premiere productions 6.2 Other notable productions 7 Film adaptations 8 Awards and nominations 8.1 Original Broadway production 8.2 1986 Broadway revival 8.3 1988 Broadway revival 8.4 2003 Broadway revival 8.5 2015 Broadway revival 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Summary ( edit ) The play takes place on a single day in August 1912 , from around 8 : 30 a.m. to midnight . The setting is the seaside Connecticut home of the Tyrones ' Monte Cristo Cottage . The four main characters are the semi-autobiographical representations of O'Neill himself , his older brother , and their parents . This play portrays a family in a ferociously negative light as the parents and two sons express accusations , blame , and resentments -- qualities which are often paired with pathetic and self - defeating attempts at affection , encouragement , tenderness , and yearnings for things to be otherwise . The pain of this family is made worse by their depth of self - understanding and self - analysis , combined with a brutal honesty , as they see it , and an ability to boldly express themselves . The story deals with the mother 's addiction to morphine , the family 's addiction to whiskey , the father 's miserliness , the older brother 's licentiousness , and younger brother 's illness . Synopsis ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) 8 : 30 am James Tyrone is a 65 - year - old actor who had long ago bought a `` vehicle '' play for himself and had established his reputation based on this one role with which he had toured for years . Although that `` vehicle '' had served him well financially , he is now resentful that his having become so identified with this character has limited his scope and opportunities as a classical actor . He is a wealthy though somewhat miserly man . His money is all tied up in property which he hangs onto in spite of impending financial hardship . His dress and appearance are showing signs of his strained financial circumstances , but he retains many of the mixed affectations of a classical actor in spite of his shabby attire . His wife Mary has recently returned from treatment for morphine addiction and has put on weight as a result . She is looking much healthier than the family has been accustomed to , and they remark frequently on her improved appearance . However , she still retains the haggard facial features of a long - time addict . As a recovering addict , she is restless and anxious . She also suffers from insomnia , which is not made any easier by her husband and children 's loud snoring . When Edmund , her younger son , hears her moving around at night and entering the spare bedroom , he becomes alarmed , because this is the room where , in the past , she would satisfy her addiction . He questions her about it indirectly . She reassures him that she just went there to get away from her husband 's snoring . In addition to Mary 's problems , the family is worried about Edmund 's coughing ; they fear that he might have tuberculosis , and are anxiously awaiting a doctor 's diagnosis . Edmund is more concerned about the effect a positive diagnosis might have on his mother than on himself . The constant possibility that she might relapse worries him still further . Once again , he indirectly speaks to his mother about her addiction . He asks her to `` promise not to worry yourself sick and to take care of yourself . '' `` Of course I promise you , '' she protests , but then adds ( ' with a sad bitterness ' ) , `` But I suppose you 're remembering I 've promised before on my word of honor . '' Act ii ( edit ) 12 : 45 pm and 1 : 15 pm Jamie Tyrone and Edmund taunt each other about stealing their father 's alcohol and watering it down so he wo n't notice . They speak about Mary 's conduct . Jamie berates Edmund for leaving their mother unsupervised . Edmund berates Jamie for being suspicious . Both , however , are deeply worried that their mother 's addiction may have resurfaced . Jamie points out to Edmund that they had concealed their mother 's addiction from him for ten years , explaining that his naiveté about the nature of the disease was understandable but deluded . They discuss the upcoming results of Edmund 's tests for tuberculosis , and Jamie tells Edmund to prepare for the worst . Mary appears . She is distraught about Edmund 's coughing , which he tries to suppress so as not to alarm her , fearing anything that might trigger her addiction again . When Edmund accepts his mother 's excuse that she had been upstairs so long because she had been `` lying down '' , Jamie looks at them both contemptuously . Mary notices and starts becoming defensive and belligerent , berating Jamie for his cynicism and disrespect for his parents . Jamie is quick to point out that the only reason he has survived as an actor is through his father 's influence in the business . Mary speaks of her frustration with their summer home , its impermanence and shabbiness , and her husband 's indifference to his surroundings . With irony , she alludes to her belief that this air of detachment might be the very reason he has tolerated her addiction for so long . This frightens Edmund , who is trying desperately to hang on to his belief in normality while faced with two emotionally horrific problems at once . Finally , unable to tolerate the way Jamie is looking at her , she asks him angrily why he is doing it . `` You know ! '' , he shoots back , and tells her to take a look at her glazed eyes in the mirror . Act iii ( edit ) 6 : 30 pm Mary and Cathleen return home from their drive to the drugstore , where Mary has sent Cathleen in to purchase her morphine prescription . Not wanting to be alone , Mary does not allow Cathleen to go to the kitchen to finish dinner and offers her a drink instead . Mary does most of the talking and discusses her love for fog but her hatred of the foghorn , and her husband 's obvious obsession with money . It is obvious that Mary has already taken some of her `` prescription '' . She talks about her past in a Catholic convent and the promise she once had as a pianist and the fact that it was once thought that she might become a nun . She also makes it clear that while she fell in love with her husband from the time she met him , she had never taken to the theatre crowd . She shows her arthritic hands to Cathleen and explains that the pain is why she needs her prescription -- an explanation which is untrue and transparent to Cathleen . When Mary dozes off under the influence of the morphine , Cathleen exits to prepare dinner . Mary awakes and begins to have bitter memories about how much she loved her life before she met her husband . She also decides that her prayers as an addict are not being heard by the Virgin and decides to go upstairs to get more drugs , but before she can Edmund and James Sr. return home . Although both men are drunk , they both realize that Mary is back on morphine , although she attempts to act as if she is not . Jamie has not returned home , but has elected instead to continue drinking and to visit the local whorehouse . After calling Jamie a `` hopeless failure '' Mary warns that his bad influence will drag his brother down as well . After seeing the condition that his wife is in , James expresses the regret that he bothered to come home , and he attempts to ignore her as she continues her remarks , which include blaming him for Jamie 's drinking . Then , as often happens in the play , Mary and James try to get over their animosity and attempt to express their love for one another by remembering happier days . When James goes to the basement to get another bottle of whiskey , Mary continues to talk with Edmund . When Edmund reveals that he has tuberculosis , Mary refuses to believe it , and attempts to discredit Dr. Hardy , due to her inability to face the reality and severity of the situation . She accuses Edmund of attempting to get more attention by blowing everything out of proportion . In retaliation , Edmund reminds his mother that her own father died of tuberculosis , and then , before exiting , he adds how difficult it is to have a `` dope fiend for a mother . '' Alone , Mary admits that she needs more morphine and hopes that someday she will `` accidentally '' overdose , because she knows that if she did so on purpose , the Virgin would never forgive her . When James comes back with more alcohol he notes that there was evidence that Jamie had attempted to pick the locks to the whiskey cabinet in the cellar , as he has done before . Mary ignores this and bursts out that she is afraid that Edmund is going to die . She also confides to James that Edmund does not love her because of her drug problem . When James attempts to console her , Mary again rues having given birth to Edmund , who appears to have been conceived to replace a baby they had lost before Edmund 's birth . When Cathleen announces dinner , Mary indicates that she is not hungry and is going to bed . James goes in to dinner all alone , knowing that Mary is really going upstairs to get more drugs . Act iv ( edit ) Midnight Edmund returns home to find his father playing solitaire . While the two argue and drink , they also have an intimate , tender conversation . James explains his stinginess , and also reveals that he ruined his career by staying in an acting job for money . After so many years playing the same part , he lost his talent for versatility . Edmund talks to his father about sailing and of his aspiration to become a great writer one day . They hear Jamie coming home drunk , and James leaves to avoid fighting . Jamie and Edmund converse , and Jamie confesses that although he loves Edmund more than anyone else , he again ambiguously lashes out at his father calling on him to fail . Jamie passes out . When James returns , Jamie wakes up , and they quarrel anew . Mary , lost in her drug - laden dreams of the past , comes downstairs . Holding her wedding gown , she babbles incoherently about her convent days and falling in love with James , while her husband and sons silently watch her . Characters ( edit ) James Tyrone , Sr. -- 65 years old . He looks ten years younger and is about five feet eight inches tall but appears taller due to his military - like posture and bearing . He is broad - shouldered and deep - chested and remarkably good - looking for his age with light brown eyes . His speech and movement are those of a classical actor with a studied technique , but he is unpretentious and not temperamental at all with `` inclinations still close to his humble beginnings and Irish farmer forebears '' . His attire is somewhat threadbare and shabby . He wears his clothing to the limit of usefulness . He has been a healthy man his entire life and is free of hang ups and anxieties except for fear of `` dying in the poorhouse '' and obsession with having money . He has `` streaks of sentimental melancholy and rare flashes of intuitive sensibility '' . He smokes cigars and dislikes being referred to as the `` Old Man '' by his sons . Mary Cavan Tyrone -- 54 years old , the wife and mother of the family who lapses between self - delusion and the haze of her morphine addiction . She is medium height with a young graceful figure , a trifle plump with distinctly Irish facial features . She was once extremely pretty and is still striking . She wears no make - up and her hair is thick , white and perfectly coiffed . She has large , dark , almost black , eyes . She has a soft and attractive voice with a `` touch of Irish lilt when she is merry '' . Mary has been addicted to morphine since the difficult birth of her youngest son Edmund . The doctor who treated her simply gave her painkillers , which led to a longtime morphine addiction that continues to plague her . James `` Jamie '' , Jr. -- 33 years old , the older son . He has thinning hair , an aquiline nose and shows signs of premature disintegration . He has a habitual expression of cynicism . He resembles his father . `` On the rare occasions when he smiles without sneering , his personality possesses the remnant of a humorous , romantic , irresponsible Irish charm -- the beguiling ne'er - do - well , with a strain of the sentimentally poetic '' . He is attractive to women and popular with men . He is an actor like his father but has difficulty finding work due to a reputation for being an irresponsible , womanizing alcoholic . He and his father argue a great deal about this . Jamie often refers to his father as `` Old Gaspard '' , a character from the opera Les cloches de Corneville , who is also a miser . Edmund -- 23 years old , the younger and more intellectually and poetically inclined son . He is thin and wiry . He looks like both his parents but more like his mother . He has her big dark eyes and hypersensitive mouth in a long narrow Irish face with dark brown hair and red highlights from the sun . Like his mother , he is extremely nervous . He is in bad health and his cheeks are sunken . Later he is diagnosed with tuberculosis . He is politically inclined to have socialist leanings . He traveled the world by working in the merchant navy and caught tuberculosis while abroad . Cathleen -- `` The second girl '' , she is the summer maid . She is a `` buxom Irish peasant '' , in her early twenties with red cheeks , black hair and blue eyes . She is `` amiable , ignorant , clumsy with a well - meaning stupidity '' . Several characters are referenced in the play but do not appear on stage : Eugene Tyrone -- A son born before Edmund who died of measles at the age of two . He was infected by Jamie who was seven at the time and had been told not to enter his room but disobeyed . Mary believes that Jamie had the intent of hurting Eugene . Bridget -- A cook . McGuire -- A real estate agent who has swindled James Tyrone in the past . Shaughnessy -- A tenant on a farm owned by the Tyrones . Harker -- A friend of James Tyrone , `` the Standard Oil millionaire '' , owns a neighboring farm to Shaughnessy with whom he gets into conflicts , often postulated to be based on Edward Harkness , Standard Oil heir , who had a summer home nearby in Waterford , Connecticut . Doctor Hardy -- The Tyrones ' physician , whom the other family members do n't think much of . Captain Turner -- The Tyrones ' neighbor . Smythe -- A garage assistant whom James hired as a chauffeur for Mary . Mary suspects he is intentionally damaging the car to provide work for the garage . The mistress -- A woman with whom James had had an affair before his marriage , who had later sued him causing Mary to be shunned by her friends as someone with undesirable social connections . Mary 's father -- Died of tuberculosis . James 's parents and siblings -- The family immigrated to the United States when James was 8 years old . Two years later the father abandoned the family and returned to Ireland where he died after ingesting rat poison . It was suspected suicide but James refuses to believe that . He had two older brothers and three sisters . History of the play ( edit ) O'Neill finished revising the manuscript into its final version in March 1941 . He did not want it ever produced as a play , and did not even want it published during his lifetime , writing to his friend , the critic George Jean Nathan : `` There are good reasons in the play itself ... why I 'm keeping this one very much to myself , as you will appreciate when you read it . '' O'Neill did not copyright the play . In 1945 he had a sealed copy of the manuscript placed in the document vault of publisher Random House , instructing that it not be published until 25 years after his death . He sent a second sealed copy to the O'Neill collection at Yale University . Soon after O'Neill's death , his widow Carlotta Monterey demanded that Random House contravene O'Neill's explicit wishes and publish the play at once . `` We refused , of course , '' wrote publisher Bennett Cerf in his memoirs , `` but then were horrified to learn that legally all the cards were in her hand. ... I do not regret that we took the stand we did , because I still think we were right . '' Monterey had the play published by the Yale University Press in 1956 , with the bulk of the proceeds deeded to Yale 's Eugene O'Neill Collection and for scholarships at its drama school . Autobiographical content ( edit ) Monte Cristo Cottage , boyhood home of O'Neill and the setting for two of his works , Long Day 's Journey into Night , and Ah , Wilderness ! In key aspects , the play closely parallels Eugene O'Neill's own life . The location , a summer home in Connecticut , corresponds to the family home , Monte Cristo Cottage , in New London , Connecticut ( the small town of the play ) . The actual cottage , today owned and operated by the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center , is made up as it may appear in the play . The family in the script corresponds to the O'Neill family , which was Irish - American , with three name changes : The family name `` O'Neill '' is changed to `` Tyrone , '' which is the name of the earldom granted to Conn O'Neill by Henry VIII . The names of the second and third sons are reversed , `` Eugene '' with `` Edmund '' . In fact , Eugene , the playwright , was the third and the youngest child , and he corresponds to the character of `` Edmund '' in the play . O'Neill's mother , Mary Ellen `` Ella '' Quinlan , corresponds to the character Mary Cavan . The ages are all the actual ages of the O'Neill family in August 1912 . Eugene O'Neill's father , James O'Neill , was a promising young actor in his youth , as was the father in the play . He also shared the stage with Edwin Booth , who is mentioned in the play . James O'Neill achieved commercial success in the title role of Dumas ' The Count of Monte Cristo , playing the title role about 6,000 times ; he was criticized for `` selling out '' for commercial success at the expense of artistic merit . Eugene 's mother Mary did attend a Catholic school in the Midwest , Saint Mary 's College , of Notre Dame , Indiana . Subsequent to the date when the play is set ( 1912 ) , but prior to the play 's writing ( 1941 -- 42 ) , Eugene 's older brother Jamie did drink himself to death ( c. 1923 ) . Regarding O'Neill himself , by 1912 he had attended a renowned university ( Princeton ) , spent several years at sea , and suffered from depression and alcoholism , and did contribute to the local newspaper , the New London Telegraph , writing poetry as well as reporting . He did go to a sanatorium in 1912 -- 13 due to suffering from tuberculosis ( consumption ) , whereupon he devoted himself to playwriting . The events in the play are thus set immediately prior to O'Neill beginning his career in earnest . Productions ( edit ) Premiere productions ( edit ) Window card for the 1956 Broadway production of Long Day 's Journey into Night starring Fredric March and Florence Eldridge Long Day 's Journey into Night was first performed by the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm , Sweden . During O'Neill's lifetime , the Swedish people had embraced his work to a far greater extent than had any other nation , including his own . Thus , the play had its world premiere in Stockholm on February 2 , 1956 , in Swedish ( as Lång dags färd mot natt ) , in a production directed by Bengt Ekerot , with the cast of Lars Hanson ( James Tyrone ) , Inga Tidblad ( Mary Tyrone ) , Ulf Palme ( James Tyrone , Jr . ) , Jarl Kulle ( Edmund Tyrone ) and Catrin Westerlund ( Cathleen , the serving - maid or `` second girl '' as O'Neill's script dubs her ) . The premiere and production were very successful , and the directing and acting critically acclaimed . The Broadway debut of Long Day 's Journey into Night took place at the Helen Hayes Theatre on 7 November 1956 , shortly after its American premiere at Boston 's Wilbur Theatre . The production was directed by José Quintero , and its cast included Fredric March ( James Tyrone ) , Florence Eldridge who was March 's wife in real life ( Mary Tyrone ) , Jason Robards , Jr . ( `` Jamie '' Tyrone ) , Bradford Dillman ( Edmund ) , and Katherine Ross ( Cathleen ) . The production won the Tony Award for Best Play and Best Actor in a Play ( Fredric March ) , and the New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award for Best Play of the season . The play 's first production in the United Kingdom came in 1958 , opening first in Edinburgh , Scotland , and then moving to the Globe Theatre in London 's West End . It was directed again by Quintero , and the cast included Anthony Quayle ( James ) , Gwen Ffrangcon - Davies ( Mary ) , Ian Bannen ( Jamie ) , Alan Bates ( Edmund ) , and Etain O'Dell ( Cathleen ) . Other notable productions ( edit ) 1970 : Memorial Art Center ( Atlanta ) ; with Robert Foxworth ( James ) , Gerald Richards ( Jamie ) , Jo Van Fleet ( Mary ) , directed by Michael Howard . 1971 : Promenade Theatre ( Off - Broadway ) , New York ; with Robert Ryan ( James ) , Geraldine Fitzgerald ( Mary ) , Stacy Keach ( Jamie ) , James Naughton ( Edmund ) , and Paddy Croft ( Cathleen ) , directed by Arvin Brown ; 1971 Theatre World Award for Naughton . 1971 : National Theatre , London ; with Laurence Olivier ( James ) , Constance Cummings ( Mary ) , Denis Quilley ( Jamie ) , Ronald Pickup ( Edmund ) , and Jo Maxwell - Muller ( Cathleen ) , directed by Michael Blakemore . This production would be adapted into a videotaped television version , which aired 10 March 1973 ; the cast was as above , excepting the substitution of Maureen Lipman ( Cathleen ) . The TV version was directed by Michael Blakemore and Peter Wood . Olivier won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role . 1973 : The South Australian Theatre Company 's Melbourne production is considered one of the landmark productions in Australian theatre , largely due to Patricia Kennedy 's Mary , which was described as `` the best female performance on the Melbourne stage in 1973 '' . 1976 : Brooklyn Academy of Music , New York ; with Jason Robards Jr . ( James ) , Zoe Caldwell ( Mary ) , Kevin Conway ( Jamie ) , Michael Moriarty ( Edmund ) , and Lindsay Crouse ( Cathleen ) , directed by Jason Robards Jr . 1986 : Broadhurst Theatre ( Broadway ) , New York ; with Jack Lemmon ( James ) , Bethel Leslie ( Mary ) , Kevin Spacey ( Jamie ) , Peter Gallagher ( Edmund ) , and Jodie Lynne McClintock ( Cathleen ) , directed by Jonathan Miller . A television version of this production was aired in 1987 . 1988 : Neil Simon Theatre ( Broadway ) , New York ; with Jason Robards , Jr . ( James ) , Colleen Dewhurst ( Mary ) , Jamey Sheridan ( Jamie ) , Campbell Scott ( Edmund ) , and Jane Macfie ( Cathleen ) , directed by José Quintero . This production ran in repertory with O'Neill's play , Ah , Wilderness ! , ( in which the author 's youth and family are depicted as he wished they had been ) , featuring the same actors . Dewhurst was also the real - life mother of Campbell Scott ( by her marriage to actor George C. Scott ) . 1988 : Royal Dramatic Theatre , Stockholm ; with Jarl Kulle ( James ) , Bibi Andersson ( Mary ) , Thommy Berggren ( Jamie ) , Peter Stormare ( Edmund ) , and Kicki Bramberg ( Cathleen ) , directed by Ingmar Bergman . 1991 : National Theatre , London and Bristol Old Vic co-production ; with Timothy West ( James ) , Prunella Scales ( Mary ) , Seán McGinley ( Jamie ) , Stephen Dillane ( Edmund ) , and Geraldine Fitzgerald ( Cathleen ) , directed by Howard Davies . 1994 : Stratford Festival , Stratford , Ontario ; with William Hutt ( James ) , Martha Henry ( Mary ) , Peter Donaldson ( Jamie ) , Tom McCamus ( Edmund ) , and Martha Burns ( Cathleen ) , directed by Diana Leblanc . This production was made into a film in 1996 , directed by David Wellington . 2000 : Lyric Theatre , London ; with Jessica Lange ( Mary ) , Charles Dance ( James ) , Paul Rudd ( Jamie ) , Paul Nicholls ( Edmund ) , and Olivia Colman ( Cathleen ) . 2003 : Plymouth Theatre ( Broadway ) , New York ; with Brian Dennehy ( James ) , Vanessa Redgrave ( Mary ) , Philip Seymour Hoffman ( Jamie ) , Robert Sean Leonard ( Edmund ) , and Fiana Toibin ( Cathleen ) , directed by Robert Falls . 2005 : Centaur Theatre , Montreal ; with Albert Millaire ( James ) , Rosemary Dunsmore ( Mary ) , Alain Goulem ( James Jr ) , Brendan Murray ( Edmund ) , Laura Teasdale ( Cathleen ) , directed by David Latham 2007 : Druid Theatre , Galway ; with James Cromwell ( James ) , Marie Mullen ( Mary ) , Aidan Kelly ( Jamie ) , Michael Esper ( Edmund ) , and Maude Fahy ( Cathleen ) , directed by Garry Hynes . 2010 : Co-production with Sydney Theatre & Artists Repertory Theatre , Sydney Theatre Company ; with William Hurt ( James ) , Luke Mullins ( Edmund ) , Robyn Nevin ( Mary ) , Emily Russell ( Cathleen ) and Todd Van Voris ( Jamie ) , directed by Andrew Upton . 2010 : Riksteatret ( Norway ) ; with Bjørn Sundquist ( James ) , Liv Ullmann ( Mary ) , Anders Baasmo Christiansen ( Jamie ) , Pål Sverre Valheim Hagen ( Edmund ) and Viktoria Winge ( Cathleen ) , directed by Stein Winge . 2011 -- 2012 Apollo Theatre , London ( UK ) ; with David Suchet ( James Tyrone ) and Laurie Metcalf ( Mary Tyrone ) , Trevor White ( Jamie Tyrone ) , Kyle Soller ( Edmund Tyrone ) and Rosie Sansom as Cathleen , directed by Anthony Page . In Glasgow the production played at the Theatre Royal ( 26 -- 31 March 2012 ) . 2016 : American Airlines Theatre ( Roundabout Theatre Company ) , Broadway , New York ; with Jessica Lange ( Mary ) , Gabriel Byrne ( James ) , Michael Shannon ( James , Jr . ) , John Gallagher Jr . ( Edmund ) and Colby Minifie ( Cathleen ) directed by Jonathan Kent . 2017 : Geffen Playhouse , Los Angeles ; with Jane Kaczmarek ( Mary ) , Alfred Molina ( James ) , Angela Goethals ( Cathleen ) , directed by Jeanie Hackett . Film adaptations ( edit ) The play was made into a 1962 film , starring Katharine Hepburn as Mary , Ralph Richardson as James , Jason Robards , Jr. as Jamie , Dean Stockwell as Edmund , and Jeanne Barr as Cathleen . The movie was directed by Sidney Lumet . At that year 's Cannes Film Festival Richardson , Robards and Stockwell all received Best Actor awards , and Hepburn was named Best Actress . Hepburn 's performance later drew a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . In 1973 , the ITV Sunday Night Theatre program on British television presented a videotaped television version of the 1971 production at the National Theatre , starring Laurence Olivier , Constance Cummings , Denis Quilley , and Ronald Pickup , directed by Peter Wood . Olivier won a Best Actor Emmy Award for this performance . The 1982 made for ABC - TV film , with an all African American cast of Earle Hyman ( James ) , Ruby Dee ( Mary ) , Thommie Blackwell ( Jamie ) , and Peter Francis James ( Edmund ) . The 1987 made - for - TV film starred Kevin Spacey as Jamie , Peter Gallagher as Edmund , Jack Lemmon as James Tyrone , Bethel Leslie as Mary , and Jodie Lynne McClintock as Cathleen . Lemmon was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in Mini-Series or Made - for - TV Movie the following year . In 1996 , another adaptation , directed by Canadian director David Wellington , starred William Hutt as James , Martha Henry as Mary , Peter Donaldson as Jamie , Tom McCamus as Edmund and Martha Burns as Cathleen . The same cast had previously performed the play at Canada 's Stratford Festival ; Wellington essentially filmed the stage production without significant changes . The film swept the acting awards at the 17th Genie Awards , winning awards for Hutt , Henry , Donaldson and Burns . This version was later aired by PBS on its Great Performances series in 1999 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1957 Tony Award Best Play Won Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play Fredric March Won Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play Florence Eldridge Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play Jason Robards , Jr . Nominated Best Direction José Quintero Nominated Best Stage Technician Thomas Fitzgerald Nominated Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Play Won New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award Best American Play Eugene O'Neill Won Theatre World Award Jason Robards , Jr . Won Bradford Dillman Won Pulitzer Prize Drama Eugene O'Neill Won 1986 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1986 Tony Award Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play Jack Lemmon Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play Peter Gallagher Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play Bethel Leslie Nominated Best Direction of a Play Jonathan Miller Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Play Jack Lemmon Nominated Outstanding Director of a Play Jonathan Miller Nominated 1988 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Play Colleen Dewhurst Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design Jennifer Tipton Won 2003 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 2003 Tony Award Best Revival of a Play Won Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play Brian Dennehy Won Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play Vanessa Redgrave Won Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play Philip Seymour Hoffman Nominated Robert Sean Leonard Nominated Best Direction of a Play Robert Falls Nominated Best Scenic Design Santo Loquasto Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Play Won Outstanding Actor in a Play Brian Dennehy Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Play Vanessa Redgrave Won Outstanding Actor in a Play Philip Seymour Hoffman Nominated Outstanding Director of a Play Robert Falls Won Drama League Award Distinguished Revival of a Play Nominated 2015 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 2016 Tony Award Best Revival of a Play Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play Gabriel Byrne Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play Jessica Lange Won Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play Michael Shannon Nominated Best Direction of a Play Jonathan Kent Nominated Best Costume Design of a Play Jane Greenwood Nominated Best Lighting Design of a Play Natasha Katz Won Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Play Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Play Jessica Lange Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Michael Shannon Won Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Play Won Outstanding Actor in a Play Gabriel Byrne Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Play Jessica Lange Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Michael Shannon Won Outstanding Lighting Design Natasha Katz Nominated Drama League Award Distinguished Revival of a Play Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gelb , Arthur ; Gelb , Barbara ( 2000 ) . O'Neill : Life with Monte Cristo . New York : Applause Books . ISBN 0 - 399 - 14609 - 1 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Cerf , Bennett ( 1977 ) . At Random . New York : Random House . p. 89 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 47877 - 0 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Walter Prichard ( 1910 ) . The American Stage of Today . New York , New York : P.F. Collier & Son . Jump up ^ `` Long Day 's Journey Into Night '' . eOneill.com. 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Long Day 's Journey Into Night '' . Playbill . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Long Day 's Journey into Night , Promenade Theatre , Lortel Archives Jump up ^ Brenda Murphy , O'Neill : Long Day 's Journey into Night Jump up ^ `` Eugene O'Neill's `` Long Day 's Journey into Night '' on PBS - TV 's `` Great Performances . '' . Style Weekly , September 15 , 1999 . Further reading ( edit ) O'Neill , Eugene Gladstone ( 1991 ) . Long Day 's Journey Into Night ( Recent ed . ) . London : Nick Hern Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85459 - 102 - 9 . O'Neill , Eugene Gladstone ( 1956 ) . Long Day 's Journey Into Night ( First ed . ) . New Haven . ISBN 978 - 0 - 30000 - 807 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Long Day 's Journey into Night . Long Day 's Journey into Night at the Internet Broadway Database Long Day 's Journey into Night at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Long Day 's Journey into Night on IMDb Eugene O'Neill Plays In the Zone ( 1917 ) Beyond the Horizon ( 1918 ) Anna Christie ( 1920 ) The Emperor Jones ( 1920 ) The Hairy Ape ( 1922 ) All God 's Chillun Got Wings ( 1924 ) Desire Under the Elms ( 1925 ) Lazarus Laughed ( 1925 -- 26 ) The Great God Brown ( 1926 ) Strange Interlude ( 1928 ) Dynamo ( 1929 ) Mourning Becomes Electra ( 1931 ) Ah , Wilderness ! ( 1933 ) The Iceman Cometh ( 1939 ) Hughie ( 1941 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1941 ) A Moon for the Misbegotten ( 1943 ) A Touch of the Poet ( 1942 ) More Stately Mansions Adaptations Anna Christie Anna Christie ( 1923 film ) Anna Christie ( 1930 English - language film ) Anna Christie ( 1930 German - language film ) New Girl in Town ( 1957 musical ) The Emperor Jones The Emperor Jones ( 1933 film ) The Emperor Jones ( 1933 opera ) The Emperor Jones ( 1955 film ) Mourning Becomes Electra Mourning Becomes Electra ( 1947 film ) Mourning Becomes Electra ( 1967 opera ) Ah , Wilderness ! Ah , Wilderness ! ( 1935 film ) Summer Holiday ( 1948 musical film ) Take Me Along ( 1959 musical ) The Iceman Cometh The Iceman Cometh ( The Play of the Week ) The Iceman Cometh ( 1973 film ) Long Day 's Journey into Night Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1962 film ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1973 film ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1996 film ) Other Strange Interlude ( 1932 film ) The Long Voyage Home ( 1940 film ) Family James O'Neill ( father ) Ella O'Neill ( mother ) Eugene O'Neill Jr. ( son ) Agnes Boulton ( second wife ) Carlotta Monterey ( third wife ) Oona O'Neill ( daughter ) Geraldine Chaplin ( granddaughter ) Oona Chaplin ( great - granddaughter ) Related Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site Eugene O'Neill Award The Face of a Genius Monte Cristo Cottage Reds ( 1981 film ) Awards for Long Day 's Journey into Night Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play Anna Christie ( 1993 ) An Inspector Calls ( 1994 ) The Heiress ( 1995 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) A Doll 's House ( 1997 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1998 ) Death of a Salesman / The Iceman Cometh ( 1999 ) The Real Thing ( 2000 ) The Best Man ( 2001 ) Private Lives ( 2002 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2003 ) Henry IV ( 2004 ) Twelve Angry Men ( 2005 ) Awake and Sing ! ( 2006 ) Journey 's End ( 2007 ) Boeing - Boeing ( 2008 ) The Norman Conquests ( 2009 ) A View from the Bridge / Fences ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2011 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2012 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 2013 ) Twelfth Night ( 2014 ) The Elephant Man ( 2015 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2016 ) Jitney ( 2017 ) Angels in America ( 2018 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival 1991 - 2000 Pericles ( 1991 ) Hedda Gabler ( 1992 ) An Inspector Calls ( 1993 ) Machinal ( 1994 ) As You Like It ( 1995 ) 2001 - present Twelfth Night / Uncle Vanya ( 2003 ) Mourning Becomes Electra ( 2004 ) Hamlet ( 2005 ) Hedda Gabler ( 2006 ) The Crucible ( 2007 ) Saint Joan ( 2008 ) The Histories ( 2009 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 2010 ) After the Dance ( 2011 ) Anna Christie ( 2012 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2013 ) Ghosts ( 2014 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2015 ) Ma Rainey 's Black Bottom ( 2016 ) Yerma ( 2017 ) Angels in America ( 2018 ) Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1918 -- 1950 Why Marry ? ( 1918 ) Beyond the Horizon ( 1920 ) Miss Lulu Bett ( 1921 ) Anna Christie ( 1922 ) Icebound ( 1923 ) Hell - Bent Fer Heaven ( 1924 ) They Knew What They Wanted ( 1925 ) Craig 's Wife ( 1926 ) In Abraham 's Bosom ( 1927 ) Strange Interlude ( 1928 ) Street Scene ( 1929 ) The Green Pastures ( 1930 ) Alison 's House ( 1931 ) Of Thee I Sing ( 1932 ) Both Your Houses ( 1933 ) Men in White ( 1934 ) The Old Maid ( 1935 ) Idiot 's Delight ( 1936 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1937 ) Our Town ( 1938 ) Abe Lincoln in Illinois ( 1939 ) The Time of Your Life ( 1940 ) There Shall Be No Night ( 1941 ) The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1943 ) Harvey ( 1945 ) State of the Union ( 1946 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Shrike ( 1952 ) Picnic ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Look Homeward , Angel ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) All the Way Home ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1967 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) No Place to be Somebody ( 1970 ) The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man - in - the - Moon Marigolds ( 1971 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) Seascape ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Shadow Box ( 1977 ) The Gin Game ( 1978 ) Buried Child ( 1979 ) Talley 's Folly ( 1980 ) Crimes of the Heart ( 1981 ) A Soldier 's Play ( 1982 ) ' night , Mother ( 1983 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1984 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1985 ) Fences ( 1987 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1988 ) The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) The Piano Lesson ( 1990 ) Lost in Yonkers ( 1991 ) The Kentucky Cycle ( 1992 ) Angels in America : Millennium Approaches ( 1993 ) Three Tall Women ( 1994 ) The Young Man from Atlanta ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) How I Learned to Drive ( 1998 ) Wit ( 1999 ) Dinner with Friends ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Proof ( 2001 ) Topdog / Underdog ( 2002 ) Anna in the Tropics ( 2003 ) I Am My Own Wife ( 2004 ) Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 ) Rabbit Hole ( 2007 ) August : Osage County ( 2008 ) Ruined ( 2009 ) Next to Normal ( 2010 ) Clybourne Park ( 2011 ) Water by the Spoonful ( 2012 ) Disgraced ( 2013 ) The Flick ( 2014 ) Between Riverside and Crazy ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Sweat ( 2017 ) Cost of Living ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Play 1948 - 1975 Mister Roberts ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) The Cocktail Party ( 1950 ) The Rose Tattoo ( 1951 ) The Fourposter ( 1952 ) The Crucible ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) The Desperate Hours ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Sunrise at Campobello ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) The Miracle Worker ( 1960 ) Becket ( 1961 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1962 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1963 ) Luther ( 1964 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) Marat / Sade ( 1966 ) The Homecoming ( 1967 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1968 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) Borstal Boy ( 1970 ) Sleuth ( 1971 ) Sticks and Bones ( 1972 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) The River Niger ( 1974 ) Equus ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 Travesties ( 1976 ) The Shadow Box ( 1977 ) Da ( 1978 ) The Elephant Man ( 1979 ) Children of a Lesser God ( 1980 ) Amadeus ( 1981 ) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( 1982 ) Torch Song Trilogy ( 1983 ) The Real Thing ( 1984 ) Biloxi Blues ( 1985 ) I 'm Not Rappaport ( 1986 ) Fences ( 1987 ) M. Butterfly ( 1988 ) The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1990 ) Lost in Yonkers ( 1991 ) Dancing at Lughnasa ( 1992 ) Angels in America : Millennium Approaches ( 1993 ) Angels in America : Perestroika ( 1994 ) Love ! Valour ! Compassion ! ( 1995 ) Master Class ( 1996 ) The Last Night of Ballyhoo ( 1997 ) ' Art ' ( 1998 ) Side Man ( 1999 ) Copenhagen ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Proof ( 2001 ) The Goat , or Who Is Sylvia ? ( 2002 ) Take Me Out ( 2003 ) I Am My Own Wife ( 2004 ) Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 ) The History Boys ( 2006 ) The Coast of Utopia ( 2007 ) August : Osage County ( 2008 ) God of Carnage ( 2009 ) Red ( 2010 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Clybourne Park ( 2012 ) Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike ( 2013 ) All the Way ( 2014 ) The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( 2015 ) The Humans ( 2016 ) Oslo ( 2017 ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play An Inspector Calls ( 1994 ) The Heiress ( 1995 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) A Doll 's House ( 1997 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1998 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1999 ) The Real Thing ( 2000 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 2001 ) Private Lives ( 2002 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2003 ) Henry IV ( a combination of Part 1 and Part 2 ) ( 2004 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 2005 ) Awake and Sing ! ( 2006 ) Journey 's End ( 2007 ) Boeing - Boeing ( 2008 ) The Norman Conquests ( 2009 ) Fences ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2011 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2012 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 2013 ) A Raisin in the Sun ( 2014 ) Skylight ( 2015 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2016 ) Jitney ( 2017 ) Angels in America ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Day%27s_Journey_into_Night&oldid=846320465 '' Categories : 1956 plays Broadway plays Plays by Eugene O'Neill Drama Desk Award - winning plays Off - Broadway plays Autobiographical plays American plays adapted into films Plays based on actual events Pulitzer Prize for Drama - winning works Theatre World Award winners Tony Award - winning plays West End plays 1912 in fiction Plays set in Connecticut Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 23 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is long day journey into night set	[ "The play takes place on a single day in August 1912, from around 8:30 a.m. to midnight. The setting is the seaside Connecticut home of the Tyrones' Monte Cristo Cottage. The four main characters are the semi-autobiographical representations of O'Neill himself, his older brother, and their parents.\n" ]	[ "the seaside Connecticut home of the Tyrones' Monte Cristo Cottage" ]
7882819874873457480	Postscript	Postscript - wikipedia Postscript This article is about the afterthought . For the programming language , see PostScript . For other uses , see Postscript ( disambiguation ) . `` P.S. '' redirects here . For other uses , see PS ( disambiguation ) . A postscript ( P.S. ) is an afterthought , thought of occurring after the letter has been written and signed . The term comes from the Latin post scriptum , an expression meaning `` written after '' ( which may be interpreted in the sense of `` that which comes after the writing '' ) . A postscript may be a sentence , a paragraph , or occasionally many paragraphs added , often hastily and incidentally , after the signature of a letter or ( sometimes ) the main body of an essay or book . In a book or essay , a more carefully composed addition ( e.g. , for a second edition ) is called an afterword . The word `` postscript '' has , poetically , been used to refer to any sort of addendum to some main work , even if it is not attached to a main work , as in Søren Kierkegaard 's book titled Concluding Unscientific Postscript . Sometimes , when additional points are made after the first postscript , abbreviations such as PSS ( post-super - scriptum ) , PPS ( postquam - post-scriptum or post-post - scriptum ) and PPPS ( post-post - post-scriptum ) , and so on , ad infinitum are used , though only PPS has somewhat common usage . See also ( edit ) Look up postscript in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Addendum Appendix Afterword Nota bene Postface P.S. I Love You ( disambiguation ) , a list of media using `` P.S. '' in the title Publishing deinde scriptum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ International Correspondence Schools ; et al. ( 1905 ) . English Grammar , Punctuation and Capitalization , Letter Writing . Scranton : National Textbook Company . § 21 p. 33 Jump up ^ Sullivan , Robert Joseph ( 1877 ) . Joyce , Patrick Weston , ed . A dictionary of the English language . Dublin ; Original from Peshawar University : Sullivan , Brothers ; et al. pp. 317 & 509 . Jump up ^ Tanner , William Maddux ( 1922 ) . Composition and Rhetoric . Original from the University of California : Ginn & Co. xxvii . Jump up ^ `` PS Slang Word Meaning - Expert answer Question '' . Expert answer Question. 2016 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Book design General page layout and typography choices Fonts Front and back covers Buckram Leather Anthropodermic bibliopegy Treasure binding Endpapers Marbled Front matter Half title bastard title Frontispiece Title page Edition notice Dedication Epigraph Table of contents List of figures List of tables Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Prologue Printer 's mark Body matter , which may include : Body text Chapters Parts Sections Tipped - in pages Back matter Afterword Conclusion Epilogue Outro Postscript Appendix / Addendum Glossary Bibliography Index Errata Colophon Postface Other elements Bookplate or ex-librīs Catchword Die cutting Fore - edge painting Pop - ups Thumb index Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postscript&oldid=842904284 '' Categories : Book design Writing Talk About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 13 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is p.s. written in a letter	[ "A postscript may be a sentence, a paragraph, or occasionally many paragraphs added, often hastily and incidentally, after the signature of a letter or (sometimes) the main body of an essay or book. In a book or essay, a more carefully composed addition (e.g., for a second edition) is called an afterword. The word \"postscript\" has, poetically, been used to refer to any sort of addendum to some main work, even if it is not attached to a main work, as in Søren Kierkegaard's book titled Concluding Unscientific Postscript." ]	[ "after the signature" ]
-6895078467199470728	United States Senate special election in Alabama, 2017	United States Senate special election in Alabama , 2017 - Wikipedia United States Senate special election in Alabama , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search United States Senate special election in Alabama , 2017 ← 2014 December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 2020 → Turnout 40.54 % Nominee Doug Jones Roy Moore Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 673,896 651,972 Percentage 50.0 % 48.3 % County results Jones 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % 80 -- 90 % Moore 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % 80 -- 90 % U.S. Senator before election Luther Strange Republican Elected U.S. Senator Doug Jones Democratic Elections in Alabama Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 2016 Republican 2008 2012 United States Senate elections 1962 1980 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 2020 2022 United States House elections 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections 1st district , 2013 Senate , 2017 Government of Alabama ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 State elections 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 Ballot measures ( show ) 2006 Amendment 774 Birmingham ( show ) Mayoral elections 2017 Mobile ( show ) Mayoral 2005 2009 2013 Montgomery ( show ) Mayoral elections 2015 Government A special election for the United States Senate in Alabama took place on December 12 , 2017 , to fill a vacancy in the Senate through the end of the term ending on January 3 , 2021 , arising from the resignation on February 8 , 2017 , of Jeff Sessions to serve as U.S. Attorney General . Democratic candidate Doug Jones defeated Republican candidate Roy Moore by a margin of 21,924 votes ( 1.7 % ) . Jones is the first Democrat to win a U.S. Senate seat in the state since 1992 . On February 9 , 2017 , Governor Robert J. Bentley named Luther Strange , the Attorney General of Alabama , to fill the vacancy until a special election could take place . Bentley controversially scheduled the special election to align with the 2018 general election instead of sooner . When Kay Ivey succeeded Bentley as Governor , she rescheduled the special election for December 12 , 2017 . Jones , a former U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama , won the Democratic primary election . Moore , a former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama , competed with Strange and Mo Brooks in the Republican primary , and Moore advanced with Strange to a runoff . President Donald Trump supported Moore 's opponent Strange during the primary runoff , and almost the whole national Republican establishment wanted Strange to win , including Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , who made the success of Strange 's candidacy a major priority . Trump 's efforts on behalf of Strange included a rally in Huntsville , Alabama , plus tweeting , and Vice-President Mike Pence also campaigned for Strange . With McConnell 's help , Strange outspent Moore by a margin of 10 - to - 1 . However , Moore won the primary runoff in September 2017 . This was the first time that an incumbent U.S. Senator having active White House support lost a primary since Arlen Specter lost to Joe Sestak in 2010 . In mid-November , multiple women alleged that Moore had made unwanted advances or sexual assaults on them when he was in his early thirties and they were in their teens ( the youngest was 14 at the time ) . As a result of these allegations , many national Republican leaders and office holders called for Moore to withdraw from the special election or withdrew their endorsements of him . However , Donald Trump and many Alabama Republicans reaffirmed their support . At the time of the revelations , it was too late to remove his name from the ballot . Many Republican leaders proposed shifting their support to a write - in candidate such as Strange . Moore has stated that he never engaged in sexual misconduct , although he has not denied that he approached or dated teenagers over the age of 16 while he was in his 30s . Sixteen is the legal age of consent in Alabama . In late November , retired Marine Colonel Lee Busby launched a write - in campaign . At 9 : 23 p.m. CST , the Associated Press called the election for Jones , though Moore refused to concede . Jones is the first Democratic candidate to win a statewide election in Alabama since former Lieutenant Governor Lucy Baxley was elected president of the Alabama Public Service Commission in 2008 . Jones was sworn into office on January 3 , 2018 , becoming the first Democratic U.S. Senator from Alabama since Howell Heflin 's retirement in 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Potential appointees 2 Republican primary 2.1 Campaign 2.2 Candidates 2.2. 1 Nominated 2.2. 2 Eliminated in runoff 2.2. 3 Eliminated in primary 2.2. 4 Withdrew 2.2. 5 Declined 2.3 Endorsements 2.4 First round 2.4. 1 Polling 2.4. 2 Results 2.5 Runoff 2.5. 1 Debates 2.5. 2 Averages 2.5. 3 Polling 2.5. 4 Results 3 Democratic primary 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Nominated 3.1. 2 Eliminated in primary 3.1. 3 Withdrew 3.1. 4 Declined 3.2 Endorsements 3.3 Polling 3.4 Results 4 Independents and write - in candidates 4.1 Candidates 4.1. 1 Declared 4.1. 2 Declined 5 General election 5.1 Controversies 5.2 Debates 5.3 Predictions 5.4 Candidates 5.4. 1 On ballot 5.4. 2 Write - in 5.5 Endorsements 5.6 Polling 5.7 Results 5.8 Results by county 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Potential appointees ( edit ) Following then - President - elect Donald Trump 's nomination of then - Senator Sessions to be U.S. Attorney General , Robert Aderholt , a member of the United States House of Representatives , had asked to be appointed to the seat . Representative Mo Brooks had also expressed interest in the seat , while Strange had stated before being selected that he would run for the seat in the special election whether or not he was appointed . Other potential choices Bentley interviewed for the appointment included Moore , Del Marsh , the President Pro Tem of the Alabama Senate , and Jim Byard , the director of the Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs . Republican primary ( edit ) Campaign ( edit ) The Republican primary attracted national attention , especially following Trump 's endorsement of incumbent Senator Luther Strange . Strange was backed by several key figures within the Republican establishment , most notably Mitch McConnell . His two main rivals in the primary consisted of former state judge Roy Moore and Mo Brooks . While Strange showed no signs of losing the first round of the primary , almost every opinion poll showed him trailing Roy Moore in a runoff . Strange came in second place in the first round of the primary behind Roy Moore , securing a spot in the runoff . National interest in the race dramatically increased in the month before the runoff . Strange maintained his endorsement from Trump , who campaigned for him in Huntsville during the closing days of the campaign . Trump 's endorsement of Strange sparked criticism among his own base , many of whom preferred Moore and detested Strange for his seemingly establishment feel . Several notable people close to Trump broke from the President to endorse Moore , including HUD Secretary Ben Carson and Breitbart Executive Chairman Steve Bannon . Despite the endorsement of Trump , Strange was handily defeated by Roy Moore in the runoff . Candidates ( edit ) Nominated ( edit ) Roy Moore , former Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court and candidate for Governor in 2006 and 2010 Eliminated in runoff ( edit ) Luther Strange , incumbent U.S. Senator ( appointed ) and former Attorney General of Alabama Eliminated in primary ( edit ) James Beretta , physician Joseph F. Breault , Air Force chaplain and nominee for the Utah House of Representatives in 2016 Randy Brinson , gastroenterologist and activist Mo Brooks , U.S. Representative Dom Gentile , businessman Karen Jackson , attorney and perennial candidate Mary Maxwell , candidate for NH - 02 in 2006 Bryan Peeples , businessman Trip Pittman , State Senator Withdrew ( edit ) Ed Henry , State Representative ( withdrew from race on May 17 ) . Declined ( edit ) Robert Aderholt , U.S. Representative Slade Blackwell , State Senator Bradley Byrne , U.S. Representative Bill Hightower , State Senator Perry O. Hooper Jr. , former State Representative Mary Scott Hunter , member of the Alabama State Board of Education Del Marsh , President Pro Tempore of the State Senate Jonathan McConnell , businessman and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2016 John Merrill , Secretary of State of Alabama Glenn Murdock , Associate Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court Gary Palmer , U.S. Representative Jimmy Rane , businessman Martha Roby , U.S. Representative Mike Rogers , U.S. Representative Connie Rowe , State Representative Cam Ward , State Senator Jim Zeigler , Alabama State Auditor Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Roy Moore U.S. Cabinet officials Ben Carson , United States Housing and Urban Development Secretary , Director of Department of Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital ( 1984 -- 2013 ) , presidential candidate in 2016 Former U.S. Senators Tom Coburn , former U.S. Senator from Oklahoma , 2005 -- 2015 U.S. Representatives Andy Biggs , member of the United States House of Representatives from Arizona 's 5th congressional district Mo Brooks , member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama 's 5th congressional district and former US Senate candidate Jody Hice , member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia 's 10th congressional district Jim Jordan , member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio 's 4th congressional district Steve King , member of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa 's 4th congressional district Thomas Massie , member of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky 's 4th congressional district Mark Meadows , member of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina 's 11th congressional district and Chairman of the House Freedom Caucus Former U.S. Representatives Paul Broun , former member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia 's 10th congressional district Joe Walsh , former member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois 's 8th congressional district Governors Fob James , 48th Governor of Alabama Statewide officials Ken Cuccinelli , 46th Attorney General of Virginia , former Virginia State Senator , and Republican nominee for Governor of Virginia in 2013 Jim Zeigler , current State Auditor of Alabama State Senators Bill Armistead , former State Senator and former Chair of the Alabama Republican Party Trip Pittman of Montrose , former US Senate candidate Larry Stutts of Sheffield Tom Whatley of Auburn State Representatives Mike Ball of Madison K.L. Brown of Jacksonville Lynn Greer of Rogersville Tommy Hanes of Scottsboro Ed Henry of Hartselle , chairman of Donald Trump 's Alabama campaign . Mike Holmes of Wetumpka Becky Nordgren of Gadsden Ritchie Whorton of Scottsboro Rich Wingo of Tuscaloosa Randy Wood of Anniston Other individuals Steve Bannon , former White House Chief Strategist , executive chairman of Breitbart News Brent Bozell , conservative writer and founder of the Media Research Center Ann Coulter , conservative commentator Steve Deace , Conservative writer for The Washington Times Erick Erickson , conservative blogger and former member of the Macon City Council Nigel Farage , chair of Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy , Member of the European Parliament for South East England , and former chair and leader of the UK Independence Party Paul Gottfried , paleoconservative philosopher , historian and columnist Franklin Graham , Christian evangelist and missionary Laura Ingraham , conservative talk radio host Tim James , businessman , candidate for Governor of Alabama in 2002 and 2010 . Alan Keyes , former Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs under Ronald Reagan , and Republican candidate for President of the United States in 1996 , 2000 , and 2008 Mark Levin , conservative talk radio host Chuck Norris , American martial artist , actor , film producer and screenwriter Phil Robertson , American businessman and reality television star Roger Stone , political consultant , lobbyist , and strategist Richard Viguerie , American conservative figure , political writer Chuck Woolery , game show host , talk show host , and musician Siran Stacy , football player Organizations Coalition of African American Pastors Courageous Conservatives PAC Gun Owners of America National Association for Gun Rights Senate Conservatives Fund ( show ) Luther Strange U.S. President Donald Trump , 45th President of the United States U.S. Vice President Mike Pence , 48th Vice President of the United States U.S. Senators Mitch McConnell , US Senate Majority Leader ( R - KY ) Richard Shelby , United States Senator ( R - AL ) Former State Representatives Perry O. Hooper Jr. , former State Representative Organizations National Rifle Association National Right to Life ( show ) Mo Brooks U.S. Representatives Mark Meadows , U.S. Representative ( R - NC ) and Chairman of the House Freedom Caucus Lamar S. Smith , U.S. Representative ( R - TX ) Mike Rogers , U.S. Representative ( R - AL ) State representatives Ed Henry , State Representative , chairman of Donald Trump 's Alabama campaign . Other individuals Mark Levin , conservative talk radio host Sean Hannity , conservative talk radio host and host of Hannity Laura Ingraham , conservative talk radio host Ann Coulter , conservative commentator Organizations Courageous Conservatives PAC Senate Conservatives Fund FreedomWorks Gun Owners of America Students for Trump First round ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error James Beretta Joseph Breault Randy Brinson Mo Brooks Mary Maxwell Roy Moore Bryan Peeples Trip Pittman Luther Strange Undecided Trafalgar Group ( R ) August 13 -- 14 , 2017 870 ± 3.3 % 1 % 1 % 6 % 17 % 1 % 38 % 1 % 6 % 24 % 5 % Emerson College August 10 -- 12 , 2017 373 ± 5.0 % 1 % 0 % 0 % 15 % 0 % 29 % 0 % 10 % 32 % 11 % Trafalgar Group ( R ) August 8 -- 10 , 2017 1,439 ± 2.6 % 1 % 1 % 4 % 20 % 2 % 35 % 1 % 6 % 23 % 8 % Cygnal August 8 -- 9 , 2017 502 ± 4.4 % -- -- 2 % 18 % -- 31 % -- 7 % 23 % 13 % Strategy Research August 7 , 2017 2,000 ± 2.0 % 1 % 1 % 1 % 19 % 4 % 35 % 1 % 9 % 29 % 0 % JMC Analytics ( R ) August 5 -- 6 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % -- -- 2 % 19 % -- 30 % -- 6 % 22 % 17 % RRH Elections ( R ) July 31 -- August 3 , 2017 426 ± 5.0 % -- -- 2 % 18 % -- 31 % -- 8 % 29 % 11 % Strategy Research July 24 , 2017 3,000 ± 2.0 % 1 % 1 % 2 % 16 % 5 % 33 % 2 % 5 % 35 % -- Cygnal July 20 -- 21 , 2017 500 ± 2.0 % -- -- -- 16 % -- 26 % -- -- 33 % -- Results ( edit ) Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Roy Moore 164,524 38.9 % Republican Luther Strange ( incumbent ) 138,971 32.8 % Republican Mo Brooks 83,287 19.7 % Republican Trip Pittman 29,124 6.9 % Republican Randy Brinson 2,978 0.6 % Republican Bryan Peeples 1,579 0.4 % Republican Mary Maxwell 1,543 0.4 % Republican James Beretta 1,078 0.3 % Republican Dom Gentile 303 0.1 % Republican Joseph Breault 252 0.1 % Total votes 423,282 100.0 % Runoff ( edit ) President Donald Trump supported Moore 's opponent Strange during the primary runoff , and almost the whole national Republican establishment wanted Strange to win . Trump 's efforts on behalf of Strange included a rally in Alabama , plus tweeting . Debates ( edit ) Complete video of debate , September 21 , 2017 Averages ( edit ) Model Moore Strange Spread RealClearPolitics 52.5 % 41.5 % Moore + 11.0 Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Roy Moore Luther Strange Undecided Cygnal September 23 -- 24 , 2017 996 ± 3.1 % 52 % 41 % 7 % Trafalgar Group ( R ) September 23 -- 24 , 2017 1,073 ± 3.0 % 57 % 41 % 2 % Optimus ( R ) September 22 -- 23 , 2017 1,045 ± 2.9 % 55 % 45 % -- Emerson College September 21 -- 23 , 2017 367 ± 5.1 % 50 % 40 % 10 % Gravis Marketing September 21 -- 22 , 2017 559 ± 4.1 % 48 % 40 % 12 % Strategy Research September 20 , 2017 2,000 ± 3.0 % 54 % 46 % -- Strategy Research September 18 , 2017 2,930 ± 3.0 % 53 % 47 % -- JMC Analytics ( R ) September 16 -- 17 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 47 % 39 % 14 % Voter Consumer Research ( R - SLF ) September 9 -- 10 , 2017 604 ± 4.0 % 41 % 40 % 19 % Emerson College September 8 -- 9 , 2017 355 ± 5.2 % 40 % 26 % 34 % Strategic National September 6 -- 7 , 2017 800 ± 3.5 % 51 % 35 % 14 % Southeast Research August 29 -- 31 , 2017 401 ± 5.0 % 52 % 36 % 12 % Harper Polling August 24 -- 26 , 2017 600 ± 4.0 % 47 % 45 % 8 % Voter Consumer Research ( R - SLF ) August 21 -- 23 , 2017 601 ± 4.0 % 45 % 41 % 14 % Opinion Savvy August 22 , 2017 494 ± 4.4 % 50 % 32 % 18 % JMC Analytics ( R ) August 17 -- 19 , 2017 515 ± 4.3 % 51 % 32 % 17 % Cygnal August 8 -- 9 , 2017 502 ± 4.4 % 45 % 34 % 11 % RRH Elections ( R ) July 31 -- August 3 , 2017 426 ± 5.0 % 34 % 32 % 34 % ( show ) Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Roy Moore Mo Brooks Undecided RRH Elections ( R ) July 31 -- August 3 , 2017 426 ± 5.0 % 43 % 20 % 37 % Results ( edit ) Republican primary runoff results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Roy Moore 262,204 54.6 % Republican Luther Strange ( incumbent ) 218,066 45.4 % Total votes 480,270 100.0 % Results of first round and runoff Moore 30 -- 40 % 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % Strange 30 -- 40 % 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % Brooks 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % Moore 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % Strange 50 -- 60 % Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominated ( edit ) Doug Jones , former United States Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Will Boyd , pastor , former Greenville , Illinois City Councilman , nominee for AL - 05 in 2016 and write - in candidate for the U.S. Senate from Illinois in 2010 Vann Caldwell , Talladega County Constable and perennial candidate Jason Fisher , businessman Michael Hansen , activist and nonprofit executive Robert F. Kennedy Jr. , digital marketing executive for a laboratory supply company ( no relation to the Massachusetts Kennedy family ) Charles Nana , candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2016 Withdrew ( edit ) Ron Crumpton , activist , nominee for the State Senate in 2014 and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2016 Brian McGee , retired teacher and Vietnam War veteran Declined ( edit ) Roger Bedford , former State Senator and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1996 Elaine Beech , State Representative Sue Bell Cobb , former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama Chris England , State Representative Craig Ford , State Representative Gary Johnson , minister and political activist Walt Maddox , Mayor of Tuscaloosa Terri Sewell , U.S. Representative Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Doug Jones U.S. Vice President Joe Biden , 47th Vice President of the United States U.S. Senator Maggie Hassan , U.S Senator ( D - NH ) U.S. Representatives John Lewis , U.S. Representative ( D - GA ) Tim Ryan , U.S. Representative ( D - OH ) Terri Sewell , U.S. Representative ( D - AL ) Cedric Richmond , U.S. Representative ( D - LA ) , Congressional Black Caucus Chairman Jim Clyburn , U.S. Representative ( D - SC ) , Assistant Minority Leader State figures Patricia Todd , State Representative Christopher J. England , State Representative Omar Neal , Former Tuskegee , Alabama Mayor Newspapers The Washington Post AL.com Other individuals Neera Tanden , president of the Center for American Progress Joe Trippi , Democratic campaign worker and consultant George Will , Author and journalist Organizations Alabama Democratic Conference Communications Workers of America MoveOn.org ( show ) Robert Kennedy Jr . Individual Carl Lewis , Olympic Gold Medalist , University of Houston Track and Field Head Coach Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Will Boyd Vann Caldwell Jason Fisher Michael Hansen Doug Jones Robert Kennedy Jr . Charles Nana Undecided Emerson College August 10 -- 12 , 2017 164 ± 7.6 % 8 % 2 % 1 % 0 % 40 % 23 % 1 % 25 % Strategy Research August 7 , 2017 2,000 ± 2.0 % 9 % 5 % 3 % 7 % 30 % 40 % 5 % -- Strategy Research July 24 , 2017 3,000 ± 2.0 % 6 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 28 % 49 % 5 % -- Results ( edit ) Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Doug Jones 109,105 66.1 % Democratic Robert Kennedy Jr . 29,215 17.7 % Democratic Michael Hansen 11,105 6.7 % Democratic Will Boyd 8,010 4.9 % Democratic Jason Fisher 3,478 2.1 % Democratic Brian McGee 1,450 0.9 % Democratic Charles Nana 1,404 0.9 % Democratic Vann Caldwell 1,239 0.8 % Total votes 165,006 100.0 % Results Jones 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % 80 -- 90 % 90 -- 100 % Boyd 30 -- 40 % Independents and write - in candidates ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Ron Bishop ( L , write - in ) , Lee Busby ( R , write - in ) , retired Marine colonel Jeff `` Cog '' Coggin ( I , write - in ) , Air Force veteran Chanda Mills Crutcher ( I , write - in ) , minister Eulas Kirtdoll ( I , write - in ) Arlester `` Mack '' McBride ( I , write - in ) Mac Watson ( R , write - in ) Declined ( edit ) Craig Ford , Democratic State Representative General election ( edit ) Controversies ( edit ) Main article : Roy Moore sexual misconduct allegations On November 9 , The Washington Post reported that four women had accused Roy Moore of engaging in sexual conduct with them when they were teenagers and he was an assistant district attorney in his thirties . One of the women was 14 years old at the time , below the legal age of consent . A few days later a fifth woman said that she had received unwanted attention from Moore when she was 15 years old , and that in December 1977 or January 1978 , when she was 16 , Moore sexually assaulted her . Moore denied the allegations . After this , certain Republican leaders and conservative organizations withdrew their endorsements of Moore or asked him to drop out of the campaign . These included Texas Senator Ted Cruz , U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions , Ivanka Trump , the National Republican Senatorial Committee , former Republican presidential nominees Mitt Romney and John McCain , Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , Ohio Governor John Kasich , Utah Senator Mike Lee , Montana Senator Steve Daines , and House Representatives Barbara Comstock , Carlos Curbelo , and Adam Kinzinger , as well as the Young Republican Federation of Alabama . Other conservative websites and organizations such as National Review urged readers not to vote for Moore . Moore continued to receive support from the state party . A week before the election , President Donald Trump strongly endorsed Moore . Following Trump 's endorsement , the RNC reinstated their support for him , and Republican leaders said they would `` let the people of Alabama decide '' whether to elect Moore . At the time of the revelations , it was too close to the election for Moore 's name to be removed from the ballot . Republican officials proposed various ways to promote an alternate Republican candidate . One suggestion was to ask Governor Kay Ivey to delay the special election until 2018 , but Ivey said she had no plans to change the election date . Some Republicans such as Senator Lisa Murkowski floated the prospect of a write - in campaign to elect Luther Strange , with Utah Senator Orrin Hatch actively endorsing a write - in campaign for Strange . However , Strange said it was `` highly unlikely '' that he would run a write - in campaign . Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell proposed Attorney General Jeff Sessions , who formerly held the Senate seat , as a write - in candidate . In late November , Retired Marine Col. Lee Busby launched a write - in campaign stating that he thought there is room for a centrist in the race . Debates ( edit ) Republican nominee Roy Moore refused to debate Democratic nominee Doug Jones . Moore turned down debate invitations extended by the League of Women Voters , WHNT - TV and AL.com . Jones ' campaign said that Jones was `` willing to debate Roy Moore anytime , anywhere '' and accused Moore of `` hiding from the voters , from the media and from his record for weeks . '' Moore and his campaign stated that he refused to debate Jones because their policy positions were already clear to voters and thus there was no need for a formal debate . Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report 100 ! Tossup December 7 , 2017 Sabato 's Crystal Ball 100 ! Tossup December 7 , 2017 Rothenberg Political Report 100 ! Tossup December 7 , 2017 Candidates ( edit ) On ballot ( edit ) Roy Moore ( R ) , former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama Doug Jones ( D ) , former United States Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama Write - in ( edit ) Ron Bishop ( L ) Lee Busby ( R ) Jeff `` Cog '' Coggin ( I ) Chanda Mills Crutcher ( I ) Eulas Kirtdoll ( I ) Arlester `` Mack '' McBride ( I ) Mac Watson ( I ) Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Doug Jones Former U.S. Executive Branch officials Joe Biden , 47th Vice President of the United States Hillary Clinton , former U.S. Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama , 44th President of the United States U.S. Senators Cory Booker , U.S. Senator from New Jersey Tammy Duckworth , U.S. Senator from Illinois Dick Durbin , U.S. Senate Minority Whip from Illinois Joe Donnelly , U.S. Senator from Indiana Jeff Flake , U.S. Senator from Arizona ( Republican ) Al Franken , U.S. Senator from Minnesota Maggie Hassan , U.S Senator from New Hampshire Kamala Harris , U.S. Senator from California Martin Heinrich , U.S. Senator from New Mexico Tim Kaine , U.S. Senator from Virginia , former 2016 vice presidential nominee Catherine Cortez Masto , U.S. Senator from Nevada Jeff Merkley , U.S. Senator from Oregon Chris Murphy , U.S. Senator from Connecticut Patty Murray U.S. Senator from Washington Brian Schatz , U.S. Senator from Hawaii Chuck Schumer , Senate Minority Leader from New York Jeanne Shaheen , U.S. Senator from New Hampshire Chris Van Hollen , U.S. Senator from Maryland , Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee chairman Elizabeth Warren , U.S. Senator from Massachusetts Sheldon Whitehouse , U.S. Senator from Rhode Island U.S. Representatives Alma Adams , U.S. Representative from North Carolina Karen Bass , U.S. Representative California Joyce Beatty , U.S. Representative from Ohio Sanford Bishop , U.S. Representative from Georgia Anthony G. Brown , U.S. Representative from Maryland G.K. Butterfield , U.S. Representative from North Carolina James Clyburn , U.S. Representative South Carolina , Assistant Minority Leader John Conyers , U.S. Representative from Michigan , Dean Elijah Cummings , U.S. Representative from Maryland Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton , from the District of Columbia Keith Ellison , U.S. Representative from Minnesota , DNC Vice Chair Marcia Fudge , U.S. Representative from Ohio Tulsi Gabbard , U.S. Representative from Hawaii Al Green , U.S. Representative from Texas David Jolly , former Republican U.S. Representative from Florida Ro Khanna , U.S. Representative from California Barbara Lee , U.S. Representative from California Sheila Jackson Lee , U.S. Representative from Texas John Lewis , U.S. Representative from Georgia Delegate Stacey Plaskett , from the U.S. Virgin Islands Cedric Richmond , U.S. Representative from Louisiana , Congressional Black Caucus Chairman Lisa Blunt Rochester , U.S. Representative from Delaware Tim Ryan , U.S. Representative from Ohio Terri Sewell , U.S. Representative from Alabama Bennie Thompson , U.S. Representative from Mississippi Governors Charlie Baker , 72nd Governor of Massachusetts ( Republican ) Former Governors Deval Patrick , an American politician , civil rights lawyer and businessman who served as the 71st governor of Massachusetts from 2007 to 2015 . Howard Dean , Governor of Vermont 1991 -- 2003 , Democratic National Committee ( DNC ) Chair 2005 -- 2009 Martin O'Malley , Governor of Maryland 2007 -- 2015 , Mayor of Baltimore 1999 -- 2007 State figures Joyce Alene , the U.S. attorney in Birmingham , appointed by Barack Obama . Billy Beasley , Minority Leader of the Alabama Senate Sue Bell Cobb , former Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice , current candidate for Governor of Alabama Anthony Daniels , Alabama House Minority Leader Artur Davis , former U.S. Representative ( D - AL ) Christopher J. England , State Representative Jason Fisher , former Democratic Candidate for U.S. Senate Parker Griffith , former Alabama congressman and an unsuccessful Democratic nominee for governor in 2014 Robert Harrison , Madison County , Alabama District 6 Commissioner Walt Maddox , Mayor of Tuscaloosa , Alabama , current candidate for Governor of Alabama Renato Mariotti , former federal prosecutor , candidate for Illinois Attorney General . Omar Neal , former Tuskegee , Alabama Mayor Patricia Todd , State Representative Doug Turner , former Republican candidate for the New Mexico gubernatorial election , 2010 Steve Westly , former State Controller and Chief Financial Officer of California Randall Woodfin , Mayor of Birmingham Bob Vance , Circuit Judge in Jefferson County , Alabama Rodger Smitherman , Democratic member of the Alabama Senate , representing the 18th District . Priscilla Dunn , Democratic member of the Alabama Senate , representing the 19th District . Linda Coleman , Democratic member of the Alabama Senate , representing the 20th District . Henry Sanders , Democratic member of the Alabama Senate , representing the 23rd District . Bobby Singleton , Democratic member of the Alabama Senate , representing the 24th District . Vivian Davis Figures , Democratic member of the Alabama Senate , representing the 33rd District and nominee for the U.S. Senate in Alabama in 2014 Marcel Black , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 3rd district . Johnny Mack Morrow , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 18th district . Laura Hall , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 19th district . Craig Ford , Former Minority Leader of the Alabama House of Representatives , currently represents the 28th district . Barbara Boyd , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 32nd district . Richard Lindsey , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 39th district . Rod Scott , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 55th district . Mary Moore , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 56th district . Elaine Beech , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 65th district . Thad McClammy , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 76th district . Alvin Holmes , Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives . representing the 78th district . Individuals Uzo Aduba , actress Seth Abramson , attorney , political commentator and professor at the University of New Hampshire John Anzalone , Democratic pollster William Barber II , member of the national board of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Charles Barkley , former professional basketball player Paul Begala , former adviser to Bill Clinton W. Kamau Bell , stand - up comic and television host . Adam Best , founder of FanSided Donna Brazile , former Acting DNC Chairwoman Maria Cardona , former Senior Advisor to Hillary Clinton James Carville , former aide to Hillary Clinton and Bill Clinton , Fox News contributor Don Cheadle , actor , writer , producer , and director Andrei Cherny , CEO of Aspiration Chelsea Clinton , only child of Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton Mike Cooley , musician Misha Collins , actor Laverne Cox , actress and advocate Leah D. Daughtry , former chief of staff to Howard Dean and CEO of the 2008 and 2016 Democratic National Convention committees Scott Dworkin , co-founder of The Democrat Coalition Jesse Ferguson , former Deputy National Press Secretary for Hillary Clinton Bonnie Fuller , editor of HollywoodLife.com Constance Hill , CEO of Girls Inc of Central Alabama Jason Isbell , musician Tracy James , longtime Republican , former Jeff Sessions staffer Clara Jeffery , Editor - in - Chief of Mother Jones Michael Kelly , actor Jim Kessler , founder of Third Way ( think tank ) ( Republican ) Jimmy Kimmel , television host and comedian Shaun King , journalist , The Young Turks commentator and civil rights activist Bill Kristol ( Republican ) , editor - in - chief of The Weekly Standard Talia Lavin , writer for the New Yorker William LeGate , entrepreneur , Thiel Fellow , and computer programmer Sean McElwee , policy analyst for Demos Debra Messing , actress Alyssa Milano , American actress , activist , producer and former singer Tim Miller , ( Republican ) former communications director for Jeb Bush 's 2016 presidential campaign Holly O'Reilly , March For Truth organizer Patton Oswalt , stand - up comedian , actor , voice actor and writer Richard Painter , former chief White House ethics lawyer for George W. Bush Adam Parkhomenko , adviser to Hillary Clinton , Founding Partner at The Renegade Group Archie Parnell , Democratic nominee for South Carolina 's 5th congressional district of the U.S. House of Representatives in 2017 Piper Perabo , film and television actress Karine Jean - Pierre , Senior Advisor and National Spokeswoman for MoveOn ; served as the Deputy Campaign Manager to both Barack Obama and Martin O'Malley Joy - Ann Reid , national correspondent at MSNBC Jennifer Rubin , ( Republican ) blogger for The Washington Post Mark Salter , ( Republican ) former chief of staff to John McCain ; has often been referred to as McCain 's `` alter ego '' Symone Sanders , former national press secretary for Bernie Sanders ' 2016 presidential campaign Steve Schmidt ( Republican ) , former Senior Campaign Strategist and Advisor to the John McCain Presidential Campaign . Bakari Sellers , first vice chairman of the South Carolina Democratic Party Samuel Sinyangwe , policy analyst and racial justice activist Topher Spiro , Vice President for Health Policy and senior fellow for Economic Policy at American Progress Michael Skolnik , entrepreneur , film producer , and civil rights activist George Takei , actor , director , author , and activist Neera Tanden , president of the Center for American Progress Channing Tatum , actor Joe Trippi , Democratic campaign worker and consultant Tommy Vietor , former spokesperson for the U.S. National Security Council and Barack Obama Michael Wear , former faith outreach for Barack Obama 's 2012 re-election campaign George F. Will , ( Republican ) columnist for The Washington Post and MSNBC Oliver Willis , Research Fellow at Media Matters for America Keegan - Michael Key , actor , comedian , writer , and producer John Weaver , ( Republican ) chief strategist for Republican Ohio Governor John Kasich ; former advisor to John McCain 's presidential campaigns of 2000 and 2008 , the Democratic Congressional Campaign . Mike Murphy , ( Republican ) political consultant for John McCain , Jeb Bush , John Engler , Tommy Thompson , Spencer Abraham , Christie Whitman , Lamar Alexander , and Arnold Schwarzenegger . George Wallace , an American comedian and actor . Rob Reiner , actor , producer , and activist Carl Reiner , comedian , actor , and writer Kerry Washington , actress and producer . Bellamy Young , actress , singer and producer . Newspapers The Auburn Plainsman , student - run newspaper for Auburn University in Auburn , Alabama The Birmingham News , the principal newspaper for Birmingham , Alabama and the largest newspaper in Alabama The Crimson White , student - run publication of the University of Alabama The Huntsville Times , newspaper serving Huntsville , Alabama and the surrounding areas of north Alabama 's Tennessee Valley region Press - Register , newspaper serving the southwest Alabama counties of Mobile and Baldwin , and Alabama 's oldest newspaper The Washington Post Organizations Alabama Democratic Conference Communications Workers of America Daily Kos Democracy for America End Citizens United Everytown for Gun Safety Human Rights Campaign League of Conservation Voters MoveOn.org NowThis News ( show ) Roy Moore U.S. Executive Branch officials Donald Trump , 45th President of the United States Mike Pence , 48th Vice President of the United States Ben Carson , United States Housing and Urban Development Secretary , Director of Department of Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital ( 1984 -- 2013 ) , presidential candidate in 2016 U.S. Senators Tom Coburn , former U.S. Senator from Oklahoma , 2005 -- 2015 John Cornyn , U.S. Senate Majority Whip ( R - TX ) ( Withdrawn ) Ted Cruz , U.S. Senator from Texas ( Withdrawn ) Steve Daines , U.S. Senator from Montana ( Withdrawn ) Mike Lee , U.S. Senator from Utah ( Withdrawn ) Mitch McConnell , U.S. Senate Majority Leader ( R - KY ) ( Withdrawn ) Rand Paul , U.S. Senator from Kentucky U.S. Representatives Robert Aderholt , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama 's 4th congressional district Andy Biggs , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona 's 5th congressional district Mo Brooks , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama 's 5th congressional district and former US Senate candidate Paul Broun , former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia 's 10th congressional district Bradley Byrne , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama 's 1st congressional district Jeff Duncan , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina 's 3rd congressional district Newt Gingrich ( R - GA ) , former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Andy Harris , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland 's 1st congressional district Jody Hice , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia 's 10th congressional district ( Withdrawn ) Steve King , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Iowa 's 4th congressional district Thomas Massie , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky 's 4th congressional district Mark Meadows , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina 's 11th congressional district and Chairman of the House Freedom Caucus Gary Palmer , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama 's 6th congressional district Martha Roby , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama 's 2nd congressional district Mike Rogers , member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama 's 3rd congressional district Joe Walsh , former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois 's 8th congressional district Statewide office holders Kay Ivey , 54th Governor of Alabama Fob James , 48th Governor of Alabama Twinkle Cavanaugh , President of the Alabama Public Service Commission Ken Cuccinelli , 46th Attorney General of Virginia , former Virginia State Senator , and Republican nominee for Governor of Virginia in 2013 John Merrill , current Alabama Secretary of State Jim Zeigler , current State Auditor of Alabama State Senators Bill Armistead , former State Senator and former Chair of the Alabama Republican Party Gerald Dial , State Senator Larry Grooms , State Senator from South Carolina Bill Hightower of Mobile Del Marsh , President Pro Tempore of the State Senate Trip Pittman of Montrose , former US Senate candidate Larry Stutts of Sheffield Tom Whatley of Auburn State Representatives Will Ainsworth of Guntersville Mike Ball of Madison K.L. Brown of Jacksonville Dickie Drake of Leeds Matt Fridy of Birmingham Lynn Greer of Rogersville Tommy Hanes of Scottsboro Ed Henry of Hartselle , chairman of Donald Trump 's Alabama campaign . Mike Holmes of Wetumpka Mac McCutcheon , Speaker of the Alabama House Arnold Mooney of Birmingham Barry Moore of Enterprise Becky Nordgren of Gadsden Kerry Rich of Guntersville David Sessions of Grand Bay Randall Shedd of Cullman Ritchie Whorton of Scottsboro Jack Williams of Wilmer Rich Wingo of Tuscaloosa Randy Wood of Anniston Sheriffs Ron Abernathy of Tuscaloosa County Blake Dorning of Madison County Todd Entrekin of Etowah County ( Withdrawn ) Bill Franklin of Elmore County Tony Helms of Geneva County Jimmy Kilgore of Talladega County William Maddox of Henry County Dennis Meeks of Covington County Ray Norris of Clarke County Jeff Shaver of Cherokee County Jody Wade of Bibb County Political commentators Brent Bozell , conservative writer and founder of the Media Research Center Mike Cernovich , American alt - lite writer . Ann Coulter , conservative commentator Steve Deace , Conservative writer for The Washington Times Erick Erickson , conservative blogger and former member of the Macon City Council ( Withdrawn ) Sean Hannity , conservative commentator Laura Ingraham , conservative talk radio host Mark Levin , conservative talk radio host Jack Posobiec , pro-Trump internet activist , political commentator and conspiracy theorist . Richard Viguerie , American conservative figure , political writer Religious leaders Chuck Baldwin , politician , radio host , host of `` Chuck Baldwin Live ! '' , founder and former pastor of the Crossroads Baptist Church in Pensacola , current president of Liberty Fellowship in Kalispell , Montana , 2008 Constitution Party presidential candidate , and 2004 Constitution Party vice presidential candidate Gary Bauer , president of American Values Scott Dawson , evangelist James Dobson , President of Focus on the Family and Christian right activist Jerry Falwell Jr. , President of Liberty University Franklin Graham , Christian evangelist and missionary Ralph E. Reed , Jr. , evangelist and candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Georgia in 2006 White nationalists Andrew Anglin , white nationalist , founder and editor of The Daily Stormer David Duke , former Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan , white nationalist , conspiracy theorist , and former Louisiana State Representative William Daniel Johnson , white nationalist and leader of the American Freedom Party . Kevin B. MacDonald , white nationalist , retired professor , conspiracy theorist , and editor of Occidental Observer Robert Warren Ray , white nationalist , writer for The Daily Stormer Paul Nehlen , white nationalist , inventor , Republican candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in Wisconsin 's 1st congressional district in 2016 and 2018 . Other individuals Steve Bannon , former White House Chief Strategist , executive chairman of Breitbart News Nigel Farage , chair of Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy , Member of the European Parliament for South East England , and former chair and leader of the UK Independence Party Sebastian Gorka , Breitbart columnist and former deputy assistant to US President Donald Trump . Paul Gottfried , paleoconservative philosopher , historian , columnist , and former professor at Elizabethtown College Tim James , businessman , candidate for Governor of Alabama in 2002 and 2010 . Alan Keyes , former Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs under Ronald Reagan , and Republican candidate for President of the United States in 1996 , 2000 , and 2008 Chuck Norris , American martial artist , actor , film producer and screenwriter Phil Robertson , American businessman and reality television star Siran Stacy , retired football player Roger Stone , political consultant , lobbyist , and strategist Frances Taylor , president of the Alabama Federation of Republican Women Kelli Ward , former Arizona State Senator and candidate for U.S. Senate in 2018 Chuck Woolery , game show host , talk show host , and musician Dean Young , former congressional candidate and friend of Roy Moore Organizations American Freedom Party Asian American GOP Coalition Birmingham Young Republicans ( Withdrawn ) Coalition of African American Pastors Courageous Conservatives PAC Gun Owners of America National Association for Gun Rights National Republican Senatorial Committee ( Withdrawn ) National Right to Life Committee National Right to Work PAC Republican National Committee Senate Conservatives Fund The Daily Stormer Tea Party Patriots The Right Stuff Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Roy Moore ( R ) Doug Jones ( D ) Lee Busby ( R ) Other Undecided Change Research December 9 -- 11 , 2017 1,543 ± 2.0 % 51 % 45 % -- -- 4 % SurveyMonkey November 30 -- December 11 , 2017 2,203 ± 4.5 % 47 % 49 % -- -- 4 % Fox News December 7 -- 10 , 2017 1,127 ± 3.0 % 40 % 50 % -- 2 % 8 % Emerson College December 7 -- 9 , 2017 600 ± 3.9 % 53 % 44 % -- 4 % -- Monmouth University December 6 -- 9 , 2017 546 ± 4.2 % 46 % 46 % -- 2 % 6 % Public Policy Polling ( D - Not One Penny ) * December 7 -- 8 , 2017 1,092 -- 46 % 48 % -- -- 6 % Gravis Marketing December 5 -- 8 , 2017 1,254 ± 2.8 % 49 % 45 % -- -- 6 % Trafalgar Group ( R ) December 6 -- 7 , 2017 1,419 ± 3.1 % 51 % 46 % -- 3 % -- Change Research December 5 -- 7 , 2017 2,443 ± 2.0 % 51 % 44 % -- -- 5 % SurveyMonkey November 30 -- December 7 , 2017 1,559 ± 5.5 % 47 % 49 % -- -- 4 % WBRC - TV / Strategy Research December 4 , 2017 3,200 ± 2.0 % 50 % 43 % -- 3 % 4 % Gravis Marketing December 1 -- 3 , 2017 1,276 ± 2.7 % 44 % 48 % -- -- 8 % Emerson College November 30 -- December 2 , 2017 500 ± 4.3 % 49 % 46 % 5 % -- -- CBS News / YouGov November 28 -- December 1 , 2017 1,067 ± 3.8 % 49 % 43 % -- 4 % 4 % Washington Post / Schar School November 27 -- 30 , 2017 739 ± 4.5 % 47 % 50 % -- 3 % -- JMC Analytics ( R ) November 27 -- 28 , 2017 650 ± 3.8 % 49 % 44 % -- 5 % 2 % The Polling Company / National Research Inc ( R ) November 26 -- 28 , 2017 600 ± 4.0 % 46 % 45 % -- -- 9 % Change Research November 26 -- 27 , 2017 1,868 ± 2.3 % 49 % 44 % -- -- 7 % Emerson College November 25 -- 27 , 2017 500 ± 4.3 % 53 % 47 % -- -- -- WBRC - TV / Strategy Research November 20 , 2017 3,000 ± 2.0 % 47 % 45 % -- 3 % 5 % WT&S Consulting ( R ) November 18 -- 20 , 2017 11,641 ± 1.2 % 46 % 40 % -- -- 13 % Change Research November 15 -- 16 , 2017 2,090 -- 43 % 46 % -- -- 11 % The Polling Company / National Research Inc ( R ) November 13 -- 16 , 2017 600 ± 4.0 % 41 % 49 % -- -- 10 % Gravis Marketing November 14 -- 15 , 2017 628 ± 3.5 % 42 % 47 % -- -- 11 % Fox News November 13 -- 15 , 2017 649 ± 3.5 % 42 % 50 % -- 2 % 7 % FOX10 News / Strategy Research November 13 , 2017 3,000 ± 2.0 % 49 % 43 % -- -- 8 % NRSC ( R ) November 12 -- 13 , 2017 500 -- 39 % 51 % -- -- 10 % WT&S Consulting ( R ) November 11 , 2017 1,536 ± 3.3 % 50 % 40 % -- -- 11 % Emerson College November 9 -- 11 , 2017 600 ± 3.9 % 55 % 45 % -- -- -- JMC Analytics ( R ) November 9 -- 11 , 2017 575 ± 4.1 % 44 % 48 % -- 2 % 6 % Change Research November 9 -- 11 , 2017 1,855 -- 44 % 40 % -- 3 % 13 % Gravis Marketing November 10 , 2017 478 ± 4.5 % 48 % 46 % -- -- 6 % WT&S Consulting ( R ) November 9 , 2017 1,354 ± 3.5 % 50 % 39 % -- -- 11 % Opinion Savvy November 9 , 2017 515 ± 4.3 % 46 % 46 % -- 4 % 4 % NRSC ( R ) November 6 -- 7 , 2017 -- -- 51 % 42 % -- -- 8 % WBRC - TV / Strategy Research November 6 , 2017 2,200 ± 2.0 % 51 % 40 % -- -- 9 % Axis Research ( R - SLF ) October 24 -- 26 , 2017 503 ± 4.5 % 56 % 39 % -- -- 5 % FOX10 News / Strategy Research October 19 , 2017 3,000 ± 3.0 % 52 % 41 % -- -- 7 % WBRC - TV / Strategy Research October 16 , 2017 3,000 ± 2.5 % 51 % 40 % -- -- 9 % Fox News October 14 -- 16 , 2017 801 ± 3.5 % 42 % 42 % -- 3 % 11 % NRSC ( R ) October 3 -- 5 , 2017 -- -- 53 % 37 % -- -- 10 % Cygnal / L2 October 2 -- 5 , 2017 497 ± 4.4 % 49 % 41 % -- -- 9 % JMC Analytics ( R ) September 30 -- October 1 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 48 % 40 % -- 1 % 11 % Opinion Savvy September 27 -- 28 , 2017 590 ± 4.0 % 50 % 45 % -- -- 5 % Emerson College September 21 -- 23 , 2017 519 ± 4.3 % 52 % 30 % -- -- 18 % Emerson College September 8 -- 9 , 2017 416 ± 4.8 % 44 % 40 % -- -- 16 % * Unpublished poll released on December 15 ( show ) Hypothetical polling with Roy Moore on ballot and Luther Strange as write - in candidate Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Roy Moore ( R ) Doug Jones ( D ) Luther Strange ( R ) Other Undecided Opinion Savvy November 9 , 2017 515 ± 4.3 % 41 % 44 % 12 % 1 % 2 % with Luther Strange on ballot Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Luther Strange ( R ) Doug Jones ( D ) Other Undecided Fox News November 13 -- 15 , 2017 649 LV ± 3.5 % 38 % 48 % 3 % 5 % 823 RV ± 3.0 % 39 % 46 % 3 % 6 % Emerson College September 21 -- 23 , 2017 519 ± 4.3 % 49 % 36 % -- 15 % Emerson College September 8 -- 9 , 2017 416 ± 4.8 % 43 % 40 % -- 17 % with generic Republican / Democrat Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Generic Republican Generic Democrat Undecided Washington Post / Schar School November 27 -- 30 , 2017 739 ± 4.5 % 50 % 44 % 6 % JMC Analytics ( R ) November 27 -- 28 , 2017 650 ± 3.8 % 49 % 46 % 3 % JMC Analytics ( R ) November 9 -- 11 , 2017 575 ± 4.1 % 45 % 47 % 8 % JMC Analytics ( R ) September 30 -- October 1 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 49 % 45 % 6 % Results ( edit ) External video Doug Jones election night remarks , December 12 , 2017 , C - SPAN Roy Moore election night remarks , December 12 , 2017 , C - SPAN Jones on stage following his victory Write - in votes by county < 1 % > 1 % > 2 % > 3 % Doug Jones defeated Roy Moore by a margin of 21,924 votes . Voter turnout was 40.54 % of Alabama 's 3,326,812 registered voters . Jones won primarily by running up huge margins in the state 's major cities . The state 's four largest counties -- Jefferson ( home to the state 's largest city of Birmingham ) , Mobile ( home to Mobile ) , Montgomery ( home to the state capital of Montgomery ) and Madison ( home to Huntsville ) -- all gave Jones 56 percent or more of the vote . He carried Jefferson by over 83,800 votes , and Montgomery by almost 30,500 votes ; either county would have been more than enough to give him the victory . Jones also dominated the Black Belt . He took over 96 percent of the black vote , and 61 percent of votes from those under 45 . While Moore dominated the state 's rural areas , he significantly underperformed Trump 's totals in those areas , as well as the suburbs . As of December 15 , Moore demanded a recount and refused to concede the race , despite being urged by Trump , Bannon , and others to do so . If the final margin of victory is less than 0.5 % , then a recount would have been automatically triggered . If not , then either candidate can request a recount at his expense . However , Alabama Secretary of State John Merrill estimates that a recount could cost anywhere from $1 million to $1.5 million , an amount that must be paid in full when the request is made . Moore had only $636,046 on hand by the time the campaign ended . A number of right - leaning websites have pushed conspiracy theories about voter fraud providing the margin for Jones . Merrill noted on December 20 that the only remaining ballots to count are 366 military ballots and 4,967 provisional ballots left to be counted ; even if all those votes were for Moore , the margin would not be sufficient to trigger an automatic recount . Because the number of write - in votes was larger than Jones ' margin of victory , the names written in were both counted and listed . Luther Strange , who lost the Republican primary to Moore , received the most write - in votes , followed by former White House aide Lee Busby , U.S. Rep. Mo Brooks , who also ran in the Republican Senate primary , Libertarian write - in candidate Ron Bishop , Attorney General Jeff Sessions , and Alabama football coach Nick Saban . After the election , Moore filed a lawsuit attempting to block the state from certifying the election and calling for an investigation into voter fraud . On December 28 , 2017 , a judge dismissed this lawsuit and state officials certified the election results , officially declaring Doug Jones the winner . Jones was sworn into office on January 3 , 2018 , by Vice President Mike Pence . Jones became the first Democrat to win a statewide race in Alabama since former Lieutenant Governor Lucy Baxley was elected President of the Alabama Public Service Commission in 2008 over Republican Twinkle Andress Cavanaugh . Prior to that , Democrat Jim Folsom Jr. was elected Lieutenant Governor of Alabama in 2006 over Republican Luther Strange . The last Democrat to win a federal statewide election in Alabama was Richard Shelby in 1992 , who switched to the Republican Party in late 1994 . General election results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Doug Jones 673,896 49.97 % Republican Roy Moore 651,972 48.34 % Write - in Write - ins 22,852 1.69 % Total votes 1,348,720 100.0 % Democratic gain from Republican Results by county ( edit ) Doug Jones Roy Moore Write - ins Total votes County Votes % Votes % Votes % Turnout % Autauga 5,615 38.38 % 8,762 59.90 % 253 1.73 % 14,630 38.32 % Baldwin 22,261 35.60 % 38,566 61.68 % 1,703 2.72 % 62,530 42.74 % Barbour 3,716 57.53 % 2,702 41.83 % 41 0.63 % 6,459 38.35 % Bibb 1,567 29.95 % 3,599 68.79 % 66 1.26 % 5,232 38.32 % Blount 2,408 16.94 % 11,631 81.80 % 180 1.27 % 14,219 37.45 % Bullock 2,715 80.37 % 656 19.42 % 7 0.21 % 3,378 45.53 % Butler 2,915 51.02 % 2,758 48.27 % 41 0.72 % 5,714 42.36 % Calhoun 12,331 44.04 % 15,238 54.43 % 429 1.53 % 27,998 36.18 % Chambers 4,257 55.75 % 3,312 43.37 % 67 0.88 % 7,636 32.42 % Cherokee 1,529 27.09 % 4,006 70.98 % 109 1.93 % 5,644 33.00 % Chilton 2,306 23.06 % 7,563 75.62 % 132 1.32 % 10,001 35.42 % Choctaw 2,277 53.66 % 1,949 45.93 % 17 0.40 % 4,243 40.10 % Clarke 4,363 51.93 % 3,995 47.55 % 43 0.51 % 8,401 43.96 % Clay 990 27.52 % 2,589 71.96 % 19 0.53 % 3,598 36.92 % Cleburne 600 19.37 % 2,468 79.66 % 30 0.97 % 3,098 29.47 % Coffee 3,730 31.10 % 8,063 67.22 % 202 1.68 % 11,995 36.52 % Colbert 6,881 46.41 % 7,771 52.41 % 171 1.15 % 14,828 37.75 % Conecuh 2,259 55.21 % 1,815 44.35 % 18 0.44 % 4,092 39.84 % Coosa 1,415 42.71 % 1,867 56.39 % 30 0.91 % 3,312 41.42 % Covington 2,107 23.33 % 6,835 75.69 % 88 0.97 % 9,030 35.09 % Crenshaw 1,320 35.46 % 2,347 63.04 % 56 1.50 % 3,725 37.66 % Cullman 4,161 19.73 % 16,609 78.74 % 324 1.54 % 21,094 37.61 % Dale 3,844 35.04 % 6,991 63.72 % 136 1.24 % 10,971 34.87 % Dallas 10,503 74.75 % 3,487 24.82 % 60 0.43 % 14,050 44.88 % DeKalb 3,559 25.62 % 10,097 72.69 % 234 1.68 % 13,890 34.31 % Elmore 7,711 34.33 % 14,415 64.16 % 338 1.50 % 22,464 41.34 % Escambia 3,642 41.78 % 4,987 57.22 % 87 1.00 % 8,716 35.39 % Etowah 10,568 40.34 % 15,730 60.04 % 620 2.37 % 26,918 38.57 % Fayette 1,143 24.39 % 3,491 74.55 % 50 1.07 % 4,684 38.40 % Franklin 1,771 29.34 % 4,216 69.86 % 48 0.80 % 6,035 33.50 % Geneva 1,290 18.92 % 5,433 79.72 % 93 1.37 % 6,816 37.84 % Greene 3,345 87.64 % 462 12.12 % 9 0.24 % 3,816 53.89 % Hale 3,902 69.33 % 1,691 30.11 % 32 0.57 % 5,625 46.26 % Henry 1,899 38.32 % 3,015 60.91 % 38 0.77 % 4,952 39.20 % Houston 9,198 37.81 % 14,846 61.02 % 285 1.17 % 24,329 34.18 % Jackson 3,330 30.82 % 7,317 67.75 % 154 1.43 % 10,801 29.44 % Jefferson 149,759 68.13 % 66,350 30.18 % 3,716 1.69 % 219,825 47.38 % Lamar 779 21.31 % 2,847 77.89 % 29 0.79 % 3,655 34.46 % Lauderdale 9,970 43.02 % 12,818 55.31 % 388 1.67 % 23,176 37.53 % Lawrence 3,033 36.04 % 5,321 63.23 % 61 0.72 % 8,415 35.49 % Lee 19,886 57.61 % 14,059 40.73 % 674 1.95 % 34,519 32.90 % Limestone 9,606 39.19 % 14,298 58.33 % 515 2.10 % 24,514 41.18 % Lowndes 3,783 79.08 % 988 20.65 % 13 0.27 % 4,784 47.14 % Macon 5,783 88.14 % 759 11.56 % 20 0.30 % 6,567 37.70 % Madison 65,997 56.98 % 46,381 40.04 % 3,447 2.98 % 115,825 45.68 % Marengo 4,498 61.11 % 2,805 38.11 % 62 0.84 % 7,361 46.01 % Marion 1,311 19.72 % 5,269 79.25 % 68 1.02 % 6,647 32.82 % Marshall 5,145 26.47 % 13,842 71.21 % 450 2.32 % 19,437 34.22 % Mobile 62,716 56.46 % 46,828 42.15 % 1,546 1.39 % 111,090 38.55 % Monroe 3,266 49.59 % 3,280 49.80 % 40 0.61 % 6,586 40.79 % Montgomery 48,374 72.35 % 17,739 26.53 % 745 1.11 % 66,858 44.05 % Morgan 10,935 35.48 % 19,215 62.34 % 671 2.18 % 30,821 40.28 % Perry 3,140 79.04 % 821 20.68 % 11 0.28 % 3,972 48.70 % Pickens 3,064 50.44 % 2,965 48.81 % 46 0.76 % 6,075 44.18 % Pike 4,015 48.51 % 4,165 50.32 % 97 1.17 % 8,277 37.58 % Randolph 1,695 34.25 % 3,231 65.29 % 23 0.46 % 4,949 29.66 % Russell 6,761 64.77 % 3,622 34.70 % 55 0.53 % 10,438 28.52 % Shelby 27,311 41.71 % 36,455 55.67 % 1,718 2.62 % 65,484 45.63 % St. Clair 6,212 27.43 % 15,889 70.15 % 459 2.03 % 22,560 38.05 % Sumter 3,527 80.91 % 814 18.67 % 18 0.41 % 4,359 43.95 % Talladega 9,977 50.13 % 9,701 48.75 % 223 1.12 % 19,901 37.45 % Tallapoosa 4,605 38.59 % 7,179 60.16 % 150 1.26 % 11,934 40.19 % Tuscaloosa 30,869 57.23 % 22,067 40.91 % 1,007 1.87 % 53,943 40.83 % Walker 4,330 26.20 % 11,938 72.23 % 259 1.57 % 16,527 35.19 % Washington 1,805 34.86 % 3,325 64.21 % 48 0.93 % 5,178 39.78 % Wilcox 3,345 76.74 % 1,000 22.94 % 16 0.37 % 4,359 46.94 % Winston 911 16.10 % 4,681 82.71 % 67 1.18 % 5,659 35.80 % Totals 673,896 49.97 % 651,972 48.34 % 22,852 1.69 % 1,348,720 100.00 % See also ( edit ) United States Senate special election in Massachusetts , 2010 United States Senate elections , 2016 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Result '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No special election to replace Sessions ; Bentley says move could save $16 million '' . AL.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election to Fill the Vacancy of Sen. Jeff Sessions '' , Legislative Reference Service ( February 13 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Governor Ivey Moves US Senate Special Election to Adhere with State Law '' ( Press release ) . Office of the Governor of Alabama . April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bloch , Matthew ; Lee , Jasmine ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama Election Results : Two Republicans Advance , Democrat Wins in U.S. Senate Primaries '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ball , Molly . `` The Alabama Senate Race Gets Moore Strange '' , The Atlantic ( August 16 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Sexual misconduct accusations transform Alabama Senate race '' , Associated Press via ABC News ( November 10 , 2017 ) : `` Virtually the entire Republican establishment -- including President Donald Trump -- opposed Moore 's primary bid in September . '' ^ Jump up to : Rogin , Ali . `` Roy Moore defeats Trump - backed Sen. Luther Strange in Alabama GOP primary runoff '' , ABC News ( September 26 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Scherer , Michael . `` Moore wins Republican Senate primary , dealing blow to GOP establishment '' ( September 27 , 2017 ) : `` He also won despite a last - minute push by Trump for Strange that included a barrage of late tweets and a rally Friday in Alabama . '' Jump up ^ `` Roy Moore beats Trump - backed ' Big Luther ' in Alabama Republican Senate primary '' , The Guardian ( September 17 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel . `` Moore crushes Strange in Alabama Senate primary '' , Politico ( September 26 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Martin , Jonathan and Burns , Alexander . `` Roy Moore Wins Senate G.O.P. Runoff in Alabama '' , The New York Times ( September 26 , 2017 ) : `` Mr. Strange 's defeat was the first time an incumbent senator with active White House support has lost since 2010 , when Arlen Specter , the longtime senator of Pennsylvania , was beaten in a Democratic primary after switching parties . '' ^ Jump up to : McCrummen , Stephanie ; Crites , Alice ; Reinhard , Beth ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Woman says Roy Moore initiated sexual encounter when she was 14 , he was 32 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tillett , Emily ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` New accuser steps forward in Roy Moore case -- live updates '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Isenstadt , Alex ; Debenedetti , Gabriel ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Moore defiant as Senate Republicans sever ties '' . Politico . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Sean ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Paul Ryan joins GOP calls for Roy Moore to end campaign amid sexual misconduct allegations '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Sean ; Viebeck , Elise ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` McConnell calls on Roy Moore to end Senate campaign following accusations of sexual misconduct '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berenson , Tessa ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` All the Ways Alabama Republicans Are Defending Roy Moore '' . Time . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Jonathan ; Burns , Alexander ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans Try to Block Moore 's Path as Candidate Denies Sexual Misconduct '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Deidre . `` Alabama Rep. Bradley Byrne says he 'll vote for Roy Moore '' , CNN ( November 16 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Bethea , Charles ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Locals Were Troubled by Roy Moore 's Interactions with Teen Girls at the Gadsden Mall '' . The New Yorker . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Lyman , Brian ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore denies sexual misconduct allegations '' . Montgomery Adviser . ^ Jump up to : Scherer , Michael ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Retired Marine colonel to launch Senate write - in campaign in Alabama '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Kim ; Peoples , Steve ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Jones wins in stunning Alabama upset '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Sean ; Weigel , David ; Fahrenthold , David A. ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones declared victor in Alabama race for Senate ; Roy Moore may seek recount '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Brian . `` Former Alabama Lt. Gov. Lucy Baxley dies at 78 '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doug Jones swearing - in : Watch live as Senate seats new Alabama member '' . Al.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sessions ' Nomination Sets Off Political Jockeying for Alabama Senate Seat '' . Roll Call . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who Might Replace Sessions ? '' . Roll Call . November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama AG Luther Strange to Run for Sessions Senate Seat '' . The Weekly Standard . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Governor Near Decision on Sessions Replacement '' . The Daily Progress . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Primary Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At rally for Sen. Luther Strange , Trump vents frustrations in rambling speech '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Runoff Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore announces run for US senate : Alabama chief justice challenging Luther Strange '' . AL.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , John ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` All eyes on ' Big ' Luther Strange as Alabama looks to fill Jeff Sessions ' Senate seat '' . al.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gore , Leada ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama Senate race updated list : 11 Republicans , 8 Democrats qualify '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Senate candidate Joseph Breault keeping a low profile '' . AL.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Brian ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Christian Coalition head Randy Brinson makes Senate bid '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOP Rep. Brooks enters Alabama Senate race '' . The Hill . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . `` Brooks Announces Primary Challenge to Strange '' . Rollcall.com . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Poe , Kelly ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Hoover businessman Dom Gentile announces run for U.S. Senate seat '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Senate candidate Dom Gentile drops out of race , endorses Mo Brooks '' . AL.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Senate special election hopeful withdraws ; candidates shrink to 18 '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 U.S. Senate Special Election Info '' . Alabama Republican Party . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , Mary W. ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` A New Legislator on the Horizon ? '' . Gumshoe News . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gore , Leada ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Birmingham businessman Bryan Peeples running for U.S. Senate seat '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharp , John ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama State Senator Trip Pittman announces run for U.S. Senate '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sell , Mary ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Henry says he 'll run for US Senate seat '' . Decatur Daily . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Edgemon , Erin ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Henry says he will not run for U.S. Senate '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aderholt not running for Senate seat '' . Decatur Daily . April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gore , Leada ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Who will challenge Sen. Luther Strange ? With new election date set , here are some possibilities '' . al.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Lauren ( @ LaurenWalshTV ) ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Slade Blackwell ( R - Mountain Brook ) also considered a run for US Senate , but decided not to enter race '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Gattis , Paul ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama 's sudden Senate race : Who 's in , who 's out , and who 's on the fence ? '' . al.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharp , John ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Rep. Bradley Byrne not running for Senate '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gattis , Paul ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Perry Hooper Jr. sets Senate announcement , expected to join race '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koplowitz , Howard ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Perry Hooper Jr. not running for Senate ; endorses Luther Strange '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moseley , Brandon ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Qualifying for Senate Seat Begins Today '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , John ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Does Senate appointment hurt Luther Strange 's 2018 prospects ? '' . al.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Brian ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Del Marsh confirms DC trip ; blasts Luther Strange '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Del Marsh will not run for Alabama seat in U.S. Senate '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Michael ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Merrill noncommittal on seeking governor 's job '' . The Decatur Daily . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bentley interviews Aderholt , Byard and Magee for Senate '' . The Montgomery Advertiser . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gattis , Paul ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Democrat Ron Crumpton drops out of Senate race '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ben Carson Splits With Trump , Basically Endorses Roy Moore In Alabama '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wegmann , Philip . `` Tom Coburn endorses Roy Moore in Alabama Senate race '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facebook '' . Facebook . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Manchester , Julia ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama Rep. Mo Brooks endorses Moore for Senate '' . The Hill . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Latest : President Trump to visit Alabama to back Strange in Senate primary runoff against Moore '' . WVTM . Associated Press . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scherer , Michael ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore picks up endorsement of former rival Mo Brooks in Ala . Senate race '' . The Washington Post Powerpost blog . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooks to endorse Moore in Alabama Senate race '' . Politico . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meadows endorses Moore in Alabama Senate race '' . Politico . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Congressman Jim Jordan Endorses Judge Roy Moore '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore for Senate . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Politics , Campaigns , and Elections for September 22 , 2017 -- Georgia Politics , Campaigns and Elections '' . GaPundit . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , Joe ( @ ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Look , if you ride your horse to the polls to cast your vote , dang , you got my vote . Judge Roy Moore '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Missing or empty user = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Moore on Senate endorsement : ' People are not voting for President Trump ' '' . AL.com . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judge Roy Moore Endorsements '' . RoyMoore.org . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Zeigler throws support behind Roy Moore for US Senate '' . AlToday.com . August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cason , Mike ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Former GOP chairman Bill Armistead to lead Roy Moore campaign '' . AL.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trip Pittman endorses Roy Moore in Alabama Senate race '' . AL.com . August 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Moore gets endorsements from 14 Alabama lawmakers '' . AL.com . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( ( cite news `` Ed Henry endorses Roy Moore for US Senate '' . Decatur Daily . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Bannon breaks with Trump to pick Roy Moore over Luther Strange in Alabama Senate election '' . Washington Examiner . August 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : @ ForAmerica ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ForAmerica Chairman Brent Bozell officially endorses Moore in AL Senate '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Moore Gaining Support Among Conservatives In Ala . Senate Race '' . One America News Network . September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deace , Steve ( @ SteveDeaceShow ) ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Steve Deace on Twitter : Yes ! Go @ MooreSenate -- finest man I 've met in politics '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Vote for Judge Roy Moore in Alabama '' . The Resurgent . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Erick ( @ EWErickson ) ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Vote for Judge Roy Moore in Alabama '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Ben ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Nigel Farage to support controversial judge Roy Moore in Alabama election '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Franklin Graham -- I met Judge Roy Moore last year when I ... '' Facebook . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Moore on Senate endorsement : ' People are not voting for President Trump ' '' . AL.com . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` To Revive America 's Good Conscience : Stand With Moore '' . DailyCaller.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Alan Lee ( @ loyaltoliberty ) ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` My column after Roy Moore came first in the Alabama GOP US Senate vote , urging support for him in the run - off '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Levin : It 's time to make ' mob boss ' McConnell ' heel ! ' '' . Conservative Review . August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stafford , Dylan . `` Chuck Norris endorses in Alabama Senate race '' . CNN . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gattis , Paul ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore gets endorsement from Duck Dynasty patriarch '' . AL.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stone , Roger ( @ RogerJStoneJr ) . `` RI am really pulling for Roy Moore in Alabama . Luther Strange is a McConnell lap dog surrounded by the pungent aroma of corruption '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Missing or empty date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` I Endorse Judge Roy Moore In The Alabama Republican Senate Runoff '' . ConservativeHQ.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Woolery , Chuck ( @ chuckwoolery ) ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` I do not agree with # Trump and # McConnell on Lex # LutherStrangeAlabama ! I want more of Roy Moore '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Judge Roy Moore Endorsements '' . Roymoore.org . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Moore for US Senate Campaign Announces Endorsement of Coalition of African - American Pastors '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore for Senate . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Mistaken Endorsement ? -- Courageous Conservatives PAC '' . Courageousconservativespac.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GOA Recommends Brooks , Moore for Alabama Senate '' . Gun Owners of America . August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gun rights group backs Roy Moore in Senate race '' . al.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. ( @ realDonaldTrump ) ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Senator Luther Strange has done a great job representing the people of the Great State of Alabama . He has my complete and total endorsement ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Trump , Donald J. ( @ realDonaldTrump ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ALABAMA , get out and vote for Luther Strange -- he has proven to me that he will never let you down ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Pence to campaign for Luther Strange next Monday '' . Politico . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . `` Report says VP Mike Pence coming to Alabama to campaign for Luther Strange '' . al.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mitch McConnell bolsters Strange 's campaign '' . Alabama Political Reporter . August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caygle , Heather ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` GOP Rebuffs Call for Special Prosecutor '' . Politico . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Brandon ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` NRA endorses Strange '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luther Strange Picks Up Pro-Life Group 's Endorsement for Alabama Senate Special Election '' . LifeNews.com . August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kiszla , Cameron ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Hannity , Mike Rogers endorse Mo Brooks ; NRA backs Luther Strange for US Senate seat '' . The Anniston Star . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gattis , Paul ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Mo Brooks gets Senate endorsement from powerful congressman '' . AL.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kiszla , Cameron ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Rogers endorses Brooks for Senate seat '' . The Anniston Star . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Mo Brooks endorsed by 7 Alabama Trump delegates , including Ed Henry '' . AL.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Lisa ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Levin endorses Alabama rep in Senate race '' . The Hill . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ seanhannity ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Mo Brooks will support Pres. Trump 's America 1st agenda , he is a proven conservative we need in the Senate . Support @ RepMoBrooks 4 Senate '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lauten , Elizabeth ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Fox News ' Sean Hannity endorses Mo Brooks for Alabama U.S. Senate seat '' . Alabama Today . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conservative Leader Ann Coulter Endorses Congressman Mo Brooks for United States Senate '' . Shoals Insider . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Levin endorses Mo Brooks for US Senate -- Courageous Conservatives PAC '' . Courageousconservativespac.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Endorsement : Mo Brooks for U.S. Senate '' . Senate Conservatives Fund . August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Manchester , Julia ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Mo Brooks lands backing from conservative group '' . The Hill . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOA Recommends Brooks , Moore for Alabama Senate Op - ed Articles '' . Gunowners.org . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilgore , Ed . `` In Alabama Senate Race , There 's Stiff Competition to Be the Most Pro-Trump '' . Daily Intelligencer . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Drive '' . Google . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emerson College Poll : Strange and Moore look poised for Runoff in Alabama Republican Primary , Jones with chance to wrap of Democratic nomination . In Trump Alabama Trusts , base is in support of President '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Emerson College . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AL US Senate Poll Report Final. pdf '' . Google . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Poll : Moore leads Strange in Republican primary for US Senate '' . Montgomery Advertiser . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grip , Bob ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Moore , Kennedy lead statewide survey '' . FOX10 News . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate ( Republican Primary ) Poll Results : Moore 30 % , Strange 22 % , Brooks 19 % , Others 12 % ( 17 % undecided ) '' ( PDF ) . Winwithjmc.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RRH Elections AL - Sen R Primary Poll : Moore Leads Strange 31 - 29 '' . RRH Elections . August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Journey , Rick ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : New poll finds Strange and Moore in statistical tie for GOP Senate race '' . WBRC . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Strange Pummels Brooks Ahead of Alabama Primary '' . Politico Pro . July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics -- Election 2017 -- Alabama Senate Run - Off Election -- Moore vs. Strange '' . realclearpolitics.com . Jump up ^ `` AL - Sen : Cygnal ( Sept. 2017 ) '' . Scribd . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AL US Senate Runoff Election Survey '' . Trafalgar Group . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First look : Alabama poll '' . Axios . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Strange Closes Gap '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Emerson College Polling Society . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moore leads Strange 48 % to 40 % in Big League - Gravis poll '' . Big League Politics . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grip , Bob . `` Roy Moore leads Luther Strange in FOX10 News poll '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Journey , Rick . `` Exclusive : Moore maintains lead over Strange in new poll '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate Republican Executive Summary Runoff Poll 2 -- Opinion Poll -- Survey Methodology '' . Scribd . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama GOP Runoff Polling Update '' ( PDF ) . Senateleadershipfund.org . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emerson College Poll : Moore with Significant Lead Over Strange for GOP US Senate Nomination in Alabama . Democrat Doug Jones in statistical tie with both Republicans for General Election '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Emerson College . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama - Runnoff - Strat - Nat - Poll - 1 - 1. pdf '' . Google . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Research Senate poll -- Opinion Poll -- United States Government '' . Scribd . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate Republican Primary Runoff Election '' . HarperPolling.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drucker , David M. `` New Alabama Senate poll : Roy Moore edging Luther Strange by just 4 points '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate ( Republican Runoff ) Poll Results : Moore 51 % , Strange 32 % ( 17 % undecided ) '' ( PDF ) . Opinionsavvy.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate ( Republican Runoff ) Poll Results Moore 51 % , Strange 32 % ( 17 % undecided ) '' ( PDF ) . Winwithjmc.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore beats Trump - backed ' Big Luther ' in Alabama Republican Senate primary '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Gray , Jeremy ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones announces run for US Senate '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Robert ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Will Boyd enters US Senate race '' . TimesDaily . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Bill ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Seventh Republican , third Democrat announce senate run '' . WAAY . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pillion , Dennis ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Openly gay environmentalist running for Senate in Alabama : ' It 's a long - shot we have to take ' '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate profile : Robert Kennedy Jr. says he 's more than a name '' . Montgomery Advertiser . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leder , Travis ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Robert Kennedy , Jr. running for Democratic U.S. Senate nomination in Alabama ; party leader unsure of who he is '' . WAAY - TV . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharp , John ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Who is Robert Kennedy Jr. ? Alabama ' mystery candidate ' with famous name seeks Senate seat '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Brandon ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Crumpton announces he will challenge Luther Strange '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williford , Cynthia ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Lee County man running for U.S. Senate in special election '' . Opelika - Auburn News . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pillion , Dennis ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Democratic Senate candidate Brian McGee drops out , endorses Doug Jones '' . AL.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sell , Mary ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Sessions successor : Bentley to ask for recommendations ; Bedford would consider race '' . TimesDaily . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Brian ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama House Democrats look at U.S. Senate runs '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Brian ; Berry , Deborah B. ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` AL congressional delegation mostly out of Senate race '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Brian ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Craig Ford wo n't run for U.S. Senate '' . The Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Brandon ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Qualifying Democrats for US Senate Special Election begins today '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Jason ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Maddox considering running for governor or U.S. Senate '' . The Tuscaloosa News . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koplowitz , Howard ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Joe Biden endorses Doug Jones in Alabama special election '' . al.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` AL - Sen : Sen. Maggie Hassan ( D. NH ) Helps KKK Prosecutor Doug Jones ( D ) Pull Off A Big Upset Win '' . Daily Kos . August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gattis , Paul ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Civil rights icon John Lewis endorses Doug Jones in Democratic Senate race '' . al.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Doug ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Rally for Doug Jones -- with Special Guest , Congressman Tim Ryan ! '' . Doug Jones for Senate . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gattis , Paul ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Rep. Terri Sewell endorses Doug Jones in Democratic Senate primary '' . al.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` While focus on GOP in Alabama , Doug Jones in Washington to get support '' . USA Today . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cryer , Andrew ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Indivisible Alabama Hosts Democratic Candidate Forum in Cullman '' . The Cullman Tribune . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Moore is unfit to serve '' . The Washington Post . October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our view : Alabama voters must reject Roy Moore ; we endorse Doug Jones for U.S. Senate '' . AL.com . November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tanden , Neera ( @ neeratanden ) ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jones prosecuted KKK members behind ' 63 Baptist Church bombing ... I can think no better message than for him to win a Sen seat in Alabama '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Trippi , Joe ( @ JoeTrippi ) ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Take 5 minutes -- Watch and then help get him to U.S. Senate Doug Jones -- Seeking Justice '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Will , George ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore is an embarrassment . Doug Jones deserves to win '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moseley , Brandon ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama Democratic Conference endorses Doug Jones for Senate '' . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koplowitz , Howard ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones , Democratic Senate candidate , raises $158 K for campaign '' . al.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Berning , Nick . `` MoveOn members endorse Jones for Senate in Alabama '' . MoveOn.org . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Carl ( @ Carl_Lewis ) ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Robert Kennedy , Jr. for U.S. Senate '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Grip , Bob . `` Moore , Kennedy lead statewide survey '' . Fox10tv.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Rick Journey , RNN . `` Exclusive : New poll finds Strange and Moore in statistical tie for GOP Senate race '' . WBRC . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Libertarian announces write - in campaign for U.S. Senate '' . AL.com . September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : LaPorta , James ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Marine Colonel Announces He 's Running Against Roy Moore '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dusen , Ray Van . `` Nettleton native , former Aberdeen JROTC instructor enters Alabama U.S. Senate race '' . DJournal.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Mom , Chanda Mills Crutcher , Enters US Senate Race as a Write - in Candidate '' . Yahoo ! News . November 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kirtdoll , Eulas Devlin Sr -- Candidate overview '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` McBride , Arlester ( MAC ) -- Candidate overview '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mac Watson announces write - in Senate campaign '' . Alabama Political Reporter . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Text of Beverly Young Nelson 's Accusation Against Roy Moore '' . The New York Times . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ; Martin , Jonathan ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` A Fifth Woman Accuses Senate Candidate Roy Moore of Sexual Misconduct '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ivanka Trump slams Roy Moore over allegations '' . WHNT.com . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Erick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Erick Erickson : I do n't blame Roy Moore voters for sticking with him '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mitt Romney says Alabama 's Roy Moore is ' unfit for office , ' should resign '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The GOP appears torn over what should happen with Roy Moore after sexual misconduct allegations '' . Business Insider . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Sean ; Viebeck , Elise ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` McConnell calls on Roy Moore to end Senate campaign following accusations of sexual misconduct '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Max ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` McCain : Allegations against Moore ' deeply disturbing and disqualifying ' '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sen. Mike Lee pulls Roy Moore endorsement over sex allegations '' . Fox News Channel . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daines , Steve ( @ SteveDaines ) ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` I am pulling my endorsement and support for Roy Moore for U.S. Senate . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Moore Has Put Republican Leaders in a Bind '' . Bloomberg L.P. November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowden , John ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` GOP lawmaker : Senate should expel Moore if he wins '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bethea , Charles . `` Unlike Their Elders , Alabama 's Young Republicans Wrestle with the Roy Moore Allegations '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Yurkanin , Amy . `` Young Republican group pulls support for Roy Moore '' . al.com . Jump up ^ Allen , Jonathan . `` Why Alabama Young Republicans deserted Roy Moore '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ `` Evangelicals , Where Is Your Faith ? '' . National Review . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Moore Should Drop Out '' . National Review . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Eileen ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore Gets Full Trump Endorsement for Alabama Senate Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Jacqueline ; Beavers , Olivia ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` RNC reinstates support for Moore after Trump endorsement '' . The Hill . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` McConnell on if Moore should be in Senate : The people of Alabama will decide '' . The Hill . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newkirk , Vann R. II ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` How Alabama 's Election Laws Keep Moore on the Ballot '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Gov. Kay Ivey has no plans to change Senate election date '' . AL.com . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Jesse ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans float pushing back Alabama special election '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Jacqueline ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Strange : ' Highly unlikely ' I 'll run a write - in campaign against Moore '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vazquez , Maegan ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` McConnell proposes Sessions as a write - in to replace Moore '' . CNN . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Moore says press ' mischaracterized ' him , again refuses debate '' . AL.com . November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lockette , Tim ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Moore wo n't participate in Senate debate , organizers say '' . Anniston Star . ^ Jump up to : Kumbroch , David ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore wo n't debate Doug Jones ; campaign declines WHNT News 19 invitation '' . WHNT . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Race Ratings for November 14 , 2017 '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Ratings ( October 25 , 2017 ) '' . Senate Ratings . The Rothenberg Political Report . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama Libertarian announces write - in campaign for U.S. Senate '' . AL.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lima , Cristiano ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Former Kelly aid to mount last - minute Alabama Senate bid against Moore '' . Politico . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` Another Write - in Candidate Enters U.S. Senate Race in Alabama '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate write - in candidates say Roy Moore was unacceptable before allegations '' . Al.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cosby , Rita ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Exclusive with Rita Cosby : Discusses Roy Moore , Al Franken , Kirsten Gillibrand , President Trump , Her Husband 's Past Behavior , Tax Reform and Uranium One '' . WABC . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zeleny , Jeff ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` First on CNN : Obama tells Alabama voters to reject Roy Moore '' . CNN . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Terkel , Amanda ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Man Who Put KKK Behind Bars Will Now Try To Stop Roy Moore From Reaching Senate '' . Huff Post . Jump up ^ `` AL & AZ - Sen : Sen. Tammy Duckworth ( D. IL ) Goes All In To Help Pull Off Two Huge Upset Victories '' . Daily Kos . Jump up ^ Griffin , Kyle ( @ kylegriffin1 ) ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Democratic Sen. Joe Donnelly is raising money for Doug Jones , calls Roy Moore an `` extremist with a record of putting political ideology above the rule of law . '' pic.twitter.com/OQhwOHwNfB '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Weaver , Al . `` Jeff Flake : ' No doubt ' I 'd support a Democrat over Roy Moore '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AL - Sen : Sen. Al Franken ( D. MN ) Gives Doug Jones ' ( D ) Campaign A Boost In Beating Roy Moore ( R ) '' . Daily Kos . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel ( @ DanielStrauss4 ) ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. KAMALA HARRIS sends out a new fundraising pitch for DOUG JONES where she says Moore is `` just like Donald Trump '' # alsenpic.twitter.com/xXL9qAgFSA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Doug Jones raises $250 G a day amid growing Roy Moore scandal '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel ( @ DanielStrauss4 ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Martin Heinrich was supposed to help headline a fundraiser for Doug Jones . The fundraiser did n't happen but he 's sending out a fundraising email anyway . # alsenpic.twitter.com/mxQ15o3lbh '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` AL - Sen : Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto ( D. NV ) Gives Doug Jones ( D ) A Boost In Beating Roy Moore ( R ) '' . Daily Kos . October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AL - Sen : Sen. Jeff Merkley ( D. OR ) Helps Former KKK Prosecutor Doug Jones ( D ) Take On Roy Moore ( R ) '' . Daily Kos . Jump up ^ Murphy , Chris ( @ ChrisMurphyCT ) ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore should never get anywhere near the United States Senate . If you agree , click here and do something about it '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Radelat , Ana ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Murphy says he 's ahead in fundraising effort for Roy Moore 's rival '' . The Connecticut Mirror . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I just gave to Doug Jones ! '' . ActBlue . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schatz , Brian ( @ brianschatz ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Not for nothing but Doug Jones seems like a good guy '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Jonathan ; Burns , Alexander ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Obama Returns to Campaign Trail to Rally Black Voters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debenedetti , Gabriel ( @ gdebenedetti ) ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Now Elizabeth Warren 's fundraising email for Doug Jones lands : `` Roy Moore is totally unfit to serve in the United States Senate . '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` I just gave ! '' . ActBlue . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Jonathan ; Burns , Alexander ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` A Strong Nominee . A Divisive Opponent . But Can Democrats Win in Alabama ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellison , Keith ( @ keithellison ) ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Yes , Doug Jones , AL , is a Civil Rights Hero . Good man '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Tulsi Gabbard '' . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Facebook.com . Jump up ^ Hardball ( @ hardball ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` '' There is no win for Republicans in this scenario unless Doug Jones wins this race . '' @ DavidJollyFL on the Alabama race . # Hardball '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Khanna , Ro ( @ RoKhanna ) ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore 's campaign bragged about raising more than $100,000 online in the wake of the story . New polls have the race as a tie . Let 's make sure Doug Jones has the resources to fight '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Metzger , Andy . `` Baker Backing Democrat Jones In Alabama Senate Race '' . WBUR . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cason , Mike ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Cory Booker , Deval Patrick stump for Doug Jones in Alabama '' . AL.com . Jump up ^ Dean , Howard ( @ GovHowardDean ) ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` DONT GIVE UP IN ALABAMA ! ! ! If we win , we have a shot at the Senate in 2018 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Martin ( @ MartinOMalley ) ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` If you have family or friends in Alabama , encourage them to get out to vote for @ GDouglasJones this Tuesday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Eli ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Trump says man who helped convict Klan members in church bombing case is ' soft on crime ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James , Frannie ( @ KudzuFrannie ) ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you for being there . And , for your support of # DougJonesforSenate . Happy to have you aboard the # DigDoug2017Express # ALSENpic.twitter.com/IaePqMiHQp '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jones , Doug ( @ gdouglasjones ) ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` Proud to be w / AL Rep Anthony Daniels as he accepts a Champion of Women 's Health from Planned Parenthood # WePersistpic.twitter.com/tSWqdraQMR '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Who is Doug Jones , and can he defeat Roy Moore in conservative Alabama ? '' . The Washington Post Powerpost blog . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Jason ( @ Fisher4Alabama ) ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` If he blocks his opponent & refuses to debate , he 'll also ignore his constituents if elected '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bidgood , Jess ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` In Race Against Roy Moore , Democratic Candidate Is Mostly on His Own '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Browse Individual contributions '' . FEC . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Log In or Sign Up to View '' ( photo ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Doug Jones for Senate Committee -- committee overview '' . FEC . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Westly , Steve ( @ SteveWestly ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones should represent Alabama in the Senate because he is an admirable and progressive leader . As an added benefit , he 's not Roy Moore ! ow.ly/seH830gBMWh '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Woodfin , Randall ( @ WoodfinForBham ) ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` I proudly endorse @ GDouglasJones for US Senate . Doug Jones has a spotless record of public service and will represent the citizens of our state with honor and integrity . VOTE DECEMBER 12TH ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jones , Doug ( @ GDouglasJones ) ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Charles Barkley , Uzo Aduba of Orange Is The New Black will join Doug tonight to host our GOTV rally in Birmingham at 6 p.m. Check out the event details below '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Abramson , Seth ( @ SethAbramson ) ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` There are 3 people I ca n't react calmly toward , as I consider them the 3 worst people in America : Donald Trump , Roy Moore and Jeanine Pirro '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Anzalone , John ( @ JohnAnzo ) ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` @ GDouglasJones is the real deal '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Barber , Rev Dr ( @ RevDrBarber ) ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` AL auditor 's bizarre read on the Holy family reveals twisted logic of # slaveholderreligion . If you read the Bible to justify hurting the ppl Jesus loved , you can no longer see the good news for anyone '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pillion , Dennis ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Charles Barkley : Roy Moore should have been disqualified ' way before this woman stuff came up ' '' . AL.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ( I ) f I lived here , I 'd vote for Doug Jones . Jump up ^ Begala , Paul ( @ PaulBegala ) ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Every Virginian who worked and walked ; every American who phoned and donated ; every progressive who put unity over division , you did this . Let 's do it again soon . In Alabama on Dec. 12 , then in all 50 states in 2018 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bell , W. Kamau ( @ wkamaubell ) ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Also ... Alabama , I spend a lot of time defending you . Do n't make me a jerk outta me by turning Roy Moore into a Senator . On December 12 vote for @ GDouglasJones ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Best , Adam ( @ adamcbest ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` If Roy Moore wins today , we must help Doug Jones beat him . An anti-LGBTQ birther who totes a gun on stage does n't belong in the US Senate '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Cardona , Maria ( @ MariaTCardona ) ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` WOWZA ! ! ! And this is a FOX NEWS POLL ! ! ! Fox News Senate poll : Doug Jones , Roy Moore are tied '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Carville , James ( @ JamesCarville ) ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` MUST READ from Bama experts on AL Sen @ JohnAnzo and @ ZacMcCrary I 'm not for the Tide but I 'm for @ GDouglasJones '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Cheadle , Don ( @ DonCheadle ) ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama residents : you have less than a month to register to vote ! Register today / support @ GDouglasJones for # ALsen ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Cherny , Andrei ( @ AndreiCherny ) ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Hard to imagine a more stark choice between Doug Jones and Roy Moore '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Clinton , Chelsea ( @ chelseaclinton ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Alabama Senate candidate '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jones , Doug ( @ GDouglasJones ) ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you to great Alabamians Mike Cooley and @ drivebytruckers for your support and endorsement ! # VoteDec12 # GOTV4Doug '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Collins , Misha ( @ mishacollins ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` If you have a friend in Alabama , call them right now & tell them to get out & vote for @ GDouglasJones ! votefordoug.com '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Cox , Laverne ( @ Lavernecox ) ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` As someone who was born and raised in Mobile , Alabama , who went to high school in Birmingham I implore the citizens of my home state to vote for # DougJones for the U.S. Senate . Please show the country who we really are . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Daughtry , Leah D. ( @ LeahDaughtry ) ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` I 'll be going to # Alabama to campaign for Doug Jones , who prosecuted ages old 16thSt Baptist bombing case and won '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Dworkin , Scott ( @ funder ) ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` If u were wondering if we 're gon na push for Doug Jones to win in Alabama , the answer is absolutely - yes '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Jesse ( @ JesseFFerguson ) ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Longtime Republican , former Jeff Sessions - staffer , supporting Doug Jones for Senate '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Fuller , Bonnie ( @ BonnieFuller ) ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones for senator in Alabama : come on Alabama do what 's right for your state & your families ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Browse Individual contributions '' . FEC . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Doug ( @ GDouglasJones ) ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` '' Please go out and vote , vote for Doug Jones on Tuesday . Do it , it 's the right thing to do '' Jason Isbell '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jones , Doug ( @ GDouglasJones ) ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Honored to have the support of @ chicmadesimple and all Republicans crossing over to ensure a better future for Alabama ! pic.twitter.com/rpKqQAM0ue '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Clara ( @ ClaraJeffery ) ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones is all that stands between us and a future with Roy Moore as a Senator : Read @ pemalevy : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kelly , Michael ( @ michaeljkellyjr ) ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch this video , follow this man @ GDouglasJones , & let 's tell all our friends in # Alabama that this is the direction our Country can go '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kessler , Jim ( @ ThirdWayKessler ) ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore is n't just a kook . He 's a crook '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Samuels , Brett ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kimmel donates to Doug Jones in Alabama Senate race '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ King , Shaun ( @ ShaunKing ) ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Progressives . I share every position you do from Medicare For All , on down . If you say you wo n't vote for Doug Jones in Alabama because he does n't support 82 out of 82 of your positions , that 's dumb AND privileged . Rethink that '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kristol , Bill ( @ BillKristol ) ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` 1 . Doug Jones would be a better U.S. senator than Roy Moore . Moore as a senator would be a constant embarrassment to the GOP . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lavin , Talia B. ( @ chick_in_kiev ) ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` god i hope doug jones wins '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ LeGate , William ( @ williamlegate ) ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Priorities rn for anyone who cares about our country : 1 . Kill # GOPTaxScam 2 . Call FCC to demand they keep net neutrality ( vote is over Thanksgiving holidays to try to sneak it through ) 3 . Get Doug Jones elected to Senate '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sean , McElwee ( @ SeanMcElwee ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones will run against Roy Moore in December . Let 's replace white nationalist Jeff Sessions with the man who prosecuted the KKK '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Messing , Debra ( @ DebraMessing ) ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Support this decent man ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Milano , Alyssa ( @ Alyssa_Milano ) ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` I love Alabama . And I also love @ GDouglasJones '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Max ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` GOP operative : ' I just donated to a Democrat for the first time ' in Alabama Senate race '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Holly ( @ AynRandPaulRyan ) ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` She worked for Republicans : Luther Strange Jeff Sessions Haley Barbour But she 's voting for Doug Jones on December 12 . Thank you , @ chicmadesimple , and every Republican who will vote their conscience '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Oswalt , Patton ( @ pattonoswalt ) ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` If everyone who followed ME gave @ GDouglasJones $1 , we could all wave bye - bye to # RoyMooreChildMolester '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Painter , Richard W. ( @ RWPUSA ) ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama : Unless you want a man who talks like the Taliban representing you in the Senate Doug Jones is your man '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Parkhomenko , Adam ( @ AdamParkhomenko ) ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Russia is actively trying to change the perceptions of voters to favor GOP candidates in Alabama & Virginia . Where the hell is the outrage ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Parnell , Archie ( @ Archie4Congress ) ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Pay attention to the # ALSen race , & support @ GDouglasJones . Doug Jones can win this special election w your support '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Perabo , Piper ( @ PiperPerabo ) ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` I believe in Doug Jones and I believe in Alabama , and I donated '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre , Karine ( @ K_JeanPierre ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Dear Alabama : Polls are now open ! Let 's send a resounding loud message against bigotry & sexual assault . We believe in you ! VOTE Doug Jones ! ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Opinion -- If Republicans ca n't oppose Roy Moore , they 're headed for extinction '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shelbourne , Mallory ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` GOP strategist donates to Alabama Democrat '' . The Hill . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Symone D. ( @ SymoneDSanders ) ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Today , Tim Miller did the right thing . Be like Tim '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Steve ( @ SteveSchmidtSES ) ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Every Alabama Republican who processes an ounce of decency will vote for Doug Jones on December 12th . Every GOP member of Congress with an ounce of decency will 1 . unendorse 2 . demand no party money is spent . 3. refuse to caucus with Moore 4 . Call for Moore to drop out '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Steve Schmidt : ' Roy Moore Is A Pedophile ' -- All In . MSNBC . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Papenfuss , Mary ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` GOP Strategist Says Lincoln Is Rolling In His Grave Over Roy Moore 's Defenders '' . HuffPost . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sellers , Bakari ( @ Bakari_Sellers ) ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` First things first . Not 2018 but Alabama ! Go here . Contribute . $5 , $10 , whatever you can . I 'll be in Bama soon '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sinyangwe , Samuel ( @ samswey ) ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` If Alabama elects Doug Jones to the Senate on 12 / 12 , he 'd be seated by 12 / 15 and effectively * shut down * the GOP legislative agenda. * By next month. * '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Spiro , Topher ( @ TopherSpiro ) ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans already stole a Supreme Court seat . Now they 're trying to steal a Senate seat by rescheduling the election ( ! ) . You know what to do '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Skolnik , Michael ( @ MichaelSkolnik ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Dear Alabama , We believe in you ! ! Vote for Doug Jones ! Sincerely , America '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Takei , George ( @ GeorgeTakei ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Tonight , AL Republicans nominated anti-LGBT anti-immigrant Roy Moore to be their Senate candidate . Let 's help elect Dem Doug Jones instead '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Vietor , Tommy ( @ TVietor08 ) ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Today is a damn good day to donate $5 , $10 , $50 to @ GDouglasJones here : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Doug Jones Can Beat Roy Moore . But There 's One Big Problem ... '' . Politico . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore is an embarrassment . Doug Jones deserves to win '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Will : Democrat Doug Jones deserves to win over Roy Moore '' . MSNBC . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willis , Oliver ( @ owillis ) ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` this doug jones ad is good . its also like a lot of ads that hrc ran and im still pessimistic about alabama '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Key , Keegan - Michael . `` Thank you Keegan - Michael Key for your support ! '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ Wallace , George ( @ MrGeorgeWallace ) ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` People of Alabama , ' Tis I , George Wallace . Do as I , George Wallace , say and vote for Doug Jones . I only want the best for Alabama , as I am George Wallace . Roy Moore hates you & Auburn & the Crimson Tide too . I 'm George Wallace & I approved this message & whatnot '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Reiner , Rob ( @ robreiner ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Today decency , Democracy , Donald Trump are on the ballot . If Alabama votes Doug Jones , it will have a huge impact on preserving our Republic '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Reiner , Carl ( @ carlreiner ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones , I meant Doug Jones , I 'm 95 * 8 mos and I am forgetful ... do n't vote for the sexual predator , Moore , vote JONES ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jones , Doug ( @ GDouglasJones ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you @ kerrywashington for your support and endorsement ! Do n't know where to vote ? Go to VoteForDoug.com pic.twitter.com/fdv5q9Rbo9 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jones , Doug ( @ GDouglasJones ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you , @ BellamyYoung for your kind words and endorsement ! Have voting questions ? VoteForDoug.com pic.twitter.com/e57fPXEvls '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` EDITORIAL : It 's time for voters to put an end to Moore 's antics . The Auburn Plainsman 's Editorial Board endorses Democrat Doug Jones for Senate '' . The Plainsman . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our view : Alabama voters must reject Roy Moore ; we endorse Doug Jones for U.S. Senate '' . al.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three Major Alabama Newspapers Urge Voters To ' Reject ' Roy Moore '' . HuffPost . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vote for Doug Jones '' . The Crimson White . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion -- Roy Moore is unfit to serve '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I just gave ! '' . ActBlue . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AL - Sen : Democracy For America Goes All In To Help Doug Jones ( D ) Defeat Extremist Roy Moore ( R ) '' . Daily Kos . Jump up ^ United , End Citizens ( @ StopBigMoney ) ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` We 're proud to endorse @ GDouglasJones ' fight against the extremist Roy Moore for # ALsen special election ! pic.twitter.com/rnzwLGpArR '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Watts , Shannon ( @ shannonrwatts ) ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Do n't just tweet . Donate : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate Hopeful Doug Jones endorsed by League of Conservation Voters PAC '' . Daily Kos . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ nowthisnews ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` This Democrat put KKK terrorists in prison -- now he might win a U.S. Senate seat in the deep Southpic.twitter.com/Dxos5hRRv2 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Trump fully endorses Roy Moore '' . CNN . December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pence , Mike ( @ mike_pence ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Congratulations Roy Moore ! We are thrilled you ran on the # MAGA agenda & we are for you ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Carney , Jordan ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cornyn withdraws Moore endorsement '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz Endorses Judge Roy Moore for U.S. Senate '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore for Senate . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sotomayor , Marianna ( @ MariannaNBCNews ) ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' I am not able to urge the people of Alabama to support his candidacy so long as these allegations remain unrefuted , '' Sen. Cruz said when asked if he pulls his endorsement of Roy Moore '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Carter , Brandon ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Two GOP senators withdraw Roy Moore endorsements after sexual misconduct allegations '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McConnell on Moore victory : I share your frustration with Washington '' . The Hill . September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Huge : Rand Paul endorses Ala. 's Roy Moore for Senate '' . The Washington Examiner . October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Moore gets endorsements from Alabama Republicans in Congress '' . The Birmingham News . October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Congressman Jeff Duncan of South Carolina Endorses Judge Roy Moore for Senate '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Jump up ^ `` Newt Gingrich gives endorsement to Roy Moore in Senate race '' . The Birmingham News . November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Andy Harris of Maryland and Virginia Senate hopeful Corey Steward endorsed Roy Moore . Now What ? '' . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jody Hice withdraws endorsement of Roy Moore '' . covnews.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Montanaro , Domenico ( @ DomenicoNPR ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Gov. Kay Ivey says , `` I have no reason to disbelieve any of them '' ( the women ) and yet is going to vote for Moore bc `` We need to have a Republican in the United States Senate '' to vote for Supreme Court justices # 2017 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Twinkle Andress Cavanaugh Endorses Judge Roy Moore for U.S. Senate '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Secretary Of State Explains Why He 's Backing Roy Moore '' . WBUR . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` State Senator & Retired General Gerald Dial Endorses Roy Moore '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Jump up ^ Byrd , Caitlin ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` South Carolina lawmaker Larry Groom : ' I stand with Roy Moore ' '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . A Berkeley County lawmaker on Thursday gave his support to Republican Roy Moore despite allegations of sexual assault and misconduct that have surfaced during Moore 's Alabama Senate run . Jump up ^ `` State Senator Bill Hightower Announces Support for Judge Roy Moore '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Jump up ^ `` Moore Campaign Announces Endorsement of Alabama Senate Pro Tem Del Marsh '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Jump up ^ `` Representative Will Ainsworth Backs Judge Roy Moore for the U.S. Senate '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . ^ Jump up to : `` Moore Campaign Builds Solid Support Among Alabama Republicans '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Jump up ^ `` Alabama House Speaker Mac McCutcheon Endorses Judge Roy Moore for U.S. Senate '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . ^ Jump up to : `` Thirteen Alabama sheriffs endorse Roy Moore for Senate '' . AL.com . November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madison County Sheriff Blake Dorning says he has not , and will not , endorse an AL Senate candidate '' . WHNT . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cernovich , Mike ( @ Cernovich ) ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore , who Trump should have endorsed but did n't at advice of Jared , is currently winning special election . Will Jared be fired ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Sean Hannity Stands by Roy Moore After 24 - Hour Ultimatum '' . The Daily Beast . November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Charles Obadiah `` Chuck '' ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Trump , Pence , McConnell and Washington Establishment vs. Judge Roy Moore '' . Chuck Baldwin LIVE ! . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Bauer Endorses Judge Roy Moore '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moore Campaign Announces Endorsement of Evangelist Scott Dawson '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore For Senate . Jump up ^ `` Alabama state official defends Roy Moore , citing Joseph and Mary : `` They became parents of Jesus '' `` . The Denver Post . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Falwell Jr. endorses Judge Roy Moore -- Alabama Political Reporter '' . Alreporter.com . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Saleh , Maryam ; Grim , Ryan ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Neo-Nazi Website The Daily Stormer Is Now Being Hosted on Island With Mostly Black Residents '' . The Intercept . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . `` HOAXFARE : Judge Moore Accused of Making Out with a 14 - Year - Old Girl Decades Ago ! '' . Daily Stormer . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . `` Male Feminist John McTumor Pounces on Roy Moore Jailbait Allegations ( UPDATES ) '' . Daily Stormer . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duke , David ( @ DrDavidDuke ) ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Dr. Duke & Atty Advo : Alabama Landslide Warns Trump to Keep Promises -- Cuckservatives Lie ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` White supremacist leader recently donated to Roy Moore 's campaign '' . Media Matters for America . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Kevin ( @ TOOEdit ) ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Moore 's refusal to quit shows division in GOP , estab wants him out because he supports @ POTUS . Like Dems , it 's politics over principle . Does anyone seriously think Dems who believed @ HillaryClinton corrupt would not have voted for her ? wapo.st/2hl6xnX ? tid = ss_tw '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Nazis endorsed Roy Moore for quoting Hitler `` correctly '' `` . December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sommer , Allison Kaplan ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the White Nationalist Who Wants to Replace House Speaker Paul Ryan '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 -- via Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` Alleged White Nationalist Tied to President Trump and Roy Moore Challenging Paul Ryan '' . Christian Post . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President of Alabama Federation of Republican Women Endorses Judge Roy Moore for U.S. Senate '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore for Senate . Jump up ^ `` Ward Statement on Alabama Primary Runoff '' . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard . `` Roy Moore friend : Doug Jones campaign ' is finished ' over transgender rights position '' . AL.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Asian American GOP Coalition Endorses Judge Roy Moore for US Senate '' ( Press release ) . Roy Moore for Senate . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Young Republicans censure Roy Moore , pull endorsement '' . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Young Republicans withdraw Moore support '' . The Hill . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Daniella . `` NRSC severs fundraising ties with Roy Moore '' . CNN . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Right to Life Endorses Judge Roy Moore in Alabama Senate Special Election '' . National Right to Life Committee . November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Sean ; Scherer , Michael ; Weigel , David . `` RNC to support Roy Moore in Senate race in Alabama , weeks after cutting ties with his campaign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tea Party Patriots Citizens Fund Endorses Roy Moore for U.s. Senate '' . Tea Party Patriots Citizens Fund . September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McFeels : Roy Moore 's Victory Is A Bellwether For Nationalist Politics , retrieved November 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Moore Holds Six - Point Lead On Election Eve '' . Medium . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama -- Nov 30 -- Dec 11 ( toplines ). xlsx '' . SurveyMonkey . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama 7 -- 10 Dec Topline release '' ( PDF ) . Fox News Channel . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emerson College Poll : Moore with Significant 9 - point Lead in Final Poll '' ( PDF ) . Emerson College . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turnout Big Question in Senate Race '' . Monmouth University . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Survey Results '' ( PDF ) . Not One Penny . December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gravis Marketing Alabama poll '' ( PDF ) . Big League Politics . December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama US Senate Ballot Test '' ( PDF ) . Trafalgar Group . December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moore Lead Widens to 51 -- 44 in Alabama '' . Medium . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama -- Nov 30 -- Dec 7 '' . SurveyMonkey . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Journey , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore 's lead over Doug Jones increases in new poll '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big League - Gravis Alabama poll : Jones leads Moore 48 % to 44 % with 8 % undecided '' . Big League Politics . December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emerson College Polling '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Emerson College . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS News poll : Alabama Republicans call allegations against Roy Moore false '' . YouGov . CBS News . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scherer , Michael ; Clement , Scott ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama race is neck and neck , with voters divided over Roy Moore allegations , poll finds '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : JMC Analytics & Polling . `` Alabama Senate Poll Results '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pro-Trump Group 's Survey Shows Close Alabama Senate Race '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moore Opens Up 49 -- 44 Lead in Alabama ; Just 9 % of Trump Voters Believe Allegations Against Moore '' . Medium . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jones closes gap to 6 points on Moore in Alabama '' ( PDF ) . Emerson College . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Journey , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` New poll shows Roy Moore and Doug Jones in statistical tie '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gattis , Paul ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Senate polls have Roy Moore in lead , Doug Jones close '' . AL.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jones Holds 3 - Point Lead In Alabama Following 7 - Point Shift Since Sunday '' . Medium . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gravis Marketing Alabama poll '' ( PDF ) . Big League Politics . November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News Poll '' ( PDF ) . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive FOX10 Poll : Undecided voters may hold key to Moore / Jones race '' . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Isenstadt , Alex ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` NRSC poll : Moore trails Jones by 12 '' . Politico . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Lisa ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Republican poll : Moore 12 points behind Democrat Jones '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gattis , Paul ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Jones takes lead on Roy Moore in new Senate poll '' . AL.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emerson College Poll : Moore Leads Jones 55 % -- 45 % in Alabama Senate Race . Majority of Voters Not Shaken By Bombshell Moore Allegations '' ( PDF ) . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : JMC Analytics & Polling . `` Alabama Senate Poll Results '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Arlester `` Mack '' McBride ( I ) Jump up ^ `` Roy Moore Was Hurt By Abuse Allegations , But He 's Still Ahead By 4 Points '' . Medium . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big League - Gravis Alabama poll : Roy Moore clings to slim lead over Doug Jones , 48 % to 46 % '' . Big League Politics . November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Senate Poll 11 / 10 / 17 '' ( PDF ) . Opinion Savvy / Decision Desk HQ . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Journey , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Moore maintains 11 - point edge over Jones in new poll '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Special Election Poll '' . Politico . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moore leads Jones in Senate Poll '' . Fox10 . October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Journey , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore has 11 - point edge over Doug Jones in new Senate race poll '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News Poll Alabama '' ( PDF ) . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Matt ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Survey of General Special Election Voters in Alabama '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : JMC Analytics & Polling . `` Alabama Senate Poll Results '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Senate Poll '' ( PDF ) . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News Poll '' ( PDF ) . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unofficial Election Night Results '' . Alabama Secretary of State . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Election results from CNN Jump up ^ Kasimar , Ben ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Possible recount in Alabama : What will happen now ? '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ Collins , Kaitlan ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Trump and Steve Bannon urge Roy Moore to concede '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Abramson , Alana ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore Wo n't Concede the Alabama Senate Race . But He Might Not Be Able to Afford a Recount '' . Fortune . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` White House urges Roy Moore to concede , as supporters look for evidence of ' voter fraud ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Last uncounted ballots : Moore ca n't close 20,000 - vote loss '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bugs Bunny for Senate ? Here are the top write - ins from Alabama 's special election '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Louis ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Roy Moore loses lawsuit seeking new election '' . Politico . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Bob . `` Folsom claims lieutenant governor '' . The Decatur Daily News . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Official General Election Results without Write - In Appendix - 2017 - 12 - 28. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who got the most write - in votes in Alabama 's Senate race ? Nick Saban makes top 7 '' . Al.com . December 2017 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official campaign websites Lee Busby ( R ) for Senate Ron Bishop ( L ) for Senate Jeff Coggin ( I ) for Senate Chanda Mills Crutcher ( I ) for Senate Doug Jones ( D ) for Senate Arlester McBride ( I ) for Senate Roy Moore ( R ) for Senate Mac Watson ( I ) for Senate Official Sample Ballot ( 2016 ← ) 2017 United States elections ( → 2018 ) U.S. Senate Alabama U.S. House California 's 34th Georgia 's 6th Kansas 's 4th Montana 's at - large South Carolina 's 5th Utah 's 3rd Governors New Jersey Virginia Mayors Albuquerque , NM Atlanta , GA Atlantic City , NJ Birmingham , AL Boston , MA Buffalo , NY Charlotte , NC Cincinnati , OH Cleveland , OH Detroit , MI El Paso , TX Frederick , MD Hoboken , NJ Jackson , MS Jersey City , NJ Los Angeles , CA Miami , FL Minneapolis , MN New Orleans , LA New York , NY North Miami , FL Omaha , NE Pittsburgh , PA Raleigh , NC Rochester , NY St. Louis , MO St. Paul , MN St. Petersburg , FL San Antonio , TX Seattle , WA City Houston , TX Minneapolis , MN State New Jersey Virginia Territories Puerto Rican status referendum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Alabama,_2017&oldid=827605769 '' Categories : Alabama elections , 2017 December 2017 events in the United States Roy Moore Special elections to the 115th United States Congress United States Senate elections in Alabama United States Senate elections , 2017 United States Senate special elections Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2017 Cite tweet templates with errors Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Use American English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Bahasa Indonesia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 18 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when would winner of alabama special election be seated	[ "Jones was sworn into office on January 3, 2018, becoming the first Democratic U.S. Senator from Alabama since Howell Heflin's retirement in 1997.[26]" ]	[ "January 3, 2018" ]
1107560166613713443	America's Got Talent (season 12)	America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Got Talent Season 12 Broadcast from May 30 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) -- September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Tyra Banks Broadcaster NBC Winner Darci Lynne Farmer Origin Oklahoma City Genre ( s ) Ventriloquism Runner - up Angelica Hale Chronology ◀ 2017 ▶ Season twelve of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent was ordered on August 2 , 2016 and premiered on NBC on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . Howie Mandel , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective eighth , fifth , fifth and second seasons . Supermodel and businesswoman Tyra Banks replaced Nick Cannon , who hosted for eight seasons , making her the first female host of the show . The live shows returned to the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles beginning August 15 , 2017 . The format of the show was the same as in season eleven , and Dunkin Donuts sponsors the show for a third consecutive season . A guest judge joined the panel for each episode of the Judge Cuts round : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox and Seal . Darci Lynne Farmer was named the winner on the season finale , September 20 , 2017 . She was the third ventriloquist , third child and third female to win a season of America 's Got Talent. 10 - year - old singer Angelica Hale placed second , and glow light dance troupe Light Balance came in third . Farmer won the show 's prize of $1 million and a headlining performance in Las Vegas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season changes 2 Preliminary auditions 2.1 Golden buzzer 2.2 Death of Brandon Rogers 3 Judge Cuts 3.1 Week 1 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 3.4 Week 4 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 ( August 15 -- 16 ) 4.2 Week 2 ( August 22 -- 23 ) 4.3 Week 3 ( August 29 -- 30 ) 5 Semifinals 5.1 Week 1 ( September 5 -- 6 ) 5.2 Week 2 ( September 12 -- 13 ) 6 Finals 6.1 Finale 7 Top 36 acts 8 Ratings 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 8.2 Specials 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows 10 References 11 External links Season changes ( edit ) Season 12 judges and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks On October 4 , 2016 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through 2019 . Long - time host Nick Cannon announced , on February 13 , 2017 , that he would not return as host for season 12 , soon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his 2017 Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . Cannon was still under contract to host , and NBC executives did not initially accept his resignation , but they ultimately searched for a new host . On March 12 , 2017 , NBC announced supermodel Tyra Banks as the host for this season . Preliminary auditions ( edit ) The season had preliminary open call auditions in Chicago , Austin , Cleveland , Jacksonville , Philadelphia , Las Vegas , San Diego , New York City , Charleston , Memphis , and Los Angeles . As in years past , prospective contestants could also submit online auditions . Judges ' auditions were taped in March at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles . The premiere aired May 30 , 2017 . Golden buzzer ( edit ) The Golden Buzzer returned for its fourth consecutive season . Any act that received a golden buzzer during the preliminary auditions was sent directly to the live shows and did not compete in the Judge Cuts round . In the first episode of preliminary auditions , Mel B pressed the golden buzzer for 12 - year - old singing ventriloquist Darci Lynne Farmer . In subsequent episodes , Simon Cowell pressed it for 29 - year - old deaf singer Mandy Harvey , Howie Mandel chose 16 - year - old former blind singer Christian Guardino , Tyra Banks pressed it for Light Balance dance crew , and Heidi Klum chose 13 - year - old singer Angelina Green . Each Judge Cuts act that received a golden buzzer advanced to the live shows without any voting by the judges . During the Judge Cuts round , guest judges Chris Hardwick pressed his golden buzzer for 9 - year old singer Angelica Hale , DJ Khaled pressed it for 21 - year old singer - songwriter and guitarist Chase Goehring , Laverne Cox pressed it for 9 - year old singer Celine Tam , and Seal pressed it for soul singer Johnny Manuel . Death of Brandon Rogers ( edit ) On June 11 , 2017 , contestant Brandon Rogers died in an automobile accident . Rogers was an American physician who specialized in family medicine . Earlier in 2017 , after seeing YouTube videos of Rogers singing , Boyz II Men invited him to sing with them as a guest in three of their Las Vegas shows . His successful AGT audition aired on July 11 , 2017 , in his memory . He competed in the Judge Cuts round , but his performance in that round was not televised . Judge Cuts ( edit ) The Judge Cuts round began on Tuesday , July 18 , 2017 . Like the previous season , one guest judge joined the judges ' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced , including the guest judge 's golden buzzer choice . Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use . Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges were Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox , and Seal . After the Judge Cuts , three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows : Final Draft , Bello Nock and Oskar and Gaspar ( who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round ) . All three of these acts were eliminated in the Quarterfinals . Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Quarterfinal Wildcard Eliminated Eliminated Immediately Advanced Immediately Week 1 ( edit ) Guest judge : Chris Hardwick Date : July 18 , 2017 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Hardwick Mel B Mandel Sara and Hero Dog Act Advanced The Baker Family Bluegrass Band Eliminated Mariachi Nuevo Santander Mariachi Group Eliminated The Masqueraders Vocal Group Advanced Eric Jennifer 5 Comedian Eliminated Harrison Greenbaum 6 Comedian Eliminated Dancing Pumpkin Man 7 Dancer Eliminated Tom London 8 Close - Up Magician Eliminated Eric Jones 9 Close - Up Magician Advanced Angelica Hale 10 Singer Advanced Immediately Danylo and Oskar 11 Acrobat Duo Eliminated Lera and Nika Tomanova 12 Aerial Duo Eliminated Yosein Chi 13 Hand Balancer Eliminated Darcy Callus 14 Singer And Keyboardist Eliminated Carlos De Antonis 15 Opera Singer Eliminated Canion Shijirbat 16 Digital Dancer Eliminated Just Jerk 17 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Maw Kitty 18 Singer Eliminated The Singing Trump 19 Singing Trump Impersonator Advanced Demian Aditya 20 Escape Artist Advanced Week 2 ( edit ) Guest judge : DJ Khaled Date : July 25 , 2017 As of 2017 , this is the only Judge Cuts episode in the show 's history in which an act with at least one `` X '' buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows . This was also the only Judge Cuts episode of the season in which an act received 4 red buzzers . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Khaled Mel B Mandel Sammulous Cabaret Singer Eliminated Steven Scott Comedian Eliminated The Quiddlers Novelty Puppet Group Eliminated Str8jacket Dance Group Eliminated Solto & T Dot 5 Dance Duo Eliminated Junior and Emily 6 Salsa Dance Duo Advanced Jokgu and Aichan 7 Piano - Playing Chickens Eliminated Immediately Dakota Striplin 8 Singer and Guitarist Eliminated Chase Goehring 9 Singer and Guitarist Advanced Immediately Azeri Brothers 10 Danger Act Eliminated The Godfathers 11 Acrobat Group Eliminated Tulga 12 Strongman Eliminated Mirror Image 13 Vocal / Dance Duo Advanced Evie Clair 14 Singer Advanced Kyle Eschen 15 Magician Eliminated Xavier Mortimer 16 Digital Magician Eliminated Colin Cloud 17 Mentalist Advanced Pelican212 18 Family Band Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 19 Singing Clown Advanced Yoli Mayor 20 Singer Advanced Week 3 ( edit ) Guest judge : Laverne Cox Date : August 1 , 2017 This was the first Judge Cuts episode in which no acts received a red buzzer from any of the judges . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Cox Mel B Mandel Oscar Hernandez Dancer Advanced Tony and Jordan Digital Magicians Eliminated The Naked Magicians Magicians Eliminated Jeki Yoo Magician Eliminated Herbie Russ 5 Singer And Saxophonist Eliminated Mike Yung 6 Singer Advanced 5 Alive 7 Boy Band Eliminated Final Draft 8 R&B Vocal Group Quarterfinal Wild Card Brobots & Mandroidz 9 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Marisa McKaye 10 Singer Eliminated Celine Tam 11 Singer Advanced Immediately Aileen George 12 Pole Dancer Eliminated Shemika Charles 13 Limbo Dancer Eliminated Jay Jay Phillips 14 Comedic Keyboardist Eliminated Diavolo 15 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Jonathan Rinny 16 Balancing Acrobat Eliminated Bello Nock 17 Comedic Daredevil Quarterfinal Wild Card Daniel Ferguson 18 Singing Impressionist Eliminated Preacher Lawson 19 Comedian Advanced Billy & Emily England 20 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced Week 4 ( edit ) Guest judge : Seal Date : August 8 , 2017 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Seal Mel B Mandel Artyon & Paige Dance Duo Advanced Britt Saasen Singer Eliminated In The Stairwell A Capella Group Advanced Will Tsai Visualist Eliminated Henry Richardson 5 Magician Eliminated Elena and Sasha 6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Lost Legends 7 Dance Group Eliminated Nick Uhas 8 Scientist Eliminated Veronica Gonzalez 9 Foot Puppeteer Eliminated Sirqus Alfon 10 Comedy Trio Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 11 Gospel Choir Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 12 Dog Act Advanced Johnny Manuel 13 Singer Advanced Immediately Maria Popazov 14 Hand Balancer / Contortionist Eliminated Maxim Popazov 15 Hand Balancer Eliminated German Cornejo Dance Company 16 Dance Group Eliminated The Honeybee - z Plus 17 Dance Group Eliminated Merrick Hanna 18 Dancer Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 19 Singer Advanced Brandon Rogers N / A Singer Did Not Advance Footnotes Jump up ^ Rogers competed in this round before he died , but his performance was omitted from the episode . Quarterfinals ( edit ) The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 15 , 2017 . They featured the nine golden buzzer acts , the 24 other acts promoted during the Judge Cuts round , and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges . Twelve acts performed each week , with results announced the on following nights ; each week seven acts were sent through to the semifinals . Puddles Pity Party and Mirror Image received an `` X '' in the Quarterfinals . Demian Aditya received `` X 's '' by Mel B and Cowell in the second Quarterfinals . Key Buzzed Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Judges ' Wildcard Week 1 ( August 15 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Guests : Grace VanderWaal , August 16 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Christian Guardino Singer Dunkin ' Save Artyon & Paige Dancing Duo Eliminated In The Stairwell A Cappella Group Advanced The Singing Trump Singing Donald Trump Impersonator Eliminated Angelica Hale 5 Singer Advanced Bello Nock 6 Comedic Daredevil Eliminated Just Jerk 7 Hip - Hop Dance Group Lost Judges ' Choice Puddles Pity Party 8 Singing Clown Eliminated Preacher Lawson 9 Comedian Advanced Yoli Mayor 10 Singer Won Judges ' Choice Billy & Emily England 11 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Singing Ventriloquist Advanced ^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Yoli Mayor was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Just Jerk , and she advanced to the semi-finals . Week 2 ( August 22 -- 23 ) ( edit ) Guests : Circus 1903 , August 23 Act Order Performance type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Brobots & Mandroidz Hip - Hop Dance Group Eliminated Celine Tam Singer Advanced Mirror Image Vocal Dance Duo Eliminated Johnny Manuel Singer Advanced Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer Advanced Eric Jones 6 Close - up Magician Won Judges ' Choice The Masqueraders 7 Vocal Group Lost Judges ' Choice Light Balance 8 Light - Up Dance Group Advanced Evie Clair 9 Singer Dunkin ' Save Demian Aditya 10 Escape Artist Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 11 Dog Act Wild Card Mandy Harvey 12 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist Advanced ^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Eric Jones was announced to have received more of America 's votes than The Masqueraders , and he advanced to the semi-finals . ^ 2 Due to a technical issue , Light Balance 's performance was based on their dress rehearsal . ^ 3 Another technical issue occurred when the sealed box Aditya was in did n't fall as planned . Week 3 ( August 29 -- 30 ) ( edit ) Guests : Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , and Jon Dorenbos , August 30 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel Choir Won Judges ' Choice Junior and Emily Alabi Salsa Dance Duo Eliminated Final Draft Vocal Group Eliminated Oscar Hernandez Dancer Eliminated Angelina Green 5 Singer Lost Judges ' Choice Colin Cloud 6 Mentalist Dunkin ' Save Mike Yung 7 Singer Advanced Oskar and Gaspar 8 Videomapping Act Eliminated Sara and Hero 9 Dog Act Advanced Chase Goehring 10 Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Advanced Diavolo 11 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 12 Singer Advanced ^ 1 Sara added another dog named Loki in her act . Loki performed throughout the rest of the competition . Semifinals ( edit ) The live semifinals started on September 5 , 2017 . They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals , plus the judges ' semifinal wildcard pick . Each week , eleven acts performed ; five went through to the finals , and six were eliminated . No acts were buzzed . Key Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Week 1 ( September 5 -- 6 ) ( edit ) Guests : The Clairvoyants Act Order Performance description Judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Yoli Mayor Singer ; performed `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' by James Arthur Eliminated Eric Jones Close - up magician : The judges are seated on the stage . A $2 bill in Eric 's hand turns into 4 coins . Simon hands him a signed hundred - dollar bill in exchange for the 4 coins . He shakes the coins together between his palms , and one of the coins disappears . Eric gives Heidi the three coins , asks her to focus on one of them , and makes that coin disappear . Howie holds the two coins between his thumb and middle finger , and when he drops them , only one coin remains . Eric then places it onto Mel B 's hand , teleports it to her shoulder , and that coin disappears as well . All four coins are found under Simon 's 100 - dollar bill , and Eric changes them into the $2 bill . Lost Judges ' Choice DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel choir ; performed `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith Eliminated Preacher Lawson Comedian ; laments being single , explains why he broke up with his ex-girlfriend , Tyra , and worries about passing his big lips on to his future offspring . He ends with a joke about his reaction to his 4 - year - old cousin calling him ugly . Advanced Johnny Manuel 5 Singer ; performed an original song called `` Blind Faith '' Eliminated Billy and Emily England 6 Extreme rollerblading duo : rollerblades on a high platform in which Emily hangs on to Billy in several positions while they spin around . Billy then flings Emily off the edge of the platform into the jaws of animated dragons . Eliminated Evie Clair 7 Singer ; performs `` Yours '' by Ella Henderson Dunkin ' Save Sara & Hero 8 Dog act : Hero pretended to perform CPR on Sara before she `` revives '' and they play volleyball together . Guest performer Loki , Sara 's younger dog , circles backwards around a standing Hero , who then gets on a skateboard and catches frisbees . Sara and Loki get on a surfboard , and then Hero jumps through a hoop before Sara jumps through the hoop with Hero . The act ends with Loki in Sara 's arms . Advanced Chase Goehring 9 Singer - songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` What Is Love '' . Won Judges ' Choice Darci Lynne Farmer 10 Singing ventriloquist 's puppet , Edna Doorknocker , complains about being stuck in the elevator with The Singing Trump , while gushing about Simon . She then sings `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' by Aretha Franklin to him , eventually cuddling a blushing Simon . Advanced Mike Yung 11 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Give Up on Me '' by Solomon Burke Eliminated ^ 1 Chase Goehring , DaNell Daymon & Greater Works , and Mike Yung were not initially announced as performing on week one of semifinals . Week 2 ( September 12 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Act Order Performance description Judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Celine Tam Singer ; performed `` How Far I 'll Go '' from Moana . Eliminated Colin Cloud Mentalist ; printed thousands of tweets collected from the public , each listing a random celebrity , city and object , on cards ( each containing a couple dozen of the tweets ) distributed to the live audience members . Judges collected some of the cards from the audience at random . Mel B selected one card from these , and Heidi chose one tweet on the card at random , which contained a unique list : Ellen , Rome , cheese . Cloud demonstrated with prerecorded video snippets of himself and the judges that he had correctly predicted the list . A picture on stage , when flipped upside down , gave the same list in reverse order . Lost Judges ' Choice Christian Guardino Singer ; performed `` What 's Going On '' by Marvin Gaye . Eliminated In the Stairwell A Cappella Group ; performed `` Castle on the Hill '' by Ed Sheeran Eliminated Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer ; performed robot - themed urban dance routine that involved some flying . Eliminated Mandy Harvey 6 Singer ; performed an original song , `` Release Me '' , while translating the song into American Sign Language . Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 Dog Act ; dogs of varying sizes , dressed as Arctic / Antarctic animals such as a polar bear and penguins , performed agility and acrobatic tricks including walking and handstanding on two legs , sometimes in size order , leaping through hoops and over humans , jumping rope with a human and climbing a ladder . Eliminated Diavolo 8 Acrobatic Dance Group ; dancers rose into the air hanging artfully , or climbing on , and leaping from , various moving , transforming apparatuses , with a post-apocalyptic or futuristic theme . Won Judges ' Choice Kechi Okwuchi 9 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Worry About Me '' by Frances . Dunkin ' Save Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance employing darkness and chromatic lights on set and costumes with a video game effect . Advanced Angelica Hale 11 Singer ; performed `` Without You '' by David Guetta Advanced ^ 1 Merrick Hanna and Mandy Harvey were switched to perform on Week 2 although they were on the Week 1 promo . ^ 2 Klum 's voting intention was not revealed . Finals ( edit ) The final performances took place on September 19 , followed by the final results show on September 20 , 2017 . No acts were buzzed . The season finale took place on September 20 , 2017 . During the finale results , the top 5 acts were revealed first ; then they were eliminated in reverse ranking from fifth place to third place . Darci Lynne Farmer was announced the winner at the end of the finale . She won the million - dollar prize and was set to headline at the PH Showroom at the Las Vegas Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino on November 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 , 2017 . Key Advanced to the top 5 Top 10 Act Order Performance Description Result Angelica Hale Singer ; performed `` Symphony '' by Clean Bandit featuring Zara Larsson . Advanced Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` Mirror '' . Top 10 Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Hero freed Sara from a glass cube by pressing a button . Hero danced around Sara 's legs before Loki ran out and performed alongside Hero . Hero balanced on Sara 's feet and put his front legs in the air . Loki jumped over obstacles and ran through a tube , then Loki jumped rope , with Sara and Hero holding the ends . Hero jumped on his hind legs with Sara , then Sara made hoops with her hands for Loki to jump through . The act ended with Hero running up a ramp and jumping high through the air over a ball pit to grab a dangling bone . Advanced Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; Two acrobats danced around a door before opening it up to reveal acrobats dancing , jumping and sliding on ramps . They then transferred to a large rocking apparatus , climbing on and leaping off of it , and catching each other , with themes of fire and thunder in the background . Top 10 Evie Clair 5 Singer ; performed `` What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong . Top 10 Preacher Lawson 6 Stand - Up Comedian ; recalled an interaction on the street with a mostly naked man who proclaimed `` Black Power '' despite being white . He said the man asked to borrow $75 , and noted that the man would definitely use it for drugs . He then performed an energetic physical bit , imitating the man by shaking and repeating the same phrase over and over . He ended by making a meta observation that while some audience members die laughing from this joke , others say , `` How long is he gon na do this for ? '' Top 10 Kechi Okwuchi 7 Singer ; performed `` Conqueror '' by Estelle . Top 10 Darci Lynne Farmer 8 Singing Ventriloquist ; puppets Oscar and Petunia bickered over who should sing for the Finals . The two puppets then told Darci to keep her mouth closed while they both performed a version of `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by The Beatles . Advanced Mandy Harvey 9 Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; performed an original song called `` This Time '' . Advanced Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance with chromatic lights . At the beginning , echoing the group 's past performances , a dancer in a top hat sat on a chair ( Preliminary auditions ) , followed by a werewolf ( Quarterfinals ) that seemingly tore one of the android dancers in half , although its top and bottom halves soon rejoined , and ended with a person resembling a video game character ( Semifinals ) . Advanced Finale ( edit ) Guest performers in the finale included Kelly Clarkson , Shania Twain , James Arthur , Derek Hough and Terry Fator . Other celebrity appearances included Marlee Matlin . The following chart describes the acts , appearances and segments presented during the finale . Act ( s ) Performance Description Angelica Hale & Kechi Okwuchi Singers ; Guest performer Kelly Clarkson sang , with the two contestants , a trio of her song `` Stronger '' . Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; Guest performer James Arthur sang a duet with Goehring of his song ' `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Instead of performing an act , Sara worked to train the Judges ' dogs to perform several tricks . Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; performed in a space - like setting with asteroids crashing into each other in the background and the dancers jumping off of a moon - like structure . Evie Clair Singer ; Guest performer James Arthur performed a duet with Clair of her song `` Okay Day '' . Preacher Lawson Comedian ; Clips were shown of Lawson performing at the Laugh Factory with Judge Howie Mandel and Kevin Nealon . Darci Lynne Farmer Singing Ventriloquist ; Guest performer Terry Fator , with his turtle puppet , Winston , joked around with Farmer and her bunny , Petunia . The two puppets then performed the comic song `` Anything You Can Do '' . Mandy Harvey Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; Guest performer Shania Twain sang a duet with Harvey of Twain 's song `` You 're Still The One '' . Light Balance Light - Up Dance Group ; Guest performer Derek Hough led the group in a dance routine similar to the group 's preliminary auditions routine . Key 1st place ( Winner ) 2nd place ( Runner - up ) 3rd place 4th place 5th place Act Result Darci Lynne Farmer Winner Angelica Hale Runner - Up Light Balance 3rd place Mandy Harvey 4th place Sara and Hero 5th place Top 36 acts ( edit ) Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Comedy & Singing Singing Ventriloquist Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Winner Angelica Hale 9 Singing Singer Atlanta , Georgia Runner - Up Light Balance 22 - 36 Dance Light - Up Dance Group Ukraine 3rd Place Mandy Harvey 29 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist St. Cloud , Florida 4th Place Sara and Hero 22 & 5 Animal Dog Act North Bay , Ontario , Canada 5th Place Chase Goehring 21 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Nolensville , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Diavolo 21 - 39 Acrobatics Acrobatic Dance Group Los Angeles , California Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Evie Clair 13 Singing Singer Florence , Arizona Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Kechi Okwuchi 27 Singing Singer Houston , Texas Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Preacher Lawson 25 Comedy Stand - up Comedian Memphis , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Audience Vote ) Colin Cloud 30 Magic Mentalist Edinburgh , Scotland Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Eric Jones 36 Magic Close - up Magician Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Billy & Emily England 30 , 27 Danger Extreme Rollerskating Duo Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Celine Tam 9 Singing Singer Hong Kong Eliminated Christian Guardino 16 Singing Singer Patchogue , New York Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 24 - 59 Singing Gospel Choir Various Eliminated In The Stairwell 18 - 22 Singing A Cappella Group Colorado Springs , Colorado Eliminated Johnny Manuel 32 Singing Singer Flint , Michigan Eliminated Merrick Hanna 12 Dance Dancer Encinitas , California Eliminated Mike Yung 56 Singing Singer New York , New York Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 - 35 Animal Dog Act Sarasota , Florida Eliminated Yoli Mayor 21 Singing Singer Miami , Florida Eliminated Angelina Green 13 Singing Singer Miami , Florida N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Just Jerk 18 - 27 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Seoul , South Korea N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) The Masqueraders 72 - 74 Singing Vocal Group Nashville , Tennessee N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Artyon & Paige 9 & 8 Dance Dancing Duo Murrieta , California N / A Eliminated Bello Nock 47 Danger Comedic Daredevil Sarasota , Florida N / A Eliminated Brobots & Mandroidz 16 - 24 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Torrance , California N / A Eliminated Demian Aditya 36 Magic Escape Artist Jakarta , Indonesia N / A Eliminated Final Draft 22 - 26 Singing Vocal Group Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated Junior and Emily 31 & 27 Dance Salsa Dance Duo Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated Mirror Image 16 Singing & Dance Vocal Dance Duo Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania N / A Eliminated Oscar Hernandez 34 Dance Dancer Orange County , California N / A Eliminated Oskar and Gaspar Unknown Variety Videomapping Act Unknown N / A Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 52 Singing Singing Clown Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated The Singing Trump 56 Comedy & Singing Singing Trump Impersonator Palm Springs , California N / A Eliminated Ratings ( edit ) Us nielsen ratings ( edit ) Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank Auditions Week 1 May 30 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 11 12.32 Auditions Week 2 June 6 , 2017 2.7 11 12.53 Auditions Week 3 June 13 , 2017 2.6 11 12.70 Auditions Week 4 June 20 , 2017 2.6 11 12.74 5 Auditions Week 5 June 27 , 2017 2.5 10 12.36 6 Auditions Week 6 July 11 , 2017 2.5 10 12.59 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 18 , 2017 2.5 11 12.57 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 25 , 2017 2.6 11 13.08 9 Judge Cuts 3 August 1 , 2017 2.8 12 13.33 10 Judge Cuts 4 August 8 , 2017 2.7 11 13.32 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 15 , 2017 2.8 11 13.44 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 16 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 9 10.89 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 22 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 12.76 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 23 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.0 9 10.84 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 29 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 11 13.13 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 30 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 8 11.07 17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) September 5 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 13.29 18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) September 6 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.99 6 19 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) September 12 , 2017 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 11.57 20 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) September 13 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.59 21 The Finals September 19 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 12 14.70 22 Season Finale September 20 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 11 15.64 Footnotes Jump up ^ This episode was delayed by one hour to follow Hand in Hand : A Benefit for Hurricane Relief . Specials ( edit ) Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank S1 Best of Season 12 Auditions July 13 , 2017 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.10 10 S2 Road to Finals August 9 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.01 8 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows ( edit ) Demian Aditya appeared as a guest performer on Indonesia 's Got Talent . German Cornejo & Gisela Galeassi ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) appeared on and were the tango dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 , performing after the show in Las Vegas with ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen Live . They also were guest artists in Buenos Aires at the Dance Again World Tour by Jennifer Lopez . Ezequiel Lopez ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) appeared on and was one of the malambo dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 . Canion Shijirbat appeared on and was the runner - up of Mongolia 's Got Talent in 2016 . He appeared on Asia 's Got Talent a few months after America 's Got Talent and was given a Golden Buzzer by the hosts . Nick Uhas was a houseguest on Big Brother 15 and was the second houseguest evicted from the house . Merrick Hanna auditioned for So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation . He made it into the top 40 at Dance Academy , but was eliminated before reaching the top 30 . He has also appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Artyon , half of the dancing duo Artyon and Paige , appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties . Darci Lynne Farmer appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and on Little Big Shots ( UK TV series ) in 2017 . Billy and Emily England appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 9 ) and reached the Semifinals . In 2008 , Emily was the runner - up on Big Brother UK : Celebrity Hijack , competing under the name of `` Emilia . '' Tony and Jordan ( `` The French Twins '' ) appeared on series 11 of La France a un incroyable talent ( the French version of Got Talent ) in 2016 . Chase Goehring appeared on The X Factor ( U.S. season 3 ) . Christian Guardino appeared on Showtime at the Apollo in 2016 . Light Balance appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 8 ) and reached the Semifinals . Junior and Emily appeared on Season 3 of America 's Got Talent , but were eliminated before the live shows . Shemika Charles appeared on Season 6 of America 's Got Talent , but was eliminated during Vegas week . Celine Tam appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and Britain 's Got Talent ( series 10 ) but had to drop out due to a visa issue . Vinny Grosso ( `` The Naked Magician '' ) previously appeared on `` Penn and Teller : Fool Us '' , performing the same routine as his AGT Audition , and successfully fooling the magic duo . The Quiddlers participated in the third season and appeared on I Can Do That , performing with Ciara and Nicole Scherzinger during their time on the show . Eric Jones previously appeared on `` Penn and Teller : Fool us , and he was successful in fooling them . Kyle Eschen & Xavier Mortimer also appeared on Fool Us ( Mortimer twice ) , but were unsuccessful in fooling Penn & Teller . Xavier Mortimer auditioned in Season 10 , but was eliminated at the judge cuts after receiving four buzzers . Pelican 212 appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 . Kyle Eschen appeared on Season 3 , episode 2 of Penn & Teller : Fool Us , Masters of Illusion , and The World Magic Awards . Colin Cloud appeared on Britain 's Got Talent in 2012 , but he did not make it through to the live semifinals . Cloud also appeared on Season 1 of Penn and Teller Fool Us . His trick did n't however fool Penn and Teller . At both BGT and Penn and Teller Fool Us he went under his real name Colin McLeod . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Sets Summer Premieres : ' Marlon , ' ' Midnight , Texas , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' Reality & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkin ' Donuts returns to NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for shows ' 12th Season '' . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Chris Hardwick and DJ Khaled as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Brooke . `` Darci Lynne Farmer , 12 , is the new champion of America 's Got Talent '' , USA Today , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers . `` The winner of America 's Got Talent is ... '' , CNN , September 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This to Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stand my ground ' : Nick Cannon resolves to ' stay firm ' after quitting AGT and picks Ryan Seacrest as heir '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Auditions : Cities , Dates , Video Tips '' . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly . `` America 's Got Talent : A look at Season 12 's Golden Buzzer acts '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Rising Star Dies in Car Crash at Age 29 '' . People . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garcera , Mark Zeanreh . `` Some drama on AGT when Mel B splashes Simon 's face '' , BlastingNews.com , August 23 , 2017 , accessed September 30 , 2017 ; and King , Bill . `` America 's Got Talent Recap : The Quarterfinals Get Underway '' , BuddyTV.com , August 15 , 2017 , accessed September 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Watch America 's Got Talent Live Results 1 online '' . FanSided. 2017 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Live Results 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Witness the spectacular ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stagnitta , Ali . `` America 's Got Talent Recap : 2 Onstage Disasters Prevent Fan - Favorite Acts from Performing '' , Hollywood Life , August 22 , 2017 , accessed September 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.goldderby.com/article/2017/demian-aditya-americas-got-talent-2017-recap-live-shows-news/ Jump up ^ `` ' TV ALERT ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' YOU HEAR THAT ? ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ www.thewrap.com/americas-got-talent-agt-clairvoyants-video/ Jump up ^ Mizoguchi , Karen . `` America 's Got Talent Fans React to THAT Shocking Season Finale -- See Which Fan - Favorites Got Eliminated ! '' , People magazine , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Singing Trump from Palm Springs wowed on ' America 's Got Talent ' with his song and dance skills '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals give ABC a big bump : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals , ' America 's Got Talent ' on top again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 5 -- 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals carries ABC again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' and ' American Housewife ' encores adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads NBC to victory : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBC and ' AGT ' stay on top : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 26 - July 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and All - Star Game adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' MLB All - Stars go 1 - 2 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' streak continues : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' and ' Somewhere Between ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Another week on top for ' America 's Got Talent ' : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' and ' Somewhere Between ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' NFL lead NBC to victory : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Somewhere Between ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelorette ' finale gives ABC a bump : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Game Night and Somewhere Between adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent , Big Brother dominate the broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' The F Word ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' reruns adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NBC runs winning streak to 10 weeks : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent and Hollywood Game Night adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` College football pushes ABC to No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 28 - Sept. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Marlon ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' and ' AGT ' adjust up , ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Football gives NBC a big win : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday Night Football falls but remains on top : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Midnight , Texas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Will & Grace ' special adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` NBC caps yearlong win with ' AGT ' finale , football : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 18 - 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Road to Finals ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Salvation , ' ' Story of Diana , ' ' Carmichael ' and ' AGT ' all adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance 2016 Recap : So You Think You Can Make The Top 10 ? '' . gossipandgab.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Merrick Hanna '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 11 ( 2016 ) America 's Got Talent Season 12 ( 2017 ) Succeeded by Season 13 ( 2018 ) ( hide ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. Demers Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_12)&oldid=828221253 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 07 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the 2017 america's got talent contest	[ "Darci Lynne Farmer was named the winner on the season finale, September 20, 2017. She was the third ventriloquist, third child and third female to win a season of America's Got Talent. 10-year-old singer Angelica Hale placed second, and glow light dance troupe Light Balance came in third.[8] Farmer won the show's prize of $1 million and a headlining performance in Las Vegas.[9]" ]	[ "Darci Lynne Farmer" ]
659068714316866966	IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper	IFFHS World 's Best Goalkeeper - wikipedia IFFHS World 's Best Goalkeeper Jump to : navigation , search The IFFHS World 's Best Goalkeeper is a football award given annually since 1987 to the most outstanding goalkeeper of the year as voted by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . The votes are cast by IFFHS 's editorial staff as well as experts from different continents . The currently holder of the IFFHS World 's Best Goalkeeper award is Ahmad Saeed , who has won the award for five times between 2003 and 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of winners 2 Goalkeeper of the Century 3 See also 4 References 5 External links List of winners ( edit ) Belgian goalkeeper Jean - Marie Pfaff was the first ever winner of the award , in 1987 . The award is awarded every January . The winning goalkeeper is awarded a gold trophy at the World Football Gala . Spain 's Iker Casillas and Italy 's Gianluigi Buffon have the most award victories , having win it five times . Germany 's Manuel Neuer has won the award four times . Below is a list of the previous winners since the first award in 1987 . Bayern Munich , with a total of eight , is the team with the most wins . Year Winning player Winning player 's club Runner - up player Runner - up player 's club Source Jean - Marie Pfaff Bayern Munich Rinat Dasayev Spartak Moscow Rinat Dasayev Spartak Moscow Hans van Breukelen PSV Walter Zenga Internazionale Michel Preud'homme KV Mechelen Walter Zenga ( 2 ) Internazionale Michel Preud'homme KV Mechelen 1991 Walter Zenga ( 3 ) Internazionale Sergio Goycochea Racing Club Peter Schmeichel Manchester United Andoni Zubizarreta Barcelona Peter Schmeichel ( 2 ) Manchester United Sergio Goycochea Racing Club Michel Preud'homme KV Mechelen Benfica Thomas Ravelli IFK Göteborg 1995 José Luis Chilavert Vélez Sársfield Peter Schmeichel Manchester United Andreas Köpke Marseille David Seaman Arsenal José Luis Chilavert ( 2 ) Vélez Sársfield Angelo Peruzzi Juventus 1998 José Luis Chilavert ( 3 ) Vélez Sársfield Fabien Barthez Monaco 1999 Oliver Kahn Bayern Munich Peter Schmeichel Manchester United 2000 Fabien Barthez Manchester United Oliver Kahn Bayern Munich Oliver Kahn ( 2 ) Bayern Munich Oscar Córdoba Boca Juniors 2002 Oliver Kahn ( 3 ) Bayern Munich Iker Casillas Real Madrid 2003 Gianluigi Buffon Juventus Iker Casillas Real Madrid Gianluigi Buffon ( 2 ) Juventus Petr Čech Rennes Chelsea 2005 Petr Čech Chelsea Dida Milan 2006 Gianluigi Buffon ( 3 ) Juventus Jens Lehmann Arsenal 2007 Gianluigi Buffon ( 4 ) Juventus Petr Čech Chelsea 2008 Iker Casillas Real Madrid Gianluigi Buffon Juventus 2009 Iker Casillas ( 2 ) Real Madrid Gianluigi Buffon Juventus Iker Casillas ( 3 ) Real Madrid Júlio César Internazionale 2011 Iker Casillas ( 4 ) Real Madrid Manuel Neuer Bayern Munich 2012 Iker Casillas ( 5 ) Real Madrid Gianluigi Buffon Juventus 2013 Manuel Neuer ( 1 ) Bayern Munich Gianluigi Buffon Juventus 2014 Manuel Neuer ( 2 ) Bayern Munich Thibaut Courtois Atlético Madrid Chelsea 2015 Manuel Neuer ( 3 ) Bayern Munich Gianluigi Buffon Juventus 2016 Manuel Neuer ( 4 ) Bayern Munich Gianluigi Buffon Juventus Goalkeeper of the Century ( edit ) At the end of the 20th Century , Soviet goalkeeper Lev Yashin was named World 's Goalkeeper of the Century by IFFHS . At the end of the 20th century , the IFFHS also voted on the World 's Goalkeeper of the Century , won by the Soviet Union 's Lev Yashin running ahead of Gordon Banks and Dino Zoff . Rank Player Nations represented ( period ) Votes Lev Yashin Soviet Union ( 1950 -- 1970 ) 1002 Gordon Banks England ( 1963 -- 1972 ) 717 Dino Zoff Italy ( 1968 -- 1983 ) 661 Sepp Maier West Germany ( 1966 -- 1979 ) 456 5 Ricardo Zamora Spain ( 1920 -- 1936 ) 443 6 José Luis Chilavert Paraguay ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 373 7 Peter Schmeichel Denmark ( 1987 -- 2001 ) 291 8 Peter Shilton England ( 1970 -- 1990 ) 196 9 František Plánička Czechoslovakia ( 1926 -- 1938 ) 194 10 Amadeo Carrizo Argentina ( 1954 -- 1964 ) 192 See also ( edit ) International Federation of Football History & Statistics IFFHS World 's Best Club Coach Best European Goalkeeper The Best FIFA Goalkeeper UEFA Best Club Goalkeeper Award References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` IFFHS ' World 's Best Goalkeeper of the Year '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFFHS ' World 's Best Goalkeeper of the Year 2008 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iker Second straight year in which the IFFHS votes for Iker Casillas -- Best Goalkeeper of 2009 '' . Real Madrid . 12 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iker Casillas Named the Best Goalkeeper of 2010 by IFFHS '' . Bleacher Report . 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iker Casillas wins IFFHS ' World 's Best Goalkeeper award a fourth time running '' . Real Madrid . 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iker Casillas named World 's Best Goalkeeper by IFFHS '' . Terra Sport. 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE WORLD 'S BEST GOALKEEPER 2013 '' . IFFHS. 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE WORLD 'S BEST GOALKEEPER 2014 '' . IFFHS. 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE WORLD 'S BEST GOALKEEPER 2015 '' . IFFHS. 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE WORLD 'S BEST GOALKEEPER 2016 '' . IFFHS. 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's best Goalkeeper of the Century '' . IFFHS . Jump up ^ World - Keeper of the Century External links ( edit ) International Federation of Football History & Statistics official website The World 's Best Goalkeeper at IFFHS.de ( hide ) IFFHS World 's Best Goalkeeper 1987 : Pfaff 1988 : Dasaev 1989 : Zenga 1990 : Zenga 1991 : Zenga 1992 : Schmeichel 1993 : Schmeichel 1994 : Preud'homme 1995 : Chilavert 1996 : Köpke 1997 : Chilavert 1998 : Chilavert 1999 : Kahn 2000 : Barthez 2001 : Kahn 2002 : Kahn 2003 : Buffon 2004 : Buffon 2005 : Čech 2006 : Buffon 2007 : Buffon 2008 : Casillas 2009 : Casillas 2010 : Casillas 2011 : Casillas 2012 : Casillas 2013 : Neuer 2014 : Neuer 2015 : Neuer 2016 : Neuer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IFFHS_World%27s_Best_Goalkeeper&oldid=806987893 '' Categories : IFFHS Association football trophies and awards Association football goalkeepers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 07 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the best goal keeper in the world	[ "The IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper is a football award given annually since 1987 to the most outstanding goalkeeper of the year as voted by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS).[1] The votes are cast by IFFHS's editorial staff as well as experts from different continents. The currently holder of the IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper award is Ahmad Saeed , who has won the award for five times between 2003 and 2017." ]	[ "Ahmad Saeed" ]
3911584318435789698	Cadillac SRX	Cadillac SRX - wikipedia Cadillac SRX Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cadillac SRX Overview Manufacturer General Motors Production 2003 -- 2015 Model years 2004 -- 2016 Body and chassis Class Mid-size luxury crossover SUV Body style 5 - door Crossover Chronology Successor Cadillac XT5 The Cadillac SRX is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV that was produced by Cadillac from 2004 to 2015 . The second generation SRX was Cadillac 's best selling model in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( 2004 -- 2009 ) 2 Second generation ( 2010 -- 2016 ) 2.1 Safety recall 2.2 Safety 2.3 Engines and transmissions 3 Sales 4 References 5 External links First generation ( 2004 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) First generation Overview Manufacturer General Motors Production USA : 2003 -- 2009 RUS : 2004 - 2010 Assembly Lansing Grand River Plant , Lansing , Michigan , United States Kaliningrad , Kaliningrad Oblast , Russia ( Avtotor ) / Shanghai , China ( Shanghai GM ) Body and chassis Layout Front - engine , rear - wheel drive / Front - engine , all - wheel drive Platform GM Sigma platform / GMT265 Related Cadillac CTS Cadillac STS Powertrain Engine 3.6 L LY7 HFV6 V6 4.6 L LH2 Northstar V8 Transmission 5 - speed 5L40 - E automatic 5 - speed 5L50 automatic 6 - speed 6L50 automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 116.4 in ( 2,960 mm ) Length 194.9 in ( 4,950 mm ) Width 72.6 in ( 1,840 mm ) Height 67.8 in ( 1,720 mm ) Cadillac SRX ( Europe ) Engine options included the 255 hp ( 190 kW ) High - Feature V6 and the 4.6 L 320 hp ( 239 kW ) Northstar V8 . It was based on the GM Sigma platform and came with a five or six - speed automatic transmission ; rear - wheel drive and four - wheel drive and MagneRide were available . An all - leather interior and curtain side airbags were standard in both models . Heated front seats and wood interior trim were standard in the V8 and available as options in the V6 . DVD , sunroof , navigation system , and a power foldable third - row seat were all available options . However the third row was no longer available for the 2010 model year on the SRX . The base price was US $38,880 for the V6 and US $45,880 for the V8 version . The SRX won Car and Driver 's Five Best Trucks `` luxury SUV '' award for 2004 , 2005 and 2006 and was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award for 2004 . For 2007 , a sport package was an available option . The first generation SRX never had the V Series performance model available . The first generation SRX was available through the 2009 model year . The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found the 2005 - 08 SRX worst in its class for driver fatalities with a death rate of 63 compared to its class average of 23 . Second generation ( 2010 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Second generation Overview Production July 2009 -- 2016 Assembly Mexico : Ramos Arizpe China : Shanghai ( Shanghai GM ) Russia : Kaliningrad ( Avtotor ) Russia : Saint Petersburg ( GM , 2014 - 2015 ) Body and chassis Layout Front - engine , front - wheel drive / Front - engine , all - wheel drive Platform GM Theta Premium / GMT267 Related Saab 9 - 4X Powertrain Engine 2.8 L LAU V6 ( turbocharged gasoline ) 3.0 L LF1 V6 ( gasoline ) 3.6 L LFX V6 ( gasoline / E85 ) Transmission 6 - speed GM - Ford 6T70 automatic 6 - speed Aisin AF40 automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 110.5 inches ( 2,807 mm ) Length 190.2 inches ( 4,831 mm ) Width 75.1 inches ( 1,908 mm ) Height 65.7 inches ( 1,669 mm ) Curb weight 4,277 lb ( 1,940 kg ) ( FWD ) 4,442 lb ( 2,015 kg ) ( AWD ) Cadillac SRX 3.0 V6 AWD Sport Luxury ( Germany ) Interior For the 2010 model year , Cadillac introduced an all - new SRX based on the Provoq concept vehicle . The production used its own unique platform with ties to Epsilon II . The V8 has been dropped for this generation . The second generation SRX began production in Summer 2009 as a 2010 model , and has a starting price of $34,155 . The SRX was officially unveiled in January 2009 . It was launched with the choice of a 3.0 liter V6 with direct injection derived from the 3.6 liter unit in the Cadillac CTS , or a 2.8 liter turbocharged V6 . In January 2011 , General Motors discontinued production of the 2.8 liter turbo - charged V6 engine in the SRX , citing poor sales numbers . Less than 10 percent of SRX buyers opted for the turbo - charged engine . This left the naturally aspirated 3.0 liter V6 as the only engine available for the 2011 model year . For 2012 , a 3.6 liter V6 with E85 flex - fuel capability will be offered in the turbo V6 's place . As of the 2013 model year , all trim levels of the SRX receive an infotainment system marketed as the `` Cadillac User Experience . '' 2016 was the last model year for the SRX as Cadillac replaced it with the XT5 which went on sale in the spring of 2016 as a 2017 model . Safety recall ( edit ) In May 2010 , General Motors had to recall about 550 of its 2010 Cadillac SRXs with the turbocharged 2.8 - liter V - 6 because of a possible engine failure if owners use regular gas and then drive aggressively . The automaker said the fuel - filler lid and owner 's manual warn that the engine should not be worked hard if regular fuel is used . Failures in several vehicles owned by GM and one external user led it to discover that using regular fuel and driving hard could cause possible internal engine damage including connecting rod failures . The automaker decided to conduct a `` customer satisfaction program '' to recalibrate the engine computer , but the NHTSA considered engine failures to be a safety issue and argued that a recall was required . The 2.8 liter V6 was permanently removed from production after the 2010 model year due to safety recalls . 3.0 L V6 was the only engine option available for the 2011 model year . The 3.0 L V6 was replaced by a 3.6 L V6 engine for the 2012 model year as the only engine option available . Safety ( edit ) 2016 Cadillac SRX SUV AWD NHTSA Overall : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Passenger : Side Pole Driver : Rollover : 17.9 % IIHS : Category Rating Moderate overlap frontal offset Good Side impact Good Roof strength Good vehicle structure rated `` Good '' strength - to - weight ratio : 4.14 Engines and transmissions ( edit ) Model years Engine Power , Torque@rpm Transmission 2010 -- 2011 3.0 L V6 265 bhp ( 198 kW ) @ 6950 , 223 lb ⋅ ft ( 302 N ⋅ m ) @ 5100 Hydra - Matic 6T70 6 - speed automatic with Driver Shift Control 2010 -- 2011 2.8 L Turbo V6 300 bhp ( 220 kW ) @ 5500 , 295 lb ⋅ ft ( 400 N ⋅ m ) @ 2000 Aisin Warner AF40 6 - speed electronically controlled automatic with Driver Shift Control and Eco Mode 2012 -- 2016 3.6 L V6 308 bhp ( 230 kW ) , 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 353 N ⋅ m ) Hydra - Matic 6T70 6 - speed automatic with Driver Shift Control Sales ( edit ) Calendar year United States Global 2003 5,049 30,019 2005 22,999 2006 22,043 2007 22,543 2008 16,156 2009 20,237 51,094 2011 56,905 2012 57,485 2013 56,776 2014 53,578 87,765 2015 68,850 99,397 2016 22,139 2017 156 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Группа компаний Автотор : : Автомобили GM '' . Avtotor.ru . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr4605.pdf Jump up ^ `` Cadillac SRX '' . Wroom.ru . Jump up ^ Borroz , Tony ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Cadillac Rolls Out All - New SRX Crossover '' . Automoblog.net . Jump up ^ Tan , Paul ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` 2010 Cadillac SRX : with 3.0 L V6 or 2.8 L turbo V6 '' . Jump up ^ Alex Luft ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Report : GM Discontinues Turbo - Charged Cadillac SRX '' . GM Authority . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news/news_detail.brand_GM.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Apr/0412_srx Jump up ^ Cadillac XT5 caught uncovered during photo shoot from Autoblog ( June 26 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Christopher Jensen ( 2010 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Lamborghini Recalling Murciélagos '' . The New York Times - Wheels blog . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Paul Stenquist ( 2010 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Can Using the Wrong Octane Fuel Lead to Disaster ? '' . The New York Times - Wheels blog . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Cadillac SRX SUV AWD '' . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Cadillac SRX Midsize luxury SUV / 2010 Cadillac SRX 4 - door 4wd '' . IIHS . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GM Reports December 2005 and Year Results '' . January 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` GM Reports 341,327 Deliveries in December '' ( Press release ) . Media.gm.com. 2007 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` GM Reports 221,983 Deliveries in December ; 2,980,688 Vehicles Sold in 2008 '' ( Press release ) . Media.gm.com. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` December 2009 Deliveries '' ( XLS ) . GM . January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2011/DeliveriesDecember2010.pdf Jump up ^ Sales : December 2011 - General Motors - 2011 Sales Archive - Forums Jump up ^ GM 's U.S. Sales up 5 percent in December Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2014/jan/Deliveries-December-2013.pdf Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2015/Jan/gmsales.html ^ Jump up to : http://media.cadillac.com/media/us/en/cadillac/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2016/Jan/0107-cadillac-sales.html Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2016/jan/GM-Deliveries-December-2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet and GM Lead U.S. Retail Sales and Share Gains for 2016 '' . Media.gm.com. 2017 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2018/jan/0103-gmsales.html External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cadillac SRX . Cadillac.com Official site Official Cadillac America Forum Cadillac Canada - English mycadillacstory.com -- official video site of Cadillac official UK website Brauer , Karl ( October 1 , 2003 ) . `` Full Test : 2004 Cadillac SRX '' . Edmunds . Clarkson , Jeremy ( April 15 , 2007 ) . `` Cadillac SRX4 : Only a woman could drive this '' . TimesOnline . Cadillac vehicles Current models Cars ATS ATS - L ATS - V CT6 CTS CTS - V XTS SUVs / Crossovers Escalade Escalade ESV XT5 XT4 Official State Cars DTS Presidential State Car One / Beast Historic and discontinued models Allanté BLS Brougham Calais Catera Cimarron Commercial Chassis Coupe de Ville CTS Coupe CTS Sport Wagon DTS Eldorado ELR Escalade EXT Fleetwood Brougham Fleetwood Model D Model Thirty Northstar LMP Runabout and Tonneau Sedan de Ville Series 60 Series 61 Series 62 Series 65 Series 70 Series 355 Seville Sixty Special SRX SLS STS STS - V Type 51 Type 53 Type V - 63 V - 12 V - 16 XLR upcoming XT4 Concepts / Prototypes Aurora Ciel Cien Converj Cyclone Debutante Elmiraj Escala Evoq Le Mans Orleans Provoq Sixteen Urban Luxury Concept XTS Platinum Category Commons `` previous -- Cadillac vehicle timeline , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Compact Cimarron BLS ATS ATS - V ELR ELR Mid-size Catera CTS CTS CTS CTS - V CTS - V CTS - V Seville Seville Seville Seville STS STS - V Full - size de Ville de Ville de Ville de Ville DTS XTS Fleetwood ( FWD ) Sixty Special ( FWD ) Fleetwood Brougham Brougham Fleetwood ( RWD ) CT6 Limousine Fleetwood Limousine Series 75 Personal luxury Eldorado Eldorado Eldorado Roadster Allanté XLR XLR - V Compact crossover XT4 Mid-size crossover SRX SRX XT5 Full - size SUV Escalade Escalade Escalade Escalade Extended length SUV Escalade ESV Escalade ESV Escalade ESV SUT Escalade EXT Escalade EXT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadillac_SRX&oldid=833534277 '' Categories : Cadillac vehicles Luxury sport utility vehicles Luxury crossover sport utility vehicles Mid-size sport utility vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Rear - wheel - drive vehicles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 2003 Vehicles built in Lansing , Michigan Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 04 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what year did the cadillac srx come out	[ "The Cadillac SRX is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV that was produced by Cadillac from 2004 to 2015. The second generation SRX was Cadillac's best selling model in the United States." ]	[ "2004" ]
3627508379639597424	Blue whale	Blue whale - wikipedia Blue whale Jump to : navigation , search Baleen whale , largest animal known to have ever existed . For other uses , see Blue whale ( disambiguation ) . Blue whale Temporal range : Quaternary -- Recent PreЄ Є Pg ↓ Adult blue whale ( Balaenoptera musculus ) Size compared to an average human Conservation status Endangered ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Infraorder : Cetacea Family : Balaenopteridae Genus : Balaenoptera Species : B. musculus Binomial name Balaenoptera musculus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Subspecies B. m. brevicauda Ichihara , 1966 ? B. m. indica Blyth , 1859 B. m. intermedia Burmeister , 1871 B. m. musculus Linnaeus , 1758 Blue whale range ( in blue ) Synonyms Balaenoptera gibbar Scoresby , 1820 Pterobalaena gigas Van Beneden , 1861 Physalus latirostris Flower , 1864 Sibbaldius borealis Gray , 1866 Flowerius gigas Lilljeborg , 1867 Sibbaldius sulfureus Cope , 1869 Balaenoptera sibbaldii Sars , 1875 The blue whale ( Balaenoptera musculus ) is a marine mammal belonging to the baleen whale parvorder , Mysticeti . At up to 30 metres ( 98 ft ) in length and with a maximum recorded weight of 173 tonnes ( 190 short tons ) and probably reaching over 181 tonnes ( 200 short tons ) , it is the largest animal known to have ever existed . Long and slender , the blue whale 's body can be various shades of bluish - grey dorsally and somewhat lighter underneath . There are at least three distinct subspecies : B. m. musculus of the North Atlantic and North Pacific , B. m. intermedia of the Southern Ocean and B. m. brevicauda ( also known as the pygmy blue whale ) found in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean . B. m. indica , found in the Indian Ocean , may be another subspecies . As with other baleen whales , its diet consists almost exclusively of small crustaceans known as krill . Blue whales were abundant in nearly all the oceans on Earth until the beginning of the twentieth century . For over a century , they were hunted almost to extinction by whalers until protected by the international community in 1966 . A 2002 report estimated there were 5,000 to 12,000 blue whales worldwide , in at least five groups . The IUCN estimates that there are probably between 10,000 and 25,000 blue whales worldwide today . Before whaling , the largest population was in the Antarctic , numbering approximately 239,000 ( range 202,000 to 311,000 ) . There remain only much smaller ( around 2,000 ) concentrations in each of the eastern North Pacific , Antarctic , and Indian Ocean groups . There are two more groups in the North Atlantic , and at least two in the Southern Hemisphere . As of 2014 , the Eastern North Pacific blue whale population had rebounded to nearly its pre-hunting population . Balaenoptera musculus Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 2.1 Size 3 Behaviour 3.1 Feeding 3.2 Life history 3.3 Strandings 3.4 Vocalizations 4 Population and whaling 4.1 Hunting era 4.2 Population and distribution today 4.2. 1 North Atlantic 4.2. 2 North Pacific 4.2. 3 Southern Hemisphere and vicinity to Northern Indian Ocean 4.2. 4 Subspecies ' distribution 4.3 Threats other than hunting 5 In popular culture 6 Museums 7 Whale - watching 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Taxonomy See also : Evolution of cetaceans Blue whales are rorquals ( family Balaenopteridae ) , a family that includes the humpback whale , the fin whale , Bryde 's whale , the sei whale , and the minke whale . The family Balaenopteridae is believed to have diverged from the other families of the suborder Mysticeti as long ago as the middle Oligocene ( 28 Ma ago ) . The blue whale lineage diverged from the other rorquals during the Miocene , between 7.5 and 10.5 million years ago . However , gene flow between the species appears to have continued beyond that date . The blue whale has the greatest genetic diversity of any baleen whale , and a higher than average diversity among mammals . The blue whale is usually classified as one of eight species in the genus Balaenoptera ; one authority places it in a separate monotypic genus , Sibbaldus , but this is not accepted elsewhere . DNA sequencing analysis indicates that the blue whale is phylogenetically closer to the sei whale ( Balaenoptera borealis ) and Bryde 's whale ( Balaenoptera brydei ) than to other Balaenoptera species , and closer to the humpback whale ( Megaptera ) and the gray whale ( Eschrichtius ) than to the minke whales ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata and Balaenoptera bonaerensis ) . There have been at least 11 documented cases of blue whale - fin whale hybrid adults in the wild . Arnason and Gullberg describe the genetic distance between a blue and a fin as about the same as that between a human and a gorilla . Researchers working off Fiji believe they photographed a hybrid humpback - blue whale including the discovery through DNA analysis from a meat sample found in a Japanese market . The first published description of the blue whale comes from Robert Sibbald 's Phalainologia Nova ( 1694 ) . In September 1692 , Sibbald found a blue whale that had stranded in the Firth of Forth -- a male 24 m ( 78 ft ) long -- that had `` black , horny plates '' and `` two large apertures approaching a pyramid in shape '' . The specific name musculus is Latin and could mean `` muscle '' , but it can also be interpreted as `` little mouse '' . Carl Linnaeus , who named the species in his seminal Systema Naturae of 1758 , would have known this and may have intended the ironic double meaning . Herman Melville called this species `` sulphur - bottom '' in his novel Moby - Dick ( 1851 ) due to an orange - brown or yellow tinge on the underparts from diatom films on the skin . Other common names for the blue whale have included `` Sibbald 's rorqual '' ( after Sibbald , who first described the species ) , the `` great blue whale '' and the `` great northern rorqual '' . These names have now fallen into disuse . The first known usage of the term `` blue whale '' was in Melville 's Moby - Dick , which only mentions it in passing and does not specifically attribute it to the species in question . The name was really derived from the Norwegian blåhval , coined by Svend Foyn shortly after he had perfected the harpoon gun ; the Norwegian scientist G.O. Sars adopted it as the Norwegian common name in 1874 . Authorities classify the species into three or four subspecies : B. m. musculus , the northern blue whale consisting of the North Atlantic and North Pacific populations , B. m. intermedia , the southern blue whale of the Southern Ocean , B. m. brevicauda , the pygmy blue whale found in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific , and the more problematic B. m. indica , the great Indian rorqual , which is also found in the Indian Ocean and , although described earlier , may be the same subspecies as B. m. brevicauda . The pygmy blue whale formed from a founder group of Antarctic blue whales about 20,000 years ago , around the Last Glacial Maximum . This is likely because blue whales were driven north by expanding ice , and some have stayed there ever since . The pygmy blue whale 's evolutionarily recent origins cause it to have a relatively low genetic diversity . Description A blue whale lifting its tail flukes Adult blue whale The blue whale has a long tapering body that appears stretched in comparison with the stockier build of other whales . The head is flat , U-shaped and has a prominent ridge running from the blowhole to the top of the upper lip . The front part of the mouth is thick with baleen plates ; around 300 plates , each around one metre ( 3.3 feet ) long , hang from the upper jaw , running 0.5 m ( 20 in ) back into the mouth . Between 70 and 118 grooves ( called ventral pleats ) run along the throat parallel to the body length . These pleats assist with evacuating water from the mouth after lunge feeding ( see feeding below ) . The dorsal fin is small ; its height averages about 28 centimetres ( 11 in ) , and usually ranges between 20 and 40 cm ( 7.9 and 15.7 in ) , though it can be as small as 8 cm ( 3.1 in ) or as large as 70 cm ( 28 in ) . It is visible only briefly during the dive sequence . Located around three - quarters of the way along the length of the body , it varies in shape from one individual to another ; some only have a barely perceptible lump , but others may have prominent and falcate ( sickle - shaped ) dorsals . When surfacing to breathe , the blue whale raises its shoulder and blowhole out of the water to a greater extent than other large whales , such as the fin or sei whales . Observers can use this trait to differentiate between species at sea . Some blue whales in the North Atlantic and North Pacific raise their tail fluke when diving . When breathing , the whale emits a vertical single - column spout , typically 9 metres ( 30 ft ) high , but reaching up to 12 metres ( 39 ft ) . Its lung capacity is 5,000 litres ( 1,300 US gal ) . Blue whales have twin blowholes shielded by a large splashguard . The flippers are 3 -- 4 metres ( 9.8 -- 13.1 ft ) long . The upper sides are grey with a thin white border ; the lower sides are white . The head and tail fluke are generally uniformly grey . The whale 's upper parts , and sometimes the flippers , are usually mottled . The degree of mottling varies substantially from individual to individual . Some may have a uniform slate - grey color , but others demonstrate a considerable variation of dark blues , greys and blacks , all tightly mottled . Blue whales can reach speeds of 50 kilometres per hour ( 31 mph ) over short bursts , usually when interacting with other whales , but 20 kilometres per hour ( 12 mph ) is a more typical traveling speed . Satellite telemetry of Australian pygmy blue whales migrating to Indonesia has shown that they cover between 0.09 and 455.8 kilometers ( 0.056 and 283.221 miles ) per day . When feeding , they slow down to 5 kilometres per hour ( 3.1 mph ) . Blue whales typically swim at a depth of about 13 meters ( 43 feet ) when migrating in order to eliminate drag from surface waves . The deepest confirmed dive is 506 meters ( 1,660 feet ) . Blue whales most commonly live alone or with one other individual . It is not known how long traveling pairs stay together . In locations where there is a high concentration of food , as many as 50 blue whales have been seen scattered over a small area . They do not form the large , close - knit groups seen in other baleen species . Size View of a blue whale and its bow wave , showing the blowhole The blow of a blue whale The small dorsal fin of this blue whale is just visible on the far left . The blue whale is the largest animal known to have ever lived . Blue whales are difficult to weigh because of their size . They were never weighed whole , but cut into blocks 0.5 -- 0.6 meters ( 1.6 -- 2.0 ft ) across and weighed by parts . This caused a considerable loss of blood and body fluids , estimated to be about 6 % of the total weight . As a whole , blue whales from the Northern Atlantic and Pacific are smaller on average than those from Antarctic waters . Adult weights typically range from 45 -- 136 tonnes ( 50 -- 150 short tons ) . There is some uncertainty about the biggest blue whale ever found , as most data came from blue whales killed in Antarctic waters during the first half of the twentieth century , which were collected by whalers not well - versed in standard zoological measurement techniques . The standard measuring technique is to measure in a straight line from the upper jaw to the notch in the tail flukes . This came about because the edges of the tail flukes were typically cut off , and the lower jaw often falls open upon death . Many of the larger whales in the whaling records ( especially those over 100 ft ( 30.5 m ) ) were probably measured incorrectly or even deliberately exaggerated . The heaviest weight ever reported was 173 metric tons ( 190 short tons ) ; for a southern hemisphere female in 1947 , it is likely that the largest blue whales would have weighed over 200 short tons ( 181 t ) . The longest whales ever recorded were two females measuring 33.6 and 33.3 metres ( 110 and 109 ft ) , but in neither of these cases was the piecemeal weight gathered . Possibly the largest recorded male was killed near the South Shetland Islands in 1926 and was measured at 31.7 m ( 104 ft ) . Females are generally a few feet longer than males . However , males may be slightly heavier on average than females of the same length , owing to heavier muscles and bones . Verified measurements rarely exceed 28 metres ( 92 ft ) . The longest measured by Macintosh and Wheeler ( 1929 ) was a female 28.5 metres ( 94 ft ) , while the largest male was 26.45 metres ( 86.8 ft ) ; one of the same authors later found a male of 26.65 metres ( 87.4 ft ) and stated that those lengths may be exceeded . The longest whale measured by scientists was 30 metres ( 98 ft ) long . Lieut . Quentin R. Walsh , USCG , while acting as whaling inspector of the factory ship Ulysses , verified the measurement of a 30 m ( 98 ft ) pregnant blue whale caught in the Antarctic in the 1937 -- 38 season . A 26.8 metres ( 88 ft ) male was verified by Japanese scientists in the 1947 -- 48 whaling season . The longest reported in the North Pacific was a 27.1 metres ( 89 ft ) female taken by Japanese whalers in 1959 , and the longest reported in the North Atlantic was a 28 metres ( 92 ft ) female caught in the Davis Strait . The average weight of the longest scientifically verified specimens ( 30 metres ( 98 ft ) ) would be calculated to be 176.5 tonnes ( 194.6 tons ) , varying from 141 tonnes ( 155.4 tons ) to 211.5 tonnes ( 233.1 tons ) depending on fat condition . One study found that a hypothetical 33 metres ( 108 ft ) blue whale would be too large to exist in real life , due to metabolic and energy constraints . Due to its large size , several organs of the blue whale are the largest in the animal kingdom . A blue whale 's tongue weighs around 2.7 tonnes ( 3.0 short tons ) and , when fully expanded , its mouth is large enough to hold up to 90 tonnes ( 99 short tons ) of food and water . Despite the size of its mouth , the dimensions of its throat are such that a blue whale can not swallow an object wider than a beach ball . The heart of an average sized blue whale weighs 400 pounds ( 180 kg ) and is the largest known in any animal . During the first seven months of its life , a blue whale calf drinks approximately 380 litres ( 100 US gal ) of milk every day . Blue whale calves gain weight quickly , as much as 90 kilograms ( 200 lb ) every 24 hours . Even at birth , they weigh up to 2,700 kilograms ( 5,950 lb ) -- the same as a fully grown hippopotamus . Blue whales have proportionally small brains , only about 6.92 kilograms ( 15.26 lb ) , about 0.007 % of its body weight , although with a highly convoluted cerebral cortex . The blue whale penis is the largest penis of any living organism and also set the Guinness World Record as the longest of any animal 's . The reported average length varies but is usually mentioned to have an average length of 2.4 to 3.0 m ( 8 to 10 ft ) . A blue whale skull measuring 5.8 metres ( 19 ft ) Behaviour Feeding Blue whales feed almost exclusively on krill , though they also take small numbers of copepods . The species of this zooplankton eaten by blue whales varies from ocean to ocean . In the North Atlantic , Meganyctiphanes norvegica , Thysanoessa raschii , Thysanoessa inermis and Thysanoessa longicaudata are the usual food ; in the North Pacific , Euphausia pacifica , Thysanoessa inermis , Thysanoessa longipes , Thysanoessa spinifera , Nyctiphanes symplex and Nematoscelis megalops ; and in the Southern Hemisphere , Euphausia superba , Euphausia crystallorophias , Euphausia valentini , and Nyctiphanes australis . An adult blue whale can eat up to 40 million krill in a day . The whales always feed in the areas with the highest concentration of krill , sometimes eating up to 3,600 kilograms ( 7,900 lb ) of krill in a single day . The daily energy requirement of an adult blue whale is in the region of 1.5 million kilocalories ( 6.3 GJ ) . Their feeding habits are seasonal . Blue whales gorge on krill in the rich waters of the Antarctic before migrating to their breeding grounds in the warmer , less - rich waters nearer the equator . The blue whale can take in up to 90 times as much energy as it expends , allowing it to build up considerable energy reserves . Because krill move , blue whales typically feed at depths of more than 100 metres ( 330 ft ) during the day and only surface - feed at night . Dive times are typically 10 minutes when feeding , though dives of up to 21 minutes are possible . The whale feeds by lunging forward at groups of krill , taking the animals and a large quantity of water into its mouth . The water is then squeezed out through the baleen plates by pressure from the ventral pouch and tongue . Once the mouth is clear of water , the remaining krill , unable to pass through the plates , are swallowed . The blue whale also incidentally consumes small fish , crustaceans and squid caught up with krill . Life History A blue whale calf with its mother Mating starts in late autumn and continues to the end of winter . Little is known about mating behaviour or breeding grounds . In the fall , males will follow females for prolonged periods of time . Occasionally , a second male will attempt to displace the first , and the whales will race each other at high speed , ranging from 17 miles per hour ( 27 km / h ) to 20 miles per hour ( 32 km / h ) in New Zealand . This often causes the racing whales to breach , which is rare in blue whales . This racing behavior may even escalate to physical violence between the males . Scientists have observed this behavior in multiple parts of the world , including the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada and the South Taranaki Bight in New Zealand . Females typically give birth once every two to three years at the start of the winter after a gestation period of 10 to 12 months . The calf weighs about 2.5 tonnes ( 2.8 short tons ) and is around 7 metres ( 23 ft ) in length . Blue whale calves drink 380 -- 570 litres ( 100 -- 150 U.S. gallons ) of milk a day . Blue whale milk has an energy content of about 18,300 kJ / kg ( 4,370 kcal / kg ) . The calf is weaned after six months , by which time it has doubled in length . The first video of a calf thought to be nursing was filmed on 5 February 2016 . Sexual maturity is typically reached at five to ten years of age . In the Northern Hemisphere , whaling records show that males averaged 20 -- 21 m ( 66 -- 69 ft ) and females 21 -- 23 m ( 69 -- 75 ft ) at sexual maturity , while in the Southern Hemisphere it was 22.6 and 24 m ( 74 and 79 ft ) , respectively . In the Northern Hemisphere , as adults , males averaged 24 m ( 79 ft ) and females 25 m ( 82 ft ) with average calculated weights of 90.5 and 101.5 tonnes ( 100 and 112 tons ) , respectively . Blue whales in the eastern North Pacific population were found to be on average 0.91 meters ( 3.0 feet ) shorter , therefore with males averaging 23.3 meters ( 76 feet ) and 80.5 tonnes ( 88.5 tons ) and females 24 meters ( 79 feet ) and 90.5 tonnes ( 100 tons ) . Antarctic males averaged 25 m ( 82 ft ) and females 26.2 m ( 86 ft ) , averaging 101.5 and 118 tonnes ( 112 and 130 tons ) . Pygmy blue whales average 19.2 meters ( 63 feet ) at sexual maturity , with males averaging 21 meters and females 22 meters ( 69 and 72 feet ) when fully grown , averaging 76 and 90 tonnes ( 83.5 and 99 tons ) . In the eastern North Pacific , photogrammetric studies have shown sexually mature ( but not necessarily fully grown ) blue whales today average 21.7 m ( 71 ft ) , and about 65.5 tonnes ( 72 tons ) with the largest found being about 24.5 m ( 80 ft ) . A 26.5 m ( 87 ft ) female washed ashore near Pescadero , California in 1979 . The weight of individual blue whales varies significantly according to fat condition . Antarctic blue whales gain 50 % of their lean body weight in the summer feeding season , i.e. a blue whale entering the Antarctic weighing 100 tons would leave weighing 150 tons . Pregnant females probably gain 60 -- 65 % . The fattened weight is 120 % the average weight and the lean weight is 80 % . Scientists estimate that blue whales can live for at least 80 years , but since individual records do not date back into the whaling era , this will not be known with certainty for many years . The longest recorded study of a single individual is 34 years , in the eastern North Pacific . The whales ' only natural predator is the orca . Studies report that as many as 25 % of mature blue whales have scars resulting from orca attacks . The mortality rate of such attacks is unknown . Strandings Blue whale strandings are extremely uncommon , and , because of the species ' social structure , mass strandings are unheard of . When strandings do occur , they can become the focus of public interest . In 1920 , a blue whale washed up near Bragar on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland . It had been shot by whalers , but the harpoon had failed to explode . As with other mammals , the fundamental instinct of the whale was to try to carry on breathing at all costs , even though this meant beaching to prevent itself from drowning . Two of the whale 's bones were erected just off a main road on Lewis and remain a tourist attraction . In June 2015 , a female blue whale estimated at 12.2 meters ( 40 feet ) and 20 tonnes ( 22 tons ) was stranded on a beach in Maharashtra , India , the first live stranding in the region . Despite efforts by the Albaug forest department and local fishermen , the whale died 10 hours after being stranded . In August 2009 , a wounded blue whale was stranded in a bay in Steingrímsfjördur , Iceland . The first rescue attempt failed , as the whale ( thought to be over 20 meters long ) towed the > 20 ton boat back to shore at speeds of up to 7 miles per hour ( 11 km / h ) . The whale was towed to sea after 7 hours by a stronger boat . It is unknown whether it survived . In December 2015 , a live blue whale thought to be over 20 metres ( 66 feet ) long was rescued from a beach in Chile . Another stranded blue whale , thought to be about 12.2 metres ( 40 feet ) long , was rescued in India in February 2016 . Boats were used in all successful cases . Vocalizations See also : Whale sound Multimedia relating to the blue whale Note that the whale calls have been sped up 10x from their original speed . A blue whale song Recorded in the Atlantic ( 1 ) A blue whale song Recorded in the Atlantic ( 2 ) A blue whale song Recorded in the Atlantic ( 3 ) A blue whale song Recorded in North Eastern Pacific A blue whale song Recorded in the South Pacific A blue whale song Recorded in the West Pacific Problems playing these files ? See media help . Estimates made by Cummings and Thompson ( 1971 ) suggest the source level of sounds made by blue whales are between 155 and 188 decibels when measured relative to a reference pressure of one micropascal at one metre . All blue whale groups make calls at a fundamental frequency between 10 and 40 Hz ; the lowest frequency sound a human can typically perceive is 20 Hz . Blue whale calls last between ten and thirty seconds . Blue whales off the coast of Sri Lanka have been repeatedly recorded making `` songs '' of four notes , lasting about two minutes each , reminiscent of the well - known humpback whale songs . As this phenomenon has not been seen in any other populations , researchers believe it may be unique to the B. m. brevicauda ( pygmy ) subspecies . The loudest sustained noise from a blue whale was at 188 dB . The purpose of vocalization is unknown . Richardson et al. ( 1995 ) discuss six possible reasons : Maintenance of inter-individual distance Species and individual recognition Contextual information transmission ( for example feeding , alarm , courtship ) Maintenance of social organization ( for example contact calls between females and males ) Location of topographic features Location of prey resources Population and whaling Hunting era Main article : History of whaling Blue whale populations have declined dramatically due to commercial whaling . Blue whale skeleton at the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa , Ontario Blue whales are not easy to catch or kill . Their speed and power meant that they were rarely pursued by early whalers , who instead targeted sperm and right whales . In 1864 , the Norwegian Svend Foyn equipped a steamboat with harpoons specifically designed for catching large whales . The harpoon gun was initially cumbersome and had a low success rate , but Foyn perfected it , and soon several whaling stations were established on the coast of Finnmark in northern Norway . Because of disputes with the local fishermen , the last whaling station in Finnmark was closed down in 1904 . Soon , blue whales were being hunted off Iceland ( 1883 ) , the Faroe Islands ( 1894 ) , Newfoundland ( 1898 ) , and Spitsbergen ( 1903 ) . In 1904 -- 05 the first blue whales were taken off South Georgia . By 1925 , with the advent of the stern slipway in factory ships and the use of steam - driven whale catchers , the catch of blue whales , and baleen whales as a whole , in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic began to increase dramatically . In the 1930 -- 31 season , these ships caught 29,400 blue whales in the Antarctic alone . By the end of World War II , populations had been significantly depleted , and , in 1946 , the first quotas restricting international trade in whales were introduced , but they were ineffective because of the lack of differentiation between species . Rare species could be hunted on an equal footing with those found in relative abundance . Arthur C. Clarke , in his 1962 book Profiles of the Future , was the first prominent intellectual to call attention to the plight of the blue whale . He mentioned its large brain and said , `` we do not know the true nature of the entity we are destroying . '' All of the historical coastal Asian groups were driven to near - extinction in short order by Japanese industrial hunts . Those groups that once migrated along western Japan to the East China Sea were likely wiped out much earlier , as the last catches on Amami Oshima were between the 1910s and the 1930s , and the last known stranding records on the Japanese archipelago , excluding the Ryukyu Islands , were over a half - century ago . Commercial catches were continued until 1965 and whaling stations targeting blues were mainly placed along the Hokkaido and Sanriku coasts . Blue whale hunting was banned in 1966 by the International Whaling Commission , and illegal whaling by the Soviet Union finally halted in the 1970s , by which time 330,000 blue whales had been caught in the Antarctic , 33,000 in the rest of the Southern Hemisphere , 8,200 in the North Pacific , and 7,000 in the North Atlantic . The largest original population , in the Antarctic , had been reduced to a mere 360 individuals , about 0.15 % of their initial numbers . Population and distribution today Since the introduction of the whaling ban , studies have examined whether the conservation reliant global blue whale population is increasing or remaining stable . In the Antarctic , best estimates show an increase of 7.3 % per year since the end of illegal Soviet whaling , but numbers remain at under 1 % of their original levels . Recovery varies regionally , and the Eastern North Pacific blue whale population ( historically a relatively small proportion of the global total ) has rebounded to about 2,200 individuals , an estimated 97 % of its pre-hunting population . The total world population was estimated to be between 5,000 and 12,000 in 2002 ; there are high levels of uncertainty in available estimates for many areas . A more recent estimate by the IUCN puts the global population at 10,000 -- 25,000 . The IUCN Red List counts the blue whale as `` endangered '' , as it has since the list 's inception . In the United States , the National Marine Fisheries Service lists them as endangered under the Endangered Species Act . The largest known concentration , consisting of about 2,800 individuals , is the northeast Pacific population of the northern blue whale ( B. m. musculus ) subspecies that ranges from Alaska to Costa Rica , but is most commonly seen from California in summer . Infrequently , this population visits the northwest Pacific between Kamchatka and the northern tip of Japan . North Atlantic A blue whale set against the backdrop of the Azores In the North Atlantic , two stocks of B. m. musculus are recognised . The first is found off Greenland , Newfoundland , Nova Scotia and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . This group is estimated to total about 500 . The second , more easterly group is spotted from the Azores in spring to Iceland in July and August ; it is presumed the whales follow the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between the two volcanic islands . Beyond Iceland , blue whales have been spotted as far north as Spitsbergen and Jan Mayen , though such sightings are rare . Scientists do not know where these whales spend their winters . The total North Atlantic population is estimated to be between 600 and 1,500 . Off Ireland , the first confirmed sightings were made in 2008 , since then Porcupine Seabight has been regarded as a prominent habitat for the species along with fin whales . One was sighted along Galicia , Spain , in 2017 . Occasionally blue whales get lost in the Baltic Sea . The remnants of two blue whales have been identified in Finland . One 19 - meter skeleton was found on the bottom of the Gulf of Finland during the construction of Nord Stream pipeline . The vertebrae of a second individual were recovered from a field near Pori on the coast of the Bothnian Sea in 1942 and identified in the Copenhagen Zoological Museum by Magnus Degerbøl . Radiocarbon dating revealed the former had wondered into the Littorina Sea over 7000 years ago and perished , while the latter bones were shown to be 800 -- 900 years old . North Pacific A blue whale 's tail fluke with the Santa Barbara Channel Islands in the background Five or more subpopulations have been suggested , and several of these mainly in the western North Pacific have been considered either functionally or virtually extinct . Of the populations that once existed off coastal Japan , the last recorded confirmed stranding was in the 1910s . Today , call types suggest only two populations in the North Pacific . Some scientists regard that historical populations off Japan were driven to extinction by whaling activities , mostly from the Kumanonada Sea off Wakayama , in the Gulf of Tosa , and in the Sea of Hyūga . Nowadays , possible vagrants from either eastern or offshore populations are observed on very rare occasions off Kushiro . There were also small , but constant catch records around the Korean Peninsula and in the coastal waters of the Sea of Japan ; this species is normally considered not to frequent into marginal seas , such as the Sea of Okhotsk , on usual migrations . Whales were known to migrate further north to eastern Kamchatka , the Gulf of Anadyr , off Abashiri or the southern Sea of Okhotsk , and the Commander Islands . Only three sightings were made between 1994 and 2004 in Russia with one sighted off east coast of the peninsula in 2009 , and the last known occurrence in the eastern Sea of Okhotsk was in 1948 . In addition , whales have not been confirmed off the Commander Islands for over past 80 years . In 2017 , 13 or more whales were observed off Kamchatka and Commander Islands . Historically , wintering grounds existed off the Hawaiian Archipelago , the Northern Mariana Islands , the Bonin Islands and Ryukyu Islands , the Philippines , Taiwan , the Zhoushan Archipelago , and the South China Sea such as in Daya Bay , off the Leizhou Peninsula , and off Hainan Island , and further south to the Paracel Islands . A stranding was recorded in Wanning in 2005 . One whale was sighted off Weizhou Island in 2017 . For further status in Chinese and Korean waters , see Wildlife of China . As of 2014 , the eastern North Pacific blue whale population had rebounded to an estimated 2,200 individuals , which is thought to be about 97 % of its pre-whaling numbers . Southern Hemisphere and vicinity to northern Indian Ocean Blue whale in Antarctica In the Southern Hemisphere , there appear to be two distinct subspecies , B. m. intermedia , the Antarctic blue whale , and the little - studied pygmy blue whale , B. m. brevicauda , found in Indian Ocean waters . The most recent surveys ( midpoint 1998 ) provided an estimate of 2,280 blue whales in the Antarctic ( of which fewer than 1 % are likely to be pygmy blue whales ) . Estimates from a 1996 survey show that 424 pygmy blue whales were in a small area south of Madagascar ( the Madagascar Plateau ) alone , thus it is likely that numbers in the entire Indian Ocean are in the thousands . If this is true , the global numbers would be much higher than estimates predict . However , slower reproduction rate of the species , along with the impacts of whaling , may affect population recoveries as the total population size is predicted to be at less than 50 % of its pre-whaling state by 2100 . Several congregating grounds are recently confirmed in Oceania , such as Perth Canyon off Rottnest Island , the Great Australian Bight off Portland , and in South Taranaki Bight and off Kahurangi Point which was discovered just in 2007 and was confirmed in 2014 , representing possibly a unique population based on haplotypes . Southern blue and pygmy blue females use waters off Western Australia , and coastal areas of eastern North Island of New Zealand , from Northland waters such as the Bay of Islands and Hauraki Gulf to the Bay of Plenty in the south , as breeding and calving grounds . Whales off southern and western Australia are known to migrate into tropical coastal waters in Indonesia , Philippines , and off East Timor . ( Animals in the Philippines may or may not originate from North Pacific populations or from a pygmy blue population in the northern Indian Ocean as whales regularly appear off Bohol , north of the Equator . ) At least on occasions , whales also migrate through remote islands such as Cook Islands , and Chilean pelagic waters adjacent to Easter Island and Isla Salas y Gómez , where possibilities of undiscovered wintering grounds have been considered . Blue whales also migrate through western African waters such as off Angola and Mauritania , and at least whales around Iceland are known to migrate to Mauritania . Subspecies ' distribution A pygmy blue whale off Sri Lanka A fourth subspecies , B. m. indica , was identified by Blyth in 1859 in the northern Indian Ocean , but is now thought to be the same subspecies as B. m. brevicauda , the pygmy blue whale . Records for Soviet catches seem to indicate that the female adult size is closer to that of the pygmy blue than B. m. musculus ; the populations of B. m. indica and B. m. brevicauda appear to be discrete , and the breeding seasons differ by almost six months . Along mainland Indian coasts , appearances of whales had been scarce excluding unconfirmed record ( s ) , the first blue whale since after the last stranding record in Maharashtra in 1914 , was sighted off Kunkeshwar along with several Bryde 's whales in May 2015 . Migratory patterns of these subspecies are not well known . For example , pygmy blue whales have been recorded in the northern Indian Ocean ( Oman , Maldives and Sri Lanka ) , where they may form a distinct resident population . Furthermore , sightings have been recorded from elsewhere in and adjacent to Arabian Sea , including from Gulf of Aden , Persian Gulf , coasts of Bay of Bengal including Bangladesh to Myanmar , and within the Strait of Malacca . The first official confirmation within Thailand 's EEZ occurred at Trang in 2013 . In addition , the population of blue whales occurring off Chile and Peru may also be a distinct subspecies . Some Antarctic blue whales approach the eastern South Atlantic coast in winter , and occasionally , their vocalizations are heard off Peru , Western Australia , and in the northern Indian Ocean . In Chile , the Cetacean Conservation Center , with support from the Chilean Navy , is undertaking extensive research and conservation work on a recently discovered feeding aggregation of the species off the coast of Chiloe Island in the Gulf of Corcovado ( Chiloé National Park ) , where 326 blue whales were spotted in 2007 . In this regions , it is normal for blue whales to enter Fiords . Whales also reach southern Los Lagos , such as off Caleta Zorra , live along with other rorquals . Efforts to calculate the blue whale population more accurately are supported by marine mammologists at Duke University , who maintain the Ocean Biogeographic Information System -- Spatial Ecological Analysis of Megavertebrate Populations ( OBIS - SEAMAP ) , a collation of marine mammal sighting data from around 130 sources . Threats other than hunting A blue whale surfaces Blue whales stop producing foraging D calls once a mid-frequency sonar is activated , even though the sonar frequency range ( 1 -- 8 kHz ) far exceeds their sound production range ( 25 -- 100 Hz ) . Due to their enormous size , power and speed , adult blue whales have virtually no natural predators . There is one documented case in National Geographic Magazine of a blue whale being attacked by orcas off the Baja California Peninsula ; the orcas were unable to kill the animal outright during their attack , but the blue whale sustained serious wounds and probably died as a result of them shortly after the attack . In March 2014 , a pack of orcas harassed a blue whale off California , with one of them biting the tip of the blue whale 's tail fluke . The blue whale attempted to tail slap the orca and fled at high speed . A similar incident happened on May 18 , 2017 in Monterey Bay , with the orcas swimming in a line up to the blue whale 's side . The blue whale fled and escaped . Orcas have virtually no chance against an adult blue whale , but may attack them on occasion anyway for their own enjoyment . Up to a quarter of the blue whales identified in Baja bear scars from orca attacks . Blue whales may be wounded , sometimes fatally , after colliding with ocean vessels , as well as becoming trapped or entangled in fishing gear . Ship strikes in particular have killed many blue whales in California . In September 2007 , three dead blue whales washed up in southern California after being killed by ship strikes . A similar incident occurred in northern California in 2017 , possibly also 2010 . Ship strikes are also a serious problem in Sri Lanka , and scientists believe this problem could be nearly eliminated by moving the shipping lanes 15 nautical miles to the south . The ever - increasing amount of ocean noise , including sonar , drowns out the vocalizations produced by whales , which makes it harder for them to communicate . Blue whales stop producing foraging D calls once a mid-frequency sonar is activated , even though the sonar frequency range ( 1 -- 8 kHz ) far exceeds their sound production range ( 25 -- 100 Hz ) . Research on blue whales in the Southern California Bight has shown that mid-frequency sonar use interferes with foraging behavior , sometimes causing the whales to abandon their feeding . Human threats to the potential recovery of blue whale populations also include accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyl ( PCB ) chemicals within the whale 's body . With global warming causing glaciers and permafrost to melt rapidly and allowing a large amount of fresh water to flow into the oceans , there are concerns that if the amount of fresh water in the oceans reaches a critical point , there will be a disruption in the thermohaline circulation . Considering the blue whale 's migratory patterns are based on ocean temperature , a disruption in this circulation , which moves warm and cold water around the world , would be likely to have an effect on their migration . The whales summer in the cool , high latitudes , where they feed in krill - abundant waters ; they winter in warmer , low latitudes , where they mate and give birth . The change in ocean temperature would also affect the blue whale 's food supply . The warming trend and decreased salinity levels would cause a significant shift in krill location and abundance . In popular culture Before modern whaling began in the late 19th century , blue whales were obscure and very poorly understood . They , along with other large whales were mythologized and indistinguishable from sea monsters . Even after the first specimens were described , the blue whale went by many names and scientists often described their specimens as new species . Descriptions and illustrations were inaccurate . The taxonomy was eventually resolved , but many mysteries remained . The blue whale rose from relative obscurity in the 1970s , after the release of the Songs of the Humpback Whale . The difference between the humpback and the blue whale was not well known to most people , who conflated the species in their minds . To many listeners , the haunting songs seemed like a cry for help . Environmentalists developed the image of a lonely blue whale singing out in an empty ocean , since whalers had nearly hunted the species to extinction . Today , the blue whale is renowned for being the largest animal ever to have lived . In part because of its legendary status , many misconceptions still exist . For example , its size is often exaggerated . Many popular sources give the maximum length as 110 feet ( 34 meters ) or more . While such lengths were reported in the whaling records , they were not scientifically verified and were probably exaggerated . Virtually all books and articles that mention the blue whale claim that it can reach 100 feet ( 30 meters ) . This is probably true ( the largest verified specimen was 30 meters , 98 feet but is highly misleading as the average size is much smaller . The global population was reduced by more than 99 % during the 20th century . Most of this was in the Antarctic , which had been reduced to 360 individuals or about 0.15 % of their original numbers ; other populations were not as badly depleted . The Antarctic blue whale population is growing at the relatively rapid rate of about 7.3 % per year , but it was hunted to such a low level that it remains at a tiny fraction of pre-whaling numbers . The global population still requires protection , but it is not in immediate danger of extinction . Other myths and misconceptions include that the blue whale 's arteries can be swum through , that the heartbeat can be heard from 19 miles away , and that the blue whale penis is 16 feet long . Museums The blue whale skeleton in the Natural History Museum , London The Natural History Museum in London contains a famous mounted skeleton and life - size model of a blue whale , which were both the first of their kind in the world , but have since been replicated at the University of California , Santa Cruz . Similarly , the American Museum of Natural History in New York City has a full - size model in its Milstein Family Hall of Ocean Life . A juvenile blue whale skeleton named KOBO is installed at the New Bedford Whaling Museum in New Bedford , Massachusetts . The Exhibition Lab 's blue whale at the American Museum of Natural History The Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach , California , features a life - size model of a mother blue whale with her calf suspended from the ceiling of its main hall . The Beaty Biodiversity Museum at the University of British Columbia , Canada , houses a display of a blue whale skeleton ( skull is cast replica ) directly on the main campus boulevard . A real skeleton of a blue whale at the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa was also unveiled in May 2010 . The Royal Ontario Museum obtained a blue whale , which died in Newfoundland and Labrador in 2014 , and began an exhibition in 2016 to display its skeleton in Toronto . The Museum of Natural History in Gothenburg , Sweden , contains the only stuffed blue whale in the world , with its skeleton mounted beside it . Two skeletons are held in Ukraine : in Odessa and Kherson . Blue whale skeleton , outside the Long Marine Laboratory at the University of California , Santa Cruz The Melbourne Museum and Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa both feature a skeleton of the pygmy blue whale . The North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences in Raleigh , North Carolina , has a mounted skeleton of a blue whale . The South African Museum in Cape Town features a hall devoted to whales and natural history known as the Whale Well . The centrepiece of the exhibit is a suspended mounted blue whale skeleton , from the carcass of a partially mature specimen that washed ashore in the mid 1980s . The skeleton 's jaw bones are mounted on the floor of Whale Well to permit visitors direct contact with them , and to walk between them so as to appreciate the size of the animal . Other mounted skeletons include that of a humpback whale and a right whale , together with in - scale composite models of other whales , dolphins and porpoises . The Tokyo National Museum in Ueno Park displays a life - sized model of a blue whale in the front . Several other institutions such as Tokai University and Taiji Whale Museum hold skeletons or skeleton models of Pygmy blue whales , while several churches and buildings in western Japan including Nagasaki Prefecture display the jawbone of captured animals as a gate . Whale - watching Blue whales may be encountered ( but rarely ) on whale - watching cruises in the Gulf of Maine and are the main attractions along the north shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and in the Saint Lawrence estuary . Blue whales can also be seen off Southern California , starting as early as March and April , with the peak between July and September . More whales have been observed close to shore along with fin whales . In Chile , the Alfaguara project combines conservation measures for the population of blue whales feeding off Chiloé Island with whale watching and other ecotourism activities that bring economic benefits to the local people . Whale - watching , principally blue whales , is also carried out south of Sri Lanka . Whales are widely seen along the coast of Chile and Peru near the coast , occasionally making mixed groups with fin , sei , and Bryde 's whales . In Australia , pygmy blue and Antarctic blue whales have been observed from various tours in almost all the coastlines of the continent . Among these , tours with sightings likely the highest rate are on west coast such as in Geographe Bay and in southern bight off Portland . For later , special tours to observe pygmy blues by helicopters are organized . In New Zealand , whales have been seen in many areas close to shore , most notably around the Northland coast , in the Hauraki Gulf and the Bay of Plenty . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Hucke - Gaete , Rodrigo ; Layla P. Osman ; Carlos A. Moreno ; Ken P. Findlay & Don K. Ljungblad ( 2003 ) . `` Discovery of a Blue Whale Feeding and Nursing Ground in Southern Chile '' . The Royal Society . 271 Suppl 4 : s170 -- s173 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2003.0132 . PMC 1810017 . PMID 15252974 . Jump up ^ Moline , Mark A. ; Herve Claustre ; Thomas K. Frazer ; Oscar Schofield & Maria Vernet ( 2004 ) . `` Alteration of the Food Web Along the Antarctic Peninsula in Response to a Regional Warming Trend '' . Global Change Biology . 10 ( 12 ) : 1973 -- 1980 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.486. 7880 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2486.2004. 00825. x . Jump up ^ `` Sizing ocean giants : patterns of intraspecific size variation in marine megafauna '' by Craig R. McClain , Meghan A. Balk , Mark C. Benfield , Trevor A. Branch , Catherine Chen , James Cosgrove , Alistair D.M. Dove , Lindsay C. Gaskins , Rebecca R. Helm , Frederick G. Hochberg , Frank B. Lee , Andrea Marshall , Steven E. McMurray , Caroline Schanche , Shane N. Stone , Andrew D. Thaler https://peerj.com/articles/715/ Jump up ^ `` Blue Whales '' . American Cetacean Society . Jump up ^ `` Aquarium of the Pacific -- Online Learning Center -- Blue Whale '' . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Whale Project '' . Beaty Biodiversity Museum . Vancouver , BC : University of British Columbia . 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2010 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Canada . `` Exhibition : RBC Blue Water Gallery Canadian Museum of Nature '' . Nature.ca . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Whale Exhibition -- Tickets -- Royal Ontario Museum '' . www.rom.on.ca . Jump up ^ `` Пресс - служба Одесского национального университета имени И. И . Мечникова '' . Jump up ^ `` Topic : Pygmy blue whale ( Balaenoptera musculus ) '' . The suspended skeleton in Mountains to the Sea ... Jump up ^ Wenzel FW , Mattila DK , Clapham PJ ( 1988 ) . `` Balaenoptera musculus in the Gulf of Maine '' . Mar Mammal Sci. 4 ( 2 ) : 172 -- 175 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 7692.1988. tb00198. x . Jump up ^ `` Blue Whales Spotted In Unusually Large Numbers Off Southern California Shore '' . The Huffington Post . 21 September 2010 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alfaguara project '' ( PDF ) . Rufford Small Grant s Foundation . January 2008 . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Gehan de Silva Wijeyeratne . `` Is southern Sri Lanka the world 's top spot for seeing Blue and Sperm whales ? '' . Wildlife Extra.com . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Whales arrive in Geographe Bay '' . Whale watching & Deep sea fishing charters in South West Australia . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ HeliExplore . YouTube . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kim Westerskov . `` Blue Whale Feeding Near Shore New Zealand ストックフォト 91275736 '' . Getty Images . Further reading Randall R. Reeves ; Brent S. Stewart ; Phillip J. Clapham ; James A. Powell ( 2002 ) . National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World . Alfred A. Knopf , Inc . ISBN 0375411410 . pp. 89 -- 93 . J. Calambokidis & G. Steiger ( 1998 ) . Blue Whales . Voyageur Press . ISBN 0 - 89658 - 338 - 4 . `` Blue Whale '' . American Cetacean Society . Archived from the original on 29 December 2004 . Retrieved 7 January 2005 . `` Blue whale , Balaenoptera musculus '' . MarineBio.org . Retrieved 21 April 2006 . NOAA Fisheries , Office of Protected Resources Blue whale biology & status External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balaenoptera musculus . Wikispecies has information related to Balaenoptera musculus Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Blue whale '' dated 2006 - 04 - 13 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Photographs and movies from ARKive Blue whale vocalizations -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology -- Bioacoustics Research Program BBC News -- Great whales Blue whale video clips and news from the BBC -- BBC Wildlife Finder Voices in the Sea -- Sounds of the Blue Whale Cetaceans portal Mammals portal Animals portal Biology portal Marine Life portal Extant Cetacea species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Laurasiatheria Order Cetartiodactyla Suborder Whippomorpha ( hide ) Parvorder Mysticeti ( Baleen whales ) Balaenidae Balaena Bowhead whale ( B. mysticetus ) Eubalaena ( Right whales ) Southern right whale ( E. australis ) North Atlantic right whale ( E. glacialis ) North Pacific right whale ( E. japonica ) Balaenopteridae ( Rorquals ) Balaenoptera Common minke whale ( B. acutorostrata ) Antarctic minke whale ( B. bonaerensis ) Sei whale ( B. borealis ) Bryde 's whale ( B. brydei ) Pygmy Bryde 's whale ( B. edeni ) Blue whale ( B. musculus ) Omura 's whale ( B. omurai ) Fin whale ( B. physalus ) Megaptera Humpback whale ( M. novaeangliae ) Eschrichtiidae Eschrichtius Gray whale ( E. robustus ) Neobalaenidae Caperea Pygmy right whale ( C. marginata ) Parvorder Odontoceti ( Toothed whales ) ( cont . below ) Delphinidae ( Oceanic dolphins ) Cephalorhynchus Commerson 's dolphin ( C. commersonii ) Chilean dolphin ( C. eutropia ) Heaviside 's dolphin ( C. heavisidii ) Hector 's dolphin ( C. hectori ) Delphinus Long - beaked common dolphin ( D. capensis ) Short - beaked common dolphin ( D. delphis ) Feresa Pygmy killer whale ( F. attenuata ) Globicephala ( Pilot whales ) Short - finned pilot whale ( G. macrorhynchus ) Long - finned pilot whale ( G. melas ) Grampus Risso 's dolphin ( G. griseus ) Lagenodelphis Fraser 's dolphin ( L. hosei ) Lagenorhynchus Atlantic white - sided dolphin ( L. acutus ) White - beaked dolphin ( L. albirostris ) Peale 's dolphin ( L. australis ) Hourglass dolphin ( L. cruciger ) Pacific white - sided dolphin ( L. obliquidens ) Dusky dolphin ( L. obscurus ) Lissodelphis ( Right whale dolphins ) Northern right whale dolphin ( L. borealis ) Southern right whale dolphin ( L. peronii ) Orcaella Irrawaddy dolphin ( O. brevirostris ) Australian snubfin dolphin ( O. heinsohni ) Orcinus Killer whale ( O. orca ) Peponocephala Melon - headed whale ( P. electra ) Pseudorca False killer whale ( P. crassidens ) Sotalia Tucuxi ( S. fluviatilis ) Guiana dolphin ( S. guianensis ) Sousa Indo - Pacific humpbacked dolphin ( S. chinensis ) Atlantic humpback dolphin ( S. teuszii ) Stenella Pantropical spotted dolphin ( S. attenuata ) Clymene dolphin ( S. clymene ) Striped dolphin ( S. coeruleoalba ) Atlantic spotted dolphin ( S. frontalis ) Spinner dolphin ( S. longirostris ) Steno Rough - toothed dolphin ( S. bredanensis ) Tursiops Indo - Pacific bottlenose dolphin ( T. aduncus ) Burrunan dolphin ( T. australis ) Common bottlenose dolphin ( T. truncatus ) Monodontidae Delphinapterus Beluga ( D. leucas ) Monodon Narwhal ( M. monoceros ) Phocoenidae Neophocaena Finless porpoise ( N. phocaeniodes ) Narrow - ridged finless porpoise ( N. asiaorientalis ) Phocoena Spectacled porpoise ( P. dioptrica ) Harbor porpoise ( P. phocoena ) Vaquita ( P. sinus ) Burmeister 's porpoise ( P. spinipinnis ) Phocoenoides Dall 's porpoise ( P. dalli ) Physeteridae Physeter Sperm whale ( P. macrocephalus ) Kogiidae Kogia Pygmy sperm whale ( K. breviceps ) Dwarf sperm whale ( K. simus ) Iniidae Inia Amazon river dolphin ( I. geoffrensis ) Lipotidae Lipotes Baiji ( L. vexillifer ) Platanistidae Platanista Ganges and Indus River dolphin ( P. gangetica ) Pontoporiidae Pontoporia La Plata dolphin ( P. blainvillei ) Ziphiidae ( Beaked whales ) Berardius Arnoux 's beaked whale ( B. arnuxii ) Baird 's beaked whale ( B. bairdii ) Hyperoodon Northern bottlenose whale ( H. ampullatus ) Southern bottlenose whale ( H. planifrons ) Indopacetus Tropical bottlenose whale ( I. pacificus ) Mesoplodon ( Mesoplodont whales ) Sowerby 's beaked whale ( M. bidens ) Andrews ' beaked whale ( M. bowdoini ) Hubbs ' beaked whale ( M. carlhubbsi ) Blainville 's beaked whale ( M. densirostris ) Gervais ' beaked whale ( M. europaeus ) Ginkgo - toothed beaked whale ( M. ginkgodens ) Gray 's beaked whale ( M. grayi ) Hector 's beaked whale ( M. hectori ) Strap - toothed whale ( M. layardii ) True 's beaked whale ( M. mirus ) Perrin 's beaked whale ( M. perrini ) Pygmy beaked whale ( M. peruvianus ) Stejneger 's beaked whale ( M. stejnegeri ) Spade - toothed whale ( M. traversii ) Tasmacetus Shepherd 's beaked whale ( T. sheperdi ) Ziphius Cuvier 's beaked whale ( Z. cavirostris ) Taxon identifiers Wd : Q42196 ADW : Balaenoptera_musculus ARKive : balaenoptera - musculus EoL : 328574 EPPO : BLNPMU Fossilworks : 70697 GBIF : 2440735 iNaturalist : 41553 ITIS : 180528 IUCN : 2477 MSW : 14300018 NCBI : 9771 NZOR : 40025dd7 - e746 - 467c - 9856 - 9b4ac1113aed Species+ : 10905 SPRAT : 36 uBio : 105945 WoRMS : 137090 LCCN : sh85015093 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_whale&oldid=843547318 '' Categories : IUCN Red List endangered species Blue whales Arctic cetaceans Mammals described in 1758 Conservation - reliant species Cetaceans of the Atlantic Ocean Cetaceans of the Indian Ocean Cetaceans of the Pacific Ocean Biological records ESA endangered species Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2016 Featured articles Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with hAudio microformats Spoken articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 76 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 21 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the main hunting ground for blue whales located	[ "Soon, blue whales were being hunted off Iceland (1883), the Faroe Islands (1894), Newfoundland (1898), and Spitsbergen (1903). In 1904–05 the first blue whales were taken off South Georgia. By 1925, with the advent of the stern slipway in factory ships and the use of steam-driven whale catchers, the catch of blue whales, and baleen whales as a whole, in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic began to increase dramatically. In the 1930–31 season, these ships caught 29,400 blue whales in the Antarctic alone.[87] By the end of World War II, populations had been significantly depleted, and, in 1946, the first quotas restricting international trade in whales were introduced, but they were ineffective because of the lack of differentiation between species. Rare species could be hunted on an equal footing with those found in relative abundance." ]	[ "the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic" ]
-2539392113187112860	Ministry of Tourism (India)	Ministry of Tourism ( India ) - Wikipedia Ministry of Tourism ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search Ministry of Tourism Emblem of India Agency overview Jurisdiction Republic of India Headquarters Ministry of Tourism Transport Bhawan Sansad Marg New Delhi , 110011 New Delhi Annual budget ₹ 1,840.77 crore ( US $290 million ) ( 2017 - 18 est . ) Minister responsible Alphons Kannanthanam , Minister of State ( Independent charge ) Website tourism.gov.in The Ministry of Tourism , a branch of the Government of India , is the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules , regulations and laws relating to the development and promotion of tourism in India . The head of the ministry is Minister of Tourism , a Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) , held by Shri . Alphons Kannanthanam Since September 2017 . To promote the GDP of the country indirectly and to have friendly relations with them , The Government of India announced officially a Visa on Arrival status / facility for International Visitors to enter / visit India from 43 countries including United States , Australia , Vietnam , Thailand , Vanuatu , Singapore , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Russian Federation , Brazil , Finland , Germany , Japan , Myanmar on 27 November 2014 and some more countries to follow soon . India stole the limelight at the World Tourism Mart 2011 in London by winning two global awards - World 's Leading Destination and World 's Leading Tourist Board , Incredible India . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Tourism ministers 2 Cleanliness Index 3 Institutions 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links List of Tourism ministers ( edit ) No Name Portrait Term of Office Political party ( Alliance ) Prime Minister Uma Bharati 1999 2000 Bharatiya Janata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee Subodh Kant Sahay 2011 28 October 2012 Indian National Congress ( United Progressive Alliance ) Manmohan Singh Chiranjeevi 28 October 2012 15 May 2014 Shripad Yasso Naik 26 May 2014 12 November 2014 Bharatiya Janata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) Narendra Modi 5 Mahesh Sharma 12 November 2015 3 September 2017 6 Alphons Kannanthanam 3 September 2017 Incumbent Cleanliness index ( edit ) Union Tourism Ministry is planning to introduce `` Cleanliness Index '' for all cities in India . This index will declare the best performers which will motivate other cities to work on this aspect of their appeal . The methodology has been already formulated and will be implemented in 6 cities on a pilot basis . Institutions ( edit ) A number of educational institutions related to hospitality are governed by Ministry of Tourism . This include the Institutes of Hotel Management , Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition ( IHMCTAN ) . In 2016 , a few of the IHMCTANs ( Ahmedabad , Bhopal , Jaipur ) driven by inputs from Ministry of Tourism , started giving a hotel management student the option to choose only vegetarian cooking . Earlier , it was compulsory for all IHMCTAN students to learn non-vegetarian cooking . This decision to offer a vegetarian option by IHMCTANs could possibly be the first amongst any of the hospitality training institutes of the world . See also ( edit ) India Tourism Development Corporation Public sector undertaking Visa policy of India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://indiabudget.gov.in/ub2017-18/eb/stat3a.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.sarkaritel.com/ministries/ministrydetail.php?min_id=16 Jump up ^ http://ibnlive.in.com/news/incredible-india-wins-world-tourism-awards/200468-3.html Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/cleanliness-index-soon-to-rank-cities/article6428178.ece . Retrieved from ' The Hindu ' on 20 September 2014 Jump up ^ http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=IHMs-to-offer-3-yr-course-in-vegetarian-11072016013026 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.cityofjaipur.com/news/2016/07/13/vegetarian-cooking-courses-to-be-introduced-in-hotel-management-institutes/ . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Official website Tourism in India By state Andhra Pradesh Andaman and Nicobar Islands Assam Bihar Patna Delhi Chhattisgarh Goa Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh Haryana Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Bangalore Mysore Kerala Thiruvanathapuram Kochi Thrissur Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mumbai Marathwada Aurangabad Mizoram North East India Odisha Kosal Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Jaipur Telangana Hyderabad Tamil Nadu Chennai Coimbatore Uttar Pradesh Allahabad Uttarakhand West Bengal Kolkata Types Beaches Hill stations Islands Lakes Medical tourism Skiing Tourist trains Waterfalls Wildlife National parks Protected areas World Heritage Sites Organisations India TDC Andhra Pradesh TDC Assam TDC Bihar STDC Delhi TTDC Haryana Tourism Corporation J&K TDC Karnataka TDC Kerala TDC Madhya Pradesh TDC Maharashtra TDC Odisha TDC Rajasthan TDC Tamil Nadu TDC Telangana TDC Uttar Pradesh Tourism West Bengal TDCL See also Incredible India NEITM Visa policy of India Commons Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Home Affairs Finance External Affairs Defence Railways Health and Family Welfare HRD Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Parliamentary Affairs Science and Technology Tribal Affairs North Eastern Region This article about government in India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Tourism_(India)&oldid=806733128 '' Categories : Ministry of Tourism ( India ) Government ministries of India Indian government stubs Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from February 2016 Use Indian English from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 20 : 40 . About Wikipedia	who is the minister of tourism in india	[ "The Ministry of Tourism, a branch of the Government of India, is the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules, regulations and laws relating to the development and promotion of tourism in India. The head of the ministry is Minister of Tourism, a Minister of State (Independent Charge), held by Shri. Alphons Kannanthanam Since September 2017.[2] To promote the GDP of the country indirectly and to have friendly relations with them, The Government of India announced officially a Visa on Arrival status/facility for International Visitors to enter/visit India from 43 countries including United States, Australia, Vietnam, Thailand, Vanuatu, Singapore, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Russian Federation, Brazil, Finland, Germany, Japan, Myanmar on 27 November 2014 and some more countries to follow soon." ]	[ "Alphons Kannanthanam" ]
3228419663563053240	List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series	List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series - wikipedia List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Jump to : navigation , search Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Promotional image for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season two and Agent Carter season one . Based on Characters published by Marvel Comics Starring See below Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 17 ( across 10 series ) No. of episodes 239 Production Executive producer ( s ) Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Running time 30 minutes ( NW ) 41 -- 65 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC Studios ( ABC & Netflix series ) ABC Signature Studios ( Hulu & Freeform series ) Marvel Television Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Netflix Hulu Release Original network ABC Netflix Hulu Freeform Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) ( ABC series ) 4K ( Ultra HD ) ( Netflix series ) IMAX ( Inh. ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) television series are American superhero television shows based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The shows have been in production since 2013 , and in that time Marvel Television and ABC Studios , along with its production division ABC Signature Studios , have premiered 10 series , with at least four more in various stages of development , across broadcast , streaming , and cable television on ABC , Netflix and Hulu , and Freeform , respectively . The ABC series have averaged around 4 -- 8 million viewers a season , with many of the MCU series receiving strong critical responses . The first series in the universe , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , began airing on ABC during the 2013 -- 14 television season , and was joined by Marvel 's Agent Carter in the 2014 -- 15 television season . Marvel formed a unique partnership with IMAX Corporation to premiere Marvel 's Inhumans in IMAX theaters in September 2017 before airing on ABC during the 2017 -- 18 television season ; a put pilot for another ABC series , Marvel 's Damage Control , has also been ordered . Netflix 's Marvel series began in 2015 with Marvel 's Daredevil and Marvel 's Jessica Jones , followed by Marvel 's Luke Cage in 2016 . Marvel 's Iron Fist , the crossover miniseries Marvel 's The Defenders , and Marvel 's The Punisher released in 2017 . Additionally , the MCU expanded to Hulu with Marvel 's Runaways in 2017 , and will also expand to Freeform with Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger in 2018 . Marvel 's New Warriors is also scheduled to air in 2018 , despite not having a broadcaster . Starring in the series are Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson , in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter , in Agent Carter , both reprising their roles from MCU films , while Anson Mount headlines Inhumans as Black Bolt . Daredevil introduces Charlie Cox in the title role of Matt Murdock / Daredevil as well as Jon Bernthal as the Punisher in its second season , who reprises his role as the star of The Punisher . Jessica Jones introduces Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones and Mike Colter as Luke Cage , with the latter also headlining Luke Cage . Finn Jones stars as Danny Rand / Iron Fist in Iron Fist , and joins Cox , Ritter , and Colter for The Defenders . The Runaways cast consists of the titular group , including Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder , and their parents , including Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder . Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph star in Cloak & Dagger as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak , respectively , while Milana Vayntrub and Derek Theler lead New Warriors as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 ABC series 1.1 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 -- ) 1.2 Marvel 's Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) 1.3 Marvel 's Inhumans ( 2017 ) 2 Netflix series 2.1 Marvel 's Daredevil ( 2015 -- ) 2.2 Marvel 's Jessica Jones ( 2015 -- ) 2.3 Marvel 's Luke Cage ( 2016 -- ) 2.4 Marvel 's Iron Fist ( 2017 -- ) 2.5 Marvel 's The Defenders ( 2017 ) 2.6 Marvel 's The Punisher ( 2017 -- ) 3 Hulu series 3.1 Marvel 's Runaways ( 2017 -- ) 4 Freeform series 4.1 Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger 5 Other series 5.1 Marvel 's New Warriors 6 Recurring cast and characters 6.1 ABC series 6.2 Netflix series 7 Reception 7.1 Ratings 7.2 Critical response 8 Potential projects 8.1 Marvel 's Damage Control 8.2 Other 9 Abandoned projects 10 References ABC series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 22 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell Released 22 September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 22 September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 22 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 5 22 December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Airing Marvel 's Agent Carter 8 January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) Tara Butters , Michele Fazekas , and Chris Dingess Released 10 January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) Marvel 's Inhumans 8 September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) Scott Buck Jump up ^ A version of the first two episodes debuted in IMAX theaters on September 1 , 2017 , and ran for two weeks , before their television premiere on ABC on September 29 . Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( L to R ) Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell serve as the showrunners for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Phil Coulson assembles a small team of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) agents to handle strange new cases . After discovering that Project Centipede and their leader , `` The Clairvoyant '' , were affiliated with Hydra , a terrorist organization , Coulson and his team must deal with Hydra members still at large following Hydra 's infiltration of , and the destruction of , S.H.I.E.L.D. , while also looking to restore trust from the government and public . In the wake of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's wars with Hydra and the Inhumans , a race of superhumans , Coulson begins a secret mission to protect the world from new threats . After the defeat of the Inhuman Hive and with Hydra destroyed , S.H.I.E.L.D. is made a legitimate organization once again , with Coulson returning to being a field agent , and is tasked with tracking down more enhanced people -- including Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider -- while Agent Leo Fitz and Dr. Holden Radcliffe complete their work on Life Model Decoys . Coulson and members of his team are eventually abducted to deep space , where they must try and save humanity while figuring out how to get home . In August 2012 , ABC ordered a pilot for a show called S.H.I.E.L.D. , to be written by Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , and Maurissa Tancharoen , and directed by Joss Whedon . On April 6 , 2013 , ABC announced that the show would be titled Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and it was officially ordered to series on May 10 , 2013 . Jed Whedon , Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell act as the series ' showrunners , while Clark Gregg reprises his role from the films as Phil Coulson . The series was renewed for a second season on May 8 , 2014 , a third on May 7 , 2015 , a fourth on March 3 , 2016 , and a fifth on May 11 , 2017 . The first season , which premiered on September 24 , 2013 , aired episodes that directly relate to events in the films Thor : The Dark World and Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The revelation in Captain America : The Winter Soldier that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra had a huge impact on the series . Regarding the synergy the show had with addressing events from the film , Loeb said , `` It 's an extremely unique experience that does n't exist anywhere else out there in the entertainment business . '' The second season , which premiered on September 23 , 2014 , introduces Inhumans to the MCU , ahead of their own television series . Additionally , a recurring plot point in the first two seasons involved the body of a member of the Kree race , who play a significant role in Guardians of the Galaxy . The third season , which premiered on September 29 , 2015 , introduces the concept of the Secret Warriors , with new Inhuman characters inspired by the comic of the same name , as well as Life Model Decoys . The fourth season , which premiered on September 20 , 2016 , sees Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider introduced to the MCU , and ties to the second season of Agent Carter and Doctor Strange . The fifth season premiered on December 1 , 2017 . In the first season , Samuel L. Jackson , Cobie Smulders , Maximiliano Hernández , Titus Welliver and Jaimie Alexander all reprise their roles as Nick Fury , Maria Hill , Jasper Sitwell , Felix Blake , and Sif , respectively , from previous MCU films and One - Shots . In the second season , Alexander and Smulders return , while Hayley Atwell , Neal McDonough , Kenneth Choi , and Henry Goodman also reprise their roles as Peggy Carter , Timothy `` Dum Dum '' Dugan , Jim Morita , and List , respectively , from previous MCU films . In the third season , William Sadler reprises his role as Matthew Ellis from the MCU films , and Powers Boothe recurs as his previously unnamed The Avengers character , Gideon Malick . Marvel 's Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Agent Carter ( TV series ) In 1946 , Peggy Carter must balance the routine office work she does for the Strategic Scientific Reserve while secretly assisting Howard Stark , who finds himself framed for supplying deadly weapons to enemies of the United States . Carter is assisted by Stark 's butler , Edwin Jarvis , to find those responsible and dispose of the weapons . Carter eventually moves from New York City to Los Angeles to deal with the threats of the new atomic age in the wake of World War II , gaining new friends , a new home and potential new love . By September 2013 , Marvel was developing a series inspired by the Agent Carter One - Shot , featuring Peggy Carter , and in January 2014 , the series was confirmed to be in development , with the script for a potential pilot to be written by Captain America : The First Avenger and Captain America : The Winter Soldier writers Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely . On May 8 , 2014 , ABC officially ordered Marvel 's Agent Carter to series . Tara Butters , Michele Fazekas and Chris Dingess act as showrunners on the series , while Hayley Atwell reprises her role from the films as Peggy Carter . The series was renewed for a second season on May 7 , 2015 , and was officially canceled by ABC on May 12 , 2016 . The first season , which premiered on January 6 , 2015 , introduces the origins of the Black Widow and Winter Soldier programs , which both appear in several MCU films . The second season , which premiered on January 19 , 2016 , features the Darkforce , which ties to the character Marcus Daniels in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Doctor Strange . In the first season , Dominic Cooper reprise his role of Howard Stark from Captain America : The First Avenger . James D'Arcy portrays Edwin Jarvis , Stark 's butler in the series who eventually serves as inspiration for Tony Stark 's artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. Costa Ronin portrays a young Anton Vanko , the co-creator of the arc reactor with Stark . Chris Evans appears as Steve Rogers / Captain America via archive footage from The First Avenger . McDonough and Toby Jones reprise their roles as Dugan and Arnim Zola , respectively . In the second season , Cooper returns to reprise his role . Marvel 's Inhumans ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Inhumans ( TV series ) Scott Buck serves as showrunner for both Inhumans on ABC and the first season of Iron Fist on Netflix . After a military coup , the Inhuman Royal Family , led by Black Bolt , escape to Hawaii where they must save themselves and the world . In November 2016 , Marvel Television and IMAX Corporation announced Marvel 's Inhumans , to be produced in conjunction with ABC Studios . The series ' first two episodes were filmed entirely on IMAX digital cameras , and premiered on IMAX screens on September 1 , 2017 , for two weeks . ABC will then broadcast the series weekly starting with the first two episodes on September 29 , 2017 , with the network airing of the first two episodes featuring exclusive content , outside of the versions screened on IMAX . Select action sequences in the rest of the series were also shot on IMAX . The series was neither intended to be a reworking of the planned film from Marvel Studios , nor a spin - off from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ben Sherwood , president of Disney -- ABC Television Group , added that `` We 've worked very carefully with our friends at Marvel Studios -- and this is a critical point -- to make sure that calendar-wise and content-wise we are only enhancing '' the MCU ; the theatrical debut of the series was timed to not interfere with the release of any Marvel Studios films . In December 2016 , Scott Buck was announced as showrunner and executive producer for the series . In February 2017 , Anson Mount was cast as Black Bolt . Filming began in March 2017 in Hawaii , and concluded in June . Netflix series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes Originally released Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Daredevil 13 April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) Steven S. DeKnight Released 13 March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez TBA 2018 ( 2018 ) Erik Oleson Filming Marvel 's Jessica Jones 13 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Melissa Rosenberg Released 13 March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) Marvel 's Luke Cage 13 September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) Cheo Hodari Coker 13 June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) Preparing for release Marvel 's Iron Fist 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) Scott Buck Released TBA TBA Raven Metzner Filming Marvel 's The Defenders 8 August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Marco Ramirez Released Marvel 's The Punisher 13 November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Steve Lightfoot TBA TBA Filming By October 2013 , Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries to present to video on demand services and cable providers , with Netflix , Amazon , and WGN America expressing interest . That November , it was announced that Disney would provide Netflix with live - action series based on Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Iron Fist , and Luke Cage , leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders . Marvel 's Daredevil ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Daredevil ( TV series ) Lawyer - by - day Matt Murdock uses his heightened senses from being blinded as a young boy to fight crime at night on the streets of Hell 's Kitchen as Daredevil , juxtaposed with the rise of crime lord Wilson Fisk . Murdock eventually crosses paths with Frank Castle / Punisher , a vigilante with far deadlier methods , and sees the return of his old girlfriend , Elektra Natchios . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Drew Goddard would be the executive producer and showrunner for Daredevil , and would write and direct the first episode , though at the end of May 2014 , it was announced that Goddard would no longer be the showrunner for the series , being replaced by Steven S. DeKnight . Goddard , who wrote the first two episodes , remained with the show as an executive producer . It was also revealed that the series would be titled Marvel 's Daredevil . A few days later , Charlie Cox was cast as Daredevil . A second season was ordered on April 21 , 2015 , with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez taking over as showrunners from DeKnight , who could not return to the series due to a prior commitment . A third season was ordered in July 2016 , with Erik Oleson announced as the new showrunner of the series in October 2017 . The first season , which debuted in its entirety on April 10 , 2015 , features references to The Avengers and the Battle of New York , as well as mentioning Carl `` Crusher '' Creel , who appears on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The insignia for the Iron Fist antagonist Steel Serpent is also seen in the season . The second season , which premiered on March 18 , 2016 , features the motorcycle gang Dogs of Hell , who appeared on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , along with numerous references to the events of the first season of Jessica Jones . The third season is slated to be released in 2018 . In the second season , Jon Bernthal was cast in a leading role as Frank Castle / Punisher , before headlining his own series , while Michelle Hurd and Carrie - Anne Moss reprise their roles of Samantha Reyes and Jeri Hogarth from Jessica Jones . Marvel 's Jessica Jones ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Jessica Jones ( TV series ) Melissa Rosenberg is Jessica Jones ' creator and showrunner . Former superhero Jessica Jones suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder , so she opens her own detective agency to help people . She begins to put her life back together after her encounter with Kilgrave , taking on a new case that makes her reluctantly confront her past . In November 2013 , Melissa Rosenberg was announced as the writer and executive producer of the series , and the following March , Loeb stated that filming would begin after Daredevil . In December 2014 , Krysten Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones in the series , officially titled Marvel 's Jessica Jones . A second season was ordered on January 17 , 2016 . The first season , which debuted in its entirety on November 20 , 2015 , features references to the events and characters of The Avengers . In the first season , Mike Colter was cast as Luke Cage , a recurring role in the series before headlining his own series . Rosario Dawson reprises her Daredevil role of Claire Temple , as does Royce Johnson in his role of Brett Mahoney . The second season , which was released on March 8 , 2018 , sees Elden Henson reprise his role of Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson , as well as Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett and Tijuana Ricks as Thembi Wallace . Marvel 's Luke Cage ( 2016 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Luke Cage ( TV series ) When a sabotaged experiment gives him super strength and unbreakable skin , Luke Cage becomes a fugitive attempting to rebuild his life in Harlem , and must soon confront his past and fight a battle for the heart of his city . After clearing his name , Cage becomes a hero and celebrity in Harlem , only to encounter a new threat that makes him confront the line between hero and villain . Colter reprises his role as Carl Lucas / Luke Cage in his own series , titled Marvel 's Luke Cage . In March 2014 , Loeb stated that the series would begin filming after Iron Fist , being the fourth of the individual series . By March 2015 , it was instead slated to be the third of the individual series , beginning production after Jessica Jones . The series was switched with Iron Fist after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones , becoming that series ' breakout star and Marvel wanting to `` follow the momentum '' . Also in March , Cheo Hodari Coker was announced as showrunner and executive producer of the series . A second season was ordered on December 3 , 2016 . The first season , which premiered on September 30 , 2016 , features references to The Avengers , the second season of Daredevil , the first season of Jessica Jones , and a flier for Colleen Wing 's martial arts class , and mentions Justin Hammer , Wilson Fisk and Frank Castle . Dawson , Morgan , Rachel Taylor , Stephen Rider , Parisa Fitz - Henley , and Danny Johnson reprise their roles as Claire Temple , Turk Barrett , Trish Walker , Blake Tower , Reva Connors and Ben Donovan in the series , respectively . The second season is scheduled to be released on June 22 , 2018 . Finn Jones will reprise his role as Danny Rand in the season . Marvel 's Iron Fist ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Fist ( TV series ) Danny Rand returns to New York City , after being missing for fifteen years , to reclaim his family company . However , when a threat emerges , Rand must choose between his family 's legacy and his duties as the Iron Fist . In March 2014 , Loeb initially stated that the series would begin filming after Jessica Jones as the third of the individual series . By March 2015 , it was expected to be the fourth of the individual series , entering production following Luke Cage . The series was switched with Luke Cage after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones , becoming that series ' breakout star and Marvel wanting to `` follow the momentum '' . In April 2015 , the title of the series was revealed to be Marvel 's Iron Fist . In December 2015 , Marvel announced that Scott Buck would serve as showrunner and executive producer of the series . In February 2016 , Finn Jones was cast as Rand . A second season was revealed to be in development in July 2017 , with Raven Metzner announced as the new showrunner for the season , replacing Buck . The first season , which premiered on March 17 , 2017 , makes references to the events of The Avengers , the Hulk , Stark Industries , Jessica Jones , Daredevil , Luke Cage , and Seagate Prison , and mentions the Dogs of Hell biker gang , New York Bulletin editor - in - chief Mitchell Ellison and reporter Karen Page , Roxxon Oil and Midland Circle . Events from the second season of Daredevil are also noted throughout . Moss , Dawson , Wai Ching Ho , Marquis Rodriguez , Tijuana Ricks , and Suzanne H. Smart reprise their roles as Jeri Hogarth , Claire Temple , Gao , Darryl , Thembi Wallace , and Shirley Benson , respectively , in the series . The second season will see Simone Missick reprise her role as Misty Knight . Marvel 's the Defenders ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Defenders ( miniseries ) The superheroes Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Iron Fist team - up in New York City . The Defenders sees Cox , Ritter , Colter , and Jones reprise their roles as Matt Murdock / Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Danny Rand / Iron Fist , respectively , from the previous television series . In March 2014 , Loeb stated that the miniseries , officially titled Marvel 's The Defenders , would begin filming after Iron Fist . In April 2016 , Marvel announced that Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez would act as showrunners for The Defenders . However , by the start of filming in New York City in October 2016 , Petrie had left the series as co-showrunner . Filming concluded in March 2017 . The eight - episode event premiered on August 18 , 2017 . The miniseries also sees many supporting characters from the individual series reprise their roles , including , Deborah Ann Woll , Henson , Scott Glenn , Élodie Yung , Eka Darville , Moss , Taylor , Simone Missick , Jessica Henwick , Dawson , Ho , Ramón Rodríguez , Peter McRobbie , Morgan , Amy Rutberg , Susan Varon , and Nichole Yannetty as Karen Page , Foggy Nelson , Stick , Elektra Natchios , Malcolm Ducasse , Jeri Hogarth , Trish Walker , Misty Knight , Colleen Wing , Claire Temple , Gao , Bakuto , Lantom , Turk Barrett , Marci Stahl , Josie and Nicole , respectively . Midland Circle , which was referenced in previous Netflix series , is revealed to be an operation of the Hand , who bought the building to search for the life substance hidden beneath the property . The miniseries also references the events of The Avengers . Marvel 's the Punisher ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : The Punisher ( TV series ) Frank Castle is haunted and hunted after the murder of his family and becomes a vigilante known in the criminal underworld as `` the Punisher '' , who aims to fight crime by any means necessary . By January 2016 , ahead of the debut of Bernthal as armed vigilante Frank Castle / Punisher in the second season of Daredevil , Netflix was in `` very early development '' on a spin - off series titled The Punisher , and was looking for a showrunner . The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle , and was described as a stand - alone series , outside of the series leading up to The Defenders . Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin - off and were focusing on making `` the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two '' at the time , but did say , `` I 'm never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more ... If we are lucky enough that through the writing , through the direction , through the actor that people want to see more of that person , terrific . '' In April 2016 , Marvel and Netflix ordered The Punisher , along with confirming Bernthal 's involvement and naming Steve Lightfoot as showrunner . Filming began in Brooklyn , New York in October 2016 , and concluded in April 2017 . A second season was ordered on December 12 , 2017 . In the first season , which was released on November 17 , 2017 , Woll and Morgan reprise their roles as Karen Page and Turk Barrett , respectively . Hulu series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First released Last released Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Runaways 10 November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage Released 13 TBA TBA In development Marvel 's Runaways ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Runaways ( TV series ) When six teenagers discover their parents are villains , they reluctantly unite to go against them . In August 2016 , Marvel announced Marvel 's Runaways had received a pilot order , along with additional scripts , from the streaming service Hulu , based on the team of the same name . The pilot is written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage , who also serve as executive producers and showrunners of the series . In February 2017 , Marvel announced the cast of the Runaways , with Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder , Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru , Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean , Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes , Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein , and Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez . Shortly after , they announced the cast of the Pride , the parents of the Runaways , with Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder , Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder , Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru , James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru , Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes , Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes , Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean , Kip Pardue as Frank Dean , James Marsters as Victor Stein , and Ever Carradine as Janet Stein . Hulu ordered the series in May 2017 . Filming began in Los Angeles in February 2017 , and concluded in October 2017 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , premiered on November 21 , 2017 . Hulu renewed the series for a second season on January 8 , 2018 . Tina Minoru previously appeared in Doctor Strange , in a minor role as a Master of the Mystic Arts portrayed by Linda Louise Duan . Freeform series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger 10 June 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) TBA Joe Pokaski Preparing to air Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ( edit ) Main article : Cloak & Dagger ( TV series ) Tandy Bowen and Tyrone Johnson , two teenagers from different backgrounds , acquire superpowers while forming a romantic relationship . They soon realize that their powers work better when they are together , `` but their feelings for each other make their already complicated world even more challenging . '' In April 2016 , the ABC - owned network Freeform announced a straight - to - series order for Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger , based on the characters of the same name , calling it their `` first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' , and describing the show as a `` superhero love story '' . In January 2017 , Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph were cast as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak , respectively . Joe Pokaski serves as showrunner for the series . Filming began in New Orleans in February 2017 , and concluded in November 2017 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set premiere on June 7 , 2018 . Roxxon Oil is seen in the series , as is the Darkforce , which fuels Cloak 's powers and was previously established in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Agent Carter . Other series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's New Warriors 10 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Kevin Biegel Pre-production Marvel 's New Warriors ( edit ) Main article : New Warriors ( TV series ) Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl , Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal , Dwayne Taylor / Night Thrasher , Robbie Baldwin / Speedball , Zach Smith / Microbe , and Deborah Fields / Debrii , are superpowered young people with abilities very different from the Avengers , who want to make a positive impact in the world even if they are not quite ready to be heroes . By the end of August 2016 , Marvel Television and ABC Studios were developing a half - hour comedy series based on the New Warriors featuring Squirrel Girl , with the series being offered to cable networks and streaming outlets . In April 2017 , Freeform announced a straight - to - series order for Marvel 's New Warriors , with Kevin Biegel serving as the series ' showrunner and writing the first script . In July 2017 , the cast was revealed with Milana Vayntrub starring as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Derek Theler as Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal . In November 2017 , it was announced that the series would no longer air on Freeform and was being shopped to other networks , with Marvel intent on airing the series in 2018 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set to air in 2018 , with Biegel serving as showrunner for the series . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors ABC series ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table includes recurring , main characters , who have appeared in at least two seasons and as a member of the principal ( `` main '' ) cast for at least one of those . Please see the FAQ for more information . Series seasons , within the network season , are ordered based on their premiere date . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the season , or that the character 's presence in the season has not yet been announced . An indicates the actor had or will have a recurring role for the season . A indicates the actor made or will make a guest appearance in the season . Character 2013 -- 14 season 2014 -- 15 season 2015 -- 16 season 2016 -- 17 season 2017 -- 18 season Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 1 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 Agent Carter season 1 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 3 Agent Carter season 2 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 4 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 Lincoln Campbell Luke Mitchell Luke Mitchell Peggy Carter Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Phil Coulson Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Leo Fitz Iain De Caestecker Iain De Caestecker Iain De Caestecker Lance Hunter Nick Blood Nick Blood Nick Blood Edwin Jarvis James D'Arcy James D'Arcy Daisy `` Skye '' Johnson Quake Chloe Bennet Chloe Bennet Chloe Bennet Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Henry Simmons Henry Simmons Henry Simmons Melinda May Ming - Na Wen Ming - Na Wen Ming - Na Wen Bobbi Morse Adrianne Palicki Adrianne Palicki Holden Radcliffe John Hannah John Hannah Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Natalia Cordova - Buckley Natalia Cordova - Buckley Natalia Cordova - Buckley Jemma Simmons Elizabeth Henstridge Elizabeth Henstridge Elizabeth Henstridge Daniel Sousa Enver Gjokaj Enver Gjokaj Jack Thompson Chad Michael Murray Chad Michael Murray Grant Ward Brett Dalton Brett Dalton Brett Dalton Netflix series ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table includes recurring , main characters , who have appeared in at least two series as a member of the principal ( `` main '' ) cast for at least one of those . Please see the FAQ for more information . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the series , or that the character 's presence in the series has not yet been announced . An indicates the actor had or will have a recurring role in the series . A indicates the actor made or will make a guest appearance in the series . Character Daredevil Jessica Jones Luke Cage Iron Fist The Defenders The Punisher Bakuto Ramón Rodríguez Luke Cage Mike Colter Mike Colter Frank Castle Punisher Jon Bernthal Jon Bernthal Malcolm Ducasse Eka Darville Eka Darville Jeri Hogarth Carrie - Anne Moss Carrie - Anne Moss Carrie - Anne Moss Jessica Jones Krysten Ritter Krysten Ritter Mercedes `` Misty '' Knight Simone Missick Simone Missick Simone Missick Matt Murdock Daredevil Charlie Cox Charlie Cox Elektra Natchios Élodie Yung Élodie Yung Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson Elden Henson Elden Henson Elden Henson Karen Page Deborah Ann Woll Deborah Ann Woll Danny Rand Iron Fist Finn Jones Finn Jones Stick Scott Glenn Scott Glenn Claire Temple Rosario Dawson Rosario Dawson Rosario Dawson Blake Tower Stephen Rider Stephen Rider Patricia `` Trish '' Walker Rachael Taylor Rachael Taylor Rachael Taylor Colleen Wing Jessica Henwick Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each series , see the `` Reception '' section on each series ' article . Ratings ( edit ) Series Season Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Total viewers ( in millions ) Last aired Total viewers ( in millions ) Average total viewers ( inc . DVR ) ( in millions ) Rank 18 -- 49 rating ( rank ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 12.12 May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 5.45 8.31 43 3.0 ( 20 ) September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 5.98 May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3.88 7.46 24 2.8 ( 11 ) September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 4.90 May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3.03 5.52 85 2.0 ( 47 ) September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 3.44 May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 2.08 4.22 110 1.5 / 6 ( 70 ) 5 December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 2.54 TBA TBD TBD TBD TBD Agent Carter January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 6.91 February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 4.02 7.61 29 2.4 ( 29 ) January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3.18 March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 2.35 4.37 109 1.4 ( 88 ) Inhumans September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 3.75 November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 1.95 TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) Series Season Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 85 % ( 48 reviews ) 74 ( 33 reviews ) 96 % ( 24 reviews ) N / A 100 % ( 14 reviews ) N / A 94 % ( 16 reviews ) N / A 5 100 % ( 9 reviews ) N / A Agent Carter 95 % ( 42 reviews ) 72 ( 27 reviews ) 81 % ( 16 reviews ) N / A Inhumans 10 % ( 41 reviews ) 27 ( 20 reviews ) Daredevil 98 % ( 52 reviews ) 75 ( 22 reviews ) 74 % ( 35 reviews ) 68 ( 13 reviews ) Jessica Jones 92 % ( 63 reviews ) 81 ( 32 reviews ) 88 % ( 59 reviews ) 71 ( 18 reviews ) Luke Cage 93 % ( 59 reviews ) 79 ( 30 reviews ) Iron Fist 18 % ( 60 reviews ) 37 ( 21 reviews ) The Defenders 74 % ( 81 reviews ) 63 ( 30 reviews ) The Punisher 62 % ( 55 reviews ) 55 ( 20 reviews ) Runaways 82 % ( 56 reviews ) 68 ( 22 reviews ) With the release of the second season of Daredevil , Brian Lowery of Variety felt the Netflix series `` have already leapfrogged ABC 's forays into the Marvel universe in terms of their appeal , in part by tapping into the avid fan base that supports pay models and does n't need to be spoon - fed plot points . In the process , they have demonstrated that it 's possible to deliver a credible superhero show without a lot of pyrotechnics '' . After the release of the first season of Luke Cage , The Atlantic 's David Sims wrote on the pacing issue of Marvel 's Netflix series , a common complaint to that point , stating , `` After two seasons of Daredevil , one of Jessica Jones , and now one of Luke Cage , the Netflix model feels fundamentally flawed , encouraging the kind of molasses - slow plotting comic books are designed to eschew . The problem is n't that these shows are bad , necessarily ... But they all take far too long to get going , by which point many viewers will have already tuned out . '' He felt one of the problems was the fact that Netflix does not rely on viewers tuning into a particular series as broadcast series do each week , but rather subscribers who , if they lose interest , `` can take as long as they want to catch up ... as long as they keep paying their subscription fee every month . '' The Netflix series are also afforded the opportunity to explore elements in more detail , with Sims noting `` A lot of this detail ( is ) good , but it could have been considerably compressed -- none of the Marvel Netflix series , so far , would have lost much by being squeezed into 10 episodes , or even 8 . If Netflix shaved the 60 - minute running time down quite a bit , it would likely inspire more economical -- and better -- storytelling from its shows . '' Sims concluded by saying , `` What 's most frustrating of all is that Netflix is n't getting rid of this approach anytime soon . Daredevil season three , Jessica Jones season two , Iron Fist , and The Punisher are all on their way , and each will follow the same 13 - episode structure ... The only respite may come in the form of The Defenders , a planned crossover series ... over the course of just eight episodes . Who knows ? The show might even surprise viewers and explain its villain 's motivations within the first hour . Until then , fans will be stuck needlessly giving over entire days to these series , while others are deterred from watching at all . '' In her review for the first season of Iron Fist , Allison Keene of Collider.com spoke more on the pacing of Marvel 's Netflix series , stating , `` By focusing so intently on making these series ... much more grounded in a gritty real world than what we typically expect from a superhero show ( like DC 's candy - colored ( Arrowverse ) on The CW ) , the problem is that they miss out on the key element : this should be fantastical entertainment . '' With The Defenders , Jeff Jansen of Entertainment Weekly felt many improvements were made to the general complaints the previous seasons received . He said , `` The Defenders is far from perfect . But it 's an enjoyable superhero adventure distinguished by improvements and innovations that I hope Marvel will carry forward . Shorter seasons . More team - ups . Fewer shows . Start the consolidation by letting go of Iron Fist . If Danny Rand must persist , add him to the other shows and let the stronger players carry him . '' Potential projects ( edit ) Marvel 's Damage Control ( edit ) Further information : Damage Control ( comics ) § Live action The show follows the overworked , underpaid , clean up crew of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , who specialize in dealing with the aftermath of superhero conflicts , rescheduling events because of the conflicts , and retrieving lost items . In October 2015 , ABC ordered a put pilot for a half - hour live - action comedy series Marvel 's Damage Control , based on the comics construction company of the same name . The series is being developed by Ben Karlin for ABC Studios and Marvel Television , with Karlin also writing the script for the project and serving as executive producer . In January 2016 , ABC Entertainment president Paul Lee said Damage Control was `` going to be coming out this season , '' seemingly implying it would air in the 2016 -- 17 television season . Other ( edit ) Marvel has been working with screenwriter John Ridley since mid-April 2015 to craft a new television series , `` reinventing '' an existing Marvel character or property . In January 2016 , Ridley confirmed that the project was `` still in development '' . He stated that he was looking to `` bring some of the socially conscious nature '' of Jessica Jones and his series American Crime to the show , while also creating something that is `` straight entertainment '' . A year later , Channing Dungey revealed that Ridley 's project was still progressing , with Ridley working on a rewrite of his script . Ridley added that the rewrite was not because `` anything did n't work the first time around '' , but rather trying to make sure the series does something viewers have not necessarily seen before in a superhero television series , hoping it would occupy `` a space that is not currently being filled '' by Marvel . He also stated that he hoped to create the series `` in the near term . '' By August 2017 , Dungey was `` not sure '' if Ridley was still working on the project . In January 2016 , Lee announced that ABC Studios was developing a second comedy series with Marvel in hope it would air on ABC , while Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated that `` all the characters in the universe could also spin out '' into their own series at some point . That May , Dungey said that there were `` a handful of projects in development '' , after passing on Most Wanted and canceling Agent Carter , and that Marvel and ABC were looking `` at series that would be beneficial to both brands . '' By November 2017 , Disney was developing a Marvel series specifically for release on its new streaming service , which it planned to launch before the end of 2019 . In January 2018 , Dungey noted Marvel and ABC `` tried a few things that have n't worked out as well as we would 've liked . We developed a couple things this season that we do n't think are going to end up going forward , so we 're going to look really carefully about what we do next , because the idea for us is to come up with something that works very well for both Marvel and ABC , so we 're going to continue to try there . '' Abandoned projects ( edit ) Main article : Most Wanted ( TV pilot ) By April 2015 , Marvel was developing a spinoff series of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The series , which was being developed by Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell and writer Paul Zbyszewski , would be based on storylines occurring at the end of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and would receive its own pilot rather than a backdoor pilot . Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood entered into discussions to headline the potential new series as their characters Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter , respectively . By May 7 , 2015 , when ABC announced their series renewals and cancellations , and new series pickups , the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff was passed on . In August 2015 , the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff series received new life as a reworked series , titled Marvel 's Most Wanted , with a pilot order . Bell and Zbyszewski once again developed the series , while also serving as co-writers of the pilot , executive producers , and showrunners , with Jeph Loeb also attached as executive producer . The series would still focus on Morse and Hunter , with Palicki and Blood both attached , and was described as `` a new take focusing on the same duo and their continuing adventures . '' In May 2016 , the series was passed on by ABC once again . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` ABC orders Marvel ' S.H.I.E.L.D ' pilot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses on Skye Bombshell and Marvel Movie Future '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Marvel 's The Inhumans ' Coming To IMAX & ABC In 2017 '' . Marvel.com . November 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for Grey 's , Scandal , Once and 21 Others , Names Forever 's Replacement '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coulson Will Encounter the Secret Warriors on ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' on ABC '' . Marvel.com . June 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Secret Warriors ' Are Coming to ' Agents of SHIELD ' -- and Comic - Con ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : `` Ascension '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. adds Gabriel Luna as Ghost Rider '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . 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Marvel.com . October 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Titus Welliver Set to Return as Agent Blake in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . October 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` First Look : Thor Star Jaimie Alexander Meets the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Asgardian Warrior Sif Returns to Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' TVInsider . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` TVLine Items : Maria Hill 's S.H.I.E.L.D. Return , Doctor Who on Disney and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Learn How Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Begins Its Second Season '' . Marvel.com . September 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( September 10 , 2014 ) . `` First Look : Haley Atwell 's Agent Carter on Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Aftershocks '' . Marvel.com . February 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' leads into ' Avengers ' sequel '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Breaks the ' Laws of Nature , ' Gets Inhumanly Good in Season 3 '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. adds Powers Boothe in ' incredibly menacing ' role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` First Details on Marvel 's Agent Carter '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` See What 's in Store for Marvel 's Agent Carter in the Official Series Synopsis '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ; Hibberd , James ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter moving to a new city in season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Iron Fist changing showrunners for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders EP talks juggling four heroes -- and the ' crisis ' that unites them '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher spin - off ordered by Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Punisher ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . 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Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Goddard Joins Daredevil on Netflix '' . Marvel.com . December 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Cox to Star in ' Daredevil ' TV Series for Marvel and Netflix '' . Variety . May 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ; Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Daredevil ' Renewed for Third Season at Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel & Netflix Announce Release Date for Marvel 's Daredevil '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . 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Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallaway , Lauren ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist Announces Release Date '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones actor Finn Jones to play Iron Fist '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Finn Jones to Star in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Iron Fist ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Commandeur , Jordan ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Iron Fist : 15 Easter Eggs And References '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Iron Fist punch his way out of trouble with magical martial arts '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist Episode 2 : `` Shadow Hawk Takes Flight '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vejvoda , Jim ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Game Of Thrones ' Finn Jones Cast In Title Role Of Netflix Series '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Finds Its Showrunners '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Krysten Ritter Spotted On Set '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Jones Meets Misty Knight in First Defenders Set Photos ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders Has Finished Filming '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , Josh ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel 's Head of TV Reveals How ' The Defenders ' Will Be Different From ' The Avengers ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders gets premiere date in new teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Deborah Ann Woll Confirmed to Appear in Marvel 's The Defenders '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jacob ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Defenders Cast Grows By Three '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Scott Glenn , Rachael Taylor , and Rosario Dawson Confirmed for The Defenders '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Defenders : Elodie Yung to return as Elektra -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nilma , Carina ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Eka Darville Chats About The Convention Experience , Marvel 's Jessica Jones , And What He Learned From Cast Mates David Tennant And Krysten Ritter '' . The Iris AU Review . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Star Reveals Misty Knight Will Appear in ' The Defenders ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Matthew ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Colleen Wing Joins Defenders And Debuts New Footage '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : The Defenders - We Just Saw The First Episode '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . 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Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders postmortem : Showrunner answers burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Punisher Netflix Series Updates : Is Jon Bernthal Filming Now ? '' . Den of Geek . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Punisher Spinoff Starring Jon Bernthal in Development at Netflix '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Plotting ' Punisher ' Spinoff Starring Jon Bernthal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix open to more Marvel shows : Any character could get spin - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel TV 's Jeph Loeb on a Possible ' Punisher ' Spinoff and Elektra 's Relationship With Daredevil '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Punisher Netflix Series Begins Filming ; Set Photos Show Bearded Frank Castle '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jacob ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's The Punisher Wraps Production '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Gets November Premiere Date & Trailer On Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Daredevil Series Character Appears on The Punisher Set '' . SuperheroHype ! . October 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher Will Include a Turk Appearance '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Orders ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Series From Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Leslie ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Runaways , ' ' Future Man ' Score Second Season Renewals at Hulu '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Finds Its Cast '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Sets Remaining Cast For Television Project With Hulu '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Runaways , ' From ' The O.C. ' Creators , Ordered to Series at Hulu '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Marsters ( @ JamesMarstersOf ) ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the sitch . I 'm filming Marvel 's ' Runaways ' ! Set photos are strictly forbidden , but I snuck this pic of the carpet in my trailer ... '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kincaid , Rhiannon ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Working Titles For Black Panther , Runaways , and Cloak & Dagger Revealed '' . MCUExchange . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Runaways Has Wrapped Filming '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu Sets Fall Premieres : Slate Includes ' Mindy Project ' , ' Marvel 's Runaways ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` '' Doctor Strange '' Prequel Comic Hints At Movie Secrets , Introduces Another Marvel Villain `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel And Hulu Announce Runaways TV Series '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Former Colchester schoolgirl lands role in latest Marvel blockbuster '' . Clacton Gazette . October 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dredge , Stuart ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` MIP Drama pre-LA Screenings showcase : Marvel , Marc Cherry , Candy Crush and more '' . MIPTrends . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ' : Freeform Releases Footage , Sets Premiere Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform 's Fraught Year : Inside the Rebranded Network 's Chase for Millennials ( and a Hit Show ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform Greenlights Marvel Romance Superhero Series ' Cloak and Dagger ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform Continues to Grow Its Programming Slate with New Series , Pilots , Returning Series and More '' . The Futon Critic. April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ' : Olivia Holt & Aubrey Joseph Land Title Roles In Series For Freeform '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Economic Development ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Selects Louisiana For New Television Series '' ( Press release ) . Louisiana Economic Development . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Cloak and Dagger Season 1 Wraps Filming '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cave , Rob ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Cloak And Dagger Offers A Glimpse Of A Wider Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bacon , Thomas ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Cloak & Dagger Early Reactions Praise Marvel 's Newest TV Show '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesly ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors , ' With Squirrel Girl , Ordered Straight - to - Series at Freeform ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive sneak peek : Squirrel Girl leads the team of Freeform 's ' New Warriors ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Squirrel Girl on TV ? Marvel Developing New Warriors Comedy Series '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Morse , Ben ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Freeform Announces Characters For ' Marvel 's New Warriors ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors ' Sets Its Cast -- Including Squirrel Girl ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors ' Wo n't Air on Freeform , Series Will Be Shopped Elsewhere ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Afterlife '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Mitchell Joins ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . June 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 's `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Upped to Series Regular for Season Five of Hit Series '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Adds Two Agents ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Reveals New Characters , Carter Adds Captain Directors '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood returning as Lance Hunter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter : James D'Arcy , Enver Gjokaj returning for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Enlists ' Nashville ' Actress ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Debriefing the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Winter Finale '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses Talk Finale Deaths , Time Jump and Agent Carter 's Future in the MCU '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Henry Simmons Joins Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Henry Simmons Re-Enlists With ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Ming - Na To Star In Joss Whedon 's ABC Pilot ' Marvel 's S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 319 ) `` Failed Experiments '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` '' Agents Of SHIELD '' Reveals Ghost Rider Details , Talk Up The New Director & More `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox - Smith , Michael ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Season Four Premiere ' The Ghost ' ( Review ) '' . Mike 's Film Talk . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Casts Natalia Cordova - Buckley As Slingshot '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of Shield ' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Joins ' Bates Motel ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Ups Natalia Cordova - Buckley To Series Regular For Season 5 -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Agent Carter Casts 2 Key Roles '' . Marvel.com . August 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter bosses preview glamorous and gritty season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Joss Whedon 's Red - Hot S.H.I.E.L.D. Pilot Adds ' Deadly ' New Agent '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. welcomes back original cast member '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polo , Susana ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Who the heck is Iron Fist 's Bakuto ? '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Three More Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones for Netflix '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones Has Hot Sex and Nuanced Sexuality ( Especially for a Marvel Show ) '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' Adds to the Cast '' . Marvel.com . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elodie Yung Cast as Elektra in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . July 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elden Henson Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . June 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' True Blood ' Star to Romance ' Daredevil ' for Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Glenn Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . September 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rosario Dawson Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . June 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Daredevil ' Casts Stephen Rider As New Regular For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael Taylor the Latest to Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . January 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist casts The Force Awakens actress in lead role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 -- 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Agent Carter ' , ' Person of Interest ' or ' Forever ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' New Girl ' & ' TV 's Hottest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' premiere adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 1 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . 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Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Biggest Problem With Netflix 's Comic - Book Shows '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Iron Fist ' Review : Come for the Fights , Stay ... for the Corporate Litigation ? '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Jeff ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's The Defenders proves the power of team - ups , shorter seasons : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Comics ' Damage Control ' Adapted As Comedy TV Series By ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . 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About Wikipedia	when does the next netflix marvel show come out	[ "\n\nSeries\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally released\nShowrunner(s)\nStatus\n\n\nMarvel's Daredevil\n\n1\n13\nApril 10, 2015 (2015-04-10)\nSteven S. DeKnight[76]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2\n13\nMarch 18, 2016 (2016-03-18)\nDoug Petrie and Marco Ramirez[77]\n\n\n\n3\nTBA\n2018 (2018)[78]\nErik Oleson[78]\nFilming\n\n\nMarvel's Jessica Jones\n\n1\n13\nNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)\nMelissa Rosenberg[79]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2\n13\nMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)\n\n\nMarvel's Luke Cage\n\n1\n13\nSeptember 30, 2016 (2016-09-30)\nCheo Hodari Coker[80]\n\n\n\n2\n13[81]\nJune 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)[82]\nPreparing for release\n\n\nMarvel's Iron Fist\n\n1\n13\nMarch 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)\nScott Buck[83]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2[84]\nTBA\nTBA\nRaven Metzner[85]\nFilming\n\n\nMarvel's The Defenders\n\n1\n8\nAugust 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)\nMarco Ramirez[86]\nReleased\n\n\nMarvel's The Punisher\n\n1\n13\nNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)\nSteve Lightfoot[87]\n\n\n\n2[88]\nTBA\nTBA\nFilming\n\n" ]	[ "June 22, 2018" ]
-3168702723692975495	Green sea turtle	Green sea turtle - wikipedia Green sea turtle Jump to : navigation , search Green sea turtle A green sea turtle swimming above a Hawaiian coral reef Conservation status Endangered ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Order : Testudines Suborder : Cryptodira Family : Cheloniidae Subfamily : Cheloniinae Genus : Chelonia Brongniart , 1800 Species : C. mydas Binomial name Chelonia mydas ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) ( originally Testudo ) Synonyms Species synonymy ( show ) Testudo mydas Linnaeus , 1758 Testudo macropus Walbaum , 1782 ( nomen illegitimum ) Testudo viridis Schneider , 1783 Testudo japonica Thunberg , 1787 Testudo marina vulgaris Lacépède , 1788 Testudo viridisquamosa Lacépède , 1788 Testudo mydas macropus Suckow , 1798 Chelonia mydas Brongniart , 1800 Testudo chloronotos Bechstein , 1800 Testudo cepediana Daudin , 1801 Testudo rugosa Daudin , 1801 Chelone mydas Brongniart , 1805 Chelonia japonica Schweigger , 1812 Chelonia virgata Schweigger , 1812 Caretta cepedii Merrem , 1820 Caretta esculenta Merrem , 1820 Caretta thunbergii Merrem , 1820 Caretta mydas Fitzinger , 1826 Caretta virgata Fitzinger , 1826 Chelonia lachrymata Cuvier , 1829 Chelonia maculosa Cuvier , 1829 Chelonia midas Wagler , 1830 ( ex errore ) Chelonia mydas var . japonica Gray , 1831 Chelonia esculenta Wiegmann & Ruthe , 1832 Chelonia bicarinata Lesson , 1834 Chelonia marmorata Duméril & Bibron , 1835 Chelonia ( Chelonia ) cepedeana Fitzinger , 1835 ( ex errore ) Chelonia viridis Temminck & Schlegel , 1835 Mydas mydas Cocteau , 1838 Mydasea mydas Gervais , 1843 Euchelonia mydas Tschudi , 1846 Megemys mydas Gistel , 1848 Chelonia lacrymata Agassiz , 1857 ( ex errore ) Chelonia formosa Girard , 1858 Chelonia tenuis Girard , 1858 Euchelys macropus Girard , 1858 Chelone macropus Strauch , 1862 Chelone maculosa Strauch , 1862 Chelone marmorata Strauch , 1862 Chelone virgata Strauch , 1862 Chelone viridis Strauch , 1862 Chelonia albiventer Nardo , 1864 Thalassiochelys albiventer Günther , 1865 Chelonia agassizii Bocourt , 1868 Mydas viridis Gray , 1870 Chelone midas Cope , 1871 Chelonia lata Philippi , 1887 Chelone mydas Boulenger , 1889 Chelonia mydas mydas Mertens & Müller , 1928 Caretta thunbergi Smith , 1931 ( ex errore ) Chelonia mydas agassizii Carr , 1952 Chelonia mydas agassizi Schmidt , 1953 ( ex errore ) Chelonia mydas carrinegra Caldwell , 1962 Chelonia agazisii Tamayo , 1962 ( ex errore ) Testudo nigrita Tamayo , 1962 Chelonia agassizi Carr , 1967 Chelonia mydus Nutaphand , 1979 ( ex errore ) Chelonia mydas carinegra Nutaphand , 1979 ( ex errore ) Testudo chloronotus Smith & Smith , 1980 ( ex errore ) Chelone albiventer Márquez , 1990 Caretta thumbergii Sharma , 1998 ( ex errore ) Chelonia mydas viridis Karl & Bowen , 1999 The green sea turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) , also known as the green turtle , black ( sea ) turtle or Pacific green turtle , is a large sea turtle of the family Cheloniidae . It is the only species in the genus Chelonia . Its range extends throughout tropical and subtropical seas around the world , with two distinct populations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans , but it is also found in the Indian Ocean . The common name comes from the usually green fat found beneath its carapace ; these turtles ' shells are olive to black . This sea turtle 's dorsoventrally flattened body is covered by a large , teardrop - shaped carapace ; it has a pair of large , paddle - like flippers . It is usually lightly colored , although in the eastern Pacific populations parts of the carapace can be almost black . Unlike other members of its family , such as the hawksbill sea turtle , C. mydas is mostly herbivorous . The adults usually inhabit shallow lagoons , feeding mostly on various species of seagrasses . The turtles bite off the tips of the blades of seagrass , which keeps the grass healthy . Like other sea turtles , green sea turtles migrate long distances between feeding grounds and hatching beaches . Many islands worldwide are known as Turtle Island due to green sea turtles nesting on their beaches . Females crawl out on beaches , dig nests and lay eggs during the night . Later , hatchlings emerge and scramble into the water . Those that reach maturity may live to 80 years in the wild . C. mydas is listed as endangered by the IUCN and CITES and is protected from exploitation in most countries . It is illegal to collect , harm or kill them . In addition , many countries have laws and ordinances to protect nesting areas . However , turtles are still in danger due to human activity . In some countries , turtles and their eggs are hunted for food . Pollution indirectly harms turtles at both population and individual scales , as well as light pollution . Many turtles die after being caught in fishing nets . Also , real estate development often causes habitat loss by eliminating nesting beaches . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution 3.1 Atlantic subpopulation 3.2 Indo - Pacific subpopulation 4 Habitat 5 Ecology and behavior 5.1 Diet 5.2 Predators and parasites 5.3 Life cycle 5.4 Breathing and sleep 6 Physiology and sensory modalities 7 Unique characteristics and features 8 Importance to humans 9 Conservation 9.1 Threats 9.2 Global initiatives 9.3 Country - specific initiatives 10 Genetics 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Taxonomy ( edit ) The green sea turtle is a member of the tribe Chelonini . A 1993 study clarified the status of genus Chelonia with respect to the other marine turtles . The carnivorous Eretmochelys ( hawksbill ) , Caretta ( loggerhead ) and Lepidochelys ( Ridley ) were assigned to the tribe Carettini . Herbivorous Chelonia warranted their status as a genus , while Natator ( flatback ) was further removed from the other genera than previously believed . The species was originally described by Linnaeus in 1758 as Testudo mydas . In 1868 , Marie Firmin Bocourt named a particular species of sea turtle Chelonia agassizii . This `` species '' was referred to as the `` black sea turtle '' . Later research determined Bocourt 's `` black sea turtle '' was not genetically distinct from C. mydas , and thus taxonomically not a separate species . These two `` species '' were then united as Chelonia mydas and populations were given subspecies status : C. mydas mydas referred to the originally described population , while C. mydas agassizi referred only to the Pacific population known as the Galápagos green turtle . This subdivision was later determined to be invalid and all species members were then designated Chelonia mydas . The oft - mentioned name C. agassizi remains an invalid junior synonym of C. mydas . Other authorities claim that the two populations are phenotypically distinct and treat the East Pacific form as a full species . The species ' common name does not derive from any particular green external coloration of the turtle . Its name comes from the greenish color of the turtles ' fat , which is only found in a layer between their inner organs and their shell . As a species found worldwide , the green turtle has many local names . In the Hawaiian language it is called honu , and it is locally known as a symbol of good luck and longevity . Female returning to the sea after nesting in Redang Island , Malaysia Immature Hawaiian C. mydas Swimming in a Mexican coral reef Heading for the ocean on a beach at the Pu'uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park Green sea turtle near Marsa Alam , Egypt Green sea turtle near Marsa Alam , Egypt Green sea turtle Description ( edit ) Scalation of carapace and plastron Taxidermied shell a Chelonia mydas Its appearance is that of a typical sea turtle . C. mydas has a dorsoventrally flattened body , a beaked head at the end of a short neck , and paddle - like arms well - adapted for swimming . Adult green turtles grow to 1.5 metres ( 5 ft ) long . The average weight of mature individuals is 68 -- 190 kg ( 150 -- 419 lb ) and the average carapace length is 78 -- 112 cm ( 31 -- 44 in ) . Exceptional specimens can weigh 315 kg ( 694 lb ) or even more , with the largest known C. mydas having weighed 395 kg ( 871 lb ) and measured 153 cm ( 60 in ) in carapace length . Anatomically , a few characteristics distinguish the green turtle from the other members of its family . Unlike the closely related hawksbill turtle , the green turtle 's snout is very short and its beak is unhooked . The neck can not be pulled into the shell . The sheath of the turtle 's upper jaw possesses a denticulated edge , while its lower jaw has stronger , serrated , more defined denticulation . The dorsal surface of the turtle 's head has a single pair of prefrontal scales . Its carapace is composed of five central scutes flanked by four pairs of lateral scutes . Underneath , the green turtle has four pairs of inframarginal scutes covering the area between the turtle 's plastron and its shell . Mature C. mydas front appendages have only a single claw ( as opposed to the hawksbill 's two ) , although a second claw is sometimes prominent in young specimens . The carapace of the turtle has various color patterns that change over time . Hatchlings of Chelonia mydas , like those of other marine turtles , have mostly black carapaces and light - colored plastrons . Carapaces of juveniles turn dark brown to olive , while those of mature adults are either entirely brown , spotted or marbled with variegated rays . Underneath , the turtle 's plastron is hued yellow . C. mydas limbs are dark - colored and lined with yellow , and are usually marked with a large dark brown spot in the center of each appendage . Distribution ( edit ) The range of the green sea turtle extends throughout tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide . The two major subpopulations are the Atlantic and the eastern Pacific subpopulations . Each population is genetically distinct , with its own set of nesting and feeding grounds within the population 's known range . One of the genetic differences between the two subpopulations is the type of mitochondrial DNA found in individual 's cells . Individuals from rookeries in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea have a similar type of mitochondrial DNA , and individuals from The Pacific and Atlantic Oceans have another type of Mitochondrial DNA . Their native range includes tropical to subtropical waters along continental coasts and islands between 30 ° N and 30 ° S. Since green sea turtles are a migrating species , their global distribution spans into the open ocean . The differences in mitochondrial DNA more than likely stems from the populations being isolated from each other by the southern tips of both South America and Africa with no warm waters for the green sea turtles to migrate through . The green sea turtle is estimated to inhabit coastal areas of more than 140 countries , with nesting sites in over 80 countries worldwide throughout the year . In the United States Atlantic coast , green sea turtles can be found from Texas and north to Massachusetts . In the United States Pacific coast , they have been found from southern California north to the southernmost tip of Alaska . The largest populations of green sea turtles within the United States coastline are in the Hawaiian Islands and Florida . Globally , the largest populations of sea turtles are in the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and the Caribbean islands . Atlantic subpopulation ( edit ) The green sea turtle can generally be found throughout the Atlantic Ocean . Although the species is most abundant in tropical climates , individuals have been spotted as far north as Canada in the western Atlantic , and the British Isles in the east . The subpopulation 's southern range is known until past the southern tip of Africa in the east and Argentina in the western Atlantic . The major nesting sites can be found on various islands in the Caribbean , along the eastern shores of the continental United States , the eastern coast of the South American continent and most notably , on isolated North Atlantic islands . In the Caribbean , major nesting sites have been identified on Aves Island , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico , and Costa Rica . In recent years there are signs of increased nesting in the Cayman Islands . One of the region 's most important nesting grounds is in Tortuguero in Costa Rica . In fact , the majority of the Caribbean region 's C. mydas population hails from a few beaches in Tortuguero . Within United States waters , minor nesting sites have been noted in the states of Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and all along the east coast of Florida . Hutchinson Island in particular is a major nesting area in Florida waters . Notable locations in South America include secluded beaches in Suriname and French Guiana . In the Southern Atlantic Ocean , the most notable nesting grounds for Chelonia mydas are found on the island of Ascension , hosts 6,000 -- 13,000 turtle nests . In contrast with the sporadic distribution of nesting sites , feeding grounds are much more widely distributed throughout the region . Important feeding grounds in Florida include Indian River Lagoon , the Florida Keys , Florida Bay , Homosassa , Crystal River , and Cedar Key . Indo - Pacific subpopulation ( edit ) About to break the surface for air at Kona , Hawaii In the Pacific , its range reaches as far north as the southern coast of Alaska and as far south as Chile in the east . The turtle 's distribution in the western Pacific reaches north to Japan and southern parts of Russia 's Pacific coast , and as far south as the northern tip of New Zealand and a few islands south of Tasmania . The turtles can be found throughout the Indian Ocean . Significant nesting grounds are scattered throughout the entire Pacific region , including Mexico , the Hawaiian Islands , the South Pacific , the northern coast of Australia , and Southeast Asia . Major Indian Ocean nesting colonies include India , Pakistan , and other coastal countries . The east coast of the African continent hosts a few nesting grounds , including islands in the waters around Madagascar . Nesting grounds are found all along the Mexican coast . These turtles feed in seagrass pastures in the Gulf of California . Green turtles belonging to the distinct Hawaiian subpopulation nest at the protected French Frigate Shoals some 800 kilometers ( 500 mi ) west of the Hawaiian Islands . In the Philippines , green turtles nest in the Turtle Islands along with closely related hawksbill turtles . Indonesia has a few nesting beaches , one in the Meru Betiri National Reserve in East Java . The Coral Sea has nesting areas of world significance . The Great Barrier Reef has two genetically distinct populations ; one north and one south . Within the reef , twenty separate locations consisting of small islands and cays were identified as nesting sites for either population of C. mydas . Of these , the most important is on Raine Island . Major nesting sites are common on either side of the Arabian Sea , both in Ash Sharqiyah , Oman , and along the coast of Karachi , Pakistan . Some specific beaches there , such as Hawke 's Bay and Sandspit , are common to both C. mydas and L. olivacea subpopulation . Sandy beaches along Sindh and Balochistan are nesting sites . Some 25 kilometers ( 16 mi ) off the Pakistani coast , Astola island is another nesting beach . On 30 December 2007 , fishermen using a hulbot - hulbot ( a type of fishnet ) accidentally caught an 80 kg ( 180 lb ) , 93 cm ( 37 in ) long and 82 cm ( 32 in ) wide turtle off Barangay Bolong , Zamboanga City , Philippines . December is breeding season near the Bolong beach . Habitat ( edit ) Green sea turtles move across three habitat types , depending on their life stage . They lay eggs on beaches . Mature turtles spend most of their time in shallow , coastal waters with lush seagrass beds . Adults frequent inshore bays , lagoons and shoals with lush seagrass meadows . Entire generations often migrate between one pair of feeding and nesting areas . Green sea turtles , Chelonia mydas , are classified as an aquatic species and are distributed around the globe in warm tropical to subtropical waters . The environmental parameter that limits the distribution of the turtles is ocean temperatures below 7 to 10 degrees Celsius . Within their geographical range , the green sea turtles generally stay near continental and island coastlines . Near the coastlines , the green sea turtles live within shallow bays and protected shores . In these protected shores and bays , the green sea turtle habitats include coral reefs , salt marshes , and nearshore seagrass beds . The coral reefs provide red , brown , and green algae for their diet and gives protection from predators and rough storms within the ocean . The salt marshes and seagrass beds contain seaweed and grass vegetation , allowing ample habitat for the sea turtles . Turtles spend most of their first five years in convergence zones within the bare open ocean that surround them . These young turtles are rarely seen as they swim in deep , pelagic waters . Green sea turtles typically swim at 2.5 -- 3 km / h ( 1.6 -- 1.9 mph ) . Ecology and Behavior ( edit ) Swimming , Hawaii As one of the first sea turtle species studied , much of what is known of sea turtle ecology comes from studies of green turtles . The ecology of C. mydas changes drastically with each stage of its life history . Newly emerged hatchlings are carnivorous , pelagic organisms , part of the open ocean mini nekton . In contrast , immature juveniles and adults are commonly found in seagrass meadows closer inshore as herbivorous grazers . Diet ( edit ) Green sea turtle grazing on seagrass The diet of green turtles changes with age . Juveniles are carnivorous , but as they mature they become omnivorous . The young eat fish eggs , molluscs , jellyfish , small invertebrates , worms , sponges , algae , and crustaceans . Green sea turtles have a relatively slow growth rate because of the low nutritional value of their diet . Body fat turns green because of the consumed vegetation . This diet shift has an effect on the green turtle 's skull morphology . Their serrated jaw helps them chew algae and sea grasses . Most adult sea turtles are strictly herbivorous . Predators and parasites ( edit ) Only human beings and the larger sharks feed on C. mydas adults . Specifically , tiger sharks ( Galeocerdo cuvier ) hunt adults in Hawaiian waters . Juveniles and new hatchlings have significantly more predators , including crabs , small marine mammals and shorebirds . Additionally , their eggs are vulnerable to predation by scavengers like red foxes and golden jackals . Green sea turtles have a variety of parasites including barnacles , leeches , protozoans , cestodes , and nematodes . Barnacles attach to the carapace , and leeches to the flippers and skin of the turtles , causing damage to the soft tissues and leading to blood loss . Protozoans , cestodes and nematodes lead to many turtle deaths because of the infections in the liver and intestinal tract they cause . The greatest disease threat to the turtle population is fibropapilloma , which produces lethal tumor growth on scales , lungs , stomach , and kidneys . Fibropapilloma is caused by a herpesvirus that is transmitted by leeches such as Ozobranchus branchiatus , a species of leech which feeds almost entirely on green sea turtles . Life cycle ( edit ) Hatchling Green sea turtles migrate long distances between feeding sites and nesting sites ; some swim more than 2,600 kilometres ( 1,600 mi ) to reach their spawning grounds . Beaches in Southeast Asia , India , islands in the western Pacific , and Central America are where Green sea turtles breed . Mature turtles often return to the exact beach from which they hatched . Females usually mate every two to four years . Males , on the other hand , visit the breeding areas every year , attempting to mate . Mating seasons vary between populations . For most C. mydas in the Caribbean , mating season is from June to September . The French Guiana nesting subpopulation nests from March to June . In the tropics , green turtles nest throughout the year , although some subpopulations prefer particular times of the year . In Pakistan , Indian Ocean turtles nest year - round , but prefer the months of July to December . Sea turtles return to the beaches on which they were born to lay their own eggs . The reason for returning to native beaches may be that it guarantees the turtles an environment that has the necessary components for their nesting to be successful . These include a sandy beach , easy access for the hatchlings to get to the ocean , the right incubation temperatures , and low probability of predators that may feed on their eggs . Over time these turtles have evolved these tendencies to return to an area that has provided reproductive success for many generations . Their ability to return to their birthplace is known as natal homing . The males also return to their birthplaces in order to mate . These males that return to their homes know they will be able to find mates because the females born there also return to breed . By doing this , the green sea turtles are able to improve their reproductive success and is why they are willing to expend the energy to travel thousands of miles across the ocean in order to reproduce . Mating behaviour is similar to other marine turtles . Female turtles control the process . A few populations practice polyandry , although this does not seem to benefit hatchlings . After mating in the water , the female moves above the beach 's high tide line , where she digs a hole 11 - 22 inches in depth with her hind flippers and deposits her eggs . The hole is then covered up again . Clutch size ranges between 85 and 200 , depending on the age of the female . This process takes about an hour to an hour and a half . After the nest is completely covered , she returns to the sea . The female will do this 3 to 5 times in one season . The eggs are round and white , and about 45 mm in diameter . The hatchlings remain buried for days until they all emerge together at night . The temperature of the nest determines the sex of the turtles before they hatch . At around 50 to 70 days , the eggs hatch during the night , and the hatchlings instinctively head directly into the water . This is the most dangerous time in a turtle 's life . As they walk , predators , such as gulls and crabs , feed on them . A significant percentage never make it to the ocean . Little is known of the initial life history of newly hatched sea turtles . Juveniles spend three to five years in the open ocean before they settle as still - immature juveniles into their permanent shallow - water lifestyle . It is speculated that they take twenty to fifty years to reach sexual maturity . Individuals live up to eighty years in the wild . It is estimated that only 1 % of hatchlings reach sexual maturity . Each year on Ascension Island in the South Atlantic , C. mydas females create 6,000 to 25,000 nests . They are among the largest green turtles in the world ; many are more than a metre in length and weigh up to 300 kilograms ( 660 lb ) . Breathing and sleep ( edit ) Sea turtles spend almost all their lives submerged , but must breathe air for the oxygen needed to meet the demands of vigorous activity . With a single explosive exhalation and rapid inhalation , sea turtles can quickly replace the air in their lungs . The lungs permit a rapid exchange of oxygen and prevent gases from being trapped during deep dives . Sea turtle blood can deliver oxygen efficiently to body tissues even at the pressures encountered during diving . During routine activity , green and loggerhead turtles dive for about four to five minutes , and surface to breathe for one to three seconds . Turtles can rest or sleep underwater for several hours at a time , but submergence time is much shorter while diving for food or to escape predators . Breath - holding ability is affected by activity and stress , which is why turtles quickly drown in shrimp trawlers and other fishing gear . During the night while sleeping and to protect themselves from potential predators , the adults wedge themselves under rocks below the surface and under ledges in reefs and coastal rocks . Many green sea turtles have been observed in returning to the same sleeping location night after night . Physiology and sensory modalities ( edit ) Green sea turtles tend to have good vision , well adapted to a life at sea . The turtles can see many colors , but are most sensitive to light from violet to yellow or wavelengths of 400 to 600 nanometers . They do not see many colors in the orange to red portion of the light spectrum . On land , however , the sea turtles are nearsighted because the lenses in the eyes are spherical and adjusted to refraction underwater . Sea turtles have no external ear and only one ear bone , called the columella . With one ear bone , the turtles can only hear low frequency sounds , from 200 to 700 Hz . Sounds can also be detected through vibrations of the head , backbone , and shell . The nose of the turtle has two external openings and connects to the roof of the mouth through internal openings . The lower surface of the nasal passage has two sets of sensory cells called the Jacobson 's organ . The turtle can use this organ to smell by pumping water in and out of its nose . Since green sea turtles migrate long distances during breeding seasons , they have special adaptive systems in order to navigate . In the open ocean , the turtles navigate using wave directions , sun light , and temperatures . The sea turtles also contain an internal magnetic compass . They can detect magnetic information by using magnetic forces acting on the magnetic crystals in their brains . Through these crystals , they can sense the intensity Earth 's magnetic field and are able to make their way back to their nesting grounds or preferred feeding grounds . Natal homing is an animal 's ability to return to its birthplace in order to reproduce . Natal homing is found in all species of sea turtles and in other animals such as salmon . How these turtles are able to return to their birthplace is an interesting phenomenon . Many researchers believe that sea turtle use a process called imprinting , which is a special type of learning that occurs when turtles first hatch that allows them to recognize their native beach . There are two types of imprinting that are thought to be the reason turtles can find these beaches. The first is the chemical imprinting hypothesis . This hypothesis states that much like salmon , sea turtles are able to use olfactory cues and senses to smell their way home . However , a problem with this hypothesis is that some turtles travel thousands of miles to return to their native beaches , and the scents from that area are n't likely to travel and be distinguishable from that distance . The second hypothesis is the geomagnetic hypothesis . This hypothesis states that as it hatches , a young turtle will imprint on the magnetic field of the beach they are born on . This hypothesis strongly correlates to the method which sea turtles use to navigate the earth . In order to tolerate the constant heat loss in the water , sea turtles have the ability to shunt blood away from tissues that are tolerant of low oxygen levels toward the heart , brain , and central nervous system . Other mechanisms include basking on warm beaches and producing heat through their activity and movements of their muscles . In the winter months , turtles living at higher latitudes can hibernate for a short period in the mud . Unique characteristics and features ( edit ) The green sea turtles exhibit sex differences by their development and appearance . As adult turtles , males are easily distinguishable from the females by having a longer tail ( visibly extending past the shell ) and longer claws on the front flippers . The hatching time and sex of the turtles are determined by the incubation temperature of the nest . Hatchings occur more quickly in nests that are warmer than nests that are in cooler conditions . Warm nesting sites above 30 degrees Celsius favor the development of females , whereas nesting sites below 30 degrees Celsius produce males . The position of the egg in the nest also affects sex - determination . Eggs in the center tend to hatch as females due to the warmer conditions within the nest . Green sea turtles play an essential role within the ecosystem in which they live . In the seagrass beds , the turtles feed on the seagrass by trimming only the top and leaving the roots of the plant . Through their feeding technique , the turtles help to improve the health and growth of the seagrass beds . The healthy seagrass beds that the turtles provide give habitat and feeding grounds for many species of fish and crustaceans . On the nesting beaches , the green sea turtles provide key nutrients for the ecosystem through their hatched egg shells . In their coral reef habitat , the green sea turtles have a symbiotic interaction with reef fish , including the yellow tang . The yellow tang fish swims along with the turtle and feeds on the algae , barnacles , and parasites on its shell and flippers . This species interaction provides food for the yellow tang and provides a necessary cleaning and smoothing of the turtle 's shell . This cleaning helps the turtle swim by reducing the amount of drag and improves their health . Importance to humans ( edit ) Harvested green turtles on a wharf at Key West , Florida Historically , the turtles ' skin was tanned and used to make handbags , especially in Hawaii . Ancient Chinese considered the flesh of sea turtles a culinary delicacy , including and especially C. mydas . Particularly for this species , the turtle 's fat , cartilage , and flesh , known as calipee , are sought as ingredients for making turtle soup , a popular 19th century American dish . In Java , Indonesia , sea turtle eggs were a popular delicacy . However , the turtle 's flesh is regarded as ḥarām or `` unclean '' under Islamic law ( Islam is Java 's primary religion ) . In Bali , turtle meat was a prominent feature at ceremonial and religious feasts . Turtles were harvested in the remotest parts of the Indonesian archipelago . Bali has been importing sea turtles since the 1950s , as its own turtle supplies became depleted . The mostly Hindu Balinese do not eat the eggs , but sell them instead to local Muslims . Commercial farms , such as the Cayman Turtle Farm in the West Indies , once bred them for commercial sale of turtle meat , turtle oil ( rendered from the fat ) , turtle shell , and turtle leather made from the skin . The farm 's initial stock was in large part from `` doomed '' eggs removed from nests threatened by erosion , flooding , or in chemically hostile soil . The farms held as many as 100,000 turtles at any one time . When the international markets were closed by regulations that did not allow even farm - bred turtle products to be exported internationally , the surviving farm became primarily a tourist attraction , supporting 11,000 turtles . Initially started as Mariculture Ltd. , then Cayman Turtle Farm Ltd and subsequently branded Boatswain 's Beach , in 2010 the farm 's brandname was changed to Cayman Turtle Farm : Island Wildlife Encounter . Sea turtles are integral to the history and culture of the Cayman Islands . When the islands were first discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1503 , he named them `` Las Tortugas '' because of the abundance of sea turtles in the waters around the islands . Many of the earliest visitors came to the Cayman Islands to capture the turtles as a source of fresh meat during long voyages . The Green Turtle is a national symbol displayed as part of the Coat of Arms of the Cayman Islands , which also forms part of the national flag of the Cayman Islands . The country 's currency uses a turtle as the watermark in its banknotes . A stylised sea turtle nicknamed `` Sir Turtle '' is the mascot of the national airline Cayman Airways and is part of the livery of its aircraft . A ki ' pohaku ( petroglyph ) of a turtle ( or honu ) can be found on The Big Island of Hawaii in the Pu'u Loa lava fields . The green sea turtle ( called Honu ) has always held a special meaning for Hawaiians and this petroglyph shows its importance dating to possibly when the islands first became populated . The turtle symbolizes a navigator that can find his way home time after time . This symbol mirrors the real life of the green Hawaiian turtle as it will swim hundreds of miles to lay its eggs at its own place of birth . Though there are other myths as well , some Hawaiian legends say the honu were the first to guide the Polynesians to the Hawaiian Islands . Hawaiians revere the turtle and the legend of Kailua , a turtle who could take the form of a girl at will . In human form , she looked after the children playing on Punalu'u beach . Conservation ( edit ) In a public aquarium In recent decades , sea turtles have moved from unrestricted exploitation to global protection , with individual countries providing additional protection , although serious threats remain unabated . Threats ( edit ) Human action presents both intentional and unintentional threats to the species ' survival . Intentional threats include continued hunting , poaching and egg harvesting . More dangerous are unintentional threats , including boat strikes , fishermen 's nets that lack turtle excluder devices , pollution and habitat destruction . Chemical pollution may create tumors ; effluent from harbors near nesting sites may create disturbances ; and light pollution may disorient hatchlings . Habitat loss usually occurs due to human development of nesting areas . Beach - front construction , land `` reclamation '' and increased tourism are examples of such development . An infectious tumor - causing disease , fibropapillomatosis , is also a problem in some populations . The disease kills a sizeable fraction of those it infects , though some individuals seem to resist the disease . In addition , at least in the Southwestern Atlantic ( Río de la Plata , Uruguay ) , exotic invasive species such as the rapa whelk Rapana venosa , were reported massively bio-fouling immature green turtles , reducing buoyancy , increasing drag , and causing severe injuries to the carapace . Because of these threats , many populations are in a vulnerable state . A poached green turtle in Costa Rica Pacific green turtles ' foraging habitats are poorly understood and mostly unknown . These foraging grounds are most likely along the coast of Baja California , Mexico and southern California , in which these turtles have a high risk of incidental capture by coastal fisheries . The main mortality factor for these turtles is the shrimp trawlers in Mexico , in which many of these turtles go undocumented . The only foraging area that has been identified is the San Diego Bay , but it is heavily polluted with metals and PCBs . These contaminants have a negative effect on the ocean environment , and have been shown to cause lesions and sometimes mortality . Green turtles also are threatened by entanglement and ingestion of plastic . In San Diego Bay , an adult green turtle was found dead with monofilament netting tightly packed in its esophagus . In addition there are indications that global climate change is affecting the ability of Green Turtle populations in Australia to produce males due to their temperature - dependent sex determination and the rising temperatures in the northern Great Barrier Reef region . Green sea turtles are the most commonly traded species along Java 's south coast and are sold in the form of whole , stuffed animals or turtle oil , locally known as `` minyak bulus '' Global initiatives ( edit ) A confiscated musical instrument made from the shell of a green turtle , on display at Narita International Airport . The International Union for the Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has repeatedly listed green sea turtles in its Red List under differing criteria . In 1982 , they officially classified it as an endangered species . The 1986 , 1988 , 1990 , 1994 , and the landmark 1996 edition of the IUCN Red List , retained the listing . In 2001 , Nicholas Mrosovsky filed a delisting petition , claiming some green turtle populations were large , stable and in some cases , increasing . At the time , the species was listed under the strict EN A1abd criteria . The IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee ruled that visual counts of nesting females could not be considered `` direct observation '' and thus downgraded the species ' status to EN A1bd -- retaining the turtle 's endangered status . In 2004 , the IUCN reclassified C. mydas as endangered under the EN A2bd criteria , which essentially states the wild populations face a high risk of extinction because of several factors . These factors include a probable population reduction of more than 50 % over the past decade as estimated from abundance indices and by projecting exploitation levels . On 3 May 2007 , C. mydas was listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ( CITES ) as a member of the family Cheloniidae . The species was originally listed on Appendix II in 1975 . The entire family was moved to Appendix I in 1977 , with the exception of the Australian population of C. mydas . In 1981 , the Australian population joined the rest . It is therefore illegal to import , export , kill , capture or harass green turtles . The Mediterranean population is listed as critically endangered . The eastern Pacific , Hawaiian and Southern California subpopulations are designated threatened . Specific Mexican subpopulations are listed as endangered . The Florida population is listed as endangered . The World Wide Fund for Nature has labeled populations in Pakistan as `` rare and declining '' . In the State of Hawaii , specifically on the Island of Hawaii ( Hawaii County ) , state representative Faye Hanohano , a Native Hawaiian rights activist , pressed for a measure to delist C. mydas from protected status so that Native Hawaiians could legally harvest the turtles and possibly their eggs as well . The bill , HCR14 , was largely overlooked by the media since at that point it was only a local issue . While the bill was passed in the House , the Senate 's Committee on Energy and Environment refused to hear it , which meant that the bill did not go on to be heard by the Senate . Country - specific initiatives ( edit ) At the Osaka Aquarium , profile photo of turtle resting on bottom In addition to management by global entities such as the IUCN and CITES , specific countries around the world have undertaken conservation efforts . Bali has traditional uses that were considered sustainable , but have been questioned considering greater demand from the larger and wealthier human population . The harvest was the most intensive in the world . In 1999 , Indonesia restricted turtle trade and consumption because of the decreasing population and threat of a tourist boycott . It rejected a request made by Bali Governor I Made Mangku Pastika in November 2009 to set a quota of 1,000 turtles to be killed in Hindu religious ceremonies . While conservationists respect the need for turtles in rituals , they wanted a smaller quota . Ecotourism is one initiative in Sabah , Malaysia . The island of Pulau Selingan is home to a turtle hatchery . Staff people place some of the eggs laid each night in a hatchery to protect them from predators . Incubation takes around sixty days . When the eggs hatch , tourists assist in the release of the baby turtles into the sea . All populations are listed as `` Threatened '' . The Hawaiian subpopulation has made a remarkable comeback and is now one focus of ecotourism and has become something of a state mascot . Students of Hawaii Preparatory Academy on the Big Island have tagged thousands of specimens since the early 1990s . In the United Kingdom the species is protected by a Biodiversity Action Plan , due to excess harvesting and marine pollution . The Pakistani - branch of the World Wide Fund for Nature has been initiating projects for secure turtle hatching since the 1980s . However , the population has continued to decline . In the Atlantic , conservation initiatives have centered around Caribbean nesting sites . The Tortuguero nesting beaches in Costa Rica have been the subject of egg - collection limits since the 1950s . The Tortuguero National Park was formally established in 1976 , in part , to protect that region 's nesting grounds . On Ascension Island , which contains some of the most important nesting beaches , an active conservation program has been implemented . Karumbé has been monitoring foraging and developmental areas of juvenile green turtles in Uruguay since 1999 . Cayman Turtle Farm located in Grand Cayman in the northwest Caribbean Sea is the first farm to have achieved the second generation of Green Sea turtles bred , laid , hatched , and raised in captivity . Since its beginning in 1968 , the farm has released over 31,000 turtles into the wild , and each year more captive - bred turtles are released into the Caribbean Sea from beaches around the island of Grand Cayman . Captive - bred turtles released from the farm as hatchlings or yearlings with `` living tags , '' have now begun to return to nest on Grand Cayman as adults . On February 19 , 2012 the farm released the first 2nd - generation captive - bred Green Sea turtle equipped with a Position Tracking Transponder -- PTT ( also known as a satellite tag ) . In addition , the farm provides turtle meat products to the local population for whom turtle has been part of the traditional cuisine for centuries . In so doing , the farm curtails the incentive to take turtles from the wild , which over the years in addition to the Cayman Turtle Farm 's release of captive - bred turtles has enabled an increase in the number of turtles sighted in the waters around the island of Grand Cayman and nesting on its beaches . In the Pacific , green sea turtles nest on the motu ( islets ) in the Funafuti Conservation Area , a marine conservation area covering 33 square kilometers ( 12.74 square miles ) of reef , lagoon and motu on the western side of Funafuti atoll in Tuvalu . Genetics ( edit ) The genome of Chelonia mydas was sequenced in 2013 to examine the development and evolution of the turtle body plan . See also ( edit ) marine life portal turtles portal Galápagos green turtle Sea Turtle Association of Japan , Kuroshima Research Station T.K. Bellis The `` Turtle King '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seminoff , J.A. ( Southwest Fisheries Science Center , U.S. ) ( 2004 ) . `` Chelonia mydas '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2012.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Fritz Uwe ; Peter Havaš ( 2007 ) . `` Checklist of Chelonians of the World '' ( PDF ) . Vertebrate Zoology. 57 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 167 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Swash , A. & Still , R. ( 2005 ) . Birds , Mammals , and Reptiles of the Galápagos Islands . Second Edition . Hampshire , UK : WildGuides Ltd. p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chelonia mydas '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved February 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Green Sea Turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) '' . National Geographic -- Animals . National Geographic Society . December 29 , 2005 . Retrieved February 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ferri , Vincenzo ( 2002 ) . Turtles & Tortoises . Buffalo , New York : Firefly Books . ISBN 1 - 55209 - 631 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Green Sea Turtle -- Chelonia mydas japonica '' . Turtles of Pakistan . Wildlife of Pakistan . 2003 . Retrieved February 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Green sea turtle '' . Jump up ^ Bowen , Brian W. ; Nelson , William S. ; Avise , John C. ( June 15 , 1993 ) . `` A Molecular Phylogeny for Marine Turtles : Trait Mapping , Rate Assessment , and Conservation Relevance '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . National Academy of Sciences . 90 ( 12 ) : 5574 -- 5577 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 90.12. 5574 . PMC 46763 . PMID 8516304 . Jump up ^ `` Testudo mydas '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chelonia agassizi is a commonly cited misspelling of this taxon . Jump up ^ `` Chelonia agassizi '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chelonia agassizii '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Karl , Stephen H. ; Brian W. Bowen . `` Evolutionary Significant Units versus Geopolitical Taxonomy : Molecular Systematics of an Endangered Sea Turtle ( genus Chelonia ) '' . Conservation Biology . 1739.1999. 97352. x . 13 ( 5 ) : 990 -- 999 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1999. 97352. x . Jump up ^ `` Chelonia mydas agassizi '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chelonia mydas mydas '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pacific Black Sea Turtle . At : Sea Turtle Inc . ^ Jump up to : `` green turtle '' . Marine Turtles . Marine Conservation Society . 2007 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Hoyt Elbert ( 2003 ) . `` lookup of honu '' . in Hawaiian Dictionary . Ulukau , the Hawaiian Electronic Library , University of Hawaii Press . ^ Jump up to : Glick , Daniel ( September 2005 ) . `` Back from the Brink '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Smithsonian Institution : 54 -- 55 . Retrieved August 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Balazs , G.H. ; Southwest Fisheries Center ( U.S. ) ( 1980 ) . Synopsis of Biological Data on the Green Turtle in the Hawaiian Islands . NOAA - TM - NMFS - SWFC. 7 . Honolulu , Hawaii : U.S. Dept. of Commerce , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , National Marine Fisheries Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Green sea turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) '' . North Florida Field Office . United States Fish and Wildlife Service . December 29 , 2005 . Retrieved February 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kindersley , Dorling ( 2005 ) . Animal . New York City : DK Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 7764 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/sea-turtle/physical-characteristics.htm Jump up ^ `` Species Fact Sheet : Green Sea Turtle '' . Caribbean Conservation Corporation & Sea Turtle Survival League . Caribbean Conservation Corporation . December 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2007 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` National Geographic '' . Green Sea Turtle . ^ Jump up to : `` Green Sea Turtle '' . MarineBio.org . May 21 , 2007 . Retrieved September 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boulenger , G.A. ( 1890 ) . The Fauna of British India , including Ceylon and Burma . Reptilia and Batrachia . London : Taylor & Francis . p. 541 . ISBN 0 - 548 - 96848 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bowen , B.W. , Meylan , A.B. ; Ross , J.P. ; Limpus , C.J. ; Balazs , G.H. ; Avise , J.C.. ( 1992 ) Global population structure and natural history of the green turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) in terms of matriarchal phylogeny . Evolution . International Journal of Organic Evolution . Vol. 46 , No 4 , pp. 865 -- 881 ^ Jump up to : Spotila , J. ( 2004 ) . Sea Turtles : A Complete Guide to their Biology , Behavior , and Conservation . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . Jump up ^ Connolly , Norma ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` More turtles nesting in Cayman '' . Caymanian Compass . ( Quoted Ebanks - Petrie , Gina and Blumenthal , Janice of the Department of the Environment , Cayman Islands ) ^ Jump up to : Bjorndal , Karen A. ; Jerry A. Wetherall ; Alan B. Bolten ; Jeanne A. Mortimer ( February 1999 ) . `` Twenty - Six Years of Green Turtle Nesting at Tortuguero , Costa Rica : An Encouraging Trend '' . Conservation Biology . 13 ( 1 ) : 126 -- 134 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1999. 97329. x . Jump up ^ Lahanas , P.N. ; K.A. Bjorndal ; A.B. Bolten ; S.E. Encalada ; M.M. Miyamoto ; R.A. Valverde ; B.W. Bowen ( 1998 ) . `` Genetic composition of a green turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) feeding ground population : evidence for multiple origins '' ( PDF ) . Marine Biology . Springer - Verlag. 130 ( 3 ) : 345 -- 352 . doi : 10.1007 / s002270050254 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Girondot , Marc ; Jacques Fretey ( 1996 ) . `` Leatherback Turtles , Dermochelys coriacea , Nesting in French Guiana , 1978 -- 1995 '' . Chelonian Conservation and Biology . 2 : 204 -- 208 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seminoff , Jeffrey A. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . IUCN 2002 Red List Global Status Assessment : Green Turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) ( PDF ) . of the World Conservation Union ( IUCN ) . p. 93 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Godley , Brendan J. ; Annette C. Broderick ; Graeme C. Hays ( February 2001 ) . `` Nesting of green turtles ( Chelonia mydas ) at Ascension Island , South Atlantic '' . Biological Conservation. 97 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 158 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3207 ( 00 ) 00107 - 5 . Jump up ^ Broderick , Annette C. ; Brendan J. Godley ; Graeme C. Hays ( 2001 ) . `` Monitoring and conservation of marine turtles of Ascension Island : a sustainable resource '' . Interim Report to Foreign and Commonwealth Office Environment Fund for the Overseas Territories . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Audubon , Maria R. ( 1986 ) . Audubon and His Journals : Dover Publications Reprint . New York : Scribner 's Sons . pp. 373 -- 375 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 25144 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Green turtle nesting sites ( Map ) . Cartography by Center for Marine Conservation . Caribbean Conservation Corporation . 1961 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved August 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seminoff , Jeffrey A. ; Javier Alvarado ; Carlos Delgado ; Jose Luis Lopez ; Gabriel Hoeffer ( June 2002 ) . `` First Direct Evidence of Migration by an East Pacific Green Seaturtle from Michoacan , Mexico to a Feeding Ground on the Sonoran Coast of the Gulf of California '' . The Southwestern Naturalist . Southwestern Association of Naturalists. 47 ( 2 ) : 314 -- 316 . doi : 10.2307 / 3672922 . JSTOR 3672922 . Jump up ^ `` Ocean Ambassadors -- Philippine Turtle Islands '' . Coastal Resource & Fisheries Management of the Philippines . OneOcean.org . Retrieved February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Indonesian Sea Turtle Conservation ( PDF ) . Yayasan , Indonesia : World Wide Fund for Nature , Indonesia . p. 4 . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2011 . Coral Sea . Encyclopedia of Earth . Eds . P. Saundry & C.J. Cleveland . National Council for Science and the Environment . Washington DC Jump up ^ Dobbs , Kirstin ( 2007 ) . Marine turtle and dugong habitats in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park used to implement biophysical operational principles for the Representative Areas Program ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Marine Park Authority . ISBN 978 - 1 - 876945 - 58 - 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Anton D. ; Mark A. Read ( September 2001 ) . `` Frequency of Foraging by Gravid Green Turtles ( Chelonia mydas ) at Raine Island , Great Barrier Reef '' . Journal of Herpetology . Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 35 ( 3 ) : 500 -- 503 . doi : 10.2307 / 1565970 . JSTOR 1565970 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , E. ; A. Astola ( 1877 ) . `` A summer cruise in the Gulf of Oman '' . 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Biology Letters. 3 ( in press ) : 712 -- 4 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0394 . PMC 2391226 . PMID 17878144 . ^ Jump up to : Brynner , Jeanna ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` Sea Turtles ' Mystery Hideout Revealed '' . LiveScience . Imaginova Corp . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ P. Luschi , G.C. Hays , C. Del Seppia , R. Marsh , and F. Papi. ( 1998 ) The navigational feats of green sea turtles migrating from Ascension Island investigated by satellite telemetry . Proc. R. Soc . Lond . B . Jump up ^ Arthur , Karen ; Boyle , Michelle ; Limpus , Colin ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Ontogenetic Changes in Diet and Habitat Use in Green Sea Turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) Life History '' ( PDF ) . Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 362 : 303 -- 311 . doi : 10.3354 / meps07440 . Retrieved Dec 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Devaux , Bernard ( 2000 ) . On the Trail of Sea Turtles . Paris , France : Barron 's Nature Travel Guides . ISBN 0 - 7641 - 1162 - 0 . Jump up ^ Devaux , Bernard ( 2000 ) . On the Trail of Sea Turtles . Barron 's Nature Travel Guides . ISBN 0 - 7641 - 1162 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://www.nwf.org/wildlife/wildlife-library/amphibians-reptiles-and-fish/sea-turtles/green-sea-turtle.aspxNishizawa , H. , M. Asahara , N. Kamezaki , and N. Arai. 2010 . Differences in the skull morphology between juvenile and adult green turtles : implications for the ontogenetic diet shift . Current Herpetology 29 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 101 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Green Sea Turtle '' . National Wildlife Federation . Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Green Sea Turtle '' . Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge . September 5 , 2002 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2007 . Retrieved September 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Predation on green turtle Chelonia mydas nests by wild canids at Akyatan beach , Turkey by L. Brown and D.W. Macdonald , Biological Conservation , Volume 71 , Issue 1 , 1995 , pp. 55 -- 60 . Jump up ^ McGowin , A.E. ; Truong , T.M. ; Corbett , A.M. ; Clark , Dave ( 2011 ) . `` Genetic barcoding of marine leeches ( Ozobranchus spp . ) from Florida sea turtles and their divergence in host specificity '' . Molecular Ecology Resources . 11 ( 2 ) : 271 -- 278 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 0998.2010. 02946. x . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Australian Threatened Species : Green turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Government of Australia . 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Wynekey , J. ; Lohmann , J.K. ; Musick , J.A. 2013 . The biology of sea turtles . CRC Press . Vol 3 . Pp 59 -- 70 Jump up ^ Lee , Patricia L.M. ; Graeme C. Hays ( April 27 , 2004 ) . `` Polyandry in a marine turtle : Females make the best of a bad job '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 101 ( 17 ) : 6530 -- 6535 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0307982101 . PMC 404079 . PMID 15096623 . ^ Jump up to : Bonin , Franck ( 2006 ) . Turtles of the World . Baltimore , Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8496 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Green turtle '' . wwf.panda.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://news.discovery.com/animals/sea-turtle-120201.html#mkcpgn=rssnws1 Jump up ^ Fowler , Stephen ( April 21 , 2002 ) . `` About The Green Turtle on Ascension '' . Turtles . Ascension Island Heritage Society . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lutz , P.L. , Musick , J.A. , and Wyneken , J. 1997 . The Biology of Sea Turtles . Marine Science series ; Marine science series ; CRC marine biology series . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . Jump up ^ Schafer , Edward H. ( 1962 ) . `` Eating Turtles in Ancient China '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . American Oriental Society . 82 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 74 . doi : 10.2307 / 595986 . JSTOR 595986 . ^ Jump up to : Whitten , T ; Soeriaatmadja , R.E. ; Suraya A.A. ( 1996 ) . The Ecology of Java and Bali . Hong Kong : Periplus Editions Ltd . pp. 756 -- 760 . ISBN 962 - 593 - 072 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sumertha , I.N. 1974 . Perikanan penyu dan cara pengelolaan di Indonesia . Dokumen . Kom . IPB 8 : 1 -- 18 . Cited in Whitten , T ; Soeriaatmadja , R.E. ; Suraya A.A. ( 1996 ) . The Ecology of Java and Bali . Hong Kong : Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 757 . ISBN 962 - 593 - 072 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fosdick , Peggy & Sam ( 1994 ) . Last chance lost ? : can and should farming save the green sea turtle ? . York , PA , USA : Irvin S. Naylor . pp. 73 , 90 , et al . Jump up ^ Morriss , Andrew . `` Survival of the Sea Turtle : Cayman Turtle Farm Starts Over '' . PERC Reports . Property and Environment Research Center . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Us : 2010 '' . Cayman Turtle Farm . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Turtle release set '' . Caymanian Compass . October 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh , new banknotes ready '' . Caymanian Compass. April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGowan , Cliodhna ( May 13 , 2007 ) . `` Sir Turtle to keep flying '' . Caymanian Compass . Jump up ^ www.HawaiianLife.com Jump up ^ Kessler , Rebecca ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Sea Turtle Herpes Tumors Linked to Sewage ? '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved November 2010 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Herbst , Lawrence H. ( September 2000 ) . `` Marine Turtle Fibropapillomatosis : Hope Floats in a Sea of Ignorance '' . Proceedings of the 19th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology . 19 : 39 -- 40 . NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS - SEFSC - 443 . Jump up ^ Moncada , Felix ; Adela Prieto ( September 2000 ) . `` Incidence of Fibropapillomas in the Green Turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) in Cuban Waters '' . Proceedings of the 19th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology . 19 : 40 -- 41 . NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS - SEFSC - 443 . Jump up ^ Lezama , C. , Carranza , A. , Fallabrino , A. , Estrades , A. , Scarabino , F. , & López - Mendilaharsu , M. ( 2013 ) . Unintended backpackers : bio-fouling of the invasive gastropod Rapana venosa on the green turtle Chelonia mydas in the Río de la Plata Estuary , Uruguay . Biological invasions , 15 ( 3 ) , 483 -- 487 Jump up ^ Seminoff ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Home range of green turtles Chelonia mydas at a coastal foraging area in the Gulf of California , Mexico '' . Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 242 : 253 -- 265 . doi : 10.3354 / meps242253 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . 1998 . Recovery Plan for U.S. Pacific Populations of the East Pacific Green Turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) . National Marine Fisheries Service , Silver Spring , MD . Jump up ^ https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/01/some-great-barrier-reef-turtle-populations-produce-nothing-but-females/ Jump up ^ Nijman , Vincent ( 2015 ) . `` Decades long open trade in protected marine turtles along java 's south coast '' . Marine Turtle Newsletter -- via ResearchGate . Jump up ^ Groombridge , B. ( 1982 ) . The IUCN Amphibia - Reptilia Red Data Book , Part 1 : Testudines , Crocodylia , Rhynocehapalia . Gland , Switzerland : IUCN . Jump up ^ IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre ( 1986 ) . 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals . Gland , Switzerland and Cambridge , UK : IUCN . ISBN 2 - 88032 - 605 - 2 . Jump up ^ IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre ( 1988 ) . 1988 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals . Gland , Switzerland and Cambridge , UK : IUCN . Jump up ^ IUCN ( 1990 ) . 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals . Gland , Switzerland and Cambridge , UK. : IUCN . Jump up ^ Groombridge , B. ( 1994 ) . 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals . Gland , Switzerland : IUCN . ISBN 2 - 8317 - 0194 - 5 . Jump up ^ Groombridge , B. ; Baillie ( 1996 ) . 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals . Gland , Switzerland : IUCN . Jump up ^ Red List Standards ; Petitions Subcommittee ( October 18 , 2001 ) . `` Ruling of the IUCN Red List Standards and Petitions Subcommittee on Petitions against the 1996 Listings of Four Marine Turtle Species , 18 October 2001 '' ( PDF ) . International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 December 2006 . Retrieved February 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seminoff , J.A. ( 2004 ) . `` Chelonia mydas '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved August 31 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ CITES ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Appendices '' . Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna . Archived from the original ( SHTML ) on December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ UNEP - WCMC . `` Chelonia mydas A-301.003. 002.002 '' . UNEP - WCMC Species Database : CITES - Listed Species . United Nations Environment Programme -- World Conservation Monitoring Centre . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Callis , Tom ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` Turtle report months away '' . Hawaii Tribune Herald . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Karmini , Niniek ( November 27 , 2009 ) . `` Indonesia rejects Bali plan for turtle sacrifices '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Selingan Turtle Island '' . Borneo : Journey Malaysia . Dolphin Diaries Travel Sdn Bhd. 2007 . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fisheries , NOAA . `` Green Turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) : : NOAA Fisheries '' . www.nmfs.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Green Sea Turtles of Florida , Mexico No Longer Endangered '' . U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE . Discovery News . 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grouped Species Action Plan : Grouped plan for marine turtles '' . UK Biodiversity Action Plan . UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee . 2006 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2007 . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ascension Conservation '' . Ascension Conservation , Wildlife . Ascension Conservation. 2007 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Karumbé Jump up ^ `` History : 1989 '' . Cayman Turtle Farm . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Brent ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Little turtles swimming for it '' . Caymanian Compass . Jump up ^ Bell , Catherine ; Parsons J ; Austin TJ ; Broderick AC ; Ebanks - Petrie G ; Godley GJ ( 25 April 2005 ) . `` Some of them came home : the Cayman Turtle Farm headstarting project for the green turtle Chelonia mydas '' . Oryx . Fauna & Flora International . 39 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 148 . doi : 10.1017 / S0030605305000372 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Norma ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` More turtles nesting in Cayman '' . Caymanian Compass . five turtles with tags from the Cayman Turtle Farm were observed nesting on Seven Mile Beach Jump up ^ Cayman Turtle Farm . `` Cayman Turtle Farm Green Sea Turtle Releases '' . SeaTurtle.org . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brammer , Jeff ( October 16 , 2011 ) . `` What if the turtle farm went belly up ? '' . Caymanian Compass . presenting disincentives to poachers due to the commercial availability of turtle meat Jump up ^ Connolly , Norma ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` More turtles nesting in Cayman '' . Caymanian Compass . ( Quoted Ebanks - Petrie , Gina and Blumenthal , Janice of Department of the Environment , Cayman Islands ) Jump up ^ `` Tuvalu Funafuti Conservation Area '' . Ministry of Communication , Transport and Tourism -- Government of Tuvalu . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 28 Oct 2011 . Jump up ^ Wang Z. , Pascual - Anaya , J. , Zadissa A. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` The draft genomes of the soft - shell turtle and green sea turtle yield insights into the development and evolution of the turtle - specific body plan '' . Nature Genetics . 45 ( 6 ) : 701 -- 706 . doi : 10.1038 / ng. 2615 . PMC 4000948 . PMID 23624526 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) References ( edit ) `` Chelonia mydas '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved February 21 , 2007 . Seminoff ( 2004 ) . `` Chelonia mydas '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 9 May 2006 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chelonia mydas . Wikispecies has information related to Chelonia mydas Images and movies ( Chelonia mydas ) -- ARKive US National Marine Fisheries Service green sea turtle page Floridian and Mexican populations -- US Fish and Wildlife Service IUCN Red List entry Desktop wallpaper & fun green turtle facts Green Turtle video -- Macaulay Library Baby green sea turtles -- Open Water 859 Turtle family Cheloniidae Genus Species of the subfamily Carettinae Caretta Loggerhead sea turtle Lepidochelys Kemp 's ridley sea turtle Olive ridley sea turtle Genus Species of the subfamily Cheloniinae Chelonia Green sea turtle Eretmochelys Hawksbill sea turtle Natator Flatback sea turtle Phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2012 update : annotated checklist . Extinct turtles not included . Extant turtle taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Subclass : Anapsida Order : Chelonii or Testudines Suborder Superfamily Family Subfamily Genus Cryptodira Chelydridae Chelydra Macrochelys Chelonioidea Cheloniidae Carettinae Caretta Lepidochelys Cheloniinae Chelonia Eretmochelys Natator Dermochelyidae Dermochelys Kinosternoidea Dermatemydidae Dermatemys Kinosternidae Kinosterninae Kinosternon Sternotherus Staurotypinae Claudius Staurotypus Testudinoidea Emydidae Deirochelyinae Chrysemys Deirochelys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Trachemys Emydinae Clemmys Emys Glyptemys Terrapene Geoemydidae Geoemydinae Batagur Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys Rhinoclemmydinae Rhinoclemmys Platysternidae Platysternon Testudinidae Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis Geochelone Gopherus Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria Psammobates Pyxis Stigmochelys Testudo Trionychia Carettochelyidae Carettochelys Trionychidae Cyclanorbinae Cyclanorbis Cycloderma Lissemys Trionychinae Amyda Apalone Chitra Dogania Nilssonia Palea Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx Pleurodira Chelidae Chelinae Acanthochelys Chelus Mesoclemmys Phrynops Platemys Rhinemys Chelodininae Chelodina Elseya Elusor Emydura Flaviemys Myuchelys Pseudemydura Rheodytes Hydromedusinae Hydromedusa Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa Pelusios Podocnemididae Erymnochelys Peltocephalus Podocnemis Phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2012 update : annotated checklist . Extinct turtles not included . Portal Book See also List of Testudines families Turtles portal Marine life portal Animals portal Biology portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q199458 ARKive : chelonia - mydas BioLib : 25129 EoL : 454546 EPPO : KHLNMY Fauna Europaea : 214775 Fossilworks : 173399 GBIF : 2442225 iNaturalist : 39659 ITIS : 173833 IUCN : 4615 NCBI : 8469 NZOR : aab5c47a - 811c - 4d01 - 8f2b - e6bad9de7ae6 Species+ : 11071 SPRAT : 1765 uBio : 6585336 WoRMS : 137206 GND : 4541243 - 1 NDL : 01187662 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_sea_turtle&oldid=843269276 '' Categories : IUCN Red List endangered species Chelonia Sea turtles Turtles of Africa Turtles of Asia Turtles of Europe Turtles of North America Reptiles of Oceania Turtles of South America Reptiles of Central America Reptiles of the Caribbean Reptiles of Southeast Asia Reptiles of Bangladesh Reptiles of Cambodia Reptiles of China Reptiles of Guatemala Reptiles of Guyana Reptiles of Hawaii Reptiles of India Reptiles of Japan Reptiles of Malaysia Reptiles of Mexico Reptiles of Pakistan Reptiles of the Philippines Reptiles of West Africa Reptiles of Taiwan Reptiles of the United States Reptiles of Western Australia Fauna of Oman Fauna of the United Arab Emirates Fauna of Ascension Island Fauna of the Southeastern United States Natural history of Balochistan , Pakistan Reptiles described in 1758 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Endangered fauna of Africa Endangered fauna of Asia Endangered fauna of North America Endangered fauna of Oceania Endangered fauna of Australia Endangered fauna of Hawaii Endangered biota of South America Turtles of Australia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 01 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do green sea turtles live in australia	[ "The range of the green sea turtle extends throughout tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. The two major subpopulations are the Atlantic and the eastern Pacific subpopulations. Each population is genetically distinct, with its own set of nesting and feeding grounds within the population's known range.[5] One of the genetic differences between the two subpopulations is the type of mitochondrial DNA found in individual's cells. Individuals from rookeries in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea have a similar type of mitochondrial DNA, and individuals from The Pacific and Atlantic Oceans have another type of Mitochondrial DNA.[29] Their native range includes tropical to subtropical waters along continental coasts and islands between 30°N and 30°S. Since green sea turtles are a migrating species, their global distribution spans into the open ocean. The differences in mitochondrial DNA more than likely stems from the populations being isolated from each other by the southern tips of both South America and Africa with no warm waters for the green sea turtles to migrate through. The green sea turtle is estimated to inhabit coastal areas of more than 140 countries, with nesting sites in over 80 countries worldwide throughout the year. In the United States Atlantic coast, green sea turtles can be found from Texas and north to Massachusetts. In the United States Pacific coast, they have been found from southern California north to the southernmost tip of Alaska. The largest populations of green sea turtles within the United States coastline are in the Hawaiian Islands and Florida. Globally, the largest populations of sea turtles are in the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and the Caribbean islands.[30]" ]	[ "in the Great Barrier Reef" ]
8252503591443640228	Reconstruction Era	Reconstruction era - wikipedia Reconstruction era Jump to : navigation , search Reconstruction Era 1865 -- 1877 The ruins of Richmond , Virginia after the American Civil War , newly freed African Americans voting for the first time in 1867 , Office of the Freedmen 's Bureau in Memphis , Tennessee , Memphis Riots of 1866 Date January 1 , 1863 ( 1863 - 01 - 01 ) to March 31 , 1877 ( 1877 - 03 - 31 ) ( 14 years , 2 months and 30 days ) Location United States , Southern United States Also known as Reconstruction ; Radical Reconstruction Reconstruction Era Memphis riots of 1866 New Orleans riot Pulaski riot Opelousas massacre Barber -- Mizell feud Kirk - Holden war Eutaw riot Meridian race riot of 1871 Colfax massacre Brooks -- Baxter War Coushatta massacre Battle of Liberty Place Election Riot of 1874 South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 Hamburg massacre Periods in United States history ( hide ) Colonial era 1607 -- 1775 American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Confederation Period 1783 -- 1788 Federalist Era 1788 -- 1801 Jeffersonian Era 1801 -- 1817 Era of Good Feelings 1817 -- 1825 Jacksonian Era 1825 -- 1849 Civil War Era 1849 -- 1865 Reconstruction Era 1865 -- 1877 Gilded Age 1877 -- 1897 Progressive Era 1897 -- 1920 Roaring Twenties 1920 -- 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1939 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Postwar Era 1945 -- 1981 Reagan Era 1981 -- 2009 Timeline The term Reconstruction Era , in the context of the history of the United States , has two senses : the first covers the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the American Civil War ( 1861 to 1865 ) ; the second sense focuses on the attempted transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877 , as directed by Congress , from states with economies dependent upon slavery , to states in which former slaves were citizens with civil rights . With the three Reconstruction Amendments , the era saw the first amendments to the U.S. Constitution in decades . Three visions of Civil War memory appeared during Reconstruction : the reconciliationist vision , which was rooted in coping with the death and devastation the war had brought ; the white supremacist vision , which included terror and violence ; and the emancipationist vision , which sought full freedom , citizenship , and Constitutional equality for African Americans . Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson both took moderate positions designed to bring the South back into the union as quickly as possible , while Radical Republicans in Congress sought stronger measures to upgrade the rights of African Americans , including the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , while curtailing the rights of former Confederates , such as through the provisions of the Wade -- Davis Bill . Johnson , a former Tennessee Senator and former slave owner , followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates . Lincoln 's last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen , whereas Johnson was opposed to this . Johnson 's interpretations of Lincoln 's policies prevailed until the Congressional elections of 1866 . Those elections followed outbreaks of violence against blacks in the former rebel states , including the Memphis riots of 1866 and the New Orleans riot that same year . The subsequent 1866 election gave Republicans a majority in Congress , enabling them to pass the 14th Amendment , take control of Reconstruction policy , remove former Confederates from power , and enfranchise the freedmen . A Republican coalition came to power in nearly all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy , using the U.S. Army and the Freedmen 's Bureau . The Bureau protected the legal rights of freedmen , negotiated labor contracts , and set up schools and churches for them . Thousands of Northerners came south as missionaries , teachers , businessmen and politicians . Hostile whites began referring to these politicians as `` carpetbaggers '' . In early 1866 , Congress passed the Freedmen 's Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature . The first bill extended the life of the bureau , originally established as a temporary organization charged with assisting refugees and freed slaves , while the second defined all persons born in the United States as national citizens with equality before the law . After Johnson vetoed the bills , Congress overrode his veto , making the Civil Rights Act the first major bill in the history of the United States to become law through an override of a presidential veto . The Radicals in the House of Representatives , frustrated by Johnson 's opposition to Congressional Reconstruction , filed impeachment charges . The action failed by one vote in the Senate . The new national reconstruction laws -- in particular laws requiring suffrage ( the right to vote ) for freedmen -- incensed White Supremacists in the south , giving rise to the Ku Klux Klan . During 1867 - 69 the Klan murdered Republicans and outspoken freedmen in the south , including Arkansas Congressman James M. Hinds . Elected in 1868 , Republican President Ulysses S. Grant supported Congressional Reconstruction and enforced the protection of African Americans in the South through the use of the Enforcement Acts passed by Congress . Grant used the Enforcement Acts to effectively combat the Ku Klux Klan , which was essentially wiped out ( although a new incarnation of the Klan eventually would again come to national prominence in the 1920s ) , but was unable to resolve the escalating tensions inside the Republican party between the northerners on the one hand , and those Republicans originally hailing from the South on the other ( this latter group would be labelled `` Scalawags '' by those opposing Reconstruction ) . Meanwhile , `` Redeemers '' , self - styled Conservatives ( in close cooperation with a faction of the Democratic Party ) strongly opposed reconstruction . They alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers , excessive state spending and ruinous taxes . Meanwhile , public support for Reconstruction policies , requiring continued supervision of the South , faded in the North , largely due to concerns over the Panic of 1873 . The Democrats , who strongly opposed Reconstruction , regained control of the House of Representatives in 1874 . In 1877 , as part of a Congressional bargain to elect Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president following the close 1876 presidential election , U.S. Army Troops were removed from the South , ending Reconstruction and allowing Democrats to violently suppress Republican voters in order to take power . Reconstruction was a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States , and in economic history . After Reconstruction ended -- in effect rejected by the South -- the South remained a poverty - stricken `` backwater '' dependent on agriculture . White Southerners soon succeeded in re-establishing legal and political dominance over blacks through violence , intimidation and discrimination . Historian Eric Foner argues , `` What remains certain is that Reconstruction failed , and that for blacks its failure was a disaster whose magnitude can not be obscured by the genuine accomplishments that did endure . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Dating the Reconstruction Era 2 Overview 3 Purpose 4 Material devastation of the South in 1865 5 Restoring the South to the Union 5.1 Loyalty 5.2 Suffrage 5.3 Southern Treaty Commission 6 Lincoln 's presidential Reconstruction 6.1 Preliminary events 6.2 Gradual emancipation and compensation 6.3 Colonization 6.4 Military governors installed 6.5 Emancipation Proclamation 6.6 Louisiana 10 % electorate plan 6.7 Legalization of slave marriages 6.8 Freedmen 's Bureau 6.9 Bans color discrimination 6.10 February 1865 peace conference 6.11 Historical legacy debated 7 Johnson 's presidential Reconstruction 7.1 Freedmen and the enactment of Black Codes 7.2 Moderate responses 7.3 Johnson 's vetoes 8 Radical Reconstruction 8.1 Constitutional amendments 8.2 Statutes 8.3 Military reconstruction 8.4 State constitutional conventions : 1867 -- 69 9 Politics 9.1 Grant : the Radical President 9.2 Congressional investigation ( 1871 -- 1872 ) 9.3 African - American officeholders 10 Social and economic factors 10.1 Organized religion 10.2 Public schools 10.3 Railroad subsidies and payoffs 10.4 Taxation during Reconstruction 11 Ending Reconstruction 11.1 Southern Democrats 11.2 Redemption 1873 -- 77 11.2. 1 Republicans split nationally : Election of 1872 11.2. 2 Republican coalition splinters in South 11.3 Democrats try a `` New Departure '' 11.4 Panic of 1873 11.5 Violence 11.6 Election of 1876 11.7 Hayes ends Reconstruction 12 Legacy and historiography 12.1 Dunning School : 1900 to 1920s 12.2 Revisionists and Beardians , 1930s -- 1940s 12.3 Black historians 12.4 Neo-Abolitionists 12.5 Dating the end of the Reconstruction Era 12.6 Economic role of race 12.7 The `` failure '' issue 12.8 In popular culture 13 Reconstruction state - by - state -- significant dates 14 See also 15 Notes 16 Bibliography 16.1 Secondary sources 16.2 Historiography 16.3 Yearbooks 16.4 Primary sources 16.5 Newspapers and magazines 17 External links Dating the Reconstruction era ( edit ) In the different states Reconstruction began and ended at different times ; federal Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877 . In recent decades most historians follow Foner in dating the Reconstruction of the south as starting in 1863 ( with Emancipation and the Port Royal experiment ) rather than 1865 . The usual ending has always been 1877 . Reconstruction policies were debated in the North when the war began , and commenced in earnest after Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation , issued on January 1 , 1863 . Overview ( edit ) As Confederate states came back under control of the U.S. Army , President Abraham Lincoln set up reconstructed governments in Tennessee , Arkansas , and Louisiana during the war . He experimented by giving land to blacks in South Carolina . By fall 1865 , the new President Andrew Johnson declared the war goals of national unity and the ending of slavery achieved and reconstruction completed . Republicans in Congress , refusing to accept Johnson 's lenient terms , rejected new members of Congress , some of whom had been high - ranking Confederate officials a few months before . Johnson broke with the Republicans after vetoing two key bills that supported the Freedmen 's Bureau and provided federal civil rights to the freedmen . The 1866 Congressional elections turned on the issue of Reconstruction , producing a sweeping Republican victory in the North , and providing the Radical Republicans with sufficient control of Congress to override Johnson 's vetoes and commence their own `` Radical Reconstruction '' in 1867 . That same year , Congress removed civilian governments in the South , and placed the former Confederacy under the rule of the U.S. Army . The army conducted new elections in which the freed slaves could vote , while whites who had held leading positions under the Confederacy were temporarily denied the vote and were not permitted to run for office . In ten states , coalitions of freedmen , recent black and white arrivals from the North ( carpetbaggers ) , and white Southerners who supported Reconstruction ( scalawags ) cooperated to form Republican biracial state governments . They introduced various reconstruction programs including : funding public schools , establishing charitable institutions , raising taxes , and funding public improvements such as improved railroad transportation and shipping . Conservative opponents called the Republican regimes corrupt and instigated violence toward freedmen and whites who supported Reconstruction . Most of the violence was carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) , a secretive terrorist organization closely allied with the southern Democratic Party . Klan members attacked and intimidated blacks seeking to exercise their new civil rights , as well as Republican politicians in the south favoring those civil rights . One such politician murdered by the Klan on the eve of the 1868 presidential election was Republican Congressman James M. Hinds of Arkansas . Widespread violence in the south led to federal intervention by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871 , which suppressed the Klan . Nevertheless , white Democrats , calling themselves `` Redeemers '' , regained control of the south state by state , sometimes using fraud and violence to control state elections . A deep national economic depression following the Panic of 1873 led to major Democratic gains in the North , the collapse of many railroad schemes in the South , and a growing sense of frustration in the North . The end of Reconstruction was a staggered process , and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states . With the Compromise of 1877 , military intervention in Southern politics ceased and Republican control collapsed in the last three state governments in the South . This was followed by a period which white Southerners labeled `` Redemption '' , during which white - dominated state legislatures enacted Jim Crow laws and , beginning in 1890 , disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites through a combination of constitutional amendments and electoral laws . The white Democratic Southerners ' memory of Reconstruction played a major role in imposing the system of white supremacy and second - class citizenship for blacks , known as the age of Jim Crow . Purpose ( edit ) Reconstruction addressed how the eleven seceding rebel states in the south would regain what the Constitution calls a `` republican form of government '' and be reseated in Congress , the civil status of the former leaders of the Confederacy , and the Constitutional and legal status of freedmen , especially their civil rights and whether they should be given the right to vote . Intense controversy erupted throughout the South over these issues . The laws and constitutional amendments that laid the foundation for the most radical phase of Reconstruction were adopted from 1866 to 1871 . By the 1870s , Reconstruction had officially provided freedmen with equal rights under the constitution , and blacks were voting and taking political office . Republican legislatures , coalitions of whites and blacks , established the first public school systems and numerous charitable institutions in the South . White paramilitary organizations , especially the Ku Klux Klan and also the White League and Red Shirts formed with the political aim of driving out the Republicans . They also disrupted political organizing and terrorized blacks to bar them from the polls . President Grant used federal power to effectively shut down the KKK in the early 1870s , though the other , smaller , groups continued to operate . From 1873 to 1877 , conservative whites ( calling themselves `` Redeemers '' ) regained power in the Southern states . They joined the Bourbon wing of the national Democratic Party . In the 1860s and 1870s the terms `` radical '' and `` conservative '' had distinctive meanings . `` Conservative '' was the name of a faction , often led by the planter class . Leaders who had been Whigs were committed to economic modernization , built around railroads , factories , banks and cities . Most of the `` radical '' Republicans in the North were men who believed in integrating African Americans by providing them civil rights as citizens , along with free enterprise ; most were also modernizers and former Whigs . The `` Liberal Republicans '' of 1872 shared the same outlook except they were especially opposed to the corruption they saw around President Grant , and believed that the goals of the Civil War had been achieved so that the federal military intervention could now end . Passage of the 13th , 14th , and 15th Amendments is the constitutional legacy of Reconstruction . These Reconstruction Amendments established the rights that led to Supreme Court rulings in the mid-20th century that struck down school segregation . A `` Second Reconstruction '' , sparked by the Civil Rights Movement , led to civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965 that ended segregation and re-opened the polls to blacks . Material devastation of the South in 1865 ( edit ) The Southern economy had been ruined by the war . Charleston , South Carolina : Broad Street , 1865 Further information : History of the Southern United States § Material ruin and human losses Reconstruction played out against an economy in ruin . The Confederacy in 1861 had 297 towns and cities with a total population of 835,000 people ; of these 162 with 681,000 people were at one point occupied by Union forces . Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action , including Atlanta ( with an 1860 population of 9,600 ) , Charleston , Columbia , and Richmond ( with prewar populations of 40,500 , 8,100 , and 37,900 , respectively ) ; the eleven contained 115,900 people in the 1860 census , or 14 % of the urban South . The number of people who lived in the destroyed towns represented just over 1 % of the Confederacy 's combined urban and rural populations . The rate of damage in smaller towns was much lower -- only 45 courthouses were burned out of a total of 830 . Farms were in disrepair , and the prewar stock of horses , mules and cattle was much depleted ; two - fifths , or 40 % , of the South 's livestock had been killed . The South 's farms were not highly mechanized , but the value of farm implements and machinery in the 1860 Census was $81 million and was reduced by two - fifths , or 40 % , by 1870 . The transportation infrastructure lay in ruins , with little railroad or riverboat service available to move crops and animals to market . Railroad mileage was located mostly in rural areas and over two - thirds of the South 's rails , bridges , rail yards , repair shops and rolling stock were in areas reached by Union armies , which systematically destroyed what they could . Even in untouched areas , the lack of maintenance and repair , the absence of new equipment , the heavy over-use , and the deliberate relocation of equipment by the Confederates from remote areas to the war zone ensured the system would be ruined at war 's end . Restoring the infrastructure -- especially the railroad system -- became a high priority for Reconstruction state governments . The enormous cost of the Confederate war effort took a high toll on the South 's economic infrastructure . The direct costs to the Confederacy in human capital , government expenditures , and physical destruction from the war totaled $3.3 billion . By 1865 , the Confederate dollar was worthless due to high inflation , and people in the South had to resort to bartering services for goods , or else use scarce Union dollars . With the emancipation of the southern slaves , the entire economy of the South had to be rebuilt . Having lost their enormous investment in slaves , white planters had minimal capital to pay freedmen workers to bring in crops . As a result , a system of sharecropping was developed where landowners broke up large plantations and rented small lots to the freedmen and their families . The South was transformed from an elite minority of landed gentry slaveholders into a tenant farming agriculture system . The end of the Civil War was accompanied by a large migration of new freed people to the cities . In the cities , African Americans were relegated to the lowest paying jobs such as unskilled and service labor . Men worked as rail workers , rolling and lumber mills workers , and hotel workers . The large population of slave artisans during the antebellum period had not been translated into a large number of freemen artisans during Reconstruction . Black women were largely confined to domestic work employed as cooks , maids , and child nurses . Others worked in hotels . A large number became laundresses . The dislocations had a severe negative impact on the black population , with a large amount of sickness and death . Over a quarter of Southern white men of military age -- the backbone of the South 's white workforce -- died during the war , leaving countless families destitute . Per capita income for white southerners declined from $125 in 1857 to a low of $80 in 1879 . By the end of the 19th century and well into the 20th century , the South was locked into a system of poverty . How much of this failure was caused by the war and by previous reliance on agriculture remains the subject of debate among economists and historians . Restoring the South to the Union ( edit ) A political cartoon of Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln , 1865 , entitled `` The Rail Splitter At Work Repairing the Union . '' The caption reads ( Johnson ) : Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever . ( Lincoln ) : A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended . During the Civil War , the Radical Republican leaders argued that slavery and the Slave Power had to be permanently destroyed . Moderates said this could be easily accomplished as soon as Confederate armies surrendered and the Southern states repealed secession and accepted the 13th Amendment -- most of which happened by December 1865 . President Lincoln was the leader of the moderate Republicans and wanted to speed up Reconstruction and reunite the nation painlessly and quickly . Lincoln formally began Reconstruction in late 1863 with his Ten percent plan , which went into operation in several states but which Radical Republicans opposed . Lincoln pocket vetoed the Radical plan , the Wade -- Davis Bill of 1864 , which was much more strict than the Ten - Percent Plan . By late 1866 , the opposing faction of Radical Republicans was skeptical of Southern intentions . White reactions included outbreaks of mob violence against blacks , such as the Memphis riots of 1866 and the New Orleans riot . Radical Republicans demanded a prompt and strong federal response to protect freed - people and curb southern racism . Congressman Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania and Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts led the Radicals . Sumner argued that secession had destroyed statehood but the Constitution still extended its authority and its protection over individuals , as in existing U.S. territories . Stevens and his followers viewed secession as having left the states in a status like new territories . The Republicans sought to prevent Southern politicians from `` restoring the historic subordination of Negroes '' . Since slavery was abolished , the three - fifths compromise no longer applied to counting the population of blacks . After the 1870 census , the South would gain numerous additional representatives in Congress , based on the population of freedmen . One Illinois Republican expressed a common fear that if the South were allowed to simply restore its previous established powers , that the `` reward of treason will be an increased representation '' . Upon Lincoln 's assassination in April 1865 , Andrew Johnson of Tennessee , who had been elected with Lincoln in 1864 as vice president , became president . Johnson rejected the Radical program of Reconstruction and instead appointed his own governors and tried to finish reconstruction by the end of 1865 . Thaddeus Stevens vehemently opposed President Johnson 's plans for an abrupt end to Reconstruction , insisting that Reconstruction must `` revolutionize Southern institutions , habits , and manners ... The foundations of their institutions ... must be broken up and relaid , or all our blood and treasure have been spent in vain . '' Johnson broke decisively with the Republicans in Congress when he vetoed the Civil Rights Act in early 1865 . While Democrats cheered , the Republicans pulled together , passed the bill again , and overturned Johnson 's repeat veto . Full - scale political warfare now existed between Johnson ( now allied with the Democrats ) and the Radical Republicans . Congress rejected Johnson 's argument that he had the war power to decide what to do , since the war was over . Congress decided it had the primary authority to decide how Reconstruction should proceed , because the Constitution stated the United States had to guarantee each state a republican form of government . The Radicals insisted that meant Congress decided how Reconstruction should be achieved . The issues were multiple : who should decide , Congress or the president ? How should republicanism operate in the South ? What was the status of the former Confederate states ? What was the citizenship status of the leaders of the Confederacy ? What was the citizenship and suffrage status of freedmen ? The election of 1866 decisively changed the balance of power , giving the Republicans two - thirds majorities in both houses of Congress , and enough votes to overcome Johnson 's vetoes . They moved to impeach Johnson because of his constant attempts to thwart Radical Reconstruction measures , by using the Tenure of Office Act . Johnson was acquitted by one vote , but he lost the influence to shape Reconstruction policy . The Republican Congress established military districts in the South and used Army personnel to administer the region until new governments loyal to the Union -- that accepted the 14th Amendment and the right of freedmen to vote -- could be established . Congress temporarily suspended the ability to vote of approximately 10,000 to 15,000 former Confederate officials and senior officers , while constitutional amendments gave full citizenship to all African Americans , and suffrage to the adult men . With the power to vote , freedmen started participating in politics . While many slaves were illiterate , educated blacks ( including escaped slaves ) moved down from the North to aid them , and natural leaders also stepped forward . They elected white and black men to represent them in constitutional conventions . A Republican coalition of freedmen , southerners supportive of the Union ( derisively called scalawags by white Democrats ) , and northerners who had migrated to the South ( derisively called carpetbaggers ) -- some of whom were returning natives , but were mostly Union veterans -- organized to create constitutional conventions . They created new state constitutions to set new directions for southern states . Loyalty ( edit ) The issue of loyalty emerged in the debates over the Wade -- Davis Bill of 1864 . The bill required voters to take the `` ironclad oath '' , swearing they had never supported the Confederacy or been one of its soldiers . Pursuing a policy of `` malice toward none '' announced in his second inaugural address , Lincoln asked voters only to support the Union . The Radicals lost support following Lincoln 's veto of the Wade -- Davis Bill but regained strength after Lincoln 's assassination in April 1865 . Suffrage ( edit ) Monument in honor of the Grand Army of the Republic , organized after the war Congress had to consider how to restore to full status and representation within the Union those southern states that had declared their independence from the United States and had withdrawn their representation . Suffrage for former Confederates was one of two main concerns . A decision needed to be made whether to allow just some or all former Confederates to vote ( and to hold office ) . The moderates in Congress wanted virtually all of them to vote , but the Radicals resisted . They repeatedly imposed the ironclad oath , which would effectively have allowed no former Confederates to vote . Historian Harold Hyman says that in 1866 Congressmen `` described the oath as the last bulwark against the return of ex-rebels to power , the barrier behind which Southern Unionists and Negroes protected themselves . '' Radical Republican leader Thaddeus Stevens proposed , unsuccessfully , that all former Confederates lose the right to vote for five years . The compromise that was reached disenfranchised many Confederate civil and military leaders . No one knows how many temporarily lost the vote , but one estimate was that it was as high as 10,000 to 15,000 out of a total white population of roughly eight million . Second , and closely related , was the issue of whether the roughly four million freedmen should be allowed to vote . The issue was how to receive the four million Freedmen as citizens . If they were to be fully counted as citizens , some sort of representation for apportionment of seats in Congress had to be determined . Before the war , the population of slaves had been counted as three - fifths of a corresponding number of free whites . By having four million freedmen counted as full citizens , the South would gain additional seats in Congress . If blacks were denied the vote and the right to hold office , then only whites would represent them . Many conservatives , including most white southerners , northern Democrats , and some northern Republicans , opposed black voting . Some northern states that had referenda on the subject limited the ability of their own small populations of blacks to vote . Lincoln had supported a middle position to allow some black men to vote , especially army veterans . Johnson also believed that such service should be rewarded with citizenship . Lincoln proposed giving the vote to `` the very intelligent , and especially those who have fought gallantly in our ranks . '' In 1864 , Governor Johnson said , `` The better class of them will go to work and sustain themselves , and that class ought to be allowed to vote , on the ground that a loyal negro is more worthy than a disloyal white man . '' As President in 1865 , Johnson wrote to the man he appointed as governor of Mississippi , recommending , `` If you could extend the elective franchise to all persons of color who can read the Constitution in English and write their names , and to all persons of color who own real estate valued at least two hundred and fifty dollars , and pay taxes thereon , you would completely disarm the adversary ( Radicals in Congress ) , and set an example the other states will follow . '' Freedmen voting in New Orleans , 1867 Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens , leaders of the Radical Republicans , were initially hesitant to enfranchise the largely illiterate Freedmen . Sumner preferred at first impartial requirements that would have imposed literacy restrictions on blacks and whites . He believed that he would not succeed in passing legislation to disfranchise illiterate whites who already had the vote . In the South , many poor whites were illiterate as there was almost no public education before the war . In 1880 , for example , the white illiteracy rate was about 25 % in Tennessee , Kentucky , Alabama , South Carolina , and Georgia ; and as high as 33 % in North Carolina . This compares with the 9 % national rate , and a black rate of illiteracy that was over 70 % in the South . By 1900 , however , with emphasis within the black community on education , the majority of blacks had achieved literacy . Sumner soon concluded that `` there was no substantial protection for the freedman except in the franchise . '' This was necessary , he stated , `` ( 1 ) For his own protection ; ( 2 ) For the protection of the white Unionist ; and ( 3 ) For the peace of the country . We put the musket in his hands because it was necessary ; for the same reason we must give him the franchise . '' The support for voting rights was a compromise between moderate and Radical Republicans . The Republicans believed that the best way for men to get political experience was to be able to vote and to participate in the political system . They passed laws allowing all male freedmen to vote . In 1867 , black men voted for the first time . Over the course of Reconstruction , more than 1,500 African Americans held public office in the South ; some of them were men who had escaped to the North and gained educations , and returned to the South . They did not hold office in numbers representative of their proportion in the population , but often elected whites to represent them . The question of women 's suffrage was also debated but was rejected . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states passed new constitutions and laws that disfranchised most blacks and tens of thousands of poor whites with new voter registration and electoral rules . When establishing new requirements such as subjectively administered literacy tests , in some states , they used `` grandfather clauses '' to enable illiterate whites to vote . Southern treaty commission ( edit ) The Five Civilized Tribes that had been relocated to Indian Territory ( now part of Oklahoma ) held black slaves and signed treaties supporting the Confederacy . During the war , a war among pro - and anti-Union Indians had raged . Congress passed a statute that gave the President the authority to suspend the appropriations of any tribe if the tribe is `` in a state of actual hostility to the government of the United States ... and , by proclamation , to declare all treaties with such tribe to be abrogated by such tribe '' ( 25 USC Sec. 72 ) . As a component of Reconstruction , the Interior Department ordered a meeting of representatives from all Indian tribes which had affiliated with the Confederacy . The Council , the Southern Treaty Commission , was first held in Ft. Smith , Arkansas in September 1865 , was attended by hundreds of Indians representing dozens of tribes . Over the next several years the commission negotiated treaties with tribes that resulted in additional relocations to Indian Territory and the de facto creation ( initially by treaty ) of an unorganized Oklahoma Territory . Lincoln 's presidential Reconstruction ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States 1861 -- 1865 Preliminary events ( edit ) President Lincoln signed two Confiscation Acts into law , the first on August 6 , 1861 , and the second on July 17 , 1862 , safeguarding fugitive slaves from the Confederacy that came over into Union lines and giving them indirect emancipation if their masters continued insurrection against the United States . The laws allowed the confiscation of lands for colonization from those who aided and supported the rebellion . However , these laws had limited effect as they were poorly funded by Congress and poorly enforced by Attorney General Edward Bates . In August 1861 , Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont , Union commander of the Western Department , declared martial law in Missouri , confiscated Confederate property , and emancipated their slaves . President Lincoln immediately ordered Frémont to rescind his emancipation declaration stating , `` I think there is great danger that ... the liberating slaves of traitorous owners , will alarm our Southern Union friends , and turn them against us -- perhaps ruin our fair prospect for Kentucky . '' After Frémont refused to rescind the emancipation order , President Lincoln terminated him from active duty on November 2 , 1861 . Lincoln was concerned that border states would bolt from the Union if slaves were given their freedom . On May 26 , 1862 , Union Maj. Gen. David Hunter emancipated slaves in South Carolina , Georgia , and Florida stated all `` persons ... heretofore held as slaves ... forever free . '' Lincoln , embarrassed by the order , rescinded Hunter 's declaration and canceled the emancipations . On April 16 , 1862 Lincoln signed a bill into law outlawing slavery in Washington D.C. and freeing the estimated 3,500 slaves in the city and on June 19 , 1862 he signed legislation outlawing slavery in all U.S. territories . On July 17 , 1862 under the authority of the Confiscation Acts and an amended Force Bill of 1795 , he authorized the recruitment of freed slaves into the Union army and seizure of any Confederate property for military purposes . Gradual emancipation and compensation ( edit ) In an effort to keep border states in the Union , President Lincoln as early as 1861 designed gradual compensated emancipation programs paid for by government bonds . Lincoln desired Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , and Missouri to `` adopt a system of gradual emancipation which should work the extinction of slavery in twenty years . '' On March 26 , 1862 Lincoln met with Senator Charles Sumner and recommended that a special joint session of Congress be convened to discuss giving financial aid to any border states who initiated a gradual emancipation plan . In April 1862 , the joint session of Congress met , however , the border states were not interested and did not make any response to Lincoln or any Congressional emancipation proposal . Lincoln advocated compensated emancipation during the 1865 River Queen steamer conference . Colonization ( edit ) In August 1862 , President Lincoln met with African - American leaders and urged them to colonize some place in Central America . Lincoln planned to free the Southern slaves in the Emancipation Proclamation and he was concerned that freedmen would not be well treated in the United States by whites in both the North and South . Although Lincoln gave assurances that the United States government would support and protect any colonies , the leaders declined the offer of colonization . Many free blacks had been opposed to colonization plans in the past and wanted to remain in the United States . President Lincoln persisted in his colonization plan believing that emancipation and colonization were part of the same program . Lincoln was successful by April 1863 at sending black colonists to Haiti and 453 to Chiriqui in Central America ; however , none of the colonies was able to remain self - sufficient . Frederick Douglass , a prominent 19th - century American civil rights activist , criticized that Lincoln was `` showing all his inconsistencies , his pride of race and blood , his contempt for Negroes and his canting hypocrisy . '' African Americans , according to Douglass , wanted citizen rights rather than to be colonized . Historians debate if Lincoln gave up on African - American colonization at the end of 1863 or if he actually planned to continue this policy up until 1865 . Military governors installed ( edit ) Starting in March 1862 , in an effort to forestall Reconstruction by the Radicals in Congress , President Lincoln installed military governors in certain rebellious states under Union military control . Although the states would not be recognized by the Radicals until an undetermined time , installation of military governors kept the administration of Reconstruction under Presidential control , rather than that of the increasingly unsympathetic Radical Congress . On March 3 , 1862 , Lincoln installed a loyalist Democrat , Senator Andrew Johnson , as Military Governor with the rank of Brigadier General in his home state of Tennessee . In May 1862 , Lincoln appointed Edward Stanly Military Governor of the coastal region of North Carolina with the rank of Brigadier General . Stanly resigned almost a year later when he angered Lincoln by closing two schools for black children in New Bern . After Lincoln installed Brigadier General George F. Sheply as Military Governor of Louisiana in May 1862 , Sheply sent two anti-slavery representatives , Benjamin Flanders and Michael Hahn , elected in December 1862 , to the House which capitulated and voted to seat them . In July 1862 , Lincoln installed Colonel John S. Phelps as Military Governor of Arkansas , though he resigned soon after due to poor health . Emancipation Proclamation ( edit ) Main article : Emancipation Proclamation Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation in Massachusetts , 1862 In July 1862 , President Lincoln became convinced that `` a military necessity '' was needed to strike at slavery in order to win the Civil War for the Union . The Confiscation Acts were only having a minimal effect to end slavery . On July 22 , he wrote a first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves in states in rebellion . After he showed his cabinet the document , slight alterations were made in the wording . Lincoln decided that the defeat of the Confederate invasion of the North at Sharpsburg was enough of a battlefield victory to enable him to release the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation that gave the rebels 100 days to return to the Union or the actual Proclamation would be issued . On January 1 , 1863 , the actual Emancipation Proclamation was issued , specifically naming ten states in which slaves would be `` forever free '' . The proclamation did not name the states of Tennessee , Kentucky , Missouri , Maryland , and Delaware , and specifically excluded numerous counties in some other states . Eventually , as the Union Armies advanced into the Confederacy millions of slaves were set free . Many of these freedmen joined the Union army and fought in battles against the Confederate forces . Yet hundreds of thousands of freed slaves died during emancipation from illness that devastated army regiments . Freed slaves suffered from smallpox , yellow fever , and malnutrition . Louisiana 10 % electorate plan ( edit ) Main articles : Wade -- Davis Bill and Ten percent plan President Abraham Lincoln was concerned to effect a speedy restoration of the Confederate states to the Union after the Civil War . In 1863 , President Lincoln proposed a moderate plan for the Reconstruction of the captured Confederate State of Louisiana . The plan granted amnesty to Rebels who took an oath of loyalty to the Union . Black Freedmen workers were tied to labor on plantations for one year at $10 a month pay . Only 10 % of the state 's electorate had to take the loyalty oath in order for the state to be readmitted into U.S. Congress . The state was required to abolish slavery in its new constitution . Identical Reconstruction plans would be adopted in Arkansas and Tennessee . By December 1864 , the Lincoln plan of Reconstruction had been enacted in Louisiana and the legislature sent two Senators and five Representatives to take their seats in Washington . However , Congress refused to count any of the votes from Louisiana , Arkansas , and Tennessee , in essence rejecting Lincoln 's moderate Reconstruction plan . Congress , at this time controlled by the Radicals , proposed the Wade -- Davis Bill that required a majority of the state electorates to take the oath of loyalty to be admitted to Congress . Lincoln pocket - vetoed the bill and the rift widened between the moderates , who wanted to save the Union and win the war , and the Radicals , who wanted to effect a more complete change within Southern society . Frederick Douglass denounced Lincoln 's 10 % electorate plan as undemocratic since state admission and loyalty only depended on a minority vote . Legalization of slave marriages ( edit ) Before 1864 , slave marriages had not been recognized legally ; emancipation did not affect them . When freed , many made official marriages . Before emancipation , slaves could not enter into contracts , including the marriage contract . Not all free people formalized their unions . Some continued to have common - law marriages or community - recognized relationships . The acknowledgement of marriage by the state increased the state 's recognition of freedpeople as legal actors and eventually helped make the case for parental rights for freedpeople against the practice of apprenticeship of black children . These children were legally taken away from their families under the guise of `` providing them with guardianship and ' good ' homes until they reached the age of consent at twenty - one '' under acts such as the Georgia 1866 Apprentice Act . Such children were generally used as sources of unpaid labor . Freedmen 's Bureau ( edit ) Main article : Freedmen 's Bureau Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population . On March 3 , 1865 the Freedmen 's Bureau Bill became law , sponsored by the Republicans to aid freedmen and white refugees . A federal Bureau was created to provide food , clothing , fuel , and advice on negotiating labor contracts . It attempted to oversee new relations between freedmen and their former masters in a free labor market . The Act , without deference to a person 's color , authorized the Bureau to lease confiscated land for a period of three years and to sell it in portions of up to 40 acres ( 16 ha ) per buyer . The Bureau was to expire one year after the termination of the War . Lincoln was assassinated before he could appoint a commissioner of the Bureau . A popular myth was that the Act offered 40 acres and a mule , or that slaves had been promised this . With the help of the Bureau , the recently freed slaves began voting , forming political parties , and assuming the control of labor in many areas . The Bureau helped to start a change of power in the South that drew national attention from the Republicans in the North to the conservative Democrats in the South . This is especially evident in the election between Grant and Seymour ( Johnson did not get the Democratic nomination ) , where almost 700,000 black voters voted and swayed the election 300,000 votes in Grant 's favor . Even with the benefits that it gave to the freedmen , the Freedmen 's Bureau was unable to operate effectively in certain areas . Terrorizing freedmen for trying to vote , hold a political office , or own land , the Ku Klux Klan was the antithesis to the Freedmen 's Bureau . Bans color discrimination ( edit ) Other legislation was signed that broadened equality and rights for African Americans . Lincoln outlawed discrimination on account of color , in carrying U.S. mail , in riding on public street cars in Washington D.C. , and in pay for soldiers . February 1865 peace conference ( edit ) Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward met with three southern representatives to discuss the peaceful reconstruction of the Union and the Confederacy on February 3 , 1865 in Hampton Roads , Virginia . The southern delegation included Confederate vice-president , Alexander H. Stephens , John A. Campbell , and Robert M.T. Hunter . The southerners proposed the Union recognition of the Confederacy , a joint Union - Confederate attack on Mexico to oust dictator Maximillian , and an alternative subordinate status of servitude for blacks rather than slavery . Lincoln flatly rejected recognition of the Confederacy , and said that the slaves covered by his Emancipation Proclamation would not be re-enslaved . He said that the Union States were about to pass the Thirteenth Amendment outlawing slavery . Lincoln urged the governor of Georgia to remove Confederate troops and `` ratify this Constitutional Amendment prospectively , so as to take effect -- say in five years ... Slavery is doomed . '' Lincoln also urged compensated emancipation for the slaves as he thought the North should be willing to share the costs of freedom . Although the meeting was cordial , the parties did not settle on agreements . Historical legacy debated ( edit ) Lincoln continued to advocate his Louisiana Plan as a model for all states up until his assassination on April 14 , 1865 . The plan successfully started the Reconstruction process of ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment in all states . Lincoln is typically portrayed as taking the moderate position and fighting the Radical positions . There is considerable debate on how well Lincoln , had he lived , would have handled Congress during the Reconstruction process that took place after the Civil War ended . One historical camp argues that Lincoln 's flexibility , pragmatism , and superior political skills with Congress would have solved Reconstruction with far less difficulty . The other camp believes the Radicals would have attempted to impeach Lincoln , just as they did to his successor , Andrew Johnson , in 1868 . Johnson 's presidential Reconstruction ( edit ) Main article : Presidency of Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson , 17th President of the United States 1865 -- 1869 Northern anger over the assassination of Lincoln and the immense human cost of the war led to demands for punitive policies . Vice President Andrew Johnson had taken a hard line and spoke of hanging rebel Confederates , but when he succeeded Lincoln as President , Johnson took a much softer position , pardoning many Confederate leaders and former Confederates . Jefferson Davis was held in prison for two years , but other Confederate leaders were not . There were no treason trials . Only one person -- Captain Henry Wirz , the commandant of the prison camp in Andersonville , Georgia -- was executed for war crimes . Andrew Johnson 's conservative view of Reconstruction did not include blacks or former slaves involvement in government and he refused to heed Northern concerns when southern state legislatures implemented Black Codes that set the status of the freedmen much lower than that of citizens . Smith argues that , `` Johnson attempted to carry forward what he considered to be Lincoln 's plans for Reconstruction . '' McKitrick says that in 1865 Johnson had strong support in the Republican Party , `` It was naturally from the great moderate sector of Unionist opinion in the North that Johnson could draw his greatest comfort . '' Billington says , `` One faction , the Moderate Republicans under the leadership of Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson , favored a mild policy toward the South . '' Lincoln biographers Randall and Current argued that : It is likely that had he lived , Lincoln would have followed a policy similar to Johnson 's , that he would have clashed with congressional Radicals , that he would have produced a better result for the freedmen than occurred , and that his political skills would have helped him avoid Johnson 's mistakes . '' Historians agree that President Johnson was an inept politician who lost all his advantages by his clumsy moves . He broke with Congress in early 1866 and then became defiant and tried to block enforcement of Reconstruction laws passed by the U.S. Congress . He was in constant conflict constitutionally with the Radicals in Congress over the status of freedmen and whites in the defeated South . Although resigned to the abolition of slavery , many former Confederates were unwilling to accept both social changes and political domination by former slaves . In the words of Benjamin F. Perry , President Johnson 's choice as the provisional governor of South Carolina : `` First , the Negro is to be invested with all political power , and then the antagonism of interest between capital and labor is to work out the result . '' However , the fears of the mostly conservative planter elite and other leading white citizens were partly assuaged by the actions of President Johnson , who ensured that a wholesale land redistribution from the planters to the freedman did not occur . President Johnson ordered that confiscated or abandoned lands administered by the Freedmen 's Bureau would not be redistributed to the freedmen but be returned to pardoned owners . Land was returned that would have been forfeited under the Confiscation Acts passed by Congress in 1861 and 1862 . Freedmen and the enactment of black codes ( edit ) Main article : Black Codes ( United States ) An October 24th , 1874 Harper 's Magazine editorial cartoon by Thomas Nast denouncing KKK and White League murders of innocent blacks Southern state governments quickly enacted the restrictive `` black codes '' . However , they were abolished in 1866 and seldom had effect , because the Freedmen 's Bureau ( not the local courts ) handled the legal affairs of freedmen . The Black Codes indicated the plans of the southern whites for the former slaves . The freedmen would have more rights than did free blacks before the war , but they would still have only a limited set of second - class civil rights , no voting rights and no citizenship . They could not own firearms , serve on a jury in a lawsuit involving whites or move about without employment . The Black Codes outraged northern opinion . They were overthrown by the Civil Rights Act of 1866 that gave the freedmen full legal equality ( except for the right to vote ) . The freedmen , with the strong backing of the Freedmen 's Bureau , rejected gang - labor work patterns that had been used in slavery . Instead of gang labor , freedpeople preferred family - based labor groups . They forced planters to bargain for their labor . Such bargaining soon led to the establishment of the system of sharecropping , which gave the freedmen greater economic independence and social autonomy than gang labor . However , because they lacked capital and the planters continued to own the means of production ( tools , draft animals and land ) , the freedmen were forced into producing cash crops ( mainly cotton ) for the land - owners and merchants , and they entered into a crop - lien system . Widespread poverty , disruption to an agricultural economy too dependent on cotton , and the falling price of cotton , led within decades to the routine indebtedness of the majority of the freedmen , and poverty by many planters . Northern officials gave varying reports on conditions for the freedmen in the South . One harsh assessment came from Carl Schurz , who reported on the situation in the states along the Gulf Coast . His report documented dozens of extra-judicial killings and claimed that hundreds or thousands more African Americans were killed . The number of murders and assaults perpetrated upon Negroes is very great ; we can form only an approximative estimate of what is going on in those parts of the South which are not closely garrisoned , and from which no regular reports are received , by what occurs under the very eyes of our military authorities . As to my personal experience , I will only mention that during my two days sojourn at Atlanta , one Negro was stabbed with fatal effect on the street , and three were poisoned , one of whom died . While I was at Montgomery , one negro was cut across the throat evidently with intent to kill , and another was shot , but both escaped with their lives . Several papers attached to this report give an account of the number of capital cases that occurred at certain places during a certain period of time . It is a sad fact that the perpetration of those acts is not confined to that class of people which might be called the rabble . Carl Schurz , `` Report on the Condition of the South '' , December 1865 ( U.S. Senate Exec . Doc . No. 2 , 39th Congress , 1st session ) . The report included sworn testimony from soldiers and officials of the Freedmen 's Bureau . In Selma , Alabama , Major J.P. Houston noted that whites who killed twelve African Americans in his district never came to trial . Many more killings never became official cases . Captain Poillon described white patrols in southwestern Alabama who board some of the boats ; after the boats leave they hang , shoot , or drown the victims they may find on them , and all those found on the roads or coming down the rivers are almost invariably murdered . The bewildered and terrified freedmen know not what to do -- to leave is death ; to remain is to suffer the increased burden imposed upon them by the cruel taskmaster , whose only interest is their labor , wrung from them by every device an inhuman ingenuity can devise ; hence the lash and murder is resorted to intimidate those whom fear of an awful death alone cause to remain , while patrols , Negro dogs and spies , disguised as Yankees , keep constant guard over these unfortunate people . Much of the violence that was perpetrated against African Americans was shaped by gendered prejudices regarding African Americans . Black women were in a particularly vulnerable situation . To convict a white man of sexually assaulting black women in this period was exceedingly difficult . The South 's judicial system had been wholly refigured to make one of its primary purposes the coercion of African Americans to comply with the social customs and labor demands of whites . Trials were discouraged and attorneys for black misdemeanor defendants were difficult to find . The goal of county courts was a fast , uncomplicated trial with a resulting conviction . Most blacks were unable to pay their fines or bail , and `` the most common penalty was nine months to a year in a slave mine or lumber camp . '' The South 's judicial system was rigged to generate fees and claim bounties , not to ensure public protection . Black women were socially constructed as sexually avaricious and since they were portrayed as having little virtue , society held that they could not be raped . One report indicates two freedwomen , Frances Thompson and Lucy Smith , describe their violent sexual assault during the Memphis Riots of 1866 . However , black women were vulnerable even in times of relative normalcy . Sexual assaults on African - American women were so pervasive , particularly on the part of their white employers , that black men sought to reduce the contact between white males and black females by having the women in their family avoid doing work that was closely overseen by whites . Black men were construed as being extremely sexually aggressive and their supposed or rumored threats to white women were often used as a pretext for lynching and castrations . Moderate responses ( edit ) During fall 1865 , out of response to the Black codes and worrisome signs of Southern recalcitrance , the Radical Republicans blocked the readmission of the former rebellious states to the Congress . Johnson , however , was content with allowing former Confederate states into the Union as long as their state governments adopted the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery . By December 6 , 1865 , the amendment was ratified and Johnson considered Reconstruction over . Johnson was following the moderate Lincoln Presidential Reconstruction policy to get the states readmitted as soon as possible . Congress , however , controlled by the Radicals , had other plans . The Radicals were led by Charles Sumner in the Senate and Thaddeus Stevens in the House of Representatives . Congress , on December 4 , 1865 , rejected Johnson 's moderate Presidential Reconstruction , and organized the Joint Committee on Reconstruction , a 15 - member panel to devise reconstruction requirements for the Southern states to be restored to the Union . In January 1866 , Congress renewed the Freedmen 's Bureau ; however , Johnson vetoed the Freedmen 's Bureau Bill in February 1866 . Although Johnson had sympathies for the plights of the freedmen , he was against federal assistance . An attempt to override the veto failed on February 20 , 1866 . This veto shocked the Congressional Radicals . In response , both the Senate and House passed a joint resolution not to allow any Senator or Representative seat admittance until Congress decided when Reconstruction was finished . Senator Lyman Trumbull of Illinois , leader of the moderate Republicans , took affront at the black codes . He proposed the first Civil Rights Law , because the abolition of slavery was empty if laws are to be enacted and enforced depriving persons of African descent of privileges which are essential to freemen ... A law that does not allow a colored person to go from one county to another , and one that does not allow him to hold property , to teach , to preach , are certainly laws in violation of the rights of a freeman ... The purpose of this bill is to destroy all these discriminations . The key to the bill was the opening section : All persons born in the United States ... are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States ; and such citizens of every race and color , without regard to any previous condition of slavery ... shall have the same right in every State ... to make and enforce contracts , to sue , be parties , and give evidence , to inherit , purchase , lease , sell , hold , and convey real and personal property , and to full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property , as is enjoyed by white citizens , and shall be subject to like punishment , pains , and penalties and to none other , any law , statute , ordinance , regulation , or custom to the Contrary notwithstanding . The bill did not give Freedmen the right to vote . Congress quickly passed the Civil Rights bill ; the Senate on February 2 voted 33 -- 12 ; the House on March 13 voted 111 -- 38 . Johnson 's vetoes ( edit ) The debate over reconstruction and the Freedmen 's Bureau was nationwide . This 1866 Pennsylvania election poster alleged that the Bureau kept the Negro in idleness at the expense of the hard working white taxpayer . A racist caricature of an African American is depicted . Although strongly urged by moderates in Congress to sign the Civil Rights bill , Johnson broke decisively with them by vetoing it on March 27 , 1866 . His veto message objected to the measure because it conferred citizenship on the freedmen at a time when eleven out of thirty - six states were unrepresented and attempted to fix by Federal law `` a perfect equality of the white and black races in every State of the Union . '' Johnson said it was an invasion by Federal authority of the rights of the States ; it had no warrant in the Constitution and was contrary to all precedents . It was a `` stride toward centralization and the concentration of all legislative power in the national government . '' The Democratic Party , proclaiming itself the party of white men , north and south , supported Johnson . However the Republicans in Congress overrode his veto ( the Senate by the close vote of 33 : 15 , the House by 122 : 41 ) and the Civil Rights bill became law . Congress also passed a toned - down Freedmen 's Bureau Bill ; Johnson quickly vetoed as he had done to the previous bill . Once again , however , Congress had enough support and overrode Johnson 's veto . The last moderate proposal was the Fourteenth Amendment , whose principal drafter was Representative John Bingham . It was designed to put the key provisions of the Civil Rights Act into the Constitution , but it went much further . It extended citizenship to everyone born in the United States ( except visitors and Indians on reservations ) , penalized states that did not give the vote to freedmen , and most importantly , created new federal civil rights that could be protected by federal courts . It guaranteed the Federal war debt would be paid ( and promised the Confederate debt would never be paid ) . Johnson used his influence to block the amendment in the states since three - fourths of the states were required for ratification ( the amendment was later ratified . ) . The moderate effort to compromise with Johnson had failed , and a political fight broke out between the Republicans ( both Radical and moderate ) on one side , and on the other side , Johnson and his allies in the Democratic Party in the North , and the conservative groupings ( which used different names ) in each southern state . Radical Reconstruction ( edit ) 1868 Republican cartoon identifies Democratic candidates Seymour and Blair ( right ) with KKK violence and with Confederate soldiers ( left ) . Concerned that President Johnson viewed Congress as an `` illegal body '' and wanted to overthrow the government , Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction policies after the election of 1866 . Johnson ignored the policy mandate , and he openly encouraged southern states to deny ratification of the 14th Amendment ( except for Tennessee , all former Confederate states did refuse to ratify , as did the border states of Delaware , Maryland and Kentucky ) . Radical Republicans in Congress , led by Stevens and Sumner , opened the way to suffrage for male freedmen . They were generally in control , although they had to compromise with the moderate Republicans ( the Democrats in Congress had almost no power ) . Historians refer to this period as `` Radical Reconstruction '' or `` Congressional Reconstruction . '' The South 's white leaders , who held power in the immediate postwar era before the vote was granted to the freedmen , renounced secession and slavery , but not white supremacy . People who had previously held power were angered in 1867 when new elections were held . New Republican lawmakers were elected by a coalition of white Unionists , freedmen and northerners who had settled in the South . Some leaders in the South tried to accommodate to new conditions . Constitutional amendments ( edit ) Three Constitutional amendments , known as the Reconstruction Amendments , were adopted . The 13th Amendment abolishing slavery was ratified in 1865 . The 14th Amendment was proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868 , guaranteeing United States citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and granting them federal civil rights . The 15th Amendment , proposed in late February 1869 and passed in early February 1870 , decreed that the right to vote could not be denied because of `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' . The amendment did not declare the vote an unconditional right ; it prohibited these types of discrimination . States would still determine voter registration and electoral laws . The amendments were directed at ending slavery and providing full citizenship to freedmen . Northern Congressmen believed that providing black men with the right to vote would be the most rapid means of political education and training . Many blacks took an active part in voting and political life , and rapidly continued to build churches and community organizations . Following Reconstruction , white Democrats and insurgent groups used force to regain power in the state legislatures , and pass laws that effectively disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites in the South . From 1890 to 1910 , southern states passed new constitutions that completed disfranchisement of blacks . U.S. Supreme Court rulings on these provisions upheld many of these new southern constitutions and laws , and most blacks were prevented from voting in the South until the 1960s . Full federal enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not occur until after passage of legislation in the mid-1960s as a result of the Civil Rights Movement . For details , see : Redemption ( United States history ) Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era ( United States ) Jim Crow laws United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , related to the Colfax Massacre Posse Comitatus Act ( 1878 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Williams v. Mississippi ( 1898 ) Giles v. Harris ( 1903 ) Statutes ( edit ) The Reconstruction Acts as originally passed , were initially called `` An act to provide for the more efficient Government of the Rebel States '' the legislation was enacted by the 39th Congress , on March 2 , 1867 . It was vetoed by President Johnson , and the veto overridden by two - thirds majority , in both the House and the Senate , the same day . Congress also clarified the scope of the federal writ of habeas corpus to allow federal courts to vacate unlawful state court convictions or sentences in 1867 ( 28 U.S.C. § 2254 ) . Military Reconstruction ( edit ) Map of the five Reconstruction military districts First Military District Second Military District Third Military District Fourth Military District Fifth Military District With the Radicals in control , Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts on July 19 , 1867 . The first Reconstruction Act , authored by Oregon Sen. George H. Williams , a Radical Republican , placed 10 of the former Confederate states -- all but Tennessee -- under military control , grouping them into five military districts : First Military District : Virginia , under General John Schofield Second Military District : North Carolina and South Carolina , under General Daniel Sickles Third Military District : Georgia , Alabama and Florida , under Generals John Pope and George Meade Fourth Military District : Arkansas and Mississippi , under General Edward Ord Fifth Military District : Texas and Louisiana , under Generals Philip Sheridan and Winfield Scott Hancock 20,000 U.S. troops were deployed to enforce the Act . The four border states that had not joined the Confederacy were not subject to military Reconstruction . West Virginia , which had seceded from Virginia in 1863 , and Tennessee , which had already been re-admitted in 1866 , were not included in the military districts . The ten Southern state governments were re-constituted under the direct control of the United States Army . One major purpose was to recognize and protect the right of African Americans to vote . There was little or no combat , but rather a state of martial law in which the military closely supervised local government , supervised elections , and tried to protect office holders and freedmen from violence . Blacks were enrolled as voters ; former Confederate leaders were excluded for a limited period . No one state was entirely representative . Randolph Campbell describes what happened in Texas : The first critical step ... was the registration of voters according to guidelines established by Congress and interpreted by Generals Sheridan and Charles Griffin . The Reconstruction Acts called for registering all adult males , white and black , except those who had ever sworn an oath to uphold the Constitution of the United States and then engaged in rebellion ... Sheridan interpreted these restrictions stringently , barring from registration not only all pre-1861 officials of state and local governments who had supported the Confederacy but also all city officeholders and even minor functionaries such as sextons of cemeteries . In May Griffin ... appointed a three - man board of registrars for each county , making his choices on the advice of known scalawags and local Freedmen 's Bureau agents . In every county where practicable a freedman served as one of the three registrars ... Final registration amounted to approximately 59,633 whites and 49,479 blacks . It is impossible to say how many whites were rejected or refused to register ( estimates vary from 7,500 to 12,000 ) , but blacks , who constituted only about 30 percent of the state 's population , were significantly overrepresented at 45 percent of all voters . State constitutional conventions : 1867 -- 69 ( edit ) The eleven Southern states held constitutional conventions giving black men the right to vote. , where the factions divided into the Radical Conservative , and in - between delegates . The Radicals were a coalition : 40 % were Southern white Republicans ( `` scalawags '' ) ; 25 % were white Carpetbaggers , and 34 % were black . Scalawags wanted to disfranchise all of the traditional white leadership class , but moderate Republican leaders in the North warned against that , and black delegates typically called for universal voting rights . The carpetbaggers inserted provisions designed to promote economic growth , especially financial aid to rebuild the ruined railroad system . The conventions set up systems of free public schools funded by tax money , but did not require them to be racially integrated . Until 1872 , most former Confederate or prewar Southern office holders were disqualified from voting or holding office ; all but 500 top Confederate leaders were pardoned by the Amnesty Act of 1872 . `` Proscription '' was the policy of disqualifying as many ex-Confederates as possible . It appealed to the Scalawag element . For example , in 1865 Tennessee had disfranchised 80,000 ex-Confederates . However , prescription was soundly rejected by the black element , which insisted on universal suffrage . The issue would come up repeatedly in several states , especially in Texas and Virginia . In Virginia , an effort was made to disqualify for public office every man who had served in the Confederate Army even as a private , and any civilian farmer who sold food to the Confederate army . Disfranchising Southern whites was also opposed by moderate Republicans in the North , who felt that ending proscription would bring the South closer to a republican form of government based on the consent of the governed , as called for by the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence . Strong measures that were called for in order to forestall a return to the defunct Confederacy increasingly seemed out of place , and the role of the United States Army and controlling politics in the state was troublesome . Increasingly , historian Mark Summers states , `` the disfranchisers had to fall back on the contention that denial of the vote was meant as punishment , and a lifelong punishment at that ... Month by month , the unrepublican character of the regime looked more glaring . '' Politics ( edit ) Grant : the Radical President ( edit ) Main article : Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant , 18th President of the United States 1869 -- 1877 ( Photograph taken by Mathew Brady ) During the Civil War , many in the North believed that fighting for the Union was a noble cause -- for the preservation of the Union and the end of slavery . After the war ended , with the North victorious , the fear among Radicals was that President Johnson too quickly assumed that slavery and Confederate nationalism were dead and that the southern states could return . The Radicals sought out a candidate for President who represented their viewpoint . In 1868 , the Republicans unanimously chose Ulysses S. Grant to be the Republican Presidential candidate . Grant won favor with the Radicals after he allowed Edwin Stanton , a Radical , to be reinstated as Secretary of War . As early as 1862 , during the Civil War , Grant had appointed the Ohio military chaplain John Eaton to protect and gradually incorporate refugee slaves in west Tennessee and northern Mississippi into the Union War effort , and pay them for their labor . It was the beginning of his vision for the Freedmen 's Bureau . Grant opposed President Johnson by supporting the Reconstruction Acts passed by the Radicals . A cartoon threatening that the KKK will lynch scalawags ( left ) and carpetbaggers ( right ) on March 4 , 1869 , the day Horatio Seymour , a Democrat , will supposedly become President . Tuscaloosa , Alabama , Independent Monitor , September 1 , 1868 . A full - scale scholarly history analyzes the cartoonː Guy W. Hubbs , Searching for Freedom after the Civil War : Klansman , Carpetbagger , Scalawag , and Freedman ̈ ( 2015 ) excerpt . Immediately upon Inauguration in 1869 , Grant bolstered Reconstruction by prodding Congress to readmit Virginia , Mississippi , and Texas into the Union , while ensuring their constitutions protected every citizen 's voting rights . Grant met with prominent black leaders for consultation , and signed a bill into law that guaranteed equal rights to both blacks and whites in Washington D.C. In Grant 's two terms he strengthened Washington 's legal capabilities to directly intervene to protect citizenship rights even if the states ignored the problem . He worked with Congress to create the Department of Justice and Office of Solicitor General , led by Attorney General Amos Akerman and the first Solicitor General Benjamin Bristow . Congress passed three powerful Enforcement Acts in 1870 -- 71 . These were criminal codes which protected the Freedmen 's right to vote , to hold office , to serve on juries , and receive equal protection of laws . Most important , they authorized the federal government to intervene when states did not act . Grant 's new Justice Department prosecuted thousands of Klansmen under the tough new laws . Grant sent federal troops to nine South Carolina counties to suppress Klan violence in 1871 . Grant supported passage of the Fifteenth Amendment stating that no state could deny a man the right to vote on the basis of race . Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 giving people access to public facilities regardless of race . To counter vote fraud in the Democratic stronghold of New York City , Grant sent in tens of thousands of armed , uniformed federal marshals and other election officials to regulate the 1870 and subsequent elections . Democrats across the North then mobilized to defend their base and attacked Grant 's entire set of policies . On October 21 , 1876 President Grant deployed troops to protect black and white Republican voters in Petersburg , Virginia . Grant 's support from Congress and the nation declined due to scandals within his administration and the political resurgence of the Democrats in the North and South . By 1870 , most Republicans felt the war goals had been achieved , and they turned their attention to other issues such as economic policies . Congressional investigation ( 1871 -- 1872 ) ( edit ) On April 20 , 1871 , the U.S. Congress launched a 21 - member investigation committee on the status of the Southern Reconstruction states : North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Mississippi , Alabama , and Florida . Congressional members on the committee included Rep. Benjamin Butler , Sen. Zachariah Chandler , and Sen. Francis P. Blair . Subcommittee members traveled into the South to interview the people living in their respective states . Those interviewed included top - ranking officials , such as Wade Hampton , former South Carolina Gov. James L. Orr , and Nathan B. Forrest , a former Confederate general and ( alleged ) prominent Ku Klux Klan leader ( Forrest denied in his Congressional testimony being a member ) . Other southerners interviewed included farmers , doctors , merchants , teachers , and clergymen . The committee heard numerous reports of white violence against blacks , while many whites denied Klan membership or knowledge of violent activities . The majority report by Republicans concluded that the government would not tolerate any Southern `` conspiracy '' to resist violently the Congressional Reconstruction . The committee completed its 13 - volume report in February 1872 . While Grant had been able to suppress the KKK through the Enforcement Acts , other paramilitary insurgents organized , including the White League in 1874 , active in Louisiana ; and the Red Shirts , with chapters active in Mississippi and the Carolinas . They used intimidation and outright attacks to run Republicans out of office and repress voting by blacks , leading to white Democrats regaining power by the elections of the mid-to - late 1870s . African - American officeholders ( edit ) Republicans took control of all Southern state governorships and state legislatures , except for Virginia . The Republican coalition elected numerous African Americans to local , state , and national offices ; though they did not dominate any electoral offices , black men as representatives voting in state and federal legislatures marked a drastic social change . At the beginning of 1867 , no African American in the South held political office , but within three or four years `` about 15 percent of the officeholders in the South were black -- a larger proportion than in 1990 . '' Most of those offices were at the local level . In 1860 blacks constituted the majority of the population in Mississippi and South Carolina , 47 % in Louisiana , 45 % in Alabama , and 44 % in Georgia and Florida , so their political influence was still far less than their percentage of the population . About 137 black officeholders had lived outside the South before the Civil War . Some who had escaped from slavery to the North and had become educated returned to help the South advance in the postwar era . Others were free blacks before the war , who had achieved education and positions of leadership elsewhere . Other African - American men elected to office were already leaders in their communities , including a number of preachers . As happened in white communities , not all leadership depended upon wealth and literacy . Race of delegates to 1867 state constitutional conventions State White Black % White Statewide white population ( % in 1870 ) Virginia 80 25 76 58 North Carolina 107 13 89 63 South Carolina 48 76 39 41 Georgia 133 33 80 54 Florida 28 18 61 51 Alabama 92 16 85 52 Mississippi 68 17 80 46 Louisiana 25 44 36 50 Texas 81 9 90 69 There were few African Americans elected or appointed to national office . African Americans voted for both white and black candidates . The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guaranteed only that voting could not be restricted on the basis of race , color or previous condition of servitude . From 1868 on , campaigns and elections were surrounded by violence as white insurgents and paramilitary tried to suppress the black vote , and fraud was rampant . Many Congressional elections in the South were contested . Even states with majority African - American population often elected only one or two African - American representatives to Congress . Exceptions included South Carolina ; at the end of Reconstruction , four of its five Congressmen were African American . African Americans in Office 1870 -- 1876 State State Legislators U.S. Senators U.S. Congressmen Alabama 69 0 Arkansas 8 0 0 Florida 30 0 Georgia 41 0 Louisiana 87 0 1 * Mississippi 112 North Carolina 30 0 South Carolina 190 0 6 Tennessee 0 0 Texas 19 0 0 Virginia 46 0 0 Total 633 15 Social and economic factors ( edit ) Organized religion ( edit ) Eastman Johnson 's 1863 painting The Lord is My Shepherd , of a man reading the Bible Freedmen were very active in forming their own churches , mostly Baptist or Methodist , and giving their ministers both moral and political leadership roles . In a process of self - segregation , practically all blacks left white churches so that few racially integrated congregations remained ( apart from some Catholic churches in Louisiana ) . They started many new black Baptist churches and soon , new black state associations . Four main groups competed with each other across the South to form new Methodist churches composed of freedmen . They were the African Methodist Episcopal Church ; the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church , both independent black denominations founded in Philadelphia and New York , respectively ; the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church ( which was sponsored by the white Methodist Episcopal Church , South ) and the well - funded Methodist Episcopal Church ( Northern white Methodists ) . The Methodist Church had split before the war due to disagreements about slavery . By 1871 the Northern Methodists had 88,000 black members in the South , and had opened numerous schools for them . Blacks in the South made up a core element of the Republican Party . Their ministers had powerful political roles that were distinctive since they did not depend on white support , in contrast to teachers , politicians , businessmen , and tenant farmers . Acting on the principle as stated by Charles H. Pearce , an AME minister in Florida : `` A man in this State can not do his whole duty as a minister except he looks out for the political interests of his people , '' more than 100 black ministers were elected to state legislatures during Reconstruction , as well as several to Congress and one , Hiram Revels , to the U.S. Senate . In a highly controversial action during the war , the Northern Methodists used the Army to seize control of Methodist churches in large cities , over the vehement protests of the Southern Methodists . Historian Ralph Morrow reports : A War Department order of November , 1863 , applicable to the Southwestern states of the Confederacy , authorized the Northern Methodists to occupy `` all houses of worship belonging to the Methodist Episcopal Church South in which a loyal minister , appointed by a loyal bishop of said church , does not officiate . '' Across the North most evangelical denominations , especially the Methodists , Congregationalists and Presbyterians , as well as the Quakers , strongly supported Radical policies . The focus on social problems paved the way for the Social Gospel movement . Matthew Simpson , a Methodist bishop , played a leading role in mobilizing the Northern Methodists for the cause . His biographer calls him the `` High Priest of the Radical Republicans . '' The Methodist Ministers Association of Boston , meeting two weeks after Lincoln 's assassination , called for a hard line against the Confederate leadership : Resolved , That no terms should be made with traitors , no compromise with rebels ... That we hold the National authority bound by the most solemn obligation to God and man to bring all the civil and military leaders of the rebellion to trial by due course of law , and when they are clearly convicted , to execute them . The denominations all sent missionaries , teachers and activists to the South to help the freedmen . Only the Methodists made many converts , however . Activists sponsored by Northern Methodist Church played a major role in the Freedmen 's Bureau , notably in such key educational roles as the Bureau 's state superintendent or assistant superintendent of education for Virginia , Florida , Alabama , and South Carolina . Many Americans interpreted great events in religious terms . Historian Wilson Fallin contrasts the interpretation of Civil War and Reconstruction in white versus black Baptist sermons in Alabama . White Baptists expressed the view that : God had chastised them and given them a special mission -- to maintain orthodoxy , strict biblicism , personal piety , and traditional race relations . Slavery , they insisted , had not been sinful . Rather , emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God 's favor . In sharp contrast , Black Baptists interpreted the Civil War , emancipation and Reconstruction as : God 's gift of freedom . They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence , to worship in their own way , to affirm their worth and dignity , and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man . Most of all , they could form their own churches , associations , and conventions . These institutions offered self - help and racial uplift , and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed . As a result , black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him ; God would be their rock in a stormy land . Public schools ( edit ) Historian James D. Anderson argues that the freed slaves were the first Southerners `` to campaign for universal , state - supported public education . '' Blacks in the Republican coalition played a critical role in establishing the principle in state constitutions for the first time during congressional Reconstruction . Some slaves had learned to read from white playmates or colleagues before formal education was allowed by law ; African Americans started `` native schools '' before the end of the war ; Sabbath schools were another widespread means that freedmen developed to teach literacy . When they gained suffrage , black politicians took this commitment to public education to state constitutional conventions . The Republicans created a system of public schools , which were segregated by race everywhere except New Orleans . Generally , elementary and a few secondary schools were built in most cities , and occasionally in the countryside , but the South had few cities . The rural areas faced many difficulties opening and maintaining public schools . In the country , the public school was often a one - room affair that attracted about half the younger children . The teachers were poorly paid , and their pay was often in arrears . Conservatives contended the rural schools were too expensive and unnecessary for a region where the vast majority of people were cotton or tobacco farmers . They had no vision of a better future for their residents . One historian found that the schools were less effective than they might have been because `` poverty , the inability of the states to collect taxes , and inefficiency and corruption in many places prevented successful operation of the schools . '' After Reconstruction ended and the whites disfranchised the blacks and imposed Jim Crow , they consistently underfunded black institutions , including the schools . After the war , northern missionaries founded numerous private academies and colleges for freedmen across the South . In addition , every state founded state colleges for freedmen , such as Alcorn State University in Mississippi . The normal schools and state colleges produced generations of teachers who were integral to the education of African - American children under the segregated system . By the end of the century , the majority of African Americans were literate . In the late 19th century , the federal government established land grant legislation to provide funding for higher education across the United States . Learning that blacks were excluded from land grant colleges in the South , in 1890 the federal government insisted that southern states establish black state institutions as land grant colleges to provide for black higher education , in order to continue to receive funds for their already established white schools . Some states classified their black state colleges as land grant institutions . Former Congressman John Roy Lynch wrote , `` there are very many liberal , fair - minded and influential Democrats in the State ( Mississippi ) who are strongly in favor of having the State provide for the liberal education of both races . '' Railroad subsidies and payoffs ( edit ) Atlanta 's rail yard and roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War Every Southern state subsidized railroads , which modernizers believed could haul the South out of isolation and poverty . Millions of dollars in bonds and subsidies were fraudulently pocketed . One ring in North Carolina spent $200,000 in bribing the legislature and obtained millions in state money for its railroads . Instead of building new track , however , it used the funds to speculate in bonds , reward friends with extravagant fees , and enjoy lavish trips to Europe . Taxes were quadrupled across the South to pay off the railroad bonds and the school costs . There were complaints among taxpayers , because taxes had historically been low , as the planter elite was not committed to public infrastructure or public education . Taxes historically had been much lower in the South than in the North , reflecting the lack of government investment by the communities . Nevertheless , thousands of miles of lines were built as the Southern system expanded from 11,000 miles ( 17,700 km ) in 1870 to 29,000 miles ( 46,700 km ) in 1890 . The lines were owned and directed overwhelmingly by Northerners . Railroads helped create a mechanically skilled group of craftsmen and broke the isolation of much of the region . Passengers were few , however , and apart from hauling the cotton crop when it was harvested , there was little freight traffic . As Franklin explains , `` numerous railroads fed at the public trough by bribing legislators ... and through the use and misuse of state funds . '' The effect , according to one businessman , `` was to drive capital from the State , paralyze industry , and demoralize labor . '' Taxation during Reconstruction ( edit ) Reconstruction changed the means of taxation in the South . In the U.S. from the earliest days until today , a major source of state revenue was the property tax . In the South , wealthy landowners were allowed to self - assess the value of their own land . These fraudulent assessments were almost valueless , and pre-war property tax collections were lacking due to property value misrepresentation . State revenues came from fees and from sales taxes on slave auctions . Some states assessed property owners by a combination of land value and a capitation tax , a tax on each worker employed . This tax was often assessed in a way to discourage a free labor market , where a slave was assessed at 75 cents , while a free white was assessed at a dollar or more , and a free African American at $3 or more . Some revenue also came from poll taxes . These taxes were more than poor people could pay , with the designed and inevitable consequence that they did not vote . During Reconstruction , the state legislature mobilized to provide for public need more than had previous governments : establishing public schools and investing in infrastructure , as well as charitable institutions such as hospitals and asylums . The needed to increase taxes which were abnormally low . The planters had provided privately for their own needs . There was some fraudulent spending in the postwar years ; a collapse in state credit because of huge deficits , forced the states to increase property tax rates . In places , the rate went up to ten times higher -- despite the poverty of the region . The planters had not invested in infrastructure and much had been destroyed during the war . In part , the new tax system was designed to force owners of large plantations with huge tracts of uncultivated land either to sell or to have it confiscated for failure to pay taxes . The taxes would serve as a market - based system for redistributing the land to the landless freedmen and white poor . Mississippi , for instance , was mostly frontier , with 90 % of the bottomlands in the interior undeveloped . The following table shows property tax rates for South Carolina and Mississippi . Note that many local town and county assessments effectively doubled the tax rates reported in the table . These taxes were still levied upon the landowners ' own sworn testimony as to the value of their land , which remained the dubious and exploitable system used by wealthy landholders in the South well into the 20th century . State Property Tax Rates during Reconstruction Year South Carolina Mississippi 1869 5 mills ( 0.5 % ) 1 mill ( 0.1 % ) ( lowest rate between 1822 and 1898 ) 1870 9 mills 5 mills 1871 7 mills 4 mills 1872 12 mills 8.5 mills 1873 12 mills 12.5 mills 1874 10.3 -- 8 mills 14 mills ( 1.4 % ) `` a rate which virtually amounted to confiscation '' ( highest rate between 1822 and 1898 ) 1875 11 mills 1876 7 mills Source J.S. Reynolds , Reconstruction in South Carolina , 1865 -- 1877 ( Columbia , SC : The State Co. , 1905 ) , p. 329 . J.H. Hollander , Studies in State Taxation with Particular Reference to the Southern States ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1900 ) , p. 192 . Called upon to pay taxes on their property , essentially for the first time , angry plantation owners revolted . The conservatives shifted their focus away from race to taxes . Former Congressman John R. Lynch , a black Republican leader from Mississippi , later wrote , The argument made by the taxpayers , however , was plausible and it may be conceded that , upon the whole , they were about right ; for no doubt it would have been much easier upon the taxpayers to have increased at that time the interest - bearing debt of the State than to have increased the tax rate . The latter course , however , had been adopted and could not then be changed unless of course they wanted to change them . Ending Reconstruction ( edit ) Southern Democrats ( edit ) Winslow Homer 's 1876 painting A Visit from the Old Mistress While the `` Scalawag '' element of Republican whites supported measures for black civil rights , the conservative whites typically opposed these measures . Some supported armed attacks to suppress black power . They self - consciously defended their own actions within the framework of an Anglo - American discourse of resistance against tyrannical government , and they broadly succeeded in convincing many fellow white citizens says Steedman . The opponents of Reconstruction formed state political parties , affiliated with the national Democratic party and often named the `` Conservative party . '' They supported or tolerated violent paramilitary groups , such as the White League in Louisiana and the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas , that assassinated and intimidated both black and white Republican leaders at election time . Historian George C. Rable called such groups the `` military arm of the Democratic Party . '' By the mid-1870s , the Conservatives and Democrats had aligned with the national Democratic Party , which enthusiastically supported their cause even as the national Republican Party was losing interest in Southern affairs . Historian Walter Lynwood Fleming , associated with the early 20th - century Dunning School , describes the mounting anger of Southern whites : The Negro troops , even at their best , were everywhere considered offensive by the native whites ... The Negro soldier , impudent by reason of his new freedom , his new uniform , and his new gun , was more than Southern temper could tranquilly bear , and race conflicts were frequent . Often , these white Southerners identified as the `` Conservative Party '' or the `` Democratic and Conservative Party '' in order to distinguish themselves from the national Democratic Party and to obtain support from former Whigs . These parties sent delegates to the 1868 Democratic National Convention and abandoned their separate names by 1873 or 1874 . Most ( white ) members of both the planter / business class and common farmer class of the South opposed black power , carpetbaggers and military rule , and sought white supremacy . Democrats nominated some blacks for political office and tried to steal other blacks from the Republican side . When these attempts to combine with the blacks failed , the planters joined the common farmers in simply trying to displace the Republican governments . The planters and their business allies dominated the self - styled `` conservative '' coalition that finally took control in the South . They were paternalistic toward the blacks but feared they would use power to raise taxes and slow business development . Fleming described the first results of the insurgent movement as `` good , '' and the later ones as `` both good and bad . '' According to Fleming ( 1907 ) , the KKK `` quieted the Negroes , made life and property safer , gave protection to women , stopped burnings , forced the Radical leaders to be more moderate , made the Negroes work better , drove the worst of the Radical leaders from the country and started the whites on the way to gain political supremacy . '' The evil result , Fleming said , was that lawless elements `` made use of the organization as a cloak to cover their misdeeds ... the lynching habits of today ( 1907 ) are largely due to conditions , social and legal , growing out of Reconstruction . '' Historians have noted that the peak of lynchings took place near the turn of the century , decades after Reconstruction ended , as whites were imposing Jim Crow laws and passing new state constitutions that disenfranchised the blacks . The lynchings were used for intimidation and social control , with a frequency associated with economic stresses and the settlement of sharecropper accounts at the end of the season , than for any other reason . Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer ( a northern scholar ) in 1917 explained : Outrages upon the former slaves in the South there were in plenty . Their sufferings were many . But white men , too , were victims of lawless violence , and in all portions of the North and the late `` rebel '' states . Not a political campaign passed without the exchange of bullets , the breaking of skulls with sticks and stones , the firing of rival club - houses . Republican clubs marched the streets of Philadelphia , amid revolver shots and brickbats , to save the negroes from the `` rebel '' savages in Alabama ... The project to make voters out of black men was not so much for their social elevation as for the further punishment of the Southern white people -- for the capture of offices for Radical scamps and the entrenchment of the Radical party in power for a long time to come in the South and in the country at large . As Reconstruction continued , whites accompanied elections with increased violence in an attempt to run Republicans out of office and suppress black voting . The victims of this violence were overwhelmingly African American , as in the Colfax Massacre of 1873 . After federal suppression of the Klan in the early 1870s , white insurgent groups tried to avoid open conflict with federal forces . In 1874 in the Battle of Liberty Place , the White League entered New Orleans with 5,000 members and defeated the police and militia , to occupy federal offices for three days in an attempt to overturn the disputed government of William Kellogg , but retreated before federal troops reached the city . None were prosecuted . Their election - time tactics included violent intimidation of African - American and Republican voters prior to elections , while avoiding conflict with the U.S. Army or the state militias , and then withdrawing completely on election day . Conservative reaction continued in both the north and south ; the `` white liners '' movement to elect candidates dedicated to white supremacy reached as far as Ohio in 1875 . Redemption 1873 -- 77 ( edit ) Main article : Redeemers Republicans split nationally : election of 1872 ( edit ) As early as 1868 Supreme Court Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase , a leading Radical during the war , concluded that : Congress was right in not limiting , by its reconstruction acts , the right of suffrage to whites ; but wrong in the exclusion from suffrage of certain classes of citizens and all unable to take its prescribed retrospective oath , and wrong also in the establishment of despotic military governments for the States and in authorizing military commissions for the trial of civilians in time of peace . There should have been as little military government as possible ; no military commissions ; no classes excluded from suffrage ; and no oath except one of faithful obedience and support to the Constitution and laws , and of sincere attachment to the constitutional Government of the United States . By 1872 , President Ulysses S. Grant had alienated large numbers of leading Republicans , including many Radicals , by the corruption of his administration and his use of federal soldiers to prop up Radical state regimes in the South . The opponents , called `` Liberal Republicans '' , included founders of the party who expressed dismay that the party had succumbed to corruption . They were further wearied by the continued insurgent violence of whites against blacks in the South , especially around every election cycle , which demonstrated the war was not over and changes were fragile . Leaders included editors of some of the nation 's most powerful newspapers . Charles Sumner , embittered by the corruption of the Grant administration , joined the new party , which nominated editor Horace Greeley . The badly organized Democratic party also supported Greeley . Grant made up for the defections by new gains among Union veterans and by strong support from the `` Stalwart '' faction of his party ( which depended on his patronage ) , and the Southern Republican parties . Grant won with 55.6 % of the vote to Greeley 's 43.8 % . The Liberal Republican party vanished and many former supporters -- even former abolitionists -- abandoned the cause of Reconstruction . Republican coalition splinters in South ( edit ) In the South , political -- racial tensions built up inside the Republican party as they were attacked by the Democrats . In 1868 , Georgia Democrats , with support from some Republicans , expelled all 28 black Republican members from the state house , arguing blacks were eligible to vote but not to hold office . In most states , the more conservative scalawags fought for control with the more radical carpetbaggers and their black allies . Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the South were edited by scalawags -- only 20 percent were edited by carpetbaggers . White businessmen generally boycotted Republican papers , which survived through government patronage . Nevertheless , in the increasingly bitter battles inside the Republican Party , the scalawags usually lost ; many of the disgruntled losers switched over to the conservative or Democratic side . In Mississippi , the conservative faction led by scalawag James Lusk Alcorn was decisively defeated by the radical faction led by carpetbagger Adelbert Ames . The party lost support steadily as many scalawags left it ; few recruits were acquired . The most bitter contest took place inside the Republican Party in Arkansas , where the two sides armed their forces and confronted each other in the streets ; no actual combat took place in the Brooks -- Baxter War . The carpetbagger faction led by Elisha Baxter finally prevailed when the White House intervened , but both sides were badly weakened , and the Democrats soon came to power . Meanwhile , in state after state the freedmen were demanding a bigger share of the offices and patronage , squeezing out carpetbagger allies but never commanding the numbers equivalent to their population proportion . By the mid-1870s , `` The hard realities of Southern political life had taught the lesson that black constituents needed to be represented by black officials . '' The financial depression increased the pressure on Reconstruction governments , dissolving progress . Finally , some of the more prosperous freedmen were joining the Democrats , as they were angered at the failure of the Republicans to help them acquire land . The South was `` sparsely settled '' ; only 10 % of Louisiana was cultivated , and 90 % of Mississippi bottomland were undeveloped in areas away from the riverfronts , but freedmen often did not have the stake to get started . They hoped government would help them acquire land which they would work . Only South Carolina created any land redistribution , establishing a land commission and resettling about 14,000 freedmen families and some poor whites on land purchased by the state . Although historians such as W.E.B. Du Bois celebrated a cross-racial coalition of poor whites and blacks , such coalitions rarely formed in these years . Writing in 1915 , former Congressman Lynch , recalling his experience as a black leader in Mississippi , explained that , While the colored men did not look with favor upon a political alliance with the poor whites , it must be admitted that , with very few exceptions , that class of whites did not seek , and did not seem to desire such an alliance . Lynch reported that poor whites resented the job competition from freedmen . Furthermore , the poor whites with a few exceptions , were less efficient , less capable , and knew less about matters of state and governmental administration than many of the former slaves ... As a rule , therefore , the whites that came into the leadership of the Republican party between 1872 and 1875 were representatives of the most substantial families of the land . Democrats try a `` new Departure '' ( edit ) Main article : New Departure ( Democrats ) A Republican Form of Government and No Domestic Violence by Thomas Nast A political cartoon about the ( Wheeler ) Compromise in Louisiana published in Harper 's Weekly March 6 , 1875 By 1870 , the Democratic -- Conservative leadership across the South decided it had to end its opposition to Reconstruction and black suffrage to survive and move on to new issues . The Grant administration had proven by its crackdown on the Ku Klux Klan that it would use as much federal power as necessary to suppress open anti-black violence . Democrats in the North concurred with these Southern Democrats . They wanted to fight the Republican Party on economic grounds rather than race . The New Departure offered the chance for a clean slate without having to re-fight the Civil War every election . Furthermore , many wealthy Southern landowners thought they could control part of the newly enfranchised black electorate to their own advantage . Not all Democrats agreed ; an insurgent element continued to resist Reconstruction no matter what . Eventually , a group called `` Redeemers '' took control of the party in the Southern states . They formed coalitions with conservative Republicans , including scalawags and carpetbaggers , emphasizing the need for economic modernization . Railroad building was seen as a panacea since northern capital was needed . The new tactics were a success in Virginia where William Mahone built a winning coalition . In Tennessee , the Redeemers formed a coalition with Republican governor DeWitt Senter . Across the South , some Democrats switched from the race issue to taxes and corruption , charging that Republican governments were corrupt and inefficient . With continuing decrease in cotton prices , taxes squeezed cash - poor farmers who rarely saw $20 in currency a year but had to pay taxes in currency or lose their farm . But major planters , who had never paid taxes before , often recovered their property even after confiscation . In North Carolina , Republican Governor William Woods Holden used state troops against the Klan , but the prisoners were released by federal judges . Holden became the first governor in American history to be impeached and removed from office . Republican political disputes in Georgia split the party and enabled the Redeemers to take over . In the North , a live - and - let - live attitude made elections more like a sporting contest . But in the Deep South , many white citizens had not reconciled with the defeat of the war or the granting of citizenship to freedmen . As an Alabama scalawag explained , Our contest here is for life , for the right to earn our bread ... for a decent and respectful consideration as human beings and members of society . Panic of 1873 ( edit ) Main article : Panic of 1873 The Panic of 1873 ( a depression ) hit the Southern economy hard and disillusioned many Republicans who had gambled that railroads would pull the South out of its poverty . The price of cotton fell by half ; many small landowners , local merchants and cotton factors ( wholesalers ) went bankrupt . Sharecropping for black and white farmers became more common as a way to spread the risk of owning land . The old abolitionist element in the North was aging away , or had lost interest , and was not replenished . Many carpetbaggers returned to the North or joined the Redeemers . Blacks had an increased voice in the Republican Party , but across the South it was divided by internal bickering and was rapidly losing its cohesion . Many local black leaders started emphasizing individual economic progress in cooperation with white elites , rather than racial political progress in opposition to them , a conservative attitude that foreshadowed Booker T. Washington . Nationally , President Grant was blamed for the depression ; the Republican Party lost 96 seats in all parts of the country in the 1874 elections . The Bourbon Democrats took control of the House and were confident of electing Samuel J. Tilden president in 1876 . President Grant was not running for re-election and seemed to be losing interest in the South . States fell to the Redeemers , with only four in Republican hands in 1873 , Arkansas , Louisiana , Mississippi and South Carolina ; Arkansas then fell after the violent Brooks -- Baxter War in 1874 ripped apart the Republican party there . Violence ( edit ) In the lower South , violence increased as new insurgent groups arose , including the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas , and the White League in Louisiana . The disputed election in Louisiana in 1872 found both Republican and Democratic candidates holding inaugural balls while returns were reviewed . Both certified their own slates for local parish offices in many places , causing local tensions to rise . Finally , Federal support helped certify the Republican as governor . Slates for local offices were certified by each candidate . In rural Grant Parish in Red River Valley , freedmen fearing a Democratic attempt to take over the parish government reinforced defenses at the small Colfax courthouse in late March . White militias gathered from the area a few miles outside the settlement . Rumors and fears abounded on both sides . William Ward , an African - American Union veteran and militia captain , mustered his company in Colfax and went to the courthouse . On Easter Sunday , April 13 , 1873 , the whites attacked the defenders at the courthouse . There was confusion about who shot one of the white leaders after an offer by the defenders to surrender . It was a catalyst to mayhem . In the end , three whites died and 120 -- 150 blacks were killed , some 50 that evening while being held as prisoners . The disproportionate numbers of black to white fatalities and documentation of brutalized bodies are why contemporary historians call it the Colfax Massacre rather than the Colfax Riot , as it was known locally . This marked the beginning of heightened insurgency and attacks on Republican officeholders and freedmen in Louisiana and other Deep South states . In Louisiana , Judge T.S. Crawford and District Attorney P.H. Harris of the 12th Judicial District were shot off their horses and killed from ambush October 8 , 1873 , while going to court . One widow wrote to the Department of Justice that her husband was killed because he was a Union man and `` ... of the efforts made to screen those who committed a crime ... '' Political violence was endemic in Louisiana . In 1874 the white militias coalesced into paramilitary organizations such as the White League , first in parishes of the Red River Valley . The new organization operated openly and had political goals : the violent overthrow of Republican rule and suppression of black voting . White League chapters soon rose in many rural parishes , receiving financing for advanced weaponry from wealthy men . In the Coushatta Massacre in 1874 , the White League assassinated six white Republican officeholders and five to twenty black witnesses outside Coushatta , Red River Parish . Four of the white men were related to the Republican representative of the parish , who was married to a local woman ; three were native to the region . White Leaguers attacking the New Orleans integrated police force and state militia , Battle of Liberty Place , 1874 Later in 1874 the White League mounted a serious attempt to unseat the Republican governor of Louisiana , in a dispute that had simmered since the 1872 election . It brought 5000 troops to New Orleans to engage and overwhelm forces of the Metropolitan Police and state militia to turn Republican Governor William P. Kellogg out of office and seat John McEnery . The White League took over and held the state house and city hall , but they retreated before the arrival of reinforcing Federal troops . Kellogg had asked for reinforcements before , and Grant finally responded , sending additional troops to try to quell violence throughout plantation areas of the Red River Valley , although 2,000 troops were already in the state . Similarly , the Red Shirts , another paramilitary group , arose in 1875 in Mississippi and the Carolinas . Like the White League and White Liner rifle clubs , to which 20,000 men belonged in North Carolina alone , these groups operated as a `` military arm of the Democratic Party '' , to restore white supremacy . Democrats and many northern Republicans agreed that Confederate nationalism and slavery were dead -- the war goals were achieved -- and further federal military interference was an undemocratic violation of historic Republican values . The victory of Rutherford Hayes in the hotly contested Ohio gubernatorial election of 1875 indicated his `` let alone '' policy toward the South would become Republican policy , as happened when he won the 1876 Republican nomination for president . An explosion of violence accompanied the campaign for the Mississippi 's 1875 election , in which Red Shirts and Democratic rifle clubs , operating in the open , threatened or shot enough Republicans to decide the election for the Democrats . Hundreds of black men were killed . Republican Governor Adelbert Ames asked Grant for federal troops to fight back ; Grant initially refused , saying public opinion was `` tired out '' of the perpetual troubles in the South . Ames fled the state as the Democrats took over Mississippi . The campaigns and elections of 1876 were marked by additional murders and attacks on Republicans in Louisiana , North and South Carolina , and Florida . In South Carolina the campaign season of 1876 was marked by murderous outbreaks and fraud against freedmen . Red Shirts paraded with arms behind Democratic candidates ; they killed blacks in the Hamburg and Ellenton SC massacres ; and one historian estimated 150 blacks were killed in the weeks before the 1876 election across South Carolina . Red Shirts prevented almost all black voting in two majority - black counties . The Red Shirts were also active in North Carolina . Election of 1876 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1876 Reconstruction continued in South Carolina , Louisiana and Florida until 1877 . The elections of 1876 were accompanied by heightened violence across the Deep South . A combination of ballot stuffing and intimidating blacks suppressed their vote even in majority black counties . The White League was active in Louisiana . After Republican Rutherford Hayes won the disputed 1876 presidential election , the national Compromise of 1877 was reached . The white Democrats in the South agreed to accept Hayes 's victory if he withdrew the last Federal troops . By this point , the North was weary of insurgency . White Democrats controlled most of the Southern legislatures and armed militias controlled small towns and rural areas . Blacks considered Reconstruction a failure because the Federal government withdrew from enforcing their ability to exercise their rights as citizens . Hayes Ends Reconstruction ( edit ) Main articles : Electoral Commission ( United States ) and Compromise of 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes 19th President of the United States 1877 -- 1881 On January 29 , 1877 President Grant signed the Electoral Commission Act which set up a 15 - member commission to settle the disputed 1876 election of 8 Republicans and 7 Democrats . The Electoral Commission awarded Rutherford B. Hayes the electoral votes he needed ; Congress certified he had won by one electoral vote . The Democrats had little leverage -- they could delay Hayes ' election but they could not put their man ( Tilden ) in the White House . However they agreed not to block Hayes ' inauguration based on a `` back room '' deal . Key to this deal was the understanding that federal troops would no longer interfere in southern politics despite substantial election - associated violence against blacks . The Southern states indicated that they would protect the lives of African Americans although this obviously turned out to be far from reliable . Hayes 's friends also let it be known that he would promote Federal aid for internal improvements , including help for a railroad in Texas ( this never happened ) and name a Southerner to his cabinet ( this did happen ) . With the end to the political role of Northern troops , the President had no method to enforce Reconstruction , thus this `` back room '' deal signaled the end of American Reconstruction . After assuming office on March 4 , 1877 , President Hayes removed troops from the capitals of the remaining Reconstruction states , Louisiana and South Carolina , allowing the Redeemers to have full control of these states . President Grant had already removed troops from Florida , before Hayes was inaugurated , and troops from the other Reconstruction states had long since been withdrawn . Hayes appointed David M. Key from Tennessee , a Southern Democrat , to the position of Postmaster General . By 1879 , thousands of African - American `` Exodusters '' packed up and headed to new opportunities in Kansas . The Democrats gained control of the Senate , and had complete control of Congress , having taken over the House in 1875 . Hayes vetoed bills from the Democrats that outlawed the Republican Enforcement Acts ; however , with the military underfunded , Hayes could not adequately enforce these laws . Blacks remained involved in Southern politics , particularly in Virginia , which was run by the biracial Readjuster Party . Numerous blacks were elected to local office through the 1880s , and in the 1890s in some states , biracial coalitions of Populists and Republicans briefly held control of state legislatures . In the last decade of the 19th century , southern states elected five black U.S. Congressmen before disfranchising constitutions were passed throughout the former Confederacy . Legacy and historiography ( edit ) The interpretation of Reconstruction has been a topic of controversy . Nearly all historians hold that Reconstruction ended in failure but for very different reasons . The first generation of Northern historians believed that the former Confederates were traitors and Johnson was their ally who threatened to undo the Union 's constitutional achievements . By the 1880s , however , Northern historians argued that Johnson and his allies were not traitors but had blundered badly in rejecting the 14th Amendment and setting the stage for Radical Reconstruction . The black leader Booker T. Washington , who grew up in West Virginia during Reconstruction , concluded later that , `` the Reconstruction experiment in racial democracy failed because it began at the wrong end , emphasizing political means and civil rights acts rather than economic means and self - determination . '' His solution was to concentrate on building the economic infrastructure of the black community , in part by his leadership and the southern Tuskegee Institute . Dunning school : 1900 to 1920s ( edit ) The Dunning School of scholars were trained at the history department of Columbia University under Professor William A. Dunning analyzed Reconstruction as a failure after 1866 for different reasons . They claimed that Congress took freedoms and rights from qualified whites and gave them to unqualified blacks who were being duped by corrupt `` carpetbaggers and scalawags . '' As T. Harry Williams ( who was a sharp critic of the Dunning school ) notes , the Dunningites portrayed the era in stark terms : Reconstruction was a battle between two extremes : the Democrats , as the group which included the vast majority of the whites , standing for decent government and racial supremacy , versus the Republicans , the Negroes , alien carpetbaggers , and renegade scalawags , standing for dishonest government and alien ideals . These historians wrote literally in terms of white and black . Revisionists and beardians , 1930s -- 1940s ( edit ) In the 1930s , historical revisionism became popular among scholars . As disciples of Charles A. Beard , revisionists focused on economics , downplaying politics and constitutional issues . The central figure was a young scholar at the University Wisconsin , Howard K. Beale , who in his PhD dissertation , finished in 1924 , developed a complex new interpretation of Reconstruction . The Dunning School portrayed Freedmen as mere pawns in the hands of the Carpetbaggers . Beale argued that the Carpetbaggers themselves were pawns in the hands of northern industrialists , who were the real villains of Reconstruction . These industrialists had taken control of the nation during the Civil War , and set up high tariffs to protect their profits , as well as a lucrative national banking system and a railroad network fueled by government subsidies and secret payoffs . The return to power of the southern whites would seriously threaten all their gains , and so the ex-Confederates had to be kept out of power . The tool used by the industrialists was the combination of the Northern Republican Party and sufficient Southern support using Carpetbaggers and black voters . The rhetoric of civil rights for blacks , and the dream of equality , was rhetoric designed to fool idealistic voters . Beale called it `` claptrap , '' arguing , `` Constitutional discussions of the rights of the negro , the status of Southern states , the legal position of ex-rebels , and the powers of Congress and the president determined nothing . They were pure sham . '' President Andrew Johnson had tried , and failed , to stop the juggernaut of the industrialists . The Dunning school had praised Johnson for upholding the rights of the white men in the South and endorsing white supremacy . Beale was not a racist , and indeed was one of the most vigorous historians working for black civil rights in the 1930s and 1940s . In his view , Johnson was not a hero for his racism , but rather for his forlorn battle against the industrialists . Charles A. Beard and Mary Beard had already published The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) three years before Beale , and had given very wide publicity to a similar theme . The Beard - Beale interpretation of Reconstruction became known as `` revisionism , '' and replaced the Dunning school for most historians , until the 1950s . The Beardian interpretation of the causes of the Civil War downplayed slavery , abolitionism , and issues of morality . It ignored constitutional issues of states rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war . Indeed , the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event . Much more important was the calculus of class conflict , as the Beards explained in The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) , the Civil War was really a : Social cataclysm in which the capitalists , laborers , and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South . The Beards were especially interested in the Reconstruction era , as the industrialists of the Northeast and the farmers of the West cashed in on their great victory over the southern aristocracy . Historian Richard Hofstadter paraphrases the Beards as arguing that in victory : the Northern capitalists were able to impose their economic program , quickly passing a series of measures on tariffs , banking , homesteads , and immigration that guaranteed the success of their plans for economic development . Solicitude for the Freedman had little to do with northern policies . The Fourteenth Amendment , which gave the Negro his citizenship , Beard found significant primarily as a result of a conspiracy of a few legislative draftsman friendly to corporations to use the supposed elevation of the blacks as a cover for a fundamental law giving strong the protection to business corporations against regulation by state government . Wisconsin historian William Hesseltine added the point that the Northeastern businessmen wanted to control the Southern economy directly , which they did through ownership of the railroads . The Beard - Beale interpretation of the monolithic Northern industrialists fell apart in the 1950s when it was closely examined by numerous historians , including Robert P. Sharkey , Irwin Unger , and Stanley Coben . The younger scholars conclusively demonstrated that there was no unified economic policy on the part of the dominant Republican Party . Some wanted high tariffs and some low . Some wanted Greenbacks and others wanted gold . There was no conspiracy to use Reconstruction to impose any such unified economic policy on the nation . Northern businessmen were widely divergent on monetary or tariff policy , and seldom paid attention to Reconstruction issues . Furthermore , the rhetoric on behalf of the rights of the Freedman was not claptrap but deeply held and very serious political philosophy . Black historians ( edit ) The black scholar W.E.B. Du Bois , in his Black Reconstruction in America , 1860 -- 1880 , published in 1935 , compared results across the states to show achievements by the Reconstruction legislatures and to refute claims about wholesale African - American control of governments . He showed black contributions , as in the establishment of universal public education , charitable and social institutions and universal suffrage as important results , and he noted their collaboration with whites . He also pointed out that whites benefited most by the financial deals made , and he put excesses in the perspective of the war 's aftermath . He noted that despite complaints , several states kept their Reconstruction constitutions for nearly a quarter of a century . Despite receiving favorable reviews , his work was largely ignored by white historians of his time . Neo-abolitionists ( edit ) In the 1960s neoabolitionist historians emerged , led by John Hope Franklin , Kenneth Stampp , Leon Litwack , and Eric Foner . Influenced by the Civil Rights Movement , they rejected the Dunning school and found a great deal to praise in Radical Reconstruction . Foner , the primary advocate of this view , argued that it was never truly completed , and that a `` Second Reconstruction '' was needed in the late 20th century to complete the goal of full equality for African Americans . The neo-abolitionists followed the revisionists in minimizing the corruption and waste created by Republican state governments , saying it was no worse than Boss Tweed 's ring in New York City . Instead , they emphasized that suppression of the rights of African Americans was a worse scandal and a grave corruption of America 's republican ideals . They argued that the tragedy of Reconstruction was not that it failed because blacks were incapable of governing , especially as they did not dominate any state government , but that it failed because whites raised an insurgent movement to restore white supremacy . White elite - dominated state legislatures passed disfranchising constitutions from 1890 to 1908 that effectively barred most blacks and many poor whites from voting . This disfranchisement affected millions of people for decades into the 20th century , and closed African Americans and poor whites out of the political process in the South . Re-establishment of white supremacy meant that within a decade African Americans were excluded from virtually all local , state and federal governance in all states of the South . Lack of representation meant that they were treated as second - class citizens , with schools and services consistently underfunded in segregated societies , no representation on juries or in law enforcement , and bias in other legislation . It was not until the Civil Rights Movement and the passage in 1964 and 1965 of Federal legislation that outlawed segregation and restored the suffrage under what is sometimes referred to as the `` Second Reconstruction . '' In 1990 Eric Foner concluded that from the black point of view , `` Reconstruction must be judged a failure . '' Foner stated Reconstruction was `` a noble if flawed experiment , the first attempt to introduce a genuine inter-racial democracy in the United States '' . The many factors contributing to the failure included : lack of a permanent federal agency specifically designed for the enforcement of civil rights ; the Morrison R. Waite Supreme Court decisions that dismantled previous congressional civil rights legislation ; and the economic reestablishment of conservative white planters in the South by 1877 . Historian William McFeely explained that although the constitutional amendments and civil rights legislation on their own merit were remarkable achievements , no permanent government agency whose specific purpose was civil rights enforcement had been created . More recent work by Nina Silber , David W. Blight , Cecelia O'Leary , Laura Edwards , LeeAnn Whites and Edward J. Blum , has encouraged greater attention to race , religion and issues of gender while at the same time pushing the end of Reconstruction to the end of the 19th century , while monographs by Charles Reagan Wilson , Gaines Foster , W. Scott Poole and Bruce Baker have offered new views of the Southern `` Lost Cause '' . Dating the end of the Reconstruction era ( edit ) While 1877 is the usual date given for the end of Reconstruction , some historians extend the era to the 1890s . Economic role of race ( edit ) Economists and economic historians have different interpretations of the economic impact of race on the postwar Southern economy . In 1995 , Robert Whaples took a random survey of 178 members of the Economic History Association , who studied American history in all time periods . He asked whether they wholly or partly accepted , or rejected , 40 propositions in the scholarly literature about American economic history . The greatest difference between economics PhDs and history PhDs came with questions on competition and race . For example , the proposition originally put forward by Robert Higgs , `` in the postbellum South economic competition among whites played an important part in protecting blacks from racial coercion '' was accepted in whole or part by 66 % of the economists , but by only 22 % of the historians . Whaples says this highlights , `` A recurring difference dividing historians and economists . The economists have more faith in the power of the competitive market . For example , they see the competitive market as protecting disfranchised blacks and are less likely to accept the idea that there was exploitation by merchant monopolists . '' The `` failure '' issue ( edit ) Reconstruction is widely considered a failure , though the reason for this is a matter of controversy . The Dunning School considered failure inevitable because it felt that taking the right to vote or hold office away from Southern whites was a violation of republicanism . A second school sees the reason for failure as Northern Republicans ' lack of effectiveness in guaranteeing political rights to blacks . A third school blames the failure on not giving land to the freedmen so they could have their own economic base of power . A fourth school sees the major reason for the failure of reconstruction as the states ' inability to suppress the violence of Southern whites when they sought reversal for blacks ' gains . Etcheson ( 2009 ) points to the `` violence that crushed black aspirations and the abandonment by Northern whites of Southern Republicans . '' Etcheson wrote that it is hard to see Reconstruction `` as concluding in anything but failure . '' Etcheson adds , `` W.E.B. DuBois captured that failure well when he wrote in Black Reconstruction in America ( 1935 ) : ' The slave went free ; stood a brief moment in the sun ; then moved back again toward slavery . ' '' Other historians emphasize the failure to fully incorporate Southern Unionists into the Republican coalition . Historian Donald R. Shaffer maintained that the gains during Reconstruction for African Americans were not entirely extinguished . The legalization of African - American marriages and families and the independence of black churches from white denominations were a source of strength during the Jim Crow era . Reconstruction was never forgotten within the black community and it remained a source of inspiration . The system of sharecropping granted blacks a considerable amount of freedom as compared to slavery . However , in 2014 historian Mark Summers argues that the `` failure '' question should be looked at from the viewpoint of the war goals ; in that case , he argues : If we see Reconstruction 's purpose as making sure that the main goals of the war would be fulfilled , of a Union held together forever , of a North and South able to work together , of slavery extirpated , and sectional rivalries confined , of the permanent banishment of the fear of vaunting appeals to state sovereignty , backed by armed force , then Reconstruction looks like what in that respect it was , a lasting and unappreciated success . In popular Culture ( edit ) The journalist Joel Chandler Harris , writing as `` Joe Harris '' for the Atlanta Constitution ( mostly after Reconstruction ) , tried to advance racial and sectional reconciliation in the late 19th century . He supported Henry Grady 's vision of a New South during Grady 's time as editor from 1880 to 1889 . Harris wrote many editorials encouraging southern acceptance of the changed conditions and some Northern influence , although he also asserted his belief that it should proceed under white supremacy . In popular literature , two early 20th - century novels by Thomas Dixon -- The Clansman ( 1905 ) and The Leopard 's Spots : A Romance of the White Man 's Burden -- 1865 -- 1900 ( 1902 ) -- romanticized white resistance to Northern / black coercion , hailing vigilante action by the Ku Klux Klan . D.W. Griffith adapted Dixon 's The Clansman for the screen in his anti-Republican movie The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) ; it stimulated the formation of the 20th - century version of the KKK . Many other authors romanticized the benevolence of slavery and the élite world of the antebellum plantations in memoirs and histories published in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , and the United Daughters of the Confederacy promoted influential works by women in these genres . Reconstruction state - by - state -- significant dates ( edit ) Only Georgia has a separate article about its experiences under Reconstruction . The other state names below link to a specific section in the state history article about the Reconstruction era . Reconstruction in each State Declared Secession Joined Confederacy Readmitted to Congress Democratic Party Establishes Control South Carolina December 20 , 1860 February 4 , 1861 July 9 , 1868 April 11 , 1877 Mississippi January 9 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 February 23 , 1870 January 4 , 1876 Florida January 10 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 June 25 , 1868 January 2 , 1877 Alabama January 11 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 July 14 , 1868 November 16 , 1874 Georgia January 19 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 July 15 , 1870 November 1 , 1871 Louisiana January 26 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 June 25 ( or July 9 ) , 1868 January 2 , 1877 Texas February 1 , 1861 March 2 , 1861 March 30 , 1870 January 14 , 1873 Virginia April 17 , 1861 May 7 , 1861 January 26 , 1870 October 5 , 1869 Arkansas May 6 , 1861 May 18 , 1861 June 22 , 1868 November 10 , 1874 North Carolina May 20 , 1861 May 21 , 1861 July 4 , 1868 November 28 , 1870 Tennessee June 8 , 1861 May 16 , 1861 July 24 , 1866 October 4 , 1869 See also ( edit ) United States portal History portal Reconstruction Era National Monument Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The First Vote '' by William Waud Harpers Weekly Nov. 16 , 1867 Jump up ^ Blight , David W. Race and Reunion : The Civil War in American Memory . Cambridge , MA : Belknap of Harvard UP , 2001 . Print . Jump up ^ James M. Campbell & Rebecca J. Fraser ( 2008 ) . Reconstruction : People and Perspectives . ABC - CLIO . p. 15 . Jump up ^ John C. Rodrigue ( 2001 ) . Reconstruction in the Cane Fields : From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana 's Sugar Parishes , 1862 -- 1880 . LSU Press . p. 168 . Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo ( 2012 ) . Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Oxford UP . p. 526 . Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Reconstruction : America 's unfinished revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) p 604 reprinted in Francis G. Couvares , ed. , ( 2000 ) . Interpretations of American History Vol . I Through Reconstruction ( 7th ed . ) . p. 409 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) p xxv . Jump up ^ W.J. Rorabaugh ; Donald T. Critchlow ; Paula C. Baker ( 2004 ) . America 's Promise : A Concise History of the United States . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 302 . ^ Jump up to : Foner , Eric ( Winter 2009 ) . `` If Lincoln had n't died ... '' American Heritage Magazine . 58 ( 6 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Except in Tennessee , where anti-Johnson Republicans already were in control . Jump up ^ Not including Virginia . Jump up ^ Bruce E. Baker , What Reconstruction Meant : Historical Memory in the American South ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ A somewhat similar `` reconstruction '' process took place in the border states of Missouri , Kentucky and West Virginia , but they had never left the Union and were never controlled by Congress . Jump up ^ Nicholas Lemann , Redemption : The Last Battle of the Civil War ( 2007 ) , p. 75 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Thomas B. Alexander , `` Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South , 1860 -- 1877 '' , Journal of Southern History , ( 1961 ) 27 # 3 pp. 305 -- 329 JSTOR 2205211 . Jump up ^ Allen W. Trelease , `` Republican Reconstruction in North Carolina : A Roll - Call Analysis of the State House of Representatives , 1866 -- 1870 '' , Journal of Southern History , ( 1976 ) 42 # 3 pp 319 -- 344 JSTOR 2207155 . ^ Jump up to : Paul F. Paskoff , `` Measures of War : A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War 's Destructiveness in the Confederacy , '' Civil War History ( 2008 ) 54 # 1 pp 35 -- 62 doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 2008.0007 ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M ( 1992 ) . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . Oxford University Press . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507606 - 6 . Jump up ^ William B. Hesseltine , A History of the South , 1607 -- 1936 ( 1936 ) , pp. 573 -- 574 . Jump up ^ John Samuel Ezell , The South since 1865 ( 1963 ) , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Jacqueline ( 2010 ) . Labor of Love , Labor of Sorrow : Black Women , Work , and the Family , from Slavery to the Present . New York : Basic Books . p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Tera W. ( 1997 ) . To ' Joy My Freedom : Southern Black Women 's Lives and Labors after the Civil War . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . pp. 21 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Jim Downs , Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Ransom , Roger L. ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` The Economics of the Civil War '' . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . Direct costs for the Confederacy are based on the value of the dollar in 1860 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 26 . Jump up ^ Simpson ( 2009 ) ; William C. Harris , With Charity for All : Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ All blacks would be counted in 1870 , whether or not they were citizens . Jump up ^ Valelly , Richard M. ( 2004 ) . The Two Reconstructions : The struggle for black enfranchisement . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 84530 - 3 . ; Hans Trefouse , The Radical republicans ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M ( 1992 ) . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . Oxford University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507606 - 6 . Jump up ^ Leslie Alexander ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . ABC - CLIO . p. 699 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) ; Hans L. Trefousse , Andrew Johnson : A Biography ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 29 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Second Inaugural Address '' . Jump up ^ Harris , With Charity for All ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Harold Hyman , To try men 's souls : loyalty tests in American history ( 1959 ) p 93 Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , pp. 273 -- 276 . Jump up ^ William Gienapp , Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America ( 2002 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Patton , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Johnson to Gov. William L. Sharkey , August 1865 quoted in Franklin ( 1961 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Donald , Charles Sumner , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Ayers , The Promise of the New South p. 418 . Jump up ^ James D. Anderson , The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Randall and Donald , p. 581 . Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Freedom 's lawmakers : a directory of Black officeholders during Reconstruction ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Ellen DuBois , Feminism and suffrage : The emergence of an independent women 's movement in America ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Glenn Feldman , The Disfranchisement Myth : Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama ( 2004 ) , p. 136 . Jump up ^ `` Act of Congress , R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5 , 1862 , ch. 135 , Sec. 1 , 12 Stat. 528 . '' Archived from the original on March 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Perry , Dan W. ( March 1936 ) . `` '' Oklahoma , A Foreordained Commonwealth `` '' . Chronicles of Oklahoma , Volume 14 , No. 1 . Oklahoma Historical Society . p. 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cimbala , Miller , and Syrette ( 2002 ) , An uncommon time : the Civil War and the northern home front , pp. 285 , 305 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Gallagher , and McPherson , The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference , pp. 735 -- 736 . ^ Jump up to : Williams ( 2006 ) , `` Doing Less '' and `` Doing More '' , pp. 54 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Guelzo , Allen C. ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln : Redeemer President . pp. 290 , 291 . Jump up ^ Trefousse ( 1991 ) , Historical dictionary of reconstruction , p. viiii . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Guelzo , Allen C. ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln : Redeemer President . pp. 333 -- 335 . ^ Jump up to : Catton ( 1963 ) , Terrible Swift Sword , pp. 365 -- 367 , 461 -- 468 . Jump up ^ Guelzo , Allen C. ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln : Redeemer President . p. 390 . Jump up ^ Hall , Clifton R. ( 1916 ) . Andrew Johnson : military governor of Tennessee . Princeton University Press . p. 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Guelzo ( 2004 ) , Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Sick from Freedom , First Edition , New York , Oxford University Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stauffer ( 2008 ) , Giants , p. 279 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson ( 1995 ) Lincoln in American Memory , pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1901 ) , Lincoln 's plan of Reconstruction , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Stauffer ( 2008 ) , Giants , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Harris , J. William ( 2006 ) . The Making of the American South : a Short History 1500 -- 1977 . Malden : Blackwell Publishing . p. 240 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Laura F. ( 1997 ) . Gendered Strife and Confusion : The Political Culture of Reconstruction . Chicago : University of Illinois Press . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02297 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hunter , `` To ' Joy My Freedom '' , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , David . `` ' Black Tax ' Credit '' . Jump up ^ Kathleen Zebley ( 1998 ) . `` Freedmen 's Bureau '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Belz ( 1998 ) , Abraham Lincoln , constitutionalism , and equal rights in the Civil War era , pp. 138 , 141 , 145 . Jump up ^ Rawley ( 2003 ) , Abraham Lincoln and a nation worth fighting for . p. 205 . Jump up ^ McFeely ( 2002 ) , Grant : A Biography , pp. 198 -- 207 . Jump up ^ William C. Harris , With Charity for All : Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Trefousse c. 1989 . Jump up ^ Smith , John David ( 2013 ) . A Just and Lasting Peace : A Documentary History of Reconstruction . Penguin . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Eric L. McKitrick ( 1988 ) . Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction . Oxford UP . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Billington , Ray Allen ; Ridge , Martin ( 1981 ) . American History After 1865 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Lincove , David A. ( 2000 ) . Reconstruction in the United States : An Annotated Bibliography . Greenwood . p. 80 . Jump up ^ McFeely - Woodward ( 1974 ) , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Barney , William L. , The Passage of the Republic : An Interdisciplinary History of Nineteenth - Century America ( 1987 ) , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 31 . Jump up ^ Oberholtzer 1 : 128 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Donald ( 2001 ) , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Hunter , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Barney , The Passage of the Republic , p. 251 , pp. 284 -- 286 . Jump up ^ Report on the Condition of the South / Schurz , Carl , 1829 -- 1906 Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. : Jump up ^ Blackmon , Douglas A. ( 2009 ) . A. Slavery by Another Name : the Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II . New York : Anchor Books , a division of Random House , Inc. p. 16 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Edwards , Laura F. ( 1997 ) . Gendered Strife and Confusion : The Political Culture of Reconstruction . Chicago : University of Illinois Press . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02297 - 1 . Jump up ^ Farmer - Kaiser , Mary ( 2010 ) . Freedwomen and the Freedmen 's Bureau : Race , Gender , and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation . New York : Fordham University Press . p. 160 . Jump up ^ Jones , `` Labor of Love , Labor of Sorrow '' , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Schouler , James ( 1913 ) . History of the United States of America under the Constitution , Volume 7 The Reconstruction Period . pp. 43 -- 57 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , History 6 : 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ See `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11 . based America 's Reconstruction : People and Politics After the Civil War , by Eric Foner and Olivia Mahoney . Online source is : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , History 6 : 68 . Jump up ^ Trefousse 1989 . Jump up ^ Alexander ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . p. 699 . Jump up ^ Badeau ( 1887 ) Grant in Peace , pp. 46 , 57 . Jump up ^ See Paul E. Teed & Melissa Ladd Teed ( 2015 ) . Reconstruction : A Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . pp. 51 , 174ff ... Foner ( 1988 ) entitles his chapter 6 , `` The Making of Radical Reconstruction . '' Benedict argues the Radical Republicans were conservative on many other issues in Michael Les Benedict , `` Preserving the Constitution : The Conservative Basis of Radical Reconstruction . '' Journal of American History ( 1974 ) : 65 -- 90 JSTOR 1918254 . Jump up ^ Pope , James Gray ( Spring 2014 ) . `` Snubbed landmark : Why United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) belongs at the heart of the American constitutional canon '' . Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review . Harvard Law School . 49 ( 2 ) : 385 -- 447 . Pdf . Jump up ^ Greene , Jamal ( November 2012 ) . `` Thirteenth Amendment optimism '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1733 -- 1768 . JSTOR 41708163 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Pdf . Archived November 17 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , ch. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel J. Chin , `` The ' Voting Rights Act of 1867 ' : The Constitutionality of Federal Regulation of Suffrage During Reconstruction , '' 82 North Carolina Law Review 1581 ( 2004 ) `` . Papers.ssrn.com . September 14 , 2004 . SSRN 589301 . Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , ch. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , pp. 274 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Randolph Campbell , Gone to Texas 2003 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Rhodes ( 1920 ) v 6 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Foner , Reconstruction ( 1988 ) pp 316 -- 33 Jump up ^ Hume , Richard L. ; Gough , Jerry B. ( 2008 ) . Blacks , Carpetbaggers , and Scalawags : the Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction . LSU Press . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Jeffery A. ; Heersink , Boris ( 2016 ) . `` Republican Party Politics and the American South : From Reconstruction to Redemption , 1865 -- 1880 '' ( PDF ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Russ , William A. , Jr. ( 1934 ) . `` The Negro and White Disfranchisement During Radical Reconstruction '' . Journal of Negro History . 19 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 192 . JSTOR 2714531 . Jump up ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) , 130 - 31 , 159 . Jump up ^ Foner , Reconstruction ( 1988 ) pp 323 -- 25 Jump up ^ Summers , Mark Wahlgren ( 2014 ) . Railroads , Reconstruction , and the Gospel of Prosperity : Aid Under the Radical Republicans , 1865 -- 1877 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 61282 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tyack , David ; Lowe , Robert ( 1986 ) . `` The constitutional moment : Reconstruction and Black education in the South '' . American Journal of Education . 94 ( 2 ) : 236 -- 256 . JSTOR 1084950 . Jump up ^ Cooper , William J. , Jr. ; Terrill , Thomas E. ( 2009 ) . The American South : A History . p. 436 . Jump up ^ Richard Zuczek , ed . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era ( 2006 ) 2 : 635 . Jump up ^ Michael Perman , The road to redemption : Southern politics , 1869 -- 1879 ( 1985 ) pp 36 -- 37 ; Foner , Reconstruction , p 324 . Jump up ^ Gillette , Retreat from Reconstruction , 1869 -- 1879 ( 1982 ) , p 99 . Jump up ^ Zuczek , ed . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era ( 2006 ) 1 : 323 , 2 : 645 , 698 . Jump up ^ Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion pp 160 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Smith Grant ( 2001 ) , pp. 455 -- 457 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Brooks D. `` Ulysses S. Grant and the Freedmen 's Bureau '' , in The Freedmen 's Bureau and Reconstruction : Reconsiderations , edited by Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller . New York : Fordham University Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Grant , pp. 437 -- 453 , 458 -- 460 . ^ Jump up to : Simon ( 1967 ) , Papers of Ulysses S. Grant , Vol. 19 , pp. xiii . Jump up ^ Robert J. Kaczorowski , `` Federal Enforcement of Civil Rights During the First Reconstruction . '' Fordham Urban Law Journal 23 ( 1995 ) : 155 + online . Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt - Brown , `` The Civil Rights Act of 1875 . '' Western Political Quarterly ( 1965 ) : 763 -- 775 . JSTOR 445883 Jump up ^ David Quigley , `` Constitutional Revision and the City : The Enforcement Acts and Urban America , 1870 -- 1894 , '' Journal of Policy History , January 2008 , Vol. 20 , Issue 1 , pp. 64 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Blair ( 2005 ) , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 2001 ) , Grant , p. 547 . Jump up ^ Franklin ( 1961 ) , pp. 168 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Georgia had a Republican governor and legislature , but the Republican hegemony was tenuous at best , and Democrats continued to win presidential elections there . See 1834 March 28 article in This Day in Georgia History compiled by Ed Jackson and Charles Pou ; cf . Rufus Bullock . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 1992 ) . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . Oxford University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507606 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Date of Secession Compared To 1860 Black Population '' Archived August 16 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , America 's Civil War website , accessed 9 April 2014 Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , ch. 7 ; Foner , Freedom 's Lawmakers , introduction . Jump up ^ Steven Hahn , A Nation under Our Feet Jump up ^ Rhodes ( 1920 ) v 6 p. 199 ; no report on Arkansas . Jump up ^ The statistics of the population of the United States , embracing the tables of race , nationality , sex , selected ages , and occupations . To which are added the statistics of school attendance and illiteracy , of schools , libraries , newspapers , periodicals , churches , pauperism and crime , and of areas , families , and dwellings Table 1 . United States Census Bureau . Last Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20 Jump up ^ E. Foner , Reconstruction : America 's unfinished revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( NY : Harper & Row , 1988 ) , pp. 354 -- 5 Jump up ^ Daniel W. Stowell ( 1998 ) . Rebuilding Zion : The Religious Reconstruction of the South , 1863 -- 1877 . Oxford UP . pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Clarence Earl Walker , A Rock in a Weary Land : The African Methodist Episcopal Church During the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ William W. Sweet , `` The Methodist Episcopal Church and Reconstruction , '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 1914 ) 7 # 3 pp. 147 -- 165 JSTOR 40194198 at p. 157 Jump up ^ Donald Lee Grant ( 1993 ) . The Way It Was in the South : The Black Experience in Georgia . U. of Georgia Press . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Foner , Reconstruction , ( 1988 ) p 93 Jump up ^ Ralph E. Morrow , `` Northern Methodism in the South during Reconstruction , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1954 ) 41 # 2 pp. 197 -- 218 , quote on p 202 JSTOR 1895802 Jump up ^ Ralph E. Morrow , Northern Methodism and Reconstruction ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ Stowell , Rebuilding Zion : The Religious Reconstruction of the South , 1863 -- 1877 , pp 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Robert D. Clark , The Life of Matthew Simpson ( 1956 ) pp 245 -- 67 Jump up ^ Fredrick A. Norwood , ed. , Sourcebook of American Methodism ( 1982 ) , p. 323 Jump up ^ William W. Sweet , `` The Methodist Episcopal Church and Reconstruction , '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 1914 ) 7 # 3 pp. 147 -- 165 , quote on p 161 JSTOR 40194198 Jump up ^ Victor B. Howard , Religion and the Radical Republican Movement , 1860 -- 1870 ( 1990 ) pp 212 -- 13 Jump up ^ Morrow ( 1954 ) p 205 Jump up ^ Wilson Fallin Jr. , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ James D. Anderson ( 1988 ) . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . U of North Carolina Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Anderson , The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 ( 1988 ) , pp. 6 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Tyack and Lowe . `` The constitutional moment : Reconstruction and Black education in the South . '' ( 1986 ) : Jump up ^ William Preston Vaughn , Schools for All : The Blacks and Public Education in the South , 1865 -- 1877 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Foner 365 -- 8 Jump up ^ Franklin 139 ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1913 . Jump up ^ B.D. Mayberry , A Century of Agriculture in the 1890 Land Grant Institutions and Tuskegee University , 1890 -- 1990 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Foner 387 . Jump up ^ Franklin pp 141 -- 48 ; Summers 1984 Jump up ^ Stover 1955 . Jump up ^ Franklin pp. 147 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Foner 375 . Jump up ^ Foner 376 . Jump up ^ Foner 415 -- 16 Jump up ^ Marek D. Steedman , `` Resistance , Rebirth , and Redemption : The Rhetoric of White Supremacy in Post-Civil War Louisiana , '' Historical Reflections , Spring 2009 , Vol. 35 # 1 , pp. 97 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Walter L. ( 1919 ) . The Sequel of Appomattox : A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States . Chronicles of America series , vol. 32 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Perman 1984 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ T. Harry Williams , An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes , '' Journal of Southern History Vol. 12 , No. 4 ( November 1946 ) , pp. 469 -- 486 JSTOR 2197687 . Jump up ^ Walter L. Fleming , Documentary History of the Reconstruction ( 1907 ) , II , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Documentary History of the Reconstruction ( 1907 ) , II , pp. 328 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Oberholtzer , vol. 1 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Trelease , White Terror . Jump up ^ McFeely ( 2002 ) , Grant : A Biography , pp. 420 -- 422 . Jump up ^ J.W. Schuckers , The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase , ( 1874 ) , p. 585 ; letter of May 30 , 1868 to August Belmont . Jump up ^ McPherson 1975 . Jump up ^ Stephen L. Vaughn , ed. , Encyclopedia of American journalism ( 2007 ) p 441 . Jump up ^ Richard H. Abbott , For Free Press and Equal Rights : Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Earl F. Woodward , `` The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas , 1872 -- 1874 , '' Arkansas Historical Quarterly ( 1971 ) 30 # 4 pp. 315 -- 336 JSTOR 40038083 Jump up ^ Foner 537 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Foner 374 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1915 Jump up ^ Perman 1984 , ch. 3 . Jump up ^ Foner , ch. 9 . Jump up ^ Foner p. 443 . Jump up ^ Foner pp. 545 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Lemann , Redemption : The Last Battle of the Civil War , New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux , Pbk. 2007 , pp. 15 -- 21 . Jump up ^ US Senate Journal January 13 , 1875 , pp. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Danielle Alexander , `` Forty Acres and a Mule : The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction '' , Humanities , January / February 2004 , vol. 25 / No. 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Foner 555 -- 56 . Jump up ^ George C. Rable , But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction , Athens : University of Georgia Press , 1984 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Foner ch. 11 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Lemann , Redemption : The Last Battle of the Civil War , New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux , paperback , 2007 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Foner 604 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , Reunion and reaction : the compromise of 1877 and the end of reconstruction ( 1956 ) , pp. 3 -- 15 Jump up ^ Nell Irvin Painter , Exodusters : Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ James T. Moore , `` Black Militancy in Readjuster Virginia , 1879 -- 1883 , '' Journal of Southern History , Vol. 41 , No. 2 ( May 1975 ) , pp. 167 -- 186 JSTOR 2206012 . Jump up ^ Fletcher M. Green , `` Walter Lynwood Fleming : Historian of Reconstruction , '' The Journal of Southern History , Vol. 2 , No. 4 ( November 1936 ) , pp. 497 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Louis R. Harlan , Booker T. Washington in Perspective ( 1988 ) , p. 164 ; A.A. Taylor , `` Historians of the Reconstruction , '' The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 23 , No. 1 ( January 1938 ) , pp. 16 -- 34 . Jump up ^ T. Harry Williams , `` An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes , '' Journal of Southern History Vol. 12 , No. 4 ( November 1946 ) , pp. 469 -- 486 JSTOR 2197687 quote at p. 473 Jump up ^ Beale , The Critical Year , p 147 Jump up ^ Hugh Tulloch ( 1999 ) . The Debate On the American Civil War Era . Manchester UP . p. 226 . Jump up ^ Allan D. Charles , `` Howard K Beale , '' in Clyde N. Wilson , ed . Twentieth - century American Historians ( Gale Research Company , 1983 ) pp 32 -- 38 Jump up ^ T. Harry Williams , `` An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes , '' Journal of Southern History ( 1946 ) 12 # 4 pp : 469 -- 486 JSTOR 2197687 ; Williams was a Northerner trained at Wisconsin . Jump up ^ Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) , 2 : 54 Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter ( 2012 ) ( 1968 ) . Progressive Historians . Knopf Doubleday . p. 303 . Jump up ^ William B. Hesseltine , `` Economic Factors in the Abandonment of Reconstruction . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1935 ) 22 # 2 pp : 191 -- 210 JSTOR 1898466 Jump up ^ Stanley Coben , `` Northeastern Business and Radical Reconstruction : A Re-Examination . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1959 ) : 67 -- 90 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas J. Pressly , `` Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction ( review ) '' Civil War History ( 1961 ) 7 # 1 pp. 91 -- 92 online Jump up ^ David Montgomery , `` Radical Republicanism in Pennsylvania , 1866 -- 1873 . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ( 1961 ) : 439 -- 457 JSTOR 20089450 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Stampp and Leon F. Litwack , eds. , Reconstruction : An Anthology of Revisionist Writings ( 1969 ) pp 85 -- 106 Jump up ^ Foner 1982 ; Montgomery , pp vii -- ix . Jump up ^ Williams , 469 ; Foner p. xxii . Jump up ^ Glenn Feldman , The Disfranchisement Myth : Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama , Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2004 , pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , Constitutional Commentary , Vol. 17 , 2000 , p. 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Foner , A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) , p. 255 . Foner adds , `` What remains certain is that Reconstruction failed , and that for blacks its failure was a disaster whose magnitude can not be obscured by the accomplishments that endured . '' p. 256 . Jump up ^ Although Grant and Attorney General Amos T. Akerman set up a strong legal system to protect African Americans , the Department of Justice did not set up a permanent Civil Rights Division until the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . McFeely ( 2002 ) , Grant : A Biography , pp. 372 -- 373 ; 424 , 425 . Jump up ^ Bruce E. Baker , What Reconstruction Meant : Historical Memory in the American South ( 2007 ) ; Thomas J. Brown , ed . Reconstructions : New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Orville Vernon Burton , The Age of Lincoln ( 2007 ) , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 142 , 148 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ See Vernon Burton , `` Civil War and Reconstruction , '' in William L. Barney ( ed . ) , A Companion to 19th - century America ( 2006 ) , pp. 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Nicole Etcheson , `` Reconstruction and the Making of a Free - Labor South , '' Reviews in American History , Vol. 37 , No. 2 , June 2009 . Jump up ^ Derek W. Frisby points to , `` Reconstruction 's failure to appreciate the challenges of Southern Unionism and incorporate these loyal Southerners into a strategy that would positively affect the character of the peace . '' Frisby , `` A Victory Spoiled : West Tennessee Unionists during Reconstruction , '' in Paul Cimballa , ed. , The Great Task Remaining Before Us : Reconstruction as America 's Continuing Civil War ( 2010 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Zuczek ( 2006 ) , Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era , A-L , pp. 20 , 22 . Jump up ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers ( 2014 ) . The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction . University of North Carolina Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Wayne Mixon , `` Joel Chandler Harris , the Yeoman Tradition , and the New South Movement . '' Georgia Historical Quarterly 61 # 4 ( 1977 ) : 308 -- 317 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Maxwell Bloomfield , `` Dixon 's '' The Leopard 's Spots `` : A Study in Popular Racism . '' American Quarterly 16.3 ( 1964 ) : 387 -- 401 . online Jump up ^ Sarah E. Gardner , Blood And Irony : Southern White Women 's Narratives of the Civil War , 1861 -- 1937 , University of North Carolina Press , 2006 , pp. 128 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Richter ( 2009 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Secondary sources ( edit ) For much more detail see Reconstruction : Bibliography Barney , William L. Passage of the Republic : An Interdisciplinary History of Nineteenth Century America ( 1987 ) . D.C. Heath ISBN 0 - 669 - 04758 - 9 Behrend , Justin . Reconstructing Democracy : Grassroots Black Politics in the Deep South after the Civil War . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press , 2015 . Blair , William ( 2005 ) . `` The use of military force to protect the gains of reconstruction '' . Civil War History . 51 ( 4 ) . Blum , Edward J. Reforging the White Republic : Race , Religion , and American Nationalism , 1865 -- 1898 ( 2005 ) . Bradley , Mark L. Bluecoats and Tar Heels : Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina ( University Press of Kentucky , 2009 ) , 370 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2507 - 7 Brown , Thomas J. , ed . Reconstructions : New Perspectives on Postbellum America ( 2006 ) , essays by 8 scholars excerpt and text search Cimbala , Paul Alan ; Miller , Randall M. ; Simpson , Brooks D. ( 2002 ) . An uncommon time : the Civil War and the northern home front . Fordham University Press . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 2195 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Cruden , Robert . The Negro in reconstruction ( ) ( online ) Donald , David H. et al. Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) . Downs , Gregory P. After Appomattox : Military Occupation and the Ends of War . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2015 . Du Bois , W.E.B. Black Reconstruction in America 1860 -- 1880 ( 1935 ) , Counterpoint to Dunning School explores the economics and politics of the era from Marxist perspective Du Bois , W.E.B. `` Reconstruction and its Benefits , '' American Historical Review , 15 ( July 1910 ) , 781 -- 99 online edition Dunning , William Archibald . Reconstruction : Political & Economic , 1865 -- 1877 ( 1905 ) . Influential summary of Dunning School ; blames Carpetbaggers for failure of Reconstruction . online edition Egerton , Douglas ( 2014 ) . The Wars of Reconstruction : The Brief , Violent History of America 's Most Progressive Era . Bloomsbury Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60819 - 566 - 4 . Etcheson , Nicole . `` Reconstruction and the Making of a Free - Labor South , '' Reviews in American History , Volume 37 , Number 2 , June 2009 in Project MUSE Fitzgerald , Michael W. Splendid Failure : Postwar Reconstruction in the American South ( 2007 ) , 224pp ; excerpt and text search Fleming , Walter L. The Sequel of Appomattox , A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States ( 1918 ) . From Dunning School . Fleming , Walter L. Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama ( 1905 ) . the most detailed study ; Dunning School full text online from Project Gutenberg Foner , Eric and Mahoney , Olivia . America 's Reconstruction : People and Politics After the Civil War . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2234 - 3 , short well - illustrated survey Foner , Eric . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015851 - 4 . Pulitzer - prize winning history and most detailed synthesis of original and previous scholarship . Foner , Eric . Forever Free : The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. 2005 . Franklin , John Hope . Reconstruction after the Civil War ( 1961 ) , 280 pages . ISBN 0 - 226 - 26079 - 8 . By a leading black historian Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2004 ) . Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America . New York : Simon & Schuster Paperbacks . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Harris , William C. With Charity for All : Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union ( 1997 ) portrays Lincoln as opponent of Radicals . Henry , Robert Selph . The Story of Reconstruction ( 1938 ) , popular Holzer , Harold ; Medford , Edna Greene ; Williams , Frank J. ( 2006 ) . The Emancipation Proclamation : three views ( social , political , iconographic ) . Louisiana State University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Hubbs , G. Ward . Searching for Freedom after the Civil War : Klansman , Carpetbagger , Scalawg , and Freedman . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama Press , 2015 . Jenkins , Wilbert L. Climbing up to Glory : A Short History of African Americans during the Civil War and Reconstruction. ( 2002 ) . Litwack , Leon . Been in the Storm So Long ( 1979 ) . Pulitzer Prize ; social history of the freedmen McPherson , James and James Hogue . Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2009 ) Milton , George Fort . The Age of Hate : Andrew Johnson and the Radicals. ( 1930 ) . online edition ; from Dunning School McCarthy , Charles Hallan ( 1901 ) . Lincoln 's plan of reconstruction . New York : McClure , Philips , & Company . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . McFeely , William S ( 1974 ) . C. Vann Woodward , ed . Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct . New York , New York : Delacorte Press . ISBN 0 - 440 - 05923 - 2 . Patrick , Rembert / The Reconstruction of the Nation ( 1967 ) online Perman , Michael . The Road to Redemption : Southern Politics , 1869 -- 1879 . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 1984 ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4141 - 2 , 9780807841419 Perman , Michael . Emancipation and Reconstruction ( 2003 ) . 144 pp . Peterson , Merrill D. ( 1994 ) . Lincoln in American Memory . New York : Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Randall , J.G. The Civil War and Reconstruction ( 1953 ) . Long the standard survey , with elaborate bibliography Rhodes , James G. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley -- Bryan Campaign of 1896 . Volume : 6 . ( 1920 ) . 1865 -- 72 ; Volume : 7 . ( 1920 ) . -- 77 ; Highly detailed narrative by Pulitzer prize winner ; argues was a political disaster because it violated the rights of white Southerners . vol. 6 1865 -- 1872 online ; vol. 7 online vol. 6 online at Google. books vol. 7 in Google. books Richter , William L. ( 2009 ) . A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6336 - 1 . Simpson , Brooks D . The Reconstruction Presidents ( 2009 ) . Stampp , Kenneth M. The Era of Reconstruction , 1865 -- 1877 ( 1967 ) ; short survey ; rejects Dunning School analysis . online Summers , Mark Wahlgren . The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) text search ; online Summers , Mark Wahlgren . A Dangerous Stir : Fear , Paranoia , and the Making of Reconstruction ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Thompson , C. Mildred . Reconstruction In Georgia : Economic , Social , Political 1865 -- 1872 ( 1915 ; 2010 reprint ) ; full text online free Trefousse , Hans L. Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction ( Greenwood , 1991 ) , 250 entries Wagner , Margaret E. ; Gallagher , Gary W. ; McPherson , James M. ( 2002 ) . The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference . New York : Simon & Schuster Paperbacks . ISBN 1 - 4391 - 4884 - 8 . Woodward , C. Vann ( 1966 ) . Reunion and reaction : the compromise of 1877 and the end of reconstruction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506423 - 2 . Zuczek , Richard . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era ( 2 vols. 2006 ) . Historiography ( edit ) Foner , Eric . `` Introduction to the 2014 Anniversary Edition '' in Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 2014 ) online Ford , Lacy K. , ed . A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction . Blackwell , 2005 . 518 pp . Frantz , Edward O. ed . A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865 -- 1881 ( 2014 ) 30 essays by scholars Perman , Michael and Amy Murrell Taylor , eds . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction : Documents and Essays ( 2010 ) Simpson , Brooks D. `` Mission Impossible : Reconstruction Policy Reconsidered . '' Journal of the Civil War Era 6.1 ( 2016 ) : 85 -- 102 . excerpt Smith , Stacey L. `` Beyond North and South : Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction , '' Journal of the Civil War Era ( Dec 2016 ) 6 # 4 pp. 566 -- 591 . DOI : 10.1353 / cwe. 2016.0073 excerpt Stalcup , Brenda , ed . Reconstruction : Opposing Viewpoints ( Greenhaven Press : 1995 ) . Uses primary documents to present opposing viewpoints . Stampp , Kenneth M. , and Leon M. Litwack , eds . Reconstruction : An Anthology of Revisionist Writings , '' ( 1969 ) , essays by scholars Weisberger , Bernard A . `` The dark and bloody ground of Reconstruction historiography . '' Journal of Southern History 25.4 ( 1959 ) : 427 -- 447 . JSTOR 2954450 Yearbooks ( edit ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1867 ( highly detailed compendium of facts and primary sources ; details on every U.S. state & the national government ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1868 ( 1873 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1869 ( 1869 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1870 ( 1871 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1872 ( 1873 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1873 ( 1879 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1875 ( 1876 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1876 ( 1877 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1877 ( 1878 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Barnes , William H. , ed. , History of the Thirty - ninth Congress of the United States . ( 1868 ) summary of Congressional activity . Berlin , Ira , ed . Freedom : A Documentary History of Emancipation , 1861 -- 1867 ( 1982 ) , 970 pp. of archival documents ; also Free at Last : A Documentary History of Slavery , Freedom , and the Civil War ed by Ira Berlin , Barbara J. Fields , and Steven F. Miller ( 1993 ) . Blaine , James. Twenty Years of Congress : From Lincoln to Garfield . With a review of the events which led to the political revolution of 1860 ( 1886 ) . By Republican Congressional leader vol. 2 online . Fleming , Walter L. Documentary History of Reconstruction : Political , Military , Social , Religious , Educational , and Industrial 2 vols ( 1906 ) . Presents a broad collection of primary sources ; vol. 1 on national politics ; vol. 2 on states vol. 2 online . Memoirs of W.W. Holden ( 1911 ) , North Carolina Scalawag governor Hyman , Harold M. , ed . The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction , 1861 -- 1870 ( 1967 ) , collection of long political speeches and pamphlets . Lynch , John R . The Facts of Reconstruction ( New York : 1913 ) Full text online One of the first black congressmen during Reconstruction . Edward McPherson , The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction ( 1875 ) , large collection of speeches and primary documents , 1865 -- 1870 , complete text online . ( The copyright has expired . ) Palmer , Beverly Wilson and Holly Byers Ochoa , eds . The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens 2 vols ( 1998 ) , 900pp ; his speeches plus and letters to and from Stevens . Palmer , Beverly Wilson , ed . The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner , 2 vols ( 1990 ) ; vol. 2 covers 1859 -- 74 . Pike , James Shepherd The prostrate state : South Carolina under negro government ( 1874 ) Reid , Whitelaw After the war : a southern tour , May 1 , 1865 to May 1 , 1866 . ( 1866 ) by Republican editor . Smith , John David , ed . We Ask Only for Even - Handed Justice : Black Voices from Reconstruction , 1865 -- 1877 ( University of Massachusetts Press , 2014 ) . xviii , 133 pp Sumner , Charles `` Our Domestic Relations : or , How to Treat the Rebel States '' Atlantic Monthly September 1863 , early abolitionist manifesto . Newspapers and magazines ( edit ) DeBow 's Review major Southern conservative magazine ; stress on business , economics and statistics Harper 's Weekly leading New York news magazine ; pro-Radical Nast , Thomas , magazine cartoons pro-Radical editorial cartoons Primary sources from Gilder - Lehrman collection The New York Times daily edition online through ProQuest at academic libraries External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Reconstruction . Reconstruction : The Second Civil War 2004 PBS film and transcript connecting the replacement of civil rights with segregation and disfranchisement at the end of 19th - century during the Jim Crow Era . Guide to Reconstruction History links to primary and secondary sources PBS ' American Experience : Reconstruction Historians Eric Foner , David Blight and Ed Ayers discuss `` Civil Rights During Reconstruction '' Proclamation of August 1866 , declaring the Insurrection at an end . Lincoln and Freedom : Reconstruction Reconstruction in Mississippi by Donald J. Mabry `` Reconstruction Historiography : A Source of Teaching Ideas '' by Robert P. Green , Jr. ( 1991 ) W.S. Simkins , `` Why the Ku Klux '' , 4 The Alcalde ( June 1916 ) : 735 -- 748 . online The Civil War : Reconstruction : This is part of an extensive assessment of the Civil War and slavery which gives particular attention to children . HIST 119 : The Civil War and Reconstruction Era , 1845 -- 1877 with Professor David Blight . Full semester course in text / audio / video from Open Yale Courses . Materials free under the Creative Commons license . Reconstruction on The History Channel Reconstructing the South : A Role Play on the Zinn Education Project The Reconstruction Era and the Fragility of Democracy on Facing History and Ourselves Reconstruction Era Participants Federal government Presidents Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes Congress 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Radical Republicans African - American Senators African - American Representatives Reconstruction Amendments United States Congress Joint Committee on Reconstruction Federal judiciary Taney Court Chase Court Waite Court Federal bureaucracy Edwin Stanton Freedmen 's Bureau Justice Department State governments Southern United States Confederate States of America Others African - Americans Freedman Free people of color Carpetbaggers Ku Klux Klan Scalawag Redeemers White League Red Shirts Democratic Party Bourbon Democrat Horatio Seymour Samuel J. Tilden Republican Party Stalwart Charles Sumner Thaddeus Stevens Lyman Trumbull Benjamin Wade John Bingham James Mitchell Ashley Freedman 's Savings Bank Timeline Prelude American Indian Wars Slavery in the United States A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ) The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women ( 1838 ) Woman in the Nineteenth Century ( 1839 ) Seneca Falls Convention ( 1848 ) National Women 's Rights Convention ( 1850 ) American Civil War Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act ( 1862 ) Militia Act of 1862 1863 Emancipation Proclamation General Order No. 143 Lincoln 's presidential Reconstruction Ten Percent Plan National Bank Act Women 's Loyal National League New York City draft riots 1864 Wade -- Davis Bill 1864 National Union National Convention 1864 Democratic National Convention United States presidential election , 1864 1865 13th Amendment Abraham Lincoln 's second inaugural address Black Codes Sherman 's Special Field Orders , No. 15 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedmen 's Bureau bills Confederates surrender at Appomattox Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Shaw University New Departure 1865 State of the Union Address Ku Klux Klan 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 Memphis riots of 1866 New Orleans riot Swing Around the Circle Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866 Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 Tennessee readmitted to Union Petition for Universal Freedom National Labor Union United States House of Representatives elections , 1866 United States Senate elections , 1866 Ex parte Garland Ex parte Milligan Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 1867 Command of the Army Act Tenure of Office Act Indian Peace Commission Knights of the White Camelia Pulaski riot Reconstruction Acts Constitutional conventions of 1867 Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Peonage Act of 1867 1868 14th Amendment Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Arkansas readmitted to Union Florida readmitted to Union North Carolina readmitted to Union South Carolina readmitted to Union Louisiana readmitted to Union Alabama readmitted to Union 1868 Democratic National Convention 1868 Republican National Convention United States presidential election , 1868 Opelousas massacre Fourth Reconstruction Act Georgia v. Stanton St. Landry riot of 1868 1869 National Woman Suffrage Association American Woman Suffrage Association Alabama Claims Annexation of Santo Domingo Board of Indian Commissioners Public Credit Act of 1869 Black Friday ( 1869 ) Ex parte McCardle First Transcontinental Railroad 1870 15th Amendment Enforcement Act of 1870 Justice Department Naturalization Act of 1870 Kirk - Holden War Shoffner Act 1871 Ku Klux Klan hearings First Enforcement Act of 1871 Second Enforcement Act of 1871 Alcorn State University Meridian race riot of 1871 Treaty of Washington New York custom house ring Civil service commission United States expedition to Korea 1872 General Mining Act of 1872 Crédit Mobilier Scandal 1872 Democratic National Convention 1872 Republican National Convention United States presidential election , 1872 Modoc War Star route scandal Salary Grab Act Amnesty Act 1873 Panic of 1873 Colfax Massacre Timber Culture Act Slaughter - House Cases Virginius Affair Coinage Act of 1873 Long Depression Comstock laws 1874 Brooks -- Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Coushatta Massacre Red River War Timber Culture Act White League Election Riot of 1874 Vicksburg Riot of 1874 Black Hills Gold Rush Sanborn incident Anti-Moiety Acts 1875 United States v. Cruikshank Civil Rights Act of 1875 Red Shirts Mississippi Plan Clifton Riot of 1875 Yazoo City Riot of 1875 Specie Payment Resumption Act Whiskey Ring Wheeler Compromise Delano affair Pratt & Boyd 1876 Hamburg Massacre South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 1876 Republican National Convention 1876 Democratic National Convention Disputed presidential election of 1876 Ellenton Riot of 1876 Great Sioux War of 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn United States v. Reese Trader post scandal Centennial Exposition Cattellism Safe burglary conspiracy 1877 Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 Nez Perce War Desert Land Act Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Aftermath Posse Comitatus Act ( 1878 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) United States v. Harris ( 1883 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Williams v. Mississippi ( 1898 ) Giles v. Harris ( 1903 ) Disenfranchisement Aspects Historiography Bibliography of the Reconstruction Era James Shepherd Pike The Prostrate State ( 1874 ) James Bryce The American Commonwealth ( 1888 ) Claude Bowers The Tragic Era ( 1929 ) Columbia University John Burgess Walter Lynwood Fleming Dunning School Charles A. Beard Howard K. Beale W.E.B. Du Bois Black Reconstruction ( 1935 ) C. Vann Woodward Joel Williamson William R. Brock American Crisis ( 1963 ) John Hope Franklin From Slavery to Freedom ( 1947 ) After Slavery ( 1965 ) Leon Litwack Been in the Storm So Long ( 1979 ) Eric Foner Reconstruction ( 1988 ) Kenneth M. Stampp Steven Hahn A Nation under Our Feet ( 2003 ) Memory Winslow Homer A Visit from the Old Mistress ( 1876 ) Thomas Dixon , Jr . The Leopard 's Spots ( 1902 ) The Clansman ( 1905 ) D.W. Griffith The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) United Daughters of the Confederacy Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) David W. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who or what was responsible for the end of reconstruction	[ "Elected in 1868, Republican President Ulysses S. Grant supported Congressional Reconstruction and enforced the protection of African Americans in the South through the use of the Enforcement Acts passed by Congress. Grant used the Enforcement Acts to effectively combat the Ku Klux Klan, which was essentially wiped out (although a new incarnation of the Klan eventually would again come to national prominence in the 1920s), but was unable to resolve the escalating tensions inside the Republican party between the northerners on the one hand, and those Republicans originally hailing from the South on the other (this latter group would be labelled \"Scalawags\" by those opposing Reconstruction). Meanwhile, \"Redeemers\", self-styled Conservatives (in close cooperation with a faction of the Democratic Party) strongly opposed reconstruction.[4] They alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers, excessive state spending and ruinous taxes. Meanwhile, public support for Reconstruction policies, requiring continued supervision of the South, faded in the North, largely due to concerns over the Panic of 1873. The Democrats, who strongly opposed Reconstruction, regained control of the House of Representatives in 1874. In 1877, as part of a Congressional bargain to elect Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president following the close 1876 presidential election, U.S. Army Troops were removed from the South, ending Reconstruction and allowing Democrats to violently suppress Republican voters in order to take power." ]	[ "a Congressional bargain to elect Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president" ]
-6125460236366066460	Climate of Tasmania	Climate of Tasmania - Wikipedia Climate of Tasmania Jump to : navigation , search Main article : Climate of Australia Köppen climate types in Tasmania Tasmania has a cool temperate climate with four distinct seasons . The highest recorded maximum temperature in Tasmania is 42.2 ° C ( 108.0 ° F ) at Scamander on 30 January 2009 , during the 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave . Tasmania 's lowest recorded minimum temperature is − 13.0 ° C ( 8.6 ° F ) on 30 June 1983 , at Butlers Gorge , Shannon , and Tarraleah . Rainfall in Tasmania is highly differentiated for a relatively compact island . It follows a complicated pattern rather analogous to that found on large continents at the same latitude in the northern hemisphere . Rainfall increases from around 506 millimetres ( 19.9 in ) at Ouse in the centre to 2,690 millimetres ( 106 in ) at Cradle Valley in the northwestern highlands . Sunshine is also highly differentiated , with average quotients ranging from around 4 hours a day ( under 1500 hours a year ) in the South West of the island , up to around 7 hours daily ( 2550 hours annually ) in the North East around the Launceston area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Climate data 2 Rainfall 3 Summer 4 Winter 5 Spring 6 Autumn 7 Locations 7.1 Hobart 7.2 Launceston 7.3 Ouse 7.4 Burnie 7.5 Queenstown 7.6 Liawenee 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Climate data ( edit ) ( hide ) Climate data for Tasmania Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 42.2 ( 108 ) 40.1 ( 104.2 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 39.8 ( 103.6 ) 42.2 ( 108 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 4.0 ( 24.8 ) − 4.0 ( 24.8 ) − 6.9 ( 19.6 ) − 7.7 ( 18.1 ) − 10.5 ( 13.1 ) − 13.0 ( 8.6 ) − 12.5 ( 9.5 ) − 11.1 ( 12 ) − 10.7 ( 12.7 ) − 8.5 ( 16.7 ) − 6.8 ( 19.8 ) − 5.0 ( 23 ) − 13.0 ( 8.6 ) Source : Bureau of Meteorology Rainfall ( edit ) Annual average rainfall for Tasmania ( 1961 - 1990 ) In southern Australia ( which includes Tasmania ) , most rain falls during the winter months and is normally associated with frontal systems . Elevation also has an important influence on rainfall , with the mountain areas of western Tasmania receiving higher rainfall totals . The wettest part of the State is the west coast , where there is a strong winter maximum in rainfall : January and February typically averages only one - third the rainfall of July and August , though even in the driest months rain usually falls on every second day and the number of rainy days per year is much greater than on any part of the Australian mainland . Further east in the Lake Country , annual rainfall declines to around 900 millimetres ( 35 in ) , whilst in the Midlands ( i.e. further east again ) , annual rainfall is as low as 450 millimetres ( 18 in ) at Ross and generally below 600 millimetres ( 24 in ) . The eastern part of Tasmania has rainfall more evenly distributed throughout the year than in the west , and most months receive very similar averages . The densely populated northern coast is much drier than the western side , with annual rainfall ranging from 666 millimetres ( 26.2 in ) in Launceston to 955 millimetres ( 37.6 in ) in Burnie in the north west and 993 millimetres ( 39.1 in ) in Scottsdale located further to the east . Most rain falls in winter , and in summer the average can be as low as 31 millimetres ( 1.2 in ) per month in Launceston . The east coast is wetter than the Midlands , with an average annual rainfall ranging from 775 millimetres ( 30.5 in ) in St. Helens to around 640 millimetres ( 25 in ) in Swansea . Here the rainfall is evenly distributed over the year but can be very erratic as heavy rainfalls from the warm Tasman Sea are quite frequent . Whereas a three - day fall of 125 millimetres ( 4.9 in ) occurs only once every fifty years on the north coast , it occurs on average once every four or five years around Swansea and Bicheno . On 7 -- 8 June 1954 , there were many falls as large as 230 millimetres ( 9.1 in ) in two days in that area . The east coast is sometimes called the `` sun coast '' because of its sunny climate . In the south - east , including Hobart , Spring receives slightly more rainfall than Winter , and Spring also has slightly more rainy days than Winter . Summer ( edit ) Summer is from December to February when the average maximum sea temperature is 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . On land , maximum temperatures average 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) to 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) along the coast and in the lowlands , such as around Launceston . The hottest areas of the state are in the valleys west of Hobart , where summer temperatures regularly rise above 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) . During heatwaves , temperatures in this region can rise above 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) . The Tasmanian highlands are much cooler , with Liawenee , located on the Central Plateau , one of the coldest places in Australia with temperatures in February ranging between 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) to 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) . Winter ( edit ) Snow at Mount Wellington . The winter months are June , July , and August , and are generally the wettest and coolest months in the state , with most elevated areas receiving considerable snowfall . Winter maximums range from 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) along the coast , to 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) on the Central Plateau , thanks to frequent cold fronts from the Southern Ocean . Minimum temperatures however are warmer than mainland Australia , most of coastal Tasmania rarely drops below freezing and daily temperature variation is often very narrow . Elevated , inland areas can however drop below − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) during clear nights between fronts , while during snowy weather the maximum temperature may not rise above 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . Spring ( edit ) The Spring months are September , October , and November . It is a season of frequent changes , as winter weather patterns begin to take the shape of summer patterns , although snowfall is still common in mountainous areas until October . Spring is the windiest time of the year with afternoon sea breezes starting to take effect on the coast . Autumn ( edit ) Autumn is from March to May and is a season of transition , as summer weather patterns gradually take on the shape of winter patterns . Locations ( edit ) Hobart ( edit ) Hobart has a mild temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification ) , with four distinct seasons . The highest temperature recorded was 41.8 ° C on 4 January 2013 and the lowest was − 2.8 ° C on 25 June 1972 . Compared to other major Australia cities Hobart has the second least daily average hours of sunshine , with 5.9 hours . ( Melbourne has the least ) The city rarely receives snow in winter ; however , the adjacent Mount Wellington is often seen with a covering in winter , and it has received unseasonal snowfalls in all seasons , including summer . Though snow is unusual in general at sea level in Australia , Hobart has most probably had the most sea level snowfalls out of any State Capital . ( hide ) Climate data for Ellerslie Road ( Battery Point ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 41.8 ( 107.2 ) 40.1 ( 104.2 ) 37.3 ( 99.1 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 25.7 ( 78.3 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 24.5 ( 76.1 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 36.8 ( 98.2 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 41.8 ( 107.2 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 8.9 ( 48 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 11.2 ( 52.2 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 5.3 ( 41.5 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 5.7 ( 42.3 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 1.8 ( 35.2 ) 0.7 ( 33.3 ) − 1.6 ( 29.1 ) − 2.8 ( 27 ) − 2.8 ( 27 ) − 1.8 ( 28.8 ) − 0.8 ( 30.6 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) 0.3 ( 32.5 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) − 2.8 ( 27 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 44.4 ( 1.748 ) 36.3 ( 1.429 ) 39.3 ( 1.547 ) 43.4 ( 1.709 ) 36.0 ( 1.417 ) 42.9 ( 1.689 ) 47.3 ( 1.862 ) 60.5 ( 2.382 ) 58.7 ( 2.311 ) 56.1 ( 2.209 ) 47.7 ( 1.878 ) 56.2 ( 2.213 ) 568.7 ( 22.39 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 10.1 8.6 11.0 11.4 11.5 11.9 13.8 14.1 15.5 15.1 12.6 12.1 147.7 Average afternoon relative humidity ( % ) 51 51 54 57 60 64 62 56 54 52 53 51 55.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 257.3 225.9 204.0 177.0 148.8 132.0 151.9 179.8 195.0 232.5 234.0 248.0 2,386.2 Source # 1 : Bureau of Meteorology ( 1981 -- 2010 averages ; extremes 1882 -- present ) Source # 2 : Bureau of Meteorology , Hobart Airport ( sunshine hours ) Launceston ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Launceston , Tasmania Launceston has a mild , temperate climate , with four distinct seasons . The city is located in the Tamar Valley and is surrounded by many large hills and mountains . With this type of topography , Launceston 's weather patterns can change in a short period of time . ( hide ) Climate data for Launceston ( Ti Tree Bend ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 33.8 ( 92.8 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 24.5 ( 76.1 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 10.3 ( 50.5 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 14.7 ( 58.5 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 10.1 ( 50.2 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) ( 36 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 5.1 ( 41.2 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 8.9 ( 48 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) − 1.5 ( 29.3 ) − 3 ( 27 ) − 4.9 ( 23.2 ) − 5.2 ( 22.6 ) − 3.5 ( 25.7 ) − 2.4 ( 27.7 ) − 1.4 ( 29.5 ) − 2 ( 28 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) − 5.2 ( 22.6 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 46.3 ( 1.823 ) 31.3 ( 1.232 ) 34.9 ( 1.374 ) 53.2 ( 2.094 ) 62.4 ( 2.457 ) 67.8 ( 2.669 ) 76.5 ( 3.012 ) 85.9 ( 3.382 ) 66.5 ( 2.618 ) 51.6 ( 2.031 ) 49.7 ( 1.957 ) 47.2 ( 1.858 ) 673.3 ( 26.508 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 7.7 6.3 6.4 9.0 10.7 12.6 14.5 15.1 14.0 11.7 9.9 8.7 126.6 Average afternoon relative humidity ( % ) 48 49 48 56 63 69 69 63 59 54 52 49 56.6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 285.2 256.9 241.8 198.0 155.0 135.0 142.6 170.5 201.0 254.2 267.0 282.1 2,589.3 Source # 1 : Bureau of Meteorology ( 1981 -- 2010 averages ; extremes 1980 -- present ) Source # 2 : Bureau of Meteorology , Launceston Airport ( 1981 -- 2004 sunshine hours ) Ouse ( edit ) Due to its inland location , Ouse has relatively warm summers and cool winters with a high diurnal range and low precipitation throughout the months . Frost is common in the winter . ( hide ) Climate data for Ouse Fire Station Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 40.7 ( 105.3 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 27.1 ( 80.8 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 33.6 ( 92.5 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 40.7 ( 105.3 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 14.8 ( 58.6 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 10.1 ( 50.2 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 5.3 ( 41.5 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 0.4 ( 31.3 ) 0.2 ( 32.4 ) − 3.2 ( 26.2 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 6.3 ( 20.7 ) − 7.8 ( 18 ) − 6.8 ( 19.8 ) − 6.7 ( 19.9 ) − 4.3 ( 24.3 ) − 3.5 ( 25.7 ) − 2.7 ( 27.1 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) − 7.8 ( 18 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 26.3 ( 1.035 ) 31.3 ( 1.232 ) 31.1 ( 1.224 ) 29.7 ( 1.169 ) 34.0 ( 1.339 ) 41.8 ( 1.646 ) 48.1 ( 1.894 ) 64.2 ( 2.528 ) 67.8 ( 2.669 ) 51.8 ( 2.039 ) 38.7 ( 1.524 ) 33.9 ( 1.335 ) 506.3 ( 19.933 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 8.5 8.0 9.6 10.2 13.3 14.6 16.6 16.8 15.8 15.4 12.2 11.2 152.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 39 41 47 55 63 71 68 61 57 54 49 43 54 Source : Burnie ( edit ) The average temperature in summer ranges from 12.5 to 21 ° C with drier non-sea breeze days as warm as 27 ° C , with around 16 hours of sunshine per day . In winter , temperature ranges from 6 to 13 ° C , and only 8 hours of sunshine . Relative humidity averages over 60 % for the year in the afternoon . Burnie averages 994 mm of rainfall per year . Most of the rain is in the second half of the year from July to December . ( hide ) Climate data for Burnie Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 33.8 ( 92.8 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 31.5 ( 88.7 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 33.8 ( 92.8 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 20.1 ( 68.2 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 16.9 ( 62.4 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 13.3 ( 55.9 ) 12.0 ( 53.6 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 2.8 ( 37 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) − 1.7 ( 28.9 ) − 2.0 ( 28.4 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) − 0.8 ( 30.6 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) − 2.0 ( 28.4 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 44.1 ( 1.736 ) 43.7 ( 1.72 ) 51.5 ( 2.028 ) 74.4 ( 2.929 ) 92.8 ( 3.654 ) 102.0 ( 4.016 ) 123.2 ( 4.85 ) 112.3 ( 4.421 ) 88.9 ( 3.5 ) 84.8 ( 3.339 ) 69.2 ( 2.724 ) 63.9 ( 2.516 ) 950.2 ( 37.409 ) Source : Bureau of Meteorology QUEENSTOWN ( edit ) Queenstown has a very wet climate , and is one of the wettest locations in Tasmania with an annual average rainfall of 2408.2 mm ( 94.8 in ) , spread throughout the year . ( hide ) Climate data for Queenstown Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 37.3 ( 99.1 ) 36.3 ( 97.3 ) 35.9 ( 96.6 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 29.0 ( 84.2 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 35.3 ( 95.5 ) 37.3 ( 99.1 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 2.4 ( 36.3 ) 3.1 ( 37.6 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 5.1 ( 41.2 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 0.0 ( 32 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) − 2.6 ( 27.3 ) − 6.0 ( 21.2 ) − 6.2 ( 20.8 ) − 6.7 ( 19.9 ) − 5.5 ( 22.1 ) − 3.9 ( 25 ) − 3.3 ( 26.1 ) − 1.5 ( 29.3 ) − 0.6 ( 30.9 ) − 6.7 ( 19.9 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 149.9 ( 5.902 ) 98.8 ( 3.89 ) 147.2 ( 5.795 ) 211.3 ( 8.319 ) 241.4 ( 9.504 ) 212.7 ( 8.374 ) 268.6 ( 10.575 ) 267.5 ( 10.531 ) 248.5 ( 9.783 ) 209.9 ( 8.264 ) 183.7 ( 7.232 ) 168.7 ( 6.642 ) 2,408.2 ( 94.811 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 17.2 12.9 17.3 20.6 21.2 19.9 23.7 24.6 23.1 21.7 19.7 18.6 240.5 Average relative humidity ( % ) 60 60 65 72 76 77 77 73 71 64 63 63 68 Source : Bureau of Meteorology Liawenee ( edit ) Owing to its high altitude location in the far south of Australia , Liawenee is one of the few places in the continent with a subpolar oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfc ) . ( hide ) Climate data for Liawenee Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 31.6 ( 88.9 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 14.7 ( 58.5 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) 0.3 ( 32.5 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) − 1.5 ( 29.3 ) − 1.8 ( 28.8 ) − 0.5 ( 31.1 ) 0.7 ( 33.3 ) ( 35.8 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 4.0 ( 24.8 ) − 3.5 ( 25.7 ) − 5.0 ( 23 ) − 6.5 ( 20.3 ) − 8.9 ( 16 ) − 10.4 ( 13.3 ) − 12.2 ( 10 ) − 11.1 ( 12 ) − 7.7 ( 18.1 ) − 6.4 ( 20.5 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 4.3 ( 24.3 ) − 12.2 ( 10 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 67.6 ( 2.661 ) 48.7 ( 1.917 ) 53.9 ( 2.122 ) 78.9 ( 3.106 ) 89.7 ( 3.531 ) 99.7 ( 3.925 ) 128.6 ( 5.063 ) 122.1 ( 4.807 ) 111.9 ( 4.406 ) 91.8 ( 3.614 ) 75.0 ( 2.953 ) 75.8 ( 2.984 ) 1,042.1 ( 41.028 ) Average rainy days 12.9 10.2 13.4 17.1 18.8 20.3 23.0 22.5 19.9 18.4 15.8 14.3 206.6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 269.7 243.0 235.6 177.0 145.7 108.0 108.5 161.2 180.0 238.7 255.0 275.9 2,398.3 Source : Bureau of Meteorology See also ( edit ) Environment of Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rainfall and Temperature Records : National '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cradle Valley Climate '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Average annual , seasonal and monthly rainfall ( Tasmania ) '' . bom.gov.au . Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology . November 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Burnie Climate '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scottsdale Climate '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` St Helens Climate '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swansea Climate '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of Tasmania '' . T Change . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of Launceston '' . Australian BOM . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Tasmania Climate '' . World 66 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.bom.gov.au Jump up ^ `` Climate Statistics : Hobart ( Ellerslie Road 1981 -- 2010 normals ) '' . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Climate statistics : Hobart ( Ellerslie Road ) '' . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Climate statistics : Hobart Airport '' . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supervising Scientist Report '' ( PDF ) . Australian Government . Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Geography of Launceston '' . Asia Rooms . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Statistics for Launceston '' . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Statistics for Launceston '' . Australian Government . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Statistics for Launceston '' . Australian Government . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Climate statistics for Ouse '' . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summary statistics BURNIE ( ROUND HILL ) '' . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` QUEENSTOWN ( 7XS ) '' . Climate statistics for Australian locations . Bureau of Meteorology . March 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Climate statistics for Liawenee '' . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Climate diagrams of Tasmania at WikiMedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Tasmania&oldid=808752702 '' Categories : Tasmania Climate of Australia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Use Australian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 22 : 56 . About Wikipedia	when does it snow in tasmania what months	[ "The winter months are June, July, and August, and are generally the wettest and coolest months in the state, with most elevated areas receiving considerable snowfall. Winter maximums range from 12 °C (54 °F) along the coast, to 3 °C (37 °F) on the Central Plateau, thanks to frequent cold fronts from the Southern Ocean. Minimum temperatures however are warmer than mainland Australia, most of coastal Tasmania rarely drops below freezing and daily temperature variation is often very narrow. Elevated, inland areas can however drop below −10 °C (14 °F) during clear nights between fronts, while during snowy weather the maximum temperature may not rise above 0 °C (32 °F).[11]", "The winter months are June, July, and August, and are generally the wettest and coolest months in the state, with most elevated areas receiving considerable snowfall. Winter maximums range from 12 °C (54 °F) along the coast, to 3 °C (37 °F) on the Central Plateau, thanks to frequent cold fronts from the Southern Ocean. Minimum temperatures however are warmer than mainland Australia, most of coastal Tasmania rarely drops below freezing and daily temperature variation is often very narrow. Elevated, inland areas can however drop below −10 °C (14 °F) during clear nights between fronts, while during snowy weather the maximum temperature may not rise above 0 °C (32 °F).[11]", "The winter months are June, July, and August, and are generally the wettest and coolest months in the state, with most elevated areas receiving considerable snowfall. Winter maximums range from 12 °C (54 °F) along the coast, to 3 °C (37 °F) on the Central Plateau, thanks to frequent cold fronts from the Southern Ocean. Minimum temperatures however are warmer than mainland Australia, most of coastal Tasmania rarely drops below freezing and daily temperature variation is often very narrow. Elevated, inland areas can however drop below −10 °C (14 °F) during clear nights between fronts, while during snowy weather the maximum temperature may not rise above 0 °C (32 °F).[11]" ]	[ "June", "July", "August" ]
5687177936919072654	Ozark (TV series)	Ozark ( TV series ) - wikipedia Ozark ( TV series ) Ozark Genre Crime drama Thriller Created by Bill Dubuque Mark Williams Starring Jason Bateman Laura Linney Sofia Hublitz Skylar Gaertner Julia Garner Jordana Spiro Jason Butler Harner Esai Morales Peter Mullan Lisa Emery Composer ( s ) Danny Bensi Saunder Jurriaans Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jason Bateman Chris Mundy Bill Dubuque Mark Williams Production location ( s ) Lake Allatoona , Georgia Lake Lanier , Georgia Running time 52 -- 80 minutes Production company ( s ) Media Rights Capital Aggregate Films Zero Gravity Management Headhunter Films Man , Woman & Child Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) -- present External links Website Ozark is an American crime drama web television series created by Bill Dubuque and produced by Media Rights Capital . Jason Bateman stars in the series ; he also directed the first two and last two episodes of season 1 . The first season is composed of nine one - hour episodes and a final 80 - minute episode ; it was released on Netflix on July 21 , 2017 . Bateman portrays financial planner Marty Byrde , and Laura Linney portrays his wife , Wendy Byrde , a homemaker turned real estate agent . The series was renewed for a 10 - episode second season on August 15 , 2017 which is set to be released on August 31 , 2018 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Opening credits 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 4.2 Season 2 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Financial planner Marty Byrde suddenly relocates the family from the Chicago suburb of Naperville to a summer resort community in the Missouri Ozarks after a money laundering scheme goes wrong , and he must pay off a debt to a Mexican drug lord . When the Byrdes arrive , they become entangled with local criminals as well . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jason Bateman as Marty Byrde , a self - employed accountant , based in Chicago . In 2007 , he and his business partner began to launder money for a Mexican drug cartel . Laura Linney as Wendy Byrde ( née Davis ) , Marty 's wife , and Charlotte and Jonah 's mother . After moving to the Ozarks , Wendy becomes a realtor . Sofia Hublitz as Charlotte Byrde , Marty and Wendy 's 15 - year - old daughter , who strives to return to Chicago . Skylar Gaertner as Jonah Byrde , Marty and Wendy 's 13 - year - old son . Julia Garner as Ruth Langmore , a 19 - year - old woman who is part of a local criminal family . Jordana Spiro as Rachel Garrison , a local hotel owner and Byrde 's business partner Jason Butler Harner as Roy Petty , an FBI agent investigating Marty Esai Morales as Camino Del Rio , a ruthless crime lord for a Mexican cartel for whom Marty launders money Peter Mullan as Jacob Snell , an established local crime lord Lisa Emery as Darlene Snell , Jacob 's wife Janet McTeer a Chicago - based attorney ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Josh Randall as Bruce Liddell , Marty Byrde 's Chicago business partner . Harris Yulin as Buddy Dyker , the Byrdes ' terminally ill tenant . Marc Menchaca as Russ Langmore , Wyatt and Three 's father , Ruth 's uncle , and Boyd and Cade 's brother . Christopher James Baker as Boyd Langmore , uncle of Ruth , Wyatt and Three , and Russ and Cade 's brother . Charlie Tahan as Wyatt Langmore , Russ 's elder son and Ruth 's cousin . Carson Holmes as Three Langmore , Russ 's younger son and Ruth 's cousin . Trevor Long as Cade Langmore , Ruth 's incarcerated father , brother of Russ and Boyd . McKinley Belcher III as Trevor Evans , an FBI agent . Robert C. Treveliar as Sheriff John Nix . Kevin L. Johnson as Sam Dermody , a real estate agent in the Ozarks . Adam Boyer as Bobby Dean , owner of the Lickety Splitz strip club . Michael Mosley as Pastor Mason Young . Bethany Anne Lind as Grace Young , Pastor Mason Young 's pregnant wife . Evan George Vourazeris as Tuck , employee at the Blue Cat and Jonah 's first friend in the Ozarks . Sharon Blackwood as Eugenia Dermody , Sam 's controlling , overbearing mother who works for her son 's real estate business . Joseph Melendez as Garcia , an enforcer for Del . Michael Tourek as Ash , an enforcer for the Snells . Production ( edit ) The show is set at a modest waterfront resort at Lake of the Ozarks , inspired by the Alhonna Resort and Marina , where series creator Dubuque worked as a dock hand while attending college in Missouri during the 1980s . Most of the shooting locations are in the Atlanta area at Lake Allatoona and Lake Lanier , rather than at the Lake of the Ozarks , because of tax breaks offered by the state of Georgia . The film crew constructed a set in Georgia after extensively studying the Alhonna Resort property . Some scenes are filmed at Chicago locations . Only a few scenes of the pilot were shot in the city of Lake Ozark , Missouri ; these include shots of the locally famous `` Welcome To Lake Of the Ozarks '' sign and the `` Injun Joe Muffler Man '' statue . The series was renewed for a 10 - episode second season on August 15 , 2017 . Opening Credits ( edit ) Graphic designer Fred Davis created a white letter ' O ' , which is featured on a black background at the beginning of each episode . Within the quartered circle of the ' O ' are four symbols which foreshadow the main plot points in that episode . Additionally , each of these hand - drawn symbolic images spell out the word `` Ozark '' . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) 10 August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Sugarwood '' Jason Bateman Story by : Bill Dubuque & Mark Williams Teleplay by : Bill Dubuque July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) `` Blue Cat '' Jason Bateman Story by : Bill Dubuque & Mark Williams Teleplay by : Bill Dubuque July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) `` My Dripping Sleep '' Daniel Sackheim Ryan Farley July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) `` Tonight We Improvise '' Daniel Sackheim Paul Kolsby July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) 5 5 `` Ruling Days '' Andrew Bernstein Martin Zimmerman July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) 6 6 `` Book of Ruth '' Andrew Bernstein Whit Anderson July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) 7 7 `` Nest Box '' Ellen Kuras Alyson Feltes July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) 8 8 `` Kaleidoscope '' Ellen Kuras Ryan Farley July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) 9 9 `` Coffee , Black '' Jason Bateman Whit Anderson July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) 10 10 `` The Toll '' Jason Bateman Chris Mundy July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Season 2 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 TBA Jason Bateman TBA August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) 12 TBA Jason Bateman TBA August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) Reception ( edit ) Ozark received positive reviews , with particular praise for Bateman 's performance . On Metacritic , the series has a score of 66 out of 100 based on 29 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 66 % approval rating , with an average score of 6.81 / 10 based on 59 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Ozark has n't yet reached the same level as the classic crime dramas to which it will inevitably be compared , but its satisfyingly complex plot -- and a gripping performance from Jason Bateman -- suggest greater potential . '' Brian Lowry of CNN wrote , `` While the fish - out - of - water concept is one of TV 's oldest , Ozark carves out its own path with clever twists -- including a late - in - the - run flashback explaining how the cartel came into his life -- and the sheer strength of the performances . '' TV critic Sonia Saraiya of Variety wrote that Ozark is `` smart , well - crafted , and says something , '' and that the series `` comes together under Bateman 's disarming and deceptively complex performance as Marty . '' Tim Dowling of The Guardian wrote `` Laura Linney is , as ever , magnificent '' . Critics compared Ozark positively to Breaking Bad , both of which involve a seemingly normal protagonist suddenly immersed in a world of crime . According to Film Daily , `` Once you get past the surface similarities , Ozark shines as something special and inventive , an intense crime opera where the scenery is as much the star as anyone in the cast . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Awards Recipient Outcome Source 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Jason Bateman Nominated Location Managers Guild Award Outstanding Locations in Contemporary Television Wes Hagan , Kevin Dowling Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Jason Bateman Pending Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Jason Bateman ( for `` The Toll '' ) Pending Daniel Sackheim ( for `` Tonight We Improvise '' ) Pending Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Ben Kutchins ( for `` The Toll '' ) Pending Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary Program ( One Hour or More ) Derek R. Hill , John Richardson , & Chuck Potter ( for `` My Dripping Sleep '' ) Pending Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Jason Bateman Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Laura Linney Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards New Series Whit Anderson , Bill Dubuque , Paul Kolsby , Mark Williams , Martin Zimmerman , Ryan Farley , Alyson Feltes and Chris Mundy Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Julie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Series ' Ozark ' Starring Jason Bateman Slated to Debut in 2017 '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Picks Up Jason Bateman 's Drama Series ' Ozark ' From MRC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Lands Jason Bateman Drama ' Ozark ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jason Bateman 's New Series Goes To Netflix , Will Be Dark Dangerous Drama '' . Slashfilm . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ozark trailer : Exclusive look at Netflix 's gritty , dark new drug trade drama '' . The Independent . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Laura Linney To Star In Jason Bateman 's Netflix Drama Series ' Ozark'Ozark '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ozark ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) . `` ' Ozark ' Sets Season Two Premiere Date , Gives First Look At Netflix Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Roshanian , Arya ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Drama ' Ozark ' Adds Julia Garner Opposite Jason Bateman and Laura Linney '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley . `` ' Ozark ' Recruits Janet McTeer for Season 2 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , Harrison ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Fame anticipated as Jason Bateman 's Netflix series explores Lake of the Ozarks '' . Springfield News - Leader . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Some Hollywood types , including Bateman , have been visiting Alhonna -- as well as area restaurants , attractions and police officials -- this spring and summer scouting locations , taking photos and measuring dimensions . Jump up ^ Watson , Nick ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Coming Netflix series to shoot scene at Flowery Branch restaurant '' . The Gainesville Times . Georgia ( U.S. state ) . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Amanda C. ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Bateman Netflix series filming in Gwinnett County '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metz , Nina ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix series ' Ozark ' to film a few days next week in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojdylo , Jesse . `` Symbols in the O at the Beginning of Each Ozark Netflix Episode '' . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Kayla . `` Here 's What The Symbols in Ozark 's Hypnotizing Opening Credits Mean '' . Decider.com . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark - Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bartleet , Larry ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` ' Ozark ' season 2 : trailer , release date , cast , news and everything you need to know '' . NME . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Bateman shines in Netflix 's grim ' Ozark ' '' . CNN . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Netflix 's ' Ozark , ' Starring Jason Bateman and Laura Linney '' . Variety . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nature is the true star of Netflix 's impressive Ozark '' . Film Daily . July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ozark - Awards '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( 7 April 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Baby Driver ' Score Motion Picture Wins at LMGI Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . 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Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Sugar Rush Dark Tourist Cupcake & Dino : General Services Treehouse Detectives All About the Washingtons Insatiable La casa de las flores Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozark_(TV_series)&oldid=854712504 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American television series 2010s American crime television series American crime drama television series English - language television programs Netflix original programming Ozarks in fiction Serial drama television series Television shows filmed in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Television shows set in Missouri Television series by Media Rights Capital Works about Mexican drug cartels Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Norsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Suomi 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 08 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	how many episodes in the netflix series ozark	[ "Ozark\nGenre\nCrime dramaThrillerCreated by\nBill DubuqueMark WilliamsStarring\n\nJason Bateman\nLaura Linney\nSofia Hublitz\nSkylar Gaertner\nJulia Garner\nJordana Spiro\nJason Butler Harner\nEsai Morales\nPeter Mullan\nLisa Emery\nComposer(s)\nDanny BensiSaunder JurriaansCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n1No. of episodes\n10 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\nJason BatemanChris MundyBill DubuqueMark WilliamsProduction location(s)\nLake Allatoona, GeorgiaLake Lanier, GeorgiaRunning time\n52–80 minutesProduction company(s)\nMedia Rights CapitalAggregate FilmsZero Gravity ManagementHeadhunter FilmsMan, Woman & Child ProductionsDistributor\nNetflixReleaseOriginal network\nNetflixOriginal release\nJuly 21, 2017 (2017-07-21) – presentExternal links\nWebsite" ]	[ "10" ]
-3948424893584955910	Pretty Little Liars (book series)	Pretty Little Liars ( book series ) - wikipedia Pretty Little Liars ( book series ) Pretty Little Liar Arc 1 : Pretty Little Liars Flawless Perfect Unbelievable Arc 2 : Wicked Killer Heartless Wanted Arc 3 : Twisted Ruthless Stunning Burned Arc 4 : Crushed Deadly Toxic Vicious Companion novels : Alison 's Pretty Little Diary Pretty Little Secrets Ali 's Pretty Little Lies Pretty Little Love Pretty Little Lost Author Sara Shepard Country United States Language English Genre Young adult Mystery Romance Coming of age Publisher HarperTeen Published October 2006 -- December 2014 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Audiobook E-book No. of books 16 Pretty Little Liars is a series of young adult novels by Sara Shepard . Beginning with 2006 's initial novel of the same name , the series follows the lives of four girls -- Spencer Hastings , Hanna Marin , Aria Montgomery and Emily Fields . The novels have appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list . A television series adaptation loosely based on the novels debuted on June 8 , 2010 , on ABC Family . The franchise has been licensed by Amazon.com 's Kindle Worlds range of non-canon ebooks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Characters 3 Novels 3.1 First Arc 3.2 Second Arc 3.3 Third Arc 3.4 Fourth Arc 3.5 Companion novels 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) The series is loosely divided into four arcs , chronicling the introduction and reveal of each `` A '' . Set in the suburbs of Philadelphia , the series follows the lives of four teenage girls nicknamed the Pretty little Liars or simply the Liars , whose clique falls apart after the disappearance of their Queen bee leader , `` Alison DiLaurentis '' . Three years after her disappearance , the girls begin receiving threatening messages from an anonymous character named `` A , '' who threatens to expose their secrets , including long - hidden ones they thought only Alison knew . Shortly after the messages begin , Alison 's body is discovered buried in her yard . The books progress with the four girls trying to figure out the identity of `` A '' and facing many dangerous obstacles and twists as they do so . Characters ( edit ) The series has many characters , most of them recurring . The main characters are : Spencer Hastings : Spencer is a headstrong , intelligent , overachieving girl who comes from the wealthy Hastings family . Hanna Marin : Hanna is the bubbly , strong , and fierce `` it - girl '' of the group following Alison 's disappearance . She suffers from an eating disorder , about which she received taunts from Alison . Aria Montgomery : Aria is a quirky and artsy girl who , at the beginning of the books , is trying to find herself . Emily Fields : Emily is considered the jock of the group , being a physical , loyal girl who struggles with her sexuality . Alison DiLaurentis : Alison is the former `` Queen Bee '' of her clique , consisting of : Spencer , Hanna , Aria and Emily . She had supposedly been killed at the beginning of the series however is revealed to have been alive and also their tormentor `` A '' as she was mistaken for her twin sister Courtney who pretended to be like her and was sent to The Preserve at Addison - Stevens , which she believed was the Liars ' fault and has been plotting revenge ever since . Her identical twin sister Courtney DiLaurentis is not crazy but she starts appearing in Wanted after the TV show began in 2010 . In the prequel , Courtney - as - Ali started disappearing in the last chapter and getting almost killed numerous times , until the end of the series ( Vicious ) when Ali - as - Courtney came out and started becoming friends with her twin `` Ali '' again after rehab with Iris and Tabitha , two lookalikes of Ali , all in the penultimate chapter . In the book , their older brother 's name is Jason DiLaurentis and their half - sisters are Melissa and Spencer Hastings . Courtney DiLaurentis : Courtney is really Charlotte in the books . She used to be sweet , until she started pretending to be Alison , where her personality morphed into her . She is the third child to Jessica and Kenneth and was sent to The Preserve at Addison - Stevens after a physical argument with Alison who she eventually turned into and befriended the Liars up until the night of her infamous disappearance when she was killed and buried by the real Alison DiLaurentis and her accomplice Nick Maxwell . A : A is the main antagonist of the series , being , for the most part , an anonymous character who relentlessly torments many characters , in particular the Liars . Mona Vanderwaal , Alison DiLaurentis and Nick Maxwell are discovered to be A. Mona became A due to Alison and the Liars being responsible for The Jenna Thing , which burned her too . However , she is killed when Spencer pushes her off a cliff face and her neck is caught between rocks . However , a new `` A '' rises , this time even more determined to hurt the Liars . This A is revealed to be Alison herself who wanted revenge on the Liars for ruining her life and Nick , who is revealed to be her accomplice . Novels ( edit ) First arc ( edit ) Book # Title Publication Date ISBN Pages Pretty Little Liars October 3 , 2006 978 - 0 - 06 - 088730 - 8 304 The story introduces an exclusive group of friends : Alison DiLaurentis , the popular yet manipulative queen bee ; Aria Montgomery , an independent girl who is considered to be the oddball in Rosewood who also went to Iceland for the summer ; Emily Fields , a swimmer who holds secret feelings for Alison ; Hanna Marin , who strives to be thin and popular like Alison ; and Spencer Hastings , an overachiever who is brave enough to stand up against Alison 's manipulative ways . Alison mysteriously disappears during a sleepover with the girls in the summer before 8th grade . The story then jumps 3 years later , when the girls are living their own lives and do n't speak to each other . Aria returns to Rosewood from a 3 - year trip to Iceland with her family and comes back much more sophisticated than before she left . She meets and makes out with a guy in a local bar who is revealed later to be her English teacher , Ezra Fitz . Emily befriends the new girl in town , Maya St. Germain , and soon develops romantic feelings for her , even though Emily has a boyfriend , Ben . Ben later finds Maya and Emily kissing in the photo booth at a party and dumps beer on them . Hanna is the new popular girl in town alongside the former nerd , Mona Vanderwaal . However , she and Mona sometimes shoplift though both can clearly afford their steals . Hanna battles the urge to turn back to bulimia , and struggles to manage the stress of keeping her queen bee status . Spencer continues to struggle in her long - standing rivalry with Melissa Hastings , her perfect older sister . Problems occur when she begins to feel attracted to Melissa 's new boyfriend , Wren Kim . Throughout the story , the liars get messages threatening to reveal their secrets of the present and past , including a terrifying incident the girls refer to as `` The Jenna Thing '' . They automatically believe it is their missing friend , Alison , because she is the only one each of them confided in regarding their darkest secrets . However , they are shocked when the police find her corpse buried in the gazebo of her former house . The book ends with the liars receiving a text at Alison 's funeral saying , `` I 'm still here , bitches . And I know everything . - A `` . The girls have made up at this point . Flawless March 27 , 2007 978 - 0 - 06 - 088733 - 9 330 Spencer Hastings , Hanna Marin , Aria Montgomery , and Emily Fields continue to receive text messages from an unknown person , `` A '' , and are more desperate than ever to discover the identity of `` A '' , who is still taunting them with the threat of exposing their many secrets . At first the girls think `` A '' is Alison , because she is the only person who knew their secrets , but then they start to believe the person behind the threats is Toby , because some messages they receive refer to ' The Jenna Thing ' and with Alison dead , he is the only other person who was a part of the incident , although everyone but Spencer is unaware of why he took the blame for what happened to Jenna . `` The Jenna Thing '' is revealed to be an incident in which Ali had set off a stink bomb in Jenna Cavanaugh 's step - brother Toby 's treehouse to get revenge after supposedly spying on her , only to see the treehouse burst into flames , not knowing that Jenna was inside , and due to that , she was permanently blinded . Toby was framed for the garage fire by Alison . `` A '' sends Emily a text message hinting that `` A '' knows about Emily and Maya 's romantic relationship and threatens to tell everyone about it . Emily becomes close with Toby and goes to a big benefit party with him but then later tells him that she thinks she might be gay . `` A '' leaves a note for Hanna that forces her to tell Naomi and Riley that she makes herself throw up and that Sean was the one who broke up with her . Later on , she receives a text that tells her Sean is at Foxy with another girl . Hanna is shocked to discover her former boyfriend Sean Ackard ignoring his Virginity Club vows and nearly having sex with Aria . `` A '' continuously tells Aria to either ' get rid of the problem ' or to tell her mom the truth about Byron , her father , that he is seeing another woman . Aria goes to confront the other woman , Meredith , but when she does Meredith tells her that she and Aria 's father are in love . Ella finds out that Byron is having an affair with a student named Meredith Gates and kicks him out , leaving Ella and Aria 's mother - daughter relationship shattered . Spencer continues to date with her sister Melissa 's now ex-boyfriend Wren and later loses her virginity to him . However , Melissa starts to hook - up with him as well and eventually makes sure that he will be out of both of their lives for good . Emily blames herself for Toby 's suicide . In this book it is revealed that Toby was forcing himself on Jenna when they were in middle school and Ali and Spencer were the only ones who knew about it , which is how Alison forced Toby to take the blame . Perfect August 21 , 2007 978 - 0 - 06 - 088736 - 0 298 Now homeless , Aria goes to live with her new boyfriend , Sean Ackard . Still seeing Ezra , their relationship is broken up when Sean informs the police , having found out the secret from `` A '' . Emily plans to go to the police to stop `` A '' , which leads to `` A '' taking revenge by outing her to the whole school . Emily 's parents threaten to send her away if she does not attend a `` de-gaying '' program , however , Emily realizes she ca n't change who she is . Spencer is nominated for a Golden Orchid Award for the essay she copied from her sister Melissa , which `` A '' threatens to expose . Spencer 's family discovers she cheated on her Golden Orchid essay , but keep it quiet to protect their reputation . Spencer comes to believe she might have killed Alison after discovering she suffers from rage - induced blackouts . Hanna and Mona get into a fight , and Hanna seeks comfort with an `` uncool '' boy named Lucas . She goes to Mona 's birthday party but gets humiliated , but she receives a text from `` A '' and recognizes the number . She intends to reveal the true identity of `` A '' to the other girls , but is run down by `` A '' before she can do so . The girls recognize it is A from the eerie text : She Knew Too Much - A Unbelievable May 27 , 2008 978 - 0 - 06 - 088739 - 1 335 Hanna barely survives being rundown by `` A '' , and due to a head injury , she loses her memory of the previous day , thus forgetting `` A '' 's identity . Emily 's parents catch her with Maya at a party and send her to Iowa to live with her strict , religious relatives . She is glad to be safe from `` A '' , but after Emily is accused of threatening her cousins , she runs away . Emily returns home when she sees her parents on TV , who tell her that they love her and accept her for who she is . Emily and Maya are reunited , but Trista , a girl who Emily had met and flirted with in Iowa comes to visit , their relationship is shattered , and Emily is saddened further when she sees Trista and Noel hooking up . After being kicked out of Sean 's house , Aria reluctantly moves in with Byron and Meredith , who announces that she is pregnant and when Bryon 's and Ella 's divorce is finalized , they are to be married . While at Hollis College , Aria takes an art class and befriends Jenna , who she suspects could be `` A '' . `` A '' reveals to Melissa ( Spencer 's sister ) that Spencer stole her essay for the Golden Orchid competition , but the family keeps quiet to protect their reputation . Melissa and Spencer grow closer , and Spencer confesses that she kissed Ian , and that he and Alison were secretly dating . When fragments of her memory from the night Alison died are restored , Spencer is horrified when it dawns on her that she may have accidentally killed Alison . Mona and Hanna 's friendship is restored , and to celebrate Hanna 's recovery , Mona and Spencer plan a party for her . Spencer is surprised to discover that she enjoys Mona 's company , and even more so when Mona tells her that she has been receiving messages from `` A '' . Hanna is thrilled that Spencer approves of Mona , and they consider letting her join their clique . `` A '' tells Aria that Meredith has a secret job at Hooters , and she goes there with Mike , only to discover that `` A '' was lying . Darren Wilden and several other cops are there , and Aria is tempted to tell them about `` A '' . When Mike realizes that something is troubling his sister , he urges her to tell Darren , and she eventually does . On the night of Hanna 's party , Aria tells Jenna what happened the night she was blinded and apologizes for not stopping Alison , but Jenna reveals that she and Alison had planned it together to get rid of Toby . Aria asks Jenna about `` A '' , but Jenna becomes scared and quickly leaves , hinting that she knows who `` A '' is . Melissa confronts Spencer about seeing Ian behind her back , which Spencer denies , and when she leaves , Spencer and Mona discover another note from `` A '' and suspect that Melissa killed Alison because she was jealous of her relationship with Ian . They inform the others , and decide to turn Melissa in . Mona drives Spencer to the police station , and Aria tells Emily and Hanna the truth about The Jenna Thing . When Hanna says that one in four boys sexually abuse their sister , Emily tells her not to believe everything she hears , which causes Hanna 's memory to return , and she is horrified when she remembers who `` A '' is : Mona . Spencer is hesitant about turning in Melissa , but Mona comforts her and convinces her otherwise . Moments later , Spencer receives a text from Emily , telling her that Mona is `` A '' . When she receives several more from the girls , who are worrying about what Mona will do , Mona realizes that they finally figured it out . While Aria , Emily and Hanna go to the police station to tell Darren that Mona is `` A '' , Mona drives Spencer to Floating Man 's Quarry , where she explains that she saw what happened on the night of The Jenna Thing , and when Maya moved in , she found Alison 's diary , which contained the girls ' secrets . Using the information to her advantage , she got a new phone and became `` A '' to get revenge on the girls for blinding Jenna . Spencer accuses Mona of killing Alison , but Mona says that it was Ian who killed her , as Alison had blackmailed him about their relationship . Spencer secretly calls Darren , who overhears her conversation with Mona and learns of their location . Mona tells Spencer that she originally planned to frame her for Alison 's murder , but recently grew to like her , and thus decided to frame Melissa to do Spencer a favor . She then offers Spencer her life in return that she becomes `` A '' with her , as they could pin the blame on someone else . Spencer refuses and Mona attacks her . They fight on the cliff 's edge , and in the struggle , Spencer accidentally pushes Mona off the cliff to her death . Aria , Emily and Hanna arrive on the scene with Darren and police , and find Mona 's body and an unconscious Spencer . Second arc ( edit ) Book # Title Publication Date ISBN Pages 5 Wicked November 25 , 2008 978 - 0 - 06 - 156607 - 3 310 A new `` A '' begins making threats . Ian denies being Ali 's killer . Emily finds herself confused about her sexuality once again , as she now has feelings for a boy she met at church , Christian singer Isaac . Emily tries to date Isaac without him finding out about her orientation , though `` A '' keeps interfering . Emily tells Isaac about Maya and he then hugs her and tell her that he accepts her for who she is . Hanna , still overcome with shock after discovering Mona Vanderwaal was really `` A '' , ca n't seem to catch a break . She now has trouble with her stepsister Kate Randall . At a party at a hotel opening , Hanna and Kate continue to fight over title of `` Queen Bee '' . Hanna and Lucas break up after Hanna tells everyone that Kate has herpes at a party to sabotage her . Eventually , Hanna 's father forbids her from talking to anyone except Kate . Aria has feelings for a man , Xavier , who she met at an art show ; however , he ends up meeting and dating her mother through an online match site . This puts her at risk of hurting her mother again and further damaging their newly repaired relationship . Aria moves in with Meredith and Byron to avoid Xavier as his true intentions will jeopardize Aria and Ella 's relationship . After a shock at her gran 's will reading and her family neglecting her , Spencer comes to believe that she is adopted and starts searching a reuniting website for answers . In the end , Spencer , Emily , Aria , and Hanna find Ian 's body in the woods behind Spencer 's house , but when they return with the police , the body is missing . Wilden sort of pushes it off , and begins the search hours after the girls had shared their story . 6 Killer June 30 , 2009 978 - 0 - 06 - 156611 - 0 321 The girls discover that the person they think is Ali 's murderer -- Ian Thomas -- has actually been framed , and they start to wonder if the new `` A '' really wants to threaten them or just to solve the mystery . Spencer meets a woman named Olivia Caldwell who she thinks is her real mother , and attempts to move to New York , but it turns out to be a scam and she loses her college money . Hanna and Kate compete for the affections of Aria 's brother Mike Montgomery . Aria falls in love with Jason DiLaurentis again . Emily has sex with her new boyfriend Isaac , whose mother finds out and banishes Emily from their house without Isaac knowing . At the opening party for Radley , a former so - called `` haven for troubled youth '' , Emily finds proof that Jason DiLaurentis had been a patient there , and soon Hanna , Aria , and Emily all come to believe that Jason and Darren Wilden had something to do with Ali 's murder . Ian Thomas confirms their suspicions about Darren and Jason right before someone sets the woods behind Spencer 's house to fire . Although at first they had their doubts about Ian being alive , they are now confident he is . While Aria is trying to get to Spencer 's barn to show them Ali 's flag from 6th grade , she finds someone caught in the woods because of the fire , saves this person , and then they all recognize her as Ali . 7 Heartless January 19 , 2010 978 - 0 - 06 - 156614 - 1 274 After the fire , no one believes the girls when they insist that they saw Alison . `` A '' sends Emily to Lancaster , where Emily comes to believe that Ali was not the girl in the hole , but that Wilden has murdered a girl named Leah and covered it up by making it seem like it was Ali . Aria begins a relationship with Noel Kahn , after he defends her at a party . She visits a medium , who produces a message in Ali 's handwriting that states that `` Ali killed Ali . '' This leads her to believe that Ali might have committed suicide . Hanna 's father sends her to a clinic to prevent her eating disorder from reappearing due to stress , where she befriends a troubled girl named Iris . Hanna has more dreams about Ali , which causes her to suspect that Iris had something to do with Ali 's death . `` A '' reveals to Spencer that her father had an affair ( and that Alison is Spencer 's half - sister ) , making her suspicious of her mother . The Liars are arrested for Ali 's murder . They realize that `` A '' has tricked each of them into believing someone else killed Ali . However , a man named Billy Ford is soon arrested for murdering Alison and Jenna Cavanaugh . Everyone now believes Ian is dead . 8 Wanted June 8 , 2010 978 - 0 - 06 - 156617 - 2 259 Aria , Hanna , Emily and Spencer are shocked to learn of the existence of Alison 's twin sister , Courtney , when she 's introduced at a press conference . Courtney had spent her life in institutions due to `` health issues '' and her existence was kept secret by her family . It is revealed that Jason was not a patient at the Radley but instead he was visiting Courtney . She was finally released and went home to Rosewood , where she attempts to resume her sister 's life and begins tentative friendships with Ali 's old friends . She later reveals that she 's actually Ali , the real Courtney had pretended to be her on the night of Ali 's disappearance , and she was the one who was killed . When she had tried to tell her family who she was , they did n't believe her because Courtney was notorious for pretending to be Ali , and sent her back to the institution in Courtney 's place . The girls are thrilled that Ali is back , and jump at the chance to go with her to the family 's house in the Poconos after a school dance . On the way there , Spencer gets a frantic call from her mother telling her that Melissa has disappeared . Spencer had begun to believe that her sister was the one who killed Ali and that she may be after the rest of them , but once they arrive at the house it 's revealed that Ali is the killer . They discover that the girl they were friends with years ago was actually Courtney , and the real Ali was stuck in an institution . She had killed Courtney for ruining her life , attempted to kill the girls in the forest fire , tried to have them arrested , and is now going to kill them by setting the house on fire . They 're able to escape after stumbling onto Ian 's body hidden in a closet and releasing a bound Melissa , who Ali had kidnapped and was planning to kill as well . Ali is trapped inside the house and it 's assumed she died in the fire , although her body is never found . After learning that her ex-husband shipped Hanna off to a mental institution , Ashley Marin transfers back to Rosewood and kicks Hanna 's father , Isabel and Kate out of the house , thrilling Hanna . Hanna and Mike get back together . Meredith goes into labor , giving birth to a girl named Lola . Aria and Noel get back together after it is revealed that Ali kissed him , not the other way around , and Ella breaks up with Xavier after learning of his inappropriate behavior towards Aria . Spencer 's father proclaims that even though he and her mother may not get back together , things are going to change for the better in their family , and Spencer and Melissa grow closer after almost being killed . Emily buries everything she can find that reminds her of Ali at Courtney 's grave , hoping she can finally find closure , but is unsure of whether the noises she hears at the cemetery are real or imagined . And somewhere , a new girl starts her senior year at an anonymous school , a girl whose name just so happens to be an anagram of Alison DiLaurentis . The reader is left wondering if Alison is alive . Third arc ( edit ) Book # Title Publication Date ISBN Pages 9 Twisted July 5 , 2011 978 - 0 - 06 - 208101 - 8 305 The book begins with the girls vacationing in Jamaica and Emily seeing a girl who she believes is Ali . Throughout the rest of the book , details about that fateful vacation emerge . In the meantime , Noel , Aria 's boyfriend , has an exchange student , from Finland , come to live with him . Instead of being the nerdy boy , Klaudius , that Noel expected , the exchange student turns out to be a gorgeous blonde , Klaudia , who tries to steal Noel from Aria . Aria ends up accidentally pushing Klaudia off of a ski lift as an act of self - defense ; however , Klaudia uses that information against Aria . By that point , Aria and Noel 's relationship is shaky and uncertain . Emily meets a new girl , Chloe , who moves into the Cavanaugh 's old house . They immediately become good friends , bonding over Chloe 's baby sister , Grace . Emily has now given up hope of getting a swim scholarship , her only option for college . Chloe 's dad offers to help but also hits on Emily , even making sexual moves towards her . Chloe walks in on her dad kissing Emily , but thinks that it 's Emily who is wrecking her family ( her father had previously been cheating ) . Hanna 's dad runs for senator of Pennsylvania . Patrick , somebody who 's helping out at the set , offers Hanna a modeling job , but he takes some naughty pictures and threatens her with them , saying he will release them to the public and ruin her dads ' chances of becoming senator , unless she gives him $10,000 . Hanna steals money from her dad and frames Jeremiah , a mean man who is also working on set . Spencer 's mom has begun to date Nicholas Pennythistle , the father of snobby Amelia and her brother Zach , in whom Spencer develops a romantic interest . When they go out dancing , she kisses him , only to find out Zach is gay . When the Hastings and Pennythistles travel to New York together , Spencer and Zach drunkenly fall asleep in the same bed . During the night , Spencer had kicked off her clothes because she was hot , leaving her in her blouse and underwear . The next morning Mr. Pennythistle wakes them both up by entering the room . Their indecent clothing and close proximity leads Mr. Pennythistle to believe that they had slept together and acts violent . Spencer tells him that Zach did n't touch her and that he 's gay , hoping to help , but Mr. Pennythistle becomes furious and sends Zach to military school . Zach and Spencer 's friendship ends , Zach leaving Spencer with the words `` Rot in hell , bitch '' . The girls start to get messages from a new `` A '' , and believe it 's Ali and that she somehow survived the fall from the building . In the end of the book , the news turns on and a teenage girl 's dead body was found floating in the water in Jamaica . They identify this girl as Tabitha Clark from New Jersey . The cops believe her death was a tragic accident - not a murder . The girls realize they killed an innocent girl . 10 Ruthless December 6 , 2011 978 - 0 - 06 - 208186 - 5 338 It is revealed that last summer while Spencer was taking AP courses at Penn , she began taking speed pills as a way to help with studying . After being arrested by the police for possession , she arranges for Hanna to help her frame her roommate , Kelsey , as a dealer , in order for Spencer to not face charges . After landing the role of Lady Macbeth in the school play , the stress and guilt begin to take their toll on Spencer , causing her to have frequent hallucinations in which she is haunted by Kelsey and Tabitha . She becomes paranoid and begins to believe Kelsey is `` A '' and is taking revenge on her for being framed . Emily accidentally meets Kelsey at a party and is instantly smitten with her . She and Kelsey grow close , much to Spencer 's disapproval . After Emily is hurt by Spencer 's remarks about her love for Alison , she angrily tells Kelsey that Spencer framed her for the drug possession . Depressed , Kelsey overdoses and attempts to throw herself into the quarry where Mona died , but Emily saves her and Kelsey is sent to the Preserve for treatment . While visiting Kelsey , the girls realize that Tabitha was also a patient at the Preserve and was the same age as Alison and Courtney . Hanna 's father asks her to help with the social media aspect of his campaigning . She meets a boy named Liam , who she falls for , despite knowing he is the son of her father 's political opponent . They break up when she learns he has been seeing multiple other girls while dating her , and reconciles with Mike . After Aria is dumped by Noel , she seeks out comfort in Ezra , in hopes of rekindling their romance . However , things are strained between them , and Aria eventually goes back into a relationship with Noel , after discovering Ezra and Klaudia being intimate . The Liars attempt to circumvent `` A 's '' threats by coming clean about their secrets , with varied success . Meanwhile , `` A '' becomes more violent , shoving Emily down a hill at Stockbridge trail . `` A '' sends Spencer an email of Tabitha on the beach with a head injury , indicating that `` A '' was the one who disposed of Tabitha 's body . `` A '' taunts the Liars , stating they will never discover `` A 's '' true identity . Kelsey can not be A. Emily and Spencer have their biggest rivalry . 11 Stunning June 5 , 2012 978 - 0 - 06 - 208189 - 6 302 The Liars begin to suspect a woman , Gayle , might be `` A '' , when she comes to Rosewood and begins to harass them ; it is revealed that Emily backed out of a deal to let Gayle adopt her daughter in exchange for $50,000 paid under the table . Emily finds herself reconnecting with Isaac while attempting to tell him about her pregnancy , but she fears the repercussions of such a confession . Spencer visits Princeton hoping to join an Eating Club , but `` A '' interferes and spikes Spencer 's pot brownies with LSD and Ritalin . Aria panics when she finds out Noel 's father is a drag queen and ends up putting her relationship with Noel at risk when `` A '' threatens Aria to expose Noel 's father photo publicly . On a tip from `` A '' , Hanna begins spying on Mike 's new girlfriend , Colleen . Later she becomes publicly humiliated by `` A '' when she sends everybody a video of Hanna stalking Colleen , and her desperate ways of getting Mike back . Gayle is murdered by `` A '' and it is revealed that she was Tabitha 's stepmother . Tabitha 's father speaks at Gayle 's funeral , and announces that Tabitha 's autopsy showed no trace of alcohol , meaning that she was murdered . He thus plans to re-open the investigation into her death , and threatens the killer that he will find him , both Gayle 's and Tabitha 's killer . The girls get very nervous about this . 12 Burned December 4 , 2012 978 - 0 - 06 - 208192 - 6 319 It is revealed that prior to the events of Twisted , the Liars covered up Hanna 's involvement in a car accident that left another girl , Madison , badly injured . While on a school - sponsored cruise in the Caribbean , the Liars uncover clues that suggest `` A '' is more than one person . They begin to suspect Naomi Zeigler of being `` A '' , after she befriends Hanna ( who is unaware that Madison is Naomi 's cousin ) and attempts to sabotage Spencer 's new relationship . Aria becomes friends with a boy named Graham , only to discover he is Tabitha 's ex-boyfriend , leading the Liars come to believe that Naomi and Graham are working together as `` A '' . Meanwhile , Emily falls for a stowaway , Jordan , unaware that she is a thief on the run from the authorities . After an explosion on the boat , the Liars go off on their own to bury `` evidence '' of their connection to Tabitha ( Tabitha 's locket , which `` A '' had planted for Noel to find ) . `` A '' tampers with their lifeboat , nearly stranding them in the middle of the ocean . The near - death experience pushes the girls into wanting to confess about killing Tabitha . However , as they make plans to come clean about everything , they discover that they were not responsible for Tabitha 's death at all : She had been bludgeoned to death by `` A '' . The Liars finally come to believe that `` A '' is , in fact , Alison , as Emily reveals that she may have helped Alison escape the burning Poconos house in Wanted . Suspiciously though Naomi was at Gayle 's funeral . Fourth arc ( edit ) Book # Title Publication Date ISBN Pages 13 Crushed June 4 , 2013 978 - 0 - 06 - 219971 - 3 340 Weeks before the annual Rosewood Day Prom , the four girls are put under much stress . They break down and try being one step ahead of `` A '' , and marking off who their suspects could be . In this novel it is revealed there are two people working as A. Spencer , Hanna , and Emily agree that the main suspect is Noel Kahn , Aria 's boyfriend . Aria does n't want to believe it but the facts tell her otherwise . He was on the trip to Jamaica , he went to Iceland . He was good friends with Ali ( he loved her ) , and he visited her in the Preserve when she was there . He knew about the twins . He knew enough to make him look like A. Emily tries getting information of out of Ali 's old friends , Iris , ( who we met in ' ' Heartless ) . Iris tells Emily little tidbits of Ali , and at Prom Iris recognizes Noel and for sure he was Ali 's secret boyfriend who visited her . Spencer finds an internet blogger , who blogs about Alison DiLaurentis theories . She meets him and actually ends up liking him , finding his name is Chase . He helps Spencer get information on Alison . Hanna , in an attempt to get information on a burned victim from the last book , Graham , starts volunteering at the Burn Clinic . There , Graham is still in a coma and right when he 's about to wake up , he dies - all the information is kept hidden for good . Aria , worried and paranoid about what happened last summer , is trying to handle things with Noel being A , even though she does n't want to believe it . At Prom , Noel admits to loving Ali , and Aria , furious , freaks out and asks Noel if Ali is still alive . He says he does n't know . While Aria is attempting to get away , Noel pins her to the ground . Spencer , Hanna , and Emily arrive and Noel flees . The morning later , Hanna gets a text from A saying to go to the shed in the Rosewood Day back . She and the three other girls go , and just in case bring Cops and police and inside is a supposedly unconscious Noel tied up to a chair . It is not revealed if Noel is dead or alive . The girls get a text , signed by A , informing them that they 've failed to make progress , Noel was n't A , and they are back where they started . 14 Deadly December 3 , 2013 978 - 0 - 06 - 219974 - 4 320 The book starts out as the real Alison DiLaurentis is limping out of the burning house in her vacation home right after she tried to kill the liars . It 's seemingly said in the start that she survived by the help of `` Helper A '' her boyfriend . Aria visits Noel in the hospital and it is shown that he is in fact still alive . Agent Fuji comes to the girls after they are arrested for the charges they have committed over the past year . The girls finally admit to Agent Fuji about `` A '' and told her that all of their charges had to be dropped . They also told her that they thought that Alison was still alive and that they needed 24 - hour protection of their family . Agent Fuji tells the girls to give her all of the `` A '' notes and the girls do as they are told . As a result of telling the police , `` A '' gave the police a fake security video of the girls beating up Tabitha before she is killed . The police arrest all of them and told the girls that all of the texts from `` A '' had come from their phones . The girls are put on bail and go home . Emily 's family seem to hate her and Emily and Carolyn get into a fight . As this happens Emily 's mom has a heart attack . Hanna 's father wants nothing to do with her because it will hurt the campaign . After their hearing they are sentenced to go to trial in Jamaica the next day . Certain to find `` A '' they go searching . They find a house by Hanna 's fathers office and go inside . It is small and disgusting . As they are walking in Nick Maxwell comes in pointing a gun at the girls . He is `` Helper A '' Real Ali 's boyfriend . The girls all know him as someone else . Spencer knows him as Phineas , a guy at Penn 's summer program who sold her study drugs . Hanna knew him as Jackson , the bartender who kept on giving Madison drinks and refusing to get a cab , resulting in Hanna getting in a wreck with Madison . Emily knew him as Derrick , a friend she had at her job , telling him all of her secrets . And Aria knew him as Olaf , a guy she stole The Starry Night with while vacationing in Iceland . Right as they realized what was happening Alison shows up with a gun and tells the girls to get in the basement . They girls do as they are told and the go down . They see a mural of Ali on the wall and they are confused . Ali tells them that after she kills them that it is going to look like they did it to be with Ali because they were sad that she was gone . Astonished the girls ask questions . After , Nick and Ali grab gas masks and turn on a poisonous gas . They girls awake in the hospital and Agent Fuji tells them that Nick Maxwell was caught but not Ali . In the epilogue Ali is running away and goes to a little house that Nick did n't know of . She has money and reveals that she is going to lure someone else to kill with her again . 15 Toxic June 3 , 2014 9780062287014 336 With A apparently arrested , the girls attempt to move on with their lives . Hanna gets a film offer , and Spencer starts an anti-bullying campaign . However , it is soon revealed that the real A is still seeking vengeance . 16 Vicious December 2 , 2014 9780062287045 After being falsely accused of killing Alison , the girls seek to outwit her and avoid jail time . Companion novels ( edit ) Book # Title Publication Date ISBN Pages 0.6 Alison 's Pretty Little Diary September 6 , 2010 978 - 0 - 06 - 223336 - 3 14 Ali changed the lives of The Liars forever . But now thanks to this diary never seen before , you finally know what Alison was thinking in the day she picked those four girls to be her new best friends . 4.5 Pretty Little Secrets January 3 , 2012 978 - 0 - 06 - 212591 - 0 464 Set between Unbelievable and Wicked , the book is told from the point of view of the second `` A '' , Alison DiLaurentis , as she spies on the girls during their Christmas vacation . The novel is divided into a series of four short stories , with each one focusing on the exploits of a specific girl . Spencer : Spencer and her family go to Nana Hastings mansion in Florida , and Spencer falls in love with a tennis player named Colin at the country club . Melissa seems to be helping Spencer win Colin 's heart , but Colin ends up taking an interest in Melissa . During the trip , Spencer and her mother also run into Mrs. DiLaurentis several times , and Spencer is confused by her mother 's strange behavior around Mrs DiLaurentis . Spencer also decides to fight for Colin . After Colin dumps Melissa to go out with her , Spencer and Melissa discover that Colin 's actually 33 years old and also has a wife and child . Spencer and Melissa decide to team up to get revenge on Colin by putting crushed Viagra in his Aminospa vitamin water right before his important tennis game . In the end , they all have a fun vacation , but Spencer worries that someone has been following her . Melissa and Spencer seem to briefly make up in this , hence the sisters ' wary friendship in Wicked . Emily : Emily is asked to go undercover as Santa Claus at the new mall , in order to catch 4 girls who work as elves there , who are suspected of vandalizing Christmas decorations around town , including Emily 's mom 's baby Jesus ceramic figure . The 4 girls , who call themselves the `` Merry Elves '' , take a liking to Emily , and it 's revealed that one of the girls , Cassie , was close with Alison . Emily accompanies the girls on their biggest prank yet , but Emily 's mom uses her phone to track her , and the Merry Elves get caught . Eventually , the elves forgive Emily after she bails them out of jail . In the end , everyone realizes the true meaning of Christmas , but Emily ca n't shake off the weird feeling that someone is following her . It is revealed that A is blonde ( she will later be revealed as Alison ) as Emily sees a blonde figure run off . Hanna : Hanna joins a boot camp after thinking she gained too much weight at a holiday party . She develops feelings for the instructor , Vince . She also develops a rival , Dinah , another girl who also likes Vince . After competing for Vince 's affection , she and Dinah become friends after catching Kate making out with the mall 's new Santa ( prior to Emily ) , something which Hanna also photographs . After agreeing to stop chasing Vince , she celebrates by going out for drinks with Dinah , where Dinah admits she knew Alison . Hanna goes home drunk , causing her to oversleep . As she arrives at boot camp , she discovers Vince and Dinah kissing , revealing that Dinah only pretended to be friends with Hanna to have Hanna let down her guard . Hanna flees the scene , devastated , and is confronted by Kate , who , after receiving a tip - off , followed Hanna around , taking unflattering photos of her at boot camp , which she threatens to put on Facebook . Hanna counterattacks by showing Kate the pictures of her and Santa , causing Kate to back off . Hanna also improves her relationship with her father , who gives Hanna her grandmother 's Cartier locket for Christmas . Hanna has a happy Christmas , despite the fact that she thinks someone other than Kate has been watching her every move . Some of what Dinah said may be true such as she knew Alison . But it is likely she made most of it up to get Hanna 's trust . Aria : Aria goes with her father and Mike to Bear Claw Resort , but leaves to go back home after finding out that Byron invited Meredith along as well . Upon arriving at home , Aria 's surprised to see Halbjorn , an old boyfriend of hers from Iceland . Halbjorn tells her that he 's running from the Icelandic police who 're after him because he protested against the demolition of a puffin sanctuary . Unfortunately , his travel visa only lasts for a week . Aria proposes the idea of marrying him , and the two head off to Atlantic City to elope . At the hotel , they attend a magic show involving two panthers , which greatly angers Halbjorn , who cares a lot about the environment . After getting married the following day , which requires Aria to forge her mother 's signature and lie about her age , they go to the place where the panthers are kept . After convincing Halbjorn not to release the panthers , they go back to the hotel . The next morning , Aria wakes up to find Halbjorn gone and his clothes missing as well . On the lobby 's TV , Aria sees that Halbjorn ended up releasing the panthers anyway . Aria goes to the courthouse and confesses to lying about her age and forging her mother 's signature , making the marriage null and void . Upon returning to Rosewood , she is joined by Mike and Byron , who know nothing about her marriage . As they watch TV , it shows that Halbjorn has been caught , and it also reveals that he 's done these sorts of things in the past , including trying to blow up a demolition office . Aria 's satisfied with breaking up with him , but is paranoid about someone following her . In Wicked , it 's briefly stated that Aria and Meredith did converse about the baby . The book ends with a sign - off from the new `` A , '' ( as always ) who says that the Liars ' lives are going to get a lot worse . All of which comes true ... 0.5 Ali 's Pretty Little Lies January 2 , 2013 978 - 0062233363 304 Before there was `` A , '' there was `` Alison DiLaurentis '' . Boys wanted to date her , girls wanted to be her and somebody wanted her dead . It 's the end of seventh grade , and `` Alison DiLaurentis '' and her friends are the alpha girls of Rosewood Day . `` Ali '' runs her clique with an iron fist , and she 's got enough dirt on Hanna , Emily , Aria and Spencer to keep them in line . But `` Ali 's '' hiding a dark secret of her own , something so huge it would destroy everything if it ever got out . She 's desperate to keep the perfect life she 's worked so hard to build , but in Rosewood deadly secrets have deadly consequences . Set in the weeks leading up to `` Ali 's '' murder , this special Pretty Little Liars tale is told by the prettiest little liar of all : `` Ali '' herself . For the first time ever , we see how the mystery began -- and how `` Alison DiLaurentis ' '' life ended . Note : This book is titled Ali 's Pretty Little Lies but it 's actually about her twin sister , Courtney , who pretended to be Alison because she did n't want to go to a psych ward . This book reveals a lot of secrets . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Children 's Series Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Series Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . July 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Series Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com . `` Kindle Worlds : Pretty Little Liars '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Betrayed ( Pretty Little Liars # 14 ) '' . GoodReads . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . 308 Jump up ^ `` Toxic ( Pretty Little Liars # 15 ) '' . GoodReads . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . 326 Jump up ^ `` Exposed ( Pretty Little Liars # 16 ) '' . GoodReads . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pretty Little Liars ( book series ) . Official website hide Pretty Little Liars Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll Related Book series 2006 novel Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets hide Works by Sara Shepard Pretty Little Liars series Novels Pretty Little Liars ( 2006 ) Television Pretty Little Liars ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Ravenswood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists ( 2019 ) The Lying Game series Television The Lying Game ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(book_series)&oldid=845279603 '' Categories : Book series introduced in 2006 American young adult novels Novel series Pretty Little Liars HarperCollins books Fictional identical twins Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenščina ไทย 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 18 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's the first pretty little liars book	[ "\n\nBook #\nTitle\nPublication Date\nISBN\nPages\n\n\n\n\n\n1\nPretty Little Liars\nOctober 3, 2006\n978-0-06-088730-8\n304\n\n\nThe story introduces an exclusive group of friends: Alison DiLaurentis, the popular yet manipulative queen bee; Aria Montgomery, an independent girl who is considered to be the oddball in Rosewood who also went to Iceland for the summer; Emily Fields, a swimmer who holds secret feelings for Alison; Hanna Marin, who strives to be thin and popular like Alison; and Spencer Hastings, an overachiever who is brave enough to stand up against Alison's manipulative ways. Alison mysteriously disappears during a sleepover with the girls in the summer before 8th grade.\nThe story then jumps 3 years later, when the girls are living their own lives and don't speak to each other.\nAria returns to Rosewood from a 3-year trip to Iceland with her family and comes back much more sophisticated than before she left. She meets and makes out with a guy in a local bar who is revealed later to be her English teacher, Ezra Fitz.\nEmily befriends the new girl in town, Maya St. Germain, and soon develops romantic feelings for her, even though Emily has a boyfriend, Ben. Ben later finds Maya and Emily kissing in the photo booth at a party and dumps beer on them.\nHanna is the new popular girl in town alongside the former nerd, Mona Vanderwaal. However, she and Mona sometimes shoplift though both can clearly afford their steals. Hanna battles the urge to turn back to bulimia, and struggles to manage the stress of keeping her queen bee status.\nSpencer continues to struggle in her long-standing rivalry with Melissa Hastings, her perfect older sister. Problems occur when she begins to feel attracted to Melissa's new boyfriend, Wren Kim.\nThroughout the story, the liars get messages threatening to reveal their secrets of the present and past, including a terrifying incident the girls refer to as \"The Jenna Thing\". They automatically believe it is their missing friend, Alison, because she is the only one each of them confided in regarding their darkest secrets. However, they are shocked when the police find her corpse buried in the gazebo of her former house. The book ends with the liars receiving a text at Alison's funeral saying, \"I'm still here, bitches. And I know everything. -A \". The girls have made up at this point.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\nFlawless\nMarch 27, 2007\n978-0-06-088733-9\n330\n\n\nSpencer Hastings, Hanna Marin, Aria Montgomery, and Emily Fields continue to receive text messages from an unknown person, \"A\", and are more desperate than ever to discover the identity of \"A\", who is still taunting them with the threat of exposing their many secrets. At first the girls think \"A\" is Alison, because she is the only person who knew their secrets, but then they start to believe the person behind the threats is Toby, because some messages they receive refer to 'The Jenna Thing' and with Alison dead, he is the only other person who was a part of the incident, although everyone but Spencer is unaware of why he took the blame for what happened to Jenna.\n\"The Jenna Thing\" is revealed to be an incident in which Ali had set off a stink bomb in Jenna Cavanaugh's step-brother Toby's treehouse to get revenge after supposedly spying on her, only to see the treehouse burst into flames, not knowing that Jenna was inside, and due to that, she was permanently blinded. Toby was framed for the garage fire by Alison.\n\"A\" sends Emily a text message hinting that \"A\" knows about Emily and Maya's romantic relationship and threatens to tell everyone about it. Emily becomes close with Toby and goes to a big benefit party with him but then later tells him that she thinks she might be gay.\n\"A\" leaves a note for Hanna that forces her to tell Naomi and Riley that she makes herself throw up and that Sean was the one who broke up with her. Later on, she receives a text that tells her Sean is at Foxy with another girl. Hanna is shocked to discover her former boyfriend Sean Ackard ignoring his Virginity Club vows and nearly having sex with Aria.\n\"A\" continuously tells Aria to either 'get rid of the problem' or to tell her mom the truth about Byron, her father, that he is seeing another woman. Aria goes to confront the other woman, Meredith, but when she does Meredith tells her that she and Aria's father are in love. Ella finds out that Byron is having an affair with a student named Meredith Gates and kicks him out, leaving Ella and Aria's mother-daughter relationship shattered.\nSpencer continues to date with her sister Melissa's now ex-boyfriend Wren and later loses her virginity to him. However, Melissa starts to hook-up with him as well and eventually makes sure that he will be out of both of their lives for good.\nEmily blames herself for Toby's suicide. In this book it is revealed that Toby was forcing himself on Jenna when they were in middle school and Ali and Spencer were the only ones who knew about it, which is how Alison forced Toby to take the blame.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3\nPerfect\nAugust 21, 2007\n978-0-06-088736-0\n298\n\n\nNow homeless, Aria goes to live with her new boyfriend, Sean Ackard. Still seeing Ezra, their relationship is broken up when Sean informs the police, having found out the secret from \"A\".\nEmily plans to go to the police to stop \"A\", which leads to \"A\" taking revenge by outing her to the whole school. Emily's parents threaten to send her away if she does not attend a \"de-gaying\" program, however, Emily realizes she can't change who she is.\nSpencer is nominated for a Golden Orchid Award for the essay she copied from her sister Melissa, which \"A\" threatens to expose. Spencer's family discovers she cheated on her Golden Orchid essay, but keep it quiet to protect their reputation. Spencer comes to believe she might have killed Alison after discovering she suffers from rage-induced blackouts.\nHanna and Mona get into a fight, and Hanna seeks comfort with an \"uncool\" boy named Lucas. She goes to Mona's birthday party but gets humiliated, but she receives a text from \"A\" and recognizes the number. She intends to reveal the true identity of \"A\" to the other girls, but is run down by \"A\" before she can do so. The girls recognize it is A from the eerie text: She Knew Too Much-A\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\nUnbelievable\nMay 27, 2008\n978-0-06-088739-1\n335\n\n\nHanna barely survives being rundown by \"A\", and due to a head injury, she loses her memory of the previous day, thus forgetting \"A\"'s identity.\nEmily's parents catch her with Maya at a party and send her to Iowa to live with her strict, religious relatives. She is glad to be safe from \"A\", but after Emily is accused of threatening her cousins, she runs away. Emily returns home when she sees her parents on TV, who tell her that they love her and accept her for who she is. Emily and Maya are reunited, but Trista, a girl who Emily had met and flirted with in Iowa comes to visit, their relationship is shattered, and Emily is saddened further when she sees Trista and Noel hooking up.\nAfter being kicked out of Sean's house, Aria reluctantly moves in with Byron and Meredith, who announces that she is pregnant and when Bryon's and Ella's divorce is finalized, they are to be married. While at Hollis College, Aria takes an art class and befriends Jenna, who she suspects could be \"A\".\n\"A\" reveals to Melissa (Spencer's sister) that Spencer stole her essay for the Golden Orchid competition, but the family keeps quiet to protect their reputation. Melissa and Spencer grow closer, and Spencer confesses that she kissed Ian, and that he and Alison were secretly dating. When fragments of her memory from the night Alison died are restored, Spencer is horrified when it dawns on her that she may have accidentally killed Alison.\nMona and Hanna's friendship is restored, and to celebrate Hanna's recovery, Mona and Spencer plan a party for her. Spencer is surprised to discover that she enjoys Mona's company, and even more so when Mona tells her that she has been receiving messages from \"A\". Hanna is thrilled that Spencer approves of Mona, and they consider letting her join their clique.\n\"A\" tells Aria that Meredith has a secret job at Hooters, and she goes there with Mike, only to discover that \"A\" was lying. Darren Wilden and several other cops are there, and Aria is tempted to tell them about \"A\". When Mike realizes that something is troubling his sister, he urges her to tell Darren, and she eventually does. On the night of Hanna's party, Aria tells Jenna what happened the night she was blinded and apologizes for not stopping Alison, but Jenna reveals that she and Alison had planned it together to get rid of Toby. Aria asks Jenna about \"A\", but Jenna becomes scared and quickly leaves, hinting that she knows who \"A\" is.\nMelissa confronts Spencer about seeing Ian behind her back, which Spencer denies, and when she leaves, Spencer and Mona discover another note from \"A\" and suspect that Melissa killed Alison because she was jealous of her relationship with Ian. They inform the others, and decide to turn Melissa in. Mona drives Spencer to the police station, and Aria tells Emily and Hanna the truth about The Jenna Thing. When Hanna says that one in four boys sexually abuse their sister, Emily tells her not to believe everything she hears, which causes Hanna's memory to return, and she is horrified when she remembers who \"A\" is: Mona.\nSpencer is hesitant about turning in Melissa, but Mona comforts her and convinces her otherwise. Moments later, Spencer receives a text from Emily, telling her that Mona is \"A\". When she receives several more from the girls, who are worrying about what Mona will do, Mona realizes that they finally figured it out. While Aria, Emily and Hanna go to the police station to tell Darren that Mona is \"A\", Mona drives Spencer to Floating Man's Quarry, where she explains that she saw what happened on the night of The Jenna Thing, and when Maya moved in, she found Alison's diary, which contained the girls' secrets. Using the information to her advantage, she got a new phone and became \"A\" to get revenge on the girls for blinding Jenna. Spencer accuses Mona of killing Alison, but Mona says that it was Ian who killed her, as Alison had blackmailed him about their relationship.\nSpencer secretly calls Darren, who overhears her conversation with Mona and learns of their location. Mona tells Spencer that she originally planned to frame her for Alison's murder, but recently grew to like her, and thus decided to frame Melissa to do Spencer a favor. She then offers Spencer her life in return that she becomes \"A\" with her, as they could pin the blame on someone else. Spencer refuses and Mona attacks her. They fight on the cliff's edge, and in the struggle, Spencer accidentally pushes Mona off the cliff to her death. Aria, Emily and Hanna arrive on the scene with Darren and police, and find Mona's body and an unconscious Spencer.\n\n\n" ]	[ "Pretty Little Liars" ]
-6112008183128140925	Qin dynasty	Qin dynasty - wikipedia Qin dynasty This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Qing dynasty , the last dynasty of Imperial China . `` Qin Empire '' redirects here . For other uses , see Qin Empire ( disambiguation ) . Qin 秦 221 BC -- 206 BC Qin dynasty , circa 210 BC . Commanderies of Qin Dynasty Capital Xianyang Languages Old Chinese Religion Chinese folk religion Legalism Government Absolute monarchy Emperor 221 BC -- 210 BC Qin Shi Huang 210 BC -- 207 BC Qin Er Shi Chancellor 221 BC -- 208 BC Li Si 208 BC -- 207 BC Zhao Gao Historical era Imperial Unification of China 221 BC Death of Qin Shi Huang 210 BC Surrender to Liu Bang 206 BC Population 210 BC est . 20,000,000 Currency Ban liang coins Preceded by Succeeded by Zhou dynasty Qin ( state ) Eighteen Kingdoms Han dynasty Nanyue Qin dynasty `` Qin dynasty '' in Qin - era seal script ( top ) and modern ( bottom ) Chinese characters Chinese 秦朝 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Qín cháo Bopomofo ㄑㄧㄣ ˊ ㄔㄠ ˊ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Chyn chaur Wade -- Giles Ch'in ch'ao IPA ( tɕhǐn ʈʂhǎu ) Wu Suzhounese Zín záu Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Chèuhn chìuh IPA ( tshɵ̏n tshȉːu ) Jyutping Ceon ciu Southern Min Hokkien POJ Chîn tiâu Tâi - lô Tsîn tiâu Old Chinese Baxter -- Sagart ( 2014 ) * ( dz ) i ( n ) m-t < r > aw Part of a series on Chinese Legalism Relevant articles ( show ) Traditional Chinese law Chinese law Fengjian Rectification of names Wu wei School of Diplomacy Discourses on Salt and Iron Criticize Lin , Criticize Confucius Texts ( show ) Guanzi Canon of Laws The Book of Lord Shang Shenzi ( both books ) Han Feizi Deriviatives ( show ) Wuzi Wei Liaozi Xunzi Annals of Lü Buwei Tang Code Huang - Lao Huangdi Sijing Huainanzi Early figures ( show ) Guan Zhong Zichan Deng Xi Li Kui Wu Qi Founding figures ( show ) Shen Buhai Duke Xiao of Qin Shang Yang Shen Dao Zhang Yi Xun Kuang Han Fei Li Si Qin Shi Huang Han figures ( show ) Jia Yi Liu An Emperor Wen of Han Emperor Wu of Han Gongsun Hong Zhang Tang Huan Tan Wang Fu Zhuge Liang Later figures ( show ) Emperor Wen of Sui Du You Wang Anshi Li Shanchang Zhang Juzheng Xu Guangqi History of China ANCIENT Neolithic c. 8500 -- c. 2070 BC Xia dynasty c. 2070 -- c. 1600 BC Shang dynasty c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BC Zhou dynasty c. 1046 -- 256 BC Western Zhou Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States IMPERIAL Qin dynasty 221 -- 206 BC Han dynasty 206 BC -- 220 AD Western Han Xin dynasty Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220 -- 280 Wei , Shu and Wu Jin dynasty 265 -- 420 Western Jin Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms Northern and Southern dynasties 420 -- 589 Sui dynasty 581 -- 618 Tang dynasty 618 -- 907 ( Second Zhou dynasty 690 -- 705 ) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907 -- 960 Liao dynasty 907 -- 1125 Song dynasty 960 -- 1279 Northern Song Western Xia Southern Song Jin Yuan dynasty 1271 -- 1368 Ming dynasty 1368 -- 1644 Qing dynasty 1644 -- 1912 MODERN Republic of China 1912 -- 1949 People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present Related articles ( show ) Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history This box : view talk edit The Qin dynasty ( Chinese : 秦朝 ; pinyin : Qín Cháo ; Wade -- Giles : Ch'in Ch'ao ) was the first dynasty of Imperial China , lasting from 221 to 206 BC . Named for its heartland of Qin , in modern - day Gansu and Shaanxi , the dynasty was founded by the Qin state and its founding emperor took the title Qin Shi Huang , the First Emperor of Qin . The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the `` Legalist '' reforms of Shang Yang in the fourth century BC , during the Warring States period . In the mid and late third century BC , the Qin state carried out a series of swift conquests , first ending the powerless Zhou dynasty , and eventually conquering the other six of the Seven Warring States . It is the shortest major dynasty in Chinese history , lasting only 15 years with two emperors , but the imperial system it inaugurated lasted , with interruptions and adaptation , until 1911 . The Qin sought to create an imperial state unified by structured political power and a stable economy able to support a large military . The central government moved to undercut aristocrats and landowners and have direct administrative control over the peasantry , who comprised the overwhelming majority of the population , and control over whom would grant the Qin a large labor force . This allowed ambitious projects , such as connecting walls on the northern border , forerunners of the Great Wall of China . Three hundred thousand peasants and convicts were forced to work on this project . The Qin introduced a range of reforms to unify their realm and promote commerce : standardized currency , weights and measures , and a uniform system of writing . The Qin 's military used the most recent weaponry , transportation , and tactics , though the government was heavy - handed and bureaucratic . Yet scholars now argue that the dynasty was far from the monolithic tyranny portrayed by Han dynasty Confucians . There was indeed an attempt to restrict criticism and purge traces of old dynasties , but not the supposed burning of books and burying of scholars later alleged . Recently excavated Qin texts show a more pragmatic and eclectic approach than a reading of traditional accounts would suggest . Qin administration was by no means purely punitive , and was no harsher than was prevalent at the time . The Qin were not doctrinaire . Confucianism and its values coexisted with Legalism during the reign of the First Emperor . The Qin dynasty did not last long . When the first emperor died in 210 BC , two of his advisers placed an heir on the throne in an attempt to influence and control the administration of the dynasty . These advisors squabbled among themselves , however , resulting in both of their deaths and that of the second Qin emperor . Popular revolt broke out and the weakened empire soon fell to a Chu lieutenant , Liu Bang , who founded the Han dynasty . Despite its rapid end , the dynasty influenced future Chinese empires , particularly the Han , and the European name for China is thought to be derived from it . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins and early development 1.2 Growth of power 1.3 Conquest of the Warring States 1.4 Southward expansion 1.5 Campaigns against the Xiongnu 1.6 Fall from power 2 Culture and society 2.1 Domestic life 2.2 Architecture 2.3 Philosophy and literature 2.4 Government and military 2.5 Religion 2.6 Etymology of China 3 Sovereigns of Qin dynasty 4 Imperial family tree 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) See also : Qin ( state ) Origins and early development ( edit ) In the 9th century BC , Feizi , a supposed descendant of the ancient political advisor Gao Yao , was granted rule over Qin City . The modern city of Tianshui stands where this city once was . During the rule of King Xiao of Zhou , the eighth king of the Zhou dynasty , this area became known as the state of Qin . In 897 BC , under the regency of Gonghe , the area became a dependency allotted for the purpose of raising and breeding horses . One of Feizi 's descendants , Duke Zhuang , became favoured by King Ping of Zhou , the thirteenth king in that line . As a reward , Zhuang 's son , Duke Xiang , was sent eastward as the leader of a war expedition , during which he formally established the Qin . The state of Qin first began a military expedition into central China in 672 BC , though it did not engage in any serious incursions due to the threat from neighbouring tribesmen . By the dawn of the fourth century BC , however , the neighbouring tribes had all been either subdued or conquered , and the stage was set for the rise of Qin expansionism . Growth of power ( edit ) Map of the Warring States . Qin is shown in pink Lord Shang Yang , a Qin statesman of the Warring States period , advocated a philosophy of Legalism , introducing a number of militarily advantageous reforms from 361 BC until his death in 338 BC . Yang also helped construct the Qin capital , commencing in the mid-fourth century BC Xianyang . The resulting city greatly resembled the capitals of other Warring States . Notably , Qin Legalism encouraged practical and ruthless warfare . During the Spring and Autumn period , the prevalent philosophy had dictated war as a gentleman 's activity ; military commanders were instructed to respect what they perceived to be Heaven 's laws in battle . For example , when Duke Xiang of Song was at war with the state of Chu during the Warring States period , he declined an opportunity to attack the enemy force , commanded by Zhu , while they were crossing a river . After allowing them to cross and marshal their forces , he was decisively defeated in the ensuing battle . When his advisors later admonished him for such excessive courtesy to the enemy , he retorted , `` The sage does not crush the feeble , nor give the order for attack until the enemy have formed their ranks . '' The Qin disregarded this military tradition , taking advantage of their enemy 's weaknesses . A nobleman in the state of Wei accused the Qin state of being `` avaricious , perverse , eager for profit , and without sincerity . It knows nothing about etiquette , proper relationships , and virtuous conduct , and if there be an opportunity for material gain , it will disregard its relatives as if they were animals . '' It was this Legalist thought combined with strong leadership from long - lived rulers , openness to employ talented men from other states , and little internal opposition that gave the Qin such a strong political base . Another advantage of the Qin was that they had a large , efficient army and capable generals . They utilised the newest developments in weaponry and transportation as well , which many of their enemies lacked . These latter developments allowed greater mobility over several different terrain types which were most common in many regions of China . Thus , in both ideology and practice , the Qin were militarily superior . Finally , the Qin empire had a geographical advantage due to its fertility and strategic position , protected by mountains that made the state a natural stronghold . Its expanded agricultural output helped sustain Qin 's large army with food and natural resources ; the Wei River canal built in 246 BC was particularly significant in this respect . Conquest of the Warring states ( edit ) Main article : Qin 's wars of unification Map showing the unification of Qin during 230 - 211 BC . During the Warring States period preceding the Qin dynasty , the major states vying for dominance were Yan , Zhao , Qi , Chu , Han , Wei and Qin . The rulers of these states styled themselves as kings , rather than using the titles of lower nobility they had previously held . However , none elevated himself to believe that he had the `` Mandate of Heaven , '' as the Zhou kings had claimed , nor that he had the right to offer sacrifices -- they left this to the Zhou rulers . Before their conquest in the fourth and third centuries BC , the Qin suffered several setbacks . Shang Yang was executed in 338 BC by King Huiwen due to a personal grudge harboured from his youth . There was also internal strife over the Qin succession in 307 BC , which decentralised Qin authority somewhat . Qin was defeated by an alliance of the other states in 295 BC , and shortly after suffered another defeat by the state of Zhao , because the majority of their army was then defending against the Qi . The aggressive statesman Fan Sui ( 范雎 ) , however , soon came to power as prime minister even as the problem of the succession was resolved , and he began an expansionist policy that had originated in Jin and Qi , which prompted the Qin to attempt to conquer the other states . The Qin were swift in their assault on the other states . They first attacked the Han , directly east , and took the city of Xinzheng in 230 BC . They then struck northward ; the state of Zhao surrendered in 228 BC , and the northernmost state of Yan followed , falling in 226 BC . Next , Qin armies launched assaults to the east , and later the south as well ; they took the Wei city of Daliang ( now called Kaifeng ) in 225 BC and forced the Chu to surrender by 223 BC . Lastly , they deposed the Zhou dynasty 's remnants in Luoyang and conquered the Qi , taking the city of Linzi in 221 BC . When the conquests were complete in 221 BC , King Zheng -- who had first assumed the throne of the Qin state at age 9 -- became the effective ruler of China . The subjugation of the six states was done by King Zheng who had used efficient persuasion and exemplary stratagem . He solidified his position as sole ruler with the abdication of his prime minister , Lü Buwei . The states made by the emperor were assigned to officials dedicated to the task rather than place the burden on people from the royal family . He then combined the titles of the earlier Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors into his new name : Shi Huangdi ( 始皇帝 ) or `` First Emperor '' . The newly declared emperor ordered all weapons not in the possession of the Qin to be confiscated and melted down . The resulting metal was sufficient to build twelve large ornamental statues at the Qin 's newly declared capital , Xianyang . Southward expansion ( edit ) Main article : Qin 's campaign against the southern tribes In 214 BC , Qin Shi Huang secured his boundaries to the north with a fraction ( 100,000 men ) of his large army , and sent the majority ( 500,000 men ) of his army south to conquer the territory of the southern tribes . Prior to the events leading to Qin dominance over China , they had gained possession of much of Sichuan to the southwest . The Qin army was unfamiliar with the jungle terrain , and it was defeated by the southern tribes ' guerrilla warfare tactics with over 100,000 men lost . However , in the defeat Qin was successful in building a canal to the south , which they used heavily for supplying and reinforcing their troops during their second attack to the south . Building on these gains , the Qin armies conquered the coastal lands surrounding Guangzhou , and took the provinces of Fuzhou and Guilin . They struck as far south as Hanoi . After these victories in the south , Qin Shi Huang moved over 100,000 prisoners and exiles to colonize the newly conquered area . In terms of extending the boundaries of his empire , the First Emperor was extremely successful in the south . Campaigns against the Xiongnu ( edit ) Main article : Qin 's campaign against the Xiongnu However , while the empire at times was extended to the north , the Qin could rarely hold on to the land for long . The tribes of these locations , collectively called the Hu by the Qin , were free from Chinese rule during the majority of the dynasty . Prohibited from trading with Qin dynasty peasants , the Xiongnu tribe living in the Ordos region in northwest China often raided them instead , prompting the Qin to retaliate . After a military campaign led by General Meng Tian , the region was conquered in 215 BC and agriculture was established ; the peasants , however , were discontented and later revolted . The succeeding Han dynasty also expanded into the Ordos due to overpopulation , but depleted their resources in the process . Owen Lattimore said of both dynasties ' attempts to conquer the Ordos , `` conquest and expansion were illusory . There was no kind of success that did not create its own reaction . '' Indeed , this was true of the dynasty 's borders in multiple directions ; modern Xinjiang , Tibet , Manchuria , Inner Mongolia , and regions to the southeast were foreign to the Qin , and even areas over which they had military control were culturally distinct . Fall from power ( edit ) A stone rubbing of a carved relief from the Han dynasty depicting Jin Ke 's assassination attempt on Qin Shi Huang ; Jin Ke ( left ) is held by one of Qin Shi Huang 's physicians ( left , background ) . The dagger used in the assassination attempt is seen stuck in the pillar . Qin Shi Huang ( right ) is seen holding an imperial jade disc . One of his soldiers ( far right ) rushes to save his emperor . Three assassination attempts were made on Qin Shi Huang 's life , leading him to become paranoid and obsessed with immortality . He died in 210 BC , while on a trip to the far eastern reaches of his empire in an attempt to procure an elixir of immortality from Taoist magicians , who claimed the elixir was stuck on an island guarded by a sea monster . The chief eunuch , Zhao Gao , and the prime minister , Li Si , hid the news of his death upon their return until they were able to alter his will to place on the throne the dead emperor 's most pliable son , Huhai , who took the name of Qin Er Shi . They believed that they would be able to manipulate him to their own ends , and thus effectively control the empire . Qin Er Shi was , indeed , inept and pliable . He executed many ministers and imperial princes , continued massive building projects ( one of his most extravagant projects was lacquering the city walls ) , enlarged the army , increased taxes , and arrested messengers who brought him bad news . As a result , men from all over China revolted , attacking officials , raising armies , and declaring themselves kings of seized territories . During this time , Li Si and Zhao Gao fell out , and Li Si was executed . Zhao Gao decided to force Qin Er Shi to commit suicide due to Qin Er Shi 's incompetence . Upon this , Ziying , a nephew of Qin Er Shi , ascended the throne , and immediately executed Zhao Gao . Ziying , seeing that increasing unrest was growing among the people and that many local officials had declared themselves kings , attempted to cling to his throne by declaring himself one king among all the others . He was undermined by his ineptitude , however , and popular revolt broke out in 209 BC . When Chu rebels under the lieutenant Liu Bang attacked , a state in such turmoil could not hold for long . Ziying was defeated near the Wei River in 207 BC and surrendered shortly after ; he was executed by the Chu leader Xiang Yu . The Qin capital was destroyed the next year , and this is considered by historians to be the end of the Qin empire . Liu Bang then betrayed and defeated Xiang Yu , declaring himself Emperor Gaozu of the new Han dynasty on 28 February 202 BC . Despite the short duration of the Qin dynasty , it was very influential on the structure of future dynasties . Culture and society ( edit ) Domestic life ( edit ) The aristocracy of the Qin were largely similar in their culture and daily life . Regional variations in culture were considered a symbol of the lower classes . This stemmed from the Zhou and was seized upon by the Qin , as such variations were seen as contrary to the unification that the government strove to achieve . Commoners and rural villagers , who made up over 90 % of the population , very rarely left the villages or farmsteads where they were born . Common forms of employment differed by region , though farming was almost universally common . Professions were hereditary ; a father 's employment was passed to his eldest son after he died . The Lüshi Chunqiu gave examples of how , when commoners are obsessed with material wealth , instead of the idealism of a man who `` makes things serve him '' , they were `` reduced to the service of things '' . Peasants were rarely figured in literature during the Qin dynasty and afterwards ; scholars and others of more elite status preferred the excitement of cities and the lure of politics . One notable exception to this was Shen Nong , the so - called `` Divine Father '' , who taught that households should grow their own food . `` If in one 's prime he does not plow , someone in the world will grow hungry . If in one 's prime she does not weave , someone in the world will be cold . '' The Qin encouraged this ; a ritual was performed once every few years that consisted of important government officials taking turns with the plow on a special field , to create a simulation of government interest and activity within agriculture . Architecture ( edit ) Dujiangyan , an irrigation project completed in 256 BC during the Warring States period of China by the State of Qin . It is located on the Min River ( Chinese : 岷江 ; pinyin : Mínjiāng ) in Sichuan , China , near the capital Chengdu . Although a reinforced concrete weir has replaced Li Bing 's original weighted bamboo baskets , the layout of the infrastructure remains the same and is still in use today to irrigate over 5,300 square kilometers of land in the region . Warring States - era architecture had several definitive aspects . City walls , used for defense , were made longer , and indeed several secondary walls were also sometimes built to separate the different districts . Versatility in federal structures was emphasized , to create a sense of authority and absolute power . Architectural elements such as high towers , pillar gates , terraces , and high buildings amply conveyed this . Philosophy and literature ( edit ) Stone slab with twelve small seal characters . Qin Dynasty ( 221 - 206 B.C. ) . The 12 characters on this slab of floor brick affirm that it is an auspicious moment for the First Emperor to ascend the throne , as the country is united and no men will be dying along the road . Small seal scripts were standardized by the First Emperor of China after he gained control of the country , and evolved from the larger seal scripts of previous dynasties . The text on it is `` 海内皆臣 , 歲登成熟 , 道毋飢人 '' . The written language of the Qin was logographic , as that of the Zhou had been . As one of his most influential achievements in life , prime minister Li Si standardized the writing system to be of uniform size and shape across the whole country . This would have a unification effect on the Chinese culture for thousands of years . He is also credited with creating the `` lesser - seal '' ( Chinese : 小篆 , Pinyin : xiǎozhuàn ) style of calligraphy , which serves as a basis for modern Chinese and is still used in cards , posters , and advertising . During the Warring States period , the Hundred Schools of Thought comprised many different philosophies proposed by Chinese scholars . In 221 BC , however , the First Emperor conquered all of the states and governed with a single philosophy , Legalism . At least one school of thought , Mohism , was eradicated , though the reason is not known . Despite the Qin 's state ideology and Mohism being similar in certain regards , it is possible that Mohists were sought and killed by the state 's armies due to paramilitary activities . Confucius 's school of thought , called Confucianism , was also influential during the Warring States period , as well as throughout much of the later Zhou dynasty and early imperial periods . This school of thought had a so - called Confucian canon of literature , known as the `` six classics '' : the Odes , Documents , Ritual , Music , Spring and Autumn Annals , and Changes , which embodied Chinese literature at the time . During the Qin dynasty , Confucianism -- along with all other non-Legalist philosophies -- was suppressed by the First Emperor ; early Han dynasty emperors did the same . Legalism denounced the feudal system and encouraged severe punishments , particularly when the emperor was disobeyed . Individuals ' rights were devalued when they conflicted with the government 's or the ruler 's wishes , and merchants and scholars were considered unproductive , fit for elimination . One of the more drastic allegations , however the infamous burning of books and burying of scholars incident , does not appear to be true , as it was not mentioned until many years later. The Han dynasty historian , Sima Qian wrote that First Emperor , in an attempt to consolidate power , in 213 BC ordered the burning of all books advocating viewpoints that challenged Legalism or the state , and also stipulated that all scholars who refused to submit their books to be burned would be executed by premature burial . Only texts considered productive were to be preserved , mostly those that discussed pragmatic subjects , such as agriculture , divination , and medicine . However , Sinologists now argue that the `` burying of scholars '' is not literally true , as the term probably meant simply `` put to death . '' Government and military ( edit ) The Qin government was highly bureaucratic , and was administered by a hierarchy of officials , all serving the First Emperor . The Qin put into practice the teachings of Han Feizi , allowing the First Emperor to control all of his territories , including those recently conquered . All aspects of life were standardized , from measurements and language to more practical details , such as the length of chariot axles . Terracotta Army , museum of the grave of Qin Shi Huang . Qin warriors of the Terracotta Army . The states made by the emperor were assigned to officials dedicated to the task rather than place the burden on people from the royal family . Zheng and his advisers also introduced new laws and practices that ended feudalism in China , replacing it with a centralized , bureaucratic government . The form of government created by the first emperor and his advisors was used by later dynasties to structure their own government . Under this system , both the military and government thrived , as talented individuals could be more easily identified in the transformed society . Later Chinese dynasties emulated the Qin government for its efficiency , despite its being condemned by Confucian philosophy . There were incidences of abuse , however , with one example having been recorded in the `` Records of Officialdom '' . A commander named Hu ordered his men to attack peasants in an attempt to increase the number of `` bandits '' he had killed ; his superiors , likely eager to inflate their records as well , allowed this . Qin Shi Huang also improved the strong military , despite the fact that it had already undergone extensive reforms . The military used the most advanced weaponry of the time . The invention of the sword during the Warring States period was a great advance . It was first used mostly in bronze form , but by the third century BC , the Qin were using stronger iron swords . The demand for this metal resulted in improved bellows . The crossbow had been introduced in the fifth century BC and was more powerful and accurate than the composite bows used earlier . It could also be rendered ineffective by removing two pins , which prevented enemies from capturing a working crossbow . Qin dynasty composite bow arrows ( top ) and crossbow bolts ( bottom ) Credit : Liang Jieming The Qin also used improved methods of transportation and tactics . The state of Zhao had first replaced chariots with cavalry in 307 BC , but the change was swiftly adopted by the other states because cavalry had greater mobility over the terrain of China . The First Emperor developed plans to fortify his northern border , to protect against nomadic invasions . The result was the initial construction of what later became the Great Wall of China , which was built by joining and strengthening the walls made by the feudal lords , which would be expanded and rebuilt multiple times by later dynasties , also in response to threats from the north . Another project built during Qin Shi Huang 's rule was the Terracotta army , intended to protect the emperor after his death . The Terracotta army was inconspicuous due to its underground location , and was not discovered until 1974 . Religion ( edit ) Floating on high in every direction , Music fills the hall and court . The incense sticks are a forest of feathers , The cloudy scene an obscure darkness . Metal stalks with elegant blossoms , A host of flags and kingfisher banners . The music of the `` Seven Origins '' and `` Blossoming Origins '' Are intoned as harmonious sounds . Thus one can almost hear The spirits coming to feast and frolic . The spirits are seen off to the zhu zhu of the musics , Which purifies and refines human feelings . Suddenly the spirits ride off on the darkness , And the brilliant event finishes . Purified thoughts grow hidden and still , And the warp and weft of the world fall dark . Han shu , p. 1046 The dominant religious belief in China during the reign of the Qin , and , in fact , during much of early imperial China , was focused on the shen ( roughly translating to `` spirits '' ) , yin ( `` shadows '' ) , and the realm they were said to live in . The Chinese offered animal sacrifices in an attempt to contact this other world , which they believed to be parallel to the earthly one . The dead were said to simply have moved from one world to the other . The rituals mentioned , as well as others , served two purposes : to ensure that the dead journeyed and stayed in the other realm , and to receive blessings from the spirit realm . Religious practices were usually held in local shrines and sacred areas , which contained sacrificial altars . During a sacrifice or other ritual , the senses of all participants and witnesses would be dulled and blurred with smoke , incense , and music . The lead sacrificer would fast and meditate before a sacrifice to further blur his senses and increase the likelihood of perceiving otherworldly phenomena . Other participants were similarly prepared , though not as rigorously . Such blurring of the senses was also a factor in the practice of spirit intermediaries , or mediumship . Practitioners of the art would fall into trances or dance to perform supernatural tasks . These people would often rise to power as a result of their art -- Luan Da , a Han dynasty medium , was granted rule over 2,000 households . Noted Han historian Sima Qian was scornful of such practices , dismissing them as foolish trickery . Divination -- to predict and / or influence the future -- was yet another form of religious practice . An ancient practice that was common during the Qin dynasty was cracking bones or turtle shells to gain knowledge of the future . The forms of divination which sprang up during early imperial China were diverse , though observing natural phenomena was a common method . Comets , eclipses , and droughts were considered omens of things to come . Etymology of China ( edit ) The name ' Qin ' ( pronounced as ' Chin ' ) is believed to be the etymological ancestor of the modern - day European name of the country , China . The word probably made its way into the Indo - Aryan languages first as ' Cina ' or ' Sina ' and then into Greek and Latin as ' Sinai ' or ' Thinai ' . It was then transliterated into English and French as ' China ' and ' Chine ' . This etymology is dismissed by some scholars , who suggest that ' Sina ' in Sanskrit evolved much earlier before the Qin dynasty . ' Jin ' ( pronounced as ' Zhin ' ) , a state controlled by the Zhou dynasty in seventh century BC , is another possible origin . Others argued for the state of Jing ( 荆 , another name for Chu ) , as well other polities in the early period as the source of the name . Sovereigns of Qin dynasty ( edit ) An edict in bronze from the reign of the Second Qin Emperor Note : King Zhaoxiang of Qin ( 秦昭襄王 ) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when Qin annihilated the Zhou dynasty ; however the other six warring states were still independent regimes . Some Chinese historiographers thus used the next year ( the 52nd year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin ) as the official succession from the Zhou dynasty . Qin Shi Huang was the first Chinese sovereign to proclaim himself `` Emperor '' , after unifying China in 221 BC . That year is therefore generally taken by Western historians to be the start of the `` Qin dynasty '' which lasted for fifteen years until 206 when it was cut short by civil wars . Posthumous names / title Chinese family names and given names Period of Reigns Convention : `` Qin '' + posthumous name Zhaoxiang ( 昭襄 Zhāoxiāng ) Ying Ze ( 嬴則 yíng zé ) or Ying Ji ( 嬴稷 yíng jì ) 306 BC -- 250 BC Xiaowen ( 孝文 Xiàowén ) Ying Zhu ( 嬴柱 yíng zhù ) 250 BC Zhuangxiang ( 莊襄 Zhuāngxiāng ) Ying Zichu ( 嬴子楚 yíng zǐ chǔ ) 249 BC -- 247 BC Qin dynasty ( 221 BC -- 206 BC ) Shi Huangdi ( 始皇帝 Shǐ Huángdì ) Ying Zheng ( 嬴政 yíng zhèng ) 246 BC -- 210 BC Er Shi Huangdi ( 二世皇帝 Èr Shì Huángdì ) Ying Huhai ( 嬴胡亥 yíng hú hài ) 210 BC -- 207 BC Ziying was often referred using personal name or Ziying , King of Qin ( 秦王子嬰 qín wáng zi yīng ) Did not exist Ying Ziying ( 嬴子嬰 yíng zi yīng ) 206 BC Imperial family tree ( edit ) ( show ) Qin Dynasty See : family tree of the Kings of Qin Zheng 政 259 -- 210 BC King of Qin 秦王 247 -- 221 BC Qin Shi Huang 秦始皇 221 -- 210 BC 18 or 25 ( disputed ) Fusu 扶蘇 d . 210 BC Huhai 胡亥 229 -- 207 BC Qin Er Shi 秦二世 210 -- 207 BC Ziying 子嬰 d . 206 BC Qin San Shi 秦三世 207 BC See also ( edit ) Chinese sovereign Emperor of China Hata clan The Legend of Qin Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not to be confused with any Duke of the Song dynasty of a later period . Jump up ^ This was due to the large workforce available as a result of their landowning policies ( implemented by Shang Yang ) , described in the culture and society section . Jump up ^ This was the heart of the Guanzhong region , as opposed to the region of the Yangtze River drainage basin , known as Guandong . The warlike nature of the Qin in Guanzhong evolved into a Han dynasty adage : `` Guanzhong produces generals , while Guandong produces ministers . '' ( Lewis 2007 , p. 17 ) Jump up ^ As the modern Chinese habit is to include dynasty names as a surname , this became Qin Shi Huangdi . Later , this was abridged to Qin Shi Huang , because it is uncommon for Chinese names to have four characters . Jump up ^ Formerly known as Canton . Jump up ^ This was largely caused by regional differences which survived despite the Qin 's attempt to impose uniformity . Jump up ^ The first emperor of the Qin had boasted that the dynasty would last 10,000 generations ; it lasted only about 15 years . ( Morton 1995 , p. 49 ) Jump up ^ Meaning `` High Progenitor '' . Jump up ^ A text named for its sponsor Lü Buwei ; the prime minister of the Qin directly preceding the conquest of the other states . Jump up ^ The term `` Confucian '' is rather ill - defined in this context -- many self - dubbed Confucians in fact rejected tenets of what was known as `` the Way of Confucius , '' and were disorganized , unlike the later Confucians of the Song and Yuan dynasties . Jump up ^ Mystics from the state of Qi , however , saw sacrifices differently -- as a way to become immortal . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tanner 2010 , p. 85 - 89 Jump up ^ Beck , B , Black L , Krager , S ; et al. ( 2003 ) . Ancient World History - Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : Mc Dougal Little . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 18393 - 0 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 17 Jump up ^ `` Chinese surname history : Qin '' . People 's Daily . Retrieved 28 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Morton 1995 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Origins of Statecraft in China ^ Jump up to : Morton 1995 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Morton 1995 , pg. 26 Jump up ^ Time - Life Books 1993 , p. 86 ^ Jump up to : Kinney and Clark 2005 , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : Lewis 2007 , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Morton 1995 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : Bai Yang . Records of the Genealogy of Chinese Emperors , Empresses , and Their Descendants ( 中国帝王皇后亲王公主世系录 ) ( in Chinese ) . 1 . Friendship Publishing Corporation of China ( 中国友谊出版公司 ) . pp. 134 -- 135 . ^ Jump up to : `` China 's First Empire History Today '' . www.historytoday.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : World and Its Peoples : Eastern and Southern Asia , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Morton 1995 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 129 Jump up ^ Breslin 2001 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Borthwick , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : Kinney and Hardy 2005 , p. 13 - 15 Jump up ^ Bodde 1986 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Morton 1995 , pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 102 ^ Jump up to : Lewis 2007 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 75 -- 78 Jump up ^ World and its Peoples : Eastern and Southern Asia , p. 34 Jump up ^ Bedini 1994 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy , p. 61 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 206 Jump up ^ Borthwick , p. 17 Jump up ^ Nylan , Michael ( 2001 ) , The five `` Confucian '' classics ( PDF ) , Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08185 - 5 . pp. 29 - 30 . Jump up ^ Borthwick , p. 11 Jump up ^ Bodde ( 1986 ) , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Borthwick 2006 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Chen , pp. 180 -- 81 ^ Jump up to : Borthwick 2006 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Morton 1995 , p. 27 Jump up ^ `` Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 3 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 178 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 186 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 180 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 181 Jump up ^ Keay 2009 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Wade , Geoff ( May 2009 ) . `` The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name ' China ' '' ( PDF ) . Sino - Platonic Papers. 188 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . `` This thesis also helps explain the existence of Cīna in the Indic Laws of Manu and the Mahabharata , likely dating well before Qin Shihuangdi . '' Jump up ^ Bodde 1986 , p. 20 Sources ( edit ) World and Its Peoples : Eastern and Southern Asia . Marshall Cavendish. 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7631 - 3 . Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy . Edited by Philip J. Ivanhoe and Bryan W. Van Norden . Hackett Publishing . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 780 - 3 . Breslin , Thomas A. ( 2001 ) . Beyond Pain : The Role of Pleasure and Culture in the Making of Foreign Affairs . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97430 - 8 . Bedini , Silvio ( 1994 ) . The Trail of Time : Shih - chien Ti Tsu - chi : Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37482 - 0 . Bodde , Derk ( 1986 ) . `` The State and Empire of Ch'in '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China , Volume I : the Ch'in and Han Empires , 221 B.C. -- A.D. 220 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 24327 - 0 . Borthwick , Mark ( 2006 ) . Pacific Century : The Emergence of Modern Pacific Asia . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4355 - 0 . Kinney , Anne Behnke ; Hardy , Grant ( 2005 ) . The Establishment of the Han Empire and Imperial China . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32588 - X . Keay , John ( 2009 ) . China A History . Harper Press . ISBN 9780007221783 . Lewis , Mark Edward ( 2007 ) . The Early Chinese Empires : Qin and Han . London : Belknap Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02477 - 9 . Chen Guidi ; Wu Chuntao ( 2007 ) . Will the Boat Sink the Water ? : The Life of China 's Peasants . Translated by Zhu Hong . PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 441 - 9 . Morton , W. Scott ( 1995 ) . China : Its History and Culture ( 3rd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 043424 - 7 . Tanner ( 2010 ) . China : A History = Harold . Hackett . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60384 - 203 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Cotterell , Arthur . ( 2007 ) . The Imperial Capitals of China -- An Inside View of the Celestial Empire . London : Pimlico . pp. 304 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84595 - 009 - 5 . Fong , Wen , ed. ( 1980 ) . The great bronze age of China : an exhibition from the People 's Republic of China . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87099 - 226 - 1 . Paludan , Ann . ( 1998 ) . Chronicle of the China Emperors . London : Thames & Hudson . pp. 224 pages . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05090 - 2 . Yap , Joseph P. ( 2009 ) . Wars with the Xiongnu , A Translation from Zizhi tongjian . AuthorHouse , Bloomington , Indiana , U.S.A. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 0604 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qin Dynasty . Preceded by Zhou dynasty Dynasties in Chinese history 221 -- 206 BC Succeeded by Han dynasty Qin dynasty topics History Qin 's wars of unification Qin 's campaign against the Xiongnu Qin 's campaign against the Yue tribes Burning of books and burying of scholars Dazexiang Uprising Battle of Julu See also Xianyang Epang Palace He Shi Bi Terracotta Army Twelve Metal Colossi Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts Ten Crimes of Qin The First Emperor Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → N. & S. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the qin dynasty located in china	[ "The Qin dynasty (Chinese: 秦朝; pinyin: Qín Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'in2 Ch'ao2) was the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC. Named for its heartland of Qin, in modern-day Gansu and Shaanxi, the dynasty was founded by the Qin state and its founding emperor took the title Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of Qin. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the \"Legalist\" reforms of Shang Yang in the fourth century BC, during the Warring States period. In the mid and late third century BC, the Qin state carried out a series of swift conquests, first ending the powerless Zhou dynasty, and eventually conquering the other six of the Seven Warring States. It is the shortest major dynasty in Chinese history, lasting only 15 years with two emperors, but the imperial system it inaugurated lasted, with interruptions and adaptation, until 1911." ]	[ "in modern-day Gansu and Shaanxi" ]
-825872798265484651	Prem Ratan Dhan Payo	Prem Ratan Dhan Payo - Wikipedia Prem Ratan Dhan Payo Jump to : navigation , search Prem Ratan Dhan Payo Theatrical release poster Hindi प्रेम रतन धन पायो Directed by Sooraj R. Barjatya Produced by Ajit Kumar Barjatya Kamal Kumar Barjatya Rajkumar Barjatya Screenplay by Sooraj R. Barjatya Story by Sooraj R. Barjatya Based on The Prisoner of Zenda by Wells Root and Donald Ogden Stewart Starring Salman Khan Sonam Kapoor Neil Nitin Mukesh Anupam Kher Music by Songs : Himesh Reshammiya Score : Sanjoy Chowdhury Himesh Reshammiya Cinematography V. Manikandan Edited by Sanjay Sankla Production company Rajshri Productions Distributed by Fox Star Studios Release date 12 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) Running time 164 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 180 crore Box office est. ₹ 400 crore Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ( English : Found a Treasure Called Love ) is a 2015 Indian romantic drama film , written and directed by Sooraj Barjatya , produced by Rajshri Productions and distributed by Fox Star Studios . It stars Salman Khan and Sonam Kapoor in lead roles . This is the fourth collaboration between Barjatya and Khan after their previous films Maine Pyar Kiya , Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! , and Hum Saath Saath Hain . The cinematography of the movie was done by V. Manikandan and was edited by Sanjay Sankla . The soundtrack was composed by Himesh Reshammiya , and the background music done by Sanjoy Chowdhury . The film was released in India and Pakistan on 12 November 2015 . It emerged as a commercial success and ranks among the highest - grossing Bollywood films , with a gross of ₹ 400 crore ( US $62 million ) worldwide . The movie was reported to be inspired by the South Korean movie Masquerade which itself was loosely based on the novel The Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony Hope . The film was also released in Telugu and Tamil versions as Prema Leela and Meymarandhen Paaraayo respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Critical reception 4 Box office 4.1 India 4.2 Overseas 5 Music 5.1 Critical response 6 Awards 7 Game 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Yuvraj Vijay Singh ( Salman Khan ) is the very rich crown prince of Pritampur , who is soon to be crowned as king ( namesake , as there are no official kings , kingdoms in Modern India ) . He is engaged to Maithili ( Sonam Kapoor ) a princess from the royal family of a neighboring kingdom . However , due to his stiff and stubborn nature Vijay faces many problems with Maithili as well as with his brother and sisters . His rich half sisters Rajkumari Chandrika ( Swara Bhaskar ) and Rajkumari Radhika ( Aashika Bhatia ) live in a separate rented bungalow outside the royal palace with Chandrika working as an accounts head in a municipal school and have filed case against Vijay for a share in the royal property , because they felt their mother ( Lata Sabharwal ) ( a poet and later mistress to the late King ) was wronged by the Queen ( Karuna Pandey ) when she disgraced her in the presence of all of the King 's children . Furthermore , Radhika 's and Maithili earlier who were best friends during school times , their friendship is shattered owing her engagement with Vijay . Similarly , his half brother Yuvraj Ajay Singh ( Neil Nitin Mukesh ) vows vengeance and has been wanting to kill him and take the crown for himself . He enlists the help of his manager Chirag Singh ( Armaan Kohli ) and Vijay 's secretary Sameera ( Samaira Rao ) , Chirag is misguiding Ajay at every step while betraying him at his back . Yuvraj Vijay barely escapes an assassination plan coordinated by Yuvraj Ajay and Chirag to kill him but gets badly injured . He 's hidden in a secret chamber maintained by two doctors . Meanwhile , Vijay 's lookalike Prem Dilwale ( Salman Khan ) , a love guru , perky , lively and carefree stage actor who falls in love with Princess Maithili , reaches Pritampur to meet her along with his friend Kanhaiya ( Deepak Dobriyal ) . At a bus stop , the Security Head of Pritampur Palace , Sanjay ( Deepraj Rana ) , notices him by chance , and takes him to Diwan Sahib ( Anupam Kher ) . Upon witnessing the striking resemblance between Prem and Yuvraj Vijay , Diwan asks Prem to take Yuvraj Vijay 's place while Yuvraj recovers from coma . Prem acts as Yuvraj Vijay but with his simple and caring nature , he impresses Maithili who earlier wanted to break up with Vijay and falls in love with Prem unknowingly . Prem also attempts to reconcile with his sisters by bringing them back to the royal palace ; he prepares legal documents handing over all of the royal family 's properties to them . His half - sisters are so moved by this gesture that , with a little push from Maithili , they eventually have a change of heart and decline to deprive prince of his fortune and reconcile with him as his sisters . Meanwhile , Yuvraj Ajay and Chirag find out that Prem is only playing the part of the prince , and thus they kidnap the real Yuvraj Vijay . Chirag decides to double cross Ajay , as he frees Vijay and feeds him false information to pit him against Ajay and Prem . Vijay and Ajay get involved in a sword fight when Prem and Kanhaiya intervene and clear the confusion . Chirag tries to shoot them down but falls to his death . Ajay regrets his deeds , and Vijay reconciles with him . Maithili is shocked to know the truth about Prem not being Yuvraj Vijay , after Prem has left to return to his home . At the end , the royal family reaches Prem 's house to reunite Prem and Maithili , they get happily married along with Kanhaiyya and Sameera . Cast ( edit ) Salman Khan in a dual role as Prem Dilwale and Yuvraj Vijay Singh , the namesake Prince of Pritampur Sonam Kapoor as Rajkumari Maithili Devi Neil Nitin Mukesh as Yuvraj Ajay Singh , Vijay 's step - brother Anupam Kher as Diwan Sahab / Bapu Armaan Kohli as Chirag Singh , C.E.O of The Pritampur Empire Properties Swara Bhaskar as Rajkumari Chandrika , Vijay 's step - sister Aashika Bhatia as Rajkumari Radhika , Vijay 's step - sister Deepraj Rana as Sanjay , head of security of the Royal Palace Deepak Dobriyal as Kanhaiya , Prem 's friend Samaira Rao as Sameera Sanjay Mishra as Chaubey Ji , head of the drama troupe SM Zaheer as Doctor 1 Micky Makhijja as Doctor 2 Manoj Joshi as Mr. Bhandari , advocate of the Pritampur estate Lata Sabharwal as Mother of Radhika and Chandrika , poet of Royal Family Karuna Pandey as Maharani and mother of Ajay and stepmother of Vijay Suhasini Mulay as Grand Mother of Rajkumari Maithili Namrata Thapa as NGO worker Sameer Dharmadhikari as King of Pritampur ( cameo ) Bikramjeet Kanwarpal as Estate agent Critical reception ( edit ) This article contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry . Please help improve the article by editing it to take facts from excessively quoted material and rewrite them as sourced original prose . Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote . ( November 2015 ) Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film 4.5 / 5 stating that `` On the whole , PRDP is the perfect Diwali entertainer for the entire family . The film will win abundant love ( prem ) , while its investors will reap a harvest ( dhan ) , making it a memorable Diwali for all concerned . '' Srijana Mitra Das of Times of India rated the film with 3.5 / 5 stars stating that PRDP is Salman Khan 's triumph and he `` simply blows the top off the theatres with a double role that makes you laugh , gasp , sigh -- and cry . '' She also appreciated the performance of Sonam Kapoor , Deepak Dobriyal , Aashika and Swara Bhaskar . Sonia Chopra of Sify gave 3 / 5 stars rating saying that the film has its faults , but with actor Salman Khan 's dual role , the movie is sure to hit the right spots with the family audience . Rajeev Masand of CNN - IBN gave the film a rating of 3 / 5 stars saying that the director employed the same successful formula he had tried in his previous films , but now `` the tropes have gotten rusty , the emotions seldom feel genuine , and the writing is strictly surface level '' . He concluded that the film 's only saving grace is the presence of Salman Khan who is in good form . Shubhra Gupta of Indian Express gave the film a low rating of 1.5 / 5 stars , calling it a re-imagining of Ramayan and its million stories , criticizing it as `` an out - dated , overblown rehash of the director 's previous films '' , while Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times gave the film only 2 / 5 stars , calling it `` as a film straight out of the ' 80s '' rehashing the director 's same formula , but appreciated music director Himesh Reshammiya and lead actor Salman Khan as `` quite likeable and his comic timing has gotten better '' . Anna MM Vetticad of First Post thrashed the film as `` half - baked , lifeless , low - IQ film with its juvenile humour and family politics that resembles circumstances in the cheapest saas - bahu soaps now running on Hindi fiction TV . '' and `` lacks even the few qualities that made his earlier ventures bearable `` . Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com rated the film a 2.5 / 5 stars stating , '' PRDP sticks to its beliefs on sibling affection , family values and coy courtship and takes a lengthy route to assert so . Yet it is not the predictability but the lop - sided sentimentality of the director 's narrative that hurts PRDP 's intentions the most . '' She criticized the director for recycling `` men versus women sporting contests , midnight kitchen rendezvous and the pristine aura of Prem '' , but appreciated the performance of Salman Khan even though it never matched his previous Bajrangi Bhaijaan act . Box office ( edit ) India ( edit ) Prem Ratan Dhan Payo collected ₹ 40.35 crore ( US $6.3 million ) net on its opening day and became highest opener of the year by beating the record previously held by Bajrangi Bhaijaan.It is also the second film in Hindi cinema to gross over ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.2 million ) in a single day after Happy New Year . The Gross collections of the film was ₹ 55.03 crore ( US $8.6 million ) on the first day , which is highest in India . On its second day the film saw a 25 % drop in its business as it collected ₹ 31.05 crore ( US $4.8 million ) nett which is the highest non-holiday second day ever . The film collected ₹ 30.07 crore ( US $4.7 million ) nett on its third day which is also the highest non-holiday third day ever to take its three - day total to ₹ 101.47 crore ( US $16 million ) nett . The film becomes fourth Hindi movie to gross more than ₹ 100 crore ( US $16 million ) in flat three days . On its fourth day the film collected ₹ 28.30 crore ( US $4.4 million ) nett to take its extended opening weekend total to ₹ 129.77 crore ( US $20 million ) nett which is the highest four - day total for a Hindi movie beating the previous records of Bajrangi Bhaijaan and Dhoom 3 . The film drops on its fifth day as it collected ₹ 13.62 crore ( US $2.1 million ) nett . On its sixth day the film collected ₹ 12.04 crore ( US $1.9 million ) nett to take its six - day total to ₹ 155.43 crore ( US $24 million ) and becomes second highest grosser of the year by beating the lifetime collection of Tanu Weds Manu Returns . The film collected ₹ 10.02 crore ( US $1.6 million ) on its seventh day to take its seven - day total to ₹ 165.45 crore ( US $26 million ) nett and beat the first week records of Kick and Chennai Express . The film collected ₹ 172.82 crore ( US $27 million ) nett in its extended first week which is the fourth highest first week collection of all time . The film grossed ₹ 58.67 crore ( US $9.1 million ) in Mumbai circuit alone from its first week and become second highest first week grosser in that circuit after PK . The film collected ₹ 5.50 crore ( US $860,000 ) , ₹ 6.70 crore ( US $1.0 million ) nett on its second Friday and Saturday respectively . On its second Sunday the film collected ₹ 8.20 crore ( US $1.3 million ) nett to take its total to ₹ 193.22 crore ( US $30 million ) nett after second weekend . The film collected a total of ₹ 201.52 crore ( US $31 million ) on its second Wednesday and thus becomes only second movie of the year to collect over ₹ 200 crore ( US $31 million ) nett after Bajrangi Bhaijaan another Salman Khan starer . With this total the film made 100 % profit for the producers . The film grossed ₹ 30.71 crore ( US $4.8 million ) in its second week to take its two - weeks total to ₹ 203.53 crore ( US $32 million ) and beats the lifetime collection of Happy New Year . The film collected ₹ 3.10 crore ( US $480,000 ) nett in its third weekend to take its total to ₹ 206.63 crore ( US $32 million ) nett . Overseas ( edit ) The film grossed $1.6 million ( 10.62 crores ) on its opening day at overseas . The two days total of the film was $3.87 million ( 25.58 crores ) . The film grossed $8.9 million ( 59 crores ) in its first four days from International Markets . After its second weekend the film grossed $13.04 million ( 86.57 crores ) at International Markets . It has beaten the lifetime international business record of `` Baahubali : The Beginning '' in 11 days. `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo '' has managed to retain maximum number of cinema halls that it was holding in its opening week , but its business has dropped by over 75 % in the key international markets . In its second weekend , `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo '' has grossed $438,662 from 283 screens in the US , US $163,382 from 24 screens in Canada , £ 2 , 16,899 from 103 screens in the UK , A $1 , 18,146 from 30 screens in Australia , NZ $99,180 from 27 screens in New Zealand , MYR29 , 788 from 16 screens in Malaysia and € 3,650 from 21 in Germany. `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo '' has collected a total of $13.04 million ( Rs 86.57 crore ) at the overseas box office in 11 days . The film grossed $14.10 million ( 94 crores ) after its third weekend . Music ( edit ) Prem Ratan Dhan Payo Soundtrack album by Himesh Reshammiya Released 10 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 10 ) Recorded HR Musik Studio Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 39 : 12 ( Audio Jukebox ) Language Hindi Label T - Series Himesh Reshammiya chronology All Is Well ( 2015 ) All Is Well 2015 Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ( 2015 ) Sanam Teri Kasam ( 2016 ) Sanam Teri Kasam 2016 Singles from Prem Ratan Dhan Payo `` Prem Leela '' Released : 7 October 2015 The music rights of the film were sold to T - Series for a record amount of ₹ 17 crore ( US $2.7 million ) satellite rights were sold to star network for ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.8 million ) , making it the most expensive music rights deal in the Bollywood film industry at the time . The full music album of Prem Ratan Dhan Payo was released on 10 October 2015 . Sanjoy Chowdhury composed the original background score , while Reshammiya was credited for the themes based on his songs . All lyrics written by Irshad Kamil ; all music composed by Himesh Reshammiya . No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Prem Leela '' Aman Trikha , Vineet Singh 03 : 41 2 . `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo '' Palak Muchhal 05 : 19 3 . `` Jalte Diye '' Anweshaa , Harshdeep Kaur , Vineet Singh , Shabab Sabri 05 : 36 4 . `` Aaj Unse Milna Hai '' Shaan 04 : 03 5 . `` Jab Tum Chaho '' Palak Muchhal , Mohammed Irfan , Darshan Raval 05 : 07 6 . `` Halo Re '' Aman Trikha 03 : 18 7 . `` Tod Tadaiyya '' Neeraj Shridhar , Neeti Mohan 04 : 24 8 . `` Bachpan Kahan ? '' Himesh Reshammiya 04 : 02 9 . `` Murli Ki Taanon Si '' Shaan 01 : 29 10 . `` Aaj Unse Kehna Hai '' Aishwarya Majumdar , Palak Muchhal , Shaan 02 : 08 Total length : 39 : 31 Critical response ( edit ) Critic Aelina Kapoor of Rediff.com gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5 , saying that `` the music of ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' is well done , has a strong traditional flavour , have a paarivaarik feel and is exactly what the filmmaker ordered . '' Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave the album a score 4.5 out of 5 and stated that Himesh Reshammiya has delivered his `` best ever in his musical career '' and `` the soundtrack exceeds the massive expectations one had from it . '' He described the album as brilliant , and praised the lyrics by Irshad Kamil . Kasmin Fernandes of The Times of India gave the album 4 / 5 and complimented that `` music of the film is pleasant and is reminiscent of jubilant songs from the 1990s . '' She however , adored the lyrics by Irshad Kamil . Critic R.M. Vijayakar in his review for India - West assigned a score of 3.5 out of 5 to the soundtrack . He summarised that `` the score deserves `` hosannas '' for its courage and conviction in delivering deep and rich Indian melody , good poetry and thematic veracity against today 's depraved trends . '' He also pointed that the album is a pure one , without any `` crass words , western beats , rap , and multiple music makers ! '' In his critical review for The New Indian Express , Vipin Nair awards the album a score of 6.5 out of 10 . He stated that the album might `` be a hit with the people who love 90s Bollywood melodies . '' However , he also pointed that it is a bit dated . Surabhi Redkar for Koimoi.com assigned the album a low rating of 2 stars out of 5 stating the soundtrack `` may be better with visuals . '' Awards ( edit ) BIG Star Entertainment Awards Year Category Nomineee Result 2015 Most Entertaining Actor of the Year Salman Khan Won Most Entertaining Actor -- Female in a Romantic role Sonam Kapoor Won Most Entertaining Film Of The Year Rajshri Production Won Most Entertaining Music Himesh Reshammiya Won Most Entertaining Song ( Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ) Himesh Reshammiya Nominated Most Entertaining Singer ( Female ) Palak Mucchal ( Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ) Won Best Choreography ( Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ) Radhika Rao / Vinay Sapru Nominated Stardust Awards Year Category Nomineee Result 2016 Best Music Director Himesh Reshammiya Nominated Best Singer Female Palak Muchhal ( Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ) Won Star Guild Awards Year Category Nomineee Result 2016 Best Singer Female Palak Muchhal ( Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ) Won Filmfare Awards Year Category Nomineee Result 2016 Best Singer Female Palak Muchhal ( Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ) Nominated Zee Cine Awards Year Category Nomineee Result 2016 Best Song Of The Year Himesh Reshammiya ( Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ) Won Game ( edit ) An official game titled `` Prem Game '' , based on this film has been released by Hungama Digital Services , for Android mobile phone users . See also ( edit ) Bollywood 100 Crore Club List of highest - grossing Indian films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nayandeep Rakshit ( 24 October 2015 ) . `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo = The Prisoner of Zenda ? '' . Daily News and Analysis . Jump up ^ `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo : Lesser known facts '' . The Times of India . October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PREM RATAN DHAN PAYO ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 6 November 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Budget Movies All Time '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Worldwide box office collection '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Sooraj Barjatya And Salman Khan 's Next Finally Has A Name -- Prem Ratan Dhan Payo . Indiatimes.com ( 13 March 2014 ) . Retrieved on 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PREM RATAN DHAN PAYO Movie Review : PREM RATAN DHAN PAYO is like a well wrapped sweet box with cheap halwa inside . '' . Glamsham . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan 's ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' to release in Pakistan '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/Food-to-lingo-India-goes-on-a-K-trip/articleshow/55641575.cms Jump up ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-the-prisoner-of-zenda-2137828 Jump up ^ Prema Leela -- Official Trailer ( Telugu ) -- Salman Khan & Sonam Kapoor -- Sooraj Barjatya -- Diwali 2015 . YouTube . 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Meymarandhen Paaraayo Official Trailer -- Salman Khan & Sonam Kapoor -- Sooraj Barjatya -- Diwali 2015 . YouTube . 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Adarsh , Taran ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo '' . bollywoodhungama . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' Review '' . timesofindia. 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' review : Salman is real ' ratan ' in this tradition - soaked romance '' . Sify. 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' review : Salman Khan is the sole draw of this film '' . ibnlive. 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Shubhra ( 13 November 2015 ) . `` ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' review : Nothing is a fit in this Salman Khan , Sonam Kapoor film '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Vats , Rohit ( 13 November 2015 ) . `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo review : Family saga Rajshri style '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Vetticad , Anna ( 13 November 2015 ) . `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo review : Double dose of Salman adds nothing to this regressive , low - IQ Rajshri film '' . firstpost . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Prem works . Rest is just rah - rah ! '' . Rediff. 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/salman-khan-beats-himself-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-becomes-the-highest-opener-of-the-year/ Jump up ^ `` Top Openings India - All Films All Languages '' . Jump up ^ `` KoiMoi -- Prem Ratan Dhan Payo Does A Massive Business On Day 2 -- Headed For 100 Cr Today ! '' . koimoi.com . Jump up ^ `` KoiMoi -- PRDP 4th Fastest Entrant Into 100 Cr Club Post HNY , Dhoom 3 & Bajrangi Bhaijaan '' . koimoi.com . Jump up ^ `` KoiMoi -- Salman 's PRDP Breaks 4 Day Record Of Bajrangi Bhaijaan , Aamir 's Dhoom 3 , PK & Shah Rukh 's HNY '' . koimoi.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' 5 - day box office collection : Gross income crosses Rs 200 crore mark at domestic BO '' . International Business Times , India Edition . 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' 6 - day box office collection : Salman 's film beats ' Tanu Weds Manu Returns ' lifetime earnings record '' . International Business Times , India Edition . 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KoiMoi -- Box Office -- Prem Ratan Dhan Payo Crosses Week One Of Kick & Chennai Express '' . koimoi.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' 8 - day box office collection : ' PRDP ' records 4th best first week ; becomes 12th highest grosser '' . International Business Times , India Edition . 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1616#.Vl1-ANDhVzQ Jump up ^ `` ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' 2nd weekend box office collection : ' PRDP ' fails to beat ' Bajrangi Bhaijaan ' record '' . International Business Times , India Edition . 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ( PRDP ) box office collection crosses Rs 200 - cr mark in India in 14 days '' . International Business Times , India Edition . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KoiMoi -- Prem Ratan Dhan Payo Makes 100 % Profit At India Box Office '' . koimoi.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' 15 box office collection : ' PRDP ' beats ' Happy New Year ' 2 - week record '' . International Business Times , India Edition . 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-3rd-weekend-box-office-collections/ Jump up ^ `` KoiMoi -- Prem Ratan Dhan Payo : Day 1 Overseas Box Office Collections '' . koimoi.com . Jump up ^ `` KoiMoi -- Prem Ratan Dhan Payo Overseas Box Office Collections '' . koimoi.com . Jump up ^ `` KoiMoi -- ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' Inches Closer To The 60 Crore Mark In Overseas Circuits '' . koimoi.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' overseas box office collection : ' PRDP ' beats ' Baahubali ' lifetime record '' . International Business Times , India Edition . 24 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' overseas box office collection : ' PRDP ' beats ' Baahubali ' lifetime record '' . International Business Times , India Edition . 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/prdp-races-ahead-of-jab-tak-hain-jaan-in-koimoi-overseas-box-office-top-10/ Jump up ^ `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo Full Audio Songs JUKEBOX Salman Khan , Sonam Kapoor T - Series '' . T - Series . 10 October 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Out Now : Prem Ratan Dhan Payo 's New Song , Prem Leela '' . Koimoi.com . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KoiMoi -- Prem Ratan Dhan Payo Creates A Record ; Cracks The Biggest Music Deal ! '' . koimoi.com . Jump up ^ `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Himesh Reshammiya. 19 October 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 -- via iTunes . Jump up ^ `` Review : Prem Ratan Dhan Payo has good music '' . Rediff. 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Hungama ( 12 October 2015 ) . `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo '' . bollywoodhungama.com . Jump up ^ `` Music Review : Prem Ratan Dhan Payo '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` ' Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ' Music Review : Passionate Creations with Rich Melodies '' . India West . Jump up ^ `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo is lively though a tad dated '' . The New Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Prem Ratan Dhan Payo Music Review '' . Koimoi . Jump up ^ http://m.ibnlive.com/news/movies/salman-khan-starrer-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-bags-four-awards-at-big-star-entertainment-awards-1177088.html Jump up ^ https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.hungama.prdp External links ( edit ) Prem Ratan Dhan Payo on IMDb Prem Ratan Dhan Payo at Bollywood Hungama Prem Ratan Dhan Payo at Box Office Mojo Prem Ratan Dhan Payo at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Sooraj Barjatya Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1989 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1994 ) Hum Saath - Saath Hain ( 1999 ) Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon ( 2003 ) Vivah ( 2006 ) Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ( 2015 ) Anthony Hope 's The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1894 ) Books The Prisoner of Zenda The Heart of Princess Osra Rupert of Hentzau Adaptations The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1913 film ) Rupert of Hentzau ( 1915 film ) The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1922 film ) The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1937 film ) The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1952 film ) Rupert of Hentzau ( TV series ) The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1979 film ) Prisoner of Zenda ( 1988 film ) Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ( 2015 ) See also Ruritania Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prem_Ratan_Dhan_Payo&oldid=808557124 '' Categories : 2015 films Hindi - language films Indian films 2010s Hindi - language films Indian romantic drama films Hindi - language films dubbed in Tamil Hindi - language films dubbed in Telugu Rajshri Productions films Films about royalty Films about siblings Films based on The Prisoner of Zenda Films based on British novels Indian film remakes Films set in Rajasthan Films shot in Rajasthan Films shot in Uttar Pradesh Films directed by Sooraj Barjatya Film scores by Himesh Reshammiya Films shot in Gujarat 2010s romantic drama films Hidden categories : Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2015 All articles needing style editing Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मैथिली मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی سنڌي தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 16 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	prem ratan dhan payo actor and actress name	[ "Prem Ratan Dhan Payo (English: Found a Treasure Called Love) is a 2015 Indian romantic drama film,[6] written and directed by Sooraj Barjatya, produced by Rajshri Productions and distributed by Fox Star Studios. It stars Salman Khan and Sonam Kapoor in lead roles.[7] This is the fourth collaboration between Barjatya and Khan after their previous films Maine Pyar Kiya, Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!, and Hum Saath Saath Hain.", "Prem Ratan Dhan Payo (English: Found a Treasure Called Love) is a 2015 Indian romantic drama film,[6] written and directed by Sooraj Barjatya, produced by Rajshri Productions and distributed by Fox Star Studios. It stars Salman Khan and Sonam Kapoor in lead roles.[7] This is the fourth collaboration between Barjatya and Khan after their previous films Maine Pyar Kiya, Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!, and Hum Saath Saath Hain." ]	[ "Salman Khan", "Sonam Kapoor" ]
8573390002200882856	List of largest stars	List of largest stars - wikipedia List of largest stars Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with List of most massive stars . Relative sizes of the planets in the Solar System and some of the largest stars : Mercury < Mars < Venus < Earth Earth < Neptune < Uranus < Saturn < Jupiter Jupiter < Proxima Centauri < Sun < Sirius Sirius < Pollux < Arcturus < Aldebaran Aldebaran < Rigel < Antares < Betelgeuse Betelgeuse < NML Cygni < VV Cephei A < VY Canis Majoris < UY Scuti Below is an ordered list of the largest stars currently known by radius expressed in units compared to the radius of the Sun ( 695,700 km ; 432,288 mi ) . The exact order of this list remains very incomplete , as there currently remains great uncertainties especially when deriving various important parameters used in calculations , such as stellar luminosity and effective temperature . Often stellar radii can only be expressed as an average or within a large range of values . Values for stellar radii do vary significantly in sources and throughout the literature , mostly as the boundary of the very tenuous atmosphere ( opacity ) greatly differs depending on the wavelength of light in which the star is observed . Several stars can have their radii directly obtained by stellar interferometry . Other methods can use lunar occultations or from eclipsing binaries , which can be used to test other indirect methods of determining true stellar size . Only a few useful supergiant stars can experience occultations by the Moon , including Antares and Aldebaran Examples of eclipsing binaries include Epsilon Aurigae and the red - giant binary system KIC 9246715 in the constellation of Cygnus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Caveats 2 Extragalactic large stars 3 List 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Caveats UY Scuti as seen in visible light . Complex issues exist in determining the true radii of the largest stars , which in many cases do display significant errors . The following lists are generally based on various considerations or assumptions that include : Largest stars are usually expressed in units of the solar radius ( R ) , where 1.00 R equals 695,700 kilometres . Stellar radii or diameters are usually only approximated using Stefan -- Boltzmann law for the deduced stellar luminosity and effective surface temperature ; Stellar distances , and their errors , for most , remain uncertain or poorly determined ; Many supergiant stars have extended atmospheres and many are embedded within opaque dust shells , making their true effective temperatures highly uncertain ; Many extended supergiant atmospheres also significantly change in size over time , regularly or irregularly pulsating over several months or years as variable stars . This makes adopted luminosities poorly known and may significantly change the quoted radii ; Other direct methods for determining stellar radii , rely on lunar occultations or from eclipses in binary systems . This is only possible for a very small number of stars ; Based on various theoretical evolutionary models , few stars will exceed 1,500 -- 2,000 times the Sun ( roughly 3,715 K and M = − 9 ) . Such limits maybe also depend on the stellar metallicity . Extragalactic large stars Included within this list are some examples of more distant extragalactic stars , which may have slightly different properties and natures than the currently largest known stars in the Milky Way Some red supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds are suspected to have slightly different limiting temperatures and luminosities . Such stars may exceed accepted limits by undergoing large eruptions or change their spectral types over just a few months . Humphreys et al. , for example , calculates the maximum size for a Magellanic cloud star as ~ 2,600 R . A survey of the Magellanic Clouds have catalogued many red supergiants , where more than 50 of them exceed 700 R ( 490,000,000 km ; 3.3 AU ; 300,000,000 mi ) . Largest of these is about 1,200 -- 1,300 R . Another survey of the star cluster Westerlund 1 revealed that there are several red supergiants or red hypergiants that probably exceed 2,000 R. Westerlund 1 - 26 is in this list . List This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . List of the largest stars Star name Solar radii ( Sun = 1 ) Notes Orbit of Saturn 1,940 -- 2,169 Reported for reference UY Scuti 1,708 ± 192 Margin of error in size determination : ± 192 solar radii . At the smallest , it would have a size similar to VX Sagittarii ( see below ) WOH G64 1,540 ± 77 This would be the largest star in the LMC , but is unusual in position and motion and might still be a foreground halo giant . Ohnaka ( 2009 ) calculates 1,730 R . RW Cephei 1,535 RW Cep is variable both in brightness ( by at least a factor of 3 ) and spectral type ( observed from G8 to M ) , thus probably also in diameter . Because the spectral type and temperature at maximum luminosity are not known , the quoted sizes are just estimates . Westerlund 1 - 26 1,530 - 1,580 ( -- 2,000 ) Very uncertain parameters for an unusual star with strong radio emission . The spectrum is variable but apparently the luminosity is not . VX Sagittarii 1,520 VX Sgr is a pulsating variable with a large visual range from 1,350 R to 1,940 R and varies significantly in size . HR 5171 A 1,490 ± 540 HR 5171 A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system , losing mass to the secondary . Traditionally , it is considered a particularly large yellow hypergiant , although the latest research suggests it is a red supergiant . The variation in temperature is not clear because the size also varies from 1,315 ± 260 R to 1,575 ± 400 R . KY Cygni 1,420 -- 2,850 The upper estimate is due to an unusual K band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error , and is thought to be against stellar evolutionary theory . The lower estimate is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models . VY Canis Majoris 1,420 ± 120 Once thought to be a star so large that it contradicted stellar evolutionary theory with a radius of 1,800 R to 2,200 R , improved measurements have brought it down to size . AH Scorpii 1,411 ± 124 AH Sco is variable by nearly 3 magnitudes in the visual range , and an estimated 20 % in total luminosity . The variation in diameter is not clear because the temperature also varies . VV Cephei A 1,400 or 1,050 -- 1,800 VV Cep A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system , losing mass to the secondary for at least part of its orbit . Older estimates have given much larger sizes . IRC + 10420 ( V1302 Aquilae ) 1,342 SMC 018136 1,310 This would be the largest star in the SMC . Mu Cephei ( Herschel 's `` Garnet Star '' ) 1,260 Other recent estimates range from 650 R to 1,420 R BI Cygni 1,240 S Persei 1,212 ± 124 In the Perseus Double Cluster . Other recent estimates range from 780 R to 1,230 R . RAFGL 2139 1,200 RAFGL 2139 is a rare red supergiant companion to WR 114 that has a bow shock . PZ Cassiopeiae 1,190 - 1,940 or 1,260 - 1,340 The largest estimate is due to an unusual K band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error . The lowest estimate is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models , and the intermediate ones have been obtained refining the distance to this star , and thus its parameters . NML Cygni 1,183 -- 2,770 An accurate measure of its distance and its luminosity combined with assumptions of its temperature give 1,640 R for 3,250 K or 2,770 R for 2,500 K . EV Carinae 1,168 - 2,880 EV Car is an unstable star plagued by dust extinction . The value on the left is subject to inaccuracy and thus not yet well defined . BC Cygni 1,140 - 1,230 Other recent estimates range from 856 R to 1,553 R . RT Carinae 1,090 V396 Centauri 1,070 Orbit of Jupiter 1,064 -- 1,173 Reported for reference HV 11423 1,060 -- 1,220 HV 11423 is variable in spectral type ( observed from K0 to M5 ) , thus probably also in diameter . In October 1978 , it was a star of M0I type . CK Carinae 1,060 U Lacertae 1,025 KW Sagittarii 1,009 - 1,460 Margin of possible error : ± 142 solar radii ( Torres 2013 ) . NR Vulpeculae 980 GCIRS 7 960 ± 92 S Cassiopeiae 930 IX Carinae 920 HV 2112 918 Most likely candidate for a Thorne - Zytkow Object . NSV 25875 891 Betelgeuse ( Alpha Orionis ) 887 -- 955 Margin of possible error : ± 203 solar radii ( Dolan 2016 ) or ± 217 solar radii ( Neilson 2011 ) . At the largest , it would have a size similar to Jupiter 's orbit V437 Scuti 874 V602 Carinae 860 - 1,050 Margin of possible error : ± 165 solar radii ( Torres 2015 ) . V669 Cassiopeiae 859 V1185 Scorpii 830 Outer limits of the asteroid belt 816 Reported for reference BO Carinae 790 SU Persei 780 In the Perseus Double Cluster RS Persei 770 - 1,000 In the Perseus Double Cluster . Margin of possible error : ± 30 solar radii ( Baron 2014 ) . AV Persei 770 In the Perseus Double Cluster V355 Cepheus 300 - 770 V915 Scorpii 760 S Cephei 760 HD 303250 750 V382 Carinae 747 The brightest yellow hypergiant in the night sky , one of the rarest types of star . Achmad ( 1992 ) calculates 600 R to 1,100 R or 700 ± 250 R . RU Virginis 742 V648 Cassiopeiae 710 XX Persei 710 In the Perseus Double Cluster TV Geminorum 620 - 710 ( -- 770 ) HD 179821 704 This star is a yellow hypergiant although most authors consider it as a supergiant , a protoplanetary nebula or a post-AGB star V528 Carinae 700 The following well - known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison . V354 Cephei 690 - 1,520 Antares A ( Alpha Scorpii A ) 680 Other recent estimates range from 653 R to 1,246 R . CE Tauri 608 Can be occulted by the Moon , allowing accurate determination of its apparent diameter . R Leporis ( Hind 's `` Crimson Star '' ) 400 -- 535 Margin of possible error : ± 90 solar radii . Rho Cassiopeiae 400 - 500 Yellow hypergiant , one of the rarest types of a star . Inner limits of the asteroid belt 412 Reported for reference Mira A ( Omicron Ceti ) 332 -- 402 Prototype Mira variable . De beck ( 2005 ) calculates 541 R . V509 Cassiopeiae 400 -- 900 Yellow hypergiant , one of the rarest types of a star . CW Leonis 390 -- 500 CW Leonis has been one of the mistaken identities as the claimed planet `` Nibiru '' or `` Planet X '' , due to its brightness as it approaches 1st magnitude . Other recent estimates range from 700 R to 826 R . V838 Monocerotis 380 ( in 2009 ) A short time after the outburst V838 Mon was measured at 1,570 ± 400 R. However the distance to this `` L supergiant '' , and hence its size , have since been reduced and it proved to be a transient object that shrunk about four-fold over a few years . S Doradus 100 - 380 Prototype S Doradus variable R Doradus 370 Star with the second largest apparent size after the Sun . The Pistol Star 340 Blue hypergiant , among the most massive and luminous stars known . La Superba ( Y Canum Venaticorum ) 307 - 390 Currently one of the coolest and reddest stars . Orbit of Mars 297 -- 358 Reported for reference Alpha Herculis ( Ras Algethi ) 284 ± 60 Moravveji et al also gives a range from 264 R to 303 R. At an estimated distance of 110 parsecs from the Sun , this corresponds to a radius of 400 ± 61 R . Sun 's red giant phase 256 349 -- 448 The core hydrogen would be exhausted in 5.4 billion years . In 7.647 billion years , The Sun would reach the tip of the red - giant branch of the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram . ( see below ) Reported for reference Eta Carinae A ( Tseen She ) 250 Previously thought to be the most massive single star , but in 2005 it was realized to be a binary system . Its size is poorly defined . one study calculated 60 R , but at optical depth 0.67 , the size would be 800 R. At the peak of the Great Eruption , it would have a size similar to VV Cephei A. Other recent estimates range from 85 R to 195 R . Orbit of Earth 211 -- 219 Reported for reference Deneb ( Alpha Cygni ) 203 LBV 1806 - 20 200 Formerly a candidate for the most luminous star in the Milky Way . Orbit of Venus 154 -- 157 Reported for reference Epsilon Aurigae A ( Almaaz ) 143 - 358 ε Aur was incorrectly hailed as the largest star with a radius 2,000 R or 3,000 R , even though it later turned out not to be an infrared light star but rather a dusk torus surrounding the system . Peony Nebula Star 100 Candidate for most luminous star in the Milky Way . Rigel A ( Beta Orionis A ) 78.9 Canopus ( Alpha Carinae ) 71 Second brightest star in the night sky . Orbit of Mercury 66 -- 100 Reported for reference Aldebaran ( Alpha Tauri ) 44.2 Polaris ( Alpha Ursae Minoris ) 37.5 The current northern pole star . R136a1 35.4 Also on record as the most massive and luminous star known . Arcturus ( Alpha Boötis ) 25.4 Brightest star in the northern hemisphere . HDE 226868 20 - 22 The supergiant companion of black hole Cygnus X-1 . The black hole is 500,000 times smaller than the star . VV Cephei B 13 - 25 The B - type main sequence companion of VV Cephei A . Sun 's helium burning phase 10 After the red - giant branch the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left . Reported for reference Sun The largest object in the Solar System . Reported for reference See also Star portal Constellation Lists of stars List of most massive stars List of most luminous stars List of hottest stars List of coolest stars List of most massive black holes List of largest nebulae List of largest galaxies List of largest cosmic structures List of largest exoplanets List of star extremes References Jump up ^ Hełminiak , K.G. ; Ukita , N. ; Kambe , E. ; Konacki , M. ( 2015 ) . `` Absolute Stellar Parameters of KIC 09246715 : A Double - giant Eclipsing System with a Solar - like Oscillator '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 813 ( 2 ) : L25 . arXiv : 1509.03340 . Bibcode : 2015ApJ ... 813L ... 25H . doi : 10.1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 813 / 2 / L25 . ^ Jump up to : Table 4 in Levesque , Emily M. ; Massey , Philip ; Olsen , K.A.G. ; Plez , Bertrand ; Josselin , Eric ; Maeder , Andre ; Meynet , Georges ( 2005 ) . `` The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants : Cool , but Not as Cool as We Thought '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 628 ( 2 ) : 973 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0504337 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 628 ... 973L . doi : 10.1086 / 430901 . ^ Jump up to : Levesque , Emily M. ; Massey , Philip ; Olsen , K.A.G. ; Plez , Bertrand ; Meynet , Georges ; Maeder , Andre ( 2006 ) . `` The Effective Temperatures and Physical Properties of Magellanic Cloud Red Supergiants : The Effects of Metallicity '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 645 ( 2 ) : 1102 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0603596 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 645.1102 L . doi : 10.1086 / 504417 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , J.S. ; Ritchie , B.W. ; Negueruela , I. ; Crowther , P.A. ; Damineli , A. ; Jablonski , F.J. ; Langer , N. ( 2011 ) . `` A VLT / FLAMES survey for massive binaries in Westerlund 1 . III . The WC9d binary W239 and implications for massive stellar evolution '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 531 : A28 . arXiv : 1105.0776 . Bibcode : 2011A&A ... 531A ... 28C . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201116990 . ^ Jump up to : Arroyo - Torres , B ; Wittkowski , M ; Marcaide , J. M ; Hauschildt , P. H ( June 2013 ) . `` The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii , UY Scuti , and KW Sagittarii '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 554 ( A76 ) : A76 . arXiv : 1305.6179 . Bibcode : 2013A&A ... 554A ... 76A . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201220920 . Jump up ^ Levesque , Emily M ; Massey , Philip ; Plez , Bertrand ; Olsen , Knut A. G ( June 2009 ) . `` The Physical Properties of the Red Supergiant WOH G64 : The Largest Star Known ? '' . Astronomical Journal . 137 ( 6 ) : 4744 . arXiv : 0903.2260 . Bibcode : 2009AJ ... 137.4744 L . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 137 / 6 / 4744 . Jump up ^ Ohnaka , K. ; Driebe , T. ; Hofmann , K.H. ; Weigelt , G. ; Wittkowski , M. ( 2009 ) . `` Resolving the dusty torus and the mystery surrounding LMC red supergiant WOH G64 '' . Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union . 4 : 454 . Bibcode : 2009IAUS ... 256 ... 454O . doi : 10.1017 / S1743921308028858 . Jump up ^ Humphreys , R.M. ( 1978 ) . `` Studies of luminous stars in nearby galaxies . I. Supergiants and O stars in the Milky Way '' . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 38 : 309 . Bibcode : 1978ApJS ... 38 ... 309H . doi : 10.1086 / 190559 . Jump up ^ Davies , Ben ; Kudritzki , Rolf - Peter ; Figer , Donald F. ( 2010 ) . `` The potential of red supergiants as extragalactic abundance probes at low spectral resolution '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 407 ( 2 ) : 1203 . arXiv : 1005.1008 . Bibcode : 2010MNRAS. 407.1203 D . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2010. 16965. x . Jump up ^ Wright , Nicholas J ; Wesson , Roger ; Drew , Janet E ; Barentsen , Geert ; Barlow , Michael J ; Walsh , Jeremy R ; Zijlstra , Albert ; Drake , Jeremy J ; Eislöffel , Jochen ; Farnhill , Hywel J ( 2014 ) . `` The ionized nebula surrounding the red supergiant W26 in Westerlund 1 '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society : Letters. 437 : L1 . arXiv : 1309.4086 . Bibcode : 2014MNRAS. 437L ... 1W . doi : 10.1093 / mnrasl / slt127 . ^ Jump up to : Mauron , N. ; Josselin , E. ( 2011 ) . `` The mass - loss rates of red supergiants and the de Jager prescription '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 526 : A156 . arXiv : 1010.5369 . 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Allende Prieto ( December 2011 ) . `` Fundamental Parameters and Chemical Composition of Arcturus '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 743 ( 2 ) : 135 . arXiv : 1109.4425 . Bibcode : 2011ApJ ... 743 ... 135R . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 743 / 2 / 135 . Jump up ^ Ziółkowski , J. ( 2005 ) , `` Evolutionary constraints on the masses of the components of HDE 226868 / Cyg X-1 binary system '' , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , 358 ( 3 ) : 851 -- 859 , arXiv : astro - ph / 0501102 , Bibcode : 2005MNRAS. 358 ... 851Z , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2005. 08796. x Note : for radius and luminosity , see Table 1 with d = 2 kpc . Jump up ^ Hack , M. ; Engin , S. ; Yilmaz , N. ; Sedmak , G. ; Rusconi , L. ; Boehm , C. ( 1992 ) . `` Spectroscopic study of the atmospheric eclipsing binary VV Cephei '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series ( ISSN0365 - 0138 ) . 95 : 589 . Bibcode : 1992A&AS ... 95 ... 589H . External links Giant Stars An interactive website comparing the Earth and the Sun to some of the largest known stars BBC News Three largest stars identified Universe Today What is the Biggest Star in the Universe ? The 10 largest stars by radius The Ten largest stars in solar radius The Ten largest stars 1st . UY Scuti 1,708 ± 192 2nd . WOH G64 1,540 ± 77 ( 1,730 ) 3rd . RW Cephei 1,535 4th . Westerlund 1 - 26 1,530 -- 1,580 ( -- 2,544 ) 5th . VX Sagittarii 1,520 ( 1,350 -- 1,940 ) 6th . HR 5171 1,490 ± 540 ( 1,315 -- 1,575 ) 8th / 7th . KY Cygni 1,420 -- 2,850 8th / 7th . VY Canis Majoris 1,420 9th . AH Scorpii 1,411 ± 124 10th . VV Cephei A 1,400 ( 1,050 -- 1,800 ) For comparison IRC + 10420 ( 357 -- ) 1,342 Mu Cephei 1,260 ( 650 -- 1,420 ) NML Cygni 1,183 -- 2,770 Betelgeuse ( 887 ± 203 − ) 1,180 KW Sagittarii 1,009 ± 142 V382 Carinae 747 CW Leonis 700 -- 826 TV Geminorum 620 - 710 V354 Cephei 690 -- 1,520 Antares 680 -- 883 ( 653 -- 1,246 ) Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Theoretical stars Black dwarf Exotic Quark Strange Preon Planck Electroweak star Dark - matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_stars&oldid=815585750 '' Categories : Hypergiants Supergiants Lists of stars Lists of superlatives in astronomy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Incomplete lists from January 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Башҡортса Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 19 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which is bigger vy canis majoris vs uy scuti	[ "\nList of the largest stars\n\nStar name\nSolar radii\n(Sun = 1)\nNotes\n\n\nOrbit of Saturn\n1,940–2,169\nReported for reference\n\n\nUY Scuti\n1,708 ± 192[5]\nMargin of error in size determination: ±192 solar radii. At the smallest, it would have a size similar to VX Sagittarii (see below)\n\n\nWOH G64\n1,540 ± 77[6]\nThis would be the largest star in the LMC, but is unusual in position and motion and might still be a foreground halo giant. Ohnaka (2009) calculates 1,730 R☉.[7]\n\n\nRW Cephei\n1,535 [8][9]\nRW Cep is variable both in brightness (by at least a factor of 3) and spectral type (observed from G8 to M), thus probably also in diameter. Because the spectral type and temperature at maximum luminosity are not known, the quoted sizes are just estimates.\n\n\nWesterlund 1-26\n1,530-1,580[10] (–2,000) [4]\nVery uncertain parameters for an unusual star with strong radio emission. The spectrum is variable but apparently the luminosity is not.\n\n\nVX Sagittarii\n1,520[11]\nVX Sgr is a pulsating variable with a large visual range from 1,350 R☉ to 1,940 R☉ and varies significantly in size.[12]\n\n\nHR 5171 A\n1,490 ± 540[13]\nHR 5171 A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system, losing mass to the secondary. Traditionally, it is considered a particularly large yellow hypergiant, although the latest research suggests it is a red supergiant. The variation in temperature is not clear because the size also varies from 1,315 ± 260 R☉[14] to 1,575 ± 400 R☉.[15]\n\n\nKY Cygni\n1,420–2,850 [2]\nThe upper estimate is due to an unusual K band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error, and is thought to be against stellar evolutionary theory. The lower estimate is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models.\n\n\nVY Canis Majoris\n1,420 ± 120[16]\nOnce thought to be a star so large that it contradicted stellar evolutionary theory with a radius of 1,800 R☉ to 2,200 R☉,[17] improved measurements have brought it down to size.[16][18]\n\n\nAH Scorpii\n1,411 ± 124[5]\nAH Sco is variable by nearly 3 magnitudes in the visual range, and an estimated 20% in total luminosity. The variation in diameter is not clear because the temperature also varies.\n\n\nVV Cephei A\n1,400[19] or 1,050–1,800[20]\nVV Cep A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system, losing mass to the secondary for at least part of its orbit. Older estimates have given much larger sizes.[21]\n\n\nIRC+10420 (V1302 Aquilae)\n1,342[22]\n\n\nSMC 018136\n1,310[3]\nThis would be the largest star in the SMC.\n\n\nMu Cephei (Herschel's \"Garnet Star\")\n1,260[23]\nOther recent estimates range from 650 R☉[24] to 1,420 R☉[2]\n\n\nBI Cygni\n1,240[2]\n\n\nS Persei\n1,212 ± 124[25]\nIn the Perseus Double Cluster. Other recent estimates range from 780 R☉ to 1,230 R☉.[2]\n\n\nRAFGL 2139\n1,200[26]\nRAFGL 2139 is a rare red supergiant companion to WR 114 that has a bow shock.\n\n\nPZ Cassiopeiae\n1,190-1,940[2] or 1,260-1,340[27]\nThe largest estimate is due to an unusual K band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error. The lowest estimate is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models, and the intermediate ones have been obtained refining the distance to this star, and thus its parameters.\n\n\nNML Cygni\n1,183[22]–2,770[28]\nAn accurate measure of its distance and its luminosity combined with assumptions of its temperature give 1,640 R☉ for 3,250 K or 2,770 R☉ for 2,500 K.\n\n\nEV Carinae\n1,168[29]-2,880[30]\nEV Car is an unstable star plagued by dust extinction. The value on the left is subject to inaccuracy and thus not yet well defined.\n\n\nBC Cygni\n1,140[2]-1,230[23]\nOther recent estimates range from 856 R☉ to 1,553 R☉.[31]\n\n\nRT Carinae\n1,090[2]\n\n\nV396 Centauri\n1,070[2]\n\n\nOrbit of Jupiter\n1,064–1,173\nReported for reference\n\n\nHV 11423\n1,060–1,220[32]\nHV 11423 is variable in spectral type (observed from K0 to M5), thus probably also in diameter. In October 1978, it was a star of M0I type.\n\n\nCK Carinae\n1,060[2]\n\n\nU Lacertae\n1,025[11]\n\n\nKW Sagittarii\n1,009[5]-1,460[2]\nMargin of possible error: ± 142 solar radii (Torres 2013).\n\n\nNR Vulpeculae\n980[2]\n\n\nGCIRS 7\n960±92[33]\n\n\nS Cassiopeiae\n930[34][35]\n\n\nIX Carinae\n920[2]\n\n\nHV 2112\n918[36]\nMost likely candidate for a Thorne-Zytkow Object.\n\n\nNSV 25875\n891[22]\n\n\nBetelgeuse (Alpha Orionis)\n887[37]–955[38]\nMargin of possible error: ±203 solar radii (Dolan 2016) or ±217 solar radii (Neilson 2011). At the largest, it would have a size similar to Jupiter's orbit\n\n\nV437 Scuti\n874[22]\n\n\nV602 Carinae\n860[2]-1,050[39]\nMargin of possible error: ± 165 solar radii (Torres 2015).\n\n\nV669 Cassiopeiae\n859[22]\n\n\nV1185 Scorpii\n830[22]\n\n\nOuter limits of the asteroid belt\n816\nReported for reference\n\n\nBO Carinae\n790[2]\n\n\nSU Persei\n780[2]\nIn the Perseus Double Cluster\n\n\nRS Persei\n770[40]-1,000[2]\nIn the Perseus Double Cluster. Margin of possible error: ± 30 solar radii (Baron 2014).\n\n\nAV Persei\n770[2]\nIn the Perseus Double Cluster\n\n\nV355 Cepheus\n300[11]-770[2]\n\n\nV915 Scorpii\n760[41]\n\n\nS Cephei\n760[42]\n\n\nHD 303250\n750[2]\n\n\nV382 Carinae\n747[43]\nThe brightest yellow hypergiant in the night sky, one of the rarest types of star. Achmad (1992) calculates 600 R☉ to 1,100 R☉ or 700 ± 250 R☉.[44]\n\n\nRU Virginis\n742[42]\n\n\nV648 Cassiopeiae\n710[2]\n\n\nXX Persei\n710[45]\nIn the Perseus Double Cluster\n\n\nTV Geminorum\n620-710[46] (–770)[2]\n\n\nHD 179821\n704[47]\nThis star is a yellow hypergiant although most authors consider it as a supergiant, a protoplanetary nebula or a post-AGB star\n\n\nV528 Carinae\n700[2]\n\n\nThe following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.\n\n\nV354 Cephei\n690[11]-1,520[2]\n\n\nAntares A (Alpha Scorpii A)\n680[48]\nOther recent estimates range from 653 R☉[49] to 1,246 R☉.[50]\n\n\nCE Tauri\n608[51]\nCan be occulted by the Moon, allowing accurate determination of its apparent diameter.\n\n\nR Leporis (Hind's \"Crimson Star\")\n400–535[52]\nMargin of possible error: ± 90 solar radii.\n\n\nRho Cassiopeiae\n400-500[53]\nYellow hypergiant, one of the rarest types of a star.\n\n\nInner limits of the asteroid belt\n412\nReported for reference\n\n\nMira A (Omicron Ceti)\n332–402[54]\nPrototype Mira variable. De beck (2005) calculates 541 R☉.[22]\n\n\nV509 Cassiopeiae\n400–900[55]\nYellow hypergiant, one of the rarest types of a star.\n\n\nCW Leonis\n390–500[56]\nCW Leonis has been one of the mistaken identities as the claimed planet \"Nibiru\" or \"Planet X\", due to its brightness as it approaches 1st magnitude. Other recent estimates range from 700 R☉[57] to 826 R☉[22].\n\n\nV838 Monocerotis\n380 (in 2009)[58]\nA short time after the outburst V838 Mon was measured at 1,570 ± 400 R☉.[59] However the distance to this \"L supergiant\", and hence its size, have since been reduced and it proved to be a transient object that shrunk about four-fold over a few years.\n\n\nS Doradus\n100-380[60]\nPrototype S Doradus variable\n\n\nR Doradus\n370[61]\nStar with the second largest apparent size after the Sun.\n\n\nThe Pistol Star\n340[62]\nBlue hypergiant, among the most massive and luminous stars known.\n\n\nLa Superba (Y Canum Venaticorum)\n307[22]-390[63]\nCurrently one of the coolest and reddest stars.\n\n\nOrbit of Mars\n297–358\nReported for reference\n\n\nAlpha Herculis (Ras Algethi)\n284±60[64]\nMoravveji et al also gives a range from 264 R☉ to 303 R☉. At an estimated distance of 110 parsecs from the Sun, this corresponds to a radius of 400 ± 61 R☉.[64]\n\n\nSun's red giant phase\n256[65]\n349–448[66]\nThe core hydrogen would be exhausted in 5.4 billion years. In 7.647 billion years, The Sun would reach the tip of the red-giant branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. (see below)\nReported for reference\n\n\nEta Carinae A (Tseen She)\n250[67]\nPreviously thought to be the most massive single star, but in 2005 it was realized to be a binary system. Its size is poorly defined. one study calculated 60 R☉, but at optical depth 0.67, the size would be 800 R☉.[68] At the peak of the Great Eruption, it would have a size similar to VV Cephei A.[69] Other recent estimates range from 85 R☉ to 195 R☉.[70]\n\n\nOrbit of Earth\n211–219\nReported for reference\n\n\nDeneb (Alpha Cygni)\n203[71]\n\n\nLBV 1806-20\n200[72]\nFormerly a candidate for the most luminous star in the Milky Way.\n\n\nOrbit of Venus\n154–157\nReported for reference\n\n\nEpsilon Aurigae A (Almaaz)\n143-358[73]\nε Aur was incorrectly hailed as the largest star with a radius 2,000 R☉ or 3,000 R☉,[74] even though it later turned out not to be an infrared light star but rather a dusk torus surrounding the system.\n\n\nPeony Nebula Star\n100[75]\nCandidate for most luminous star in the Milky Way.\n\n\nRigel A (Beta Orionis A)\n78.9[76]\n\n\nCanopus (Alpha Carinae)\n71[77]\nSecond brightest star in the night sky.\n\n\nOrbit of Mercury\n66–100\nReported for reference\n\n\nAldebaran (Alpha Tauri)\n44.2[78]\n\n\nPolaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris)\n37.5[79]\nThe current northern pole star.\n\n\nR136a1\n35.4[80]\nAlso on record as the most massive and luminous star known.\n\n\nArcturus (Alpha Boötis)\n25.4[81]\nBrightest star in the northern hemisphere.\n\n\nHDE 226868\n20-22[82]\nThe supergiant companion of black hole Cygnus X-1. The black hole is 500,000 times smaller than the star.\n\n\nVV Cephei B\n13[21]-25[83]\nThe B-type main sequence companion of VV Cephei A.\n\n\nSun's helium burning phase\n10\nAfter the red-giant branch the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left.\nReported for reference\n\n\nSun\n1\nThe largest object in the Solar System.\nReported for reference\n\n" ]	[ "UY Scuti" ]
-8037126909112922974	List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees	List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Jump to : navigation , search The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category . The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The surviving members of the Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inductees 1.1 Performers 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence 1.5 Sidemen 1.6 Lifetime achievement 2 Multiple inductees 3 References 4 External links Inductees ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Year Image Name Inducted members 1986 Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry 1986 Brown , James James Brown 1986 Charles , Ray Ray Charles 1986 Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke 1986 Domino , Fats Fats Domino 1986 Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . 1986 Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly 1986 Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis 1986 Little Richard 1986 Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Coasters ! The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye Haley , Bill Bill Haley King , B.B. B.B. King McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson 1988 Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . 1988 Beatles ! The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . 1988 Drifters ! The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . 1988 Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan 1988 Supremes ! The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . 1989 Dion ! Dion 1989 Redding , Otis Otis Redding 1989 Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . 1989 Temptations ! The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . 1989 Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder 1990 -- Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard 1990 Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin 1990 Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . 1990 Four Tops ! Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . 1990 Kinks ! The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . 1990 Platters ! The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . 1990 Who ! The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . 1991 Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker 1991 Byrds ! The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . 1991 Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker 1991 -- Impressions ! The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . 1991 Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett 1991 Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed 1991 Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . 1992 Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . 1992 Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash 1992 Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . 1992 Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . 1992 Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . 1993 Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . 1993 Doors ! The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . 1993 Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni 1993 James , Etta Etta James 1993 Morrison , Van Van Morrison 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . 1994 Animals ! The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . 1994 Band ! The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . 1994 Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . 1994 John , Elton Elton John 1994 Lennon , John John Lennon 1994 Marley , Bob Bob Marley 1994 Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart 1995 Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . 1995 Green , Al Al Green 1995 Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , Martha Reeves , and Sandra Tilley . 1995 Young , Neil Neil Young 1995 Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa Bowie , David David Bowie Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Little Willie John Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Shirelles ! The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . 1997 Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . 1997 Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . 1997 Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . 1998 Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . 1998 Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . 1998 Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent 1999 Joel , Billy Billy Joel 1999 Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield 1999 McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney 1999 Shannon , Del Del Shannon 1999 Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield 1999 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen 1999 Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . 2000 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . 2000 Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . 2000 Moonglows , The The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . 2000 Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt 2000 Taylor , James James Taylor 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . 2001 Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke 2001 Flamingos , The The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . 2001 Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . 2001 Simon , Paul Paul Simon 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . 2001 Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens 2002 Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes 2002 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee 2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . 2002 Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . 2003 Clash , The The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . 2003 Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . 2003 Police , The The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . 2003 Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne Dells , The The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Harrison , George George Harrison Prince Seger , Bob Bob Seger Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . 2005 Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy 2005 O'Jays , The The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . 2005 Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . 2005 Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . 2006 Davis , Miles Miles Davis 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . 2007 Ronettes , The The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . 2007 Smith , Patti Patti Smith 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . 2008 Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . 2008 Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen 2008 Madonna 2008 Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp 2008 Ventures , The The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . 2009 Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . 2009 Run -- D.M.C. Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . 2009 Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff Hollies , The The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Stooges , The The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . 2011 Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond 2011 Dr. John 2011 Love , Darlene Darlene Love 2011 Waits , Tom Tom Waits 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . 2012 -- Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . 2012 Comets ! The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . 2012 Crickets ! The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . 2012 Donovan 2012 Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . 2012 -- Midnighters ! The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . 2012 Miracles ! The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . 2012 Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . 2013 King , Albert Albert King 2013 Newman , Randy Randy Newman 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . 2013 Summer , Donna Donna Summer 2014 Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , Paul Stanley , Eric Carr , Bruce Kulick . 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . 2014 Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt 2014 Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens 2015 Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . 2015 Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . 2015 Reed , Lou Lou Reed 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . 2015 Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . 2015 Withers , Bill Bill Withers 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre 2016 Miller , Steve Steve Miller 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood 2017 Baez , Joan Joan Baez 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder 2017 Tupac Shakur 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . Early influences ( edit ) Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . Year Name 1986 Rodgers , Jimmie Jimmie Rodgers 1986 Yancey , Jimmy Jimmy Yancey 1986 Johnson , Robert Robert Johnson Jordan , Louis Louis Jordan Walker , T - Bone T - Bone Walker Williams , Hank Hank Williams 1988 Guthrie , Woody Woody Guthrie 1988 Lead Belly 1988 Les Paul 1989 Ink Spots ! The Ink Spots 1989 Smith , Bessie Bessie Smith 1989 Soul Stirrers ! The Soul Stirrers 1990 Christian , Charlie Charlie Christian 1990 Armstrong , Louis Louis Armstrong 1990 Rainey , Ma Ma Rainey 1991 Howlin ' Wolf 1992 James , Elmore Elmore James 1992 Longhair , Professor Professor Longhair 1993 Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington 1994 Dixon , Willie Willie Dixon 1995 Orioles , The The Orioles Seeger , Pete Pete Seeger 1997 Jackson , Mahalia Mahalia Jackson 1997 Monroe , Bill Bill Monroe 1998 Jelly Roll Morton 1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 1999 Brown , Charles Charles Brown 2000 Cole , Nat ! Nat King Cole 2000 Holiday , Billie Billie Holiday 2009 Jackson , Wanda Wanda Jackson 2012 King , Freddie Freddie King 2015 5 Royalses ! The `` 5 '' Royales ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . Year Name 1986 Freed , Alan Alan Freed 1986 Phillips , Sam Sam Phillips Chess , Leonard Leonard Chess Ertegun , Ahmet Ahmet Ertegun Leiber ! Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Wexler , Jerry Jerry Wexler 1988 Gordy , Jr. , Berry Berry Gordy , Jr . 1989 Spector , Phil Phil Spector 1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King 1990 Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1991 Bartholomew , Dave Dave Bartholomew 1991 Bass , Ralph Ralph Bass 1992 Fender , Leo Leo Fender 1992 Graham , Bill Bill Graham 1992 Pomus , Doc Doc Pomus 1993 Clark , Dick Dick Clark 1993 Gabler , Milt Milt Gabler 1994 Otis , Johnny Johnny Otis 1995 Ackerman , Paul Paul Ackerman Donahue , Tom Tom Donahue 1997 Nathan , Syd Syd Nathan 1998 Toussaint , Allen Allen Toussaint 1999 Martin , George George Martin 2000 Davis , Clive Clive Davis 2001 Blackwell , Chris Chris Blackwell 2002 Stewart , Jim Jim Stewart 2003 Ostin , Mo Mo Ostin 2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff Geffen , David David Geffen Blackwell , Otis Otis Blackwell Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich Shuman , Mort Mort Shuman Stone , Jesse Jesse Stone Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 2011 Holzman , Jac Jac Holzman 2011 Rupe , Art Art Rupe 2012 Kirshner , Don Don Kirshner 2013 Adler , Lou Lou Adler 2013 Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2014 Epstein , Brian Brian Epstein 2014 Andrew Loog Oldham 2016 Berns , Bert Bert Berns Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' Year Name 2011 Russell , Leon Leon Russell 2012 Matassa , Cosimo Cosimo Matassa 2012 Dowd , Tom Tom Dowd 2012 Johns , Glyn Glyn Johns 2014 E Street Band 2015 Ringo Starr 2017 Nile Rodgers ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . Sidemen ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' James Burton , inducted in 2001 . Year Name Instrument 2000 Blaine , Hal Hal Blaine Drums 2000 Curtis , King King Curtis Saxophone 2000 Jamerson , James James Jamerson Bass guitar 2000 Moore , Scotty Scotty Moore Guitar 2000 Palmer , Earl Earl Palmer Drums 2001 Burton , James James Burton Guitar 2001 Johnson , Johnnie Johnnie Johnson Piano 2002 Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins Guitar 2003 Benjamin , Benny Benny Benjamin Drums 2003 Cramer , Floyd Floyd Cramer Piano 2003 Douglas , Steve Steve Douglas Saxophone 2008 Walter , Little Little Walter Harmonica 2009 Black , Bill Bill Black Bass guitar 2009 Fontana , D.J. D.J. Fontana Drums 2009 Oldham , Spooner Spooner Oldham Keyboard Lifetime achievement ( edit ) The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' Year Name 1986 Hammond , John John Hammond 1991 Ertegun , Nesuhi Nesuhi Ertegun Wenner , Jann Jann Wenner 2005 Barsalona , Frank Frank Barsalona 2005 Stein , Seymour Seymour Stein 2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Multiple inductees ( edit ) As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . Name First Year Second Year Third Year Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 zzzzz ! Solo career 2009 -- -- Carter , Johnny Johnny Carter Flamingos ! The Flamingos 2001 Dells ! The Dells -- -- Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000 Crosby , David David Crosby Byrds ! The Byrds 1991 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Genesis ! Genesis Solo career 2014 -- -- Harrison , George George Harrison Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career -- -- Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Jackson Five ! The Jackson Five 1997 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Lennon , John John Lennon Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 -- -- Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Impressions ! The Impressions 1991 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter zzzzz ! Solo career Drifters ! The Drifters 1988 -- -- Nash , Graham Graham Nash Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 Hollies ! The Hollies -- -- Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 -- -- Reed , Lou Lou Reed Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground zzzzz ! Solo career 2015 -- -- Rolie , Gregg Gregg Rolie Santana 1998 Journey 2017 -- -- Simon , Paul Paul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Starr , Ringo Ringo Starr Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career 2015 -- -- Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 -- -- Stills , Stephen Stephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Strain , Sammy ! Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 -- -- Wood , Ronnie Ronnie Wood Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 -- -- Young , Neil Neil Young zzzzz ! Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 -- -- References ( edit ) General `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` List of 2015 Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : THE ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME ANNOUNCES 2016 INDUCTEES - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Press Room Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . ( hide ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=800493640 '' Categories : Music - related lists Lists of musicians Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Galego مصرى 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 22 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who were the first singing brothers inducted into the rock 'n' roll hall of fame	[ "\n1986\n\nEverly Brothers !The Everly Brothers\nDon Everly and Phil Everly.[10]\n", "\n1986\n\nEverly Brothers !The Everly Brothers\nDon Everly and Phil Everly.[10]\n" ]	[ "Don Everly", "Phil Everly" ]
-8460817041302018224	The Goldbergs (2013 TV series)	The Goldbergs ( 2013 TV series ) - Wikipedia The Goldbergs ( 2013 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current program . For the unrelated radio and television series , see The Goldbergs ( broadcast series ) . The Goldbergs Genre Sitcom Created by Adam F. Goldberg Starring Wendi McLendon - Covey Jeff Garlin Sean Giambrone Troy Gentile Hayley Orrantia George Segal AJ Michalka Sam Lerner Narrated by Patton Oswalt Theme music composer I Fight Dragons Composer ( s ) Michael Wandmacher Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 105 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Adam F. Goldberg Doug Robinson Seth Gordon Alex Barnow Marc Firek David Guarascio David Katzenberg Producer ( s ) Dan Levy Location ( s ) Sony Pictures Studios , Culver City , California Cinematography Joseph E. Gallagher Jason Blount Editor ( s ) Jonathan Corn Ivan Victor Peter B. Ellis Kevin Leffler Camera setup Film ; Single - camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Adam F. Goldberg Productions Happy Madison Productions Doug Robinson Productions ( 2017 - ) Sony Pictures Television Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) -- present External links Official website beta.abc.go.com/shows/the-goldbergs The Goldbergs is an American television period sitcom that premiered on Tuesday , September 24 , 2013 on ABC . The series was created by Adam F. Goldberg and stars Wendi McLendon - Covey , Jeff Garlin , Sean Giambrone , Troy Gentile , Hayley Orrantia , and George Segal . The show is produced by Goldberg , Seth Gordon , and Doug Robinson . It is based on Goldberg 's childhood and family in the 1980s , complete with a childhood version of himself . The fourth season premiered on September 21 , 2016 . In May 2017 , ABC renewed the series for a fifth and sixth season . The fifth season premiered on September 27 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guest stars 2.4 Cameos from real - life Counterparts 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 4.3 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Nielsen ratings 6 Broadcast 7 Syndication 8 Cancelled spin - off 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Promotional poster used for the series ' first season The Goldbergs is set in the 1980s in Jenkintown , Pennsylvania . The show is loosely based on the showrunner 's own childhood , during which he videotaped events , many of which are re-enacted throughout the program . It shows the reality of the ' 80s from a young boy 's eyes . The series stars Jeff Garlin as patriarch Murray and Wendi McLendon - Covey as matriarch Beverly . Their two older children are Erica ( Hayley Orrantia ) and Barry ( Troy Gentile ) . The youngest child , Adam ( Sean Giambrone ) , documents his family life with his video camera . Beverly 's father , Albert `` Pops '' Solomon ( George Segal ) , is frequently around to provide advice or to help out his grandchildren ( often behind his daughter 's back ) . The present - day `` Adult Adam '' ( Patton Oswalt ) narrates every episode as taking place in `` 1980 - something '' . The narrator takes creative liberties with the time frame , resulting in occasional anachronisms . For example , the second - season episode `` Just Say No '' has references to both the Walter Mondale / Geraldine Ferraro presidential campaign ( which took place in 1984 ) and the TV shows American Gladiators and America 's Funniest Home Videos ( both of which debuted in 1989 ) . Many references to real - life Philadelphia - area businesses are made , including the Wawa Inc. convenience store chain , Gimbel 's department store , Willow Grove Park Mall , and Kremp 's Florist of Willow Grove , Pennsylvania . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Wendi McLendon - Covey as Beverly Goldberg ( née Solomon ) , the overprotective matriarch of the Goldbergs . She frequently injects herself into her children 's lives , often to their embarrassment , and is supremely confident in their abilities . Sean Giambrone as Adam Fredrick Goldberg , the pop - culture obsessed youngest child of the Goldbergs . Smart and geeky , he often films his family 's activities on a VHS camcorder . He often ends up having to use his middle initial to distinguish himself from another Adam Goldberg who attends the same school and is also an aspiring filmmaker . Patton Oswalt voices the adult Adam Goldberg , who narrates the show from the present day . Jeff Garlin as Murray Christian Goldberg , the gruff , somewhat asocial patriarch of the Goldbergs . Unlike Beverly , he is realistic about his children 's abilities and believes she smothers them too much . Despite his apathetic tendencies at home , he values hard work and has worked full - time since his teenage years . He also wants his children to learn how to fend for themselves , and calls them morons if they mess up . He runs his father - in - law 's furniture business , loves sports , and is often seen lounging in front of his TV in his white briefs . Troy Gentile as Barry Norman Goldberg , the overconfident , slightly dim - witted middle child of the Goldbergs . Though seemingly untalented in every way ( except in ice hockey and wrestling , at which he excels ) , he remains highly self - assured while trying to become popular in high school . He is determined to dominate everything he does , including sports , loves rap music , and is the leader of a crew called JTP ( whose group name his fellow members repeat whenever it is said ) . Hayley Orrantia as Erica Dorothy Goldberg , the nonchalant oldest child of the Goldbergs . Smart and musically gifted but rebellious , she is popular in school and dominant over her younger brothers . George Segal as Albert `` Pops '' Solomon , Beverly 's laid back widower father . Though an elderly man with a number of goofy characteristics , he acts much younger than his age , often giving sage advice to his grandchildren . Adam considers him as his best friend . He once owned a successful furniture store called Ottoman Empire that allowed him to retire comfortably , and he now lets his son - in - law Murray run the business . AJ Michalka as Lainey Lewis ( Season 3 -- 4 ; recurring 1 -- 2 , 5 - present ) , Erica 's best friend and one of the most popular girls at school , whom Barry has had a lifelong crush on . To the surprise of many , Lainey kisses Barry at a party in the first - season finale , the two slowly grow closer together in season two , and eventually become an unlikely couple . Sam Lerner as ' Madman ' Geoff Schwartz ( Season 5 - present ; recurring 2 - 4 ) , one of Barry 's best friends . The nickname `` Madman '' is a form of ironic humor , given how well - behaved the character is , especially compared to Barry . He is infatuated with Erica and makes many futile attempts to win her affections . At the end of the third season , he begins dating Evelyn Silver just as Erica realizes she reciprocates Geoff 's feelings . He later breaks up with Evey to be with Erica . Recurring ( edit ) Troy Winbush as Puchinski , a police officer who sometimes runs afoul of the Goldbergs ' craziness , and often sympathises with Beverly . Cedric Yarbrough as Vic , Murray 's friend and co-worker from Canada . Ben Zelevansky as Dale , the manager of the arcade frequented by Adam , Barry , and Pops . ( season 1 ) Natalie Alyn Lind as Dana Caldwell , Adam 's classmate who becomes his girlfriend . In the season 2 finale , it is revealed Dana may be moving to Seattle . The season 3 premiere confirms she is now living in Seattle . Adam and Dana continue a long - distance relationship , but it ends when the two realize how different they have become . ( season 1 - 3 ; guest season 4 ) Jackson Odell as Ari Caldwell , a popular student , a friend of Erica and Lexi , and Dana 's older brother . ( season 1 - 2 ) Virginia Gardner as Lexi Bloom , Barry 's crush . ( season 1 , mentioned season 4 ) Kathryn Leigh Scott as Miriam Ferguson , one of Pops ' lovers . ( season 1 ) Jennifer Irwin as Virginia Kremp , Chad 's mother , neighbor to the Goldbergs . Jacob Hopkins as Chad Kremp , Virginia 's youngest son and a close friend of Adam . Tyler Stokes as Drew Kremp , Chad 's older brother and Erica 's ex-boyfriend . ( season 1 and 3 ) Dan Fogler as Marvin Goldberg , Murray 's carefree , unreliable younger brother . He moves in with the family near the end of season four , living in their basement . Tim Meadows as Jonathan `` Andre '' Glascott , a disenchanted teacher who also delivers pizza and gives guitar lessons for extra money . He serves as the school 's hapless guidance counselor . Barbara Alyn Woods as Mrs. Caldwell , Dana and Ari 's mother . Woods is the real - life mother of Natalie Alyn Lind , who portrays Dana . ( season 1 ) Stephanie Katherine Grant as Emmy `` Muscles '' Mirsky , a girl in the neighborhood with whom Adam likes to spend time . Because they grew up together , Adam tends to treat her like `` one of the guys '' . Kenny Ridwan as Dave Kim , an awkward classmate and friend of Adam 's , who is always addressed by both his first and last names , even by his own mother . Cooper Roth ( season 1 ) and Zayne Emory ( season 2 - 3 ) as J.C. Spink , a bully who torments Adam . The original film producer who inspired the character portrays a school bus driver . Mason Cook as Tyler Stansfield , a puny but fierce classmate of Adam . Dustin Ybarra as Nitrous , a university student who occasionally interacts with Beverly . Usually Beverly has to make a demand of Nitrous , which he will agree to , but only after trying to coerce her into showing him her breasts or giving him $1 million . ( season 1 and 3 ) Bryan Callen as Rick Mellor , the high school 's no - nonsense gym teacher and coach . Joey Luthman as Roger McFadden , a nerdy classmate of Barry 's . ( season 1 ) Stephen Tobolowsky as Principal Earl Ball , the principal of the Goldberg children 's high school . Beverly frequently confronts him when she knows something has gone wrong in her children 's classes or school activities . ( season 2 - present ) Ana Gasteyer as Susan Cinoman , a music teacher at the Goldberg children 's high school and love interest of Rick Mellor . ( season 2 - present ) Noah Munck as ' Naked ' Rob Smith , one of Barry 's best friends who goes shirtless at any opportunity . ( season 2 - present ) Matt Bush as ' Ladies ' Man ' Andy Cogan , one of Barry 's best friends who is frequently teased for his short stature . ( season 2 - present ) Nathan Gamble as Garry Ball , the Principal 's rebellious son and Adam 's only cool friend . ( season 2 - 3 ) Dan Bakkedahl as Mr. Woodburn , Adam 's lonely and depressed science teacher . ( season 2 ) Suzy Nakamura as Mrs. Kim , Dave Kim 's mother and the owner of a Chinese restaurant frequented by the Goldbergs . ( season 2 ) Rob Huebel as John Calabasas , an opportunistic businessman with several careers . ( season 2 - 3 ) Judd Hirsch as Ben `` Pop Pop '' Goldberg , Murray 's cantankerous , opinionated father . He frequently fights with Murray , with whom he has trouble communicating , and he views Pops as a rival . ( seasons 3 - present ; Pop Pop first appeared in one season 2 episode , and was portrayed by Paul Sorvino ) Allie Grant as Evelyn `` Evey '' Silver , a girl Beverly tries to set up Barry with . Erica is deeply disturbed by this , because Evey is eerily similar to Beverly . She later becomes Geoff Schwartz 's girlfriend . ( season 2 - present ) David Koechner as Bill Lewis , Lainey 's father who is raising her as a single parent . To Murray 's dismay , Bill is a major fan of the Dallas Cowboys , starting a rivalry between the two . Bill and Murray eventually become good friends as they discover that , outside of football , they have a lot in common . ( season 2 - present ) Nate Hartley as Dan , a nerdy punching bag , who is always in the wrong place at the wrong time . ( season 2 - present ) Charlie DePew as Anthony Balsamo , a popular , good - looking student and Lainey 's ex-boyfriend . ( season 2 - 3 ) Sam Kindseth as David Sirota , Adam 's goofy friend and classmate . In the present he is an American political commentator and radio host . ( season 2 - 3 ) Michaela Watkins as Ms. Taraborelli , a socially awkward Spanish and sex education teacher . ( season 2 ) Christopher Avila as Raji Mitra , an intelligent student Beverly hires to tutor Lainey . ( season 3 ) Sean Marquette as Johnny Atkins , a ponytailed , saxophone - playing troublemaker who , much like Barry Goldberg , has a high opinion of himself . He is always seen wearing a Rush tour t - shirt . Erica dated him briefly . ( season 3 - present ) Niko Guardado as Rubén Amaro , Jr. , a highly popular student and champion athlete . In adulthood , he will become a major league baseball player and General Manager of Philadelphia Phillies . ( season 3 - present ) Alex Jennings as Carla Mann , a vaguely popular student and friend of Erica and Lainey who is a bit of a troublemaker . She is also an on - off girlfriend of Johnny Atkins . ( season 3 - present ) Froy Gutierrez as Benjamin `` Handsome Ben '' Bauman , a highly popular student whom Adam sees as his rival , though Ben is always friendly to him . Quincy Fouse as Taz Money , a popular friend of Adam . ( season 3 ) Lucky : Lucky is an actual dog introduced in season 3 as the Goldberg family pet . Shayne Topp as Matt Bradley ; a punk rocker - turned - Deadhead who becomes the newest member of the JTP , over Barry 's initial objections . Adult Adam 's voice - over later confides that Matt would become Barry 's closest friend after high school . ( season 4 - present ) Rowan Blanchard as Jackie Geary , Adam 's girlfriend who shares his love of science fiction . ( season 4 - present ) . Alison Rich as Valley Erica , Erica 's Valley girl roommate at college ; the two have the same first name , but decidedly different personalities . ( season 5 ) Notable guest stars ( edit ) Brec Bassinger as Zoe McIntosh , a girl Adam had a crush on . ( season 1 , episode 1 and season 4 , episode 3 ) Tom Cavanagh as Charles Kremp , Chad 's father . ( season 1 , episode 8 ) Martin Starr as Andre , the local video store clerk who bans Murray after an excessively late rental . ( season 1 ) Thomas Lennon as Taun - Taun Todd , a Star Wars fan that Erica and Adam meet while waiting in line to see Return of the Jedi . ( season 1 , episode 22 ) David Spade as Gus , a sketchy manufacturer of fake IDs . ( season 2 , episode 1 ) Charlie Sheen as the man in police station , reprising his iconic role from Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . ( season 2 , episode 14 ) Nick Swardson as Rick , a sketchy black market toy dealer . ( season 2 , episode 15 ) Chuck Norris as himself ( voice only ) , who is heard from offscreen reading a letter to Barry . ( season 3 ) Weird Al Yankovic as himself . ( season 3 , episode 15 ) Chad Coleman as Leon , a manager of Spencer 's Gifts store . ( season 4 ) Martin Kove as Master John , reprising his role as Cobra Kai dojo sensei . ( season 4 ) Ilan Mitchell - Smith as Mr. Connelly , the science teacher in the fifth - season premiere episode `` Weird Science . '' Mitchell - Smith portrayed Wyatt Donnelly in the film Weird Science . Bill Goldberg as Nick Mellor , Coach Mellor 's brother ( Season 5 ) Cameos from real - life Counterparts ( edit ) `` Handsome '' Ben Beauman and `` Regular '' Amy Gross as Double Dare Producers Jackie Geary as her mother Chad Kremp as a deli worker ( season 1 ) , and as his father ( season 4 ) JC Spink as Joe the Bus Driver R.D. Robb as a photographer Mike Levy and Mike Levy as Computer Technicians Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Goldbergs episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 23 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 76 6.20 24 September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 57 8.37 24 September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 57 7.62 24 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 54 6.97 5 TBA September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) TBA TBA TBA Production ( edit ) From left to right : Segal , Gentile , McLendon - Covey , Orrantia , and Garlin Casting ( edit ) The project originally received a script commitment from Fox in August 2011 . After Adam Goldberg 's previous show , Breaking In , was canceled , he did not want to wait for another pilot season to arrive and moved it to ABC , who agreed to immediately produce it . On January 11 , 2013 , Wendi McLendon - Covey was cast as the pilot 's lead ; later , Jeff Garlin and George Segal joined the cast . Filming ( edit ) The pilot episode was directed by Seth Gordon . On May 10 , 2013 , ABC picked up the show to series to air in the 2013 -- 14 American television season . It was later picked up for a full season order on November 1 , 2013 . The program is filmed on a series of stages at Sony Pictures Studios . Music ( edit ) The show 's theme song , `` Rewind , '' was written at Goldberg 's request by I Fight Dragons , his favorite band , specifically for the show . A soundtrack , featuring songs performed on the show by the cast members , was released on December 6 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The Goldbergs pilot received mixed reviews , averaging a score of 52 % on Metacritic based on reviews from 26 critics . Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` one of the rare freshman comedies to deliver '' , giving credit to the show 's `` outstanding writing '' and `` strong cast '' . David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle said `` you 'll immediately like everyone in the family and the jokes derive from credible situations '' . Hank Stuever of The Washington Post said the show was `` obnoxiously loud '' . David Hinckley of The New York Daily News said the show is `` just awful '' . Tierney Bricker of E ! News gave a more positive review , saying that the show is `` like Modern Family mixed with A Christmas Story '' . The Goldbergs was included in TV Guide 's 2013 Top Twenty `` Best Shows of the Year '' , along with The Hollywood Reporter and Today . In addition , SpoilerTV awarded The Goldbergs with the honor of Best Comedy of 2013 -- 2014 . The second season had a Rotten Tomatoes score of 100 % fresh with five reviews , and there were many calls from both critics and the public to renew the show for a third season . The show continued to be well received , with Entertainment Weekly calling the season two premiere `` the best of any family comedy on TV in the way it eschews dysfunction for its more appropriate , real - world term : love '' . After the series was renewed for season 3 , ABC network chief Paul Lee stated that both he and ABC believed that the show will be around for `` a long time '' . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV Season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Nielsen Rating ( 18 - 49 ) Date Premiere Viewers ( in millions ) Premiere 18 - 49 rating / share Date Finale Viewers ( in millions ) Finale 18 - 49 rating / share Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 23 September 24 , 2013 8.94 3.1 / 8 May 13 , 2014 4.26 1.5 / 5 2013 -- 2014 # 76 6.20 N / A Wednesday 8 : 30 pm 24 September 24 , 2014 7.31 2.4 / 6 May 13 , 2015 6.70 2.0 / 7 2014 -- 2015 # 57 8.34 2.8 24 September 23 , 2015 7.62 2.4 / 8 May 18 , 2016 6.39 1.9 / 7 2015 -- 2016 # 57 7.62 2.5 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 24 September 21 , 2016 6.90 2.0 / 8 May 17 , 2017 5.27 1.4 / 6 2016 -- 2017 # 54 6.97 2.1 5 September 27 , 2017 6.20 1.8 / 7 2017 -- 2018 Broadcast ( edit ) The Goldbergs originally premiered on ABC on 24 September 2013 . The pilot was made available on Hulu and ABC.com before it premiered on television . In Australia , the show airs on the Seven Network . It has been broadcast in the United Kingdom on E4 since 20 April 2015 , in Ireland on RTÉ2 since 19 October 2015 and in Turkey on DiziSmart since 2015 . In France , the series began broadcasting since 17 October 2015 on Comedie+ . The show has been broadcasting on Neox TV channel in Spain since May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) . In India , the series is aired on Star World . In Germany , the series is aired on the Disney Channel since February 16 , 2016 . In Portugal , the series is aired on Fox Comedy . Syndication ( edit ) The show went into syndication in September 2017 and began airing on local stations on September 11 , Nick at Nite on September 18 , Pop on September 24 , and will also begin to air on TV Land . Cancelled spin - off ( edit ) It was announced that Goldberg will develop a spin - off Goldbergs series for ABC set in the 90s with Bryan Callen 's character of Rick Mellor . On May 17 , 2017 , ABC passed on the spin - off . The spin - off would have been titled `` Schooled '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Announcementsauce : We did the theme song for The Goldbergs on ABC ! '' . Ifightdragons.com . September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lynette Rice ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ABC renews ' Nashville , ' ' Scandal , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goldbergs , The ( ABC ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Quantico , and more renewed at ABC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' Gets 2 - Year Renewal By ABC For Seasons 5 & 6 '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pfefferman , Naomi ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` Meet ' The Goldbergs ' : Adam Goldberg mines his family 's mishegoss for new sitcom '' . Jewish Journal . TRIBE Media Corp . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` TV Review : The Goldbergs '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs - Season 5 - AJ Michalka Not Returning as Series Regular '' . SpoilerTV . SpoilerTV . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs - Season 5 - Sam Lerner promoted to regular '' . Spoiler TV . Spoiler TV . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Rowan Blanchard Joins The Goldbergs in First Post-Girl Meets World Role '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joyce Eng ( 28 January 2015 ) . `` Goldbergs Exclusive : What ' 80s Toy Is Beverly Trying to Buy From Nick Swardson ? '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` entertainment2016 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` entertainment2017 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Fox To Bring Back ' Breaking In ' With 13 - Ep . Order , Buy New Adam Goldberg Comedy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Adam F. Goldberg ' 80s Comedy Moves From Fox To ABC With Production Commitment '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Wendi McLendon - Covey To Star In Adam Goldberg 's 1980s Comedy Pilot At ABC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Jeff Garlin To Star In Adam Goldberg 's 1980s Family Comedy Pilot At ABC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Maya Kazan Cast In CW Pilot ' Company Town ' , George Segal In ABC 's ' How The Hell ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton . `` ABC Orders 7 Dramas and 5 Comedies , Axes ' Happy Endings ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Orders Full Seasons of ' The Goldbergs , ' ' Trophy Wife ' ; ' Super Fun Night ' Gets 4 More Episodes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Schneider ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` How The Goldbergs and Other New Shows Kept Their Theme Songs '' . tvguide.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs Mixtape by Various Artists '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` The Goldbergs : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` Snarky ' Mom ' seems hip , but ' Goldbergs ' funnier '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` ' The Goldbergs ' : Back to the ' 80s and totally gagging on ABC '' . The Washington Post . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Trophy Wife ' : TV reviews '' . The New York Daily News . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs Review : We Totally Want to Be a Part of ABC 's Retro Family '' . E ! News . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs Pictures - Photo Gallery : The Best TV Shows of 2013 '' . Tvguide.com. 2012 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Goodman 's Best Comedies of 2013 '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2013 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Maggie Furlong ( 2013 - 12 - 21 ) . `` 11 breakout hits of the fall TV season - Entertainment '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Last Week in TV - Week of May 18 - Season Awards and Reviews - Mega Version '' . SpoilerTV . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs : Season 2 '' . rottentomatoes.com. 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Goldbergs ' season 2 premiere react : Same love , new mixtape '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ http://renewcanceltv.com/the-goldbergs-season-4-abc-eyes-long-future/ ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' , & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law and Order : SVU ' , & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law & Order : SVU ' , ' Survivor , ' The Middle ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Goldbergs , ' & ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' & ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd . `` Watch ABC Shows Free Online Fall Comedies '' . Variety . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DIE GOLDBERGS - Trailer - NEU im DISNEY CHANNEL '' . February 1 , 2016 . 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6448554282399987833	Implantation (human embryo)	Implantation ( human embryo ) - wikipedia Implantation ( human embryo ) Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( September 2008 ) Fertilization in humans . The sperm and ovum unite through fertilization , creating a conceptus that ( over the course of 8 - 9 days ) will implant in the uterine wall , where it will reside over the course of 9 months . In humans , implantation is the stage of pregnancy at which the already fertilized egg adheres to the wall of the uterus . At this stage of prenatal development , the conceptus is called a blastocyst . It is by this adhesion that the fetus receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother to be able to grow . In humans , implantation of a fertilized ovum is most likely to occur around 9 days after ovulation , however this can range between 6 and 12 days . Contents ( hide ) 1 Implantation window 2 Adaptation of uterus 2.1 Predecidualization 2.2 Decidualization 2.2. 1 Trigger 2.2. 2 Parts of decidua 2.3 Decidua throughout pregnancy 2.4 Pinopodes 2.4. 1 Function in implantation 2.4. 2 Function during implantation 3 Adaptation of secretions 3.1 Nourishment 3.2 Growth and implantation 4 Mechanism 4.1 Zona hatching 4.1. 1 Factors 4.2 Apposition 4.2. 1 Location 4.2. 2 Molecular Mechanism 4.3 Adhesion 4.3. 1 Communication 4.3. 1.1 Proteoglycan Receptors 4.4 Invasion 4.4. 1 Syncytiotrophoblasts 4.4. 2 Secretions 4.4. 2.1 Autocrine 4.4. 2.2 Dislodging 4.4. 2.3 Immunosuppressive 4.4. 2.4 Decidualization 4.4. 2.5 Prevention of menstruation 4.4. 2.6 Other factors 5 Failure 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Implantation window ( edit ) The reception - ready phase of the endometrium of the uterus is usually termed the `` implantation window '' and lasts about 4 days . The implantation window occurs around 6 days after the peak in luteinizing hormone levels . With some disparity between sources , it has been stated to occur from 7 days after ovulation until 9 days after ovulation , or days 6 - 10 postovulation . On average , it occurs during the 20th to the 23rd day after the last menstrual period . The implantation window is characterized by changes to the endometrium cells , which aid in the absorption of the uterine fluid . These changes are collectively known as the plasma membrane transformation and bring the blastocyst nearer to the endometrium and immobilize it . During this stage the blastocyst can still be eliminated by being flushed out of the uterus . Scientists have hypothesized that the hormones cause a swelling that fills the flattened out uterine cavity just prior to this stage , which may also help press the blastocyst against the endometrium . The implantation window may also be initiated by other preparations in the endometrium of the uterus , both structurally and in the composition of its secretions . Adaptation of uterus ( edit ) To enable implantation , the uterus goes through changes in order to be able to receive the conceptus . Predecidualization ( edit ) The endometrium increases thickness , becomes vascularized and its glands grow to be tortuous and boosted in their secretions . These changes reach their maximum about 7 days after ovulation . Furthermore , the surface of the endometrium produces a kind of rounded cells , which cover the whole area toward the uterine cavity . This happens about 9 to 10 days after ovulation . These cells are called decidual cells , which emphasises that the whole layer of them is shed off in every menstruation if no pregnancy occurs , just as leaves of deciduous trees . The uterine glands , on the other hand , decrease in activity and degenerate already 8 to 9 days after ovulation in absence of pregnancy . The decidual cells originate from the stromal cells that are always present in the endometrium . However , the decidual cells make up a new layer , the decidua . The rest of the endometrium , in addition , expresses differences between the luminal and the basal sides . The luminal cells form the zona compacta of the endometrium , in contrast to the basalolateral zona spongiosa , which consists of the rather spongy stromal cells . Decidualization ( edit ) Decidualization succeeds predecidualization if pregnancy occurs . This is an expansion of it , further developing the uterine glands , the zona compacta and the epithelium of decidual cells lining it . The decidual cells become filled with lipids and glycogen and take the polyhedral shape characteristic for decidual cells . Trigger ( edit ) It is likely that the blastocyst itself makes the main contribution to this additional growing and sustaining of the decidua . An indication of this is that decidualization occurs at a higher degree in conception cycles than in nonconception cycles . Furthermore , similar changes are observed when giving stimuli mimicking the natural invasion of the embryo . Parts of decidua ( edit ) The decidua can be organized into separate sections , although they have the same composition . Decidua basalis - This is the part of the decidua which is located basalolateral to the embryo after implantation . Decidua capsularis - Decidua capsularis grows over the embryo on the luminal side , enclosing it into the endometrium . It surrounds the embryo together with decidua basalis . Decidua parietalis - All other decidua on the uterine surface belongs to decidua parietalis . Decidua throughout pregnancy ( edit ) After implantation the decidua remains , at least through the first trimester . However , its most prominent time is during the early stages of pregnancy , during implantation . Its function as a surrounding tissue is replaced by the definitive placenta . However , some elements of the decidualization remain throughout pregnancy . The compacta and spongiosa layers are still observable beneath the decidua in pregnancy . The glands of the spongiosa layer continue to secrete during the first trimester , when they degenerate . However , before that disappearance , some glands secrete unequally much . This phenomenon of hypersecretion is called the Arias - Stella phenomenon , after the pathologist Javier Arias - Stella . Pinopodes ( edit ) Main article : Pinopod Pinopodes are small , finger - like protrusions from the endometrium . They appear between day 19 and day 21 of gestational age . This corresponds to a fertilization age of approximately 5 to 7 days , which corresponds well with the time of implantation . They only persist for 2 to 3 days . The development of them is enhanced by progesterone but inhibited by estrogens . Function in implantation ( edit ) Pinopodes endocytose uterine fluid and macromolecules in it . By doing so , the volume of the uterus decreases , taking the walls closer to the embryoblast floating in it . Thus , the period of active pinocytes might also limit the implantation window . Function during implantation ( edit ) Pinopodes continue to absorb fluid , and removes most of it during the early stages of implantation . Adaptation of secretions ( edit ) proteins , glycoproteins and peptides secreted by the endometrial glands Matrix - associated : Fibronectin Laminin Entactin Type - IV collagen heparan sulfate Proteoglycan Integrins - Others : Mucins Prolactin IGFBP - 1 Placental protein 14 ( PP14 ) or glycodelin Pregnancy - associated endometrial alpha - 2 - globulin ( alpha - 2 - PEG ) endometrial protein 15 Albumin Beta - Lipoprotein Relaxin Fibroblast growth factor 1 Fibroblast growth factor 2 Pregnancy - associated plasma protein A ( PAPP - A ) Stress response protein 27 ( SRP - 27 ) CA - 125 Beta - endorphin Leu - enkephalin Di amine oxidase Tissue plasminogen activator Renin Progesterone - dependent carbonic anhydrase Lactoferrin Not only the lining of the uterus transforms , but in addition , the secretion from its epithelial glands changes . This change is induced by increased levels of progesterone from the corpus luteum . The target of the secretions is the embryoblast , and has several functions on it . Nourishment ( edit ) The embryoblast spends approximately 72 hours in the uterine cavity before implanting . In that time , it can not receive nourishment directly from the blood of the mother , and must rely on secreted nutrients into the uterine cavity , e.g. iron and fat - soluble vitamins . Growth and implantation ( edit ) In addition to nourishment , the endometrium secretes several steroid - dependent proteins , important for growth and implantation . Cholesterol and steroids are also secreted . Implantation is further facilitated by synthesis of matrix substances , adhesion molecules and surface receptors for the matrix substances . When the sperm nucleus and the egg nucleus have fused together , they form a zygote Mechanism ( edit ) Implantation is initiated when the blastocyst comes into contact with the uterine wall . Zona hatching ( edit ) Main article : Zona hatching To be able to perform implantation , the blastocyst first needs to get rid of its zona pellucida . This process can be called `` hatching '' . Factors ( edit ) Lytic factors in the uterine cavity , as well as factors from the blastocyst itself are essential for this process . Mechanisms in the latter are indicated by that the zona pellucida remains intact if an unfertilized egg is placed in the uterus under the same conditions . A substance probably involved is plasmin . Plasminogen , the plasmin precursor , is found in the uterine cavity , and blastocyst factors contribute to its conversion to active plasmin . This hypothesis is supported by lytic effects in vitro by plasmin . Furthermore , plasmin inhibitors also inhibit the entire zona hatching in rat experiments . Apposition ( edit ) The very first , albeit loose , connection between the blastocyst and the endometrium is called the apposition . Location ( edit ) On the endometrium , the apposition is usually made where there is a small crypt in it , perhaps because it increases the area of contact with the rather spherical blastocyst . On the blastocyst , on the other hand , it occurs at a location where there has been enough lysis of the zona pellucida to have created a rupture to enable direct contact between the underlying trophoblast and the decidua of the endometrium . However , ultimately , the inner cell mass , inside the trophoblast layer , is aligned closest to the decidua . Nevertheless , the apposition on the blastocyst is not dependent on if it is on the same side of the blastocyst as the inner cell mass . Rather , the inner cell mass rotates inside the trophoblast to align to the apposition . In short , the entire surface of the blastocyst has a potential to form the apposition to the decidua . Molecular mechanism ( edit ) The identity of the molecules on the trophoblast and the endometrial epithelia that mediate the initial interaction between the two remain unidentified . However , a number of research groups have proposed that MUC1 , a member of the Mucin family of glycosylated proteins , is involved . MUC1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed at the apical surface of endometrial epithelial cells during the window of implantation in humans and has been shown to be differentially expressed between fertile and infertile subjects during this time . MUC1 displays carbohydrate moieties on its extracellular domain that are ligands of L - selectin , a protein expressed on the surface of trophoblast cells . An in vitro model of implantation developed by Genbacev et al. , gave evidence to support the hypothesis that L - selectin mediates apposition of the blastocyst to the uterine epithelium by interacting with its ligands . Adhesion ( edit ) Adhesion is a much stronger attachment to the endometrium than the loose apposition . The trophoblasts adhere by penetrating the endometrium , with protrusions of trophoblast cells . Communication ( edit ) There is massive communication between the blastocyst and the endometrium at this stage . The blastocyst signals to the endometrium to adapt further to its presence , e.g. by changes in the cytoskeleton of decidual cells . This , in turn , dislodges the decidual cells from their connection to the underlying basal lamina , which enables the blastocyst to perform the succeeding invasion . This communication is conveyed by receptor - ligand - interactions , both integrin - matrix and proteoglycan ones . Proteoglycan receptors ( edit ) Another ligand - receptor system involved in adhesion is proteoglycan receptors , found on the surface of the decidua of the uterus . Their counterparts , the proteoglycans , are found around the trophoblast cells of the blastocyst . This ligand - receptor system also is present just at the implantation window . Invasion ( edit ) Invasion is an even further establishment of the blastocyst in the endometrium . Syncytiotrophoblasts ( edit ) The protrusions of trophoblast cells that adhere into the endometrium continue to proliferate and penetrate into the endometrium . As these trophoblast cells penetrate , they differentiate to become a new type of cells , syncytiotrophoblast . The prefix syn - refers to the transformation that occurs as the boundaries between these cells disappear to form a single mass of many cell nuclei ( a syncytium ) . The rest of the trophoblasts , surrounding the inner cell mass , are hereafter called cytotrophoblasts . Invasion continues with the syncytiotrophoblasts reaching the basal membrane beneath the decidual cells , penetrating it and further invading into the uterine stroma . Finally , the whole embryo is embedded in the endometrium . Eventually , the syncytiotrophoblasts come into contact with maternal blood and form chorionic villi . This is the initiation of forming the placenta . Secretions ( edit ) The blastocyst secretes factors for a multitude of purposes during invasion . It secretes several autocrine factors , targeting itself and stimulating it to further invade the endometrium . Furthermore , secretions loosen decidual cells from each other , prevent the embryo from being rejected by the mother , trigger the final decidualization and prevent menstruation . Autocrine ( edit ) Human chorionic gonadotropin is an autocrine growth factor for the blastocyst . Insulin - like growth factor 2 , on the other hand , stimulates the invasiveness of it . Dislodging ( edit ) The syncytiotrophoblasts dislodges decidual cells in their way , both by degradation of cell adhesion molecules linking the decidual cells together as well as degradation of the extracellular matrix between them . Cell adhesion molecules are degraded by syncytiotrophoblast secretion of Tumor necrosis factor - alpha . This inhibits the expression of cadherins and beta - catenin . Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules , and beta - catenin helps to anchor them to the cell membrane . Inhibited expression of these molecules thus loosens the connection between decidual cells , permitting the syncytotrophoblasts and the whole embryo with them to invade into the endometrium . The extracellular matrix is degraded by serine endopeptidases and metalloproteinases . Examples of such metalloproteinases are collagenases , gelatinases and stromelysins . These collagenases digest Type - I collagen , Type - II collagen , Type - III collagen , Type - VII collagen and Type - X collagen . The gelatinases exist in two forms ; one digesting Type - IV collagen and one digesting gelatin . Immunosuppressive ( edit ) The embryo differs from the cells of the mother , and would be rejected as a parasite by the immune system of the mother if it did n't secrete immunosuppressive agents . Such agents are Platelet - activating factor , human chorionic gonadotropin , early pregnancy factor , immunosuppressive factor , Prostaglandin E 2 , Interleukin 1 - alpha , Interleukin 6 , interferon - alpha , leukemia inhibitory factor and Colony - Stimulating Factor . Decidualization ( edit ) Factors from the blastocyst also trigger the final formation of decidual cells into their proper form . In contrast , some decidual cells in the proximity of the blastocyst degenerate , providing nutrients for it . Prevention of menstruation ( edit ) Human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) not only acts as an immunosuppressive , but also `` notifies '' the mother 's body that she is pregnant , preventing menstruation by sustaining the function of the corpus luteum . Other factors ( edit ) Other factors secreted by the blastocyst are ; Embryo - derived histamine - releasing factor Tissue plasminogen activator as well as its inhibitors Estradiol β1 - integrins Fibroblast growth factor CYTL1 Transforming growth factor alpha inhibin Failure ( edit ) Implantation failure is considered to be caused by inadequate uterine receptivity in two - thirds of cases , and by problems with the embryo itself in the other third . Inadequate uterine receptivity may be caused by abnormal cytokine and hormonal signaling as well as epigenetic alterations . Recurrent implantation failure is a cause of female infertility . Therefore , pregnancy rates can be improved by optimizing endometrial receptivity for implantation . Evaluation of implantation markers may help to predict pregnancy outcome and detect occult implantation deficiency . Luteal support is the administration of medication , generally progestins , for the purpose of increasing the success rate of implantation and early embryogenesis , thereby complementing the function of the corpus luteum . In women with more than 3 implantation failures in assisted reproduction , a review of several small randomized controlled studies estimated that the use of adjunct low molecular weight heparin ( LMWH ) improves live birth rate by approximately 80 % . See also ( edit ) Embryonic diapause Blastocyst References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilcox AJ , Baird DD , Weinberg CR ( 1999 ) . `` Time of implantation of the Conceptus and loss of pregnancy '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 340 ( 23 ) : 1796 -- 1799 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199906103402304 . PMID 10362823 . Jump up ^ Xiao , Y. ; Sun , X. ; Yang , X. ; Zhang , J. ; Xue , Q. ; Cai , B. ; Zhou , Y. ( 2010 ) . `` Leukemia inhibitory factor is dysregulated in the endometrium and uterine flushing fluid of patients with adenomyosis during implantation window '' . Fertility and Sterility. 94 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 89 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2009.03. 012 . PMID 19361790 . Jump up ^ Aboubakr M. Elnashar , Gamal I. Aboul - Enein . Endometrial receptivity . Middle East Fertility Society Journal , Vol. 9 , No. 1 , 2004 , pp. 10 - 24 Jump up ^ 6.2 Implantation stages from embryology.ch at by the universities of Fribourg , Lausanne and Bern ( Switzerland ) . Retrieved May , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Implantation stages '' . Human Embryology . Online course in embryology for medicine students developed by the universities of Fribourg , Lausanne and Bern ( Switzerland ) with the support of the Swiss Virtual Campus . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boron , Walter ; Emile Boulpaep ( 2004 ) . Medical Physiology : A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch . Oxford : Elsevier . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 3 . OCLC 61527528 . ^ Jump up to : Margarit , L. ; Taylor , A. ; Roberts , M.H. ; Hopkins , L. ; Davies , C. ; Brenton , A.G. ; Conlan , R.S. ; Bunkheila , A. ; Joels , L. ; White , J.O. ; Gonzalez , D. ( 2010 ) . `` MUC1 as a Discriminator between Endometrium from Fertile and Infertile Patients with PCOS and Endometriosis '' . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 95 ( 12 ) : 5320 -- 5329 . doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2010 - 0603 . ISSN 0021 - 972X . Jump up ^ Carson , D.D. ; et al. , ( 2006 ) . `` MUC1 is a scaffold for selectin ligands in the human uterus '' . Front . Biosci. 11 ( 1 ) : 2903 . doi : 10.2741 / 2018 . Jump up ^ Genbacev , O.D. ; et al. , ( 2003 ) . `` Trophoblast L - selectin - mediated adhesion at the maternal - fetal interface '' . Science . 299 : 405 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1079546 . PMID 12532021 . Jump up ^ Ai Z. , Jing W. , Fang L. ( 2015 ) . `` Cytokine - Like Protein 1 ( Cytl1 ) A Potential Molecular Mediator in Embryo Implantation '' . PLOS ONE . 11 ( 1 ) : e0147424 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0147424 . PMC 4723121 . PMID 26800213 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Melford , S.E. ; Taylor , A.H. ; Konje , J.C. ( 2013 ) . `` Of mice and ( wo ) men : factors influencing successful implantation including endocannabinoids '' . Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 428 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt060 . ISSN 1355 - 4786 . PMID 24306146 . ^ Jump up to : Cakmak , H. ; Taylor , H.S. ( 2010 ) . `` Implantation failure : Molecular mechanisms and clinical treatment '' . Human Reproduction Update. 17 ( 2 ) : 242 -- 253 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmq037 . PMC 3039220 . PMID 20729534 . Jump up ^ Potdar , N. ; Gelbaya , T.A. ; Konje , J.C. ; Nardo , L.G. ( 2013 ) . `` Adjunct low - molecular - weight heparin to improve live birth rate after recurrent implantation failure : A systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Human Reproduction Update. 19 ( 6 ) : 674 -- 684 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt032 . PMID 23912476 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Implantation of the blastocyst ... '' Human embryogenesis in the first three weeks Week 1 Fertilization Oocyte activation Zygote Cleavage Blastomere Morula Blastocoele Blastocyst Blastula Inner cell mass Trophoblast Week 2 ( Bilaminar ) Hypoblast Epiblast Week 3 ( Trilaminar ) Germ layers Archenteron / Primitive streak Primitive pit Primitive knot / Blastopore Primitive groove Gastrula Gastrulation Regional specification Embryonic disc Ectoderm Surface ectoderm Neuroectoderm Somatopleuric mesenchyme Neurulation Neural crest Endoderm Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Mesoderm Axial mesoderm Paraxial Somite Somitomere Intermediate Lateral plate Intraembryonic coelom Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Somatopleuric mesenchyme Pregnancy and childbirth Planning Birth control Natural family planning Pre-conception counseling Conception Assisted reproductive technology Artificial insemination Fertility medication In vitro fertilisation Fertility awareness Unintended pregnancy Testing 3D ultrasound Obstetric ultrasonography Pregnancy test Home testing Prenatal diagnosis Prenatal Anatomy Amniotic fluid Amniotic sac Endometrium Placenta Development Fundal height Gestational age Human embryogenesis Maternal physiological changes Postpartum physiological changes Care Nutrition Environmental toxicants In pregnancy Prenatal Concomitant conditions Drinking Diabetes mellitus Smoking Vaping SLE Sexual activity during pregnancy Procedures Amniocentesis Cardiotocography Chorionic villus sampling Nonstress test Abortion Childbirth Preparation Bradley method Hypnobirthing Lamaze Nesting instinct Roles Doula Birth attendant Men 's roles Midwife Obstetrician Perinatal nurse Traditional birth attendant Delivery Bloody show Childbirth positions Home birth Multiple birth Natural childbirth Pelvimetry / Bishop score Cervical dilation Cervical effacement Position Presentation Breech Cephalic Shoulder Rupture of membranes Unassisted childbirth Uterine contraction Water birth Postpartum Maternal Postpartum confinement Sex after pregnancy Psychiatric disorders of childbirth Postpartum physiological changes Roles Doula Health visitor Lactation consultant Monthly nurse Confinement nanny Infant Adaptation to extrauterine life Child care Congenital disorders Obstetric history Gravidity Parity TPAL Human physiology of sexual reproduction Menstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm ) Oogenesis ( oogonium oocyte ootid ovum ) Germ cell ( gonocyte gamete ) Human sexual behavior Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilisation / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Life span Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization Virilization ) Puberty ( Gonadarche Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche ) Maternal age / Paternal age Climacteric ( Menopause Late - onset hypogonadism ) Tanner scale Egg Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Andrology Hormone Breast Thelarche Breast development Lactation Breastfeeding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Implantation_(human_embryo)&oldid=830271625 '' Categories : Embryology Obstetrics Human reproduction Fertility Midwifery Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from September 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Latina Lietuvių 日本語 Polski Português کوردی Svenska Türkçe 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 20 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does an embryo usually attach to its mother	[ "In humans, implantation is the stage of pregnancy at which the already fertilized egg adheres to the wall of the uterus. At this stage of prenatal development, the conceptus is called a blastocyst. It is by this adhesion that the fetus receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother to be able to grow." ]	[ "the wall of the uterus" ]
-775414324310603305	Yogi Bear	Yogi Bear - wikipedia Yogi Bear Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the character . For the original TV show , see The Yogi Bear Show . For the 2010 film , see Yogi Bear ( film ) . For other uses , see Yogi Bear ( disambiguation ) . Yogi Bear The Yogi Bear Show Daws Butler character First appearance Yogi Bear 's Big Break ( 1958 ) Created by William Hanna Joseph Barbera Ed Benedict Voiced by Daws Butler ( 1958 -- 1988 ) . Chuck McCann ( Wake Up , America ! LP ( 1965 ) ) Greg Burson ( 1988 -- 2003 ) Jeff Bergman ( 1990s commercials , Lullabye - Bye Bear , When Bears Attack ) Billy West ( 1990s commercials ) Stephen Worth ( Boo Boo Runs Wild , Boo Boo and the Man ) Maurice LaMarche ( Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law ) Dan Milano ( Robot Chicken ) Dave Fouquette ( The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy ) Scott Innes ( At Picnic - Honey Lesson ) Dan Aykroyd ( film , Yogi Bear : The Video Game ) Information Species Brown bear Gender Male Relatives Boo - Boo Bear ( son / best friend ) Ranger Smith ( rival / friend ) Frog - Mouthed Turtle ( friend ) Ranger Jones ( friend ) Cindy Bear ( girlfriend ) Rachel Johnson ( friend ) Paw Rugg ( father ) Maw Rugg ( mother ) Floral Rugg ( younger sister ) Shag Rugg ( baby brother ) Snagglepuss ( friend ) Yogi Bear is a cartoon character who has appeared in numerous comic books , animated television shows and films . He made his debut in 1958 as a supporting character in The Huckleberry Hound Show . Yogi Bear was the first breakout character created by Hanna - Barbera and was eventually more popular than Huckleberry Hound . In January 1961 , he was given his own show , The Yogi Bear Show , sponsored by Kellogg 's , which included the segments Snagglepuss and Yakky Doodle . Hokey Wolf replaced his segment on The Huckleberry Hound Show . A musical animated feature film , Hey There , It 's Yogi Bear ! , was produced in 1964 . Yogi was one of several Hanna - Barbera characters to have a collar . This allowed animators to keep his body static , redrawing only his head in each frame when he spoke -- a method that reduced the number of drawings needed for a seven - minute cartoon from around 14,000 to around 2,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personality 2 Catchphrases 3 Analysis 4 Voice actors 5 Media 5.1 Television series 5.2 Films and specials 5.3 Video games 5.4 Albums 5.5 Live action / animated feature film 5.6 Songs 5.7 Spümcø Ranger Smith and Boo Boo shorts 5.8 Broadcasts 6 Comics 7 DVD release 8 Licensing 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Personality ( edit ) Yogi sign advising young National Park visitors not to feed the bears ( 1961 ) Like many Hanna - Barbera characters , Yogi 's personality and mannerisms were based on a popular celebrity of the time . Art Carney 's Ed Norton character on The Honeymooners was said to be Yogi 's inspiration ; his voice mannerisms broadly mimic Carney as Norton . Norton , in turn , received influence from the Borscht Belt and comedians of vaudeville . Yogi 's name was similar to that of contemporary baseball star Yogi Berra , who was known for his amusing quotes , such as `` half the lies they tell about me are n't true . '' Berra sued Hanna - Barbera for defamation , but their management claimed that the similarity of the names was just a coincidence . Berra withdrew his suit , but the defense was considered implausible . At the time Yogi Bear first hit TV screens , Yogi Berra was a household name . The plot of most of Yogi 's cartoons centered on his antics in the fictional Jellystone Park , a variant of the real Yellowstone National Park . Yogi , accompanied by his constant companion Boo - Boo Bear , would often try to steal picnic baskets from campers in the park , much to the displeasure of Park Ranger Smith . Yogi 's girlfriend , Cindy Bear , sometimes appeared and usually disapproved of Yogi 's antics . Catchphrases ( edit ) Besides often speaking in rhyme , Yogi Bear had a number of catchphrases , including his pet name for picnic baskets ( `` pic - a-nic baskets '' ) and his favorite self - promotion ( `` I 'm smarter than the av - er - age bear ! '' ) , although he often overestimates his own cleverness . Another characteristic of Yogi was his deep and silly voice . He often greets the ranger with a cordial , `` Hello , Mr. Ranger , sir ! '' and `` Hey there , Boo Boo ! '' as his preferred greeting to his sidekick , Boo Boo . Yogi would also often use puns in his speech , and had a habit of pronouncing large words with a long vocal flourish . Analysis ( edit ) Animation historian Christopher P. Lehman considers the original concept of the Yogi Bear series to contain political symbolism relative to its era of production . During the late 1950s and early 1960s , racial segregation in the United States was still legally enforced , people were confined to living in their designated social `` place '' , and attempts to venture outside it came with serious consequences . Yogi also has a designated social place , restricted to spending his life in Jellystone Park , under an overseer in the form of a white park ranger . Yogi is living in social confinement , but tries to take advantage of his situation . People come to the Park to have picnics and bring with them picnic baskets . Yogi resorts to theft , stealing the picnic baskets , and enjoying their contents . Yogi 's habitual criminality and preoccupation with his own nourishment and survival are not portrayed as negative traits . He is depicted as a sympathetic protagonist . Yogi never actually challenges the social hierarchy of the Park , does not seriously challenge the authority of the ranger over him , and does not seek more autonomy in his life . Lehman contrasts Yogi 's acceptance of the way things are with the activists of the series ' contemporary Civil Rights Movement who did challenge the way things were . They wanted to move beyond their designated place and integrate into wider society . The press and politicians of the time were portraying these activists as radicals and opposed their efforts . Voice actors ( edit ) Daws Butler originated the character 's voice From the time of the character 's debut until 1988 , Yogi was voiced by voice actor Daws Butler . Butler died in 1988 ; his last performance as Yogi was in the television film Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears . After Butler 's death , Greg Burson stepped in to perform the role ( Butler had taught Burson personally how to voice Yogi as well as his other characters ) . Greg Burson died in 2008 . Jeff Bergman and Billy West also performed the character throughout the 1990s and early 2000s for various Cartoon Network commercials and bumpers . In the Yogi Bear film , the character is voiced by actor Dan Aykroyd . In the animated stop motion sketch comedy show Robot Chicken created by Seth Green , Dan Milano voiced Yogi Bear . Scott Innes performed the voice of Yogi , along with Boo Boo , in At Picnic , Forest , and Honey Lesson . Media ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Television series ( edit ) The Yogi Bear Show ( 1961 ) Yogi Bear & Friends , a syndicated animated series that aired between 1967 and 1968 Yogi 's Gang ( 1973 ) The New Scooby - Doo Movies , guest cameo on the giant balloon in The Caped Crusader Caper Laff - A-Lympics , where he captained the Yogi Yahooeys team from 1977 to 1979 on ABC Yogi 's Space Race ( 1978 -- 1979 ) , this show had Yogi Bear paired up with Scare Bear opposite of Huckleberry Hound being paired up with Quack - Up the Duck . Galaxy Goof - Ups ( 1978 -- 1979 ) , this show had Yogi Bear , Huckleberry Hound , Scare Bear , and Quack - Up working as bumbling intergalactic police officers . Yogi 's Treasure Hunt ( 1985 -- 1986 ) The New Yogi Bear Show ( 1988 ) , a 30 - minute weekday animated series which aired in first - run syndication Wake , Rattle , and Roll ( 1990 -- 1991 ) , he and Boo - Boo appear in the Fender Bender 500 segment . Yo Yogi ! ( 1991 ) A Pup Named Scooby - Doo , guest cameo in The Story Stick The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy ( 2003 -- 2008 ) , Yogi and Boo - Boo have a guest appearance in Season 3 , Episode 7 . Films and specials ( edit ) Hey There , It 's Yogi Bear ! , a 1964 animated feature released by Warner Bros. Pictures and Columbia Pictures Yogi 's Ark Lark , a 1972 made - for - TV movie for The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie Hanna - Barbera 's All - Star Comedy Ice Revue , a 1978 TV special honoring Fred Flintstone on his 48th birthday Casper 's First Christmas , a 1979 TV special featuring the characters from Casper and the Angels meeting Yogi and his gang Yogi 's First Christmas , a 1980 made - for - TV movie for syndication Yogi Bear 's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper , a 1982 TV special starring Yogi and friends Yogi 's Great Escape , a 1987 made - for - TV movie for syndication Yogi Bear and the Magical Flight of the Spruce Goose , a 1987 made - for - TV movie for syndication Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears , a 1988 made - for - TV movie for syndication The Good , the Bad , and Huckleberry Hound , a 1988 made - for - TV movie for syndication Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration , a 1989 a musical TV film Yogi the Easter Bear , a 1994 TV special for first - run syndication Arabian Nights , a 1994 TV special for TBS ( Aladdin segment ) Boo Boo Runs Wild and A Day in the Life of Ranger Smith , Back - to - back 1999 TV specials for Cartoon Network created by John Kricfalusi and his company Spumco . Boo Boo and the Man is a 2000 short cartoon . Yogi Bear , a live - action / animated film released in 3 - D on December 17 , 2010 , starring Dan Aykroyd as the voice of Yogi . Video games ( edit ) Yogi 's Frustration ( Intellivision ) ( 1983 ) Yogi Bear ( Commodore 64 ) ( 1987 ) Yogi Bear & Friends in The Greed Monster ( Commodore 64 ) ( 1989 ) Yogi Bear 's Math Adventures ( DOS ) ( 1990 ) Yogi 's Great Escape ( Amiga ) ( 1990 ) Yo Yogi Bear ( Tiger Handheld ) ( 1991 ) Yogi 's Big Clean Up ( Amiga ) ( 1992 ) Adventures of Yogi Bear ( Super NES ) ( 1994 ) Yogi Bear 's Gold Rush ( Game Boy ) ( 1994 ) Yogi Bear : Great Balloon Blast ( Game Boy Color ) ( 2000 ) Yogi Bear : The Video Game ( Wii , Nintendo DS ) ( 2010 ) Albums ( edit ) Hey There It 's Yogi Bear , a 1964 music from the original motion picture soundtrack Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad , Mad , Mad Dr. No - No , a 1966 comedy album Yogi Bear , a 2010 score soundtrack by John Debney Live action / animated feature film ( edit ) A live - action / computer - animated film titled Yogi Bear was released by Warner Bros. in December 2010 . The movie featured Dan Aykroyd as the voice of Yogi Bear . The film , adapting the television series , follows the adventures of Yogi Bear and his pal Boo - Boo in Jellystone Park , as they avoid Ranger Smith who is trying to stop Yogi from stealing picnic baskets . Songs ( edit ) `` Yogi '' by the Ivy Three ( 1960 ) , sung in a voice mimicking Yogi Bear . The song reached no . 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 Spümcø Ranger Smith and Boo Boo shorts ( edit ) In 1999 , animator John Kricfalusi 's Spümcø company created and directed two Yogi cartoons , A Day in the Life of Ranger Smith and Boo Boo Runs Wild . Both shorts aired that year on the Cartoon Network as part of a Yogi Bear marathon . `` Boo Boo Runs Wild '' features a fight between Yogi and Ranger Smith , which was edited heavily for broadcast for both violence and torture situations . In 2002 , Spümcø created another Boo Boo cartoon , Boo Boo and the Man , which was made with Macromedia Flash and released on Cartoon Network 's website . A music video ( known as a `` Cartoon Groovie '' ) for Yogi Bear used to air on Cartoon Network and Boomerang . It showcases clips of Yogi and Boo Boo stealing picnic baskets and annoying Ranger Smith . Broadcasts ( edit ) Yogi Bear aired on Cartoon Network from 1992 to 2004 and its sister channel , Boomerang until 2014 . Additionally , Nickelodeon re-aired The Yogi Bear Show , Yogi 's Gang , and Galaxy Goof - Ups under the umbrella title `` Nickelodeon 's Most Wanted : Yogi Bear '' throughout the early 1990s . In the UK it aired on Cartoon Network from 1993 to 2001 , CN TOO from 2006 to 2010 and Boomerang from 2000 to 2002 . In the Hanna - Barbera Personal Favorites video , William Hanna and Joseph Barbera picked their favorite Yogi Bear episodes , including the very first one , `` Yogi Bear 's Big Break '' , and Yogi meeting some storybook friends : The Three Little Pigs , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Little Red Riding Hood . Comics ( edit ) Over the years , several publishers have released Yogi Bear comic books . Dell Comics first published Yogi Bear comics starting in 1959 as part of their Four Color Comics line . The Four Color issue numbers were # 1067 Yogi Bear ( December 1 , 1959 ) , # 1104 Yogi Bear Goes to College ( June 1 , 1960 ) , # 1162 Yogi Bear Joins the Marines ( April 1 , 1961 ) , # 1271 Yogi Bear 's Birthday Party ( November 1 , 1961 ) , # 1310 Huck and Yogi Winter Sports ( 1962 ) ( also featuring Huckleberry Hound ) and # 1349 Yogi Bear Visits the U.N. ( January 1 , 1962 ) . In March 1961 , Dell also published a 116 - page one - shot entitled Huck and Yogi Jamboree ( also featuring Huckleberry Hound ) . Starting in September 1961 , Dell began publishing a regular comic under the title Yogi Bear which ran for 6 issues , the last Dell issue being July 1962 . Gold Key Comics took over publishing the Yogi Bear title in October 1962 , continuing the issue numbering from the last Dell issue . Gold Key published 33 issues from 1962 -- 70 . Charlton Comics next did a title for 35 issues from 1970 -- 77 . Marvel Comics did a title for 9 issues in 1977 . Harvey Comics then did several titles for a total of 10 issues in 1992 -- 94 . Archie Comics regularly featured Yogi Bear stories in the anthology comics Hanna - Barbera All - Stars and Hanna - Barbera Presents . After the cancellation of both titles , Archie Comics put out one issue of a Yogi Bear comic in 1997 . DC Comics semi-regularly featured Yogi in Cartoon Network Presents . The Yogi Bear comic strip began February 5 , 1961 . Created by Gene Hazelton and distributed by the McNaught Syndicate , it ran from 1961 to 1988 . Hanna - Barbera has also produced giveaway instructional Yogi Bear comics on first aid ( Creative First Aid : Yogi 's Bear Facts ( 1986 ) ) and earthquake preparedness ( Yogi , the Be-Prepared Bear : Earthquake Preparedness for Children ( 1984 ) and Yogi 's Bear Facts : Earthquake Preparedness ( 1988 ) ) . These were issued in connection with Yogi Bear being used as the mascot for Earthquake Preparedness Month in California , an annual campaign that ran each April for over 10 years and also utilized Yogi in earthquake preparedness posters , advertisements , a cartoon , and other promotions including a special `` Quakey Shakey Van '' exhibit . DVD release ( edit ) On November 15 , 2005 , Warner Home Video released the complete series on DVD R1 . DVD name Ep # Release date Additional information The Yogi Bear Show -- The Complete Series 33 November 15 , 2005 Collectible animation cel Original episode with bridges and bumpers Never - before - seen animation sketches come to life Yogi gets global : One episode in a variety of languages Featurette on the art of Hanna - Barbera sound Licensing ( edit ) Yogi Bear lends his name to a chain of recreational vehicle and camping parks ( `` Yogi Bear 's Jellystone Park Camp Resorts '' ) , with the first opening in 1969 in Sturgeon Bay , Wisconsin . As of 2011 , over 70 locations have hosted the parks . There is also one restaurant remaining from the chain bearing Yogi 's name , `` Yogi Bear 's Honey Fried Chicken , '' in Hartsville , South Carolina . See also ( edit ) Animation portal United States portal Boo - Boo Bear List of Hanna - Barbera characters List of Yogi Bear characters List of works produced by Hanna - Barbera Theatrically released films based on Hanna - Barbera animations Yogi 's Gang The New Yogi Bear Show Yo Yogi ! Yogi 's Treasure Hunt References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mallory , Michael . Hanna - Barbera Cartoons . New York : Hugh Lauter Levin Associates , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 88363 - 108 - 3 . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Sennett , Ted . The Art of Hanna - Barbera : Fifty Years of Creativity . New York : Viking Penguin , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 82978 - 1 . pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Sennett , p. 52 . Jump up ^ `` Hanna Barbera 's golden age of animation '' , BBC , December 19 , 2006 Jump up ^ Sennett , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Breznican . `` Yogi Bear gets a digital makeover . '' USA Today , August 24 , 2010 . `` Yogi , as voiced by Daws Butler in the early 1960s , was a takeoff on Art Carney 's Ed Norton from The Honeymooners -- itself a character heavily influenced by the Borscht Belt and vaudeville comics . '' Jump up ^ Sennett , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Laura Lee ( 2000 ) , The Name 's Familiar II , Pelican Publishing , p. 93 , ISBN 9781455609178 Jump up ^ Bradle , Laura . `` The Relationship Between Yogi Berra and Yogi Bear , Explained '' , Slate ( September 23 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Mallory , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Lehman , Christopher P. ( 2007 ) , `` The Cartoons of 1961 - 1962 '' , American Animated Cartoons of the Vietnam Era : A Study of Social Commentary in Films and Television Programs , 1961 - 1973 , McFarland & Company , p. 26 , ISBN 978 - 0786451425 Jump up ^ `` Dan Milano - Voice Actor Profile at Voice Chasers '' . Voicechasers.com . September 10 , 1972 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A website about unreleased video games '' . Lost Levels . September 22 , 2008 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Maggie , `` Four Color Comics ( 2nd Series ) '' ( complete list of issues ) , atomicavenue.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Huck and Yogi Jamboree '' , vintagecollectibles.net . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Maggie , et al. 2010 Comic Book Checklist & Price Guide , 1961 - Present . Krause Publications , 2009 , p. 835 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 0386 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Timeline : February 5 . Animation sensation Yogi Bear is the star of a new comic strip overseen by Gene Hazelton . '' American Comic Book Chronicles : 1960 - 64 by John Wells , TwoMorrows Publishing , 2012 , page 42 . Jump up ^ Barbera , Joseph ( 1994 ) . My Life in `` Toons '' : From Flatbush to Bedrock in Under a Century . Atlanta , GA : Turner Publishing . p. 207 . ISBN 1 - 57036 - 042 - 1 . Jump up ^ California Governor 's Office of Emergency Services ( Cal OES ) News Center , `` Yogi Knows About Preparedness . '' caloesnewsroom.wordpress.com , uploaded October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Find A Park Yogi Bear 's Jellystone Park Camp - Resorts '' . Campjellystone.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yelp : Yogi Bear Honey Fried Chicken '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . External links ( edit ) The Yogi Bear Show on IMDb The Yogi Bear Show at TV.com The Yogi Bear Show at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Yogi Bear Show Characters Yogi Bear Boo - Boo Bear Cindy Bear Ranger Smith Snagglepuss Yakky Doodle Television shows The Huckleberry Hound Show ( 1958 -- 1959 ) ( List of episodes ) The Yogi Bear Show ( 1960 ) ( List of episodes ) Yogi 's Gang ( 1970 -- 1975 ) Laff - A-Lympics ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Yogi 's Space Race ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Galaxy Goof - Ups ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Yogi 's Treasure Hunt ( 1985 -- 1987 ) The New Yogi Bear Show ( 1988 - 1989 ) Wake , Rattle , and Roll ( Fender Bender segment ; 1990 -- 1991 ) Yo Yogi ! ( 1991 ) Television specials and films Yogi 's Ark Lark ( 1972 ) Hanna - Barbera 's All - Star Comedy Ice Revue ( 1977 ) The Hanna - Barbera Happy Hour ( 1978 ) Casper 's First Christmas ( 1979 ) Yogi 's First Christmas ( 1980 ) Yogi Bear 's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper ( 1982 ) Yogi 's Great Escape ( 1987 ) Yogi Bear and the Magical Flight of the Spruce Goose ( 1987 ) Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears ( 1988 ) The Good , the Bad , and Huckleberry Hound ( 1988 ) Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration ( 1989 ) Yogi the Easter Bear ( 1994 ) Arabian Nights ( 1994 ) Theatrical films Hey There , It 's Yogi Bear ! ( 1964 ) Yogi Bear ( 2010 ) Amusement rides The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera ( 1990 ) See also : List of works produced by Hanna - Barbera Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad , Mad , Mad Dr. No - No The Huckleberry Hound Show Characters Huckleberry Hound Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks Hokey Wolf Yogi Bear Boo - Boo Bear Television shows and specials The Huckleberry Hound Show ( 1958 -- 1962 ) ( List of episodes ) Yogi 's Gang ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Laff - A-Lympics ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Hanna - Barbera 's All - Star Comedy Ice Revue ( 1978 ) The Hanna - Barbera Happy Hour ( 1978 ) Yogi 's Space Race ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Galaxy Goof - Ups ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Casper 's First Christmas ( 1979 ) Yogi Bear 's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper ( 1982 ) Yogi 's Treasure Hunt ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration ( 1989 ) Wake , Rattle , and Roll ( Fender Bender segment ; 1990 -- 1991 ) Yo Yogi ! ( 1991 - 1992 ) Television films Yogi 's Ark Lark ( 1972 ) Yogi 's First Christmas ( 1980 ) Yogi Bear and the Magical Flight of the Spruce Goose ( 1987 ) The Good , the Bad , and Huckleberry Hound ( 1988 ) See also : List of works produced by Hanna - Barbera Teddy bears Manufacturers Build - A-Bear Workshop Chad Valley J.K. Farnell Gund Ideal Toy Company Margarete Steiff GmbH Merrythought Teddy Atelier Stursberg Teddy - Hermann Ty Inc . Vermont Teddy Bear Company Types AG Bear Beanie Babies Boyds Bears Care Bears Coffee Bean Bears Forever Friends Freddy Teddy Gund Snuffles Holiday Beanie Babies Me to You Bears WereBears Museums Dorset Teddy Bear Museum Teddy bear museum Teddy Bear Museum of Naples Famous teddies Aloysius Archibald Ormsby - Gore Benjamin Bear Berlino Duffy the Disney Bear Corduroy Fozzie Bear Freddy Fazbear Grizzly Teddy Lotso Microsoft Bear Misha Nassur Nev Paddington Bear Pooky Pudsey Bear Rilakkuma Roosevelt Rupert Bear Rupert ( Family Guy ) Smokey Sooty SuperTed Teddy ( Mr. Bean ) Teddy Ruxpin Uszatek Mr Whoppit Winnie - the - Pooh Yogi Bear Film and television The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin Bear Behaving Badly Becky and Barnaby Bear Boonie Bears C Bear and Jamal Colargol Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Issi Noho Old Bear Stories Paddington The Secret World of Benjamin Bear SuperTed Ted Ted 2 Teddybears The Teddy Bear Master Teddy Edward The Upstairs Downstairs Bears The Yogi Bear Show Books Corduroy Little Bear Old Bear and Friends Teddy Dressing The Berenstain Bears Polar the Titanic Bear Uppo - Nalle Winkie Winnie - the - Pooh Music `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Psycho Teddy '' `` Teddy Bears ' Picnic '' `` The Teddy Bear Song '' Video games Build - A-Bear Workshop Hubert the Teddy Bear : Winter Games Opération Teddy Bear Teddy Together Related topics The Bear Club Peter Bull Gummy bears Round and Round the Garden SGUL Teddy Bear Hospital Richard Steiff Stuffed toys Sudanese blasphemy case Teddybear Airdrop Minsk 2012 Teddy bear parachuting Teddy Bear Review Teddy bear toss Teddy Grahams Hanna - Barbera Founders William Hanna Joseph Barbera Original productions The Atom Ant / Secret Squirrel Show Birdman Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels CB Bears The Flintstones The Funky Phantom Grape Ape Hong Kong Phooey Huckleberry Hound Jabberjaw The Jetsons Jonny Quest Loopy De Loop Magilla Gorilla The Hanna - Barbera New Cartoon Series Peter Potamus Quick Draw McGraw The Ruff and Reddy Show Scooby - Doo Smurfs Snorks Space Ghost Tom and Jerry Top Cat Yogi Bear Wacky Races Amusement attractions Hanna -- Barbera Land The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera Comics Hanna - Barbera Beyond Other media Films Video games See also Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yogi_Bear&oldid=821824520 '' Categories : Yogi Bear Charlton Comics titles Fictional anthropomorphic characters Fictional bears Fictional characters introduced in 1958 Gold Key Comics titles Hanna - Barbera characters Harvey Comics titles Marvel Comics titles Television programs adapted into comics Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into video games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Boarisch Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 21 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the original voice of yogi bear	[ "From the time of the character's debut until 1988, Yogi was voiced by voice actor Daws Butler. Butler died in 1988; his last performance as Yogi was in the television film Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears." ]	[ "Daws Butler" ]
3833321188799133838	90 Day Fiancé	90 Day Fiancé - wikipedia 90 Day Fiancé 90 Day Fiancé Genre Reality television Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 57 Production Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Sharp Entertainment Release Original network TLC Original release January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Followed by 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever After ? External links tlc.com 90 Day Fiancé is an American documentary series on TLC that follows couples who have applied for or received a K - 1 visa ( available uniquely to foreign fiancés of American citizens ) and therefore have 90 days to decide to marry before the visas of the foreign half of the couple expire and they must leave the United States . It debuted on January 12 , 2014 . Contents 1 K - 1 visa Process 2 Season 1 Cast 2.1 Russ & Pao 2.2 Alan & Kirlyam 2.3 Louis & Aya 2.4 Mike & Aziza 3 Season 2 cast 3.1 Chelsea & Yamir 3.2 Danielle & Mohamed 3.3 Justin & Evelin 3.4 Brett & Daya 3.5 Jason & Cássia 3.6 Danny & Amy 4 Season 3 Cast 4.1 Mark & Nikki 4.2 Loren & Alexei 4.3 Kyle & Noon 4.4 Melanie & Devar 4.5 Fernando & Carolina 4.6 Josh & Aleksandra 5 Season 4 Cast 5.1 Jorge & Anfisa 5.2 Nicole & Azan 5.3 Narkyia & Olulowo 5.4 Matt & Alla 5.5 Chantel & Pedro 6 Season 5 Cast 6.1 Elizabeth & Andrei 6.2 Evelyn & David 6.3 Molly & Luis 6.4 David & Annie 6.5 Josh & Aika 6.6 Nicole & Azan 7 Episodes 7.1 Series overview 7.2 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 7.3 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 7.4 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 7.5 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 7.6 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 8 Spin - offs 8.1 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever After ? 8.1. 1 Season 1 8.1. 2 Season 2 8.1. 3 Season 3 8.2 90 Day Fiancé : Before the 90 Days 8.2. 1 Season 1 8.2. 2 Season 2 8.3 90 Day Fiancé : What Now ? 9 References K - 1 visa process ( edit ) Main article : K - 1 visa First , the petitioner must meet the beneficiary inside or outside the USA and then file a I - 129F petition with evidence of meeting and of a relationship . After the petition is approved , the petitioner must pass biometrics and then the process is sent to the foreign embassy of the beneficiary . The beneficiary then files for a visa , before or after passing the medical requirements and is called for an interview . The beneficiary must prove that they meet the requirements of the visa including strong evidence of meeting and a valid relationship . The foreign fiancé travels to the States to live with his or her prospective American spouse . The couple must marry within 90 days , otherwise the beneficiary must leave the country . The couple may face language barriers , culture shock , the stigma of being thought of as a `` mail - order bride '' as well as skepticism of friends and family . Season 1 cast ( edit ) Russ & Pao ( edit ) Russ Mayfield ( 27 , from Owasso , Oklahoma ) met Paola `` Pao '' ( 26 , from Bucaramanga , Colombia ) , a fashion designer , while he was in Colombia on a work assignment in the petroleum industry . They married and moved to Tulsa , Oklahoma . Russ is a graduate of Oklahoma State University -- Stillwater and works as a field engineer , although he lost his job shortly after marrying . Paola then moved to Miami to seek more opportunities modeling and as a personal trainer and for its larger South American community , while Russ initially remains in Oklahoma City . Eventually , Russ moves to Miami , but is concerned about Pao 's skimpy outfits during her modeling jobs . Paola advanced to the second round of the 2017 Maxim 's Finest competition , but was eventually eliminated . Alan & Kirlyam ( edit ) Alan Cox ( 29 , from Los Angeles , California ) met Kirlyam ( 21 , from Goiânia , Brazil ) while he was on a Mormon mission to her hometown . She moved to the United States to live with him , although the two were virgins at the time of their wedding . She tried modeling , but Alan was jealous of the attention that she received . They were married in a Mormon temple , and although Kirlyam 's family was unable to attend , they watched a live streaming video of the event from Brazil . The couple went to Hawaii for their honeymoon . Kirlyam is waiting for her green card so that she can find employment . Alan is employed by Breen Engineering as a project lead / photo simulation specialist . They are still together and Kirlyam gave birth to the couple 's first child , a boy named Liam . Louis & Aya ( edit ) Louis Roy Gattone , Jr. ( 37 , from Indianapolis , Indiana ) met Aya ( 33 , from Ormoc , Philippines ) , via an online dating service . Aya wanted Louis to move to the Philippines , but they decided to live in the United States because he has two young sons . They were married in a Catholic church . Louis is taking classes and is almost done with his degree . Aya is working . They plan to buy a house in the near future . The boys live with them and they plan on having a child or children of their own . The couple decided not to participate in the season 2 update . They are still married . Mike & Aziza ( edit ) Mike Eloshway ( 31 , from Cleveland , Ohio ) and Aziza ( 21 , from Volgograd , Russia ) met on a language acquisition website . Their relationship was initially platonic . Sometime after Aziza 's application for a work visa was denied , their relationship turned romantic . In the summer of 2014 , she arrived to America to live with Mike . They were married although Aziza was very saddened because her family was unable to attend the wedding . Mike is employed as a technical support specialist for the Cleveland Municipal Court . Mike wants to have children right away , while Aziza does not . Aziza found employment at an optics lab . The couple traveled to Russia where Mike met Aziza 's parents . They are still married . Season 2 cast ( edit ) Chelsea & Yamir ( edit ) Yamir Castillo ( 28 , from Managua , Nicaragua ) and Chelsea Macek ( 25 , from Galesburg , Illinois ) met while she was volunteering in Nicaragua . Yamir was a member of a Nicaraguan boy band . He moved to the United States to live with Chelsea and her parents . This caused a large rift between him and the members of his band . Chelsea 's parents are very supportive of the relationship . Yamir sends some demo tapes to a few music producers in Chicago and receives a reply . He travels to Chicago to meet with producers . The producers say that he needs to move to Chicago to have better opportunities . Unfortunately , Chelsea is resistant to the idea because neither is employed and they can live for free with her parents in Galesburg . Yamir made his music debut in the United States with Chelsea playing his spouse in the music video , `` Party Love '' . Chelsea found employment as an elementary school teacher . Yamir and Chelsea filed for divorce in 2017 and Yamir is still living in Chicago , working on his music . Yamir stated that `` Just because two people are n't together any longer does n't mean you can not have a relationship with that person . Although we no longer have the bond that united us , there 's no hate ! '' Danielle & Mohamed ( edit ) Mohamed Jbali , ( 26 , from Tunis , Tunisia ) , met Danielle Mullins ( 41 , from Norwalk , Ohio ) in an online chat room . The two were engaged , and Mohammed moved to Ohio . Danielle had 3 teenage daughters and 1 adult son from previous relationships . Mohamed claimed to have a job , but Danielle discovered that it was a lie . Mohamed also found out that Danielle had lied about aspects of her private life including passing bad checks and using someone else 's credit card fraudulently . Shortly after the wedding , Mohamed left Danielle . He went to Florida with a female friend , and Danielle saw intimate photos of them on social media and consulted a lawyer . She filed for an annulment , or a retroactive cancellation of the marriage which , if granted , would mean that Mohamed would be deported . In court Mohamed said he would fight the annulment and the judge stated it would be difficult for Danielle to win ; Danielle 's lawyer advised her to change the filing , and she removed the annulment . They divorced , and , in October 2017 , Mohamed moved to Texas . Danielle is still trying to get Mohamed deported , despite pleas from fellow cast members and fans to `` let it go . '' Justin & Evelin ( edit ) Justin ( 34 , from San Jose , California ) and Evelin ( 29 , from Cali , Colombia ) met while they were both attending a rugby match at the 2013 World Games in Colombia . After their first night together , Justin told Evelin to vacuum and clean the dishes , while he watched a football game . They spent the following 7 days together and fell in love . Justin works as a physical education teacher at an elementary school . In Colombia , Evelin worked as a dance instructor . Since moving to the United States , Evelin has changed the spelling of her name to Evelyn . They are still married . Brett & Daya ( edit ) Brett Otto ( 31 , from Snohomish , Washington ) and Daya De Arce ( 29 , from San Carlos , Negros Occidental , Philippines ) met via an online dating service . Brett was divorced and has a 6 - year - old daughter from his first marriage . His daughter lives with her mother in Montana . Brett works in tool services for Boeing , and Daya found a job in the United States . He had two roommates , but they moved out once Daya arrived . Brett and Daya were married on February 14 , 2015 . Brett 's mother chose not to attend the wedding . They are still married and have a daughter named Isabella . Jason & Cássia ( edit ) Jason Hitch ( 38 , from Spring Hill , Florida ) and Cássia Tavares ( 23 , from Curitiba , Brazil ) met through Facebook while Cássia was in an online relationship with Jason 's friend . Once that relationship ended , Jason and Cássia began dating . Cássia came to the United States and moved in with Jason and his father . Jason is originally from Champaign , Illinois , and is a United States Army veteran . He lives very frugally . He buys items from garage sales , auctions , and estate sales , and sells them online for a profit . They started a mail - order snack business called `` Gifting Fun '' . In 2017 , they separated . In 2018 , they filed for divorce after Jason was charged with domestic violence . In April 2018 , they dismissed their divorce case and are working on their marriage . Danny & Amy ( edit ) Danny Frishmuth ( 23 , from Norristown , Pennsylvania ) , and Amy ( 21 , from Cape Town , South Africa ) met in Australia while they were on a Bible study trip . They fell in love and got engaged . When Amy arrived in America , she lived with Danny 's brother because she and Danny wanted to be virgins when they wed . Danny works in home construction for X-Treme Works in Malvern , Pennsylvania . Danny 's father initially objected to the marriage because Amy is not white , but he eventually accepted her into the family . They are still married and are now living in Texas . They have one son , Jedidiah John Frishmuth and a daughter Anna Elise Frishmuth . Season 3 cast ( edit ) Mark & Nikki ( edit ) Mark Shoemaker ( 58 , from Baltimore , Maryland ) and Nikki ( 19 , from Cebu City , Philippines ) met via an online dating service . Mark owns a piano rental business . He has 4 adult children from a previous marriage who are all older than Nikki . He and his first wife 's relationship ended when the children were very young , and Mark was left to raise the children . Mark 's first wife and Nikki are both from Cebu , Philippines . Shortly after meeting Nikki , Mark proposed to her with a zip tie in the shape of a ring . When Nikki came to Maryland , Mark surprised her with a car and taught her how to drive . When Mark told Nikki that the car was the same make and model as the car that he put a deposit on for his first wife , Nikki was confused as she thought it was the very exact same car . Mark later freaked out when Nikki 's fingerprints were smudged on the car . He demanded that Nikki sign a prenuptial agreement . Mark 's daughter , Elise , felt uncomfortable with the relationship because she is a year older than Nikki . Elise shared her discomfort when Mark wanted to give Nikki clothes that she had previously discarded . They sued TLC for how they are portrayed in the show , but the lawsuit was thrown out . Loren & Alexei ( edit ) Alexei Brovarnik ( 27 , from Nazareth Illit , Israel , originally from Ukraine ) and Loren Goldstone ( 27 , from New York City ) , met while she was on a Birthright Israel trip , where he was a medic . Loren was an executive assistant in New York , but she quit and moved to Parkland , Florida to save money . Loren admits to liking expensive things , but claims she is not a spoiled child . She is a graduate of the University of North Florida . In addition to marrying in the United States , Alexei and Loren got married in Israel , surrounded by Alexei 's family and friends and Loren 's parents . At a meeting with Alexei 's parents , Loren 's parents misinformed them about Loren 's Tourette syndrome . Alexei confronts Loren and her parents on why he was not informed that her illness can be genetic and affect their future children . Loren wants Alexei to be a model , while he wants to be a firefighter , paramedic , or policeman . Soon after they are married Alexei 's mom travels to Florida to explore ways to move the whole family from Israel to the United States . The couple is still together and resides in Fort Lauderdale , Florida . Kyle & Noon ( edit ) Kyle Huckabee ( 28 , from New Orleans , Louisiana ) and Bajaree Boonma aka Noon ( 25 , from Bangkok , Thailand ) met online through Facebook while he was doing research for a trip to Thailand . The two met in person while he was there on vacation . They were engaged and Noon came to America even though Kyle had n't officially proposed . They initially lived in Kyle 's bachelor apartment with his roommate , but the situation was less than ideal . Kyle started working extra shifts at his job as a bartender on Bourbon Street so that they could afford an apartment of their own . Kyle proposed during a parachuting trip , and they moved into a new apartment . Before he met Noon , Kyle was estranged from his parents who are divorced . With Noon 's support , he restarted the relationship with his mother . Kyle & Noon were married in a Buddhist temple , but unfortunately , Noon 's family was unable to attend the ceremony . Kyle 's mom chose not to attend . They are still married . Melanie & Devar ( edit ) Devar Walters ( 28 , from Runaway Bay , Jamaica ) and Melanie Bowers ( 33 , from Orwigsburg , Pennsylvania ) met while Melanie was on vacation at a Jamaican resort where Devar was employed as a lifeguard . Melanie is a registered nurse . She has custody of her 11 - year - old son , Hunter , on weekends . She was married to his father for 5 years before the marriage ended in divorce when she was 26 . Devar proposed to Melanie while she was still vacationing , and she accepted . Back in Pennsylvania , Melanie 's sister , Bev , is extremely concerned and does not trust Devar . The couple hits a rough patch when Devar mentions he wants to send most of the money he earns to his family in Jamaica ; Melanie ponders out loud that she will look into a prenuptial agreement . Devar has been training to become a welder . They are still together and the couple has a daughter named Avah , who was born in November 2017 . Fernando & Carolina ( edit ) Fernando ( 39 , from Doral , Florida ) and Carolina ( 22 , from Medellín , Colombia ) met in Colombia while both were on dates with other people . The two were engaged before he returned to the United States . Fernando was previously married . After his marriage ended , Fernando invited his parents to share his house . When Carolina moves to Florida , Fernando 's mom makes inappropriate remarks such as telling Carolina that all people from Colombia are cocaine addicts . Even though Carolina does not get along with Fernando 's mom , they get married . The couple happily settled in together , though Carolina admits she calls her mom 3 times per day and misses her cat , while Fernando is allergic to cats . Fernando gained 50 pounds since meeting Carolina . Fernando says he did not cheat , although Carolina found emails that he exchanged with an ex-girlfriend . They are still married . Josh & Aleksandra ( edit ) Josh Strobel ( 22 , from Rexburg , Idaho ) and Aleksandra Iarovikova ( 21 , from Kirov , Russia ) , met in Prague , Czech Republic , while Josh was on a Mormon mission and Aleksandra was attending Metropolitan University Prague . Initially an atheist , Aleksandra converted to Mormonism and Josh played a role in this . Before converting , she was also employed as a go - go dancer at a club and loved drinking and partying . The couple kept in touch after Josh 's mission and began dating . Josh visited Russia and proposed in 2015 . Josh and Aleksandra were married in August 2015 , soon after Aleksandra 's arrival to the United States from Prague , where she had to finalize her semester in June . They had a daughter named Kaya in March 2016 . Josh graduated with a BS from Creighton University in 2016 , but was not accepted to a medical school that year and started working for his father . At the beginning of 2018 , Josh started medical school at the University of Queensland , in Australia , and the family moved to Brisbane , Australia . Season 4 cast ( edit ) Jorge & Anfisa ( edit ) Anfisa Arkhipchenko ( 20 , from Moscow , Russia ) was contacted by Jorge Nava ( 27 , from Riverside , California ) via Facebook after he saw her photos online . Though Anfisa was at first resistant to his messages , Anfisa eventually agreed to meet him and Jorge ends up taking her on an expensive vacation around Europe . Shortly before Anfisa was scheduled to come to the United States , she asked Jorge for a $10,000 handbag , which Jorge declined to buy . Anfisa erased Jorge 's cellphone and cancelled the flights , though the two reconciled and eventually Anfisa agreed to travel to the United States . Jorge had pleaded guilty to marijuana trafficking , which made it hard for him to rent an apartment . They move into a hotel and Anfisa is not impressed ; though why exactly Jorge does not have his own place to live has not been revealed . They later move into a small apartment . Jorge does not buy an engagement ring or wedding dress for Anfisa . Jorge 's friends and family are concerned about Anfisa 's motives . Anfisa admits that she is indeed interested in Jorge providing for her , and she opines that while she may be using Jorge for his money , she believes that Jorge is primarily interested in her for her looks and would not want to marry her if she was ugly . At some point , Anfisa was considering going back to Russia , and Jorge considered for a while that he would not try to stop her . Later on , they get married alone in a simple courthouse ceremony , after which Jorge promises to buy the ring to Anfisa and to have a bigger ceremony later on so that her family could attend . Jorge 's sister confronted Anfisa at a restaurant about her demands . They still live in a small apartment , he still did not buy her a ring and she does not have a car . Despite a bitter and hate - filled separation , Anfisa and Jorge are still married . In early 2018 , Jorge was arrested for transporting 293 pounds of marijuana . Nicole & Azan ( edit ) Nicole Nafziger ( 21 , from Bradenton , Florida ) and Azan Tefou ( 23 , from Agadir , Morocco ) , met via an online dating service mobile app . Though somewhat against her parents wishes , Nicole decides to go to Morocco for 5 weeks , leaving her toddler - aged daughter May with her sister . Upon meeting Nicole at the airport , Azan remarks that she is `` big ... a little bit '' but concedes that he is happy . Nicole is thrilled to be in Morocco with Azan ( later calling him her `` Arabian Prince '' ) , though he has a hard time persuading her that in his culture it is not acceptable for unmarried couples to be physically affectionate . Nicole persists in trying to hug and kiss Azan , which only causes him to become irritated . Nicole feels shunned and unsure of their relationship . Azan takes Nicole to Agadir to visit his family ; she is warmly welcomed by the family . Nicole later reveals that she cheated on Azan , which could end the relationship . Azan takes Nicole to the desert and proposes , and she accepts . However , she continues to chafe at the customs of the Culture of Islam . She refuses to convert to Islam and he refuses to convert to Christianity . Their wedding is delayed indefinitely due to Nicole not being able to afford to fund the government sponsorship requirements for Azan 's staying in the U.S , and her Mom refusing to co sponsor the effort . Nicole believes it will take at least 2 years and hopes Azan will wait . In addition , Nicole promised to lose weight and Azan became irritated when he caught her hoarding mini-donuts and Little Debbie oatmeal creme pies . Their future is unsure , they are still together , but living in separate countries . In late 2017 , Nicole 's father agreed to sponsor Azan . Narkyia & Olulowo ( edit ) Olulowo ( 28 , from Lagos , Nigeria ) met Narkyia ( 36 , from Camp Hill , Pennsylvania ) via an online dating service for overweight women . They faced many obstacles for meeting . Narkyia and her friends and family were skeptical of him and are wary of a romance scam , but he did not ask for any money . They broke up after Olulowo lied to Narkyia about still having been contacting and pursuing a relationship with a woman he had previously had a baby with in the early stages of his relationship with Narkyia . They got back together and are living in the United States . Matt & Alla ( edit ) Matt Ryan ( 42 , from Williamstown , Kentucky ) , and Alla Fedoruk ( 30 , from Kiev , Ukraine ) , met several years ago using an online dating service but lost touch after Matt married his 3rd wife . A few years and a divorce later , Matt and Alla reconnected . Alla , also a divorcee , has a 7 - year - old son named Max . The reserved Alla is easily overwhelmed by Matt 's friends and family while Matt continues to deal with lingering issues caused by infidelity by his previous wives . Alla dreams of a wedding on the beach but Matt 's family tries to persuade her to scale back her plans . When Alla says that she does not love Matt yet , his friends are very concerned . However , the couple marry . They are later shown looking for a new house , closer to city and Matt 's family . They are still together . Chantel & Pedro ( edit ) Chantel ( real name : CeAir ) Everett ( 25 , from Atlanta , Georgia ) met Pedro Jimeno while on a trip to the Dominican Republic , after being introduced by a Spanish teacher . Chantel frequently went to the Dominican Republic to visit him , and on one of those trips he proposed to her . Because Chantel was worried that her family would think that Pedro was only going after a green card to enter the U.S , Chantel told her parents that he was in America on a student travel visa . Eventually , Chantel and Pedro marry in the United States . However , Chantel and Pedro are planning to get married in the Dominican Republic as well , but Pedro does n't think her family will want to go . They go to the Dominican Republic , but then have some explosive fights and arguments with the family members , since Pedro 's family now expect him to send them money . Chantel 's family is upset because of the obvious improvement of the standard of living of Pedro 's family , while Chantel and Pedro have very modest living in the United States . Pedro 's family offers Chantel 's family chicken feet , which is taken as a sign of disrespect . They did get married and reside in Georgia . Season 5 cast ( edit ) Elizabeth & Andrei ( edit ) Elizabeth Potthast ( 27 , from Tampa , Florida ) , met Andrei Castravet ( 31 , from Chisinau , Moldova ) , while Elizabeth visited Dublin , where Andrei resided and worked as a bouncer . At first , Andrei does not get along with Elizabeth 's family due to his controlling nature and the haste of the marriage . Elizabeth 's father refuses to financially support the couple . Elizabeth and her sisters go to Miami for a bachelorette party and they go clubbing , against Andrei 's wishes . The couple got married in an outdoor ceremony and are still married . Evelyn & David ( edit ) David Vázquez Zermeño ( 27 , from Granada , Spain ) and Evelyn Cormier ( 18 , from Claremont , New Hampshire ) , both from religious Christian families and both virgins before marriage , met after David saw the Facebook page for Evelyn 's band and sent her a message . David had only discussed sex once in his life , with his family at the age of 13 , and did not want to talk with Evelyn about sex on camera . Despite David 's objections to living in a small town , they got married and live in Claremont , New Hampshire . Molly & Luis ( edit ) Molly Hopkins ( 41 , from Woodstock , Georgia ) , met Luis Mendez ( 26 , from Dominican Republic ) at the bar he worked at while she was on a trip with friends to the Dominican Republic . They did not have a wedding but did legally get married during the 90 - day visa period . Luis did not get along with Molly 's 2 kids and was not interested in fatherhood . He left Molly but later returned for the final episode , `` Tell All '' . In January 2018 , after 6 months of being married , Molly filed for divorce while Luis claimed that he was emotionally and physically abused by her during their marriage . David & Annie ( edit ) David Toborowsky ( 48 , from Louisville , Kentucky ) , met Annie Suwan ( 24 , from Bueng Kan , Thailand ) at a bar while he was living in Thailand . David has no money and needs his best friend , Chris Thieneman , to sponsor Annie and give David enough money to pay the bride price to Annie 's parents , which frustrates Chris 's wife , Nikki . Despite David 's past infidelity , drinking problems , and destitution , the couple got married . They live in Louisville , Kentucky , although they think about moving back to Asia . Josh & Aika ( edit ) Josh Batterson ( 43 , from Mesa , Arizona ) met Aika ( 36 from Quezon City , Philippines ) . Despite doubts about the future of their relationship due to Josh 's reluctance to get surgery to reverse his vasectomy and allow him to impregnate Aika , who wants children , Josh & Aika got married in Las Vegas . Nicole & Azan ( edit ) Nicole and Azan , who also appeared in season 4 , are featured again in season 5 . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 6 January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) February 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 23 ) 12 October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) December 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 28 ) 12 October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 14 September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 5 13 October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Original air date `` I Got My Visa ! '' Jessica Hernandez January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) Four women come to the US to live with their American fiances using a unique 90 day K - 1 visa . The couples have 90 days to wed before the visas expire . `` Culture Shock '' Jessica Hernandez January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) Paola has to adapt to living with Russ ' parents and her wild ways leads to collisions with Russ 's friends . Kirlyam misses her parents . Aziza meets Mike 's skeptical family . Louis prepares his sons and ex-wife for Aya . `` Enough Is Enough '' Jessica Hernandez January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) Paola and Russ move into their new apartment . Aya meets Louis ' ex-wife and sons . Kirlyam goes to a salon where she is been referred to a modeling agency . Aziza and Mike hit a milestone in their relationship . `` 90 Days Is n't Enough '' Jessica Hernandez & Kevin Rhoades February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) Russ takes Paola to a tailgate but their wedding plans are jeopardized . Alan is concerned when Kirlyam gets a modelling opportunity . Aziza is confronted by Mike 's Mom at her bachelorette party . Aya gets upset as Louis cuts corners on their wedding . 5 5 `` Did n't Expect This ... '' Jessica Hernandez & Kevin Rhoades February 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 16 ) Aziza upsets Mike when he went missing after his bachelor party . Kirlyam and Alan rush their wedding . Paola shops for a wedding dress but Russ might be called back to work . Aya can not have the wedding of her dreams because of a limited budget . 6 6 `` Time 's Up '' Jessica Hernandez & Kevin Rhoades February 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 23 ) Paola has her bachelorette party but is unsure if her wedding will take place . Aziza gets nervous before her wedding . Kirylam and Alan are both virgins at their wedding night . Louis has Aya doubt as he arrives late for filing in this his wedding . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 7 `` Where Are They Now ? Season 1 Couples '' October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 8 `` New Couples , New Journeys '' October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 9 `` I 'm Home , America ! '' October 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 26 ) 10 `` Watch You Like a Hawk '' November 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) 11 5 `` Touchdown ! '' November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 12 6 `` Mo ' Money , Mo ' Problems '' November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 13 7 `` Fears , Family , Future '' November 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 23 ) 14 8 `` I Have to Tell You Something '' November 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 30 ) 15 9 `` Going Once , Going Twice ... Gone ? '' December 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 16 10 `` Red Flags '' December 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 14 ) 17 11 `` I 'm Gonna Go Home '' December 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 21 ) 18 12 `` The Couples Tell All '' December 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 28 ) Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 19 `` Where Are They Now ? Season 2 Couples '' October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 20 `` Departures and Arrivals '' October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 21 `` Welcome to the Family '' October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 22 `` Questions & Answers '' October 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) 23 5 `` Full of Surprises '' November 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) 24 6 `` Missing Home '' November 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 25 7 `` Lights , Camera , Drama '' November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 26 8 `` Do n't Push Me '' November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 27 9 `` Bachelorette Blues '' November 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) 28 10 `` What Do You Know About Love ? '' November 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) 29 11 `` This Is It '' December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 30 12 `` Season 3 Tell All '' December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 31 `` For Your Eyes Only '' August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 32 `` You Say Goodbye , I Say Hello '' September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) 33 `` Meet the Family '' September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 34 `` Life 's a Beach '' September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 35 5 `` Testing the Waters '' October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 36 6 `` I Can See the Cracks '' October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 37 7 `` Time to Tell the Truth '' October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 38 8 `` This Is What You Came For '' October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 39 9 `` You 're Gonna Miss Me When I 'm Gone '' October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 40 10 `` Confessions of a Foreign Fiancé '' November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 41 11 `` Are You Ready for This ? '' November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 42 12 `` Too Little Too Late '' November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 43 13 `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Peace '' November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 44 14 `` Season 4 Tell All '' November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 45 `` Waiting Is The Hardest Part '' October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 46 `` Parental Approval '' October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 47 `` Bring on the 90 Days '' October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 48 `` Good Morning America '' October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 49 5 `` Family First '' November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 50 6 `` Crossing the Line '' November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 51 7 `` Welcome to Real Life '' November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 52 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 53 9 `` Wake Up Call '' December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 54 10 `` Breaking Point '' December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 55 11 `` Second Thoughts '' December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 56 12 `` I Now Pronounce You '' December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) 57 13 `` Season 5 : Tell All '' December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) Spin - offs ( edit ) 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever after ? ( edit ) 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever After ? is an American documentary series ( Docu - Series ) on TLC and a spin - off of 90 Day Fiancé . The series follows six couples from previous seasons and documents the ups and downs of their relationships post-marriage . 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever After ? Couples Couples Original Season Seasons Season 1 ( 2016 ) Season 2 ( 2017 ) Season 3 ( 2018 ) Russ & Paola Season 1 Main Danielle & Mohamed Season 2 Main Brett & Daya Main Melanie & Devar Season 3 Main Kyle & Noon Main Loren & Alexei Main Jorge & Anfisa Season 4 Main Chantel & Pedro Main Nicole & Azan Season 5 Main Molly & Luis Main David & Annie Main Season 1 ( edit ) Returning couples included Season 1 's Russ & Paola ; Season 2 's Danielle & Mohamed and Brett & Daya ; and Season 3 's Melanie & Devar , Loren & Alexei , and Kyle & Noon . TLC announced the spin - off series in August 2016 . The series debuted on September 11 , 2016 , following the premiere of season 4 of 90 Day Fiancé . The first season ended in November 2016 with a two - part `` Tell All '' special . Episodes No. in series No. in season Title Original air date `` It 's Only the Beginning '' September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) `` It 's My Secret to Tell '' September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) `` Something 's Up '' September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) `` What Do n't I Know ? '' October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 5 5 `` The Truth Hurts '' October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 6 6 `` Facing the Past '' October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 7 7 `` Destination Impossible '' October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 8 8 `` You Ca n't Run ... '' October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 9 9 `` I Came All This Way '' October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 10 10 `` The Roles Reverse '' November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 11 11 `` The Couples Tell All Part 1 '' November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 12 12 `` The Couples Tell All Part 2 '' November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) Season 2 ( edit ) 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever After ? was renewed for a second season in November 2016 . The second season debuted on June 25 , 2017 , and features 90 Day Fiancé Season 1 's Russ & Paola , Season 2 's Danielle & Mohamed , Season 3 's Loren & Alexei , and Season 4 's Jorge & Anfisa and Chantel & Pedro . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 13 `` Happy Wife , Happy Life ? '' June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) 14 `` When The Past Catches Up '' July 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 02 ) 15 `` We Got Bad Blood '' July 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 09 ) 16 `` Family Secrets '' July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 17 5 `` Lost in Translation '' July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 18 6 `` Lies & Goodbyes '' July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 19 7 `` Models , Moms & Meltdowns '' August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 20 8 `` I Do 's & I Don'ts '' August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 21 9 `` Where Do We Go From Here ? '' August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 22 10 `` The Couples Tell All Part 1 '' August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 23 11 `` The Couples Tell All Part 2 '' September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 24 12 `` The Couples Tell All Part 3 '' September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) Season 3 ( edit ) 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever After ? was renewed for a third season in January 2018 . The third season debuted on May 20 , 2018 , and features 90 Day Fiancé Season 1 's Russ & Paola , Season 4 's Jorge & Anfisa , Chantel & Pedro and Nicole & Azan , and Season 5 's Molly & Luis and David & Annie . No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 25 `` Home Sweet Home ? '' May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 26 `` Disruptive Behavior '' May 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 27 ) 27 `` There is Something They Do n't Know '' June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) 28 `` Boiling Point '' June 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) 29 5 `` The Blame Game '' June 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 30 6 `` Big Little Lies '' June 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 31 7 `` Not Off the Hook '' July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 32 8 `` No Turning Back '' July 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 08 ) 33 9 `` The End of the Line '' July 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 34 10 `` The Couples Tell All Part 1 '' July 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 22 ) 35 11 `` The Couples Tell All Part 2 '' July 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 29 ) 90 Day Fiancé : before the 90 Days ( edit ) In November 2016 , TLC announced a second spin - off series titled 90 Day Fiancé : Before the 90 Days . Season 1 ( edit ) The premise follows six couples - Paul and Karine , Darcey and Jesse , Larry and Jenny , Cortney and Antonio , Sean and Abby , and Patrick and Myriam - as they start a relationship before the K - 1 Visa process begins . It premiered on August 6 , 2017 . Episodes No. in series No. in season Title Original air date `` Bon Voyage ! '' August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) `` Going the Distance '' August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) `` Language of Love '' August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) `` Meet the Parents '' August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 5 5 `` Secrets and Lies '' September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 6 6 `` Decisions , Decisions '' September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 7 7 `` Baby , I 'm Worth It '' September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 8 8 `` Moment of Truth '' September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 9 9 `` Red Flags '' October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 10 10 `` Reality Check '' October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 11 11 `` On The Brink '' October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 12 12 `` Line in the Sand '' October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 13 13 `` All or Nothing '' October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 14 14 `` The Couples Tell All '' October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) Season 2 ( edit ) 90 Day Fiancé : Before the 90 Days was renewed for a second season in January 2018 . The second season is scheduled to debut on August 5 , 2018 . The spin - off will feature the return of season 1 's Darcey and Jesse and Paul and Karine . New couples include Angela ( United States ) and Michael ( Nigeria ) , Jon ( England ) and Rachel ( United States ) , Ricky ( United States ) and Melissa ( Colombia ) , Tarik ( United States ) and Hazel ( Philippines ) , and Marta ( United States ) and Daya ( Algeria ) . Episodes No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 15 `` And So It Begins '' August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 16 `` Face to Face '' August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) 17 `` Blindsided '' August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) 18 `` Family Ties '' August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) 19 5 `` Seeds of Doubt '' September 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 02 ) 90 Day Fiancé : What now ? ( edit ) In March 2017 , TLC also announced an original digital spin - off series with the title of 90 Day Fiancé : What Now ? for TLCgo . The show provided updates on Kirlyam & Alan from season 1 , Aleksandra & Josh and Melanie & Devar from season 3 , and Alla & Matt and Narkyia & Olulowo from season 4 . TLC uploaded all seven episodes online on July 30 , 2017 . The network combined the segments into TV episodes that aired on September 17 and September 24 , 2017 , following 90 Day Fiancé : Before the 90 Days . The What Now ? series was brought back in 2018 for another series of updates . The show provided updates on Kirlyam & Alan from season 1 , Danielle & Mohamed from season 2 ( although Mohamed did not participate ) , Melanie & Devar from season 3 , and Elizabeth & Andrei and Josh & Aika from season 5 ; Before the 90 Days couples featured included Cortney & Antonio and Patrick & Myriam . TLC uploaded all three episodes online in July 2018 . The network combined the segments into TV episodes that aired on July 15 , 22 and 29 , following 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever After ? . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 90 Day Fiance - 3 Seasons 2014 Jump up ^ `` 90 Day Fiancé '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` What Happened At Danielle And Mohamed 's Court Date ? '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ https://radaronline.com/videos/90-day-fiance-jason-hitch-cassia-tavares-divorce/ Jump up ^ `` ' 90 Day Fiancé ' Stars Jason Hitch and Cassia Tavares Call off Their Divorce ( REPORT ) '' . In Touch Weekly . 2018 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : 90 Day Fiance Season 1 : Amazon Digital Services LLC '' . Amazon.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Waiting Is The Hardest Part '' . TLC . Jump up ^ `` Evelyn Cormier Music '' . Jump up ^ Giacomazzo , Bernadette ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` A ' 90 Day Fiance ' Star Has Been Accused Of Domestic Violence '' . Inquisitr . ^ Jump up to : Tony Maglio ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) . `` ' 90 Day Fiance ' Gets Season 5 Renewal , Second Spinoff at TLC ( Exclusive ) '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` TLC Announces An Aggressive 2017 - 2018 Upfront Slate With 120 More Hours Of Original Programming '' . Discovery Channel . March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get a Sneak Peek of TLC 's New Series ' 90 Day Fiancé : Before the 90 Days ' , Meet the Cast '' . Us Weekly . July 18 , 2017 . TLC original programming 7 Little Johnstons 10 Years Younger 48 Hours 90 Day Fiancé All About Sex Breaking Amish Buying Naked Cake Boss Counting On Curvy Brides Dr. Pimple Popper Extreme Cheapskates Four Weddings Gypsy Sisters A Haunting Home Sweet Bus I Am Jazz I Found The Gown Leah Remini : It 's All Relative The Little Couple Little People , Big World Long Island Medium Long Lost Family Love , Lust or Run My 600 - lb Life My Big Fat Fabulous Life My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding My Big Fat American Gypsy Wedding My Giant Life My Strange Addiction Next Great Baker Kate Plus 8 Kindred Spirits OutDaughtered Outrageous 911 Our Little Family Paranormal Lockdown Randy to the Rescue Say Yes to the Dress Say Yes to the Dress : Atlanta Say Yes to the Dress : Bridesmaids Say Yes to the Dress : Randy Knows Best Say Yes to the Dress : The Big Day Secretly Pregnant Sex Sent Me to the ER Something Borrowed , Something New The Willis Family Too Close to Home Trading Spaces Untold Stories of the E.R. Who Do You Think You Are ? See also Template : Former TLC Programming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= 90_Day_Fiancé&oldid = 856793013 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts American reality television series English - language television programs Television shows set in North America TLC ( TV network ) programs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 15 : 32 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is jorge last name from 90 day fiance	[ "Anfisa Arkhipchenko (20, from Moscow, Russia) was contacted by Jorge Nava (27, from Riverside, California) via Facebook after he saw her photos online. Though Anfisa was at first resistant to his messages, Anfisa eventually agreed to meet him and Jorge ends up taking her on an expensive vacation around Europe. Shortly before Anfisa was scheduled to come to the United States, she asked Jorge for a $10,000 handbag, which Jorge declined to buy. Anfisa erased Jorge's cellphone and cancelled the flights, though the two reconciled and eventually Anfisa agreed to travel to the United States. Jorge had pleaded guilty to marijuana trafficking, which made it hard for him to rent an apartment. They move into a hotel and Anfisa is not impressed; though why exactly Jorge does not have his own place to live has not been revealed. They later move into a small apartment. Jorge does not buy an engagement ring or wedding dress for Anfisa. Jorge's friends and family are concerned about Anfisa's motives. Anfisa admits that she is indeed interested in Jorge providing for her, and she opines that while she may be using Jorge for his money, she believes that Jorge is primarily interested in her for her looks and would not want to marry her if she was ugly. At some point, Anfisa was considering going back to Russia, and Jorge considered for a while that he would not try to stop her. Later on, they get married alone in a simple courthouse ceremony, after which Jorge promises to buy the ring to Anfisa and to have a bigger ceremony later on so that her family could attend.\n" ]	[ "Nava" ]
-8782411203554507902	Matthew Mercer	Matthew Mercer - wikipedia Matthew Mercer Jump to : navigation , search Matthew Mercer Mercer at WonderCon 2017 Matthew Christopher Miller Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Voice actor Agent AVO Talent Spouse ( s ) Marisha Ray ( m . 2017 ) Matthew Christopher Miller , known professionally as Matthew Mercer or Matt Mercer , is an American voice actor involved in English dubs of Japanese anime as well as cartoons , films and video games . In anime shows , he voiced Levi in Attack on Titan , Kiritsugu Emiya in Fate / Zero , Kanji Tatsumi for episodes 13 - 26 in Persona 4 : The Animation , and Trafalgar Law in the Funimation dub of One Piece . In video games , he voices Leon S. Kennedy in the Resident Evil series , Jack Cooper in Titanfall 2 , Chrom in Fire Emblem Awakening , McCree in Overwatch , MacCready in Fallout 4 and Yusuke Kitagawa in Persona 5 . In addition to voice - over , Mercer has developed some live - action web series including a Nintendo character parody called There Will Be Brawl and the Dungeons & Dragons gaming sessions called Critical Role , the latter of which is broadcast by Geek & Sundry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Role - playing game web series hosting 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Anime 3.2 Animation 3.3 Films 3.4 Video games 3.5 Other media 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Mercer at Animate Miami in 2014 Mercer began his career in high school doing English walla and additional characters in several Japanese anime , and has since worked with a variety of media , including video games , cartoons , and radio commercials . He has been a guest at conventions around the world , hosting at events such as Anime Expo and Anime Matsuri . His work has expanded to a multitude of roles in video games , cartoons , and radio commercials . He directed and produced the web series There Will Be Brawl , based on the Super Smash Bros. video game series , where he provided the voices for Kirby and Meta Knight and portrayed the role of Ganondorf . Mercer also produced the web series Fear News with the Last Girl , and acts in several shows from Geek & Sundry and Nerdist . Role - playing game web series hosting ( edit ) Mercer is the Dungeon Master in the Geek & Sundry web series Critical Role , where he leads several other voice actors through a Dungeons & Dragons campaign . The show is described as `` a bunch of nerdy - ass voice actors sit around and play Dungeons and Dragons '' . The show has aired over 110 episodes that typically run around 4 - 5 hours each . Mercer 's work as Dungeon Master has led to a campaign book being published through Green Ronin Publishing called Critical Role : Tal'Dorei Campaign Setting . In 2016 , Mercer served as the Dungeon Master for Force Grey : Giant Hunters , which ran for 2 seasons . Season One starred Chris Hardwick , Shelby Fero , Ashley Johnson , Jonah Ray , and Utkarsh Ambudkar . Season Two 's cast consisted of Joe Manganiello , Deborah Ann Woll , Brian Posehn , Utkarsh Ambudkar , and Dylan Sprouse . In 2017 , Mercer was the Dungeon Master for the Nerdist show CelebriD&D , which puts D&D - playing celebrities into a small , mini-campaign where they are paired with some of the best role - players in the world . Celebrity guests such as Vin Diesel , Joe Manganiello , and John Bradley have also participated . Personal Life ( edit ) On October 14 , 2016 , Marisha Ray , a fellow voice actor and fellow member of the Critical Role cast announced her engagement to Mercer . They married on October 21 , 2017 . Filmography ( edit ) Anime ( edit ) List of voice performances in anime Year Title Role Notes Source 000000002012 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2012 Nura : Rise of the Yokai Clan -- Demon Capital Rihan Nura 000000002013 - 01 - 15 - 0000 2013 Persona 4 : The Animation Kanji Tatsumi Eps. 13 -- 26 , replaces Troy Baker 000000002013 - 04 - 19 - 0000 2013 Fate / Zero Kiritsugu Emiya 000000002013 - 07 - 12 - 0000 2013 Kuroh Yatogami 000000002013 - 11 - 15 - 0000 2013 Pokémon Origins Grouped under Cast 000000002013 - 09 - 07 - 0000 2013 Digimon Fusion Reapmon , Beelzemon , Omnimon , Additional voices 000000002014 - 01 - 14 - 0000 2014 Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic Sinbad 000000002014 - 05 - 03 - 0000 2014 Attack on Titan Levi 000000002014 - 07 - 05 - 0000 2014 , 000000002017 - 07 - 29 - 0000 2017 JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure : Stardust Crusaders Jotaro Kujo 000000002014 - 07 - 14 - 0000 2014 -- 15 Kill la Kill Aikuro Mikisugi Also OVA 000000002014 - 10 - 07 - 0000 2014 Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet Chamber 000000002014 - 11 - 28 - 0000 2014 Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals Might Guy 000000002015 - 07 - 14 - 0000 2015 One Piece Trafalgar Law Funimation dub 000000002015 - 07 - 14 - 0000 2015 Sailor Moon Prince Demande Viz Media dub 000000002015 - 07 - 21 - 0000 2015 Aldnoah. Zero Koichiro Marito 000000002015 - 08 - 25 - 0000 2015 Fate / stay night : Unlimited Blade Works Kiritsugu Emiya TV series 000000002015 - 11 - 11 - 0000 2015 Attack on Titan : Junior High Levi 000000002015 - 12 - 15 - 0000 2015 Daimidaler the Sound Robot Kouichi 000000002016 - 03 - 08 - 0000 2016 Brothers Conflict Yusuke Asahina 000000002016 - 03 - 26 - 0000 2016 Sailor Moon Crystal Prince Demande 000000002016 - 04 - 16 - 0000 2016 -- 17 Hunter × Hunter Leorio Paladiknight 2011 series 000000002016 - 04 - 19 - 0000 2016 Black Butler : Book of Circus Joker 000000002016 - 06 - 03 - 0000 2016 Fairy Tail Silver Fullbuster 000000002016 - 12 - 27 - 0000 2016 Sengoku Basara : End of Judgement Mitsunari Ishida Replaces Troy Baker 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Dragon Ball Super Hit Funimation dub Naruto Shippuden Yamato , others Animation ( edit ) List of voice performances in animation Year Title Role Notes Source 000000002011 - 07 - 29 - 0000 2011 -- 12 ThunderCats Tygra 000000002013 - 07 - 13 - 0000 2013 Beware the Batman Ice Pick Joe 000000002015 - 07 - 25 - 0000 2015 DC Super Friends Superman , Two - Face 000000002015 - 09 - 01 - 0000 2015 Wabbit Bigfoot 000000002015 - 12 - 06 - 0000 2015 Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir Various characters Grouped under Additional voices 000000002016 - 09 - 26 - 0000 2016 Regular Show Chancer Sureshot , Recap Robot , others 000000002017 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2017 Marvel 's Spider - Man Aleksei Sytsevich / Rhino , Comic Book Guy # 1 , Reporter 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 2017 Freedom Fighters : The Ray Doll Man , Black Arrow web series Films ( edit ) List of voice performances in feature films Year Title Role Notes Source 000000002013 - 06 - 21 - 0000 2013 Monsters University Additional voices 000000002017 - 06 - 19 - 0000 2017 Resident Evil : Vendetta Leon S. Kennedy limited theatrical release List of voice performances in direct - to - video and television films Year Title Role Notes Source 000000002012 - 01 - 22 - 0000 2012 Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos Melvin Voyager 000000002012 - 09 - 25 - 0000 2012 Resident Evil : Damnation Leon S. Kennedy 000000002013 - 04 - 16 - 0000 2013 Iron Man : Rise of Technovore Tony Stark ( Iron Man ) 000000002014 - 02 - 14 - 0000 2014 Justice League : War Guard 000000002014 - 03 - 25 - 0000 2014 Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Iron Man ( Tony Stark ) 000000002014 - 09 - 30 - 0000 2014 One Piece Film : Z Bins 000000002015 - 02 - 24 - 0000 2015 Tiger & Bunny : The Rising Richard Max 000000002015 - 05 - 12 - 0000 2015 Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts Mech Guard 1 , Wealthy Jock 000000002015 - 12 - 01 - 0000 2015 Marvel Super Hero Adventures : Frost Fight ! Captain America , Gingerbread Men 000000002016 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2016 Batman : Bad Blood Hellhound , Chuckie Sol 000000002017 - 03 - 14 - 0000 2017 K : Missing Kings Kuroh Yatogami Video games ( edit ) List of voice performances in video games Year Title Role Notes Source 000000002004 - 10 - 01 - 0000 2004 Scaler Scaler 000000002004 - 10 - 25 - 0000 2004 Ace Combat 5 : The Unsung War Albert Genette 000000002004 - 11 - 23 - 0000 2004 World of Warcraft General Vezax , Halion , Captain Drok 000000002008 - 07 - 18 - 0000 2008 Final Fantasy Fables : Chocobo 's Dungeon Treasure Hunter Cid 000000002008 - 12 - 16 - 0000 2008 Rise of the Argonauts Phaiden 000000002009 - 02 - 17 - 0000 2009 Street Fighter IV Fei Long 000000002009 - 02 - 23 - 0000 2009 Star Ocean : The Last Hope Edge Maverick 000000002009 - 03 - 03 - 0000 2009 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard Dockworker , Elite Commander , Employee Tester 000000002009 - 08 - 18 - 0000 2009 Wolfenstein Erik Engle 000000002009 - 10 - 13 - 0000 2009 Brütal Legend Gravedigger 000000002010 - 01 - 26 - 0000 2010 No More Heroes 2 : Desperate Struggle Skelter Helter , Bishop Shidax 000000002010 - 04 - 27 - 0000 2010 Super Street Fighter IV Fei Long 000000002010 - 06 - 08 - 0000 2010 Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker Soldiers / Extras 000000002010 - 06 - 29 - 0000 2010 Ninety - Nine Nights II Rolland , The Lord of Night 000000002011 - 04 - 19 - 0000 2011 Mortal Kombat Kurtis Stryker 000000002011 - 10 - 11 - 0000 2011 Rune Factory : Tides of Destiny James 000000002012 - 01 - 31 - 0000 2012 Soulcalibur V Z.W.E.I. 000000002012 - 06 - 26 - 0000 2012 The Amazing Spider - Man Additional voices 000000002012 - 09 - 25 - 0000 2012 Dead or Alive 5 Bayman 000000002012 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2012 Resident Evil 6 Leon S. Kennedy 000000002013 - 02 - 04 - 0000 2013 Fire Emblem : Awakening Chrom 000000002013 - 02 - 12 - 0000 2013 Aliens : Colonial Marines Keyes 000000002013 - 03 - 19 - 0000 2013 Gears of War : Judgment Pilot , Onyx Soldier , PA Officer Credited specially under Voiceover Thanks 000000002013 - 07 - 16 - 0000 2013 Shin Megami Tensei IV Walter 000000002013 - 08 - 06 - 0000 2013 Tales of Xillia Alvin 000000002013 - 10 - 25 - 0000 2013 Batman : Arkham Origins Anarky 000000002013 - 11 - 15 - 0000 2013 Knack Gundahar 000000002013 - 12 - 19 - 0000 2013 République Prizrak 000000002014 - 02 - 11 - 0000 2014 Lightning Returns : Final Fantasy XIII Additional voices 000000002014 - 03 - 11 - 0000 2014 Hearthstone : Heroes of Warcraft Rexxar , Grim Guzzler , Nefarian , Ragnaros , others 000000002014 - 03 - 18 - 0000 2014 Metal Gear Solid V : Ground Zeroes Soldiers / Extras , The Eye , Prisoner 12282 000000002014 - 03 - 25 - 0000 2014 Diablo III : Reaper of Souls Additional voices 000000002014 - 09 - 09 - 0000 2014 Destiny Guardian : Human Male 000000002014 - 09 - 30 - 0000 2014 Persona 4 Arena Ultimax Kanji Tatsumi 000000002014 - 10 - 07 - 0000 2014 Tenkai Knights : Brave Battle Guardian Zephyrus 000000002014 - 11 - 13 - 0000 2014 World of Warcraft : Warlords of Draenor Kilrogg Deadeye 000000002014 - 11 - 25 - 0000 2014 Persona Q : Shadow of the Labyrinth Kanji Tatsumi 000000002014 - 12 - 16 - 0000 2014 Guilty Gear Xrd - SIGN - Zato - 1 000000002015 - 01 - 20 - 0000 2015 Saints Row : Gat out of Hell Gallows Dodger , Demons , Blackbeard 000000002015 - 02 - 10 - 0000 2015 Evolve Abe 000000002015 - 03 - 17 - 0000 2015 Final Fantasy Type - 0 HD Trey 000000002015 - 03 - 26 - 0000 2015 Pillars of Eternity Edér , Aloth , sinister voice for male player character , others 000000002015 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2015 Batman : Arkham Knight Robin 000000002015 - 08 - 15 - 0000 2015 League of Legends Gangplank , Kindred ( Wolf ) 000000002015 - 09 - 01 - 0000 2015 Mad Max Additional voices 000000002015 - 09 - 01 - 0000 2015 Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain Soldiers / Extras 000000002015 - 09 - 01 - 0000 2015 Danganronpa Another Episode : Ultra Despair Girls Haiji Towa 000000002015 - 11 - 10 - 0000 2015 Fallout 4 MacCready , Z1 - 14 000000002015 - 10 - 30 - 0000 2015 Minecraft Story Mode Aiden , Otis , others 000000002015 - 12 - 04 - 0000 2015 Xenoblade Chronicles X Lao 000000002016 - 02 - 09 - 0000 2016 Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 Pain , Eight - Tails ( Gyuki ) 000000002016 - 02 - 19 - 0000 2016 Fire Emblem Fates Ryoma , Shigure , Azama 000000002016 - 06 - 21 - 0000 2016 Mighty No. 9 Mighty No. 1 Pyrogen 000000002016 - 06 - 24 - 0000 2016 Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games Espio the Chameleon 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 2016 Overwatch Jesse McCree 000000002016 - 06 - 28 - 0000 2016 Zero Time Dilemma Sigma Klim 000000002016 - 09 - 30 - 0000 2016 Masquerada : Songs and Shadows Cicero Gavar 000000002016 - 10 - 16 - 0000 2016 Skylanders : Imaginators Spyro the Dragon 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 2016 Final Fantasy XV Cor Leonis 000000002016 - 10 - 28 - 0000 2016 Titanfall 2 Jack Cooper 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 2017 Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Foreteller Ira Kingdom Hearts χ Backcover movie 000000002017 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2017 Fire Emblem Heroes Ryoma , Chrom , Azama , Shigure 000000002017 - 03 - 07 - 0000 2017 Nier : Automata Additional Voices , Supply Trader 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 2017 Persona 5 Yusuke Kitagawa 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 2017 Puyo Puyo Tetris Ex 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 2017 Injustice 2 Deadshot 000000002017 - 10 - 03 - 0000 2017 Batman : The Enemy Within Mr. Freeze Other media ( edit ) List of performances in other media Year Title Role Notes Source 2009 There Will Be Brawl Ganondorf , Kirby Director , Co-Creator . Hosted on The Escapist website 000000002015 - 03 - 12 - 0000 2015 -- present Critical Role Dungeon Master Creator , Producer 000000002016 - 07 - 11 - 0000 2016 -- present Force Grey : Giant Hunters Dungeon Master Dungeons & Dragons role playing show presented by Nerdist and Geek & Sundry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Skylar Shelton . `` Info - ThereWillBeBrawl.com '' . therewillbebrawl.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Get Your Fear News With The Last Girl '' . Dread Central . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Video clip of first episode of Critical Role '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Check Out Matt Mercer 's New D&D Show - Force Grey : Giant Hunters - Geek and Sundry '' . geekandsundry.com . July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet D&D 's Force Grey : Giant Hunters in this exclusive trailer '' . The A.V. Club . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Force Grey Dungeons & Dragons '' . dnd.wizards.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` CelebriD&D Nerdist '' . Nerdist . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ https://nerdist.com/celebridnd-john-bradley-game-of-thrones-dungeons-dragons-critical-role/ Jump up ^ @ marisha_ray ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` Gold Leader @ matthewmercer , Red Leader Marisha Ray : ENGAGED ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mercer , Matthew ( April 28 , 2017 ) . Fireside Q&A with Matthew Mercer ( Youtube video ) . Geek & Sundry . Event occurs at 1 : 10 : 02 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Now , we 're getting married in October , which is crazy . Jump up ^ Ray , Marisha ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ( Spoilers E106 ) The Official Marisha AMA Thread : Marisha learns to Reddit '' . Reddit . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Heheh . Alright , Alright . The wedding is on October 21st ! We 're thinking of ideas to incorporate the love of the Critters ;-) Jump up ^ @ marisha_ray ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` It is done ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Guest - Matthew Mercer '' . SacAnime . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Behind The Voice Actors -- Matthew Mercer '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Green check mark indicates roles that have been verified by BTVA through closing credits screenshots . ^ Jump up to : Matthew Mercer ( @ matthewmercer ) ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` I just heard we are green lit to talk about it ! I am voicing Kanji Tatsumi in `` Persona 4 Arena Ultimax '' and `` Persona Q '' ! 😁 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` English - Dubbed `` Fate / zero '' to Run on Neon Alley `` . Crunchyroll . Jump up ^ `` Viz Media Announces K TV Anime 's Dub Cast '' . June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Official Pokemon Channel ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pokémon Origins Episode 1 : Red '' . Event occurs at Closing credits , Cast . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex of America to Release Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic on DVD Sets '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Michelle ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan Cast Announcement -- Day 3 '' . Funimation Blog . Funimation . Jump up ^ Macias , Patrick ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Crunchyroll to Stream English Dub of `` JOJO 'S BIZARRE ADVENTURE : STARDUST CRUSADERS '' `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kill la Kill 's English Dub Trailer Streamed by Aniplex USA '' . Anime News Network . May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Viz Media Announces Gargantia of the Verdurous Planet Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Neon Alley ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` NARUTO Spin - Off ! Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals '' . Facebook . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . English dub cast Rock Lee played by Brian Donovan , Might Guy played by Matt Mercer , Neji played by Steve Cannon , Tenten played by Danielle Nicole , Sakura played by Johanna Luis Jump up ^ `` '' One Piece '' English Dub Adds Supernova Cast `` . crunchyroll.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sailor Moon ( @ Sailor_Moon_NA ) ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` It 's Prince Demande ! # moonpanel ( screenshot of Matt Mercer 's credit as Prince Demande ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Viz Media Reveals More English Dub Cast for Sailor Moon R Anime '' . April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex USA to Release 1st Aldnoah. Zero Season 1 On BD / DVD with Dub , Sub '' . Anime News Network . June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex USA Details Fate / stay night UBW , Durarara ! ! 2xSho Release Details '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals Attack on Titan : Junior High 's Broadcast Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Unveils Daimidaler 's Dub Cast , Trailer , December 15 Date '' . Anime News Network . October 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ugwa , Godswill ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Brothers Conflict English Cast '' . Funimation Blog . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viz Announces 2011 - 2014 Hunter x Hunter 's English Dub Cast ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals Black Bulter : Book of Circus & Book of Murder Anime 's Casts , Release Dates '' . Anime News Network . 14 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail English Dub Casts Matthew Mercer , Ricco Fajardo , Jeremy Schwartz '' . Anime News Network . June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rift '' . Sengoku Basara . Episode 1 . December 27 , 2016 . Event occurs at Closing credits . Funimation . Jump up ^ Moore , lauren ( 25 August 2017 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super - Universe 6 & 7 tournament English cast announcement - Funimation - Blog ! '' . Funimation . Funimation - Blog ! . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthew Mercer ( @ matthewmercer ) ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` '' @ iJLee209 : @ matthewmercer Wait a minute ... I may just be going crazy , but for some reason , Yamato from Naruto has your voice now ... '' @ iJLee209 I may have filled in as Yamato on an episode or 10 . ; ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Cape and the Clown '' . DC Super Friends . Episode 1 . May 4 , 2015 . Event occurs at Closing credits . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` The Brave & The Bald '' . DC Super Friends . Episode 2 . May 4 , 2015 . Event occurs at Closing credits . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Matthew Mercer ( @ matthewmercer ) ( September 19 , 2015 ) . `` Proud to be playing Bigfoot in the new series `` Wabbit '' , premiering Monday on # CartoonNetwork ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Bubbler '' . Miraculous : Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir . Season 1 . Episode 1 . December 6 , 2015 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Cool Bro Bots '' . Regular Show . Season 8 . Episode 2 . September 26 , 2016 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Space '' . Regular Show . Season 8 . Episode 3 . September 27 , 2016 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Space Creds '' . Regular Show . Season 8 . Episode 4 . September 27 , 2016 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` A Day in the Life '' . Marvel 's Spider - Man . Episode 4 . September 2 , 2017 . Event occurs at Closing credits . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Party Animals '' . Marvel 's Spider - Man . Episode 4 . September 2 , 2017 . Event occurs at Closing credits . Disney XD . Jump up ^ https://www.avclub.com/the-ray-gives-the-cw-s-new-gay-hero-an-animated-showcas-1821084689 Jump up ^ https://www.bleedingcool.com/2017/12/08/freedom-fighters-ray-season-1-recap/ Jump up ^ Monsters University ( film ) . 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Watch First Resident Evil : Vendetta Movie Trailer '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Encina , Edson Kyle ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` More Resident Evil Movies Planned By Series Creator Capcom '' . Movie News Guide . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Vendetta Cinemark Theatres '' . www.cinemark.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger & Bunny The Movie : The Rising ' New Driver ' English Dub Clip Streamed '' . February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Viz Reveals English Dub Cast for K : Missing Kings Film ( Update 2 ) '' . Anime News Network . October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Resume - Matthew Mercer '' . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Guest - Matt Mercer '' . Anime Matsuri . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Beenox . The Amazing Spider - Man . Scene : Closing credits , 2 ; 56 minutes in , Voice Overs , Additional Voice Over Actors . Jump up ^ Capcom . Resident Evil 6 . Capcom . Scene : Closing credits , 4 minutes in , Facial Capture ( ADR ) Cast . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Mercer Gives Life to Leon Kennedy in `` Resident Evil 6 '' `` . cbr.com . October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Madden , Orla ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Ninterview : Meet Matthew Mercer - Voice Actor For Chrom '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gears of War : Judgment Credits '' . Microsoft Game Studios . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Square Enix . Lightning Returns : Final Fantasy XIII . Scene : Closing credits , 5 minutes in , Voice Actors , Additional Voices . Jump up ^ Matthew Mercer ( @ matthewmercer ) ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` All you @ PlayHearthstone players , keep an ear out for me in the new Blackrock Mountain Expansion as Grim Guzzler , Nefarian , & Ragnaros ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Blizzard Entertainment . Diablo III : Reaper of Souls . Scene : Closing credits , 5 : 23 in , Voice Over , Additional Voices . Jump up ^ `` Voiceover actor Matt Mercer on working in games and comics , plus the `` Vezax voice '' `` . engadget.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben . `` How the voices behind your favorite games and shows are re-inventing live D&D '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Destiny -- End Credits -- IGN Video . IGN Video . September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ishaan . `` Kanji 's Voice Actor , Matthew Mercer , Learns How To Play Persona 4 Arena Ultimax '' . Siliconera . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blizzard Entertainment . World of Warcraft : Warlords of Draenor . Scene : Closing credits , 11 : 30 in , Voice Over Cast . Jump up ^ Mercer , Matthew ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` I 'm excited to announce that today launches the # LordsofWar short following the Orc Chieftain I voice in Warlords of Draenor ... Kilrogg , leader of the Bleeding Hollow Clan ! '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ @ Monty_Pla ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` @ matthewmercer Is it correct that you voiced Zato - 1 ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Matthew Mercer ( @ matthewmercer ) ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Thaaaaaaat is correct ! Tell them what they 've won ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Get Candid With The Voice Actors Of Saints Row : Gat Out Of Hell -- Saints Row : Gat Out of Hell '' . Game Informer . Video , 2 : 07 minutes in Jump up ^ Matthew Mercer ( @ matthewmercer ) ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Go check out Saint 's Row : Gat Out of Hell ! I voice Blackbeard , demons , and the creepy weapon embodiment of murder , Gallows Dodger . ; ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Final Fantasy Type - 0 HD Interview : Matthew Mercer ( ASK YOUR QUESTIONS ) '' . finalfantasyunion.com . June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthew Mercer ( @ matthewmercer ) ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` With today 's release of @ Obsidian 's # PillarsofEternity , I 'm excited to announce I voice Edér & Aloth , as well as misc others . Enjoy , folks ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Matthew Mercer ( @ matthewmercer ) ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` @ Samhain92 Aloth , Eder , & Male Voice : Sinister ... with a smattering of NPCs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Watch Seven Minutes of Gameplay From ' Batman : Arkham Knight ' '' . Complex.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tweets regarding League of Legends credits : @ shinywigglytuff ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` @ matthewmercer Are you the voice Actor for the updated Gangplank in League of Legends ? Sorry if I 'm mistaken '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Mercer , Matthew ( @ matthewmercer ) ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Good ear . ; ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 -- via Twitter . @ xILubez ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The wolf sounds like @ matthewmercer 's work '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Mercer , Matthew ( @ matthewmercer ) ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` @ xILubez Good ear . ; ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Avalanche Studios . Mad Max . Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . Scene : Credits , 5 : 40 in , Talent . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Mercer on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bethesda Softworks ( 2015 ) . Fallout 4 . Scene : Closing credits , 1 : 53 in , Cast . ^ Jump up to : Telltale Games ( @ telltalegames ) ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` He 's Aiden in Minecraft : Story Mode and Freeze in Batman : The Enemy Within ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ CyberConnect2 . Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 . Scene : Closing credits , 0 : 48 in , English Cast . Jump up ^ @ ninjacoachz ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` @ matthewmercer That you as Ryoma , Azama , and Shigure in Fire Emblem : Fates ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Matthew Mercer ( @ matthewmercer ) ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` @ ninjacoachz indeed ! : ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` All in the Mighty Family ! -- Voice Cast for Mighty No. 9 '' . Mighty No. 9 official website . February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ @ ninjacoachz ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` @ matthewmercer Are you voicing Espio in Mario & Sonic Rio 2016 Olympics ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Matthew Mercer ( @ matthewmercer ) ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` @ ninjacoachz Good ear ! : ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Watch a dude troll Overwatch players by playing `` It 's High Noon '' over mic `` . vg247.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch How An ' Overwatch ' Fan Trolls Players Using McCree 's ' It 's High Noon ' Ultimate '' . itechpost.com . June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kemps , Heidi ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` Game Review -- Zero Time Dilemma -- PS Vita '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rochefort , Simone de ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Masquerada intrigues with a promising story and tactical combat '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 -- via www.polygon.com . Jump up ^ `` Masquerada Turns An RPG Campaign Into One of the Best Video Games Around - Geek and Sundry '' . geekandsundry.com . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Witching Hour Studios . Masquerada : Songs and Shadows . Ysbyrd Games . Scene : Credits , 1 : 50 in , Voice Talents . Jump up ^ Matthew Mercer ( @ matthewmercer ) ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` I see that Skylanders : Imaginators just released ! I am pleased to be voicing the purple dragon himself , Spyro ! # SkylandersImaginators '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Medina , ND ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Final Fantasy XV ' English Voice Cast Announced In New Trailer ( VIDEO ) '' . IDigitalTimes . IBT Media . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Final Fantasy XV ( August 22 , 2016 ) . FINAL FANTASY XV : The English Voice Cast . Event occurs at 4 : 34 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Titanfall 2 Single Player Gameplay Footage ! / r / titanfall '' . reddit.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast List for Kingdom Hearts Back Cover revealed '' . KHInsider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sato ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Fire Emblem Heroes Trailer Shows Heroes And Heroines With Artwork And Voicing Info '' . Siliconera . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nier Automata English Voice Cast Includes Final Fantasy 15 's Ray Chase And Overwatch 's Matt Mercer '' . www.thebitbag.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Nier : Automata '' . behindthevoiceactors.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Persona 5 Voice Cast Announced , Includes Overwatch 's McCree , One Punch Man 's Saitama , and More '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Edwin ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Everything We Know About INJUSTICE 2 So Far - Nerdist '' . Nerdist . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shelton , Skylar . `` Info '' . There Will be Brawl official website . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matthew Mercer . Biography portal Matthew Mercer on Twitter Matthew Mercer convention appearances on AnimeCons.com Matthew Mercer at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Matthew Mercer on IMDb Info Page on ThereWillBeBrawl.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Mercer&oldid=815673453 '' Categories : 1982 births Living people American male video game actors American male voice actors People from Palm Beach , Florida 21st - century American male actors 20th - century American male actors People from Los Angeles Male actors from Los Angeles Web series producers American male web series actors Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from February 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 日本語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 09 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who voices levi in attack on titan english dub	[ "Matthew Christopher Miller, known professionally as Matthew Mercer or Matt Mercer, is an American voice actor involved in English dubs of Japanese anime as well as cartoons, films and video games. In anime shows, he voiced Levi in Attack on Titan, Kiritsugu Emiya in Fate/Zero, Kanji Tatsumi for episodes 13-26 in Persona 4: The Animation, and Trafalgar Law in the Funimation dub of One Piece. In video games, he voices Leon S. Kennedy in the Resident Evil series, Jack Cooper in Titanfall 2, Chrom in Fire Emblem Awakening, McCree in Overwatch, MacCready in Fallout 4 and Yusuke Kitagawa in Persona 5. In addition to voice-over, Mercer has developed some live-action web series including a Nintendo character parody called There Will Be Brawl and the Dungeons & Dragons gaming sessions called Critical Role, the latter of which is broadcast by Geek & Sundry." ]	[ "Matthew Christopher Miller" ]
-3865446180888485848	Coastal hazards	Coastal hazards - wikipedia Coastal hazards Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coastal Hazards are physical phenomena that expose a coastal area to risk of property damage , loss of life and environmental degradation . Rapid - onset hazards last over periods of minutes to several days and examples include major cyclones accompanied by high winds , waves and surges or tsunamis created by submarine earthquakes and landslides . Slow - onset hazards develop incrementally over longer time periods and examples include erosion and gradual inundation . Cockenzie Harbour in a gale -- geograph.org.uk -- 370232 Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Coastal environments of the USA 3 Causes of Coastal Hazards 4 Policies 5 Management and planning 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Introduction ( edit ) Since early civilisation , coastal areas have been attractive settling grounds for human population as they provided abundant marine resources , fertile agricultural land and possibilities for trade and transport . This has led to high population densities and high levels of development in many coastal areas and this trend is continuing into the 21st century . At present , about 1 , 2 billion people live in coastal areas globally , and this number is predicted to increase to 1 , 8 -- 5 , 2 billion by the 2080s due to a combination of population growth and coastal migration . Along with this increase follows major investments in infrastructure and the build environment . The characteristics of coastal environments , however , pose some great challenges to human habitation . Coastlines are highly dynamic natural systems that interact with terrestrial , marine and atmospheric processes and undergo continuous change in response to these processes . Over the years , human society has often failed to recognize the hazards related to these dynamics and this has led to major disasters and societal disruption to various degrees . Even today , coastal development is often taking place with little regard to the hazards present in these environments , although climate change is likely to increase the general hazard levels . Societal activities in coastal areas can also pose a hazard to the natural balance of coastal systems , thereby disrupting e.g. sensitive ecosystems and subsequently human livelihood . Coastal hazard management has become an increasingly important aspect of coastal planning in order to improve the resilience of society to coastal hazards . Possible management options include hard engineering structures , soft protection measures , various accommodation approaches as well as a managed retreat from the coastline . For addressing coastal hazards , it is also important to have early warning systems and emergency management plans in place to be able to address sudden and potential disastrous hazards i.e. major flooding events . Events as the Hurricane Katrina affecting the southern USA in 2005 and the cyclone Nargis affecting Myanmar in 2008 provides clear examples of the importance of timely coastal hazard management . Coastal environments of the USA ( edit ) There are many different types of environments along the coasts of the United States with very diverse features that affect , influence , and mold the near - shore processes that are involved . Understanding these ecosystems and environments can further advance the mitigating techniques and policy - making efforts against natural and man - made coastal hazards in these vulnerable areas . The five most common types of coastal zones range from the northern ice - pushing , mountainous coastline of Alaska and Maine , the barrier island coasts facing the Atlantic , the steep , cliff - back headlands along the pacific coast , the marginal - sea type coastline of the Gulf region , and the coral reef coasts bordering Southern Florida and Hawaii . Ice - pushing / mountainous coastline These coastal regions along the northernmost part of the nation were affected predominantly by , along with the rest of the Pacific Coast , continuous tectonic activity , forming a very long , irregular , ridged , steep and mostly mountainous coastline . These environments are heavily occupied with permafrost and glaciers , which are the two major conditions affecting Alaska 's Coastal Development . Barrier island coastline Barrier islands are a land form system that consists of fairly narrow strips of sand running parallel to the mainland and play a significant role in mitigating storm surges and oceans swells as natural storm events occur . The morphology of the various types and sizes of barrier islands depend on the wave energy , tidal range , basement controls , and sea level trends . The islands create multiple unique environments of wetland systems including marshes , estuaries , and lagoons . Steep , cliff - backing abrasion coastline The coastline along the western part of the nation consists of very steep , cliffed rock formations generally with vegetative slopes descending down and a fringing beach below . The various sedimentary , metamorphic , and volcanic rock formations assembled along a tectonically disturbed environment , all with altering resistances running perpendicular , cause the ridged , extensive stretch of uplifted cliffs that form the peninsulas , lagoons , and valleys . Marginal - sea type coastline The southern banks of the United States border the Gulf of Mexico , intersecting numerous rivers , forming many inlets bays , and lagoons along its coast , consisting of vast areas of marsh and wetlands . This region of landform is prone to natural disasters yet highly and continuously developed , with man - made structures attaining to water flow and control . Coral reef coastline Coral reefs are located off the shores of the southern Florida and Hawaii consisting of rough and complex natural structures along the bottom of the ocean floor with extremely diverse ecosystems , absorbing up to ninety percent of the energy dissipated from wind - generated waves . This process is a significant buffer for the inner - lying coastlines , naturally protecting and minimizing the impact of storm surge and direct wave damage . Because of the highly diverse ecosystems , these coral reefs not only provide for the shoreline protection , but also deliver an abundant amount of services to fisheries and tourism , increasing its economic value . Causes of coastal hazards ( edit ) Hurricane Surge Natural VS Human disasters The population that lives along or near our coastlines are an extremely vulnerable population . There are numerous issues facing our coastlines and there are two main categories that these hazards can be placed under , Natural disasters and Human disasters . Both of these issues cause great damage to our coastlines and discussion is still ongoing regarding what standards or responses need to be met to help both the individuals who want to continue living along the coastline , while keeping them safe and not eroding more coastline away . Natural disasters are disasters that are out of human control and are usually caused by the weather . Disasters that include but are not limited to ; storms , tsunamis , typhoons , flooding , tides , waterspouts , nor'easters , and storm surge . Human disasters occur when humans are the main culprit behind why the disaster happened . Some human disasters are but are not limited to ; pollution , trawling , and human development . Natural and human disasters continue to harm the coastlines severely and they need to be researched in order to prepare / stop the hazards if possible . The populations that live near or along the coast experience many hazards and it affects millions of people . Around ten million people globally feel the effects of coastal problems yearly and most are due to certain natural hazards like coastal flooding with storm surges and typhoons . A major problem related to coastal regions deals with how the entire global environment is changing and in response , the coastal regions are easily affected . Hurricane Diana Storms , Flooding and Erosion Storms are one of the major hazards that are associated to coastal regions . Storms , flooding , and erosion are closely associated and can happen simultaneously . Tropical storms or Hurricanes especially can devastate coastal regions . For example , Florida during Hurricane Andrew occurred in 1992 that caused extreme damage . It was a category five hurricane that caused $26.5 billion in damages and even 23 individuals lost their lives from the storm . Hurricane Katrina also caused havoc along the coast to show the extreme force a hurricane can do in a certain region . The Chennai Floods of 2015 , which affected many people , is an example of flooding due to cyclones . People across the whole state of Tamil Nadu felt its impact and even parts of Andhra Pradesh got affected . There was a loss of Rs. 900 crore and 280 people died . Many cyclones like this happen across Asia but the media reports only minor hurricanes which hit the United States . In almost all cases , storms are the major culprit that causes flooding and erosion . Flash flooding is caused by storms that occurs when a massive amount of rainfall comes down into an area over a short period of time . Where as a storm surge , which is closely related to tropical storms , is when the wind collects and pushes water towards low pressure or inland and can rise rapidly . It is an offshore rise of water and overall creates a higher sea level that rises and is pushed inland . The amount of rise or fall of storm surge depends greatly on the amount and duration of wind and water in a specific location . Also if it occurs during a high tide it can have an even greater effect on the coast . Almost all storms with high wind and water cause erosion along the coast . Erosion occurs when but not limited to ; along shore currents , tides , sea level rise and fall , and high winds . Larger amounts of erosion cause the coastline to erode away at a faster rate and can leave people homeless and leave less land to develop or keep for environmental reasons . Coastal erosion has been increasing over the past few years and it is still on the rise which makes it a major coastline hazard . In the United States , 45 percent of its coast line is along the Atlantic or Gulf coast and the erosion rate per year along the Gulf coast is at six feet a year . The average rate of erosion along the Atlantic is around two to three feet a year . Even with these findings , erosion rates in specific locations vary because of various environmental factors such as major storms that can cause major erosion upwards to 100 feet or more in only one day . Pollution , Trawling and Human Development North Carolina Homes being taken by the Atlantic Ocean 08 - 23 - 2011 Pollution , trawling , and human development are major human disasters that affect coastal regions . There are two main categories related to pollution , point source pollution , and nonpoint source pollution . Point source pollution is when there is an exact location such as a pipeline or a body of water that leads into the rivers and oceans . Known dumping into the ocean is also another point source of pollution . Nonpoint source pollution would pertain more to fertilizer runoff , and industrial waste . Examples of pollution that affect the coastal regions are but are not limited to ; fertilizer runoff , oil spills , and dumping of hazardous materials into the oceans . More human acts that hurt the coastline are as follows ; waste discharge , fishing , dredging , mining , and drilling . Oil spills are one of the most hazardous dangers towards coastal communities . They are hard to contain , difficult to clean up , and devastate everything . The fish , animals such as birds , the water , and especially the coastline near the spill . The most recent oil spill that had everybody concerned with oil spill was the BP oil spill . Trawling hurts the normal ecosystems in the water around the coastline . It depletes all ecosystems on the ocean floor such as , flounder , shellfish , marsh etc ... It is simply a giant net that is drug across the ocean floor and destroys and catches anything in its path . Human development is one of the major problems when facing coastal hazards . The overall construction of buildings and houses on the coast line takes away the natural occurrences to handle the fluctuation in water and sea level rise . Building houses in pre-flood areas or high risk areas that are extremely vulnerable to flooding are major concerns towards human development in coastal regions . Having houses and buildings in areas that are known to have powerful storms that will create people to be in risk by living there . Also pertaining to barrier islands , where land is at risk for erosion but they still continue to build there anyway . More and more houses today are being taken by the ocean ; look at picture above . Coastal hazards & climate change The predicted climate change is adding an extra risk factor to human settlement in coastal areas . Whereas the natural dynamics that shape our coastlines have been relatively stable and predictable over the last centuries , much more rapid change is now expected in processes as sea level rise , ocean temperature and acidity , tropical storm intensity and precipitation / runoff patterns . The world 's coastlines will respond to these changes in different ways and at different pace depending on their bio-geophysical characteristics , but generally society will have to recognize that past coastal trends can not be directly projected into the future . Instead , it is necessary to consider how different coastal environments will respond to the predicted climate change and take the expected future hazards into account in the coastal planning processes . Policies ( edit ) National Flood Insurance Program The National Flood Insurance Program or NFIP was instituted in 1968 and offers home owners in qualifying communities an opportunity to rebuild and recover after flooding events following the decision by insurance companies to discontinue providing flood insurance . This decision was made on behalf of the private insurers after continually high and widespread flood losses . The goals of this program are to not only better protect individuals from flood , but to reduce property losses , and reduce the total amount disbursed for flood loses by the government . Only communities which have adopted and implemented mitigation policies that are compliant with or exceed federal regulations . The regulatory policies reduce risk to life and property located within floodplains . The NFIP also comprehensively mapped domestic floodplains increasing public awareness of risk . The majority of structures were constructed after the mapping was completed and risk could be assessed . To reduce the cost to these owners , which constitute roughly 25 % of the total policies the rates for insurance are subsidized . Coastal States Organization The Coastal States Organization or COS was established in 1970 to represent 35 U.S. sub-federal governments on issues of coastal policies . CSO lobbies Congress on issues pertaining to Coastal Policy allowing states input on federal policy decisions . Funding , support , water quality , coastal hazards , and coastal zone management are the primary issues COS promotes . The strategic goals of COS are to provide information and assistance to members , evaluate and manage coastal needs , and secure long term funding for member states initiatives . Coastal Zone Management Act In 1972 the Coastal Zone Management Act or CZMA works to streamline the policies which states create to a minimum federal standard for environmental protection . CZMA establishes the national policy for the development and implementation of regulatory programs for coastal land usage , which is supposed to be reflected in state legislation such as CAMA . CZMA also provides minimum building requirements to make the insurance provided through the NFIP less expensive for the government to operate by mitigating losses . Congress found that it was necessary to establish the minimum which programs should provide for . Each coastal state is required to have a program with 7 distinct parts : Identifying land uses , Identifying critical coastal areas , Management measures , Technical assistance , Public participation , Administrative coordination , State coastal zone boundary modification . The Coastal Area Management Act The Coastal Area Management Act or CAMA is policy that was implemented by the state of North Carolina in 1974 to work in - tandem with the CZMA . It creates a cooperative program between the state and local governments . The State government operates in an advisory capacity and reviews decisions made by local government planners . The goal of this legislation was to create a management system capable of preserving the coastal environment , insure the preservation of land and water resources , balance the use of coastal resources and establish guidelines and standards for conservations , economic development , tourism , transportation , and the protection of common law . Management and planning ( edit ) Due to the increasing urbanization along the coastlines , planning and management are essential to protecting the ecosystems and environment from depleting . Coastal management is becoming implemented more because of the movement of people to the shore and the hazards that come with the territory . Some of the hazards include movement of barrier islands , sea level rise , hurricanes , nor'easters , earthquakes , flooding , erosion , pollution and human development along the coast . The Coastal Zone Management Act ( CZMA ) was created in 1972 because of the continued growth along the coast , this act introduced better management practices such as integrated coastal zone management , adaptive management and the use mitigation strategies when planning . According to the Coastal Zone Management Act , the objectives are to remain balanced to `` preserve , protect , develop , and where possible , to restore or enhance the resources of the nation 's coastal zone '' . The development of the land can strongly affect the sea , for example the engineering of structures versus non-structures and the effects of erosion along the shore . Integrated coastal zone management Integrated coastal zone management means the integration of all aspects of the coastal zone ; this includes environmentally , socially , culturally politically and economically to meet a sustainable balance all around . Sustainability is the goal to allow development yet protect the environment in which we develop . Coastal zones are fragile and do not do well with change so it is important to acquire sustainable development . The integration from all views will entitle a holistic view for the best implementation and management of that country , region and local scales . The five types of integration include integration among sectors , integration between land and water elements of the coastal zone , integration amount levels of government , integration between nations and integration among disciplines are all essential to meet the needs for implementation . Management practices include maintaining the functional integrity of the coastal resource systems , without disrupting the environment reducing resource - use conflicts , by making sure resources are used adequately and sustainably , maintaining the health of the environment , which means to protect the ecosystems and natural cycle , facilitating the progress of multisectoral development , which means allowing developers to develop within standards . These four management practices should be based on a bottom - up approach , meaning the approach starts from a local level which is more intimate to the specific environment of that area . After assessment from the local level , the state and federal input can be implemented . The bottom - up approach is key for protecting the local environments because there is a diversity of environments that have specific needs all over the world . Adaptive management Managing Coastal Hazards Chart Adaptive management is another practice of development adaptation with the environment . Resources are the major factor when managing adaptively to a certain environment to accommodate all the needs of development and ecosystems . Strategies used must be flexible by either passive or active adaptive management include these key features : AIterative decision - making ( evaluating results and adjusting actions on the basis of what has been learned ) Feedback between monitoring and decisions ( learning process ) Explicit characterization of system uncertainty through multi-model inference ( experimentation ) Embracing risk and uncertainty as a way of building understanding ( trial and error ) To achieve adaptive management is testing the assumptions to achieve a desired outcome , such as trial and error , find the best known strategy then monitoring it to adapt to the environment , and learning the outcomes of success and failures of a project . Mitigation Relocation of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse , NC , Failure of groin to protect the coast The purpose of mitigation is not only to minimize the loss of property damage , but minimize environmental damages due to development . To avoid impacts by not taking or limiting actions , to reduce or rectify impacts by rehabilitation or restoring the affected environments or instituting long - term maintenance operations and compensating for impacts by replacing or providing substitute environments for resources Structural mitigation is the current solution to eroding beaches and movement of sand is the use of engineered structures along the coast have been short lived and are only an illusion of safety to the public that result in long term damage of the coastline . Structural management deals with the use of the following : groins which are man - made solution to longshore current movements up and down the coast . The use of groins are efficient to some extent yet cause erosion and sand build up further down the beaches . Bulkheads are man - made structures that help protect the homes built along the coast and other bodies of water that actually induce erosion in the long run . Jetties are structures built to protect sand movement into the inlets where boats for fishing and recreation move through . The use of nonstructural mitigation is the practice of using organic and soft structures for solutions to protect against coastal hazards . These include : artificial dunes , which are used to create dunes that have been either developed on or eroded . There needs to be at least two lines of dunes before any development can occur . Beach Nourishment is a major source of nonstructural mitigation to ensure that beaches are present for the communities and for the protection of the coastline . Vegetation is a key factor when protecting from erosion , specifically for to help stabilize dune erosion . See also ( edit ) Federal Emergency Management Agency References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwartz , M. ( 2005 ) Encyclopaedia of Coastal Science , Springer . Jump up ^ IPCC , 2007 : http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/contents.html Jump up ^ Masselink & Hughes , Coastal processes & geomorphology , Arnold , 2003 Jump up ^ IPCC , 2014 : http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ Jump up ^ Inman , Douglas L. `` ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE IN THE COASTAL ZONE . '' Environmental Science in the Coastal Zone : Issues for Further Research . The National Academic Press . Web . 09 Apr. 2012 . < http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2249 > . Jump up ^ Bird , Eric C. `` Chapter 1.1 Alaska '' . Encyclopedia of the World 's Coastal Landforms . Dordrecht : Springer , 2010 . Print . Jump up ^ `` BarrierIslnd . '' Smithsonian Marine Station ( SMS ) at Fort Pierce . Web . 30 April 2012 . < http://www.sms.si.edu/IRLSpec/BarrierIslnd.htm > . Jump up ^ Collins , B. , and N. Sitar . `` Processes of Coastal Bluff Erosion in Weakly Lithified Sands , Pacifica , California , USA . '' Geomorphology 97.3 -- 4 ( 2008 ) : 483 -- 501 . Print . Jump up ^ Bird , Eric C. `` Chapter 1.1 Alaska '' . Encyclopedia of the World 's Coastal Landforms . Dordrecht : Springer , 2010 . Print . Jump up ^ Murray , John . `` Coral Reefs '' . Nature 40.1030 ( 1889 ) : 294 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Coastal hazards - natural , '' 2009 Jump up ^ Adger , N. , & Hughes , T. 2005 Jump up ^ Adger , N. , & Hughes , T. 2005 Jump up ^ Burby , R. ( n.d. ) . Hurricane katrina . Sage journals , Retrieved from http://ann.sagepub.com/content/604/1/171.short Jump up ^ ( 2009 ) . Coastal hazards - natural disasters . Ocean science and stewardship , Retrieved from http://dels-old.nas.edu/oceans/coastal_hazards_part_2.shtml Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Homeland Security , FEMA or Federal Emergency Management Agency . ( 2000 ) . Significant losses from coastal erosion anticipated along u.s. coastlines . Retrieved from website : http://www.fema.gov / news / newsrelease. fema ? id = 7708 Jump up ^ Inman , D. ( n.d. ) . Types of coastal zones : similarities and differences . Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2249&page=67 Jump up ^ IPCC , 2013 : Summary for Policymakers . In : Climate Change 2013 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( Stocker , T.F. , D. Qin , G. - K. Plattner , M. Tignor , S.K. Allen , J. Boschung , A. Nauels , Y . Xia , V. Bex and P.M. Midgley ( eds . ) ) . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , NY , USA . http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf Jump up ^ Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration . National Flood Insurance Program : Program Description . U.S. Government Press , August 1 , 2002 Retrieved from website : http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1480 Jump up ^ About COS. ( 2012 ) . Retrieved from http://www.coastalstates.org/about/ Jump up ^ ( 1972 ) . 16 usc chapter 33 -- coastal zone management . Retrieved from Cornell University Law School : http://Cornell/uscode/text/16/1452 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Commerece . National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 as amended through Pub . L. No. 109 - 58 , the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ( 2011 ) Retrieved from website : http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/about/czma.html#section6217 Jump up ^ North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resources , Division of Coastal Management . ( 1974 ) . Article 7 . coastal area management . part 1 . organization and goals ... Retrieved from website : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ National oceanic and atmospheric administration . ( 2011 ) . Retrieved from http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/czm/czm_act.html Jump up ^ Clark , J. Coastal zone management handbook . Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZHvKDJSg1PEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=management of coastal hazards&ots = bwKAk06AoG&sig = b9_iBP7OykljD0qtF9BkJutiEUw Jump up ^ CICIN - SAIN , B. 1993 . Sustainable Development and Integrated Coastal Management . Ocean and Coastal Management , 21 , 11 -- 43 . Jump up ^ THIA - ENG , C. 1993 . Essential Elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management . Ocean and Coastal Management , 21 , 81 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Elzinga , C.L. , D.W. Salzer , J.W. Willoughby ( 1998 ) . Measuring and Monitoring Plant Populations . Denver , CO : Bureau of Land Management . BLM Technical Reference 1730 - 1 . Jump up ^ Race , Margret . , & Christie , Donna , ( n.d. ) . Coastal zone development : Mitigation and decision - making . 6 ( 4 ) , 317 -- 328 . Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com/content/r078478127573341/fulltext.pdf External links ( edit ) NOAA NC COHAZ eurosion CAMA Coastal Hazards and National Policy Reframing disaster policy : the global evolution of Vulnerable Communities CZMA NOAA CZMA Sea level rise Cost of Coastal Hazards Erosion Control Tsunami Mechanisms of Tsunamis Coastal Management Coastal Mitigations Wetland Mitigations Coastal Policies Barrier Islands Hurricane Katrina Hurricane effects on the environment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_hazards&oldid=810252359 '' Categories : Coastal engineering Natural hazards Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2012 USA - centric Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 04 : 42 . About Wikipedia	identify and describe three of the challenges facing coastal environments in the 21st century	[ "Coastal Hazards are physical phenomena that expose a coastal area to risk of property damage, loss of life and environmental degradation. Rapid-onset hazards last over periods of minutes to several days and examples include major cyclones accompanied by high winds, waves and surges or tsunamis created by submarine earthquakes and landslides. Slow-onset hazards develop incrementally over longer time periods and examples include erosion and gradual inundation.[1]", "Coastal Hazards are physical phenomena that expose a coastal area to risk of property damage, loss of life and environmental degradation. Rapid-onset hazards last over periods of minutes to several days and examples include major cyclones accompanied by high winds, waves and surges or tsunamis created by submarine earthquakes and landslides. Slow-onset hazards develop incrementally over longer time periods and examples include erosion and gradual inundation.[1]", "Coastal Hazards are physical phenomena that expose a coastal area to risk of property damage, loss of life and environmental degradation. Rapid-onset hazards last over periods of minutes to several days and examples include major cyclones accompanied by high winds, waves and surges or tsunamis created by submarine earthquakes and landslides. Slow-onset hazards develop incrementally over longer time periods and examples include erosion and gradual inundation.[1]" ]	[ "major cyclones accompanied by high winds, waves and surges", "tsunamis created by submarine earthquakes", "landslides" ]
5806481574174579102	History of the Great Wall of China	History of the Great Wall of China - Wikipedia History of the Great Wall of China Course of the Wall throughout history The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn ( 771 -- 476 BC ) and Warring States periods ( 475 -- 221 BC ) were connected by the first emperor of China , Qin Shi Huang , to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia . The walls were built of rammed earth , constructed using forced labour , and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria . Later dynasties adopted different policies towards northern frontier defense . The Han ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 574 ) , the Sui ( 589 -- 618 ) , and particularly the Ming ( 1369 -- 1644 ) were among those that rebuilt , re-manned , and expanded the Walls , although they rarely followed Qin 's routes . The Han extended the fortifications furthest to the west , the Qi built about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) of new walls , while the Sui mobilised over a million men in their wall - building efforts . Conversely , the Tang ( 618 -- 907 ) , the Song ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the Yuan ( 1271 -- 1368 ) , and the Qing ( 1644 -- 1911 ) mostly did not build frontier walls , instead opting for other solutions to the Inner Asian threat like military campaigning and diplomacy . Although a useful deterrent against raids , at several points throughout its history the Great Wall failed to stop enemies , including in 1644 when the Manchu Qing marched through the gates of Shanhai Pass and replaced the most ardent of the wall - building dynasties , the Ming , as rulers of China . The Great Wall of China visible today largely dates from the Ming dynasty , as they rebuilt much of the wall in stone and brick , often extending its line through challenging terrain . Some sections remain in relatively good condition or have been renovated , while others have been damaged or destroyed for ideological reasons , deconstructed for their building materials , or lost due to the ravages of time . For long an object of fascination for foreigners , the wall is now a revered national symbol and a popular tourist destination . Contents 1 Geographical considerations 2 Pre-imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) 3 Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) 4 Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) 5 Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) 6 Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) 7 Northern Song ( 960 - 1127 ) 8 Conquest dynasties ( 907 - 1368 ) 8.1 Liao dynasty frontier 8.2 The two walls of Jin dynasty 8.3 The Tangut Great Wall 8.4 The onset of the Mongols 9 Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) 9.1 The early walls 9.2 The Walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the western reaches 9.3 From Beijing to Shanhai Pass 10 Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) 10.1 Western appreciation of the Wall 11 Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) 12 Historiography 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography Geographical considerations ( edit ) Topographical map of China 's northern frontier area , with modern political boundaries . Manchuria , unmarked , is to the east of Inner Mongolia . The conflict between the Chinese and the nomads , from which the need for the Great Wall arose , stemmed from differences in geography . The 15 '' isohyet marks the extent of settled agriculture , dividing the fertile fields of China to the south and the semi-arid grasslands of Inner Asia to the north . The climates and the topography of the two regions led to distinct modes of societal development . According to the model by sinologist Karl August Wittfogel , the loess soils of Shaanxi made it possible for the Chinese to develop irrigated agriculture early on . Although this allowed them to expand into the lower reaches of the Yellow River valley , such extensive waterworks on an ever - increasing scale required collective labour , something that could only be managed by some form of bureaucracy . Thus the scholar - bureaucrats came to the fore to keep track of the income and expenses of the granaries . Walled cities grew up around the granaries for reasons of defence along with ease of administration ; they kept invaders out and ensured that citizens remained within . These cities combined to become feudal states , which eventually united to become an empire . Likewise , according to this model , walls not only enveloped cities as time went by , but also lined the borders of the feudal states and eventually the whole Chinese empire to provide protection against raids from the agrarian northern steppes . The steppe societies of Inner Asia , whose climate favoured a pastoral economy , stood in stark contrast to the Chinese mode of development . As animal herds are migratory by nature , communities could not afford to be stationary and therefore evolved as nomads . According to the influential Mongolist Owen Lattimore this lifestyle proved to be incompatible with the Chinese economic model . As the steppe population grew , pastoral agriculture alone could not support the population , and tribal alliances needed to be maintained by material rewards . For these needs , the nomads had to turn to the settled societies to get grains , metal tools , and luxury goods , which they could not produce by themselves . If denied trade by the settled peoples , the nomads would resort to raiding or even conquest . Potential nomadic incursion from three main areas of Inner Asia caused concern to northern China : Mongolia to the north , Manchuria to the northeast , and Xinjiang to the northwest . Of the three , China 's chief concern since the earliest times had been Mongolia -- the home of many of the country 's fiercest enemies including the Xiongnu , the Xianbei , the Khitans , and the Mongols . The Gobi Desert , which accounts for two - thirds of Mongolia 's area , divided the main northern and southern grazing lands and pushed the pastoral nomads to the fringes of the steppe . On the southern side ( Inner Mongolia ) , this pressure brought the nomads into contact with China . For the most part , barring intermittent passes and valleys ( the major one being the corridor through Zhangjiakou and the Juyong Pass ) , the North China Plain remained shielded from the Mongolian steppe by the Yin Mountains . However , if this defence were breached , China 's flat terrain offered no protection to the cities on the plain , including the imperial capitals of Beijing , Kaifeng , and Luoyang . Heading west along the Yin Mountains , the range ends where the Yellow River circles northwards upstream in the area known as the Ordos Loop -- technically part of the steppe , but capable of irrigated agriculture . Although the Yellow River formed a theoretical natural boundary with the north , such a border so far into the steppe was difficult to maintain . The lands south of the Yellow River -- the Hetao , the Ordos Desert , and the Loess Plateau -- provided no natural barriers on the approach to the Wei River valley , the oft - called cradle of Chinese civilization where the ancient capital Xi'an lay . As such , control of the Ordos remained extremely important for the rulers of China : not only for potential influence over the steppe , but also for the security of China proper . The region 's strategic importance combined with its untenability led many dynasties to place their first walls here . Although Manchuria is home to the agricultural lands of the Liao River valley , its location beyond the northern mountains relegated it to the relative periphery of Chinese concern . When Chinese state control became weak , at various points in history Manchuria fell under the control of the forest peoples of the area , including the Jurchens and the Manchus . The most crucial route that links Manchuria and the North China Plain is a narrow coastal strip of land , wedged between the Bohai Sea and the Yan Mountains , called the Shanhai Pass ( literally the `` mountain and sea pass '' ) . The pass gained much importance during the later dynasties , when the capital was set in Beijing , a mere 300 kilometres ( 190 miles ) away . In addition to the Shanhai Pass , a handful of mountain passes also provide access from Manchuria into China through the Yan Mountains , chief among them the Gubeikou and Xifengkou ( Chinese : 喜峰口 ) . Xinjiang , considered part of the Turkestan region , consists of an amalgamation of deserts , oases , and dry steppe barely suitable for agriculture . When influence from the steppe powers of Mongolia waned , the various Central Asian oasis kingdoms and nomadic clans like the Göktürks and Uyghurs were able to form their own states and confederations that threatened China at times . China proper is connected to this area by the Hexi Corridor , a narrow string of oases bounded by the Gobi Desert to the north and the high Tibetan Plateau to the south . In addition to considerations of frontier defence , the Hexi Corridor also formed an important part of the Silk Road trade route . Thus it was also in China 's economic interest to control this stretch of land , and hence the Great Wall 's western terminus is in this corridor -- the Yumen Pass during Han times and the Jiayu Pass during the Ming dynasty and thereafter . Pre-Imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) ( edit ) Remnants of the Great Wall of Qi on Dafeng Mountain , Changqing District , Jinan , which was once part of the ancient State of Qi during the Warring States Period . One of the first mentions of a wall built against northern invaders is found in a poem , dated from the seventh century BC , recorded in the Classic of Poetry . The poem tells of a king , now identified as King Xuan ( r . 827 -- 782 BC ) of the Western Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 771 BC ) , who commanded General Nan Zhong ( 南仲 ) to build a wall in the northern regions to fend off the Xianyun . The Xianyun , whose base of power was in the Ordos region , were regarded as part of the charioteering Rong tribes , and their attacks aimed at the early Zhou capital region of Haojing were probably the reason for King Xuan 's response . Nan Zhong 's campaign was recorded as a great victory . However , only a few years later in 771 BC another branch of the Rong people , the Quanrong , responded to a summons by the renegade Marquess of Shen by over-running the Zhou defences and laying waste to the capital . The cataclysmic event killed King Xuan 's successor King You ( 795 -- 771 BC ) , forced the court to move the capital east to Chengzhou ( 成周 , later known as Luoyang ) a year later , and thus ushered in the Eastern Zhou dynasty ( 770 -- 256 BC ) . Most importantly , the fall of Western Zhou redistributed power to the states that had acknowledged Zhou 's nominal rulership . The rule of the Eastern Zhou dynasty was marked by bloody interstate anarchy . With smaller states being annexed and larger states waging constant war upon one another , many rulers came to feel the need to erect walls to protect their borders . Of the earliest textual reference to such a wall was the State of Chu 's wall of 656 BC , 1,400 metres ( 4,600 feet ) of which were excavated in southern Henan province in the modern era . However the Chu border fortifications consisted of many individual mountain fortresses ; they do not constitute to a lengthy , single wall . The State of Qi also had fortified borders up by the 7th century BC , and the extant portions in Shandong province had been christened the Great Wall of Qi . The State of Wei built two walls , the western one completed in 361 BC and the eastern in 356 BC , with the extant western wall found in Hancheng , Shaanxi . Even non-Chinese peoples built walls , such as the Di state of Zhongshan and the Yiqu Rong , whose walls were intended to defend against the State of Qin . Of these walls , those of the northern states Yan , Zhao , and Qin were connected by Qin Shi Huang when he united the Chinese states in 221 BC . Map of the Warring States and their frontier walls The State of Yan , the easternmost of the three northern states , began to erect walls after the general Qin Kai drove the Donghu people back `` a thousand li '' during the reign of King Zhao ( 燕昭王 ; r . 311 -- 279 BC ) . The Yan wall stretched from the Liaodong peninsula , through Chifeng , and into northern Hebei , possibly bringing its western terminus near the Zhao walls . Another Yan wall was erected to the south to defend against the Zhao ; it was southwest of present - day Beijing and ran parallel to the Juma River for several dozen miles . The Zhao walls to the north were built under King Wuling of Zhao ( r . 325 -- 299 BC ) , whose groundbreaking introduction of nomadic cavalry into his army reshaped Chinese warfare and gave Zhao an initial advantage over his opponents . He attacked the Xiongnu tribes of Linhu ( 林胡 ) and Loufan ( 樓煩 ) to the north , then waged war on the state of Zhongshan until it was annexed in 296 BC . In the process , he constructed the northernmost fortified frontier deep in nomadic territory . The Zhao walls were dated in the 1960s to be from King Wuling 's reign : a southern long wall in northern Henan encompassing the Yanmen Pass ; a second line of barricades encircling the Ordos Loop , extending from Zhangjiakou in the east to the ancient fortress of Gaoque ( 高闕 ) in the Urad Front Banner ; and a third , northernmost line along the southern slopes of the Yin Mountains , extending from Qinghe in the east , passing north of Hohhot , and into Baotou . Qin was originally a state on the western fringe of the Chinese political sphere , but it grew into a formidable power in the later parts of the Warring States period when it aggressively expanded in all directions . In the north , the state of Wei and the Yiqu built walls to protect themselves from Qin aggression , but were still unable to stop Qin from eating into their territories . The Qin reformist Shang Yang forced the Wei out of their walled area west of the Yellow River in 340 BC , and King Huiwen of Qin ( r . 338 -- 311 BC ) took 25 Yiqu forts in a northern offensive . When King Huiwen died , his widow the Queen Dowager Xuan acted as regent because the succeeding sons were deemed too young to govern . During the reign of King Zhaoxiang ( r . 306 -- 251 BC ) , the queen dowager apparently entered illicit relations with the Yiqu king and gave birth to two of his sons , but later tricked and killed the Yiqu king . Following that coup , the Qin army marched into Yiqu territory at the queen dowager 's orders ; the Qin annihilated the Yiqu remnants and thus came to possess the Ordos region . At this point the Qin built a wall around their new territories to defend against the true nomads even further north , incorporating the Wei walls . As a result , an estimated total of 1,775 kilometres ( 1,103 mi ) of Qin walls ( including spurts ) extended from southern Gansu to the bank of the Yellow River in the Jungar Banner , close to the border with Zhao at the time . The walls , known as Changcheng ( 長城 ) -- literally `` long walls '' , but often translated as `` Great Wall '' -- were mostly constructed of tamped earth , with some parts built with stones . Where natural barriers like ravines and rivers sufficed for defence , the walls were erected sparingly , but long fortified lines were laid where such advantageous terrains did not exist . Often in addition to the wall , the defensive system included garrisons and beacon towers inside the wall , and watchtowers outside at regular intervals . In terms of defence , the walls were generally effective at countering cavalry shock tactics , but there are doubts as to whether these early walls were actually defensive in nature . Nicola Di Cosmo points out that the northern frontier walls were built far to the north and included traditionally nomadic lands , and so rather than being defensive , the walls indicate the northward expansions of the three northern states and their desire to safeguard their recent territorial acquisitions . This theory is supported by the archeological discovery of nomadic artifacts within the walls , suggesting the presence of pre-existing or conquered barbarian societies . It is entirely possible , as Western scholars like di Cosmo and Lattimore suggest , that nomadic aggression against the Chinese in the coming centuries was partly caused by Chinese expansionism during this period . Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) ( edit ) Qin dynasty frontier walls In 221 BC , the state of Qin completed its conquest over the other Warring States and united China under Qin Shi Huang , the first emperor of China . These conquests , combined with the Legalist reforms started by Shang Yang in the 4th century BC , transformed China from a loose confederation of feudal states to an authoritarian empire . With the transformation , Qin became able to command a far greater assembly of labourers to be used in public works than the prior feudal kingdoms . Also , once unification was achieved , Qin found itself in possession of a large professional army with no more internal enemies to fight and thus had to find a new use for them . Soon after the conquests , in the year 215 BC , the emperor sent the famed general Meng Tian to the Ordos region to drive out the Xiongnu nomads settled there , who had risen from beyond the fallen marginal states along the northern frontier . Qin 's campaign against the Xiongnu was preemptive in nature , since there was no pressing nomadic menace to be faced at the time ; its aim was to annexe the ambiguous territories of the Ordos and to clearly define the Qin 's northern borders . Once the Xiongnu were chased away , Meng Tian introduced 30,000 settler families to colonize the newly conquered territories . Wall configurations were changed to reflect the new borders under the Qin . General Meng Tian erected walls beyond the northern loop of the Yellow River , effectively linking the border walls of Qin , Zhao , and Yan . Concurrent to the building of the frontier wall was the destruction of the walls within China that used to divide one warring state from another -- contrary to the outer walls , which were built to stabilize the newly united China , the inner walls threatened the unity of the empire . In the following year , 214 BC , Qin Shi Huang ordered new fortifications to be built along the Yellow River to the west of the Ordos while work continued in the north . This work was completed probably by 212 BC , signalled by Qin Shi Huang 's imperial tour of inspection and the construction of the Direct Road ( 直道 ) connecting the capital Xianyang with the Ordos . The result was a series of long walls running from Gansu to the seacoast in Manchuria . Details of the construction were not found in the official histories , but it could be inferred that the construction conditions were made especially difficult by the long stretches of mountains and semi-desert that the Great Wall traversed , the sparse populations of these areas , and the frigid winter climate . Although the walls were rammed earth , so the bulk of the building material could be found in situ , transportation of additional supplies and labour remained difficult for the reasons named above . The sinologist Derk Bodde posits in The Cambridge History of China that `` for every man whom Meng Tian could put to work at the scene of actual construction , dozens must have been needed to build approaching roads and to transport supplies . '' This is supported by the Han dynasty statesman Zhufu Yan 's description of Qin Shi Huang 's Ordos project in 128 BC : ... the land was brackish and arid , crops could not be grown on them ... At the time , the young men being drafted were forced to haul boats and barges loaded with baggage trains upstream to sustain a steady supply of food and fodder to the front ... Commencing at the departure point a man and his animal could carry thirty zhong ( about 176 kilograms ( 388 lb ) ) of food supply , by the time they arrived at the destination , they merely delivered one dan ( about 29 kilograms ( 64 lb ) ) of supply ... When the populace had become tired and weary they started to dissipate and abscond . The orphans , the frail , the widowed and the seniors were desperately trying to escape from their appallingly derelict state and died on the wayside as they wandered away from their home . People started to revolt . The settlement of the north continued up to Qin Shi Huang 's death in 210 BC , upon which Meng Tian was ordered to commit suicide in a succession conspiracy . Before killing himself , Meng Tian expressed regret for his walls : `` Beginning at Lintao and reaching to Liaodong , I built walls and dug moats for more than ten thousand li ; was it not inevitable that I broke the earth 's veins along the way ? This then was my offense . '' Meng Tian 's settlements in the north were abandoned , and the Xiongnu nomads moved back into the Ordos Loop as the Qin empire became consumed by widespread rebellion due to public discontent . Owen Lattimore concluded that the whole project relied upon military power to enforce agriculture on a land more suited for herding , resulting in `` the anti-historical paradox of attempting two mutually exclusive forms of development simultaneously '' that was doomed to fail . Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) ( edit ) Western Han dynasty frontier walls and the extent of its territory See also : History of the Han dynasty In 202 BC , the former peasant Liu Bang emerged victorious from the Chu -- Han Contention that followed the rebellion that toppled the Qin dynasty , and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Han dynasty , becoming known as Emperor Gaozu of Han ( r . 202 -- 195 BC ) to posterity . Unable to address the problem of the resurgent Xiongnu in the Ordos region through military means , Emperor Gaozu was forced to appease the Xiongnu . In exchange for peace , the Han offered tributes along with princesses to marry off to the Xiongnu chiefs . These diplomatic marriages would become known as heqin , and the terms specified that the Great Wall ( determined to be either the Warring States period Qin state wall or a short stretch of wall south of Yanmen Pass ) was to serve as the line across which neither party would venture . In 162 BC , Gaozu 's son Emperor Wen clarified the agreement , suggesting the Xiongnu chanyu held authority north of the Wall and the Han emperor held authority south of it . Sima Qian , the author of the Records of the Grand Historian , describes the result of this agreement as one of peace and friendship : `` from the chanyu downwards , all the Xiongnu grew friendly with the Han , coming and going along the Long Wall '' . However , Chinese records show that the Xiongnu often did not respect the agreement , as the Xiongnu cavalry numbering up to 100,000 made several intrusions into Han territory despite the intermarriage . To Chinese minds , the heqin policy was humiliating and ran contrary to the Sinocentric world order like `` a person hanging upside down '' , as the statesman Jia Yi ( d . 169 BC ) puts it . These sentiments manifested themselves in the Han court in the form of the pro-war faction , who advocated the reversal of Han 's policy of appeasement . By the reign of Emperor Wu ( r . 141 -- 87 BC ) , the Han felt comfortable enough to go to war with the Xiongnu . After a botched attempt at luring the Xiongnu army into an ambush at the Battle of Mayi in 133 BC , the era of heqin - style appeasement was broken and the Han -- Xiongnu War went into full swing . The ruins of a Han dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth , Gansu province . Part of Emperor Wu 's extension of Han 's defence lines to the western regions . Play media A video clip showing rammed earth ruins of the Han - period Great Wall at Dunhuang in Gansu province As the Han -- Xiongnu War progressed in favour of the Han , the Wall became maintained and extended beyond Qin lines . In 127 BC , General Wei Qing invaded the much - contested Ordos region as far as the Qin fortifications set up by Meng Tian . In this way , Wei Qing reconquered the irrigable lands north of the Ordos and restored the spur of defences protecting that territory from the steppe . In addition to rebuilding the walls , archeologists believe that the Han also erected thousands of kilometres of walls from Hebei to Inner Mongolia during Emperor Wu 's reign . The fortifications here include embankments , beacon stations , and forts , all constructed with a combination of tamped - earth cores and stone frontages . From the Ordos Loop , the sporadic and non-continuous Han Great Wall followed the northern edge of the Hexi Corridor through the cities of Wuwei , Zhangye , and Jiuquan , leading into the Juyan Lake Basin , and terminating in two places : the Yumen Pass in the north , or the Yang Pass to the south , both in the vicinity of Dunhuang . Yumen Pass was the most westerly of all Han Chinese fortifications -- further west than the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall at Jiayu Pass , about 460 kilometres ( 290 mi ) to the east . The garrisons of the watchtowers on the wall were supported by civilian farming and by military agricultural colonies known as tuntian . Behind this line of fortifications , the Han government was able to maintain its settlements and its communications to the Western Regions in central Asia , generally secure from attacks from the north . The campaigns against the Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples of the west exhausted the imperial treasury , and the expansionist policies were reverted in favour of peace under Emperor Wu 's successors . The peace was largely respected even when the Han throne was usurped by the minister Wang Mang in 9 AD , beginning a brief 15 - year interregnum known as the Xin dynasty ( 9 -- 23 ) . Despite high tensions between the Xin and the Xiongnu resulting in the deployment of 300,000 men on the Great Wall , no major fighting broke out beyond minor raids . Instead , popular discontent led to banditry and , ultimately , full - scale rebellion . The civil war ended with the Liu clan on the throne again , beginning the Eastern Han dynasty ( 25 -- 220 ) . The restorer Emperor Guangwu ( r . 25 -- 57 AD ) initiated several projects to consolidate his control within the frontier regions . Defense works were established to the east of the Yanmen Pass , with a line of fortifications and beacon fires stretching from Pingcheng County ( present - day Datong ) through the valley of the Sanggan River to Dai County , Shanxi . By 38 AD , as a result of raids by the Xiongnu further to the west against the Wei River valley , orders were given for a series of walls to be constructed as defences for the Fen River , the southward course of the Yellow River , and the region of the former imperial capital , Chang'an . These constructions were defensive in nature , which marked a shift from the offensive walls of the preceding Emperor Wu and the rulers of the Warring States . By the early 40s AD the northern frontiers of China had undergone drastic change : the line of the imperial frontier followed not the advanced positions conquered by Emperor Wu but the rear defences indicated roughly by the modern ( Ming dynasty ) Great Wall . The Ordos region , northern Shanxi , and the upper Luan River basin around Chengde were abandoned and left to the control of the Xiongnu . The rest of the frontier remained somewhat intact until the end of the Han dynasty , with the Dunhuang manuscripts ( discovered in 1900 ) indicating that the military establishment in the northwest was maintained for most of the Eastern Han period . Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) ( edit ) Following the end of the Han dynasty in 220 , China disintegrated into warlord states , which in 280 were briefly reunited under the Western Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 316 ) . There are ambiguous accounts of the Jin rebuilding the Qin wall , but these walls apparently offered no resistance during the Wu Hu uprising , when the nomadic tribes of the steppe evicted the Chinese court from northern China . What followed was a succession of short - lived states in northern China known as the Sixteen Kingdoms , until they were all consolidated by the Xianbei - led Northern Wei dynasty ( 386 -- 535 ) . As Northern Wei became more economically dependent on agriculture , the Xianbei emperors made a conscious decision to adopt Chinese customs , including passive methods of frontier defence . In 423 , a defence line over 2,000 li ( 1,080 kilometres ( 670 mi ) ) long was built to resist the Rouran ; its path roughly followed the old Zhao wall from Chicheng County in Hebei Province to Wuyuan County , Inner Mongolia . In 446 , 100,000 men were put to work building an inner wall from Yanqing , passing south of the Wei capital Pingcheng , and ending up near Pingguan on the eastern bank of the Yellow River . The two walls formed the basis of the double - layered Xuanfu -- Datong wall system that protected Beijing a thousand years later during the Ming dynasty . The Northern Wei collapsed in 535 due to civil insurrection to be eventually succeeded by the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 575 ) and Northern Zhou ( 557 -- 580 ) . Faced with the threat of the Göktürks from the north , from 552 to 556 the Qi built up to 3,000 li ( about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) ) of wall from Shanxi to the sea at Shanhai Pass . Over the course of the year 555 alone , 1.8 million men were mobilized to build the Juyong Pass and extend its wall by 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) through Datong to the eastern banks of the Yellow River . In 557 a secondary wall was built inside the main one . These walls were built quickly from local earth and stones or formed by natural barriers . Two stretches of the stone - and - earth Qi wall still stand in Shanxi today , measuring 3.3 metres ( 11 ft ) wide at their bases and 3.5 metres ( 11 ft ) high on average . In 577 the Northern Zhou conquered the Northern Qi and in 580 made repairs to the existing Qi walls . The route of the Qi and Zhou walls would be mostly followed by the later Ming wall west of Gubeikou , which includes reconstructed walls from Qi and Zhou . In more recent times , the reddish remnants of the Zhou ramparts in Hebei gave rise to the nickname `` Red Wall '' . The Sui took power from the Northern Zhou in 581 before reuniting China in 589 . Sui 's founding emperor , Emperor Wen of Sui ( r . 581 -- 604 ) , carried out considerable wall construction in 581 in Hebei and Shanxi to defend against Ishbara Qaghan of the Göktürks . The new walls proved insufficient in 582 when Ishbara Qaghan avoided them by riding west to raid Gansu and Shaanxi with 400,000 archers . Between 585 and 588 Emperor Wen sought to close this gap by putting walls up in the Ordos Mountains ( between Suide and Lingwu ) and Inner Mongolia . In 586 as many as 150,000 men are recorded as involved in the construction . Emperor Wen 's son Emperor Yang ( r . 604 -- 618 ) continued to build walls . In 607 -- 608 he sent over a million men to build a wall from Yulin to near Huhhot to protect the newly refurbished eastern capital Luoyang . Part of the Sui wall survives to this day in Inner Mongolia as earthen ramparts some 2.5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) high with towers rising to double that . The dynastic history of Sui estimates that 500,000 people died building the wall , adding to the number of casualties caused by Emperor Yang 's projects including the aforementioned redesign of Luoyang , the Grand Canal , and two ill - fated campaigns against Goguryeo . With the economy strained and the populace resentful , the Sui dynasty erupted in rebellion and ended with the assassination of Emperor Yang in 618 . Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) ( edit ) 塞下曲 ( 望臨洮 ) Under the Wall ( Viewing Lintao ) 飲馬渡秋水 My horse crosses the river in autumn , 水寒風似刀 The cold wind off the water cuts like a knife . 平沙日未沒 Across the desert flats , the day is not yet finished , 黯黯見臨洮 I can dimly make out Lintao . 昔日長城戰 In olden days , battles along the Long Wall 咸言意氣高 Were described with praise and awe . 黃塵足今古 But today , the past is no more than yellow dust 白骨亂蓬蒿 White bones jostled amongst the grass . -- Wang Changling ( 698 -- 755 ) Frontier policy under the Tang dynasty reversed the wall - building activities of most previous dynasties that had occupied northern China since the third century BC , and no extensive wall building took place for the next several hundred years . Soon after the establishment of the Tang dynasty , during the reign of Emperor Taizong ( r . 626 -- 649 ) , the threat of Göktürk tribesmen from the north prompted some court officials to suggest drafting corvée labourers to repair the aging Great Wall . Taizong scoffed at the suggestion , alluding to the Sui walls built in vain : `` The Emperor Yang of Sui made the people labor to construct the Great Wall in order to defend against the Turks , but in the end this was of no use . '' Instead of building walls , Taizong claimed he `` need merely to establish Li Shiji in Jinyang for the dust on the border to settle . '' Accordingly , Taizong sent talented generals like Li Shiji with mobile armies to the frontier , while fortifications were mostly limited to a series of walled garrisons , such as the euphemistically - named `` cities for accepting surrender '' ( 受降城 , shòuxiáng chéng ) that were actually bases from which to launch attacks . As a result of this military strategy , the Tang grew to become one of the largest of all the Chinese empires , destroying the Göktürks of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and acquiring territory stretching all the way to Kazakhstan . Nevertheless , records show that in the Kaiyuan era ( 713 -- 742 ) of Emperor Xuanzong 's reign , the general Zhang Yue built a wall 90 li ( 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) ) to the north of Huairong ( 懷戎 ; present - day Huailai County , Hebei ) , although it remains unclear whether he erected new walls or only reinforced the existing Northern Qi walls . The Great Wall , or the ruins of it , features prominently in the subset of Tang poetry known as biansai shi ( 邊塞詩 , `` frontier verse '' ) written by scholar - officials assigned along the frontier . Emphasizing the poets ' loneliness and longing for home while hinting at the pointlessness of their posts , these frontier verses are characterized by imagery of desolate landscapes , including the ruins of the now - neglected Great Wall -- a direct product of Tang 's frontier policy . Northern Song ( 960 - 1127 ) ( edit ) See also : History of the Song dynasty Han Chinese power during the tumultuous post-Tang era was represented by the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , which completed its unification of the Chinese states with the conquest of Wuyue in 971 . Turning to the north after this victory , in 979 the Song eliminated the Northern Han , ultimate successors to the Later Jin , but were unable to take the Sixteen Prefectures from the Liao dynasty . As a result of Song 's military aggression , relations between the Song and Liao remained tense and hostile . One of the battlegrounds in the Song -- Liao War was the Great Wall Gap ( 長城口 ) , so named because the southern Yan wall of the Warring States period crossed the Juma River here into Liao territory . The Great Wall Gap saw action in 979 , 988 -- 989 , and 1004 , and a Song fortress was built there in 980 . Intermittent wars between the Song and the Liao lasted until January 1005 , when a truce was called and led to the Treaty of Chanyuan . This agreement , among other things , required the Song to pay tribute to the Liao , recognized the Song and Liao as equals , and demarcated the Song -- Liao border , the course of which became more clearly defined in a series of subsequent bilateral agreements . Several stretches of the old Great Walls , including the Northern Qi Inner Wall near the Hengshan mountain range , became the border between the Song and the Liao . In the northwest , the Song were in conflict with the Western Xia , since they occupied what the Song considered as Chinese land lost during the Tang dynasty . The Song utilized the walls built during the reign of Qin 's King Zhaoxiang of the Warring States period , making it the Song -- Western Xia border , but the topography of the area was not as sharp and distinct as the Song -- Liao defences to the east . The border general Cao Wei ( 曹瑋 ; 973 -- 1030 ) deemed the Old Wall itself insufficient to slow a Tangut cavalry attack , and had a deep trench dug alongside . This trench , between 15 and 20 metres ( 49 and 66 feet ) in width and depth , proved an effective defence , but in 1002 the Tanguts caught the Song patrollers off guard and filled the trench to cross the Old Wall . Later , in 1042 , the Tanguts turned the trench against the Song by removing the bridges over it , thereby trapping the retreating army of Ge Huaimin ( 葛懷敏 ) before annihilating it at the Battle of Dingchuan Fortress ( 定川寨 ) . Despite the war with the Western Xia , the Song also settled land disputes with them by referring to prior agreements , as with the Liao . However , soon after the Jin dynasty overthrew the Liao dynasty , the Jurchens sacked the Song capital in 1127 during the Jin -- Song wars , causing the Song court to flee south of the Yangtze River . For the next two and a half centuries , the Great Wall played no role in Han Chinese geopolitics . Conquest dynasties ( 907 - 1368 ) ( edit ) The Jurchen Jin dynasty ( orange ) shown with the walls of Liao , Xia , and Jin . After the Tang dynasty ended in 907 , the northern frontier area remained out of Han Chinese hands until the establishment of the Ming dynasty in 1368 . During this period , non-Han `` conquest dynasties '' ruled the north : the Khitan Liao dynasty ( 907 -- 1125 ) and the succeeding Jurchen Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in the east and the Tangut Western Xia ( 1038 -- 1227 ) in the west , all of which had built walls against the north . Liao dynasty frontier ( edit ) In 907 , the Khitan chieftain Abaoji succeeded in getting himself appointed khaghan of all Khitan tribes in the north , laying the foundations to what would officially become the Liao dynasty . In 936 , the Khitan supported the Shanxi rebel Shi Jingtang in his revolt against the Shatuo Turkic Later Tang , which had destroyed the usurpers of the Tang in 923 . The Khitan leader , Abaoji 's second son Yelü Deguang , convinced Shi to found a new dynasty ( the Later Jin , 936 -- 946 ) , and received the crucial border region known as the Sixteen Prefectures in return . With the Sixteen Prefectures , the Khitan now possessed all the passes and fortifications that controlled access to the plains of northern China , including the main Great Wall line . Settling in the transitional area between agricultural lands and the steppe , the Khitans became semi-sedentary like their Xianbei predecessors of the Northern Wei , and started to use Chinese methods of defence . In 1026 walls were built through central Manchuria north of Nong'an County to the banks of the Songhua River . The two walls of Jin dynasty ( edit ) When the Jurchens , once Liao vassals , rose up to overthrow their masters and established the Jin dynasty , they continued Liao 's wall - building activities with extensive work begun before 1138 . Further wall construction took place in 1165 and 1181 under the Jin Emperor Shizhong , and later from 1192 to 1203 during the reign of his successor Emperor Zhangzong . This long period of wall - building burdened the populace and provoked controversy . Sometime between 1190 and 1196 , during Zhangzong 's reign , the high official Zhang Wangong ( 張萬公 ) and the Censorate recommended that work on the wall be indefinitely suspended due to a recent drought , noting : `` What has been begun is already being flattened by sandstorms , and bullying the people into defence works will simply exhaust them . '' However , Chancellor Wanyan Xiang ( 完顏襄 ) convinced the emperor of the walls ' merits based on an optimistic cost estimate -- `` Although the initial outlay for the walls will be one million strings of cash , when the work is done the frontier will be secure with only half the present number of soldiers needed to defend it , which means that every year you will save three million strings of cash ... The benefits will be everlasting '' -- and so construction continued unabated . All this work created an extensive systems of walls , which consisted of a 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) `` outer wall '' from Heilongjiang to Mongolia and a 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) network of `` inner walls '' north and northeast of Beijing . Together , they formed a roughly elliptical web of fortifications 1,400 kilometres ( 870 mi ) in length and 440 kilometres ( 270 mi ) in diameter . Some of these walls had inner moats ( from 10 to 60 metres ( 33 to 197 feet ) in width ) , beacon towers , battlements , parapets , and outward - facing semicircular platforms protruding from the wall -- features that set the Jin walls apart from their predecessors . The Tangut Great Wall ( edit ) In the west , the Tanguts took control of the Ordos region , where they established the Western Xia dynasty . Although the Tanguts were not traditionally known for building walls , in 2011 archeologists uncovered 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of walls at Ömnögovi Province in Mongolia in what had been Western Xia territory . Radiocarbon analysis showed that they were constructed from 1040 to 1160 . The walls were as tall as 2.75 metres ( 9 ft 0 in ) at places when they were discovered , and may have been around 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) taller originally . They were built with mud and saxaul ( a desert shrub ) in one section , and dark basalt blocks in another , suggesting that the rocks may have been quarried from nearby extinct volcanoes and transported to the construction site . Archaeologists have not yet found traces of human activity around this stretch of wall , which suggests that the Western Xia wall in this location may have been incomplete and not ready for use . The onset of the Mongols ( edit ) The Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass See also : Mongol invasion of China In the 13th century , the Mongol leader Genghis Khan , once a vassal of the Jurchens , rose up against the Jin dynasty . In the ensuing Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty , the nomadic invaders avoided direct attacks on the Jin fortifications . Instead , when they could , the Mongols simply rode around the walls ; an effective example of this tactic is in 1211 , when they circumvented the substantial fortress in Zhangjiakou and inflicted a terrible defeat upon the Jin armies at the Battle of Yehuling . The Mongols also took advantage of lingering Liao resentment against the Jin ; the Khitan defenders of the garrisons along the Jin walls , such as those in Gubeikou , often preferred to surrender to the Mongols rather than fight them . The only major engagement of note along the main Great Wall line was at the heavily defended Juyong Pass : instead of laying siege , the Mongol general Jebe lured the defenders out into an ambush and charged in through the opened gates . In 1215 , Genghis Khan besieged , captured , and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing ( modern - day Beijing ) . The Jin dynasty eventually collapsed following the siege of Caizhou in 1234 . Western Xia had already fallen in 1227 , and the Southern Song resisted the Mongols until 1279 . With that , the Yuan dynasty , established by Genghis Khan 's grandson Khublai Khan , became the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China . Despite being the head of the Mongol Empire , Khublai Khan 's rule over China was not free from the threat of the steppe nomads . The Yuan dynasty faced challenges from rival claimants to the title of Great Khan and from rebellious Mongols in the north . Khublai Khan dealt with such threats by using both military blockades and economic sanctions . Although he established garrisons along the steppe frontier from the Juyan Lake Basin in the far west to Yingchang in the east , Khublai Khan and the Yuan emperors after him did not add to the Great Wall ( except for the ornate Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass ) . When the Venetian traveller Marco Polo wrote of his experiences in China during the reign of Khublai Khan , he did not mention a Great Wall . Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ming Great Wall The early walls ( edit ) The extent of the Ming dynasty and its walls , which formed most of what is called the Great Wall of China today In 1368 , the Hongwu Emperor ( Zhu Yuanzhang , r . 1368 -- 98 ) ousted the Mongol - led Yuan dynasty from China to inaugurate the Ming dynasty . The Mongols fled back to Mongolia , but even after numerous campaigns , the Mongol problem remained . During his early reign , Hongwu set up the `` eight outer garrisons '' close to the steppe and an inner line of forts more suitable for defence . The inner line was the forerunner to the Ming Great Wall . In 1373 , as Ming forces encountered setbacks , Hongwu put more emphasis on defence and adopted Hua Yunlong 's ( 華雲龍 ) suggestion to establish garrisons at 130 passes and other strategic points in the Beijing area . More positions were set up in the years up Hongwu 's death in 1398 , and watchtowers were manned from the Bohai Sea to Beijing and further onto the Mongolian steppes . These positions , however , were not for a linear defence but rather a regional one in which walls did not feature heavily , and offensive tactics remained the overarching policy at the time . In 1421 , the Ming capital was relocated from Nanjing in the south to Beijing in the north , partly to better manage the Mongol situation . Thus defenses were concentrated around Beijing , where stone and earth began to replace rammed earth in strategic passes . A wall was erected by the Ming in Liaodong to protect Han settlers from a possible threat from the Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan around 1442 . In 1467 -- 68 , expansion of the wall provided further protection for the region from against attacks by the Jianzhou Jurchens in the northeast . Meanwhile , the outer defenses were gradually moved inward , thereby sacrificing a vital foothold in the steppe transitional zone . Despite the withdrawal from the steppe , the Ming military remained in a strong position against the nomads until the Tumu Crisis in 1449 , which caused the collapse of the early Ming security system . Over half of the campaigning Chinese army perished in the conflict , while the Mongols captured the Zhengtong Emperor . This military debacle shattered the Chinese military might that had so impressed and given pause to the Mongols since the beginning of the dynasty , and caused the Ming to be on the defensive ever after . The deterioration of the Ming military position in the steppe transitional zone gave rise to nomadic raids into Ming territory , including the crucial Ordos region , on a level unprecedented since the dynasty 's founding . After decades of deliberation between an offensive strategy and an accommodative policy , the decision to build the first major Ming walls in the Ordos was agreed upon as an acceptable compromise the 1470s . A section of the Great Wall at Jinshanling in Luanping County , Hebei province , China Yu Zijun ( 余子俊 ; 1429 -- 1489 ) first proposed constructing a wall in the Ordos region in August 1471 , but not until 20 December 1472 did the court and emperor approve the plan . The 1473 victory in the Battle of Red Salt Lake ( 紅鹽池 ) by Wang Yue ( 王越 ) deterred Mongol invasions long enough for Yu Zijun to complete his wall project in 1474 . This wall , a combined effort between Yu Zijun and Wang Yue , stretched from present day Hengcheng ( 橫城 ) in Lingwu ( northwestern Ningxia province ) to Huamachi town ( 花馬池鎮 ) in Yanchi County , and from there to Qingshuiying ( 清水營 ) in northeastern Shaanxi , a total of more than 2000 li ( about 1,100 kilometres ( 680 mi ) ) long . Along its length were 800 strong points , sentry posts , beacon - fire towers , and assorted defences . 40,000 men were enlisted for this effort , which was completed in several months at a cost of over one million silver taels . This defence system proved its initial worth in 1482 , when a large group of Mongol raiders were trapped within the double lines of fortifications and suffered a defeat by the Ming generals . This was seen as a vindication of Yu Zijun 's strategy of wall - building by the people of the border areas . By the mid-16th century , Yu 's wall in the Ordos had seen expansion into an extensive defence system . It contained two defence lines : Yu 's wall , called the `` great border '' ( 大邊 , dàbiān ) , and a `` secondary border '' ( 二邊 , èrbiān ) built by Yang Yiqing ( 楊一清 ; 1454 -- 1530 ) behind it . Following the success of the Ordos walls , Yu Zijun proposed construction of a further wall that would extend from the Yellow River bend in the Ordos to the Sihaiye Pass ( 四海冶口 ; in present - day Yanqing County ) near the capital Beijing , running a distance of more than 1300 li ( about 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) ) . The project received approval in 1485 , but Yu 's political enemies harped on the cost overruns and forced Yu to scrap the project and retire the same year . For more than 50 years after Yu 's resignation , political struggle prevented major wall constructions on a scale comparable to Yu 's Ordos project . However , wall construction continued regardless of court politics during this time . The Ordos walls underwent extension , elaboration , and repair well into the 16th century . Brick and stone started to replace tamped earth as the wall building material , because they offered better protection and durability . This change in material gave rise to a number of necessary accommodations with regard to logistics , and inevitably a drastic increase in costs . Instead of being able to draw on local resources , building projects now required brick - kilns , quarries , and transportation routes to deliver bricks to the work site . Also , masons had to be hired since the local peasantry proved inadequate for the level of sophistication that brick constructions required . Work that originally could be done by one man in a month with earth now required 100 men to do in stone . The walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the Western reaches ( edit ) The Great Wall at Dajingmen , part of the Xuanfu stretch of the Great Wall . The gate structure is a Qing dynasty construction . With the Ordos now adequately fortified , the Mongols avoided its walls by riding east to invade Datong and Xuanfu ( 宣府 ; present - day Xuanhua , Hebei Province ) , which were two major garrisons guarding the corridor to Beijing where no walls had been built . The two defence lines of Xuanfu and Datong ( abbreviated as `` Xuan -- Da '' ) left by the Northern Qi and the early Ming had deteriorated by this point , and for all intents and purposes the inner line was the capital 's main line of defence . From 1544 to 1549 , Weng Wanda ( 翁萬達 ; 1498 -- 1552 ) embarked on a defensive building program on a scale unprecedented in Chinese history . Troops were re-deployed along the outer line , new walls and beacon towers were constructed , and fortifications were restored and extended along both lines . Firearms and artillery were mounted on the walls and towers during this time , for both defence and signalling purposes . The project 's completion was announced in the sixth month of 1548 . At its height , the Xuan -- Da portion of the Great Wall totalled about 850 kilometres ( 530 miles ) of wall , with some sections being doubled - up with two lines of wall , some tripled or even quadrupled . The outer frontier was now protected by a wall called the `` outer border '' ( 外邊 , wàibiān ) that extended 380 kilometres ( 240 mi ) from the Yellow River 's edge at the Piantou Pass ( 偏頭關 ) along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province ; the `` inner border '' wall ( 內邊 , nèibiān ) ran southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) , ending at the Pingxing Pass ; a `` river wall '' ( 河邊 , hébiān ) also ran from the Piantou Pass and followed the Yellow River southwards for about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) . A section of the Great Wall on the Hanging Cliffs ( 懸壁長城 ) leading up to Jiayu Pass As with Yu Zijun 's wall in the Ordos , the Mongols shifted their attacks away from the newly strengthened Xuan -- Da sector to less well - protected areas . In the west , Shaanxi province became the target of nomads riding west from the Yellow River loop . The westernmost fortress of Ming China , the Jiayu Pass , saw substantial enhancement with walls starting in 1539 , and from there border walls were built discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor to Wuwei , where the low earthen wall split into two . The northern section passed through Zhongwei and Yinchuan , where it met the western edge of the Yellow River loop before connecting with the Ordos walls , while the southern section passed through Lanzhou and continued northeast to Dingbian . The origins and the exact route of this so - called `` Tibetan loop '' are still not clear . From Beijing to Shanhai Pass ( edit ) In 1550 , having once more been refused a request for trade , the Tümed Mongols under Altan Khan invaded the Xuan -- Da region . However , despite several attempts , he could not take Xuanfu due to Weng Wanda 's double fortified line while the garrison at Datong bribed him to not attack there . Instead of continuing to operate in the area , he circled around Weng Wanda 's wall to the relatively lightly defended Gubeikou , northeast of Beijing . From there Altan Khan passed through the defences and raided the suburbs of Beijing . According to one contemporary source , the raid took more than 60,000 lives and an additional 40,000 people became prisoners . As a response to this raid , the focus of the Ming 's northern defences shifted from the Xuan -- Da region to the Jizhou ( 薊州鎮 ) and Changping Defence Commands ( 昌平鎮 ) where the breach took place . Later in the same year , the dry - stone walls of the Jizhou -- Changping area ( abbreviated as `` Ji -- Chang '' ) were replaced by stone and mortar . These allowed the Chinese to build on steeper , more easily defended slopes and facilitated construction of features such as ramparts , crenelations , and peepholes . The effectiveness of the new walls was demonstrated in the failed Mongol raid of 1554 , where raiders expecting a repeat of the events of 1550 were surprised by the higher wall and stiff Chinese resistance . In 1567 Qi Jiguang and Tan Lun , successful generals who fended off the coastal pirates , were reassigned to manage the Ji -- Chang Defense Commands and step up the defences of the capital region . Under their ambitious and energetic management , 1200 brick watchtowers were built along the Great Wall from 1569 to 1571 . These included the first large - scale use of hollow watchtowers on the Wall : up until this point , most previous towers along the Great Wall had been solid , with a small hut on top for a sentry to take shelter from the elements and Mongol arrows ; the Ji -- Chang towers built from 1569 onwards were hollow brick structures , allowing soldiers interior space to live , store food and water , stockpile weapons , and take shelter from Mongol arrows . Illustration of the Shanhai Pass garrison at the time of the Manchu conquests Altan Khan eventually made peace with China when it opened border cities for trade in 1571 , alleviating the Mongol need to raid . This , coupled with Qi and Tan 's efforts to secure the frontier , brought a period of relative peace along the border . However , minor raids still happened from time to time when the profits of plunder outweighed those of trade , prompting the Ming to close all gaps along the frontier around Beijing . Areas of difficult terrain once considered impassable were also walled off , leading to the well - known vistas of a stone - faced Great Wall snaking over dramatic landscapes that tourists still see today . Wall construction continued until the demise of the Ming dynasty in 1644 . In the decades that led to the fall of the Ming dynasty , the Ming court and the Great Wall itself had to deal with simultaneous internal rebellions and the Manchu invasions . In addition to their conquest of Liaodong , the Manchus had raided across the Great Wall for the first time in 1629 , and again in 1634 , 1638 , and 1642 . Meanwhile , the rebels led by warlord Li Zicheng had been gathering strength . In the early months of 1644 , Li Zicheng declared himself the founder of the Shun and marched towards the Ming capital from Shaanxi . His route roughly followed the line of the Great Wall , in order to neutralize its heavily fortified garrisons . The crucial defences of Datong , Xuanfu , and Juyong Pass all surrendered without a fight , and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on 25 April as the Shun army entered Beijing . At this point , the largest remaining Ming fighting force in North China was in Shanhai Pass , where the Great Wall meets the Bohai Sea . Its defender Wu Sangui , wedged between the Shun army within and the Manchus without , decided to surrender to the Manchus and opened the gates for them . The Manchus , having thus entered through the Great Wall , defeated Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass and seized Beijing on June 5 . They eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance , establishing their rule over all of China as the Qing dynasty . Opinions about the Wall 's role in the Ming dynasty 's downfall are mixed . Historians such as Arthur Waldron and Julia Lovell are critical of the whole wall - building exercise in light of its ultimate failure in protecting China ; the former compared the Great Wall with the failed Maginot Line of the French in World War II . However , independent scholar David Spindler notes that the Wall , being only part of a complex foreign policy , received `` disproportionate blame '' because it was the most obvious relic of that policy . Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) ( edit ) The usefulness of the Great Wall as a defence line against northern nomads became questionable under the Qing dynasty , since their territory encompassed vast areas inside and outside the wall : China proper , Manchuria , and Mongolia were all under Qing control . So instead , the Great Wall became the means to limit Han Chinese movement into the steppes . In the case of Manchuria , considered to be the sacred homeland by the ruling Manchu elites , some parts of the Ming Liaodong Wall were repaired so it could serve to control Han Chinese movement into Manchuria alongside the newly erected Willow Palisade . Culturally , the wall 's symbolic role as a line between civilized society and barbarism was suppressed by the Qing , who were keen to weaken the Han culturalism that had been propagated by the Ming . As a result , no special attention was paid to the Great Wall until the mid-Qing dynasty , when Westerners started to show interest in the structure . Western appreciation of the Wall ( edit ) `` A gate of the Wall of China , explaining its structure '' . An illustration from Athanasius Kircher 's China Illustrata , 1667 . The existence of a colossal wall in Asia had circulated in the Middle East and the West even before the first Europeans arrived in China by sea . The late antiquity historian Ammianus Marcellinus ( 330 ? -- 395 ? ) mentioned `` summits of lofty walls '' enclosing the land of Seres , the country that the Romans believed to be at the eastern end of the Silk Road . In legend , the tribes of Gog and Magog were said to have been locked out by Alexander the Great with walls of steel . Later Arab writers and travellers , such as Rashid - al - Din Hamadani ( 1248 -- 1318 ) and Ibn Battuta ( 1304 -- 1377 ) , would erroneously identify the Great Wall in China with the walls of the Alexander romances . Soon after Europeans reached Ming China in the early 16th century , accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe , even though no European would see it with their own eyes for another century . The work A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions by Gaspar da Cruz ( c. 1520 -- 70 ) offered an early discussion of the Great Wall in which he noted , `` a Wall of an hundred leagues in length . And some will affirme to bee more than a hundred leagues . '' Another early account written by Bishop Juan González de Mendoza ( 1550 -- 1620 ) reported a wall five hundred leagues long , but suggested that only one hundred leagues were man - made , with the rest natural rock formations . The Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci ( 1552 -- 1610 ) mentioned the Great Wall once in his diary , noting the existence of `` a tremendous wall four hundred and five miles long '' that formed part of the northern defences of the Ming Empire . Europeans first witnessed the Great Wall in the early 1600s . Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605 , when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India . Ivan Petlin 's 1619 deposition for his Russian embassy mission offers an early account based on a first - hand encounter with the Great Wall , and mentions that in the course of the journey his embassy travelled alongside the Great Wall for ten days . The Great Wall as depicted in Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical , closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall . However , when the Ming Great Wall began to take on a shape recognizable today , foreign accounts of the Wall slid into hyperbole . In the Atlas Sinensis published in 1665 , the Jesuit Martino Martini described elaborate but atypical stretches of the Great Wall and generalized such fortifications across the whole northern frontier . Furthermore , Martini erroneously identified the Ming Wall as the same wall built by Qin Shi Huang in the 3rd century BC , thereby exaggerating both the Wall 's antiquity and its size . This misconception was compounded by the China Illustrata of Father Athanasius Kircher ( 1602 -- 80 ) , which provided pictures of the Great Wall as imagined by a European illustrator . All these and other accounts from missionaries in China contributed to the Orientalism of the eighteenth century , in which a mythical China and its exaggerated Great Wall feature prominently . The French philosopher Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1774 ) , for example , frequently wrote about the Great Wall , although his feelings towards it oscillate between unreserved admiration and condemnation of it as a `` monument to fear '' . The Macartney Embassy of 1793 passed through the Great Wall at Gubeikou on the way to see the Qianlong Emperor in Chengde , who was there for the annual imperial hunt . One of the embassy 's members , John Barrow , later founder of the Royal Geographical Society , spuriously calculated that the amount of stone in the Wall was equivalent to `` all the dwelling houses of England and Scotland '' and would suffice to encircle the Earth at the equator twice . The illustrations of the Great Wall by Lieutenant Henry William Parish during this mission would be reproduced in influential works such as Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views . Exposure to such works brought many foreign visitors to the Great Wall after China opened its borders as a result of the nation 's defeat in the Opium Wars of the mid-19th century at the hands of Britain and the other Western powers . The Juyong Pass near Beijing and the `` Old Dragon Head , '' where the Great Wall meets the sea at the Shanhai Pass , proved popular destinations for these wall watchers . The travelogues of the later 19th century in turn further contributed to the elaboration and propagation of the Great Wall myth . Examples of this myth 's growth are the false but widespread belief that the Great Wall of China is visible from the Moon or Mars . Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) ( edit ) The Great Wall in 1907 The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 forced the abdication of the last Qing Emperor Puyi and ended China 's last imperial dynasty . The revolutionaries , headed by Sun Yat - sen , were concerned with creating a modern sense of national identity in the chaotic post-imperial era . In contrast to Chinese academics such as Liang Qichao , who tried to counter the West 's fantastic version of the Great Wall , Sun Yat - sen held the view that Qin Shi Huang 's wall preserved the Chinese race , and without it Chinese culture would not have developed enough to expand to the south and assimilate foreign conquerors . Such an endorsement from the `` Father of Modern China '' started to transform the Great Wall into a national symbol in the Chinese consciousness , though this transformation was hampered by conflicting views of nationalism with regard to the nascent `` new China . '' The failure of the new Republic of China fanned disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture and ushered in the New Culture Movement and the May Fourth Movement of the mid-1910s and 1920s that aimed to dislodge China 's future trajectory from its past . Naturally , the Great Wall of China came under attack as a symbol of the past . For example , an influential writer of this period , Lu Xun , harshly criticized the `` mighty and accursed Great Wall '' in a short essay : `` In reality , it has never served any purpose than to make countless workers labour to death in vain ... ( It ) surrounds everyone . '' Arise ! All those who do n't want to be slaves ! Let our flesh and blood forge our new Great Wall ! `` The March of the Volunteers '' The Sino - Japanese conflict ( 1931 -- 45 ) gave the Great Wall a new lease of life in the eyes of the Chinese . During the 1933 defence of the Great Wall , inadequately - equipped Chinese soldiers held off double their number of Japanese troops for several months . Using the cover of the Great Wall , the Chinese -- who were at times only armed with broadswords -- were able to beat off a Japanese advance that had the support of aerial bombardment . With the Chinese forces eventually overrun , the subsequent Tanggu Truce stipulated that the Great Wall was to become a demilitarized zone separating China and the newly created Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Even so , the determined defence of the Great Wall made it a symbol of Chinese patriotism and the resoluteness of the Chinese people . The Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong picked up this symbol in his poetry during his `` Long March '' escaping from Kuomintang prosecution . Near the end of the trek in 1935 , Mao wrote the poem `` Mount Liupan '' that contains the well - known line that would be carved in stone along the Great Wall in the present day : `` Those who fail to reach the Great Wall are not true men '' ( 不到长城非好汉 ) . Another noteworthy reference to the Great Wall is in the song `` The March of the Volunteers '' , whose words came from a stanza in Tian Han 's 1934 poem entitled `` The Great Wall '' . The song , originally from the anti-Japanese movie Children of Troubled Times , enjoyed continued popularity in China and was selected as the provisional national anthem of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) at its establishment in 1949 . US President Nixon visits the Great Wall , 1972 In 1952 , the scholar - turned - bureaucrat Guo Moruo laid out the first modern proposal to repair the Great Wall . Five years later , the renovated Badaling became the first section to be opened to the public since the establishment of the PRC . The Badaling Great Wall has since become a staple stop for foreign dignitaries who come to China , beginning with Nepali prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala in 1960 , and most notably the American president Richard Nixon in his historic 1972 visit to China . To date , Badaling is still the most visited stretch of the Great Wall . Other stretches did not fare so well . During the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 -- 76 ) , hundreds of kilometres of the Great Wall -- already damaged in the wars of the last century and eroded by wind and rain -- were deliberately destroyed by fervent Red Guards who regarded it as part of the `` Four Olds '' to be eradicated in the new China . Quarrying machines and even dynamite were used to dismantle the Wall , and the pilfered materials were used for construction . As China opened up in the 1980s , reformist leader Deng Xiaoping initiated the `` Love our China and restore our Great Wall '' campaign ( 爱我中华 , 修我长城 ) to repair and preserve the Great Wall . The Great Wall was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 . However , while tourism boomed over the years , slipshod restoration methods have left sections of the Great Wall near Beijing `` looking like a Hollywood set '' in the words of the National Geographic News . The less prominent stretches of the Great Wall did not get as much attention . In 2002 the New York - based World Monuments Fund put the Great Wall on its list of the World 's 100 Most Endangered Sites . In 2003 the Chinese government began to enact laws to protect the Great Wall . Historiography ( edit ) See also : Chinese historiography and Sinology In China , one of the first individuals to attempt a multi-dynastic history of the Great Wall was the 17th - century scholar Gu Yanwu . More recently , in the 1930s and 1940s , Wang Guoliang ( 王國良 ) and Shou Pengfei ( 壽鵬飛 ) produced exhaustive studies that culled extant literary records to date and mapped the courses of early border walls . However , these efforts were based solely on written records that contain obscure place names and elusive literary references . The rise of modern archeology has contributed much to the study of the Great Wall , either in corroborating existing research or in refuting it . However these efforts do not yet give a full picture of the Great Wall 's history , as many wall sites dating to the Period of Disunity ( 220 -- 589 ) had been overlaid by the extant Ming Great Wall . The first map of China printed in a European atlas , engraved by Abraham Ortelius ( 1584 ) , shows a series of walls wedged between mountains against the Tartars , represented by yurts . Western scholarship of the Great Wall was , until recently , affected by misconceptions derived from traditional accounts of the Wall . When the Jesuits brought back the first reports of the Wall to the West , European scholars were puzzled that Marco Polo had not mentioned the presumably perennial `` Great Wall '' in his Travels . Some 17th - century scholars reasoned that the Wall must have been built in the Ming dynasty , after Marco Polo 's departure . This view was soon replaced by another that argued , against Polo 's own account , that the Venetian merchant had come to China from the south and so did not come into contact with the Wall . Thus , Father Martino Martini 's mistaken claim that the Wall had `` lasted right up to the present time without injury or destruction '' since the time of Qin was accepted as fact by the 18th - century philosophes . Since then , many scholars have operated under the belief that the Great Wall continually defended China 's border against the steppe nomads for two thousand years . For example , the 18th - century sinologist Joseph de Guignes assigned macrohistorical importance to such walls when he advanced the theory that the Qin construction forced the Xiongnu to migrate west to Europe and , becoming known as the Huns , ultimately contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire . Some have attempted to make general statements regarding Chinese society and foreign policy based on the conception of a perennial Great Wall : Karl Marx took the Wall to represent the stagnation of the Chinese society and economy , Owen Lattimore supposed that the Great Wall demonstrated a need to divide the nomadic way of life from the agricultural communities of China , and John K. Fairbank posited that the Wall played a part in upholding the Sinocentric world order . Despite the significance that the Great Wall seemed to have , scholarly treatment of the Wall itself remained scant during the 20th century . Joseph Needham bemoaned this dearth when he was compiling the section on walls for his Science and Civilisation in China : `` There is no lack of travelers ' description of the Great Wall , but studies based on modern scholarship are few and far between , whether in Chinese or Western languages . '' In 1990 , Arthur Waldron published the influential The Great Wall : From History to Myth , where he challenged the notion of a unitary Great Wall maintained since antiquity , dismissing it as a modern myth . Waldron 's approach prompted a re-examination of the Wall in Western scholarship . Still , as of 2008 , there is not yet a full authoritative text in any language that is devoted to the Great Wall . The reason for this , according to The New Yorker journalist Peter Hessler , is that the Great Wall fits into neither the study of political institutions ( favoured by Chinese historians ) nor the excavation of tombs ( favoured by Chinese archeologists ) . Some of the void left by academia is being filled by independent research from Great Wall enthusiasts such as ex-Xinhua reporter Cheng Dalin ( 成大林 ) and self - funded scholar David Spindler . See also ( edit ) History of China History of Central Asia Military history of China before 1911 Foreign relations of Imperial China Lady Meng Jiang , a Chinese folk tale about the Great Wall Battle of Shanhaiguan ( 1900 ) , British forces occupy and damage parts of Shanhai Pass during the Boxer Rebellion The Great Wall of China , a short story by Franz Kafka Great Wall of China hoax , published in 1899 and expanded in 1939 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought : Survey measures the wall at 21,196 km long '' . CBC News . June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 218 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? Google Earth , carbon dating suggest wall network even bigger than thought '' . National Geographic Daily News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Wall '' . World Heritage List . World Heritage Centre , United Nations Educational , Scientific and World Organization ( UNESCO ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 533 . ^ Jump up to : Lattimore 1937 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 535 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Barfield 1989 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 1999 , p. 920 . 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Jump up ^ Hvistendahl , Mara ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Is China 's Great Wall Visible from Space ? Though it stretches for some 4,500 miles , the ancient Chinese fortification is not as visible from orbit as modern desert roads '' . China , the Olympics , and the Environment . Scientific American . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Pickowicz 1991 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Despite falling from grace during the Cultural Revolution , the anthem 's status was confirmed in 1982 and enshrined in the Chinese Constitution in 2004 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . Beijing : National Geographic Society . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 648 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 546 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 31 , note 92 . Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Man 2008 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barfield , Thomas ( 1989 ) . The Perilous Frontier . Oxford : B. Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 043 - 9 . Bodde , Derk ( 1978 ) . `` 1 . The state and empire of Ch'in '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . Bush , Susan ( 1981 ) . `` Archeological Remains of the Chin Dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of Song - Yüan Studies . 17 : 6 -- 31 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Chang , Chun - shu ( 2007 ) . The Rise of the Chinese Empire , Volume 1 : Nation , State , and Imperialism in Early China , ca . 1600 B.C. -- A.D. 8 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11533 - 4 . de Crespigny , Rafe ( 1984 ) . Northern frontier : the policies and strategy of the later Han Empire . Canberra : Faculty of Asian Studies , Australian National University . ISBN 0 - 86784 - 410 - 8 . di Cosmo , Nicola ( 1999 ) . `` 13 . The Northern Frontier in pre-Imperial China '' . In Loewe , Michael ; Shaughnessy , Edward . The Cambridge History of Ancient China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47030 - 8 . di Cosmo , Nicola ( 2002 ) . Ancient China and Its Enemies : The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History . Cambridge , UK New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 052 - 1 - 77064 - 4 . Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James ( 2006 ) , East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13384 - 4 . Edmonds , Richard L. ( December 1979 ) . `` The Willow Palisade '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 69 ( 4 ) : 599 -- 621 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1979. tb01285. x . JSTOR 2563132 . Edmonds , Richard Louis ( 1985 ) . Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan : A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy . University of Chicago , Department of Geography ; Research Paper No. 213 . pp. 38 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 89065 - 118 - 3 . Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 7 . Graff , David ( 2002 ) . Medieval Chinese warfare , 300 -- 900 . London New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23955 - 4 . Guo , Xuezhi ( 2002 ) . The Ideal Chinese Political Leader : A Historical and Cultural Perspective . Westport : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97259 - 2 . Hessler , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` Letter from China : Walking the Wall '' . The New Yorker ( May 21 , 2007 ) : 58 -- 67 . Lattimore , Owen ( 1937 ) . `` Origins of the Great Wall of China : A Frontier Concept in Theory and Practice '' . Geographical Review . American Geographical Society ( 4 ) : 529 -- 549 . JSTOR 209853 . Lattimore , Owen ( 1962 ) . Inner Asian frontiers of China . Boston : Beacon Press . Lorge , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Ditch of China and the Song - Liao Border '' . In Don J. Wyatt . Battlefronts Real and Imagined : War , Border , and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . pp. 59 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6084 - 9 ... Lovell , Julia ( 2006 ) . The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC -- 2000 AD . Sydney : Picador Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42241 - 3 . Man , John ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall : the extraordinary history of China 's wonder of the world . London England : Bantam Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05574 - 8 . Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Mote , Frederick W. ( 1999 ) , Imperial China : 900 -- 1800 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01212 - 7 Needham , Joseph ( 1971 ) . Science and Civilisation in China . 4 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 07060 - 0 . Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Pickowicz , Paul G. ( 1991 ) , `` The Theme of Spiritual Pollution in Chinese Films of the 1930s '' , Modern China , 17 ( 1 ) Rojas , Carlos ( 2010 ) . The Great Wall : a cultural history . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04787 - 7 . Spindler , David ( 2009 ) . `` A Twice - Scorned Mongol Woman , the Raid of 1576 , and the Building of the Brick Great Wall '' . Ming Studies . Maney Publishing . 60 : 66 -- 94 . Standen , Naomi ( 2009 ) , `` The Five Dynasties '' , in Denis C. Twitchett and Paul Jakov Smith , Cambridge History of China , Vol. 5 , Part One : The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors , 907 -- 1279 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 38 -- 132 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81248 - 1 Tackett , Nicholas ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Wall and Conceptualizations of the Border Under the Northern Song '' . Journal of Song - Yuan Studies . The Society for Song , Yuan , and Conquest Dynasty Studies . 38 : 99 -- 138 . doi : 10.1353 / sys. 0.0032 . Wakeman , Frederic ( 1985 ) , The Great Enterprise : The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth - Century China , Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 04804 - 0 . In two volumes . Waldron , Arthur ( 1983 ) . `` The Problem of The Great Wall of China '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . Harvard - Yenching Institute . 43 ( 2 ) : 643 -- 663 . JSTOR 2719110 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1990 ) . The Great Wall of China : from history to myth . Cambridge England New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42707 - 4 . Yap , Joseph P. ( 2009 ) . Wars with the Xiongnu : a translation from Zizhi Tongjian . Bloomington , IN : Authorhouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 0604 - 4 . Yu , Ying - Shih ( 1978 ) . `` 6 . Han foreign relations '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . Yule , Sir Henry , ed. ( 1866 ) . `` Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China '' . Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society . Issues 36 -- 37 . London : T. Richards . ( in Chinese ) Zhongguo changcheng yiji tiaocha baogao ji 中国长城遗迹调查报告集 ( Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China ) . Beijing : Cultural Relics Publishing House . 1981 . Great Wall of China Yumen Pass Yang Pass Jiayu Pass Guangwu Yanmen Pass Jumenbu Niangzi Pass Pingxing Pass Dajingmen Badaling Juyong Pass ( Cloud Platform ) Huanghuacheng Jiankou ( Beijing Knot ) Mutianyu Baimaguan Gubeikou Jinshanling Simatai Huangya Pass Shanhai Pass Hushan History of the Great Wall of China ( Qi , Ming ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China&oldid=854449423 '' Categories : Great Wall of China Chinese architectural history Military history of China Hidden categories : Good articles Use Canadian English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with Chinese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 12 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the great wall of china was constructed as a defense against	[ "The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn (771–476 BC)[1] and Warring States periods (475–221 BC) were connected by the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia. The walls were built of rammed earth, constructed using forced labour, and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria.\n" ]	[ "nomads from Inner Asia" ]
8475687471763139022	Big Brother 20 (U.S.)	Big Brother 20 ( U.S. ) - wikipedia Big Brother 20 ( U.S. ) Big Brother ◄ Season 20 ( 2018 ) Name Entry Exit Angela Day 1 Brett Day 1 Faysal Day 1 Haleigh Day 1 JC Day 1 Kaycee Day 1 Sam Day 1 Tyler Day 1 Scottie Day 1 Day 65 Rockstar Day 1 Day 58 Bayleigh Day 1 Day 51 Rachel Day 1 Day 44 Kaitlyn Day 1 Day 37 Winston Day 1 Day 30 Swaggy C Day 1 Day 23 Steve Day 1 Day 16 Legend Evicted Nominated Head of Household Immune Jury Member Power of Veto Holder Big Brother 20 is the twentieth season of the American reality television series Big Brother . It is based upon the Dutch series of the same name . The season premiered on June 27 , 2018 on CBS in the United States . Julie Chen returned as host . Contents 1 Production 1.1 Development 1.2 Prize 1.3 Twists 1.3. 1 BB App Store 1.3. 2 H@cker Competition 2 HouseGuests 2.1 Other appearances 3 Episodes 3.1 Notes 4 Have - Nots 5 Voting history 5.1 Notes 6 Controversies and criticisms 7 Reception 7.1 Viewing figures 8 References 9 External links Production Development The series was announced in August 2016 as part of a double renewal for Big Brother 19 and Big Brother 20 . Along with the series the 24 / 7 live feeds returned with a CBS All Access subscription and Big Brother : After Dark is also returned on Pop . The season is produced by Endemol Shine North America and Fly on the Wall Entertainment . Julie Chen returned as host and Allison Grodner as well as Rich Meehan returned as Executive Producers . CBS began allowing online applications in September 2017 , however open casting calls did not begin until March 2018 . Celebrity Big Brother winner and runner up Marissa Jaret Winokur and Ross Mathews host a new companion show known as Off the Block with Ross and Marissa following the end of former HouseGuest Jeff Schroeder 's Big Brother Live Chat . Prize The last remaining HouseGuest is set to receive a prize of $500,000 . Twists This season 's main theme and twists centered on technology . BB App Store For the first three weeks , viewers were asked a series of questions about their opinions on the remaining HouseGuests . The HouseGuest who was named in the most overall answers was deemed the `` top trending '' HouseGuest of the week and earned a `` Power App '' , which would give them an advantage in the game , while the HouseGuest who was answered the least was deemed `` least trending '' was given a `` Crap App '' , which gave them a punishment . Once HouseGuests received an app , they were no longer eligible to receive one in the future . Week Top trending Power App Least trending Crap App Punishment Name Ability Status Sam Bonus Life To be used immediately after a HouseGuest is evicted from the house , this power will give that HouseGuest a chance to return to the game via a competition . This power must be used in the first three evictions , or else the fourth evicted HouseGuest will automatically be given the chance to return . Used ( by default ) Faysal Hamazon The HouseGuest will routinely be given packages of ham , which they must consume on arrival . ( As Faysal is Muslim , a vegetarian ham substitute was used instead . ) Tyler The Cloud The HouseGuest has the power to make themselves immune from nomination during one Nomination or Veto Ceremony of their choice over the following eight weeks . Not used Rachel Yell ! For 24 hours , an angry reviewer was unleashed into the house at random times to loudly give the HouseGuest feedback on their game . Bayleigh Identity Theft The HouseGuest can secretly replace the HoH 's nominations with two of their own . This does not affect replacement nominations and can be used until eight players remain . Not used Haleigh Read It ! Periodically throughout the week , the HouseGuest must wear a costume and read Hamlet in a Shakespearean accent . This punishment will continue until the entire play has been read . H@cker competition On Day 44 , following Rachel 's eviction , a new twist was unleashed on the HouseGuests called the `` H@cker Competition '' . It lets one HouseGuest hack the game for a week . After the nominations , all of the HouseGuests compete in a competition at the same time in different rooms , making the winner anonymous to the other HouseGuests . The winner of the competition is able to `` hack '' the game in three different ways . First , they can replace one of the Head of Household 's nominations and change it to someone of their choosing . Second , they get to select one of the three participants chosen for the Power of Veto competition . Finally , they can nullify one vote at the live eviction . Week H@cker Ability Action 6 Haleigh 1 . Replace one nomination 2 . Pick one veto player 3 . Nullify one eviction vote 1 . Took Scottie off the Block and nominated Tyler in his place 2 . Picked Kaycee to play in the veto 3 . Nullified Tyler 's vote during the live eviction 7 Kaycee 1 . Took herself off the Block and nominated Rockstar in her place 2 . Picked Tyler to play in the veto 3 . Nullified Faysal 's vote during the live eviction HouseGuests Main article : List of Big Brother 20 houseguests ( U.S. ) The cast of the twentieth season of Big Brother . Top : Kaycee , Faysal , Rockstar , Swaggy C and Steve Middle : Scottie , Kaitlyn , Brett , Bayleigh , Winston , Sam , Tyler and Haleigh Bottom : Rachel , JC and Angela The HouseGuests were announced on Monday , June 18 at 7 AM PDT through the CBS website . Name Age on entry Occupation Residence Angela Rummans 26 Fitness model Playa Vista , California Angie `` Rockstar '' Lantry 34 Stay - at - home mom Columbia , Maryland Bayleigh Dayton 25 Flight attendant Atlanta , Georgia Brett Robinson 25 Cybersecurity engineer Charlestown , Massachusetts Chris `` Swaggy C '' Williams 23 Day trader Bridgeport , Connecticut Faysal Shafaat 26 Substitute teacher Orlando , Florida Haleigh Broucher 21 College student College Station , Texas Joseph `` JC '' Mounduix 28 Professional dancer West Hollywood , California Kaitlyn Herman 24 Life coach Encino , California Kaycee Clark 30 Pro-football player Tempe , Arizona Rachel Swindler 29 Vegas entertainer Las Vegas , Nevada Samantha `` Sam '' Bledsoe 27 Welder Stuarts Draft , Virginia Scottie Salton 26 Shipping manager Chicago , Illinois Stephen `` Steve '' Arienta 40 Former undercover cop Wanaque , New Jersey Tyler Crispen 23 Lifeguard Hilton Head , South Carolina Winston Hines 28 Medical sales rep Bowling Green , Kentucky Other appearances All evicted HouseGuests appear on the Facebook Watch exclusive Off the Block with Ross and Marissa for an extended interview following their evictions. Tyler Crispen appeared in the second episode of TKO : Total Knock Out as a contestant . Crispen finished in third place and received $2,500 . Episodes No . overall No. in season Title Day ( s ) Original air date US viewers ( millions ) Rating / share ( 18 - 49 ) Week 1 667 `` Episode 1 '' Day 1 June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 5.33 1.5 / 7 Sixteen new HouseGuests entered the newest version of the Big Brother House . After getting settled in the HouseGuests began formal introductions . Following formal introductions Julie informed the HouseGuests that the theme for the summer is `` Big Brother Technology '' and the first competition of the summer began . Safety Competition -- Part 1 ( `` The Trash Folder '' ) : There are 7 folders hidden inside of the `` supercomputer '' . 6 of the folders are labeled `` escape '' however , 1 of them is labeled `` escape and play '' . Each HouseGuest must collect a folder as fast as possible . The one who finds the `` escape and play '' folder will moved on to face the winner of part 2 in part 3 of the competition . The HouseGuest who does not collect a folder will suffer a punishment . Angela was the winner and Kaycee was the loser . Safety Competition -- Part 2 ( `` HouseGuest CAPTCHA '' ) : The HouseGuests must collect block letters from the pit below their tether which is constantly raising and lowering . Each HouseGuest must collect the correct letters and be the first one to spell `` HouseGuest '' on their platform . The first HouseGuest to correctly collect and spell `` HouseGuest '' moved on to face the winner of part 1 in part 3 of the competition . The last remaining HouseGuest will suffer a punishment . Swaggy C was the winner and Sam was the loser . Safety Competition -- Part 3 ( `` Surfing the BB Web '' ) : The winners of part 1 and part 2 faced off in this competition and must `` surf '' the web . The winner of this competition will have the opportunity to keep 8 HouseGuests including themselves safe from the first eviction . Swaggy C was the winner . Following the competitions Julie informed Swaggy C that of the four original groups that moved into the Big Brother house he must keep two of the groups safe . The punishments for the two losing HouseGuests were revealed . Kaycee received the `` Pinwheel of Doom '' punishment and is forced to wear a pinwheel unitard . Whenever the pinwheel spins she must stay in the room she is currently in until it stops spinning . Sam is forced to occasionally play the game as a robot , when the words `` Robot online '' are announced she plays the game as a robot , but when the words `` Robot offline '' are announced she plays the game as a human . Both punishments are in effect until the first live eviction . Swaggy C chose to keep groups 3 and 4 safe from eviction . 668 `` Episode 2 '' Days 2 - 5 June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 5.13 1.4 / 6 Head of Household ( `` Microchip Mayhem '' ) : When the competition starts HouseGuests must cross their beam and collect a `` deletion dot '' . Once they have collected one they must cross back , place it inside another HouseGuests tube , and repeat . When a HouseGuest has 10 deletion dots inside their tube they are eliminated from the competition . Tyler was the winner and became the first HoH of the season . On Day 5 , Tyler nominated Sam and Steve for eviction . 669 `` Episode 3 '' Days 5 - 9 July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 4.78 1.2 / 6 Following nominations Sam has a one on one conversation with the other HouseGuests . As the HoH , Tyler was forced to chose the first four Have - Nots of the season . Kaitlyn volunteered and Tyler chose Brett , Scottie , and Winston to be the remaining Have - Nots . Each week in the new BB App Store the most trending HouseGuest will receive a power to help them in the Big Brother game . However , the least trending HouseGuest each week will receive a punishment . Each HouseGuest may only receive a power in the BB App Store once . Faysal was the least trending HouseGuest and received the Hamazon punishment , throughout the week Hamazon will deliver a fresh plate of ham which Faysal must eat in full . Meanwhile , Sam was the top trending HouseGuest and received Bonus Life power , this gives Sam or a HouseGuest of her choice the chance to return to the game if evicted . The power is only good through the first four evictions and if Sam does not use it by the third eviction then the fourth evicted HouseGuest automatically has the chance to return to the game . 670 `` Episode 4 '' Days 9 - 12 July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) 3.95 0.9 / 5 The HouseGuests begin speculating who received the Power App as Faysal receives non-stop delivery 's of Hamazon Swine . Power of Veto ( `` VimeBro Studios '' ) : The competition was played in five rounds . In each round the losing competitor is eliminated from the competition . The competitors were Tyler , Sam , Steve , Scottie , Swaggy C , and Faysal . Stage 1 ( `` Snake Bite Pit '' ) : When `` action '' is said the competitors must reach into a snake pit and pull out a like icon . Once they have a like icon they must place it in their corresponding score card . When a HouseGuest has three like icons in their score card they are finished with that stage . The last HouseGuest who does not have three like icons or the HouseGuest with the least amount of like icons after five minutes is eliminated . Scottie was eliminated following Stage 1 . Stage 2 ( `` Polar Plunge '' ) : When the competition begins the HouseGuests must plunge to the bottom of an arctic pool and retrieve a like icon . Once they have a like icon they must place it in their corresponding score card . When a HouseGuest has ten like icons in their score card they are finished with that stage . The last HouseGuest who does not have ten like icons is eliminated . Swaggy C was eliminated following Stage 2 . Stage 3 ( `` Human Canvas '' ) : When `` action '' is said the HouseGuests must stand on a post as they are fired at with paint balls . When told to do so they must move forward to a smaller post . The first HouseGuest to touch the ground is eliminated from the competition . Steve was eliminated following Stage 3 . Stage 4 ( `` Electricity in the Air '' ) : When the competition starts HouseGuests must transfer balls one at a time using their device from the start to their scoreboard . However , the HouseGuests are schocked with shocking collars while attempting to transport their balls . When a HouseGuest collects ten balls they are finished . The last HouseGuest remaining is eliminated from the competition . Sam was eliminated following Stage 4 . Stage 5 ( `` Sloda '' ) : When the competition begins the HouseGuests goal are to find and match the top three flavors to `` Sloda '' , a soda version of slop . Once done they must place them in the corresponding order . The first HouseGuest to place the three flavors in the corresponding order will win the Power of Veto . Faysal was the winner and received the Power of Veto . At the Veto Meeting , Faysal chose not to use the PoV , thus keeping the nominations the same . 671 5 `` Episode 5 '' Days 12 - 16 July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) 4.96 1.3 / 6 Ahead of the first eviction , with a split house , alliances begin attempting to secure votes for their side . On Day 16 , by a vote of 7 - 6 , Steve was the first to be evicted from the Big Brother house . Head of Household ( `` Land a Job '' ) : When the competition starts HouseGuests must step up to the launch pad and launch their ball into the new town of `` San Brosé '' The building the ball lands on has a corresponding salary . The HouseGuest with the highest salary after everyone has launched their balls became the new HoH . Kaitlyn was the winner and became the second HoH of the season . Week 2 672 6 `` Episode 6 '' Days 16 - 17 July 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 08 ) 5.11 1.3 / 6 Following the HoH competition Kaitlyn begins strategizing her nominations . The BB App Store opens for business again . Rachel was the least trending while Tyler was the most trending HouseGuest . Rachel received the `` Yell ! '' Crap App , periodically throughout the next twenty - four hours an angry reviewer was released into the house to give her feedback . Tyler received `` The Cloud '' Power App , this gives him the opportunity to make himself immune from one nomination ceremony of veto meeting throughout the next eight weeks . Kaitlyn nominated Scottie and Winston for eviction 673 7 `` Episode 7 '' Days 17 - 20 July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 5.43 1.5 / 7 Following nominations the HouseGuests prepared to compete in the Power of Veto competition The HouseGuests picked to compete in the Veto competition were Kaitlyn , Scottie , Winston , Faysal , Rachel , and Tyler . The HouseGuests then received a visit from Big Brother 19 HouseGuests and winners of the 30th season of The Amazing Race , Jessica Graf and Cody Nickson , who hosted the Power of Veto competition . Power of Veto ( `` HouseGuestsOnly.com '' ) : When the competition begins players must review dating profiles of former HouseGuests . Once reviewed they must place the former HouseGuests in their ideal dating location . Once all former HouseGuests are placed they must hit the buzzer . If all former HouseGuests are correctly placed their time gets locked in however , if they are incorrect they must try again until they are all correctly placed . If a HouseGuest takes longer than twenty minutes to correctly place all HouseGuests tey are automatically eliminated . The HouseGuest with the fastest time won the Power of Veto. Tyler was the winner with a time of 5 minutes and 29 seconds . Rachel then begins receiving visits from her angry reviewer as a result of her Crap App from the BB App Store . At the Veto Ceremony Tyler chose to use the PoV to remove Scottie from the block . On Day 20 , Kaitlyn then named Swaggy C as the replacement nominee . 674 8 `` Episode 8 '' Days 20 - 23 July 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) 5.32 1.5 / 6 Following the Veto Ceremony Swaggy C and Winston both begin campaigning for votes . The HouseGuests then cast their votes on who the want to evict . On Day 23 , by a vote of 8 - 4 , Swaggy C was the second to be evicted from the Big Brother house . Head of Household ( `` Product Launch '' ) : The competing HouseGuests watched a two videos about product launches for `` Pineapple , Inc . '' . Julie then asked the HouseGuests a series of questions where the answer is either true or false . If a HouseGuest answered incorrectly they were eliminated from the competition . The last HouseGuest remaining became the next Head of Household . If two HouseGuests remain at the end the game would enter tiebreaker mode . Rachel and Scottie remained at the end . Both HouseGuests were given whiteboards and the answer to the final question was a number . The HouseGuest who came closest to the correct answer without going over would become the next HoH . If both HouseGuests went over the who was closest to the number would be the winner . Scottie was the winner and became the third HoH of the season . Week 3 675 9 `` Episode 9 '' Days 23 - 24 July 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 5.19 1.4 / 6 Following Swaggy 's eviction the BB App Store opened for the final time . Inside , Haleigh was the least trending HouseGuest and received the `` Read It ! '' Crap App . When told to read Haleigh must dress up in a costume , report to a specified room , and read Hamlet until told to stop . This punishment will continue until the entire book is read . Meanwhile , Bayleigh was the most trending HouseGuest and received the `` Identity Theft '' Power App . This power allows her to secretly chose the nominees for the week . On Day 24 , Scottie nominated Brett and Winston for eviction . 676 10 `` Episode 10 '' Days 24 - 27 July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 5.24 1.4 / 6 Following nominations the HouseGuests picked players for the Veto Competition . The competitors were Scottie , Brett , Winston , Tyler , Rachel , and Rockstar . Power of Veto ( `` Mamma Mia ! Madness '' ) : When the competition starts the HouseGuests must grab onto their disco ball and spin 15 times to set 30 seconds on their clock . They must then run acros the playing field and build a tower of champagne glasses . Before the clock runs out they must run back and spin again to get another 30 seconds . If their clock runs out before they make it back they are eliminated from the competition . However , if they volunteer to be a have - not for the week they may re-enter the competition . The first HouseGuest to successfully build their tower won the Power of Veto and a trip for 2 to the Greek islands . Scottie was the winner and received the PoV . Meanwhile , Haleigh begins suffering from her Crap App punishment . Brett and Winston begin campaigning to Scottie in an attempt to get him to take one of them off of the block . Scottie informs Kaitlyn of their secret meeting causing confrontation throughout the house . At the Veto Ceremony , Scottie chose not to use the PoV thus keeping his nominations the same . 677 11 `` Episode 11 '' Days 27 - 30 July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) 5.58 1.6 / 7 Following the Veto Ceremony each side of the house begins looking for votes . The HouseGuests voted in the live vote and eviction . On Day 30 , by a vote of 6 - 5 , Winston was the third to be evicted from the Big Brother house . Following Winston 's eviction , a major confrontation occurs between Rockstar and Brett due to his eviction speech . Head of Household ( `` Out On A Limb '' ) : In this competition each participating HouseGuest must stand on a peg attached to their tree and hold on as long as possible . Throughout the competition the trees move and water is sprayed on the HouseGuests . The last HouseGuest to remain on their tree will become the next Head of Household . Week 4 678 12 `` Episode 12 '' Days 27 , 30 - 31 July 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 22 ) 5.45 1.5 / 6 Head of Household ( `` Out On A Limb '' ) : During the competition honey and feathers also begin to spray at the HouseGuests . Sam was the last HouseGuest remaining on their tree and became the fourth HoH of the season . Tensions begin to flare throughout the house between different HouseGuests following the eviction . The episode also covered a major controversy between HouseGuests JC and Bayleigh following an incident where JC used the n - word in a conversation which Bayleigh took as offensive . On Day 31 , Sam nominated Haleigh and Kaitlyn for eviction . 679 13 `` Episode 13 '' Days 31 - 34 July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 5.69 1.5 / 6 Sam 's nomination reasoning begins causing friction throughout the house . The HouseGuests then picked players for the Power of Veto competition . The competitors were Sam , Haleigh , Kaitlyn , JC , Rockstar , and Faysal . Former Big Brother HouseGuest , Rachel Reilly , entered the house to host the PoV competition . Power of Veto ( `` Chop Bonk Spank '' ) : Inspired by Big Brother 19 's `` Punch , Slap , Kick '' and sponsored by the fictional `` Bro Fund Me '' , HouseGuests must stand on their target as Rachel randomly played sequences which Chomped , Bonked , and Spanked them . Rachel then asked the HouseGuests a question based on the sequence . Each correct answer earned the HouseGuest a point . The HouseGuest with the most points at the end of the game was the winner . After 7 rounds , Faysal was the winner with 7 points and received the Power of Veto . At the Veto Ceremony , Fessy chose to use the PoV on Haleigh . Sam chose Rockstar to become the replacement nominee . She then informed the rest of the HouseGuests about her Bonus Life Power App . 680 14 `` Episode 14 '' Days 34 - 37 July 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) 5.44 1.5 / 6 Following the Veto Ceremony , Faysal gets caught in the middle of Haleigh and Kaitlyn . The HouseGuests then participated in the live vote eviction by voting on who they wished to evict from the house . On Day 37 , by a vote of 9 - 1 , Kaitlyn was the fourth to be evicted from the Big Brother house . However , due to Sam not using her Bonus Life Power App the evictee was automatically offered chance to win re-entry into the game . Bonus Life Competition ( `` Outside The House '' ) : In the Bonus Life Competition Kaitlyn must disassemble the life - sized puzzle of herself and must reassemble the puzzle on the opposite side of the fictional house within two minutes and thirty seconds . When she believes the puzzle is correctly built she must hit the buzzer . If the puzzle is correctly built she will win re-enter into the game however , if it is incorrectly built she will have the opportunity to continue working until her time is up . Kaitlyn did not correctly build the puzzle and was the officially evicted from the house . Week 5 681 15 `` Episode 15 '' Days 37 - 38 July 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 29 ) 5.40 1.5 / 6 Head of Household ( `` Perfect Timing '' ) : In the Head of Household competition , the HouseGuests must sit on an email and slide from their outbox to their inbox . The HouseGuest with the closest time to 8 seconds will be the new Head of Household . Bayleigh , with a time of 8.08 seconds , was the winner . On Day 38 , Bayleigh nominated Brett and Rachel for eviction . 682 16 `` Episode 16 '' Days 38 - 41 August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 5.55 1.5 / 6 Power of Veto ( `` Goober Driver '' ) : In the Power of Veto competition , HouseGuests had to pave a road so they can give the four evicted HouseGuests a ride across town . The player who paves the road and gets the evicted HouseGuests to the other side of town the fastest wins the Power of Veto . Rachel , JC , and Sam timed out while Tyler won . Bayleigh shares with Rachel the fact that she has a Power App . After Tyler asks if Bayleigh would put Angela up if he uses the veto , Bayleigh tells Rachel that Tyler 's targetting Angela . Then , Rachel tells Angela about Tyler targetting her which she does n't believe . Angela tells Kaycee and she also thinks it 's false . Kaycee tells Tyler about this , Tyler talks with Angela , who all agree Rachel should be the target , not Brett . At the Veto Ceremony , Tyler chose to not use the PoV , thus keeping the nominations the same . 683 17 `` Episode 17 '' Days 41 - 44 August 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 02 ) 5.61 1.5 / 6 Ahead of eviction the show gives an update on Bayleigh 's family which includes Swaggy C meeting Bayleigh 's parents . The HouseGuests then participated in the live vote eviction by voting on who they wished to evict from the house . On Day 44 , by a vote of 5 - 4 , Rachel was the fifth to be evicted from the Big Brother house . Head of Household ( `` GIF That Keeps on Giving '' ) : Throughout the past week HouseGuests were shown gif 's of themselves at predetermined times . In the competition Julie asked HouseGuests true or false questions about the gif 's they viewed . Following the question the HouseGuests must lock in their answers . If they answer incorrectly they are eliminated from the competition . The last HouseGuest standing becomes the new Head of Household . If there are two HouseGuests remaining there will be a tie - breaker . Angela and Rockstar were the last two HouseGuest 's standing and participated in the tie - breaker . Julie asked a question to which the answer was a number . The HouseGuest with the closest answer without going over would be the next HoH . If both HouseGuests went over the one closest to the answer would become the HoH . Angela provided the closest answer without going over and became the sixth HoH of the season . Julie Chen announced after the Head of Household Competition about the `` H@cker Comp '' . Each week , the HouseGuests will compete to `` hack '' the week . She also announces the first competition will be on Sunday night 's nomination episode . Week 6 684 18 `` Episode 18 '' Days 44 - 45 August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 5.57 1.6 / 7 On Day 45 , Angela nominated Rockstar and Scottie for eviction and planned to backdoor Bayleigh . H@cker Competition ( `` Crack The Code '' ) : Over seven rounds , HouseGuests had to unscramble notorious Big Brother words in a certain amount of time . If a HouseGuest unscrambles a word correctly , they get one point . Haleigh became the first H@cker with four points . Haleigh took Scottie off the block and nominated Tyler in his place . 685 19 `` Episode 19 '' Days 45 - 48 August 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) 5.63 1.6 / 8 The H@cker , Haleigh , picked Kaycee to play in the Power of Veto competition . Power of Veto ( `` Boom Power Trip '' ) : In an elimination style , HouseGuests had to roll a ball back and forth for a set number of times . The HouseGuest who was not able to finish before everyone else was eliminated and received a prize or a punishment . After someone was eliminated , they could keep their prize or exchange it for anyone else 's prize . This went on until only one person remained . The HouseGuest who ended up with the Power of Veto was the winner . Angela ended up with the Power of Veto . At the Veto Ceremony , Anglea chose to use the PoV on Tyler and chose Rockstar to become the replacement nominee . 686 20 `` Episode 20 '' Days 48 - 51 August 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) 4.99 1.4 / 7 Haleigh calls a house meeting and tells everyone she was the H@cker . This sparks a fight between Bayleigh and Tyler . As part of the H@cker 's abilities , Haleigh chose to nullify Tyler 's vote during the live evictionThe HouseGuests then participated in the live vote eviction by voting on who they wished to evict from the house . On Day 51 , by a vote of 6 - 1 , Bayleigh was the sixth to be evicted from the Big Brother house and became the first member of the jury . Head of Household ( `` # HashtagTooLong '' ) : In a knockout elimination style , two players were challenged against each other to a multiple choice question . If the HouseGuest who rang in got it wrong , they were eliminated . If the HouseGuest was correct , the competitor was eliminated . The last remaining HouseGuest won the Head of Household . It came down to Haleigh and JC . Haleigh beat JC to become the next Head of Household . Week 7 687 21 `` Episode 21 '' Days 51 - 52 August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) 5.74 1.6 / 8 Following the HoH competition , Haleigh and Rockstar discussed who should be nominated . They decided on putting Angela and Kaycee on the block in order to eventually backdoor Tyler . The Level 6 alliance tried to persuade Haleigh to nominate Sam instead of one of them . Then , Sam went to Haleigh after hearing that her closest allies were conspiring against her , so Haleigh spilled how Level 6 wanted Sam nominated . On Day 59 , Haleigh nominated Angela and Kaycee for eviction . H@cker Competition ( `` Hack the House '' ) : The HouseGuests are shown fragments of an image from cameras around the house . Then they have to identify which room the camera is from by examining the image it 's producing . If they correctly identify the room , they get one point . The HouseGuest who gets the most points after seven rounds becomes the final H@cker . Kaycee became the final H@cker with four points . Kaycee took herself off the block and nominated Rockstar in her place . 688 22 `` Episode 22 '' Days 52 - 55 August 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) 5.82 1.7 / 8 Rockstar , Haleigh , and Faysal talk about who the h@cker is . They start to believe it is Kaycee . The H@cker , Kaycee , picked Tyler to play in the Power of Veto competition . Power of Veto ( `` OTEV the Sneezy Skunk '' ) : In an elimination style , HouseGuests would receive a clue from a sick skunk to find two evicted HouseGuests ' names on medicine bottles . The last HouseGuest to get find the medicine bottle is eliminated . The last HouseGuest remaining would win the Power of Veto . During the Power of Veto , Tyler grabbed the wrong medicine bottle , but Rockstar accidentally told him the correct one , so Tyler was able to go back and grab the correct one before Haleigh found it . Tyler won the Power of Veto after Rockstar got the wrong answer . At the Veto Ceremony , Tyler chose to use the PoV on Angela . Haleigh chose Kaycee to become the replacement nominee . 689 23 `` Episode 23 '' Days 55 - 58 August 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 16 ) 5.71 1.7 / 8 Following the Power of Veto ceremony , Rockstar calls Angela `` entitled '' and says Kaycee `` was n't supposed to go home '' after believing she has the votes to stay . Rockstar talks with Brett to ensure his vote to evict Kaycee and keep Rockstar . After talking , Rockstar believes Brett is loyal to only Rockstar and no one else , making an alliance called Mr. and Mrs. Smith . In order to make sure Rockstar fully believes it , Brett helps Rockstar with her speech . After Rockstar talks with Faysal and Haleigh about having the numbers , Faysal calls Rockstar , Haleigh , and himself `` unevictable '' . As part of the H@cker 's abilities , Kaycee chose to nullify Faysal 's vote during the live eviction . On Day 58 , by a vote of 5 - 1 , Rockstar was the seventh to be evicted from the Big Brother house and became the second member of the jury . Head of Household ( `` Glow & Flow '' ) : HouseGuests will slide along a path where they have to fill up a bucket in order to retrieve a ball . There is also a second bucket where if you retrieve that ball , you win $5,000 . The first HouseGuest to fill up the first bucket will become the next Head of Household . Week 8 690 24 `` Episode 24 '' Days 58 - 59 August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) 5.80 1.6 / 7 Head of Household ( `` Glow & Flow '' ) : Everyone except Faysal , Scottie , and Tyler have fallen out of the competition within the first fifteen minutes . Faysal became the eighth HoH of the season . JC makes the plan to pin Scottie as voting out Rockstar and not Kaycee , planning to say Brett was the one vote . After Faysal invites everyone to his HoH room , he asks them who the one vote to evict Kaycee was . Scottie claimed it , then Brett did right after . Kaycee backed Brett up by saying she `` felt the energy '' around him . Scottie laughed at Kaycee saying she was a bad actor and said their whole production was `` cute '' . The next day , JC continuted to try to convince Faysal that Scottie should be his real target by bringing up that Scottie wants Faysal out so he can be with Haleigh . On Day 59 , Faysal nominated Brett and Scottie for eviction . 691 25 `` Episode 25 '' Days 59 - 61 August 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) 5.70 1.6 / 8 On Day 60 , Zingbot went into the house to start the special Zingbot Competition . Power of Veto ( `` Hide & Go Veto '' ) : In this competition , HouseGuests had three minutes to individually hide their locked veto card in the House . Then , one at a time , HouseGuests entered the House and had one minute to attempt to find a veto card . If a HouseGuest 's veto card is found , they will be eliminated , though the owner of the veto cards will not be revealed until the end of the competition . The HouseGuest who hides their veto card the best will win the Power of Veto . Angela was knocked out first . Tyler was knocked out second . Haleigh was knocked out third . Faysal was knocked out fourth . It all came down to Brett and Scottie . Scottie was knocked out fifth . Brett won the Power of Veto . 692 26 `` Episode 26 '' Days 61 - 65 August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) 5.61 1.6 / 8 At the Veto Ceremony , Brett chose to use the PoV on himself . Faysal chose Kaycee to become the replacement nominee . HouseGuests start to speculate if this will be the first unanimous vote . They also say they 'll keep Scottie thinking that he has their votes . On Day 65 , by a unanimous vote , Scottie was the eighth to be evicted from the Big Brother house and became the third member of the jury . Head of Household ( `` Sweet Shot '' ) : HouseGuests have to search the candy pits for tickets inside the candies . HouseGuests exchange the candies with balls or give it to another HouseGuests . Then , they have to roll the balls in order to get a perfect shot at the end . If they do n't , the ball lands in a number 1 - 40 . The HouseGuest to the the perfect shot first or get the highest number at the end of one hour wins Head of Household ! Julie Chen announces that the three jury members plus a fourth member evicted this week will compete in Week 10 in a jury battleback . Week 9 693 27 `` Episode 27 '' Days 65 - 66 August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) 5.67 1.6 / 7 Head of Household ( `` Sweet Shot '' ) : After one hour was over and no one had sunk the perfect shot , Angela won with a score of 39 . Haleigh walks in on Angela , Tyler , Kaycee , and Brett celebrating Angela 's HoH . Faysal continues to believe the alliance is genuine , but Haleigh believes she 's targetting them . Faysal continues to talk to her saying Angela `` is smarter than that '' and she will put Sam and a pawn up . Angela talks with Tyler to talk about who to nominate . She contemplates putting up Haleigh and Sam . Then , JC walks in and tells Angela that if either of them come down , she has to nominate one of her allies . Angela decides to stick with the plan of Faysal and Haleigh . On Day 66 , Angela nominated Faysal and Haleigh for eviction . 694 28 `` Episode 28 '' Days 66 - 69 August 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 29 ) TBD TBA 695 29 `` Episode 29 '' Days 69 - 72 August 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 30 ) TBD TBA Notes ^ Jump up to : Only eight HouseGuests participated in this competition Jump up ^ Only two HouseGuests participated in this competition ^ Jump up to : This Head of Household competition began in episode 11 on Day 30 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 12 . ^ Jump up to : This Head of Household competition began in episode 23 on Day 58 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 24 . ^ Jump up to : This Head of Household competition began in episode 26 on Day 65 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 27 . Have - Nots Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Brett , Kaitlyn , Scottie , Winston Faysal , Haleigh , JC , Rockstar Angela , Brett , Sam , Tyler Bayleigh , Kaycee , Rachel , Scottie Faysal , Scottie , Tyler none JC , Sam , Tyler Faysal , Haleigh , Kaycee Voting history Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Day 99 Finale Head of Household Tyler Kaitlyn Scottie Sam Bayleigh Angela Haleigh Faysal Angela ( none ) Technology Winner Sam Faysal Tyler Rachel Bayleigh Haleigh ( none ) Haleigh Kaycee ( none ) Nominations ( pre-veto ) Sam Steve Scottie Winston Brett Winston Haleigh Kaitlyn Brett Rachel Rockstar Scottie Tyler Angela Kaycee Rockstar Brett Scottie Faysal Haleigh Veto Winner Faysal Tyler Scottie Faysal Tyler Angela Tyler Brett Kaycee ( none ) Nominations ( post-veto ) Sam Steve Swaggy C Winston Brett Winston Kaitlyn Rockstar Brett Rachel Bayleigh Rockstar Kaycee Rockstar Kaycee Scottie Faysal Haleigh Angela Steve Swaggy C Winston Kaitlyn Rachel Head of Household Rockstar Scottie Head of Household Brett Steve Swaggy C Nominated Kaitlyn Nominated Bayleigh Rockstar Scottie Faysal Sam Winston Brett Kaitlyn Brett Bayleigh Not eligible Head of Household Nominated Haleigh Sam Winston Brett Kaitlyn Brett Bayleigh Head of Household Scottie Nominated JC Steve Swaggy C Winston Rockstar Rachel Bayleigh Rockstar Scottie Kaycee Steve Swaggy C Winston Kaitlyn Rachel Bayleigh Nominated Nominated Sam Nominated Swaggy C Winston Head of Household Rachel Rockstar Rockstar Scottie Tyler Head of Household Swaggy C Winston Kaitlyn Rachel Not eligible Rockstar Scottie Scottie Sam Swaggy C Head of Household Kaitlyn Brett Bayleigh Kaycee Nominated Evicted ( Day 65 ) Jury Member Rockstar Sam Winston Brett Nominated Brett Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 58 ) Jury Member Bayleigh Sam Winston Brett Kaitlyn Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 51 ) Jury Member Rachel Steve Swaggy C Winston Kaitlyn Nominated Evicted ( Day 44 ) Kaitlyn Steve Head of Household Brett Nominated Evicted ( Day 37 ) Winston Steve Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 30 ) Swaggy C Sam Nominated Evicted ( Day 23 ) Steve Nominated Evicted ( Day 16 ) Notes 1 , 2 none none 5 Evicted Steve 7 of 13 votes to evict Swaggy C 8 of 12 votes to evict Winston 6 of 11 votes to evict Kaitlyn 9 of 10 votes to evict Rachel 5 of 9 votes to evict Bayleigh 6 of 7 votes to evict Rockstar 5 of 6 votes to evict Scottie 6 of 6 votes to evict Kaitlyn Lost re-entry into game Notes ^ Note 1 : As the winner of the first safety competition , Swaggy C had the opportunity to save eight HouseGuests , including himself . He and the seven other safe HouseGuests were not able to compete in the Head of Household competition . ^ Note 2 : Each week in the BB App Store a power app and crap app were released into the game . The winner of the crap app is represented in italics . ^ Note 3 : Due to Sam not using her Bonus Life Power App , Kaitlyn automatically received a chance to re-enter the house . However , she was unable to complete the challenge and was ultimately evicted . ^ Note 4 : The H@cker earned the power to remove one of the HoH 's nominations ( represented by strikethrough font ) and secretly replace it with their own ( represented by bold font ) . The H@cker was also able to nullify one vote at the live eviction . ^ Note 5 : In Week 10 , the first four jurors , Bayleigh , Rockstar , Scottie , and Faysal / Haleigh , will compete for an opportunity to return to the game . Controversies and criticisms Joseph `` JC '' Mounduix received criticism after he was shown using an ice cream scooper on the genitals of his other HouseGuests . Mounduix later told fellow HouseGuest Kaycee Clark to open up her vagina , saying it `` feels good ''. Monduix further aggravated fans after he asked Rachel Swindler if she was transgender , stating that she has `` a big Adam 's apple . '' Mounduix proceeded to feel Swindler 's neck , but she told him to stop . Moments later , he began to touch Swindler 's neck again before being stopped by her. Mounduix was also criticized by both fans and his fellow housemates for making light of the # MeToo movement after making jokes at the movement 's expense . Since the start of the live feeds , Kaitlyn Herman has been criticized from viewers for her feelings and actions towards several men in the Big Brother House , while being in a 5 year relationship outside of the house . In Week 3 , Herman 's then boyfriend released a statement on Twitter , stating that he wanted to distance himself from the show and situation . Kaitlyn Herman and Joseph `` JC '' Mounduix both came under fire after they used n - word in separate occasions . Herman used the word as she was singing the lyrics of a Drake song . Mounduix used the word after fellow HouseGuest Bayleigh Dayton , who is African American , asked Mounduix if there is a `` difference between a midget and a dwarf '' . Offended , Mounduix said that the word `` midget '' is a derogatory term and then compared it to the n - word . Many came to the defense of the two , saying that they did n't use the word towards someone . Viewers questioned Angela Rummans and Rachel Swindler after they were caught on the live feeds making racist remarks , referencing fellow HouseGuest , Bayleigh Dayton . Rummans called her tan `` ghetto '' , while Swindler compared her skin tone to Dayton 's , who is African American . CBS later released a statement and warned Rummans and Swindler with future consequences . Viewers perceived some of Bayleigh Dayton 's comments about Faysal Shafaat as being anti-Muslim . After Shafaat , a Muslim , complained about his in - house crush Haleigh Broucher talking about her past sexual experiences , Dayton claimed in private that Shafaat should `` go find a virgin '' and that he should `` go to Pakistan and ( get himself ) one '' because `` that 's what they do . '' Many viewers interpreted `` they '' as meaning Muslims . During a conversation between Dayton and Lantry , Dayton claimed that Lantry was the only white person who she knew that did n't like white people . Dayton then said that Lantry dislikes `` normal white people '' more than she does . Days later , in a conversation with Haleigh Broucher , Dayton referred to her housemates as `` crazy - ass white people . '' Many viewers saw Dayton 's statements as racist . Reception Viewing figures # Air Date United States Source 18 -- 49 ( rating / share ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Wednesday , June 27 , 2018 1.5 / 7 5.33 Thursday , June 28 , 2018 1.4 / 6 5.13 Sunday , July 1 , 2018 1.2 / 6 4.78 Wednesday , July 4 , 2018 0.9 / 5 3.95 5 Thursday , July 5 , 2018 1.3 / 6 4.96 6 Sunday , July 8 , 2018 1.3 / 6 5.11 7 Wednesday , July 11 , 2018 1.5 / 7 5.43 8 Thursday , July 12 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.32 9 Sunday , July 15 , 2018 1.4 / 6 5.19 10 Wednesday , July 18 , 2018 1.4 / 6 5.24 11 Thursday , July 19 , 2018 1.6 / 7 5.58 12 Sunday , July 22 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.45 13 Wednesday , July 25 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.69 14 Thursday , July 26 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.44 15 Sunday , July 29 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.40 16 Wednesday , August 1 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.55 17 Thursday , August 2 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.61 18 Sunday , August 5 , 2018 1.6 / 7 5.57 19 Wednesday , August 8 , 2018 1.6 / 8 5.63 20 Thursday , August 9 , 2018 1.4 / 7 4.99 21 Sunday , August 12 , 2018 1.6 / 8 5.74 22 Wednesday , August 15 , 2018 1.7 / 8 5.82 23 Thursday , August 16 , 2018 1.7 / 8 5.71 24 Sunday , August 19 , 2018 1.6 / 7 5.80 25 Wednesday , August 22 , 2018 1.6 / 8 5.70 1 ( tied ) 26 Thursday , August 23 , 2018 1.6 / 8 5.61 27 Sunday , August 26 , 2018 1.6 / 7 5.67 1 ( tied ) 28 Wednesday , August 29 , 2018 29 Thursday , August 30 , 2018 ^ Note 1 : Episode 21 was delayed to 8 : 20 PM ET ( 7 : 20 PM CT ) due to the 2018 PGA Championship golf event running long . 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Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 's JC Mounduix Under Fire for Using the N - Word '' . Us Weekly . 2018 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' contestants often make offensive comments . But this episode was still unusual '' . The Washington Post . 2018 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ex - ' Big Brother ' Houseguest Defends JC Using the N - Word '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' : CBS responds to sexual assault , racism accusations '' . Global News . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Mandy ( 30 July 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' 20 Spoilers : Bayleigh 's Anti-Muslim Hate Speech '' . Soap Dirt . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Tateham , Jess ( 6 August 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' 20 : Bayleigh admits on camera she hates ' White People ' -- More BB20 Hate - Speech ( VIDEO ) Soap Dirt '' . Soap Dirt . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 6 August 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 20 Spoilers : Major move at Veto Ceremony '' . GlobalTV . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Tiffany ( 7 August 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 20 spoilers : Bayleigh gets reckless with her mouth '' . Monsters & Critics . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ CBS ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` New start Times for 60 Minutes 7 : 20ET / 6 : 20CT Big Brother 8 : 20ET / 7 : 20CT NCIS : Los Angeles 9 : 20ET / 8 : 20CT Elementary 10 : 20ET / 9 : 20CT '' . Facebook . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . External links CBS Official Site Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Over the Top 19 Celebrity 1 20 Houseguests 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Over the Top 19 Celebrity 1 20 Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Morgan Willett Josh Martinez Marissa Jaret Winokur Other contestants Jamie Kern Lima George Boswell Brittany Petros Danielle Reyes Jason Guy Marcellas Reynolds Alison Irwin Erika Landin Diane Henry Adria Montgomery - Klein and Natalie Montgomery - Carroll Will Wikle Janelle Pierzina Howie Gordon James Rhine Daniele Donato Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Steven Daigle Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Frank Eudy Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Cody Calafiore Caleb Reynolds Frankie Grande Liz and Julia Nolan Vanessa Rousso Austin Matelson James Huling Paul Abrahamian Cody Nickson Jessica Graf Related shows House Calls After Dark Celebrity After Dark Off the Block with Ross and Marissa Coordinates : 34 ° 8 ′ 40.12 '' N 118 ° 23 ′ 20.71 '' W / 34.1444778 ° N 118.3890861 ° W / 34.1444778 ; - 118.3890861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Brother_20_(U.S.)&oldid=857044589 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons Big Brother ( U.S. ) seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Articles with hCards Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 05 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who has been voted off of big brother 20	[ "\n\nBig Brother\n\n\n ◄Season 20 (2018)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName\n\nEntry\n\nExit\n\n \n\n\nAngela\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nBrett\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nFaysal\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nHaleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nJC\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nKaycee\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nSam\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nTyler\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nScottie\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 65 \n\n \n\n\nRockstar\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 58 \n\n \n\n\nBayleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 51 \n\n \n\n\nRachel\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 44 \n\n \n\n\nKaitlyn\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 37 \n\n \n\n\nWinston\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 30 \n\n \n\n\nSwaggy C\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 23 \n\n \n\n\nSteve\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 16 \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLegend\n\n\nEvicted\n\n\n\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nHead of Household\n\n\n\nImmune\n\n\n\nJury Member\n\n\n\n Power of Veto Holder\n\n\n", "\n\nBig Brother\n\n\n ◄Season 20 (2018)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName\n\nEntry\n\nExit\n\n \n\n\nAngela\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nBrett\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nFaysal\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nHaleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nJC\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nKaycee\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nSam\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nTyler\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nScottie\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 65 \n\n \n\n\nRockstar\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 58 \n\n \n\n\nBayleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 51 \n\n \n\n\nRachel\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 44 \n\n \n\n\nKaitlyn\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 37 \n\n \n\n\nWinston\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 30 \n\n \n\n\nSwaggy C\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 23 \n\n \n\n\nSteve\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 16 \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLegend\n\n\nEvicted\n\n\n\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nHead of Household\n\n\n\nImmune\n\n\n\nJury Member\n\n\n\n Power of Veto Holder\n\n\n", "\n\nBig Brother\n\n\n ◄Season 20 (2018)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName\n\nEntry\n\nExit\n\n \n\n\nAngela\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nBrett\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nFaysal\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nHaleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nJC\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nKaycee\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nSam\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nTyler\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nScottie\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 65 \n\n \n\n\nRockstar\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 58 \n\n \n\n\nBayleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 51 \n\n \n\n\nRachel\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 44 \n\n \n\n\nKaitlyn\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 37 \n\n \n\n\nWinston\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 30 \n\n \n\n\nSwaggy C\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 23 \n\n \n\n\nSteve\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 16 \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLegend\n\n\nEvicted\n\n\n\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nHead of Household\n\n\n\nImmune\n\n\n\nJury Member\n\n\n\n Power of Veto Holder\n\n\n", "\n\nBig Brother\n\n\n ◄Season 20 (2018)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName\n\nEntry\n\nExit\n\n \n\n\nAngela\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nBrett\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nFaysal\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nHaleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nJC\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nKaycee\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nSam\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nTyler\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nScottie\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 65 \n\n \n\n\nRockstar\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 58 \n\n \n\n\nBayleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 51 \n\n \n\n\nRachel\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 44 \n\n \n\n\nKaitlyn\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 37 \n\n \n\n\nWinston\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 30 \n\n \n\n\nSwaggy C\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 23 \n\n \n\n\nSteve\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 16 \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLegend\n\n\nEvicted\n\n\n\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nHead of Household\n\n\n\nImmune\n\n\n\nJury Member\n\n\n\n Power of Veto Holder\n\n\n", "\n\nBig Brother\n\n\n ◄Season 20 (2018)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName\n\nEntry\n\nExit\n\n \n\n\nAngela\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nBrett\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nFaysal\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nHaleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nJC\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nKaycee\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nSam\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nTyler\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nScottie\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 65 \n\n \n\n\nRockstar\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 58 \n\n \n\n\nBayleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 51 \n\n \n\n\nRachel\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 44 \n\n \n\n\nKaitlyn\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 37 \n\n \n\n\nWinston\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 30 \n\n \n\n\nSwaggy C\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 23 \n\n \n\n\nSteve\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 16 \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLegend\n\n\nEvicted\n\n\n\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nHead of Household\n\n\n\nImmune\n\n\n\nJury Member\n\n\n\n Power of Veto Holder\n\n\n", "\n\nBig Brother\n\n\n ◄Season 20 (2018)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName\n\nEntry\n\nExit\n\n \n\n\nAngela\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nBrett\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nFaysal\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nHaleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nJC\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nKaycee\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nSam\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nTyler\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nScottie\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 65 \n\n \n\n\nRockstar\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 58 \n\n \n\n\nBayleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 51 \n\n \n\n\nRachel\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 44 \n\n \n\n\nKaitlyn\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 37 \n\n \n\n\nWinston\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 30 \n\n \n\n\nSwaggy C\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 23 \n\n \n\n\nSteve\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 16 \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLegend\n\n\nEvicted\n\n\n\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nHead of Household\n\n\n\nImmune\n\n\n\nJury Member\n\n\n\n Power of Veto Holder\n\n\n", "\n\nBig Brother\n\n\n ◄Season 20 (2018)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName\n\nEntry\n\nExit\n\n \n\n\nAngela\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nBrett\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nFaysal\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nHaleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nJC\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nKaycee\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nSam\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nTyler\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nScottie\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 65 \n\n \n\n\nRockstar\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 58 \n\n \n\n\nBayleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 51 \n\n \n\n\nRachel\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 44 \n\n \n\n\nKaitlyn\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 37 \n\n \n\n\nWinston\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 30 \n\n \n\n\nSwaggy C\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 23 \n\n \n\n\nSteve\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 16 \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLegend\n\n\nEvicted\n\n\n\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nHead of Household\n\n\n\nImmune\n\n\n\nJury Member\n\n\n\n Power of Veto Holder\n\n\n", "\n\nBig Brother\n\n\n ◄Season 20 (2018)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName\n\nEntry\n\nExit\n\n \n\n\nAngela\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nBrett\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nFaysal\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nHaleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nJC\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nKaycee\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nSam\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nTyler\n\nDay 1 \n\n \n\n \n\n\nScottie\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 65 \n\n \n\n\nRockstar\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 58 \n\n \n\n\nBayleigh\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 51 \n\n \n\n\nRachel\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 44 \n\n \n\n\nKaitlyn\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 37 \n\n \n\n\nWinston\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 30 \n\n \n\n\nSwaggy C\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 23 \n\n \n\n\nSteve\n\nDay 1 \n\nDay 16 \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLegend\n\n\nEvicted\n\n\n\n\nNominated\n\n\n\n\nHead of Household\n\n\n\nImmune\n\n\n\nJury Member\n\n\n\n Power of Veto Holder\n\n\n" ]	[ "Scottie", "Rockstar", "Bayleigh", "Rachel", "Kaitlyn", "Winston", "Swaggy C", "Steve" ]
4057887873073600443	Jamaican Maroons	Jamaican Maroons - Wikipedia Jamaican Maroons This article needs attention from an expert in Ethnic groups . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Ethnic groups may be able to help recruit an expert . ( February 2009 ) Jamaican Maroons Regions with significant populations Jamaica Languages Jamaican Patois , Kromanti Related ethnic groups Coromantee , Jamaicans of African descent , Maroon people The Jamaican Maroons are descendants of maroons , Africans who escaped from slavery on the island of Jamaica and established free communities in the mountainous interior , primarily in the eastern parishes . African slaves imported during the Spanish period likely were the first to develop such refugee communities . The English expanded the importation of slaves to support their extensive development of sugar cane plantations . Africans in Jamaica continually fought and revolted , with many who escaped becoming Maroon . The revolts had the effect of disrupting the sugar economy in Jamaica and making it less profitable . The revolts simmered down only after the British government promised to free the slaves if they stopped revolting ; and slavery was abolished in 1834 . The Windward Maroons and those from the Cockpit Country resisted conquest in the First Maroon War , which the government ended in 1739 - 1740 by making treaties to grant lands and to respect their autonomy , in exchange for peace and aiding the colonial militia if needed against external enemies . Tensions between British colonial Governor and the majority of the Leeward Maroons resulted in the Second Maroon War from 1795 to 1796 . Although the governor promised leniency if the Maroons surrendered , he later backtracked and , supported by the Assembly , insisted on deportation of 600 Maroons to British settlements at Nova Scotia . The deported Maroons were unhappy with conditions in Canada , and in 1800 they succeeded in getting passide to Freetown , eight years after it was established in West Africa as a British colony ( present - day Sierra Leone ) . Contents 1 History 1.1 Establishment of the Leeward and Windward Maroons 1.2 First Maroon War 1731 -- 1739 1.3 Intervention in Tacky 's War 1760 1.4 Second Maroon War 1795 -- 1796 1.5 Maroons in the 19th century 2 Maroons in the 21st century 3 Films 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies and Slavery in the British and French Caribbean In all likelihood , the words `` Maroon '' and `` Seminole '' share the same origin in the Spanish word cimarrón , meaning `` wild '' or `` untamed '' . This word usually referred to runaways or castaways and is ultimately derived from the word for `` thicket '' in Old Spanish . When the British captured Jamaica in 1655 , the Spanish colonists fled . Many of their slaves escaped and , together with free blacks and mulattoes , former slaves , and some native Taíno coalesced into several heterogeneous groups in the Jamaican interior . Some created palenques , or stockaded mountain farms at Lluidas Vale in modern - day St Catharine Parish under Juan de Bolas ( also known as Lubolo ) . Toward the western end of Cockpit Country were the ' Varmahaly or Karmahaly Negroes ' under the leadership of Juan de Serras ; a third group was active in the region of Porus , in modern Manchester Parish ; and there was possibly a fourth in the Blue Mountains . During the first decade of British rule , these groups were active on behalf of the Spanish . But , as it became increasingly obvious that the British would hold their conquest , the group run by de Bolas changed its position . Faced with discovery and defeat in 1659 , de Bolas allied with the British and guided their troops on a raid which resulted in the final expulsion of the Spanish in 1660 . In exchange , in 1663 , Governor Lyttleton signed the first maroon treaty , granting de Bolas and his people land on the same terms as British settlers . The colonial authorities paid the men of de Bolas to hunt the supporters of de Serras and recent runaways . However , de Bolas was eventually killed in an ambush , probably by Maroons belonging to de Serras . While the Maroons belonging to de Bolas disappeared from history , the English authorities failed to subdue the Karmahaly Maroons . The other maroon groups remained independent in the mountainous interior of Jamaica , surviving by subsistence farming and periodic raids of plantations . These initial maroon groups dwindled , migrating or merging with settlers . Others may have coalesced to form the nucleus of what would later be called the Windward Maroons . Over time , runaway slaves increased the maroon population , which eventually came to control large areas of the Jamaican mountainous interior . Establishment of the Leeward and Windward Maroons ( edit ) Between 1673 and 1690 there were several major slave uprisings , mainly prompted by newly arrived , highly militarized Fante or Coromantee groups from Cape Coast and Ashanti Empire . On 31 July 1690 , a rebellion involving 500 slaves from the Sutton estate in Clarendon Parish led to the formation of Jamaica 's most stable and best organized Maroon group . Although some were killed , recaptured or surrendered , more than 200 , including women and children , remained free after the rebellion was considered over . They established an Ashanti - style polity based in the eastern parts of the Cockpit Country , notably Cudjoe 's Town ( Trelawny Town ) ; the most famous ruler of the western Maroons was Cudjoe . They incorporated outsiders only after newcomers had satisfied a strict probationary period . The leader of the eastern Maroons when they agreed to peace was Quao . The Windward Maroons , in the wilder parts of eastern Jamaica , were always composed of separate highly mobile and culturally heterogeneous groups . It is possible that the runaway slaves from de Serras ' group of Karmahaly Maroons formed the initial nucleus of the Windward Maroons . From early on , the Jamaican governors considered their settlements an impediment to British development of the interior . They ordered raids on the Maroon settlements in 1686 and 1702 , to little effect . By about 1720 , a stronger Windward community had developed around the culturally Africanised group of three villages known as Nanny Town , under the spiritual leadership of Queen Nanny , an Ashanti woman , sometimes in allegiance and sometimes in competition with other Windward groups . She was known for her exceptional leadership skills , especially in guerrilla warfare during the First Maroon War . One tactic particular to the Jamaican Maroons involved the art of camouflage using plants . Her remains are reputedly buried at `` Bump Grave '' in Moore Town , the main town of the Windward Maroons , who are concentrated in and around the Rio Grande valley in the northeastern parish of Portland . Queen Nanny , also known as Granny Nanny ( died c. 1750s ) , is the only woman honored as one of Jamaica 's National Heroes . She has been immortalised in songs and legends . First Maroon War 1731 -- 1739 ( edit ) Main article : First Maroon War Disturbed by plantation raiding , the colonial authorities of Jamaica wanted to eradicate the maroon communities in order to promote British settlement . Their strategy , beginning in the 1730s , was to break off lines of communication between the Windward and Leeward Maroons , then first pick off the less organized Windward Maroons . In practice , the Maroon troops ' command of the territory and skill in guerrilla warfare gave them a strong advantage over colonial forces . After much fighting , the British took and destroyed Nanny Town in 1734 , but most of the Windward Maroons simply dispersed and formed new settlements . At this point , however , fighting shifted to Leeward , where the British troops had equally limited success against the well - trained and organized forces of Cudjoe . By the mid-1730s , warfare was proving costly to Maroons and British alike and was turning into an ongoing stalemate . Cudjoe rejected suggestions of a treaty in 1734 and 1736 , but by 1738 he agreed to parley with John Guthrie . This local planter and militia officer was known to and respected by the Maroons . In 1739 , the treaty signed under British governor Edward Trelawny granted Cudjoe 's Maroons 1500 acres of land between their strongholds of Trelawny Town and Accompong in the Cockpits and a certain amount of political autonomy and economic freedoms , in return for which the Maroons were to provide military support in case of invasion or rebellion , and to return runaway slaves in exchange for a bounty of two dollars each . This last clause in the treaty caused tension between the maroons and the enslaved black population , although from time to time runaways from the plantations still found their way into maroon settlements . In addition , a British superintendent was to be assigned to live in each maroon town . In 1740 , similar treaties were signed by Quao and Nanny , major leaders of the Windward Maroons . The Windward Maroons were originally located at Crawford 's Town and the new Nanny Town ( now called Moore Town ) . In all , about 600 Maroons came to terms with the British authorities through these two treaties . Not all the Maroons accepted the treaties . Rebellions occurred in Maroon communities in the years that followed . After the treaties , the white superintendents appointed by the governors eventually took control of the Maroon towns . In the 1740s , some Leeward Maroons who opposed the 1739 treaty rose in revolt , but Cudjoe crushed those rebellions . In 1754 , Quao attempted to overthrow Edward Crawford , the new Maroon leader of the Windward Maroon town , and in the resulting conflict , Crawford 's Town was destroyed . Governor Charles Knowles re-established control over the uprising with the help of other Maroons . He then ordered that the Maroons of Crawford 's Town be resettled in the new , nearby Windward Maroon towns of Charles Town and Scott 's Hall . Intervention in Tacky 's War 1760 ( edit ) Main article : Tacky 's War In April 1760 , the Jamaican government called upon the maroons to honor their treaties and come to their assistance during the major slave uprising led by the Fante leader , Tacky . The Windward Maroons were first to be mobilized . Their intervention often appeared half - hearted : the Scott 's Hall Maroons began by claiming outstanding arrears in bounty , while those of Down 's Cove simply took cover when attacked by the rebels . In the end , it was a Scott 's Hall Maroon , Lieutenant Davy the Maroon , who killed Tacky during a skirmish . Although the loss of Tacky 's leadership essentially ended the rebellion , by October , related uprisings broke out on the leeward side of the island . Cudjoe 's well - trained forces were also mobilized to help deal with them , apparently to good effect . In the years that followed the rebellion , many Maroon officers such as Samuel Grant ( Maroon ) , allegedly the son of Davy , made a career out of hunting runaway slaves for the colonial authorities . In the eighteenth century , Maroons also hunted and killed notorious escaped slaves and their deputies , such as Ancoma , Three Fingered Jack ( Jamaica ) and Dagger . However , while they were successful in capturing and killing some runaways and their leaders , most members of the runaway communities continued to thrive under new leaders . Second Maroon War 1795 -- 1796 ( edit ) Main article : Second Maroon War The Second Maroon War began in 1795 against the background of the British Jamaican plantocracy panicked by the excesses of French Revolution , and by the corresponding start of a slave revolt in neighboring Saint - Domingue , which ended with the independence of Haiti in 1804 . At the same time , an increasing hunger for land among expanding maroon communities in Jamaica coincided with several more immediate and proximate causes of grievance among the maroons of Cudjoe 's Town ( Trelawny Town ) . The treaties following the First Maroon War had called for the assignment of a white ' superintendent ' in each maroon community . Trelawny Town had objected to the official recently assigned to them and eventually expelled him . At this , the new , hardline Governor , Balcarres , sent William Fitch to march on Trelawny Town with a military force to demand their immediate submission . Balcarres ignored the advice of local planters , who suggested giving the Maroons some more land in order to avoid conflict . The governor refused to heed the advice , and instead provoked a conflict that could have been avoided by demanding their unconditional surrender . The Trelawny Maroons , led by their colonel , Montague James , chose to fight and were initially successful , fighting a guerrilla war in small bands under several captains , of whom the most noted were Johnson , Parkinson and Palmer . The casualties suffered by Fitch and his men were significantly higher than those felt by the Maroons of Trelawny Town . When the Trelawny Town Maroons killed Fitch , several of his officers , some Accompong Maroon trackers , and many militia soldiers in an ambush , Balcarres appointed a new general , George Walpole . This new general suffered more setbacks , until he eventually opted to besiege the Cockpit Country on a massive scale , surrounding it with watchposts , firing in shells from a long distance , and intending to destroy or cut off all maroon provision grounds . Meanwhile , maroon attempts to recruit plantation slaves met with a mixed response , and other maroon communities maintained neutrality . Accompong Town , however , fought on the side of the colonial militias against Trelawny Town . Despite signs that the siege was working , Balcarres grew impatient and sent to Cuba for a hundred hunting dogs and handlers . The reputation of these was so fearsome that their arrival quickly prompted the surrender of the majority of Trelawny forces . The Maroons however , only put down their arms on condition that they would not be deported , and Walpole gave his word that would be the case . To Walpole 's dismay , Balcarres refused to treat with the defeated maroons and had them deported from Jamaica , at first to Nova Scotia , then to the new British colony of Sierra Leone , and joined the ' African American founders ' who established the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown , Sierra Leone . From the 1830s on some Maroons ( or their descendents ) returned to Jamaica to work as free laborers ( although many of these returnees resettled in Sierra Leone ) ( see Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone ) or formed the new Creole ethnic group of Sierra Leone which established diaspora communities along the West African shores from Sierra Leone to the Gambia to Fernando Pó . Maroons in the 19th century ( edit ) When the colonial authorities deported the Maroons of Trelawny Town , they left a void which was filled by communities of runaway slaves . The Maroons of the smaller town of Accompong were unable to cope with the growing numbers of runaways in western Jamaica , who found refuge in the Cockpit Country . The Accompong Maroons tried but failed in their attempts to disperse the runaway community of Cuffee ( Jamaica ) , who established a community of runaway slaves in the Cockpit Country in 1798 . When Cuffee 's group faded from the colonial records , their place was taken by another group of runaways , who established themselves in the Cockpit Country in 1812 . The community of Me - no - sen - You - no - Come also resisted attempts by the Accompong Maroons and the colonial militias to disperse them in the 1820s . At about the same time , a large group of runaway slaves established themselves near Hellshire Beach , and it thrived there for years until it was finally dispersed by a party of Windward Maroons in 1819 . Maroons in the 21st century ( edit ) Hon . Colonel Ferron Williams , Colonel - in - Chief and elected leader of Accompong To this day , the maroons in Jamaica are to a small extent autonomous and separate from Jamaican culture . Those of Accompong have preserved their land since 1739 . The isolation used to their advantage by their ancestors has today resulted in their communities being amongst the most inaccessible on the island . Today , the four official Maroon towns still in existence in Jamaica are Accompong Town , Moore Town , Charles Town and Scott 's Hall . They hold lands allotted to them in the 1739 - 1740 treaties with the British . These maroons still maintain their traditional celebrations and practices , some of which have West African origin . For example , the council of a Maroon settlement is called an Asofo , from the Twi Akan word asafo ( assembly , church , society ) . Native Jamaicans and island tourists are allowed to attend many of these events . Others considered sacred are held in secret and shrouded in mystery . Singing , dancing , drum - playing and preparation of traditional foods form a central part of most gatherings . In their largest town , Accompong , in the parish of St. Elizabeth , the Leeward Maroons have a vibrant community of about 600 . Tours of the village are offered to foreigners . They hold a large festival annually on 6 January to commemorate the signing of the peace treaty with the British after the First Maroon War . Moore Town , located between the Blue Mountains and John Crow Mountains in Portland Parish , was relisted on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 for its Maroon heritage , particularly music . Films ( edit ) 1984 - Caribbean Crucible . From Repercussions : A Celebration of African - American Music TV series , program 6 . Directed by Dennis Marks and Geoffrey Haydon . See also ( edit ) Coromantee Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone Maroon ( people ) Maroon Town , Sierra Leone Dread & Alive , comic series centered on a maroon . Sierra Leone Creole people Black Nova Scotians Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Seminole - Origin and meaning of Seminole by Online Etymology Dictionary '' . www.etymonline.com . Jump up ^ Madrilejo , N ; Lombard , H ; Torres , JB ( 2015 ) . `` Origins of marronage : Mitochondrial lineages of Jamaica 's Accompong Town Maroons '' . Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27 : 432 -- 7 . doi : 10.1002 / ajhb. 22656 . PMID 25392952 . Jump up ^ Michael Siva , After the Treaties : A Social , Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica , 1739 -- 1842 , PhD Dissertation ( Southampton : Southampton University , 2018 ) , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ E. Kofi Agorsah , ' Archaeology of Maroon Settlements in Jamaica ' , Maroon Heritage : Archaeological , Ethnographic and Historical Perspectives , ed. by E. Kofi Agorsah ( Kingston : University of the West Indies Canoe Press , 1994 ) , pp. 180 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Craton , Michael . Testing the Chains . Cornell University Press , 1982 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Mavis Campbell , The Maroons of Jamaica 1655 - 1796 : a History of Resistance , Collaboration & Betrayal ( Massachusetts : Bergin & Garvey , 1988 ) , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , p. 71 Jump up ^ Bev Carey , The Maroon Story : The Authentic and Original History of the Maroons in the History of Jamaica 1490 - 1880 ( Kingston , Jamaica : Agouti Press , 1997 ) , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Campbell , The Maroons of Jamaica , pp. 14 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 71 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Sainsbury , W. Noel . `` America and West Indies '' . Calendar of State Papers Colonial , America and West Indies. 1 , 5 ( 1574 -- 1660 , 1661 -- 1668 ) . ^ Jump up to : Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Philip Thicknesse , Memoirs and Anecdotes of Philip Thicknesse ( Dublin : Craisberry and Campbell , 1790 ) , pp. 56 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 78 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Campbell , The Maroons of Jamaica , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Jamaican Ministry of Education , Youth & Culture : Jamaica 's National Heroes Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Siva , After the Treaties , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Barbara Kopytoff , 2Jamaican Maroon Political Organization : the Effects of the Treaties `` , Social and Economic Studies , Vol. 25 , No. 2 ( 1976 ) , pp. 92 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Orlando Patterson , ' Slavery and Slave Revolts : A Sociohistorical Analysis of the First Maroon War , 1665 -- 1740 ' , Maroon Societies : Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas , ed. by Richard Price ( London : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1996 ) , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Siva , After the Treaties , pp. 54 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Michael Siva , After the Treaties : A Social , Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica , 1739 -- 1842 , PhD Dissertation ( Southampton : Southampton University , 2018 ) , pp. 75 , 114 . Jump up ^ Siva , After the Treaties , pp. 109 - 117 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 211 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Campbell , The Maroons of Jamaica 1655 -- 1796 , pp. 209 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 215 , 217 -- 219 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , The Maroons of Jamaica , pp. 209 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Campbell , The Maroons of Jamaica , pp. 209 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , p. 219 Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Campbell , The Maroons of Jamaica 1655 - 1796 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 220 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Craton , Testing the Chains ( 1982 ) , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ `` USI Home Page '' . www.understandingslavery.com . Jump up ^ Grant , John . Black Nova Scotians . Nova Scotia : The Nova Scotia Museum , 1980 . Jump up ^ Fortin ( 2006 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Baron , Robert & Cara , Ana C. Creolization as Cultural Creativity . p. 152 . Jump up ^ Siva , After the Treaties , pp. 182 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Siva , After the Treaties , pp. 191 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Siva , After the Treaties , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Bev Carey , The Maroon Story : The Authentic and Original History of the Maroons in the History of Jamaica 1490 - 1880 ( Kingston , Jamaica : Agouti Press , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Sangster , Ian , Jamaica : A Benn Holiday Guide . 1973 . Jump up ^ Anyamesɛm Anaa Twerɛ Kronkron Akan Kasa Mu ( The Bible in Twi : Asante ) , The Bible Society of Ghana , Accra , 1964 . Jump up ^ Rottmann , W.J. , compiler , Kristo Asafo Abakọsẹm Tẇi Kasa Mu ( Church History in Tshi ) , Basel : Basel Evangelical Missionary Society , 1913 . Jump up ^ A History of the Maroons of Jamaica , Farin Voice . Jump up ^ `` Government of Accompong '' . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mavis Christine ( 1988 ) , The Maroons of Jamaica , 1655 -- 1796 : A History of Resistance , Collaboration & Betrayal , Granby , MA : Bergin & Garvey . Jump up ^ Edwards , Bryan ( 1796 ) , `` Observations on the disposition , character , manners , and habits of life , of the Maroon negroes of the island of Jamaica ; and a detail of the origin , progress , and termination of the late war between those people and the white inhabitants '' , in Edwards , Bryan ( 1801 ) , Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo , London : J. Stockdale , pp. 303 -- 360 . References ( edit ) Campbell , Mavis C. The Maroons of Jamaica , 1655 - 1796 : A History of Resistance , Collaboration & Betrayal . Granby , Mass : Bergin & Garvey , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 89789 - 148 - 1 Carey , Bev. ( 1997 ) . The Maroon story : The authentic and original history of the Maroons in the history of Jamaica , 1490 -- 1880 . A Maroon and Jamaica heritage series . Gordon Town , Jamaica : Agouti Press . Craton , Michael . Testing the Chains : Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies . Cornell University Press , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1252 - 8 Dallas , R.C. The History of the Maroons , from Their Origin to the Establishment of Their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone. 2 vols . London : Longman , 1803 . Fortin , Jeffrey A. `` ' Blackened Beyond Our Native Hue ' : Removal , Identity and the Trelawney Maroons on the Margins of the Atlantic World , 1796 -- 1800 '' , Citizenship Studies , Vol. 10 , No. 1 , 5 -- 34 , February 2006 . Thompson , Alvin O. Flight to Freedom : African Runaways and Maroons in the Americas . Kingston : University of the West Indies Press , 2006 . ISBN 976 - 640 - 180 - 2 Further reading ( edit ) Bilby , Kenneth . `` Jamaican Maroons at the Crossroads : Losing Touch With Tradition , '' Caribbean Review , Fall 1980 . Bilby , Kenneth M. ( 2005 ) . True - born M ' ( /. maroons . New World diasporas . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . Blake , Edith . `` The Maroons of Jamaica '' , North American Review , 1898 , online text at Archive.org , via JSTOR Campbell , Mavis C. The Maroons of Jamaica 1655 - 1796 : A History of Resistance , Collaboration & Betrayal . Granby , MA : Bergin & Garvey , 1988 . Dunham , Katherine . Journey to Accompong . New York : Henry Holt and Company , 1946 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many maroon villages still exist in jamaica today	[ "Today, the four official Maroon towns still in existence in Jamaica are Accompong Town, Moore Town, Charles Town and Scott's Hall. They hold lands allotted to them in the 1739-1740 treaties with the British.[55] These maroons still maintain their traditional celebrations and practices, some of which have West African origin. For example, the council of a Maroon settlement is called an Asofo,[56] from the Twi Akan word asafo (assembly, church, society).[57][58]\n" ]	[ "four" ]
-1353577153249674478	Weapon of mass destruction	Weapon of mass destruction - wikipedia Weapon of mass destruction Jump to : navigation , search For the hip - hop album , see Weapons of Mass Destruction ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Weapons of mass destruction By type Biological Chemical Nuclear Radiological By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Egypt France Germany India Iran Iraq Israel Italy Japan Libya Mexico Myanmar Netherlands North Korea Pakistan Philippines Poland Romania Russia Saudi Arabia South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Ukraine United Kingdom United States Proliferation Chemical Nuclear Missiles Treaties List of treaties Book A weapon of mass destruction is a nuclear , radiological , chemical , biological or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human - made structures ( e.g. , buildings ) , natural structures ( e.g. , mountains ) , or the biosphere . The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed , often signifying more politically than technically . Originally coined in reference to aerial bombing with chemical explosives , since World War II it has come to refer to large - scale weaponry of other technologies , such as chemical , biological , radiological , or nuclear . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early uses of term 1.1 Evolution of its use 2 Definitions of the term 2.1 United States 2.1. 1 Strategic definition 2.1. 2 Military definition 2.1. 3 Criminal ( civilian ) definition 3 Treaties 4 Use , possession and access 4.1 Nuclear weapons 5 United States politics 6 Media coverage 7 Public perceptions 8 In popular culture 9 Common hazard symbols 9.1 Radioactive weaponry / hazard symbol 9.2 Biological weaponry / hazard symbol 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 13.1 Definition and origin 13.2 International law 13.3 Media 13.4 Ethics 13.5 Public perceptions 14 External links Early Uses of term ( edit ) The first use of the term `` weapon of mass destruction '' on record is by Cosmo Gordon Lang , Archbishop of Canterbury , in 1937 in reference to the aerial bombardment of Guernica , Spain : Who can think at this present time without a sickening of the heart of the appalling slaughter , the suffering , the manifold misery brought by war to Spain and to China ? Who can think without horror of what another widespread war would mean , waged as it would be with all the new weapons of mass destruction ? At the time , nuclear weapons had not been developed . Japan conducted research on biological weapons ( see Unit 731 ) , and chemical weapons had seen wide battlefield use in World War I. They were outlawed by the Geneva Protocol of 1925 . Italy used mustard agent against civilians and soldiers in Ethiopia in 1935 -- 36 . Following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that ended World War II and during the Cold War , the term came to refer more to non-conventional weapons . The application of the term to specifically nuclear and radiological weapons is traced by William Safire to the Russian phrase `` Оружие массового поражения '' -- oruzhiye massovogo porazheniya ( weapons of mass destruction ) . He credits James Goodby ( of the Brookings Institution ) with tracing what he considers the earliest known English - language use soon after the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( although it is not quite verbatim ) : a communique from a 15 November 1945 , meeting of Harry Truman , Clement Attlee and Mackenzie King ( probably drafted by Vannevar Bush , as Bush claimed in 1970 ) referred to `` weapons adaptable to mass destruction . '' Safire says Bernard Baruch used that exact phrase in 1946 ( in a speech at the United Nations probably written by Herbert Bayard Swope ) . The phrase found its way into the very first resolution the United Nations General assembly adopted in January 1946 in London , which used the wording `` the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other weapons adaptable to mass destruction . '' The resolution also created the Atomic Energy Commission ( predecessor of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) ) . An exact use of this term was given in a lecture `` Atomic Energy as an Atomic Problem '' by J. Robert Oppenheimer . He delivered the lecture to the Foreign Service and the State Department , on 17 September 1947 ; it is reprinted in The Open Mind ( New York : Simon & Schuster , 1955 ) . It is a very far reaching control which would eliminate the rivalry between nations in this field , which would prevent the surreptitious arming of one nation against another , which would provide some cushion of time before atomic attack , and presumably therefore before any attack with weapons of mass destruction , and which would go a long way toward removing atomic energy at least as a source of conflict between the powers . The term was also used in the introduction to the hugely influential U.S. government document known as NSC 68 written in 1950 . During a speech at Rice University on 12 September 1962 , President John F. Kennedy spoke of not filling space `` with weapons of mass destruction , but with instruments of knowledge and understanding . '' The following month , during a televised presentation about the Cuban Missile Crisis on 22 October 1962 , Kennedy made reference to `` offensive weapons of sudden mass destruction . '' An early use of the exact phrase in an international treaty was in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 , but no definition was provided . Evolution of its use ( edit ) During the Cold War , the term `` weapons of mass destruction '' was primarily a reference to nuclear weapons . At the time , in the West the euphemism `` strategic weapons '' was used to refer to the American nuclear arsenal , which was presented as a necessary deterrent against nuclear or conventional attack from the Soviet Union under Mutual Assured Destruction . Subsequent to Operation Opera , the destruction of a pre-operational nuclear reactor inside Iraq by the Israeli Air Force , the Israeli prime minister , Menachem Begin , countered criticism by saying that `` on no account shall we permit an enemy to develop weapons of mass destruction against the people of Israel . '' This policy of pre-emptive action against real or perceived weapons of mass destruction became known as the Begin Doctrine . The term `` weapons of mass destruction '' continued to see periodic use , usually in the context of nuclear arms control ; Ronald Reagan used it during the 1986 Reykjavík Summit , when referring to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty . Reagan 's successor , George H.W. Bush , used the term in a 1989 speech to the United Nations , primarily in reference to chemical arms . The end of the Cold War reduced U.S. reliance on nuclear weapons as a deterrent , causing it to shift its focus to disarmament . With the 1990 invasion of Kuwait and 1991 Gulf War , Iraq 's nuclear , biological , and chemical weapons programs became a particular concern of the first Bush Administration . Following the war , Bill Clinton and other western politicians and media continued to use the term , usually in reference to ongoing attempts to dismantle Iraq 's weapons programs . After the 11 September 2001 attacks and the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States , an increased fear of nonconventional weapons and asymmetrical warfare took hold in many countries . The fear reached a crescendo with the 2002 Iraq disarmament crisis and the alleged existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq that became the primary justification for the 2003 invasion of Iraq ; however , American forces found none in Iraq . They found old stockpiles of chemical munitions including sarin and mustard agents , but all were considered to be unusable because of corrosion or degradation . Iraq , however , declared a chemical weapons stockpile in 2009 . The stockpile contained mainly chemical precursors , but some munitions remained usable . Because of its prolific use and ( worldwide ) public profile during this period , the American Dialect Society voted `` weapons of mass destruction '' ( and its abbreviation , `` WMD '' ) the word of the year in 2002 , and in 2003 Lake Superior State University added WMD to its list of terms banished for `` Mis - use , Over-use and General Uselessness '' ( and `` as a card that trumps all forms of aggression '' ) . In its criminal complaint against the main suspect of the Boston Marathon bombing of 15 April 2013 , the FBI refers to a pressure - cooker improvised bomb as a `` weapon of mass destruction . '' Definitions of the term ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Strategic definition ( edit ) The most widely used definition of `` weapons of mass destruction '' is that of nuclear , biological , or chemical weapons ( NBC ) although there is no treaty or customary international law that contains an authoritative definition . Instead , international law has been used with respect to the specific categories of weapons within WMD , and not to WMD as a whole . While nuclear , chemical and biological weapons are regarded as the three major types of WMDs , some analysts have argued that radiological materials as well as missile technology and delivery systems such as aircraft and ballistic missiles could be labeled as WMDs as well . The abbreviations NBC ( for nuclear , biological and chemical ) or CBR ( chemical , biological , radiological ) are used with regards to battlefield protection systems for armored vehicles , because all three involve insidious toxins that can be carried through the air and can be protected against with vehicle air filtration systems . However , there is an argument that nuclear and biological weapons do not belong in the same category as chemical and `` dirty bomb '' radiological weapons , which have limited destructive potential ( and close to none , as far as property is concerned ) , whereas nuclear and biological weapons have the unique ability to kill large numbers of people with very small amounts of material , and thus could be said to belong in a class by themselves . The NBC definition has also been used in official U.S. documents , by the U.S. President , the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency , the U.S. Department of Defense , and the U.S. Government Accountability Office . Other documents expand the definition of WMD to also include radiological or conventional weapons . The U.S. military refers to WMD as : Chemical , biological , radiological , or nuclear weapons capable of a high order of destruction or causing mass casualties and exclude the means of transporting or propelling the weapon where such means is a separable and divisible part from the weapon . Also called WMD . This may also refer to nuclear ICBMs ( intercontinental ballistic missiles ) . The significance of the words separable and divisible part of the weapon is that missiles such as the Pershing II and the SCUD are considered weapons of mass destruction , while aircraft capable of carrying bombloads are not . In 2004 , the United Kingdom 's Butler Review recognized the `` considerable and long - standing academic debate about the proper interpretation of the phrase ' weapons of mass destruction ' '' . The committee set out to avoid the general term but when using it , employed the definition of United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 , which defined the systems which Iraq was required to abandon : `` Nuclear weapons or nuclear - weapons - usable material or any sub-systems or components or any research , development , support or manufacturing facilities relating to ( nuclear weapons ) . Chemical and biological weapons and all stocks of agents and all related subsystems and components and all research , development , support and manufacturing facilities . Ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 kilometres and related major parts , and repair and production facilities . '' Chemical weapons expert Gert G. Harigel considers only nuclear weapons true weapons of mass destruction , because `` only nuclear weapons are completely indiscriminate by their explosive power , heat radiation and radioactivity , and only they should therefore be called a weapon of mass destruction '' . He prefers to call chemical and biological weapons `` weapons of terror '' when aimed against civilians and `` weapons of intimidation '' for soldiers . Testimony of one such soldier expresses the same viewpoint . For a period of several months in the winter of 2002 -- 2003 , U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz frequently used the term `` weapons of mass terror '' , apparently also recognizing the distinction between the psychological and the physical effects of many things currently falling into the WMD category . Gustavo Bell Lemus , the Vice President of Colombia , at 9 July 2001 United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects , quoted the Millennium Report of the UN Secretary - General to the General Assembly , in which Kofi Annan said that small arms could be described as WMD because the fatalities they cause `` dwarf that of all other weapons systems -- and in most years greatly exceed the toll of the atomic bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . An additional condition often implicitly applied to WMD is that the use of the weapons must be strategic . In other words , they would be designed to `` have consequences far outweighing the size and effectiveness of the weapons themselves '' . The strategic nature of WMD also defines their function in the military doctrine of total war as targeting the means a country would use to support and supply its war effort , specifically its population , industry , and natural resources . Within U.S. civil defense organizations , the category is now Chemical , Biological , Radiological , Nuclear , and Explosive ( CBRNE ) , which defines WMD as : ( 1 ) Any explosive , incendiary , poison gas , bomb , grenade , or rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces ( 113 g ) , missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one - quarter ounce ( 7 g ) , or mine or device similar to the above . ( 2 ) Poison gas . ( 3 ) Any weapon involving a disease organism. ( 4 ) Any weapon that is designed to release radiation at a level dangerous to human life . Military definition ( edit ) For the general purposes of national defense , the U.S. Code defines a weapon of mass destruction as : any weapon or device that is intended , or has the capability , to cause death or serious bodily injury to a significant number of people through the release , dissemination , or impact of : toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors a disease organism radiation or radioactivity For the purposes of the prevention of weapons proliferation , the U.S. Code defines weapons of mass destruction as `` chemical , biological , and nuclear weapons , and chemical , biological , and nuclear materials used in the manufacture of such weapons '' . Criminal ( civilian ) definition ( edit ) For the purposes of U.S. criminal law concerning terrorism , weapons of mass destruction are defined as : any `` destructive device '' defined as any explosive , incendiary , or poison gas -- bomb , grenade , rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces , missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one - quarter ounce , mine , or device similar to any of the devices described in the preceding clauses any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release , dissemination , or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals , or their precursors any weapon involving a biological agent , toxin , or vector any weapon that is designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life The Federal Bureau of Investigation 's definition is similar to that presented above from the terrorism statute : any `` destructive device '' as defined in Title 18 USC Section 921 : any explosive , incendiary , or poison gas -- bomb , grenade , rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces , missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one - quarter ounce , mine , or device similar to any of the devices described in the preceding clauses any weapon designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release , dissemination , or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors any weapon involving a disease organism any weapon designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life any device or weapon designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury by causing a malfunction of or destruction of an aircraft or other vehicle that carries humans or of an aircraft or other vehicle whose malfunction or destruction may cause said aircraft or other vehicle to cause death or serious bodily injury to humans who may be within range of the vector in its course of travel or the travel of its debris . Indictments and convictions for possession and use of WMD such as truck bombs , pipe bombs , shoe bombs , and cactus needles coated with a biological toxin have been obtained under 18 USC 2332a . As defined by 18 USC § 2332 ( a ) , a Weapon of Mass Destruction is : ( a ) any destructive device as defined in section 921 of the title ; ( B ) any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release , dissemination , or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals , or their precursors ; ( C ) any weapon involving a biological agent , toxin , or vector ( as those terms are defined in section 178 of this title ) ; or ( D ) any weapon that is designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life ; Under the same statute , conspiring , attempting , threatening , or using a Weapon of Mass Destruction may be imprisoned for any term of years or for life , and if resulting in death , be punishable by death or by imprisonment for any terms of years or for life . They can also be asked to pay a maximum fine of $250,000 . The Washington Post reported on 30 March 2006 : `` Jurors asked the judge in the death penalty trial of Zacarias Moussaoui today to define the term ' weapons of mass destruction ' and were told it includes airplanes used as missiles '' . Moussaoui was indicted and tried for the use of airplanes as WMD . The surviving Boston Marathon bombing perpetrator , Dzhokhar Tsarnaev , was charged in June 2013 with the federal offense of `` use of a weapon of mass destruction '' after he and his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev allegedly placed crude shrapnel bombs , made from pressure cookers packed with ball bearings and nails , near the finish line of the Boston Marathon . He was convicted in April 2015 . The bombing resulted in three deaths and at least 264 injuries . Treaties ( edit ) See also : Arms control and List of weapons of mass destruction treaties The development and use of WMD is governed by several international conventions and treaties , although not all countries have signed and ratified them : Partial Test Ban Treaty Outer Space Treaty Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT ) Seabed Arms Control Treaty Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty ( CTBT , has not entered into force as of 2015 ) Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention ( BWC ) Chemical Weapons Convention ( CWC ) Use , possession and access ( edit ) Nuclear weapons ( edit ) Main article : List of countries with nuclear weapons U.S. nuclear warheads , 1945 -- 2002 The only country to have used a nuclear weapon in war is the United States , which dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II . There are eight countries that have declared they possess nuclear weapons and are known to have tested a nuclear weapon , only five of which are members of the NPT . The eight are China , France , India , North Korea , Pakistan , Russia , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Israel is considered by most analysts to have nuclear weapons numbering in the low hundreds as well , but maintains an official policy of nuclear ambiguity , neither denying nor confirming its nuclear status . South Africa developed a small nuclear arsenal in the 1980s but disassembled them in the early 1990s , making it the only country to have fully given up an independently developed nuclear weapons arsenal . Belarus , Kazakhstan , and Ukraine inherited stockpiles of nuclear arms following the break - up of the Soviet Union , but relinquished them to the Russian Federation . Countries with access to nuclear weapons through nuclear sharing agreements include Belgium , Germany , Italy , the Netherlands , and Turkey . United States politics ( edit ) Due to the potentially indiscriminate effects of WMD , the fear of a WMD attack has shaped political policies and campaigns , fostered social movements , and has been the central theme of many films . Support for different levels of WMD development and control varies nationally and internationally . Yet understanding of the nature of the threats is not high , in part because of imprecise usage of the term by politicians and the media . An atomic - bomb blueprint Fear of WMD , or of threats diminished by the possession of WMD , has long been used to catalyze public support for various WMD policies . They include mobilization of pro - and anti-WMD campaigners alike , and generation of popular political support . The term WMD may be used as a powerful buzzword or to generate a culture of fear . It is also used ambiguously , particularly by not distinguishing among the different types of WMD . A television commercial called Daisy , promoting Democrat Lyndon Johnson 's 1964 presidential candidacy , invoked the fear of a nuclear war and was an element in Johnson 's subsequent election . Later , United States ' President George W. Bush used the threat of potential WMD in Iraq as justification for the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Broad reference to Iraqi WMD in general was seen as an element of President Bush 's arguments . The claim that Iraq possessed Weapons of Mass Destruction ( WMD ) was a major factor that led to the invasion of Iraq in 2003 by Coalition forces . Over 500 munitions containing mustard agent and sarin were discovered throughout Iraq since 2003 ; they were made in the 1980s and are no longer usable as originally intended due to corrosion . In 2004 , Polish troops found nineteen 1980s - era rocket warheads , thwarting an attempt by militants to buy them at $5000 each . Some of the rockets contained extremely deteriorated nerve agent . The American Heritage Dictionary defines a weapon of mass destruction as : `` a weapon that can cause widespread destruction or kill large numbers of people , especially a nuclear , chemical , or biological weapon . '' In other words , it does not have to be nuclear , biological or chemical ( NBC ) . For example , the terrorist for the Boston Marathon bombings was charged under United States law 18 U.S.C. 2332A for using a weapon of mass destruction and that was a pressure cooker bomb . In other words , it was a weapon that caused large - scale death and destruction , without being an NBC weapon . Media coverage ( edit ) In 2004 , the Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland ( CISSM ) released a report examining the media 's coverage of WMD issues during three separate periods : nuclear weapons tests by India and Pakistan in May 1998 ; the U.S. announcement of evidence of a North Korean nuclear weapons program in October 2002 ; and revelations about Iran 's nuclear program in May 2003 . The CISSM report argues that poor coverage resulted less from political bias among the media than from tired journalistic conventions . The report 's major findings were that : Most media outlets represented WMD as a monolithic menace , failing to adequately distinguish between weapons programs and actual weapons or to address the real differences among chemical , biological , nuclear , and radiological weapons . Most journalists accepted the Bush administration 's formulation of the `` War on Terror '' as a campaign against WMD , in contrast to coverage during the Clinton era , when many journalists made careful distinctions between acts of terrorism and the acquisition and use of WMD . Many stories stenographically reported the incumbent administration 's perspective on WMD , giving too little critical examination of the way officials framed the events , issues , threats , and policy options . Too few stories proffered alternative perspectives to official line , a problem exacerbated by the journalistic prioritizing of breaking - news stories and the `` inverted pyramid '' style of storytelling . In a separate study published in 2005 , a group of researchers assessed the effects reports and retractions in the media had on people 's memory regarding the search for WMD in Iraq during the 2003 Iraq War . The study focused on populations in two coalition countries ( Australia and the United States ) and one opposed to the war ( Germany ) . Results showed that U.S. citizens generally did not correct initial misconceptions regarding WMD , even following disconfirmation ; Australian and German citizens were more responsive to retractions . Dependence on the initial source of information led to a substantial minority of Americans exhibiting false memory that WMD were indeed discovered , while they were not . This led to three conclusions : The repetition of tentative news stories , even if they are subsequently disconfirmed , can assist in the creation of false memories in a substantial proportion of people . Once information is published , its subsequent correction does not alter people 's beliefs unless they are suspicious about the motives underlying the events the news stories are about . When people ignore corrections , they do so irrespective of how certain they are that the corrections occurred . A poll conducted between June and September 2003 asked people whether they thought evidence of WMD had been discovered in Iraq since the war ended . They were also asked which media sources they relied upon . Those who obtained their news primarily from Fox News were three times as likely to believe that evidence of WMD had been discovered in Iraq than those who relied on PBS and NPR for their news , and one third more likely than those who primarily watched CBS . Media source Respondents believing evidence of WMD had been found in Iraq Fox 33 % CBS 23 % NBC 20 % CNN 20 % ABC 19 % Print media 17 % PBS -- NPR 11 % Based on a series of polls taken from June -- September 2003 . In 2006 Fox News reported the claims of two Republican lawmakers that WMDs had been found in Iraq , based upon unclassified portions of a report by the National Ground Intelligence Center . Quoting from the report , Senator Rick Santorum said `` Since 2003 , coalition forces have recovered approximately 500 weapons munitions which contain degraded mustard or sarin nerve agent '' . According to David Kay , who appeared before the U.S. House Armed Services Committee to discuss these badly corroded munitions , they were leftovers , many years old , improperly stored or destroyed by the Iraqis . Charles Duelfer agreed , stating on NPR 's Talk of the Nation : `` When I was running the ISG -- the Iraq Survey Group -- we had a couple of them that had been turned in to these IEDs , the improvised explosive devices . But they are local hazards . They are not a major , you know , weapon of mass destruction . '' Later , wikileaks would show that WMDs of these kinds continued to be found as the Iraqi occupation continued . Many news agencies , including Fox News , reported the conclusions of the CIA that , based upon the investigation of the Iraq Survey Group , WMDs are yet to be found in Iraq . Public perceptions ( edit ) Awareness and opinions of WMD have varied during the course of their history . Their threat is a source of unease , security , and pride to different people . The anti-WMD movement is embodied most in nuclear disarmament , and led to the formation of the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in 1957 . In order to increase awareness of all kinds of WMD , in 2004 the nuclear physicist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Joseph Rotblat inspired the creation of The WMD Awareness Programme to provide trustworthy and up to date information on WMD worldwide . In 1998 University of New Mexico 's Institute for Public Policy released their third report on U.S. perceptions -- including the general public , politicians and scientists -- of nuclear weapons since the breakup of the Soviet Union . Risks of nuclear conflict , proliferation , and terrorism were seen as substantial . While maintenance of the U.S. nuclear arsenal was considered above average in importance , there was widespread support for a reduction in the stockpile , and very little support for developing and testing new nuclear weapons . Also in 1998 , but after the UNM survey was conducted , nuclear weapons became an issue in India 's election of March , in relation to political tensions with neighboring Pakistan . Prior to the election the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) announced it would `` declare India a nuclear weapon state '' after coming to power . BJP won the elections , and on 14 May , three days after India tested nuclear weapons for the second time , a public opinion poll reported that a majority of Indians favored the country 's nuclear build - up . On 15 April 2004 , the Program on International Policy Attitudes ( PIPA ) reported that U.S. citizens showed high levels of concern regarding WMD , and that preventing the spread of nuclear weapons should be `` a very important U.S. foreign policy goal '' , accomplished through multilateral arms control rather than the use of military threats . A majority also believed the United States should be more forthcoming with its biological research and its Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty commitment of nuclear arms reduction . A Russian opinion poll conducted on 5 August 2005 indicated half the population believes new nuclear powers have the right to possess nuclear weapons . 39 % believes the Russian stockpile should be reduced , though not fully eliminated . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : Weapons of mass destruction in popular culture Weapons of mass destruction and their related impacts have been a mainstay of popular culture since the beginning of the Cold War , as both political commentary and humorous outlet . The actual phrase `` weapons of mass destruction '' has been used similarly and as a way to characterise any powerful force or product since the Iraqi weapons crisis in the lead up to the Coalition invasion of Iraq in 2003 . Common hazard symbols ( edit ) Main article : Hazard symbol Symbol Unicode Image Toxic symbol ☠ U + 2620 Radioactive symbol ☢ U + 2622 Biohazard symbol ☣ U + 2623 Radioactive weaponry / hazard Symbol ( edit ) 2007 ISO radioactivity danger symbol . The international radioactivity symbol ( also known as trefoil ) first appeared in 1946 , at the University of California , Berkeley Radiation Laboratory . At the time , it was rendered as magenta , and was set on a blue background . It is drawn with a central circle of radius R , the blades having an internal radius of 1.5R and an external radius of 5R , and separated from each other by 60 ° . It is meant to represent a radiating atom . The International Atomic Energy Agency found that the trefoil radiation symbol is unintuitive and can be variously interpreted by those uneducated in its meaning ; therefore , its role as a hazard warning was compromised as it did not clearly indicate `` danger '' to many non-Westerners and children who encountered it . As a result of research , a new radiation hazard symbol was developed in 2007 to be placed near the most dangerous parts of radiation sources featuring a skull , someone running away , and using a red rather than yellow background . The red background is intended to convey urgent danger , and the sign is intended to be used on equipment where very strong radiation fields can be encountered if the device is dismantled or otherwise tampered with . The intended use of the sign is not in a place where the normal user will see it , but in a place where it will be seen by someone who has started to dismantle a radiation - emitting device or equipment . The aim of the sign is to warn people such as scrap metal workers to stop work and leave the area . Biological weaponry / hazard Symbol ( edit ) Developed by Dow Chemical company in the 1960s for their containment products . According to Charles Dullin , an environmental - health engineer who contributed to its development : We wanted something that was memorable but meaningless , so we could educate people as to what it means . See also ( edit ) Weapons of mass destruction portal War portal Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission on the Prevention of WMD proliferation and terrorism The Bomb ( film ) Ethnic bioweapon Fallout shelter NBC suit New physical principles weapons Nuclear terrorism Orbital bombardment Russia and weapons of mass destruction United States and weapons of mass destruction Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archbishop 's Appeal , '' Times ( London ) , 28 December 1937 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Biological Weapons Program -- Japan '' . Fas.org . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Eric Croddy ( 1997 ) . Chemical and Biological Warfare : An Annotated Bibliography . Scarecrow Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ William R. Cullen ( 2008 ) . Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac ? : The Sociochemistry of an Element . Royal Society of Chemistry . p. 241 . 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Jump up ^ Russian public opinion on nuclear weapons ( 5 August 2005 ) . `` Russian public opinion on nuclear weapons -- Blog -- Russian strategic nuclear forces '' . Russianforces.org . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Unicode Character ' SKULL AND CROSSBONES ' ( U + 2620 ) '' . www.fileformat.info . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Unicode Character ' RADIOACTIVE SIGN ' ( U + 2622 ) '' . www.fileformat.info . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Unicode Character ' BIOHAZARD SIGN ' ( U + 2623 ) '' . www.fileformat.info . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of the Radiation Warning Symbol ( Trefoil ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Biohazard and radioactive Symbol , design and proportions '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Linda Lodding , `` Drop it and Run ! New Symbol Warns of Radiation Dangers and Aims to Save Lives Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , '' IAEA Bulletin 482 ( March 2007 ) : 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ IAEA news release Feb 2007 Jump up ^ `` Biohazard Symbol History '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bentley , Michelle . Weapons of Mass Destruction : The Strategic Use of a Concept ( Routledge , 2014 . ) On the usage of the term in American policy Cirincione , Joseph , ed . Repairing the Regime : Preventing the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction ( Routledge , 2014 ) Croddy , Eric A. ed . Weapons of Mass Destruction : An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy , Technology , and History ( 2 vol 2004 ) ; 1024pp excerpt Curley , Robert , ed . Weapons of Mass Destruction ( Britannica Educational Publishing , 2011 ) Graham Jr , Thomas , and Thomas Graham . Common sense on weapons of mass destruction ( University of Washington Press , 2011 ) Horowitz , Michael C. , and Neil Narang . `` Poor Man 's atomic bomb ? exploring the relationship between `` weapons of mass destruction '' . '' Journal of Conflict Resolution ( 2013 ) online Hutchinson , Robert . Weapons of Mass Destruction : The no - nonsense guide to nuclear , chemical and biological weapons today ( Hachette UK , 2011 ) Further reading ( edit ) O'Neil , Cathy ( 6 September 2016 ) . Weapons of Math Destruction : how big data increases inequality and treathens democracy ( First edition ed . ) . New York , USA : Crown Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 41883 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Definition and Origin ( edit ) `` WMD : Words of mass dissemination '' ( 12 February 2003 ) , BBC News . Bentley , Michelle , `` War and / of Worlds : Constructing WMD in U.S. Foreign Policy '' , Security Studies 22 ( Jan. 2013 ) , 68 -- 97 . Michael Evans , `` What makes a weapon one of mass destruction ? '' ( 6 February 2004 ) , The Times . Bruce Schneier , `` Definition of ' Weapon of Mass Destruction ' '' ( 6 April 2009 ) , Schneier on Security . Stefano Felician , Le armi di distruzione di massa , CEMISS , Roma , 2010 , ( 3 ) George Moraetes , `` ' Nuclear Power Plant Cybersecurity ' '' ( 30 December 2014 ) , Pulse on LinkedIn -- Featured in Oil & Energy . International law ( edit ) United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 David P. Fidler , `` Weapons of Mass Destruction and International Law '' ( February 2003 ) , American Society of International Law . Joanne Mariner , `` FindLaw Forum : Weapons of mass destruction and international law 's principle that civilians can not be targeted '' ( 20 November 2001 ) , CNN . Media ( edit ) Media Coverage of Weapons of Mass Destruction at the Wayback Machine ( archived 17 February 2006 ) , by Susan D. Moeller , Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland , 2004 . Memory for fact , fiction , and misinformation , by Stephan Lewandowsky , Werner G.K. Stritzke , Klaus Oberauer , and Michael Morales , Psychological Science , 16 ( 3 ) : 190 -- 195 , 2005 . Ethics ( edit ) Jacob M. Appel , `` Is All Fair in Biological Warfare ? '' , Journal of Medical Ethics , June 2009 . Public perceptions ( edit ) Steven Kull et al. , Americans on WMD Proliferation ( 15 April 2004 ) , Program on International Policy Attitudes / Knowledge Networks survey . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Weapons of mass destruction . Journal dedicated to CBRNE issues United Nations : Disarmament at the Wayback Machine ( archived 24 June 2005 ) US Department of State at the Wayback Machine ( archived 13 March 2007 ) Nuclear Threat Initiative ( NTI ) Federation of American Scientists ( FAS ) Carnegie Endowment for International Peace GlobalSecurity.org Avoiding Armageddon , PBS FAS assessment of countries that own weapons of mass destruction National Counterproliferation Center -- Office of the Director of National Intelligence HLSWatch.com : Homeland Security Watch policy and current events resource Office of the Special Assistant for Chemical Biological Defense and Chemical Demilitarization Programs , Official Department of Defense web site that provides information about the DoD Chemical Biological Defense Program Terrorism and the Threat From Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East at the Wayback Machine ( archived 29 April 2001 ) `` Iranian Chemical Attacks Victims '' ( Payvand News Agency ) Iran : ' Forgotten Victims ' Of Saddam Hussein Era Await Justice Comparison of Chinese , Japanese and Vietnamese translations Nuclear Age Peace Foundation Radius Engineering International Inc . Radius Engineering International Inc , ed . `` Nuclear Weapons Effects '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . These tables describe the effects of various nuclear blast sizes . All figures are for 15 mph ( 13 kn ; 24 km / h ) winds . Thermal burns represent injuries to an unprotected person . The legend describes the data . Gareth Porter , `` Documents linking Iran to nuclear weapons push may have been fabricated '' , TheRawStory , 10 November 2008 Gareth Porter , `` The Iranian Nuke Forgeries : CIA Determines Documents were Fabricated '' , CounterPunch , 29 December 2009 ( hide ) Weapons History Modern American Civil War World War I Chemical Germany Infantry World War II Germany France Italy Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Korean War Vietnam War Premodern Medieval European Types Aircraft Ancillary Anti-aircraft Anti-ballistic Anti-personnel Anti-tank Area denial Artillery Biological Chemical Ceremonial Combat vehicle Conventional Crew - served Cyber Deadly Directed - energy Explosive Firearm Hunting Improvised Incendiary Martial arts Mass destruction Melee Non-lethal Offensive Personal Pneumatic Practice Ranged Space Tectonic Torpedo Toy Other Arsenal Industry Mount Criminal possession Science fiction GND : 4197222 - 3 HDS : 43953 NARA : 10642605 NDL : 01005458 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weapon_of_mass_destruction&oldid=840825310 '' Categories : Weapons of mass destruction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from October 2012 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 CS1 maint : Extra text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 12 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who coined the term weapons of mass destruction	[ "The first use of the term \"weapon of mass destruction\" on record[citation needed] is by Cosmo Gordon Lang, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1937 in reference to the aerial bombardment of Guernica, Spain:" ]	[ "Cosmo Gordon Lang, Archbishop of Canterbury" ]
-8811530586247339117	American Idol (season 16)	American Idol ( season 16 ) - wikipedia American Idol ( season 16 ) American Idol Season 16 Broadcast from March 11 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) -- May 21 , 2018 Judges Katy Perry Luke Bryan Lionel Richie Host ( s ) Ryan Seacrest Broadcaster ABC Winner Maddie Poppe Origin Clarksville , Iowa Song `` Going Going Gone '' Genre ( s ) Pop , Folk Runner - up Caleb Lee Hutchinson Chronology ◀ 2018 ▶ The sixteenth season of American Idol premiered on March 11 , 2018 , on the ABC television network . It is the show 's first season to air on ABC . Ryan Seacrest continued his role as the show 's host , while Katy Perry , Luke Bryan , and Lionel Richie joined as judges . Maddie Poppe from Clarksville , Iowa won the season on May 21 , 2018 , while her boyfriend Caleb Lee Hutchinson was runner - up . Poppe was the first female winner since Candice Glover in season twelve . Contents 1 Background 2 Regional auditions 3 Hollywood Week 4 Showcase Round 5 Top 24 5.1 Group 1 5.2 Group 2 6 Live shows 6.1 Week 1 : Top 14 ( April 22 and 23 ) 6.2 Week 2 : Top 10 -- Disney Night ( April 29 ) 6.3 Week 3 : Top 7 -- Prince / Birth Year Night ( May 6 ) 6.4 Week 4 : Top 5 -- Carrie Underwood / Mothers ' Day Dedications ( May 13 ) 6.5 Week 5 : Finale -- Winner 's Song / Reprise Song / Hometown Dedication ( May 20 and 21 ) 7 Elimination chart 8 Reception 8.1 Ratings 8.2 Critical response 9 Contestants who appeared on other shows or previous seasons 10 Concert tour 11 References 12 External links Background In early 2017 , Variety reported that FremantleMedia was in talks to revive the show for NBC or for its original network , Fox . A dispute between Fremantle and Core Media Group derailed these plans . Then , in May 2017 , it was announced that ABC was making a bid to revive the program . Later , ABC announced that it had acquired the rights to the series , and that American Idol would return for the 2017 -- 18 television season . On November 6 , 2017 , it was announced that the revival season would premiere on March 11 , 2018 . On July 20 , 2017 , it was announced on Live with Kelly and Ryan , that Ryan Seacrest would be returning as the host for the revival season . On May 16 , 2017 , Katy Perry was the first judge to be announced by ABC . On September 24 , 2017 , Luke Bryan was the second judge to be announced for the revival season . On September 29 , 2017 , Lionel Richie was the third and final judge to be announced . On February 21 , 2018 , it was announced that iHeartRadio radio personality Bobby Bones would be the mentor for the Top 24 this season . Radio Disney is broadcasting its first season of American Idol Insider . On April 23 , 2018 , ABC announced that the April 29 , May 6 , and May 13 live shows of the season would air across all mainland U.S. time zones , a first for American Idol . Regional Auditions In June 2017 , it was announced that American Idol would begin two bus tours in 19 cities , later increased to 22 , for audition starting August 17 , 2017 . Those who passed their first audition would go in front of the producers where they would be selected to appear before the judges in different cities . Instead of focusing on a city in each aired episode as in previous seasons , this season each episode showed a compilations of auditions from different cities . Episodes City Date Venue 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 New York City October 3 -- 4 , 2017 Madison Square Garden 2 , 4 , 5 New Orleans , Louisiana October 14 , 2017 Mardi Gras World 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 Nashville , Tennessee October 19 -- 20 , 2017 Country Music Hall of Fame 2 , 3 , 5 Savannah , Georgia October 28 -- 29 , 2017 Kehoe Iron Works 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Los Angeles , California November 16 -- 17 , 2017 Hollywood and Highland Center During the live broadcast of the 2017 American Music Awards , three contestants who did not pass the audition in front of the judges were given one more chance to allow the public to vote for them . The three candidates were Maris , Britney Holmes and Dominique Smith . The winner of the golden ticket to Hollywood was then revealed the following night on an episode of Dancing with the Stars . Lionel Richie appeared in the show announcing that the public vote was in favor of Britney Holmes , a 28 - year - old vocal coach from Texas , who is headed to Hollywood as the first declared semifinalist of the season . Hollywood week Hollywood Week aired over two episodes on March 26 and April 1 . It featured three rounds : Lines of 10 , Group Round , and Solo Round . In the first round , each contestant sang individually , and after ten sang , they gathered in a line . Those who impressed the judges and the producers advanced to the next round where the contestants performed in groups of four or five , singing a song together . The remaining auditionees who passed the group rounds performed their final solos to advance in the Showcase Round . Showcase Round The Showcase Round aired on April 2 , which featured the top 50 performing for the judges and a live audience at Exchange LA , a nightclub in Los Angeles . The following day , the judges narrowed the number of contestants down from 50 to 24 in the Final Judgement . The top 24 contestants then moved on to perform solos and celebrity duets . The following is a list of the contestants who reached the Top 24 and the song they performed at the Showcase : Color key : Male contestant Female contestant Order Contestant Age Hometown Audition city Song Layla Spring 16 Marion County , Kentucky Nashville , Tennessee `` Proud Mary '' Michael J. Woodard 20 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Los Angeles , California `` You Oughta Know '' Gabby Barrett 17 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania New York City `` Church Bells '' Michelle Sussett 22 Miami , Florida Los Angeles , California `` 24K Magic '' 5 Dominique 26 Birmingham , Alabama New Orleans , Louisiana `` Landslide '' 6 Trevor McBane 22 Savanna , Oklahoma New Orleans , Louisiana `` Wake Me Up '' 7 Maddie Poppe 20 Clarksville , Iowa New York City `` Me and Bobby McGee '' 8 Ron Bultongez 21 Plano , Texas New York City `` All I Want '' 9 Alyssa Raghu 16 Orlando , Florida Los Angeles , California `` Every Breath You Take '' 10 Catie Turner 17 Langhorne , Pennsylvania New York City `` Bad Romance '' 11 Jurnee 18 Denver , Colorado Savannah , Georgia `` Never Enough '' 12 Shannon O'Hara 17 Mooresville , North Carolina Savannah , Georgia `` Unconditionally '' 13 Kay Kay 18 Nashua , New Hampshire New York City `` Brokenhearted '' 14 Amelia Hammer Harris 26 Lexington , Kentucky Savannah , Georgia `` Paint It Black '' 15 Brandon Diaz 21 Ashburn , Virginia Los Angeles , California `` Let 's Get It On '' 16 Adam Sanders ( as Ada Vox ) 24 San Antonio , Texas Savannah , Georgia `` Creep '' 17 Jonny Brenns 18 St. Augustine , Florida Savannah , Georgia `` Lay Me Down '' 18 Mara Justine 15 Galloway Township , New Jersey New York City `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' 19 Caleb Lee Hutchinson 18 Dallas , Georgia Savannah , Georgia `` I Was Wrong '' 20 Garrett Jacobs 18 Bossier City , Louisiana New Orleans , Louisiana `` Knock on Wood '' 21 Cade Foehner 21 Shelbyville , Texas Savannah , Georgia `` No Good '' 22 Effie Passero 26 Modesto , California Los Angeles , California `` The Dance '' 23 Marcio Donaldson 28 Compton , California Los Angeles , California `` If You Really Love Me '' 24 Dennis Lorenzo 26 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania New York City `` A Song for You '' Top 24 The Top 24 contestants were split into two groups of twelve . Prerecorded performances at the Academy in the Heart of LA of the first group aired on April 8 and the second group on April 15 . On the following day each week , prerecorded performances of each contestant 's duet aired , as did the judges ' selection of seven contestants from each group to advance to the Top 14 . Idol contestants were paired with celebrity singers as their duet partners . The artists who duetted with the Top 24 included : Banners , Aloe Blacc , Bishop Briggs , Cam , Colbie Caillat , Luis Fonsi , Andy Grammer , Lea Michele , Patrick Monahan , Rachel Platten , Bebe Rexha , Sugarland , and Allen Stone . Color key : Contestant was chosen by the judges to move on to the live shows Contestant was eliminated Group 1 Date of airing Order Contestant Song Duet partner Result Sunday , April 8 Dominique `` Ai n't Nobody '' N / A N / A Layla Spring `` A Broken Wing '' N / A N / A Catie Turner `` Call Me '' N / A N / A Dennis Lorenzo `` Rude '' N / A N / A 5 Michelle Sussett `` If I Were a Boy '' N / A N / A 6 Michael J. Woodard `` Golden Slumbers '' N / A N / A 7 Trevor McBane `` Way Down We Go '' N / A N / A 8 Jonny Brenns `` Georgia '' N / A N / A 9 Kay Kay `` Love on the Brain '' N / A N / A 10 Brandon Diaz `` Hello '' N / A N / A 11 Gabby Barrett `` My Church '' N / A N / A 12 Cade Foehner `` All Along the Watchtower '' N / A N / A Monday , April 9 Catie Turner `` Good to Be Alive ( Hallelujah ) '' Andy Grammer Advanced Cade Foehner `` Never Tear Us Apart '' Bishop Briggs Advanced Layla Spring `` Stuck Like Glue '' Sugarland Eliminated Dominique `` Wake Me Up '' Aloe Blacc Eliminated 5 Brandon Diaz `` Despacito '' Luis Fonsi Eliminated 6 Kay Kay `` Drive By '' Patrick Monahan Eliminated 7 Trevor McBane `` River '' Bishop Briggs Eliminated 8 Michelle Sussett `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Luis Fonsi Advanced 9 Jonny Brenns `` Back Home '' Andy Grammer Advanced 10 Dennis Lorenzo `` Unaware '' Allen Stone Advanced 11 Michael J. Woodard `` Angel in Blue Jeans '' Patrick Monahan Advanced 12 Gabby Barrett `` Stay '' Sugarland Advanced Group 2 Date of airing Order Contestant Song Duet partner Result Sunday , April 15 Amelia Hammer Harris `` Believer '' N / A N / A Garrett Jacobs `` Treat You Better '' N / A N / A Maddie Poppe `` Brand New Key '' N / A N / A Ada Vox `` Feeling Good '' N / A N / A 5 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Die a Happy Man '' N / A N / A 6 Effie Passero `` Barracuda '' N / A N / A 7 Alyssa Raghu `` Stay '' N / A N / A 8 Marcio Donaldson `` Inseparable '' N / A N / A 9 Mara Justine `` Run to You '' N / A N / A 10 Jurnee `` Flashlight '' N / A N / A 11 Shannon O'Hara `` All I Ask '' N / A N / A 12 Ron Bultongez `` Dancing On My Own '' N / A N / A Monday , April 16 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Meant to Be '' Bebe Rexha Advanced Ada Vox `` Defying Gravity '' Lea Michele Advanced Maddie Poppe `` Bubbly '' Colbie Caillat Advanced Ron Bultongez `` Someone to You '' Banners Eliminated 5 Amelia Hammer Harris `` Me , Myself & I '' Bebe Rexha Eliminated 6 Shannon O'Hara `` Burning House '' Cam Eliminated 7 Alyssa Raghu `` Yellow '' Banners Eliminated 8 Marcio Donaldson `` What 's Going On '' Allen Stone Advanced 9 Jurnee `` Run to You '' Lea Michele Advanced 10 Garrett Jacobs `` Lucky '' Colbie Caillat Advanced 11 Mara Justine `` Fight Song '' Rachel Platten Advanced 12 Effie Passero `` Diane '' Cam Eliminated Live shows Color key : Contestant was saved by America 's vote Contestant was eliminated Week 1 : Top 14 ( April 22 and 23 ) The Top 14 performances were taped on April 21 , 2018 , and aired on Sunday , April 22 , followed with the live results on Monday , April 23 . Color key : Contestant received the top six highest amount of votes and directly advanced to the Top 10 Contestant was not chosen by the public and was left to perform again for the judges Contestant was immune from elimination and performed a `` victory song '' Contestant was chosen by the judges to advanced to the Top 10 Contestant was eliminated Date of airing Order Contestant Song Result Sunday , April 22 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Midnight Train to Memphis '' Advanced Michelle Sussett `` Friends '' Not Chosen Marcio Donaldson `` It 's a Miracle '' Not Chosen Mara Justine `` This Is Me '' Not Chosen 5 Garrett Jacobs `` Raging Fire '' Not Chosen 6 Ada Vox `` The Show Must Go On '' Not Chosen 7 Catie Turner `` Take Me to Church '' Advanced 8 Cade Foehner `` Black Magic Woman '' Advanced 9 Dennis Lorenzo `` In My Blood '' Not Chosen 10 Maddie Poppe `` Homeward Bound '' Advanced 11 Jurnee `` Bang Bang '' Not Chosen 12 Jonny Brenns `` This Is Gospel '' Not Chosen 13 Michael J. Woodard `` Titanium '' Advanced 14 Gabby Barrett `` The Climb '' Advanced Monday , April 23 Maddie Poppe `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' Immune Michelle Sussett `` I 'm a Dreamer '' ( original song ) Judges ' choice Marcio Donaldson `` Jealous '' Eliminated Cade Foehner `` Bright Lights '' Immune 5 Garrett Jacobs `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' Eliminated 6 Gabby Barrett `` Little Red Wagon '' Immune 7 Dennis Lorenzo `` This Woman 's Work '' Judges ' choice 8 Jonny Brenns `` Demons '' Eliminated 9 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Gettin ' You Home '' Immune 10 Mara Justine `` Love on the Brain '' Eliminated 11 Jurnee `` Never Enough '' Judges ' choice 12 Michael J. Woodard `` Believe In Yourself '' Immune 13 Catie Turner `` Havana '' Immune 14 Ada Vox `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' Judges ' choice Week 2 : Top 10 -- Disney Night ( April 29 ) The Top 10 performed Disney songs on Sunday , April 29 , 2018 . Idina Menzel served as a guest mentor . Order Contestant Song Result Maddie Poppe `` The Bare Necessities '' Safe Jurnee `` How Far I 'll Go '' Safe Cade Foehner `` Kiss the Girl '' Safe Ada Vox `` Circle of Life '' Eliminated 5 Michelle Sussett `` Remember Me '' Eliminated 6 Gabby Barrett `` Colors of the Wind '' Safe 7 Michael J. Woodard `` Beauty and the Beast '' Safe 8 Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' Safe 9 Catie Turner `` Once Upon a Dream '' Safe 10 Dennis Lorenzo `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Eliminated Non-competition performance Order Performers Song 15.1 Katy Perry and the Top 10 `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Week 3 : Top 7 -- Prince / birth year Night ( May 6 ) The Top 7 performed tribute performances to the late Prince and songs from their birth years . Nick Jonas served as a guest mentor . Contestant Order Prince Song Order Birth Year Song Result Jurnee `` Kiss '' 11 `` Back at One '' Eliminated Gabby Barrett 10 `` How Come U Do n't Call Me Anymore ? '' `` I Hope You Dance '' Safe Michael J. Woodard `` I Would Die 4 U '' 8 `` My Heart Will Go On '' Safe Cade Foehner 9 `` Jungle Love '' `` Who Will Save Your Soul '' Safe Catie Turner 12 `` Manic Monday '' 5 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' Eliminated Caleb Lee Hutchinson 14 `` When Doves Cry '' 6 `` Amazed '' Safe Maddie Poppe 7 `` Nothing Compares 2 U '' 13 `` If It Makes You Happy '' Safe Week 4 : Top 5 -- Carrie Underwood / mothers ' day dedications ( May 13 ) The Top 5 performed songs by Carrie Underwood and songs dedicated to their mothers . Underwood served as mentor for the week and performed with the contestants . Contestant Order Carrie Underwood Song Order Mother 's Day Song Result Michael J. Woodard `` Flat on the Floor '' 8 `` Still I Rise '' Eliminated Gabby Barrett `` Last Name '' 6 `` I Have Nothing '' Safe Cade Foehner `` Undo It '' 7 `` Simple Man '' Eliminated Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` So Small '' 9 `` Stars in Alabama '' Safe Maddie Poppe 5 `` I Told You So '' 10 `` God Only Knows '' Safe Non-competition performances Order Performer ( s ) Song 17.1 Carrie Underwood and the Top 5 `` See You Again '' 17.2 Carrie Underwood `` Cry Pretty '' Week 5 : finale -- winner 's song / reprise song / hometown dedication ( May 20 and 21 ) The Top 3 performed their winner 's song , a reprise of their favorite performance of the season and a song dedicated to their hometowns , which they visited . Bobby Bones returned as mentor this week . Contestant Order Winner 's Song Order Reprise Song Order Hometown Dedication Result Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Johnny Cash Heart '' `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' 7 `` Folsom Prison Blues '' Runner - up Gabby Barrett `` Rivers Deep '' 5 `` Little Red Wagon '' 8 `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' 3rd Place Maddie Poppe `` Going Going Gone '' 6 `` Do n't Ever Let Your Children Grow Up '' ( original song ) 9 `` Landslide '' Winner Non-competition performances Order Performer ( s ) Song 18.1 Harper Grace `` Yard Sale '' ( original song ) 18.2 Jonny Brenns `` Blue Jeans '' ( original song ) 18.3 Michelle Sussett `` I 'm a Dreamer '' ( original song ) 18.4 Catie Turner `` 21st Century Machine '' ( original song ) 19.1 Lionel Richie with the Top 10 `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' 19.2 Nick Jonas and DJ Mustard `` Anywhere '' 19.3 Nick Jonas with Jurnee `` Jealous '' 19.4 Luke Bryan `` Sunrise , Sunburn , Sunset '' 19.5 Luke Bryan with Gabby Barrett `` Most People Are Good '' 19.6 Gary Clark Jr. with Cade Foehner & Dennis Lorenzo `` Bright Lights '' 19.7 Kermit the Frog with Maddie Poppe `` Rainbow Connection '' 19.8 Darius Rucker with Caleb Lee Hutchinson `` Wagon Wheel '' 19.9 Bebe Rexha with the Top 3 `` Meant to Be '' 19.10 Layla Spring and her sister Dyxie with LeAnn Rimes `` Blue '' 19.11 Katy Perry with Catie Turner `` Part of Me '' 19.12 Yolanda Adams with Michael J. Woodard `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' 19.13 Caleb Lee Hutchinson and Maddie Poppe `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' 19.14 Patti LaBelle with Ada Vox `` Lady Marmalade '' 19.15 Maddie Poppe `` Going Going Gone '' Elimination chart Color key : Females Males Top 24 Not Chosen Third place Runner - up Winner Did Not Perform Public 's vote Judge 's save Immune Eliminated Results per stage Stage : Top 24 Live shows Group 1 Group 2 Top 14 Wildcard Top 10 Top 7 Top 5 Finale Date : 4 / 9 4 / 16 4 / 22 4 / 23 4 / 29 5 / 6 5 / 13 5 / 21 Place Contestant Result Maddie Poppe Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Winner Caleb Lee Hutchinson Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Runner - up Gabby Barrett Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe 3rd place 4 -- 5 Cade Foehner Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Eliminated Michael J. Woodard Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Safe Eliminated 6 -- 7 Jurnee Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Safe Eliminated Catie Turner Top 14 Safe Immune Safe Eliminated 8 -- 10 Dennis Lorenzo Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Eliminated Michelle Sussett Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Eliminated Ada Vox Top 14 Not Chosen Safe Eliminated 11 -- 14 Jonny Brenns Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated Marcio Donaldson Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated Garrett Jacobs Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated Mara Justine Top 14 Not Chosen Eliminated 15 -- 24 Ron Bultongez Eliminated Amelia Hammer Harris Eliminated Shannon O'Hara Eliminated Effie Passero Eliminated Alyssa Raghu Eliminated Kay Kay Alexis Eliminated Brandon Diaz Eliminated Trevor McBane Eliminated Dominique Posey Eliminated Layla Spring Eliminated Reception Ratings No . Title Air date Time slot ( ET ) Rating / share ( 18 - 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 - 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 - 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Auditions , Part 1 '' March 11 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 10.48 0.4 1.35 2.7 11.84 `` Auditions , Part 2 '' March 12 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 / 7 8.41 0.4 1.36 2.2 9.77 `` Auditions , Part 3 '' March 18 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 / 6 7.81 0.4 1.38 2.2 9.19 `` Auditions , Part 4 '' March 19 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 / 6 7.68 0.5 1.94 2.1 9.59 5 `` Auditions , Part 5 '' March 25 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.7 / 6 7.51 0.5 N / A 2.2 N / A 6 `` Hollywood Week , Part 1 '' March 26 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.7 / 6 7.80 0.3 1.33 2.0 9.14 7 `` Hollywood Week , Part 2 '' April 1 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 / 6 7.48 0.5 1.42 2.1 8.90 8 `` Showcase Round & Final Judgment '' April 2 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.4 / 5 7.16 0.4 1.53 1.8 8.69 9 `` Top 24 Solos , Part 1 '' April 8 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 / 6 7.23 0.4 1.32 1.8 8.55 10 `` Top 24 Celebrity Duets , Part 1 '' April 9 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 / 6 7.72 0.3 1.39 1.9 9.11 11 `` Top 24 Solos , Part 2 '' April 15 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 / 5 6.35 0.4 1.28 1.7 7.63 12 `` Top 24 Celebrity Duets , Part 2 '' April 16 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.4 / 5 6.97 0.2 1.15 1.6 8.12 13 `` Top 14 Perform '' April 22 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 / 6 7.46 0.3 1.24 1.8 8.71 14 `` Top 10 Reveal '' April 23 , 2018 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.4 / 5 7.61 0.2 1.14 1.6 8.77 15 `` Top 10 Perform : Disney Night '' April 29 , 2018 Sunday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 / 7 8.77 0.5 1.18 2.4 9.95 16 `` Top 7 Perform '' May 6 , 2018 1.8 / 7 8.65 N / A N / A N / A N / A 17 `` Top 5 Perform '' May 13 , 2018 1.7 / 7 8.53 0.3 1.23 2.0 9.76 18 `` Performance Finals '' May 20 , 2018 1.3 / 5 7.47 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Grand Finale '' May 21 , 2018 Monday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 / 6 8.63 0.3 1.27 1.9 9.95 Critical response On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the premiere episode holds an approval rating of 70 % based on 20 reviews , with an average rating of 6.51 / 10 . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the season a score of 60 out of 100 based on eight reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Contestants who appeared on other shows or previous seasons Mara Justine appeared on the ninth season of America 's Got Talent as a Top 12 finalist . Brandon Diaz , Caleb Lee Hutchinson , Maddie Poppe and Cade Foehner failed to score a chair turn on the fourth , ninth , tenth and eleventh seasons of The Voice , respectively . Michael J. Woodard won Majors & Minors in 2012 . Ada Vox auditioned as Adam Sanders on the twelfth season of American Idol . Jurnee and Marcio Donaldson auditioned on the fifteenth season of American Idol . Concert tour American Idol Live ! 2018 References Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel . `` NBC in Talk to Revive `` American Idol '' `` . Variety . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pena , Jessica . `` American Idol : Revival Reportedly Not Moving Forward '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` American Idol Reboot Eyed at ABC '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Officially Returning at ABC '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel , ' American Idol ' : ABC Confirms Plan to Revive Talent Competition Series Archived 2017 - 11 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , Variety , May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety . `` ' American Idol ' Premiere Date Revealed '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg . `` Ryan Seacrest Returns To Host ABC 's ' American Idol ' ; Keeps ' Kelly & Ryan ' Gig '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Melas , Chloe ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is your next American Idol judge '' . CNN . United States : Time Warner . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan to Become New ' American Idol ' Judge '' . Rolling Stone . September 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Richie and Luke Bryan to join American Idol as judges '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Humbles , Andy ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Country radio host Bobby Bones to join new ' American Idol ' as mentor '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' First : Simulcast Will Allow Live Voting Across The US '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gil Kaufman ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry Reveals ' American Idol ' Reboot Audition Dates '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amy Barton ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` American Idol Auditions 2017 : Cities and Dates Announced '' . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Season 16 : TV Review '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` There 's a new sheriff in town ! Flawless Katy Perry is futuristic chic as she rocks metallic outfit for first day of filming American Idol as judge '' . Dailymail.com . October 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenny Lopez ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` J - Lo told New Orleans singer ' No , ' but now she 'll get another chance at American Idol fame '' . WGNO.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry , Luke Bryan & Lionel Richie Talk ' American Idol ' & Their Histories With the Show '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Lets Audience Send One Hopeful to Hollywood During American Music Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Reveals Its First Finalist '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dresdale , Andrea ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Hollywood Week : 169 hopefuls arrive , but only 24 could survive '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Upadhyaya , Kayla Kumari ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' : The Top 24 Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sheehan , Paul ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' spoilers : Which 24 women made the Top 50 on season 16 , what songs did they sing and who made it through ? '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sheehan , Paul ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' spoilers : Which 26 men made the Top 50 on season 16 , what songs did they sing and who made it through ? '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2018 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Raghu , Alyssa ( @ AlyssaRaghu ) ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Although it was n't aired , here 's a link to my rehearsal video of `` Every Breath You Take '' - The Police ( Top 50 ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Bebe Rexha , Luis Fonsi , Lea Michele & More Join ' American Idol ' Reboot as Celeb Duet Partners '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 109 ( Top 24 Solos ) ( 4 / 8 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Press . April 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 110 ( Top 24 Celebrity Duets ) ( 4 / 9 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Press . April 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Justin ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol recap : ' Top 24 ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol Recap : Were the Right Singers Cut From the Top 24 ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 111 ( Top 24 Solos ) ( 4 / 15 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Press . April 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 112 ( Top 24 Celebrity Duets ) ( 4 / 16 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Press . April 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Justin ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol recap : ' Top 24 : Part Two ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fremont , Maggie ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol recap : ' Top 24 Celebrity Duets ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ American Idol ( @ AmericanIdol ) ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Sneak peek ! 👀 Who 's ready to vote tomorrow ? ! # AmericanIdol '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Angermiller , Michele Amabile ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' : Idina Menzel to Mentor Disney - Themed Night ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol 's Disney Night Set List Revealed : See Who 's Singing What '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Prince Tribute : See Which Songs the Top 7 Will Be Singing ( Exclusive ) '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Santilli , MJ . `` American Idol 2018 Spoilers Grand Finale Songs and More '' . mjsbigblog . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Ninja Warrior ' adjust up , ' Deception ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 17 March 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' holds off ' This Is Us ' in broadcast Live + 3 ratings for week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( 29 March 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale increases its lead in week 25 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 26 March 2018 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 20 March 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' NCIS : LA ' and ' AFV ' adjust up , ' Deception ' and ' 60 Minutes ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 20 March 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( 6 April 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 7 April 2018 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 27 March 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' Instinct , ' ' Simpsons ' and ' Deception ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 27 March 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 28 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne ' premiere gets bigger in week 27 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Dateline ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` ' The Crossing ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' edges closer to ' Roseanne ' in week 28 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' rerun adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' stays on top in week 29 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' Little Big Shots ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' and ' Genius Junior ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' moves up in week 30 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Timeless , ' ' Family Guy ' and all others hold : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Big Bang ' reigns in week 31 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Genius Junior ' finale adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale stays on top in week 33 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' Family Guy ' and ' Dateline ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' finale tops the week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol : Season 16 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol -- Season 16 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Steve ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Galloway 's Mara Justine to perform tonight on ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . The Press of Atlantic City . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Kayla Kumari ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Voice ' : Night 3 of Blind Auditions Delivers Strong Artists and a Wedding Proposal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ James , Bob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol Is Maddie Poppe 's Second National TV Competition '' . KHAK . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Mark ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Meet Cade Foehner of American Idol Season 16 '' . Idol Chatter / Voice Views . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lyndsey ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Watch Michael Woodard 's ' Majors & Minors ' Winning Moment '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on April 8 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . External links Official website American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Maddie Poppe Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Caleb Lee Hutchinson Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' `` Going Going Gone '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 Related programming Idol ( franchise ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Idol_(season_16)&oldid=854396021 '' Categories : American Idol seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 01 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when will winner of american idol 2018 be announced	[ "The sixteenth season of American Idol premiered on March 11, 2018, on the ABC television network. It is the show's first season to air on ABC. Ryan Seacrest continued his role as the show's host, while Katy Perry, Luke Bryan, and Lionel Richie joined as judges. Maddie Poppe from Clarksville, Iowa won the season on May 21, 2018, while her boyfriend Caleb Lee Hutchinson was runner-up. Poppe was the first female winner since Candice Glover in season twelve.\n" ]	[ "May 21, 2018" ]
-3875703905827750483	Brian Steele	Brian Steele - Wikipedia Brian Steele Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the actor . For the New Zealand rugby union player , see Brian Steele ( rugby union ) . For the cyclist , see Bryan Steel . Brian Steele Milford , Michigan Occupation Actor Years active 1993 - present Brian Steele is an American actor who has had many roles as monsters and creatures on television and in films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 3 Cycling 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) 2006 - 2014 Steele portrayed the Prank redeeming Sasquatch in over 40 Messin ' with Sasquatch Commercials for Jack Links Jerky . On television , Steele played the Bigfoot called Harry in the series Harry and the Hendersons before moving on to play creatures in theatrical motion pictures , with roles like Mr. Wink in Hellboy 2 : The Golden Army wearing over 130 pounds of makeup . Steele has portrayed Drake Beast in Blade : Trinity , Sammael in Hellboy , Lycan werewolves in Underworld and Underworld : Rise of the Lycans , William Corvinus in Underworld : Evolution , T - 600 in Terminator Salvation , Berzerker Predator in Predators , and a Bigfoot in Eduardo Sánchez horror - thriller film Exists . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2015 Inspired to Ride Himself watch.inspiredtoride.it 2014 Exists Sasquatch 2014 Paranormal Activity : The Marked Ones Creature uncredited 2013 Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues Were - Hyena / Minotaur 2013 Grimm Volcanalis episode `` Volcanalis '' 2011 Your Highness Minotaur Dylan Dog : Dead of Night Tattooed Zombie / Belial Predators Berserker Predator / Falconer Predator 2009 Terminator Salvation T - 600 suit performer 2009 Underworld : Rise of the Lycans Big Lycan / Creature Performer 2008 Hellboy II : The Golden Army Wink / Cronie / Spice Shop Troll / Cathedral Head / Fragglewump 2007 Resident Evil : Extinction Rancid / Tyrant 2006 Lady in the Water Tartutic # 2 2006 Underworld : Evolution William 2005 Doom Hell Knight 2005 The Cave Creature Performer Blade : Trinity Drake Creature uncredited Hellboy Sammael 2003 Underworld Werewolf 2002 Men in Black II Sharkmouth uncredited 2001 The Day the World Ended The Creature TV movie 2001 Monkeybone Jumbo the Elephant God 2000 Bless the Child Throne Demon uncredited 1999 Can of Worms Thoad TV movie 1998 Creature Creature Actor TV movie 1997 The Edge Bear uncredited 1997 The Relic Kothoga 1994 - 1995 Earth 2 Terrian # 1 22 episodes 1991 - 1993 Harry and the Hendersons Harry 24 episodes Cycling ( edit ) Brian Steele has participated in multiple ultra-distance , self - supported cycling races , including the Tour Divide mountain bike race and the Trans Am Bike Race . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Action Flick Chick : Interview with `` CreatureBoy '' Brian Steele ! Jump up ^ Take a Trip the Home Planet of ' Predators ' in Leaked Pics ! Brian Steele Cast ! Jump up ^ Predators - Badass Behind - the - Scenes Video and More ! Jump up ^ 5 thesps make tracks to Bigfoot pic Production on ' Exists ' begins next week External Links ( edit ) Official website Brian Steele on IMDb Brian Steele Interview AvPGalaxy interviews him about his role in Predators . This article about an American film actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Steele&oldid=811488332 '' Categories : American male film actors Living people Male actors from Michigan People from Milford , Michigan American film actor stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Year of birth missing ( living people ) All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 23 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the sasquatch in the jack links commercials	[ "Brian Steele is an American actor who has had many roles as monsters and creatures on television and in films." ]	[ "Brian Steele" ]
-8546474588134432078	Hybrid (biology)	Hybrid ( biology ) - wikipedia Hybrid ( biology ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Hybrid . A mule is a sterile hybrid of a male donkey and a female horse . Mules are smaller than horses but stronger than donkeys , making them useful as pack animals . In biology , a hybrid , or crossbreed , is the result of combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds , varieties , species or genera through sexual reproduction . Hybrids are not always intermediates between their parents ( such as in blending inheritance ) , but can show hybrid vigour , often growing larger or taller than either parent . The concept of a hybrid is interpreted differently in animal and plant breeding , where there is interest in the individual parentage . In genetics , attention is focused on the numbers of chromosomes . In taxonomy , a key question is how closely related the parent species are . Species are reproductively isolated by strong barriers to hybridisation , which include morphological differences , differing times of fertility , mating behaviors and cues , and physiological rejection of sperm cells or the developing embryo . Some act before fertilization and others after it . Similar barriers exist in plants , with differences in flowering times , pollen vectors , inhibition of pollen tube growth , somatoplastic sterility , cytoplasmic - genic male sterility and the structure of the chromosomes . A few animal species and many plant species , however , are the result of hybrid speciation , including important crop plants such as wheat , where the number of chromosomes has been doubled . Human impact on the environment has resulted in an increase in the intrabreeding between species , with introduced species worldwide , which has resulted in an increase in hybridization . The genetic mixing may threaten many species with extinction , while genetic erosion in crop plants may be damaging the gene pools of many species for future breeding . Many commercially useful fruits , flowers , garden herbs and trees have been produced by hybridization . One flower , Oenothera lamarckiana , was central to early genetics research into mutationism and polyploidy . Hybrid humans existed during prehistoric ancient times . Mythological hybrids appear in human culture in forms as diverse as the Minotaur , blends of animals , humans and mythical beasts such as centaurs and sphinxes , and the Nephilim of the Biblical apocrypha described as the wicked sons of fallen angels and attractive women . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 As seen by different disciplines 2.1 Animal and plant breeding 2.2 Biogeography 2.3 Genetics 2.4 Taxonomy 3 Biology 3.1 Expression of parental traits 3.2 Mechanisms of reproductive isolation 3.3 Speciation 3.4 Hybrid vigour 4 Human influence 4.1 Anthropogenic hybridization 4.2 Management 4.3 Genetic mixing and extinction 4.4 Effect on biodiversity and food security 5 In different taxa 5.1 In animals 5.2 In plants 5.3 In humans 6 In mythology 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) Liger , a lion / tiger hybrid bred in captivity The term hybrid is derived from Latin hybrida , used for crosses such as of a tame sow and a wild boar . The term came into popular use in English in the 19th century , though examples of its use have been found from the early 17th century . Conspicuous hybrids are popularly named with portmanteau words , starting in the 1920s with the breeding of tiger -- lion hybrids ( liger and tigon ) . As seen by different disciplines ( edit ) Animal and plant breeding ( edit ) From the point of view of animal and plant breeders , there are several kinds of hybrid formed from crosses within a species , such as between different breeds . Single cross hybrids result from the cross between two true - breeding organisms which produces an F1 hybrid ( first filial generation ) . The cross between two different homozygous lines produces an F1 hybrid that is heterozygous ; having two alleles , one contributed by each parent and typically one is dominant and the other recessive . Typically , the F1 generation is also phenotypically homogeneous , producing offspring that are all similar to each other . Double cross hybrids result from the cross between two different F1 hybrids ( i.e. , there are four unrelated grandparents ) . Three - way cross hybrids result from the cross between an F1 hybrid and an inbred line . Triple cross hybrids result from the crossing of two different three - way cross hybrids . Top cross ( or `` topcross '' ) hybrids result from the crossing of a top quality or pure - bred male and a lower quality female , intended to improve the quality of the offspring , on average . Population hybrids result from the crossing of plants or animals in one population with those of another population . These include interspecific hybrids or crosses between different breeds . In horticulture , the term stable hybrid is used to describe an annual plant that , if grown and bred in a small monoculture free of external pollen ( e.g. , an air - filtered greenhouse ) produces offspring that are `` true to type '' with respect to phenotype ; i.e. , a true - breeding organism . Biogeography ( edit ) Further information : Hybrid zone Hybridization can occur in the zones where geographical subspecies overlap . For example , the butterfly Limenitis arthemis has two major subspecies in North America , L. a . arthemis ( the white admiral ) and L. a . astyanax ( the red - spotted purple ) . The white admiral has a bright , white band on its wings , while the red - spotted purple has cooler blue - green shades . Hybridization occurs between a narrow area across New England , southern Ontario , and the Great Lakes , the `` suture region '' . It is at these regions that the subspecies were formed . Genetics ( edit ) Oenothera lamarckiana is a permanent natural hybrid , studied intensively by the geneticist Hugo de Vries . Illustration by De Vries , 1913 From the point of view of genetics , several different kinds of hybrid can be distinguished . A genetic hybrid carries two different alleles of the same gene , where for instance one allele may code for a lighter coat colour than the other . A structural hybrid results from the fusion of gametes that have differing structure in at least one chromosome , as a result of structural abnormalities . A numerical hybrid results from the fusion of gametes having different haploid numbers of chromosomes . A permanent hybrid results when only the heterozygous genotype occurs , as in Oenothera lamarckiana , because all homozygous combinations are lethal . In the early history of genetics , Hugo De Vries supposed these were caused by mutation . Taxonomy ( edit ) From the point of view of taxonomy , hybrids differ according to their parentage . Hybrids between different subspecies ( such as between the Bengal tiger and Siberian tiger ) are called intra-specific hybrids . Interspecific hybrids are the offspring from interspecies mating ; these sometimes result in hybrid speciation . Intergeneric hybrids result from matings between different genera , such as between sheep and goats . Interfamilial hybrids , such as between chickens and guineafowl or pheasants , are reliably described but extremely rare . Interordinal hybrids ( between different orders ) are few , but have been made with the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ( female ) and the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus ( male ) . Biology ( edit ) Expression of parental traits ( edit ) Hybrid between Lady Amherst 's pheasant ( Chrysolophus amherstiae ) and another species , probably golden pheasant ( Chrysolophus pictus ) When two distinct types of organisms breed with each other , the resulting hybrids typically have intermediate traits ( e.g. , one plant parent has red flowers , the other has white , and the hybrid , pink flowers ) . Commonly , hybrids also combine traits seen only separately in one parent or the other ( e.g. , a bird hybrid might combine the yellow head of one parent with the orange belly of the other ) . Mechanisms of reproductive isolation ( edit ) Main article : Reproductive isolation Interspecific hybrids are bred by mating individuals from two species , normally from within the same genus . The offspring display traits and characteristics of both parents , but are often sterile , preventing gene flow between the species . Sterility is often attributed to the different number of chromosomes between the two species . For example , donkeys have 62 chromosomes , horses have 64 chromosomes , and mules or hinnies have 63 chromosomes . Mules , hinnies , and other normally sterile interspecific hybrids can not produce viable gametes , because differences in chromosome structure prevent appropriate pairing and segregation during meiosis , meiosis is disrupted , and viable sperm and eggs are not formed . However , fertility in female mules has been reported with a donkey as the father . A variety of mechanisms limit the success of hybridization , including the large genetic difference between most species . Barriers include morphological differences , differing times of fertility , mating behaviors and cues , and physiological rejection of sperm cells or the developing embryo . Some act before fertilization ; others after it . In plants , some barriers to hybridization include blooming period differences , different pollinator vectors , inhibition of pollen tube growth , somatoplastic sterility , cytoplasmic - genic male sterility and structural differences of the chromosomes . Speciation ( edit ) Durum wheat is tetraploid , derived from wild emmer wheat , which is a hybrid of two diploid wild grasses , Triticum urartu and a wild goatgrass such as Aegilops searsii or Ae . speltoides . Main articles : Hybrid speciation and Hybrid zone A few animal species are the result of hybridization . The Lonicera fly is a natural hybrid . The American red wolf appears to be a hybrid of the gray wolf and the coyote , although its taxonomic status has been a subject of controversy . The European edible frog is a semi-permanent hybrid between pool frogs and marsh frogs ; its population requires the continued presence of at least one of the parent species . Cave paintings indicate that the European bison is a natural hybrid of the aurochs and the steppe bison . Plant Hybridization is more commonplace compared to animal hybridization . Many crop species are hybrids , including notably the polyploid wheats : some have four sets of chromosomes ( tetraploid ) or six ( hexaploid ) , while other wheat species have ( like most eukaryotic organisms ) two sets ( diploid ) , so hybridization events likely involved the doubling of chromosome sets , causing immediate genetic isolation . Hybridization may be important in speciation in some plant groups . However , homoploid hybrid speciation ( not increasing the number of sets of chromosomes ) may be rare : by 1997 , only 8 natural examples had been fully described . Experimental studies suggest that hybridization offers a rapid route to speciation , a prediction confirmed by the fact that early generation hybrids and ancient hybrid species have matching genomes , meaning that once hybridization has occurred , the new genome can remain stable . Many hybrid zones are known where the ranges of two species meet , and hybrids are continually produced in great numbers . These hybrid zones are useful as biological model systems for studying the mechanisms of speciation . Recently DNA analysis of a bear shot by a hunter in the North West Territories confirmed the existence of naturally - occurring and fertile grizzly -- polar bear hybrids . Hybrid vigour ( edit ) Hybrid vigour : Salvia jurisicii x nutans hybrids ( top centre , with flowers ) are taller than their parents Salvia jurisicii ( centre tray ) or Salvia nutans ( top left ) . Main article : Heterosis Hybrids are not as might be expected always intermediate between their parents ( as if there were blending inheritance ) , but are sometimes stronger than either parent variety , a phenomenon called heterosis , hybrid vigour , or heterozygote advantage . This is most common with plant hybrids . A transgressive phenotype is a phenotype that displays more extreme characteristics than either of the parent lines . Plant breeders use several techniques to produce hybrids , including line breeding and the formation of complex hybrids . An economically important example is hybrid maize ( corn ) , which provides a considerable seed yield advantage over open pollinated varieties . Hybrid seed dominates the commercial maize seed market in the United States , Canada and many other major maize - producing countries . In a hybrid , any trait that falls outside the range of parental variation ( and is thus not simply intermediate between its parents ) is considered heterotic . Positive heterosis produces more robust hybrids , they might be stronger or bigger ; while the term negative heterosis refers to weaker or smaller hybrids . Heterosis is common in both animal and plant hybrids . For example , hybrids between a lion and a tigress ( `` ligers '' ) are much larger than either of the two progenitors , while `` tigons '' ( lioness × tiger ) are smaller . Similarly , the hybrids between the common pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus ) and domestic fowl ( Gallus gallus ) are larger than either of their parents , as are those produced between the common pheasant and hen golden pheasant ( Chrysolophus pictus ) . Spurs are absent in hybrids of the former type , although present in both parents . Human influence ( edit ) Anthropogenic hybridization ( edit ) Hybridization is greatly influenced by human impact on the environment , through effects such as habitat fragmentation and species introductions . Such impacts make it difficult to conserve the genetics of populations undergoing introgressive hybridization . Humans have introduced species worldwide to environments for a long time , both intentionally for purposes such as biological control , and unintentionally , as with accidental escapes of individuals . Introductions can drastically affect populations , including through hybridization . Management ( edit ) Examples of hybrid flowers from hybrid swarms of Aquilegia pubescens and Aquilegia formosa There is a kind of continuum with three semi-distinct categories dealing with anthropogenic hybridization : hybridization without introgression , hybridization with widespread introgression ( backcrossing with one of the parent species ) , and hybrid swarms ( highly variable populations with much interbreeding as well as backcrossing with the parent species ) . Depending on where a population falls along this continuum , the management plans for that population will change . Hybridization is currently an area of great discussion within wildlife management and habitat management . Global climate change is creating other changes such as difference in population distributions which are indirect causes for an increase in anthropogenic hybridization . Conservationists disagree on when is the proper time to give up on a population that is becoming a hybrid swarm , or to try and save the still existing pure individuals . Once a population becomes a complete mixture , the goal becomes to conserve those hybrids to avoid their loss . Conservationists treat each case on its merits , depending on detecting hybrids within the population . It is nearly impossible to formulate a uniform hybridization policy , because hybridization can occur beneficially when it occurs `` naturally '' , and when hybrid swarms are the only remaining evidence of prior species , they need to be conserved as well . Genetic mixing and extinction ( edit ) Main article : Genetic pollution Further information : Genetic mixing and Introgression Regionally developed ecotypes can be threatened with extinction when new alleles or genes are introduced that alter that ecotype . This is sometimes called genetic mixing . Hybridization and introgression , which can happen in natural and hybrid populations , of new genetic material can lead to the replacement of local genotypes if the hybrids are more fit and have breeding advantages over the indigenous ecotype or species . These hybridization events can result from the introduction of non-native genotypes by humans or through habitat modification , bringing previously isolated species into contact . Genetic mixing can be especially detrimental for rare species in isolated habitats , ultimately affecting the population to such a degree that none of the originally genetically distinct population remains . Effect on biodiversity and food security ( edit ) The Green Revolution of the 20th century relied on hybridization to create high - yielding varieties , along with increased reliance on inputs of fertilizers , pesticides , and irrigation . Main articles : biodiversity and food security In agriculture and animal husbandry , the Green Revolution 's use of conventional hybridization increased yields by breeding `` high - yielding varieties '' . The replacement of locally indigenous breeds , compounded with unintentional cross-pollination and crossbreeding ( genetic mixing ) , has reduced the gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds resulting in the loss of genetic diversity . Since the indigenous breeds are often well - adapted to local extremes in climate and have immunity to local pathogens , this can be a significant genetic erosion of the gene pool for future breeding . Therefore , commercial plant geneticists strive to breed `` widely adapted '' cultivars to counteract this tendency . In different taxa ( edit ) In animals ( edit ) Familiar examples of equid hybrids are the mule , a cross between a female horse and a male donkey , and the hinny , a cross between a female donkey and a male horse . Pairs of complementary types like the mule and hinny are called reciprocal hybrids . Among many other mammal crosses are hybrid camels , crosses between a bactrian camel and a dromedary . The first known instance of hybrid speciation in marine mammals was discovered in 2014 . The clymene dolphin ( Stenella clymene ) is a hybrid of two Atlantic species , the spinner and striped dolphins . Cagebird breeders sometimes breed bird hybrids known as mules between species of finch , such as goldfinch × canary . Among amphibians , Japanese giant salamanders and Chinese giant salamanders have created hybrids that threaten the survival of Japanese giant salamanders because of competition for similar resources in Japan . Among fish , a group of about fifty natural hybrids between Australian blacktip shark and the larger common blacktip shark was found by Australia 's eastern coast in 2012 . Among insects , so - called killer bees were accidentally created during an attempt to breed a strain of bees that would both produce more honey and be better adapted to tropical conditions . It was done by crossing a European honey bee and an African bee . The Colias eurytheme and C. philodice butterflies have retained enough genetic compatibility to produce viable hybrid offspring . Hybrid speciation may have produced the diverse Heliconius butterflies , but that is disputed . A `` zonkey '' , a zebra / donkey hybrid A `` jaglion '' , a jaguar / lion hybrid A domestic canary / goldfinch hybrid In plants ( edit ) The London plane , Platanus × acerifolia is a natural hybrid , popular for street planting . Further information : List of plant hybrids Plant species often hybridize more readily than animal species , and the resulting hybrids are fertile more often . Many plant species are the result of hybridization , combined with polyploidy , which duplicates the chromosomes . Chromosome duplication allows orderly meiosis and so viable seed can be produced . Plant hybrids are generally given names that include an `` × '' ( not in italics ) , such as Platanus × acerifolia for the London plane , a natural hybrid of P. orientalis ( oriental plane ) and P. occidentalis ( American sycamore ) . Plant species that are genetically compatible may not hybridize in nature for various reasons , including geographical isolation , differences in flowering period , or differences in pollinators . Species that are brought together by humans in gardens may hybridize naturally , or hybridization can be facilitated by human efforts , such as altered flowering period or artificial pollination . Hybrids are sometimes created by humans to produce improved plants that have some of the characteristics of each of the parent species . Much work is now being done with hybrids between crops and their wild relatives to improve disease - resistance or climate resilience for both agricultural and horticultural crops . Some crop plants are hybrids from different genera ( intergeneric hybrids ) , such as Triticale , × Triticosecale , a wheat -- rye hybrid . Most modern and ancient wheat breeds are themselves hybrids ; bread wheat , Triticum aestivum , is a hexaploid hybrid of three wild grasses . Several commercial fruits including loganberry ( Rubus × loganobaccus ) and grapefruit ( Citrus × paradisi ) are hybrids , as are garden herbs such as peppermint ( Mentha × piperita ) , and trees such as the London plane ( Platanus × acerifolia ) . Among many natural plant hybrids is Iris albicans , a sterile hybrid that spreads by rhizome division , and Oenothera lamarckiana , a flower that was the subject of important experiments by Hugo de Vries that produced an understanding of polyploidy . A sterile hybrid between Trillium cernuum and T. grandiflorum An ornamental lily hybrid known as Lilium ' Citronella ' Sterility in a non-polyploid hybrid is often a result of chromosome number ; if parents are of differing chromosome pair number , the offspring will have an odd number of chromosomes , which leaves them unable to produce chromosomally - balanced gametes . While that is undesirable in a crop such as wheat , for which growing a crop that produces no seeds would be pointless , it is an attractive attribute in some fruits . Triploid bananas and watermelons are intentionally bred because they produce no seeds and are also parthenocarpic . Oase 2 skull may be a human - Neanderthal hybrid . In humans ( edit ) Main article : Archaic human admixture with modern humans There is evidence of hybridisation between modern humans and other species of the genus Homo . In 2010 , the Neanderthal genome project showed that 1 -- 4 % of DNA from all people living today , apart from most Sub-Saharan Africans , are of Neanderthal heritage . Analyzing the genomes of 600 Europeans and East Asians found that combining them covered 20 % of the Neanderthal genome that is in the modern human population . Ancient human populations lived and interbred with Neanderthals , Denisovans , and at least one other extinct Homo species . Thus , Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA has been incorporated into human DNA by introgression . In 1998 , a complete prehistorical skeleton found in Portugal , the Lapedo child , had features of both anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals . Some ancient human skulls with especially large nasal cavities and unusually shaped braincases represent human - Neanderthal hybrids . A 37,000 - to 42,000 - year - old human jawbone found in Romania 's Oase cave contains traces of Neanderthal ancestry from only four to six generations earlier . All genes from Neanderthals in the current human population are descended from Neanderthal fathers and human mothers . A Neanderthal skull unearthed in Italy in 1957 reveals Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA , which is passed on through only the maternal lineage , but the skull has a chin shape similar to modern humans . It is proposed that it was the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a human father . The Minotaur of ancient Greek mythology was ( in one version of the myth ) supposedly the offspring of Pasiphaë and a white bull . In mythology ( edit ) Main article : Mythological hybrid Folk tales and myths sometimes contain mythological hybrids ; the Minotaur was the offspring of a human , Pasiphaë , and a white bull . More often , they are composites of the physical attributes of two or more kinds of animals , mythical beasts , and humans , with no suggestion that they are the result of interbreeding , as in the centaur ( man / horse ) , chimera ( goat / lion / snake ) , hippocamp ( fish / horse ) , and sphinx ( woman / lion ) . The Old Testament mentions a first generation of half - human hybrid giants , the Nephilim , while the apocryphal Book of Enoch describes the Nephilim as the wicked sons of fallen angels and attractive women . See also ( edit ) Biology portal Canid hybrid Chimera ( genetics ) Chloroplast capture ( botany ) Felid hybrids Genetic admixture Genetic erosion Grex ( horticulture ) Hybridogenesis Hybrot Inbreeding Interspecific pregnancy Macropod hybrids Purebred Selective breeding Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Signs of Neanderthal lineage include a wide jaw and large teeth that get bigger toward the back of the mouth . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hybrid '' . 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PMID 24476670 . Jump up ^ Green , R.E. ; Krause , J. ; Briggs , A.W. ; Maricic , T. ; Stenzel , U. ; Kircher , M. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome '' . Science . 328 ( 5979 ) : 710 -- 722 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1188021 . PMID 20448178 . Jump up ^ Huerta - Sánchez , Emilia ; Jin , Xin ; Asan ; Bianba , Zhuoma ; Peter , Benjamin M. ; Vinckenbosch , Nicolas ; Liang , Yu ; Yi , Xin ; He , Mingze ; Somel , Mehmet ; Ni , Peixiang ; Wang , Bo ; Ou , Xiaohua ; Huasang ; Luosang , Jiangbai ; Cuo , Zha XiPing ; Li , Kui ; Gao , Guoyi ; Yin , Ye ; Wang , Wei ; Zhang , Xiuqing ; Xu , Xun ; Yang , Huanming ; Li , Yingrui ; Wang , Jian ; Wang , Jun ; Nielsen , Rasmus ( 2014 ) . `` Altitude adaptation in Tibetans caused by introgression of Denisovan - like DNA '' . Nature . 512 ( 7513 ) : 194 -- 197 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13408 . PMC 4134395 . PMID 25043035 . Jump up ^ Duarte , Cidalia ; et al. ( 22 June 1999 ) . `` The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho ( Portugal ) and modern human emergence in Iberia '' . PNAS. 96 ( 13 ) : 7604 -- 7609 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.13. 7604 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Bower , Bruce ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` Animal hybrids may hold clues to Neandertal - human interbreeding '' . Sciencenews . Jump up ^ Fu , Qiaomei ; et al. ( 13 August 2015 ) . `` An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor '' . Nature . 524 ( 7564 ) : 216 -- 219 . doi : 10.1038 / nature14558 . PMC 4537386 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Wang , C.C. ; Farina , S.E. ; Li , H. ( 2013 ) ( Online 2012 ) . `` Neanderthal DNA and modern human origins '' . Quaternary International . 295 : 126 -- 129 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2012.02. 027 . Jump up ^ Condeme , Silvana ; et al. ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` Possible Interbreeding in Late Italian Neanderthals ? New Data from the Mezzena Jaw ( Monti Lessini , Verona , Italy ) '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 1 ) : 10.1371 / annotation / b8ec29b1 -- e71f -- 4148 -- baad -- 1441fca03ed9 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0059781 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Minotauros '' . Theoi . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bestiary '' . Theoi . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Kugel , James L. ( 2009 ) . Traditions of the Bible : A Guide to the Bible As It Was at the Start of the Common Era . Harvard University Press . p. 198 . ISBN 9780674039766 . Jump up ^ Kugel , James L. ( 1997 ) . The Bible as it was . Harvard University Press . p. 110 . ISBN 9780674069411 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Gregory A. God at War : The Bible & Spiritual Conflict . IVP Academic . p. 177 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hybridization . Artificial Hybridisation -- Artificial Hybridisation in orchids Domestic Fowl Hybrids Hybridisation in animals Evolution Revolution : Two Species Become One , Study Says ( nationalgeographic.com ) Scientists Create Butterfly Hybrid -- Creation of new species through hybridization was thought to be common only in plants , and rare in animals . What is a human admixed embryo ? 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Haldane Sewall Wright Related topics Evolution Microevolution Evolutionary game theory Fitness landscape Genetic genealogy Quantitative genetics Index of evolutionary biology articles Mammal hybrids Bovidae Beefalo Dzo Sheep -- goat hybrid Yakalo Żubroń Camelidae Cama Bukht Huarizo Canis Coydog Coywolf Dingo hybrid Jackal -- dog hybrid Wolfdog Delphinidae Wholphin Elephantidae Elephant hybrid Equus Hinny Mule Zebroid Felidae Bengal cat Blynx Caraval Chausie Highlander Kellas Pumapard Savannah Serengeti Leoger Leguar Leopon Liger Liguar Liliger Litigon Lijagulep Marozi Tigon Jaglion Jagger Jagupard Tiliger Tiguar Tigard Lipard Hominidae Humanzee Hybrid orangutan Koolakamba Macropodinae Macropod hybrids Sus Iron Age pig Mustela Polecat - ferret hybrid Polecat - mink hybrid Ursus Grizzly -- polar bear hybrid Lysenkoism Lysenkoists Trofim Lysenko Nikita Khrushchev Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin Joseph Stalin VASKhNIL Dissidents Wacław Gajewski Tan Jiazhen Georgii Karpechenko Zhores Medvedev Georgii Nadson Nikolai Vavilov Concepts Heredity Heritability Hybridization Inheritance of acquired characteristics Lamarckism Mendelian inheritance Vernalization Soviet policies Bourgeois pseudoscience Collectivization in the Soviet Union Pavlovian session Socialist realism Suppressed research in the Soviet Union Wrecking Politicization of science Book Speciation Basic concepts Species Species problem Reproductive isolation Chronospecies Anagenesis Cladogenesis Modes of speciation Allopatric Peripatric ( Founder effect ) Parapatric ( Cline ) Sympatric ( Heteropatric ) Ecological speciation Hybrid speciation Auxiliary mechanisms Adaptation Assortative mating Reinforcement Selection Sexual selection Paleopolyploidy Polyploidy Punctuated equilibrium Intermediate stages Hybrid Species complex Ring species Haldane 's rule GND : 4026279 - 0 NDL : 00574585 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&oldid=814522225 '' Categories : Hybridisation ( biology ) Hybrid organisms Biology terminology Botanical nomenclature Evolutionary biology Population genetics Breeding Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : editors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Good articles Articles containing Latin - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 08 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	crossing of two parents belonging to different species is called	[ "Human impact on the environment has resulted in an increase in the intrabreeding between species, with introduced species worldwide, which has resulted in an increase in hybridization. The genetic mixing may threaten many species with extinction, while genetic erosion in crop plants may be damaging the gene pools of many species for future breeding. Many commercially useful fruits, flowers, garden herbs and trees have been produced by hybridization. One flower, Oenothera lamarckiana, was central to early genetics research into mutationism and polyploidy." ]	[ "hybridization" ]
-3536626721137386176	Minimum wage in the United States	Minimum wage in the United States - Wikipedia Minimum wage in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Parts of this article ( those related to 2017 changes ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) Minimum wage by U.S. state and territory , as of January 1 , 2016 . Versus the federal rate : Higher Same Lower No state minimum wage law The minimum wage in the United States is set by US labor law and a network of state , and local laws . Employers generally must pay workers the highest minimum wage prescribed by federal , state , and local law . As of July 2016 , the federal government mandates a nationwide minimum wage of $7.25 per hour . As of October 2016 , there are 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum . From 2014 to 2015 , nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments , while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action . In real terms , the federal minimum wage peaked near $10.00 per hour in 1968 , using 2014 inflation - adjusted dollars . Beginning in January 2017 , Massachusetts and Washington will have the highest state minimum wages . There is a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage with most black and Hispanic individuals supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage , and 54 % of whites opposing it . In 2015 , about 3 percent of White , Asian , and Hispanic or Latino workers earned the federal minimum wage or less . Among Black workers , the percentage was about 4 percent . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 20th century 1.2 Legislation , 21st century 1.3 Local ordinances 1.4 Union exemptions 2 Trends in purchasing power 3 Economic effects 3.1 Employment and job creation 3.2 Prices 3.3 Crime decrease 3.4 Economic growth 3.5 Income inequality 3.6 Poverty 3.7 Federal budget deficit 4 Commentary 4.1 Economists 4.2 Politicians 5 Social and online activism 5.1 # RaiseTheWage 6 Polls 7 List by jurisdiction 7.1 Federal 7.2 State 7.3 Territory 7.4 Federal District 8 Jobs affected , 2006 , 2009 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) 20th century ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) In 1912 , Massachusetts organized a commission to recommend non-compulsory minimum wages for women and children . Within eight years , at least thirteen U.S. states and the District of Columbia would pass minimum wage laws , with pressure being placed on state legislatures by the National Consumers League in a coalition with other women 's voluntary associations and organized labor . The United States Supreme Court of the Lochner era consistently invalidated compulsory minimum wage laws . Advocates for these minimum wage laws hoped that they would be upheld under the precedent of Muller v. Oregon , which had upheld maximum working hours laws for women on the grounds that women required special protection which men did not . However , the Court did not extend this principle to minimum wage laws , considering the latter as interfering with the ability of employers to freely negotiate wage contracts with employees . No business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country . President Franklin Delano Roosevelt , 1933 In 1933 , the Roosevelt administration made the first attempt at establishing a national minimum wage , when a $0.25 per hour standard was set as part of the National Industrial Recovery Act . However , in the 1935 court case Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States ( 295 U.S. 495 ) , the US Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional , and the minimum wage was abolished . In 1938 , the minimum wage was re-established pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act , once again at $0.25 per hour ( $4.23 in 2015 dollars ) . In 1941 , the Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act in United States v. Darby Lumber Co. , holding that Congress had the power under the Commerce Clause to regulate employment conditions . The 1938 minimum wage law only applied to `` employees engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for interstate commerce , '' but in amendments in 1961 and 1966 , the federal minimum wage was extended ( with slightly different rates ) to employees in large retail and service enterprises , local transportation and construction , state and local government employees , as well as other smaller expansions ; a grandfather clause in 1990 drew most employees into the purview of federal minimum wage policy , which now set the wage at $3.80 . Legislation , 21st century ( edit ) In 2006 , voters in six states ( Arizona , Colorado , Missouri , Montana , Nevada , and Ohio ) approved statewide increases in the state minimum wage . The amounts of these increases ranged from $1 to $1.70 per hour and all increases were designed to annually index to inflation . Some politicians in the United States have advocated linking the minimum wage to the Consumer Price Index , thereby increasing the wage automatically each year based on increases to the Consumer Price Index . So far , Ohio , Oregon , Missouri , Vermont and Washington have linked their minimum wages to the consumer price index . Minimum wage indexing also takes place each year in Florida , San Francisco , California , and Santa Fe , New Mexico . The federal minimum wage in the United States was reset to its current rate of $7.25 per hour in July 2009 . Some U.S. territories ( such as American Samoa ) are exempt . Some types of labor are also exempt : employers may pay tipped labor a minimum of $2.13 per hour , as long as the hour wage plus tip income equals at least the minimum wage . Persons under the age of 20 may be paid $4.25 an hour for the first 90 calendar days of employment ( sometimes known as a youth , teen , or training wage ) unless a higher state minimum exists . The 2009 increase was the last of three steps of the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 , which was signed into law as a rider to the U.S. Troop Readiness , Veterans ' Care , Katrina Recovery , and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act , 2007 , a bill that also contained almost $5 billion in tax cuts for small businesses . In April 2014 , the U.S. Senate debated the Minimum Wage Fairness Act ( S. 1737 ; 113th Congress ) . The bill would have amended the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( FLSA ) to increase the federal minimum wage for employees to $10.10 per hour over the course of a two - year period . The bill was strongly supported by President Barack Obama and many of the Democratic Senators , but strongly opposed by Republicans in the Senate and House . Later in 2014 , voters in the Republican - controlled states of Alaska , Arkansas , Nebraska and South Dakota considered ballot initiatives to raise the minimum wage above the national rate of $7.25 per hour , which were successful in all 4 states . The results provided evidence that raising minimum wage has support across party lines . Since 2012 , a growing protest and advocacy movement called `` Fight for $15 '' , initially growing out of fast food worker strikes , has advocated for an increase in the minimum wage . On March 27 , 2014 , Connecticut passed legislation to raise the minimum wage from $8.70 to $10.10 by 2017 , making it one of about six states to aim at or above $10.00 per hour . In 2014 and 2015 , several cities , including San Francisco , Seattle , Los Angeles , and Washington passed ordinances that gradually increase the minimum wage to $15.00 . In 2016 , New York and California passed legislation that would gradually raise the minimum wage to $15 in each state . As of 2017 , recent legislation was passed in multiple states to raise the minimum wage a certain amount in a certain amount of time . California is set to raise their minimum wage to $15.00 / hour by January 1 , 2023 . Colorado is set to raise their minimum wage from $9.30 / hour to $12 / hour by January 1 , 2020 , raising $0.90 per year . Seattle passed legislation in 2015 for a raise in minimum wage ; for employers of 500 or more employees without heath benefits , the minimum wage will be raised to $15.00 / hour by 2017 , for employees with heath benefits , the minimum wage will raise to $15.00 / hour by 2018 , for smaller employees the $15.00 / hour wage will be reached at different times . Seattle is one of the first cities to put in place a plan that after $15.00 / hour wage is reached , they will continue to increase minimum wage by a certain percentage every year based on inflation changes . New York has also recently passed legislation to increase their minimum wage to $15.00 / hour over time , certain counties and larger companies are set on faster plans than others . As there have only been a few places mentioned , cities and states across the United States are putting in place certain legislation to increase the minimum wage for minimum wage workers to a livable wage . Time will only tell the effects on the economy and number of jobs in those cities and states . Local ordinances ( edit ) On June 2 , 2014 , the City Council of Seattle , Washington was the first city to pass a local ordinance to increase the minimum wage of the city to $15.00 per hour , which will be phased in over seven years , to be fully implemented by 2021 . Numerous cities have followed Seattle 's example since . San Francisco is expected to become the first U.S. city to reach a minimum wage of $15.00 per hour on July 1 , 2018 . New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018 . The minimum wage in Los Angeles and Washington , D.C. , will be $15.00 per hour in 2020 . A growing number of California cities have enacted local minimum wage ordinances , including Los Angeles , San Francisco , Oakland , Berkeley , Emeryville , Mountain View , Richmond , and San Jose . In September 2014 , the Los Angeles City Council approved a minimum salary for hotel workers of $15.37 per hour . In April 2016 , The Los Angeles Times reported that there is an exemption for unionised workers , and interviewed longtime workers at unionised Sheraton Universal who make $10.00 per hour , whereas non-union employees at a non-union Hilton a few feet away make at least the $15.37 mandated by law for non-unionised employees . Similar exemptions have been adopted in San Francisco , San Jose , Oakland , and Santa Monica . On August 18 , 2015 , the El Cerrito City Council directed city staff to draft a local minimum wage ordinance based on a template provided by a coalition for a county - wide minimum wage effort . The details are not final , but the Council discussed an initial increase of roughly 28 -- 36 % ( $11.52 -- $12.25 or more ) by January 1 , 2016 , with annual increases that will result in a $15.00 hourly wage rate by 2018 -- 2020 . The Council did not direct staff to create small business exemptions ( or any other exemptions ) , but a slower phase - in rate may be considered for employees of small businesses . The city will have outreach for residents and business owners to discuss the details of the proposed ordinance . Staff hopes to present a draft for The Council 's approval as early as October or November 2015 . Union exemptions ( edit ) As of December 2014 , unions were exempt from recent minimum wage increases in Chicago , Illinois , SeaTac , Washington , and Milwaukee County , Wisconsin , as well as the California cities of Los Angeles , San Francisco , Long Beach , San Jose , Richmond , and Oakland . In 2016 , the Washington , D.C. Council passed a minimum wage ordinance that included a union waiver , but Mayor Vincent Gray vetoed it . Later that year , the council approved an increase without the union waiver . Trends in purchasing power ( edit ) History of the federal minimum wage in real 2013 dollars and nominal dollars . Since its inception the purchasing power of the minimum wage has fluctuated . The minimum wage had its highest purchasing power in 1968 , when it was $1.60 per hour ( $11.49 in 2017 dollars ) . From January 1981 to April 1990 , the minimum wage was frozen at $3.35 per hour , then a record - setting minimum wage freeze . From September 1 , 1997 through July 23 , 2007 , the federal minimum wage remained constant at $5.15 per hour , breaking the old record . From the United States Department of Labor . Employment Standards Administration . Wage and Hour Division , the source page has a clickable US map with current and projected state - by - state minimum wage rates for each state . Some government entities , such as counties and cities , observe minimum wages that are higher than the state as a whole . One notable example of this is Santa Fe , New Mexico , whose $9.50 per hour minimum wage was the highest in the nation , until San Francisco increased its minimum wage to $9.79 in 2009 . Another device to increase wages , living wage ordinances , generally apply only to businesses that are under contract to the local government itself . Since 1984 , the purchasing power of the federal minimum wage has decreased . Measured in real terms ( adjusted for inflation ) using 1984 dollars , the real minimum wage was $3.35 in 1984 , $2.33 in 1994 , $1.84 in 2004 , and $1.46 in 2014 . If the minimum wage had been raised to $10.10 in 2014 , that would have equated to $4.40 in 1984 dollars . This would have been equal to a 31 % increase in purchasing power , despite the nominal value of the minimum wage increasing by 216 % in the same time period . Economic effects ( edit ) The economic effects of raising the minimum wage are controversial . Adjusting the minimum wage may affect current and future levels of employment , prices of goods and services , economic growth , income inequality and poverty . The interconnection of price levels , central bank policy , wage agreements , and total aggregate demand creates a situation in which the conclusions drawn from macroeconomic analysis are highly influenced by the underlying assumptions of the interpreter . Employment and job Creation ( edit ) Further information : Unemployment in the United States CBO table with projections of the effects of minimum wage increases on employment and income , under two scenarios The law of demand states that -- all else being equal -- raising the price of any particular good or service will reduce the quantity demanded . Thus , neoclassical economics argues that -- all else being equal -- raising in the minimum wage will have adverse affects on employment . Conceptually , if an employer does not believe a worker generates value equal to or in excess of the minimum wage , that worker will not be hired or retained . Empirical work on fast food workers in the 1990s challenged the neoclassical model . In 1994 , economists David Card and Alan Krueger studied employment trends among 410 restaurants in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania following New Jersey 's minimum wage hike ( from $4.25 to $5.05 ) in April 1992 . They found `` no indication that the rise in the minimum wage reduced employment . '' However , a 1995 re-analysis of the evidence by David Neumark found that the increase in New Jersey 's minimum wage actually resulted in a 4.6 % decrease in employment . Neumark 's study relied on payroll records from a sample of large fast - food restaurant chains , whereas the Card - Krueger study relied on business surveys . Additional research conducted by David Neumark and William Wascher ( which surveyed over 100 studies related to the employment effects of minimum wages ) found that the majority of peer - reviewed economic research ( about two - thirds ) showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment -- especially for young and unskilled workers . Neumark 's analysis further found that , when looking at only the most credible research , 85 % of studies showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment . In February 2014 , the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) reported the theoretical effects of a federal minimum wage increase under two scenarios : an increase to $9.00 and an increase to $10.10 . According to the report , approximately 100,000 jobs would be lost under the $9.00 option , whereas 500,000 jobs would be lost under the $10.10 option ( with a wide range of possible outcomes ) . A 2013 Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) review of multiple studies since 2000 indicated that there was `` little or no employment response to modest increases in the minimum wage . '' Another CEPR study in 2014 found that job creation within the United States is faster within states that raised their minimum wage . In 2014 , the state with the highest minimum wage in the nation , Washington , exceeded the national average for job growth in the United States . A 2012 study led by Joseph Sabia , professor of economics at the University of New Hampshire , estimated that the 2004 - 6 New York State minimum wage increase ( from $5.15 to $6.75 ) resulted in a 20.2 % to 21.8 % reduction in employment for less - skilled , less - educated workers . Another study conducted by Joseph Sabia , then an assistant professor at American University , found that minimum wages were ineffective at alleviating poverty for single mothers . The study further concluded that a 10 % increase in the minimum wage was associated with an 8.8 % reduction in employment and an 11.8 % reduction in hours for uneducated single mothers . Research conducted by Richard Burkhauser , professor emeritus of Policy Analysis at Cornell University , concluded that minimum wage increases `` significantly reduce the employment of the most vulnerable groups in the working - age population -- young adults without a high school degree ( aged 20 - 24 ) , young black adults and teenagers ( aged 16 - 24 ) , and teenagers ( aged 16 - 19 ) . '' A 2007 study by Daniel Aaronson and Eric French concluded that a 10 % increase in the minimum wage decreased low - skill employment by 2 - 4 % and total restaurant employment by 1 - 3 % . The Economist wrote in December 2013 : `` A minimum wage , providing it is not set too high , could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs ... Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages , others see a small one , but none finds any serious damage ... High minimum wages , however , particularly in rigid labour markets , do appear to hit employment . France has the rich world 's highest wage floor , at more than 60 % of the median for adults and a far bigger fraction of the typical wage for the young . This helps explain why France also has shockingly high rates of youth unemployment : 26 % for 15 - to 24 - year - olds . '' Prices ( edit ) Conceptually -- all else being equal -- raising the minimum wage will increase the cost of labor . Thus , employers may accept lower profits , raise their prices , or both . If prices increase , consumers may demand a lesser quantity of the product , substitute other products , or switch to imported products . Marginal producers ( those who are barely profitable enough to survive ) may be forced out of business if they can not raise their prices sufficiently to offset the higher cost of labor . Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago research from 2007 has shown that restaurant prices rise in response to minimum wage increases . Crime decrease ( edit ) A 2016 White House report based on `` back of envelope calculations and literature review '' argued that higher hourly wages led to less crime . A report by the Council of Economic Advisers claimed that `` raising the minimum wage reduces crime by 3 to 5 percent . '' To get those numbers , the study determined that `` such a minimum wage increase would have no employment impacts , with an employment elasticity of 0.1 the benefits would be somewhat lower . '' However , In a 1987 journal article based on actual study data , Masanori Hashimoto noted that minimum wage hikes lead to increased levels of property crime in areas affected by the minimum wage after its increase . According to the article , by decreasing employment in poor communities , total legal trade and production are curtailed . The report also claimed that in order to compensate for the decrease in legal avenues for production and consumption , poor communities increasingly turn to illegal trade and activity . Economic growth ( edit ) Whether growth ( GDP , a measure of both income and production ) increases or decreases depends significantly on whether the income shifted from owners to workers results in an overall higher level of spending . The tendency of a consumer to spend their next dollar is referred to as the marginal propensity to consume or MPC . The transfer of income from higher income owners ( who tend to save more , meaning a lower MPC ) to lower income workers ( who tend to save less , with a higher MPC ) can actually lead to an increase in total consumption and higher demand for goods , leading to increased employment . Recent research has shown that higher wages lead to greater productivity . The CBO reported in February 2014 that income ( GDP ) overall would be marginally higher after raising the minimum wage , indicating a small net positive increase in growth . Raising the minimum wage to $10.10 and indexing it to inflation would result in a net $2 billion increase in income during the second half of 2016 , while raising it to $9.00 and not indexing it would result in a net $1 billion increase in income . Income inequality ( edit ) Further information : Income inequality in the United States Minimum wage levels in developed economies as a share of median full - time wage . The relative minimum wage ratio in the U.S. is shown in red . An increase in the minimum wage is a form of redistribution from higher - income persons ( business owners or `` capital '' ) to lower income persons ( workers or `` labor '' ) and therefore should reduce income inequality . The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage under either scenario described above would improve income inequality . Families with income more than 6 times the poverty threshold would see their incomes fall ( due in part to their business profits declining with higher employee costs ) , while families with incomes below that threshold would rise . Poverty ( edit ) Among hourly - paid workers In 2016 , 701,000 earned the federal minimum wage and about 1.5 million earned wages below the minimum . Together , these 2.2 million workers represented 2.7 % of all hourly - paid workers . CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage would reduce the number of persons below the poverty income threshold by 900,000 under the $10.10 option versus 300,000 under the $9.00 option . Research conducted by David Neumark and colleagues found that minimum wages are associated with reductions in the hours and employment of low - wage workers . A separate study by the same researchers found that minimum wages tend to increase the proportion of families with incomes below or near the poverty line . Similarly , a 2002 study led by Richard Vedder , professor of economics at Ohio University , concluded that `` The empirical evidence is strong that minimum wages have had little or no effect on poverty in the U.S. Indeed , the evidence is stronger that minimum wages occasionally increase poverty ... '' Federal budget deficit ( edit ) The CBO reported in February 2014 that `` ( T ) he net effect on the federal budget of raising the minimum wage would probably be a small decrease in budget deficits for several years but a small increase in budget deficits thereafter . It is unclear whether the effect for the coming decade as a whole would be a small increase or a small decrease in budget deficits . '' On the cost side , the report cited higher wages paid by the government to some of its employees along with higher costs for certain procured goods and services . This might be offset by fewer government benefits paid , as some workers with higher incomes would receive fewer government transfer payments . On the revenue side , some would pay higher taxes and others less . Commentary ( edit ) Economists ( edit ) Effective Minimum Wage Adjusted for Cost of Living for Select U.S. Cities ( 2015 ) City Effective minimum wage Seattle $8.51 Denver $7.57 Houston $7.26 United States $7.25 San Francisco $7.03 Chicago $7.01 Boston $11.00 Washington , D.C. $6.53 Los Angeles $6.38 Atlanta $5.15 New York City $3.86 According to a survey conducted by economist Greg Mankiw , 79 % of economists agreed that `` a minimum wage increases unemployment among young and unskilled workers . '' A 2015 survey conducted by the University of New Hampshire Survey Center found that a majority of economists believed raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour would have negative effects on youth employment levels ( 83 % ) , adult employment levels ( 52 % ) , and the number of jobs available ( 76 % ) . Additionally , 67 % of economists surveyed believed that a $15 minimum wage would make it harder for small businesses with less than 50 employees to stay in business . A 2006 survey conducted by Robert Whaples , professor of economics at Wake Forest University , found that , among the economists surveyed , opinions about the minimum wage were as follows : 46.8 % favored eliminating it 14.3 % favored keeping it the same 1.3 % favored decreasing it 5.2 % favored increasing it by about 50 cents per hour 15.6 % favored increasing it by about $1 per hour 16.9 % favored increasing it by more than $1 per hour In 2014 , over 600 economists signed a letter in support of increasing the minimum wage to $10.10 with research suggesting that a minimum wage increase could have a small stimulative effect on the economy as low - wage workers spend their additional earnings , raising demand and job growth . Also , seven recipients of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences were among 75 economists endorsing an increase in the minimum wage for U.S. workers and said `` the weight '' of economic research shows higher pay does n't lead to fewer jobs . According to a February 2013 survey of the University of Chicago IGM Forum , which includes approximately 40 economists : 34 % agreed with the statement that `` Raising the federal minimum wage to $9 per hour would make it noticeably harder for low - skilled workers to find employment '' , with 32 % disagreeing and 24 % uncertain 42 % agreed that `` ... raising the minimum wage to $9 per hour and indexing it to inflation ... would be a desirable policy '' , with 11 % disagreeing or strongly disagreeing and 32 % uncertain . According to a fall 2000 survey conducted by Fuller and Geide - Stevenson , 73.5 % ( 27.9 % of which agreed with provisos ) of American economists surveyed agreed that minimum wage laws increase unemployment among unskilled and young workers , while 26.5 % disagreed with the statement . Economist Paul Krugman advocated raising the minimum wage moderately in 2013 , citing several reasons , including : The minimum wage was below its 1960s purchasing power , despite a near doubling of productivity ; The great preponderance of the evidence indicates there is no negative impact on employment from moderate increases ; and A high level of public support , specifically Democrats and Republican women . Politicians ( edit ) Former President Bill Clinton advocated raising the minimum wage in 2014 : `` I think we ought to raise the minimum wage because it does n't just raise wages for the three or four million people who are directly affected by it , it bumps the wage structure everywhere ... The estimates are that 35 million Americans would get a pay raise if the federal minimum wage was raised ... If you ( raise the minimum wage ) in a phased way , it always creates jobs . Why ? Because people who make the minimum wage or near it are struggling to get by , they spend every penny they make , they turn it over in the economy , they create jobs , they create opportunity , and they take better care of their children . It 's just the right thing to do , but it 's also very good economics . '' Social and online activism ( edit ) # RaiseTheWage ( edit ) The # RaiseTheWage movement is an activist movement that takes place on Twitter , Instagram , Facebook , and other social media platforms . The aim of this movement is to set the federal minimum wage to $15.00 . While there is not definitive beginning to the movement , former president Barack Obama has been attributed with popularizing it in media with this comment -- `` of course , nothing helps families make ends meet like higher wages. ... And to everyone in this Congress who still refuses to raise the minimum wage , I say this : If you truly believe you could work full - time and support a family on less than $15,000 a year , go try it . If not , vote to give millions of the hardest - working people in America a raise . '' While the vast majority of # RaiseTheWage 's influence is on social media there are a number of affiliated groups , and movements who have taken the movement to the streets -- mainly through nonviolent protests . Polls ( edit ) The Pew Center reported in January 2014 that 73 % of Americans supported raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10 . By party , 53 % of Republicans and 90 % of Democrats favored this action . Pew found a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage in 2017 with most blacks and Hispanics supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage , and 54 % of whites opposing it . A Lake Research Partners poll in February 2012 found the following : Strong support overall for raising the minimum wage , with 73 % of likely voters supporting an increase to $10 and indexing it to inflation during 2014 , including 58 % who strongly support the action ; Support crosses party lines , with support from 91 % of Democrats , 74 % of Independents , and 50 % of Republicans ; and A majority ( 56 % ) believe that raising the minimum wage will help the economy , with 16 % believing it wo n't make a difference . Only 21 % felt it would hurt the economy . List by jurisdiction ( edit ) This is a list of the minimum wages ( per hour ) in each state and territory of the United States , for jobs covered by federal minimum wage laws . If the job is not subject to the federal Fair Labor Standards Act , then state , city , or other local laws may determine the minimum wage . A common exemption to the federal minimum wage is a company having revenue of less than $500,000 per year while not engaging in any interstate commerce . Under the federal law , workers who receive a portion of their salary from tips , such as waitstaff , are required only to have their total compensation , including tips , meet the minimum wage . Therefore , often , their hourly wage , before tips , is less than the minimum wage . Seven states , and Guam , do not allow for a tip credit . Additional exemptions to the minimum wage include many seasonal employees , student employees , and certain disabled employees as specified by the FLSA . In addition , some counties and cities within states may observe a higher minimum wage than the rest of the state in which they are located ; sometimes this higher wage will apply only to businesses that are under contract to the local government itself , while in other cases the higher minimum will be enforced across the board . Federal ( edit ) Type Min Wage ( $ / h ) Notes Tipped $2.13 The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 has been requiring a minimum wage of $2.13 for tipped workers with the expectation that wages plus tips total no less than $7.25 per hour since September 1 , 1991 . The employer must pay the difference if total income does not add up to $7.25 per hour . Non-tipped $7.25 Per the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 ( FMWA ) since July 24 , 2009 . Youth $4.25 The Fair Labor Standards Act has since September 1 , 1996 allowed for persons under the age of 20 to be paid $4.25 for the first 90 calendar days of their employment . State ( edit ) The average US minimum wage per capita ( 2017 ) is $8.49 based on the population size of each state and generally represents the average minimum wage experienced by a person working in one of the fifty US states . Cities , counties , districts , and territories are not included in the calculation . As of October 2016 , there have been 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum . From 2014 to 2015 , nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments , while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action . Beginning in January 2017 , Massachusetts and Washington state have the highest minimum wages in the country , at $11.00 per hour . New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018 . - State Min Wage ( $ / h ) Tipped ( $ / h ) Youth / Training ( $ / h ) Automatic Indexed Adjustment Notes Alabama None No Alaska $9.80 $9.80 Yes Minimum wage increased to $9.80 on January 1 , 2017 . Arizona $10.00 $7.00 Yes Minimum wage increased to $8.05 on January 1 , 2015 . The state tipped minimum wage is $3 per hour less . Pursuant to Arizona Proposition 202 ( 2006 ) , the rates are adjusted annually on January 1 based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index . This rate increase does not affect student workers in places such as libraries and cafeterias because those positions are given by universities , which are state entities . Arkansas $8.50 $2.63 No The 2014 rate applies to employers of 4 or more employees . California $10.50 $10.50 Yes Minimum wage increased to $10.00 on January 1 , 2016 and will increase to $15.00 by 2022 . Berkeley : $13.75 since October 1 , 2017 and will increase to $15.00 by 2018 . Emeryville : $15.20 for businesses with 56 or more employees ; $14.00 for businesses with 55 employees or less , effective July 2017 . Jackson Rancheria : $10.60 since January 1 , 2014 on the Tribe 's sovereign 1,500 - acre reservation in Amador County . Oakland : $12.86 since January 1 , 2017 . Unions are exempt from Oakland 's minimum wage law . Los Angeles : $10.50 since July 1 , 2016 and will increase to $15.00 by 2020 . Unions are exempt from Los Angeles 's minimum wage law . San Francisco : $14.00 since July 1 , 2017 and will increase to $15.00 by 2018 . Unions are exempt from San Francisco 's minimum wage law . San Jose : $12.00 since January 1 , 2017 . Unions are exempt from San Jose 's minimum wage law . El Cerrito : $12.25 since Januaury 1 , 2017 and will increase to $15 by 2019 and thereafter increase based on local Consumer Price Index Colorado $9.30 $6.28 Yes On January 1 , 2017 , the minimum wage was increased to $9.30 and will be increased annually by $0.90 until it becomes $12 in January 2020 . Starting in 2021 , it will be adjusted by cost of living increases . The tipped wage is $3.02 less than the minimum wage Connecticut $10.10 $6.59 No On March 26 , 2014 , the state passed legislation to raise the minimum wage to $10.10 by January 1 , 2017 . Connecticut 's tipped minimum wage is 65.2 % of the state minimum wage ( tipped employees defined as $10 / wk or $2 / day in tips ) . Delaware $8.25 $2.23 No Minimum wage increased to $8.25 on June 1 , 2015 . Florida $8.10 $5.08 Yes Minimum wage is increased annually on September 30 ( effective January 1 of the following calendar year ) based upon a cost of living formula ( the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers , not seasonally adjusted , for the South Region or a successor index as calculated by the United States Department of Labor , using the rate of inflation for the 12 months prior to September 1 ) . Florida 's minimum wage increased to $8.10 and the tipped minimum wage to $5.08 on January 1 , 2017 . Georgia $5.15 $2.13 No Only applicable to employers of 6 or more employees . The state law excludes from coverage any employment that is subject to the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act when the federal rate is greater than the state rate . Hawaii $9.25 $8.50 No Minimum wage increased to $8.50 on January 1 , 2016 , and will increase to $10.10 by January 1 , 2018 . Tipped employees earn 75 cents less than the current state minimum wage . Idaho $7.25 $3.35 No Illinois $8.25 $4.95 $7.75 No Employers may pay anyone under the age of 18 , or anyone for the first 90 days of employment , fifty cents less . Tipped employees earn 60 % of the minimum wage ( employers may claim credit for tips , up to 40 % of wage ) . There is a training wage for tipped employees . Chicago : $10.00 from July 1 , 2015 and will increase to $13.00 by 2019 . Unions are exempt from Chicago 's minimum wage law . Indiana $7.25 $2.13 No Iowa $7.25 $4.35 No Most small retail and service establishments grossing less than $300,000 annually are not required to pay the minimum wage . A tipped employee who makes $30.00 per month or more in tips , can be paid 60 % of the minimum wage , i.e. as little as $4.35 per hour . Increased minimum wage laws in Johnson and Linn counties were nullified by the legislature . Kansas $7.25 $2.13 No Kansas had the lowest legislated , non-tipped worker , minimum wage in the U.S. , $2.65 per hour , until it was raised to $7.25 , effective January 1 , 2010 . Kentucky $7.25 $2.13 No Louisville : $8.10 from July 1 , 2015 and will increase to $9.00 by 2017 . However , the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that localities do not have authority to increase the minimum wage . Louisiana None No Maine $9.00 $5.00 Yes Tipped rate is half of the current state minimum wage . On July 6 , 2015 , the city council of Portland voted 6 - 3 to raise the city 's minimum wage to $10.10 beginning on January 1 , 2016 -- an increase of 34 % . Note : The tipped wage will return to being 50 % of the regular minimum wage starting January 1 , 2018 ; minimum wage will increase to $10 in January 2018 , $11 in January 2019 ; $12 in January 2020 . Maryland $9.25 $3.63 No Minimum wage is $8.75 per hour as July 1 , 2016 ; $9.25 as of July 1 , 2017 ; and $10.10 as of July 1 , 2018 . For employees working in Prince George 's County , the minimum wage is $10.75 per hour , effective October 1 , 2016 , and increases to $11.50 on October 1 , 2017 . For employees working in Montgomery County , the minimum wage is $11.50 per hour starting July 1 , 2017 . County Council bill 12 - 16 was enacted on January 17 , 2017 to adjust the minimum wage to $15 and base future adjustments on the Consumer Price Index , but was later vetoed by the County Executive . Massachusetts $11.00 $3.75 No Minimum wage increased to $11.00 ( $3.75 for tipped workers ) on January 1 , 2017 , making it the highest minimum - wage in the country at the state level . Massachusetts is the only state in the country that mandates time - and - a-half for retail workers working on Sunday . With state minimum wage at $11 an hour the effective minimum wage for a retail worker working on Sunday is $16.50 an hour . As of 2017 , Massachusetts has the largest gap between the hourly minimum wage for tipped workers ( $3.75 ) and the general minimum wage ( $11 ) . Michigan $8.90 $3.38 $8.90 ( tips included ) $4.25 ( training ) $7.57 ( youth ) Yes Minimum wage will increase to $9.25 by January 2018 and increase with the consumer price index yearly after 2018 . Yearly increases , starting on February 1 , 2019 , shall not exceed 3.5 % . There will be no increase in minimum wage if the unemployment rate rises to or above 8.5 % in the previous year . Tipped workers must earn at least standard Michigan minimum wage once tips are included in their wages . Minnesota $9.50 $9.50 $7.25 Yes Small employers , whose annual receipts are less than $500,000 and who do not engage in interstate commerce , can pay their employees $7.25 per hour . Overtime applies after 48 hours per week . Note : For large employers , the minimum wage became $9.00 on August 1 , 2015 ; and $9.50 on August 1 , 2016 . For small employers the minimum wage became $7.25 on August 1 , 2015 ; and $7.75 on August 1 , 2016 . Beginning January 1 , 2018 , all minimum wage rates will increase by the national implicit price deflator or 2.5 % , whichever is lower . Mississippi None No Missouri $7.70 $3.825 Yes Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index rounded to the nearest five cents , and increased to $7.70 on January 1 , 2017 . While a city ordinance was passed in St. Louis area to increase the minimum wage was set to $8.25 in 2015 , in October 2015 the law was voided by a new statewide bill barring cities from setting their own minimum wages . The State Supreme Court ruled on 28 February 2017 that the ordinance was lawful and could go into effect , with the minimum wage rate set to rise to $11.00 an hour by 2018 in St. Louis . However , on July 5 , 2017 , another law was passed to nullify the increase and to have a statewide minimum wage of $7.70 . Montana $8.15 $8.15 Yes Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index , and increased to $8.15 on January 1 , 2017 . Income from tips can not offset an employee 's pay rate . The state minimum wage for business with less than $110,000 in annual sales is $4.00 . Nebraska $9.00 $2.13 No Minimum wage increased to $9.00 January 1 , 2016 . Nevada $8.25 $8.25 Yes The minimum wage has been $8.25 ( $1 higher than the federal minimum ) since July 1 , 2010 . Employers who offer health benefits can pay employees $7.25 . The rate is adjusted every July 1 , based on the federal minimum or the accumulated inflation since 2006 , whichever is higher , based on a 2006 Minimum Wage Amendment to the Nevada Constitution . New Hampshire $7.25 $3.27 No New Jersey $8.44 $2.13 Yes Minimum wage increased to $8.44 on January 1 , 2017 . New Mexico $7.50 $2.13 No Santa Fe : $10.84 since January 1 , 2015 . Albuquerque : $8.75 since January 1 , 2015 . New York $9.75 Varies Yes The minimum wage rate increased to $9.00 on December 31 , 2015 . As of July 24 , 2009 there has been a minimum for exempt employees of $543.75 per week . Tipped employee minimum ranges from $4.90 to $5.65 depending on industry . Effective December 31 , 2013 , there have been different rules for the minimum cash wage for tipped employees outside of the hospitality industry , ( e.g. , in car washes and in salons ) . For workers earning more than $1.95 on average per hour in tips , the minimum cash wage has been $6.05 per hour ; for workers earning between $1.20 and $1.95 in tips on average per hour , the cash wage has been $6.80 . A 2016 law changed the minimum wage over the following six years . `` Large '' employers have 11 or more employees , and `` small '' have between 1 and 10 . `` Downstate '' includes Nassau , Suffolk , and Westchester Counties . NYC large employers : $11.00 , NYC small employers : $10.50 , Downstate employers : $10.00 , Upstate employers : $9.70 . As of December 31 , 2017 : NYC large employers : $13.00 ; NYC small employers : $12.00 ; Downstate employers : $11.00 ; Upstate employers : $10.40 . As of December 31 , 2018 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $13.50 ; Downstate employers : $12.00 ; Upstate employers : $11.10 . As of December 31 , 2019 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $13.00 ; Upstate employers : $12.50 . As of December 31 , 2020 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $14.00 ; Upstate employers : $12.50 . As of December 31 , 2021 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $15.00 ; Upstate employers : Set by Commissioner of Labor based on economic conditions , up to $15.00 . Tipped food service workers will be paid $7.50 per hour , or two - thirds of the applicable minimum wage rate rounded to the nearest $0.05 , whichever is higher . North Carolina $7.25 $2.13 No The employer may take credit for tips earned by a tipped employee and may count them as wages up to the amount permitted in section 3 ( m ) of the Fair Labor Standards Act . North Dakota $7.25 $4.86 No Tipped minimum is 67 % of the minimum wage . Ohio $8.15 $4.08 $7.25 under 16 years old Yes The rate is $7.25 for employers grossing $299,000 or less . The rate is adjusted annually on January 1 based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index Ohio 's minimum wage will increase to $8.30 ( $4.15 for tipped employees ) on January 1 , 2018 Oklahoma $7.25 $2.13 No Minimum wage for employers grossing under $100,000 and with fewer than 10 employees per location is $2.00. ( OK Statutes 40 - 197.5 ) . Oregon $10.00 ( rural counties ) $10.25 ( non-rural counties ) $11.25 ( Portland metro ) $10.00 ( rural counties ) $10.25 ( non-rural counties ) $11.25 ( Portland metro ) Yes On March 2 , 2016 , Senate Bill 1532 was signed into law , increasing minimum wage depending on the county . Beginning July 1 , 2016 the minimum wage increased to $9.75 for non-rural counties and to $9.50 for rural counties , thereafter increasing each year by fixed amounts until June 30 , 2022 when the minimum wage will be $14.75 for the Portland metro area , $13.50 for other non-rural counties , and $12.50 for rural counties . Thereafter , the minimum wage will be adjusted each year based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index . Non-rural counties are defined as Benton , Clackamas , Clatsop , Columbia , Deschutes , Hood River , Jackson , Josephine , Lane , Lincoln , Linn , Marion , Multnomah , Polk , Tillamook , Wasco , Washington , and Yamhill counties . Rural counties are defined as Baker , Coos , Crook , Curry , Douglas , Gilliam , Grant , Harney , Jefferson , Klamath , Lake , Malheur , Morrow , Sherman , Umatilla , Union , Wallowa , Wheeler counties . The Portland Metro rate ( $1.25 over the non-rural rate ) applies to employers located within the urban growth boundary ( UGB ) of the Portland metropolitan service district . Pennsylvania $7.25 $2.83 No Rhode Island $9.60 $3.39 No Minimum wage increased to $9.60 January 1 , 2016 . South Carolina None No South Dakota $8.65 $4.325 Yes Minimum wage increased to $8.65 on January 1 , 2017 , and is indexed to inflation . Tennessee None No Texas $7.25 $2.13 No Applies to all workers in the state , excluding patients of the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation who have diminished production capacity and who work on behalf of the Department ; their salary is calculated at the minimum wage times a percentage of their diminished capacity . Utah $7.25 $2.13 No Vermont $10.00 $4.80 Yes Minimum wage increased to $10.00 on January 1 , 2017 , will increase to $10.50 by January 1 , 2018 , and will be indexed to inflation beginning on January 1 , 2019 . Virginia $7.25 $2.13 No Washington $11.00 $11.00 $9.35 Yes Minimum wage increases annually by a voter - approved cost - of - living adjustment based on the federal Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( CPI - W ) . Seattle : $11.00 for businesses less than 500 employees , 15.00 for businesses with over 500 employees , and for all businesses by 2021 . SeaTac : $15.00 for airport - related businesses . Union workshops are exempt from SeaTac 's $15 minimum wage law . West Virginia $8.75 $2.62 No Minimum wage increased to $8.75 on December 31 , 2015 . The state minimum wage is applicable to employers of six or more employees at one location not involved in interstate commerce and for tipped employees is 30 % of the federal minimum wage . Wisconsin $7.25 $2.33 No Wyoming $5.15 $2.13 No Jump up ^ Generally applies to employees who make over $30 in tips per month , unless otherwise noted . Jump up ^ Applies to persons under age 20 , for the first 90 days of employment ( per FMWA ) , unless otherwise noted . ^ Jump up to : No state minimum wage law . Federal rates apply , although some small businesses exempt from FMWA may not be covered . Territory ( edit ) Territory Min Wage ( $ / h ) Notes American Samoa $4.18 -- $5.59 Varies by industry . On September 30 , 2010 , President Obama signed legislation that delays scheduled wage increases for 2010 and 2011 . On July 26 , 2012 , President Obama signed S. 2009 into law , postponing the minimum wage increase for 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . Annual wage increases of $0.50 recommenced on September 30 , 2015 and will continue every three years until all rates have reached the federal minimum . Guam $8.25 Tipped employee minimum $6.55 Northern Mariana Islands $6.55 Since September 30 , 2016 . Wages are to go up $0.50 annually until reaching the federal $7.25 rate by 2018 . Bill S. 256 to delay the planned increases to the full rate until 2018 passed in Sept. 2013 . Puerto Rico $7.25 Following the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 , Employers covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act ( FLSA ) are subject to the federal minimum wage and all applicable regulations . Employers not covered by the FLSA will be subject to a minimum wage that is at least 70 percent of the federal minimum wage or the applicable mandatory decree rate , whichever is higher . The Secretary of Labor and Human Resources may authorize a rate based on a lower percentage for any employer who can show that implementation of the 70 percent rate would substantially curtail employment in that business . Puerto Rico also has minimum wage rates that vary according to the industry . These rates range from a minimum of $5.08 to $7.25 per hour . U.S. Virgin Islands $8.35 The Virgin Islands ' minimum wage increased to $8.35 on June 21 , 2016 for all employees , with the exception of tourist service and restaurant employees . It is scheduled to increase to $9.50 on June 1 , 2017 ; $10.50 on June 1 , 2018 . Federal District ( edit ) Federal District Min Wage ( $ / h ) Tipped ( $ / h ) Youth / Training ( $ / h ) Notes District of Columbia $11.50 $3.47 None As of July 1 , 2017 , the minimum wage is $11.50 , and $3.47 per hour for tipped employees . In accordance with a law signed on June 27 , 2016 , the minimum wage will be $12.50 per hour as of July 1 , 2017 ; $13.25 per hour as of July 1 , 2018 ; 14.00 per hour as of July 1 , 2019 ; and $15.00 per hour as of July 1 , 2020 . As of each successive July 1 , the minimum wage will increase by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers in the Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area for the preceding twelve months . The minimum wage for tipped - employees will increase to $4.17 per hour as of July 1 , 2018 ; $4.87 per hour as of July 1 , 2019 ; and $5.55 per hour as of July 1 , 2020 . The minimum wage established by the federal government may be paid to newly hired individuals during their first 90 calendar days of employment , students employed by colleges and universities , and individuals under 18 years of age . Jobs affected , 2006 , 2009 ( edit ) The jobs that are most likely to be directly affected by the minimum wage are those which pay a wage close to the minimum . According to the May 2006 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates , the four lowest - paid occupational sectors in May 2006 ( when the federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour ) were the following : Sector Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 11,029,280 $7.90 $8.86 $18,430 Farming , Fishing , and Forestry Occupations 450,040 $8.63 $10.49 $21,810 Personal Care and Service Occupations 3,249,760 $9.17 $11.02 $22,920 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 4,396,250 $9.75 $10.86 $22,580 Two years later , in May 2008 , when the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour and was about to increase to $6.55 per hour in July 2008 , these same sectors were still the lowest - paying , but their situation ( according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data ) was : Sector Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 11,438,550 $8.59 $9.72 $20,220 Farming , Fishing , and Forestry Occupations 438,490 $9.34 $11.32 $23,560 Personal Care and Service Occupations 3,437,520 $9.82 $11.59 $24,120 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 4,429,870 $10.52 $11.72 $24,370 In 2006 , workers in the following 13 individual occupations received , on average , a median hourly wage of less than $8.00 per hour : Occupation Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Gaming Dealers 82,960 $7.08 $8.18 $17,010 Waiters and Waitresses 2,312,930 $3.14 $4.27 $11,190 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers , Including Fast Food 2,461,890 $7.24 $7.66 $15,930 Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers 401,790 $7.36 $7.84 $16,320 Cooks , Fast Food 612,020 $7.41 $7.67 $15,960 Dishwashers 502,770 $7.57 $7.78 $16,190 Ushers , Lobby Attendants , and Ticket Takers 101,530 $7.64 $8.41 $17,500 Counter Attendants , Cafeteria , Food Concession , and Coffee Shop 524,410 $7.76 $8.15 $16,950 Hosts and Hostesses , Restaurant , Lounge , and Coffee Shop 340,390 $7.78 $8.10 $16,860 Shampooers 15,580 $7.78 $8.20 $17,050 Amusement and Recreation Attendants 235,670 $7.83 $8.43 $17,530 Bartenders 485,120 $7.86 $8.91 $18,540 Farmworkers and Laborers , Crop , Nursery , and Greenhouse 230,780 $7.95 $8.48 $17,630 In 2008 , only two occupations paid a median wage less than $8.00 per hour : Occupation Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Gaming Dealers 91,130 $7.84 $9.56 $19,890 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers , Including Fast Food 2,708,840 $7.90 $8.36 $17,400 According to the May 2009 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates , the lowest - paid occupational sectors in May 2009 ( when the federal minimum wage was $7.25 per hour ) were the following : Sector Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Gaming Dealers 86,900 $8.19 $9.76 $20,290 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers , Including Fast Food 2,695,740 $8.28 $8.71 $18,120 Waiters and Waitresses 2,302,070 $8.50 $9.80 $20,380 Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers 402,020 $8.51 $9.09 $18,900 Cooks , Fast Food 539,520 $8.52 $8.76 $18,230 See also ( edit ) Economics portal United States portal Average worker 's wage Fair Labor Standards Act History of labor law in the United States Income inequality in the United States List of minimum wages by country Living wage Maximum wage Minimum Wage Fixing Convention , 1970 Minimum wage law United States labor law Wage slavery Wage theft Working poor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Rachel ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` States ' Minimum Wages Rise , Helping Millions of Workers '' . NYT . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A higher minimum wage for millions in 2017 '' . Cbsnews.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 5 facts about the minimum wage Drew DeSilver , Pew Research Center , January 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Characteristics of minimum wage workers , 2015 : BLS Reports : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics '' . Bls.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : William P. Quigley , `` ' A Fair Day 's Pay For A Fair Day 's Work ' : Time to Raise and Index the Minimum Wage '' , 27 St. Mary 's L.J. 513 , 516 ( 1996 ) ^ Jump up to : Skocpol , Theda ( 1992 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Chapter 7 : Safeguarding the `` Mothers of the Race '' : Protective Legislation for Women Workers `` . Protecting soldiers and mothers : the political origins of social policy in the United States . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674717657 . Jump up ^ Tritch , Teresa ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` F.D.R. Makes the Case for the Minimum Wage '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Text of U.S. v. Darby Lumber Co. , 312 U.S. 100 ( 1941 ) is available from : Findlaw Justia ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage - Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) - U.S. Department of Labor '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ACORN and Unions Increase Working Wages Across the Country '' . Common Dreams. 2006 - 11 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet # 32 : Youth Minimum Wage -- Fair Labor Standards Act '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Labor -- Wage and Hour Division . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` S. 1737 -- Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sink , Justin ( 2 April 2014 ) . `` Obama : Congress has ' clear choice ' on minimum wage '' . The Hill . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Alexander ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Reid punts on minimum - wage hike '' . The Hill . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Alexander ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` Centrist Republicans cool to minimum wage hike compromise '' . The Hill . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Andy ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` A minimum - wage hike finds hope in U.S. heartland '' . Reuters . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Minimum Wage by State '' . ncsl.org . NCSL . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Medina , Jennifer ; Scheiber , Noam ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Los Angeles Lifts Its Minimum Wage to $15 Per Hour '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` A $15 Minimum Wage Bombshell in Los Angeles '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York State 's Minimum Wage '' . Welcome to the State of New York . 2016 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Enforcement , Division of Labor Standards . `` Minimum wage '' . Dir.ca.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Enforcement , Division of Labor Standards . `` Minimum wage '' . Dir.ca.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage - Colorado Department of Labor and Employment '' . Colorado.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` $15 Minimum Wage - Mayor Murray '' . Murray.seattle.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Cuomo Signs $15 Minimum Wage Plan and 12 Week Paid Family Leave Policy into Law '' . Governor.ny.gov. 4 April 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage - Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) - U.S. Department of Labor '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Robert ( 3 June 2014 ) . `` Minimum Wage Groundswell ? Seattle , Others Raise Their Statutory Minimum Wage Rates '' . The National Law Review . Mintz , Levin , Cohn , Ferris , Glovsky and Popeo , P.C . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle City takes lead to raise minimum wage to $15 per hour '' . Seattle News.Net . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Ordinance ( MWO ) - Office of Labor Standards Enforcement '' . Sfgsa.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Legislatures , National Conference of State . `` State Minimum Wages 2017 Minimum Wage by State '' . Ncsl.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Davis , Aaron C. ( 21 June 2016 ) . `` D.C. gives final approval to $15 minimum wage '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles City Council approves landmark minimum wage increase '' . Los Angeles Times . June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The mayor of Los Angeles just signed a $15 / hr minimum wage bill into law '' . Business Insider . Reuters. 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . The city council in September approved a pay increase for hotel workers to $15.37 an hour . Jump up ^ Peter , Jamison ( 9 April 2016 ) . `` Outrage after big labor crafts law paying their members less than non-union workers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . At the Sheraton Universal Hotel , a longtime union property , bellhops , waiters and banquet servers make California 's current minimum wage : $10 an hour . ( When the hotel ordinance first went into effect , the state minimum was $9 . ) Those doing the same jobs at a non-union Hilton less than 500 feet away make at least $15.37 under the city 's hotel wage law . Neither amount includes tips . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Minimum wage loophole written to help labor unions , Washington Examiner , December 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Higgins , Sean . `` Minimum wage loophole written to help labor unions '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinance 2003 - 8 '' ( PDF ) . City of Santa Fe . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` City 's minimum pay requirement expands to small businesses ; state minimum kicks in '' . By Julie Ann Grimm . Dec. 31 , 2007 . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Selna , Robert ( December 26 , 2008 ) . `` S.F. minimum wage rises to $9.79 in 2009 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers : All Items '' . Research.stlouisfed.org. 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage - Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) - U.S. Department of Labor '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ For a review article which analyzes the classical , Keynesian , and underconsumptionist approaches to wages , see Weintraub , Sidney ( December 1956 ) . `` A Macroeconomic Approach to the Theory of Wages '' . The American Economic Review . 46 ( 5 ) : 835 -- 56 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hazlitt , Henry ( 1979 ) . Economics in One Lesson . Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 517 - 54823 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Krueger and David Card . `` Minimum Wages and Employment : A Case Study of the Fast - Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania '' '' ( PDF ) . Davidcard.berkeley.edu . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Neumark , David ; Wascher , William ( 1 August 1995 ) . `` The Effect of New Jersey 's Minimum Wage Increase on Fast - Food Employment : A Re-Evaluation Using Payroll Records '' . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Neumark , Wascher ( 2007 ) . Minimum Wages and Employment . Foundations and Trends ® in Microeconomics . ^ Jump up to : CBO ( February 2014 ) . `` The Effects of a Minimum Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Center for Economic and Policy Research . `` Why Does the Minimum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Unemployment ? '' March 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Cepr.net . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolcott , Ben . `` 2014 Job Creation Faster in States that Raised the Minimum Wage '' . Cepr.net . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Stilwell , Victoria ( March 8 , 2014 ) . `` Highest Minimum - Wage State Washington Beats U.S. in Job Creation '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Sabia , Burkhauser , Hansen ( 2012 ) . Are the Effects of Minimum Wage Increases Always Small ? New Evidence From a Case Study of New York State . Industrial and Labor Relations Review . Jump up ^ Sabia , J.J. ( 2008 ) . Minimum Wages and the Economic Well ‐ Being of Single Mothers . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management . Jump up ^ Burkhauser , Couch , Wittenburg ( 2000 ) . Who Minimum Wage Increases Bite : An Analysis Using Monthly Data from the SIPP and the CPS . South Economic Journal Jump up ^ Aaronson , French ( 2007 ) . Product Market Evidence on the Employment Effects of the Minimum Wage . Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago . Jump up ^ `` The Logical Floor '' . The Economist . December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago , The Minimum Wage , Restaurant Prices , and Labor Market Structure , August 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Raise the Minimum Wage , Reduce Crime ? A new White House report links higher hourly incomes to lower rates of law - breaking . '' ( PDF ) , COEA , March 3 , 2017 , retrieved March 3 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Hashimoto , Masanori ( 18 October 1987 ) . `` The Minimum Wage Law and Youth Crimes : Time - Series Evidence '' . The Journal of Law & Economics . 30 ( 2 ) : 443 -- 464 . doi : 10.2307 / 725504 -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ `` Higher Wages for Low - Income Workers Lead to Higher Productivity '' . Piie.com. 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Statistics ( GDP , unemployment , income , population , labour , education , trade , finance , prices ... ) '' . Stats.oecd.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers , 2016 . US Department of Labor . Jump up ^ Neumark , Shweitzer , Wascher ( 2004 ) . The Effects of Minimum Wages Throughout the Wage Distribution . Journal of Human Resources . Jump up ^ Neumark , Shweitzer , Wascher ( 2005 ) . The Effects of Minimum Wages on the Distribution of Family Incomes : A Non-Parametric Analysis . Journal of Human Resources . Jump up ^ Vedder , Gallaway ( 2002 ) . The minimum wage and poverty among full - time workers . Journal of Labor Research . Jump up ^ Cassleman , Ben ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` LA 's New Minimum Wage Is n't Worth Anywhere Close To $15 '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Liu , John C. ( July 2013 ) . `` Working but Still Struggling : The case for a New York City minimum wage '' ( PDF ) . New York City Comptroller 's Office . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N.G. Essentials of Economics , 8th Edition . Cengage Learning , pp. 31 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Smith ( 2015 ) . Survey of US Economists on a $15 Minimum Wage . Employment Policies Institute . Jump up ^ Whaples ( 2006 ) . Do Economists Agree on Anything ? Yes ! The Economists ' Voice . Jump up ^ `` Over 600 Economists Sign Letter In Support of $10.10 Minimum Wage : Economist Statement on the Federal Minimum Wage '' . Epi.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 600 Economists Now Back A $10.10 Minimum Wage '' . Huffington Post . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Economists Hit Back in the Minimum - Wage Wars '' . The New York Times . March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Over 600 Economists Agree : It 's Time To Raise The Minimum Wage - The National Memo - Smart. Sharp . Funny . Fearless '' . Nationalmemo.com. 27 January 2014 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Nobel Laureates Endorse Higher U.S. Minimum Wage '' . Bloomberg . January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Nobel Laureates Endorse Increase in U.S. Minimum Wage '' . Economicpolicyjournal. coms . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Fuller , Dan and Doris Geide - Stevenson ( 2003 ) : Consensus Among Economists : Revisited , in : Journal of Economic Review , Vol. 34 , No. 4 , S. 369 -- 387 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 17 February 2013 ) . `` Opinion - Raise That Wage '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Show : President Bill Clinton . September 2014 '' . Occupydemocrats.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raise the Wage '' . The White House . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Most See Inequality Growing , but Partisans Differ over Solutions '' . People-press.org. 23 January 2014 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Research Partners . Public Support for Raising the Minimum Wage . February 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Nelp.3cdn.net . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United States Minimum Wage By State 2013 '' . Minimum-Wage.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . 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Jump up ^ Associated Press A higher minimum wage for millions in 2017 CBS News , December 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Legislatures , National Conference of State . `` State Minimum Wages - 2017 Minimum Wage by State '' . Ncsl.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DOL WHD : Minimum Wage Laws in the States '' . Web.archive.org. 25 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . US Department of Labor . January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` State Minimum Wage Rates '' . LaborLawCenter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage FAQs '' . Industrial Commission of Arizona . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage Raise Passes In Four GOP States '' . Huffington Post . November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum wage '' . California Department of Industrial Relations . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ Pounds , Marcia Heroux . `` Florida minimum wage rising to $8.10 an hour in 2017 '' . Sun-sentinel.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Note : Federal minimum wage applies to businesses involved in interstate commerce , and to most businesses with gross revenues over $500,000 , where state minimum wage is lower . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Change -- Spotlight -- Georgia Department of Labor '' . Dol.state.ga.us . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Custom Solution : Georgia Code Research Tool '' . Lexisnexis.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage and Overtime '' . Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Section 44 - 1502 -- Idaho State Legislature '' . Legislature.idaho.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage / Overtime FAQ '' . Illinois Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lobosco , Katie ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` Chicago hikes minimum wage to $13 '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Minimum Wage Law : $7.25 per hour '' ( PDF ) . In.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wage Frequently Asked Questions '' . Iowa Workforce Development . n.d . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On Iowa Blocking All Local Minimum Wage and Employment Benefits Laws '' . Nelp.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sebelius signs bill to raise Kansas minimum wage to $7.25 an hour '' . Kansas City Business Journal . April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) , ( Lawrence Journal - World ) , Scott Rothschild , April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ `` An Ordinance Relating to Minimum Wage to be Paid to Employees by Employers in Louisville Metro '' ( PDF ) . Louisville Kentucky Government . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ Barton , Ryland ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Kentucky Supreme Court Strikes Down Louisville Minimum Wage Ordinance '' . 89.3 WFPL News Louisville . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Poster '' ( PDF ) . Maine Department of Labor Standards . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Portland City Council votes to raise minimum wage to $10.10 an hour '' . Pressherald.com. 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Cousins , Christopher ; Staff , B.D.N. `` LePage signs bill into law to restore Maine tip credit '' . The Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Title 26 , § 664 : Minimum wage ; overtime rate '' . legislature.maine.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Maryland Minimum Wage and Overtime Law -- Employment Standards Service ( ESS ) . ' `` Department of Labor , Licensing & Regulation . State of Maryland . Jump up ^ Wagner , John . Maryland governor urges minimum - wage rise to $10.10 to help state 's lowest - paid workers . The Washington Post . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland Minimum Wage and Overtime Law Montgomery County '' . Maryland Department of Labor , Licensing and Regulation . August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leggett vetoes $15 minimum wage in Montgomery County '' . The Washington Post . January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill 12 - 16 , Human Rights and Civil Liberties - County Minimum Wage -- Amount -- Annual Adjustment Veto '' . Montgomery County Council . January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Program '' . Labor and Workforce Development . 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Casteel , Kathryn ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) . `` The Minimum Wage Movement Is Leaving Tipped Workers Behind '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Michigan Minimum Wage ? '' . Michigan Department of Energy , Labor & Economic Growth . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LARA - New Minimum Wage for Michigan Employees '' . Michigan.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LARA - What is the Michigan Minimum Wage ? '' . Michigan.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` State minimum - wage laws -- Labor Standards ; Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry '' . www.dli.mn.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Standards -- Minnesota 's minimum - wage law '' . Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Minimum Wage '' ( PDF ) . Labor.no.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis city approves $11 minimum wage '' . FOX2now.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ `` Missouri Supreme Court upholds St. Louis minimum wage law ; will be $11 by 2018 '' . St. Louis Public Radio . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum wage hike set to reverse in Missouri '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Minimum Wage Increase , Initiative 425 ( 2014 ) '' . Ballotpedia.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada 's minimum wage and daily overtime rates unchanged for 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Nevada Office of the Labor Commissioner . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Rate Increasing '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage - Minimum Wage - NH Department of Labor '' . Nh.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : N.J. minimum wage will increase next year NJ.com , October 2016 Jump up ^ living_wage Jump up ^ `` Albuquerque Minimum Wage Increase - 2015 -- City of Albuquerque '' . Cabq.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wages -- New York State Department of Labor '' . Labor.state.ny.us. 2013 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` New York approves $9 minimum wage '' . upi.com . UPI . March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Viswanathan , Subhash ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` New York Increases Amount of Salary Necessary to Qualify Employees for Executive and Administrative Exemptions '' . New York Labor And Employment Law Report . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tripp , Noel P. ; Jackson Lewis P.C. ( 8 Dec 2013 ) . `` New York 's New Miscellaneous Wage Order Tip Credit Provision to Impact Businesses Such As Car Washes and Salons '' . The National Law Review . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York State Increases Minimum Wage and Enacts Paid Family Leave - JD Supra '' . Jdsupra.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( 9 ) Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Jump up ^ `` State Minimum Wages 2016 Minimum Wage by State '' . www.ncsl.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio minimum wage to go up 10 cents next week '' . Cleveland Plain Dealer . December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Your Rights Under the Oklahoma Minimum Wage Act 40O. S. § 197.1 '' ( PDF ) . Okladot.state.ok.us . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Your Rights Under the Oklahoma Minimum Wage Act '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage Rate Summary '' . Oregon.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Text of SB 1532 '' . Olisleg.state.or.us . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kullgren , Ian K. `` Oregon House passes minimum wage hike after turbulent debate , sending it to Kate Brown '' . The Oregonian . February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Jump up ^ `` Employment Laws - Minimum Wage '' . dlr.sd.gov . Jump up ^ `` LABOR CODE CHAPTER 62 . MINIMUM WAGE '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vermont minimum wage increases today '' . Burlingtonfreepress.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Vermont minimum wage will rise to $10.50 an hour '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Department of Labor and Industry '' . Doli.virginia.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage '' . Washington State Department of Labor and Industries . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Employees aged 14 or 15 may be paid 85 % of the minimum wage . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage '' . Washington State Department of Labor and Industries . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Minimum Wage Ordinance '' . Seattle Office of Civil Rights . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle City Council approves historic $15 minimum wage '' . Seattle Times . 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` SeaTac : The small US town that sparked a movement against low wages '' . Guardian . 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Raising the minimum wage without raising havoc , Washington Post , September 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` West Virginia Code '' . Legis.state.wv.us . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Virginia minimum wage Thinkprogress.org , 2014 / 04 / 03 Jump up ^ `` The Wisconsin 's 2009 Minimum Wage Rates '' . Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wage Rate in American Samoa '' ( PDF ) . Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . Jump up ^ `` President Obama signs Minimum Wage delay into Law '' . US Dept of Labor . October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ State Allows no credit for tips . `` Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . US Department of Labor . January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` FEDERAL MINIMUM WAGE '' ( PDF ) . Dol.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kasperowicz , Pete ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` Dems vote with GOP to delay minimum wage hike in Northern Mariana Islands '' . Thehill.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 12 ) Jump up ^ `` Washington , DC city council raises minimum wage to $11.50 / hr in 2016 '' . Reuters . December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Kelly . `` D.C. raises minimum wage to $15 '' . Washington Examiner . June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Aaron C. `` D.C. lawmakers approve $15 minimum wage , joining N.Y. , Calif . '' . The Washington Post . June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DeWitt , Jeffrey S. `` Fiscal Impact Statement -- Fair Shot Minimum wage Amendment Act of 2016 '' . Office of the Chief Financial Officer . Government of the District of Columbia . June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Minimum Wage Poster '' . Department of Employment Services . Government of the District of Columbia . 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2006 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Minimum wage in the United States at DMOZ Federal Minimum Wage . United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees . United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . History of Federal Minimum Wage United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . U.S. Minimum Wage History . Oregon State University -- Wealth and Poverty ( Anth 484 ) . Last updated December 26 , 2012 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the minimun wage in washington state	[ "Beginning in January 2017, Massachusetts and Washington will have the highest state minimum wages.[2] There is a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage with most black and Hispanic individuals supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage, and 54% of whites opposing it.[3] In 2015, about 3 percent of White, Asian, and Hispanic or Latino workers earned the federal minimum wage or less. Among Black workers, the percentage was about 4 percent.[4]" ]	[ "$15.00" ]
-5512299218299760242	H	H - wikipedia Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the letter of the alphabet . For other uses , see H ( disambiguation ) . `` Aitch '' redirects here . For the surname , see Aitch ( surname ) . For the community in the United States , see Aitch , Pennsylvania . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Writing cursive forms of H H ( named aitch or haitch / eɪ tʃ / , plural aitches ) is the eighth letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Name in English 3 Use in writing systems 3.1 English 3.2 Other languages 3.3 Other systems 4 Related characters 4.1 Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet 4.2 Ancestors , siblings and descendants in other alphabets 4.3 Derived signs , symbols and abbreviations 5 Computing codes 6 Other representations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History Egyptian hieroglyph fence Old Semitic ħ Phoenician heth Greek heta Etruscan H Latin The original Semitic letter Heth most likely represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative ( ħ ) . The form of the letter probably stood for a fence or posts . The Greek eta ' Η ' in Archaic Greek alphabets still represented / h / ( later on it came to represent a long vowel , / ɛː / ) . In this context , the letter eta is also known as heta to underline this fact . Thus , in the Old Italic alphabets , the letter heta of the Euboean alphabet was adopted with its original sound value / h / . While Etruscan and Latin had / h / as a phoneme , almost all Romance languages lost the sound -- Romanian later re-borrowed the / h / phoneme from its neighbouring Slavic languages , and Spanish developed a secondary / h / from / f / , before losing it again ; various Spanish dialects have developed ( h ) as an allophone of / s / or / x / in most Spanish - speaking countries , and various dialects of Portuguese use it as an allophone of / ʀ /. ' H ' is also used in many spelling systems in digraphs and trigraphs , such as ' ch ' , which represents / tʃ / in Spanish , Galician , Old Portuguese and English , / ʃ / in French and modern Portuguese , / k / in Italian , French and English , / x / in German , Czech language , Polish , Slovak , one native word of English and a few loanwords into English , and / ç / in German . Name in English For most English speakers , the name for the letter is pronounced as / eɪ tʃ / and spelled ' aitch ' or occasionally ' eitch ' . The pronunciation / heɪtʃ / and the associated spelling ' haitch ' is often considered to be h - adding and is considered nonstandard in England . It is , however , a feature of Hiberno - English . The perceived name of the letter affects the choice of indefinite article before initialisms beginning with H : for example `` an H - bomb '' or `` a H - bomb '' . The pronunciation / ˈheɪtʃ / may be a hypercorrection formed by analogy with the names of the other letters of the alphabet , most of which include the sound they represent . The haitch pronunciation of h has spread in England , being used by approximately 24 % of English people born since 1982 and polls continue to show this pronunciation becoming more common among younger native speakers . Despite this increasing number , the pronunciation without the / h / sound is still considered to be standard in England , although the pronunciation with / h / is also attested as a legitimate variant . Authorities disagree about the history of the letter 's name . The Oxford English Dictionary says the original name of the letter was ( ˈaha ) in Latin ; this became ( ˈaka ) in Vulgar Latin , passed into English via Old French ( ˈatʃ ) , and by Middle English was pronounced ( ˈaːtʃ ) . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language derives it from French hache from Latin haca or hic . Anatoly Liberman suggests a conflation of two obsolete orderings of the alphabet , one with H immediately followed by K and the other without any K : reciting the former 's ... , H , K , L , ... as ( ... ( h ) a ka el ... ) when reinterpreted for the latter ... , H , L , ... would imply a pronunciation ( ( h ) a ka ) for H . Use in writing systems English In English , ⟨ h ⟩ occurs as a single - letter grapheme ( being either silent or representing / h / ) and in various digraphs , such as ⟨ ch ⟩ / tʃ / , / ʃ / , / k / , or / x / ) , ⟨ gh ⟩ ( silent , / ɡ / , / k / , / p / , or / f / ) , ⟨ ph ⟩ ( / f / ) , ⟨ rh ⟩ ( / r / ) , ⟨ sh ⟩ ( / ʃ / ) , ⟨ th ⟩ ( / θ / or / ð / ) , ⟨ wh ⟩ ( / hw / ) . The letter is silent in a syllable rime , as in ah , ohm , dahlia , cheetah , pooh - poohed , as well as in certain other words ( mostly of French origin ) such as hour , honest , herb ( in American but not British English ) and vehicle . Initial / h / is often not pronounced in the weak form of some function words including had , has , have , he , her , him , his , and in some varieties of English ( including most regional dialects of England and Wales ) it is often omitted in all words ( see ' ⟨ h ⟩ ' - dropping ) . It was formerly common for an rather than a to be used as the indefinite article before a word beginning with / h / in an unstressed syllable , as in `` an historian '' , but use of a is now more usual ( see English articles § Indefinite article ) . Other languages In the German language , the name of the letter is pronounced / haː / . Following a vowel , it often silently indicates that the vowel is long : In the word erhöhen ( ' heighten ' ) , only the first ⟨ h ⟩ represents / h / . In 1901 , a spelling reform eliminated the silent ⟨ h ⟩ in nearly all instances of ⟨ th ⟩ in native German words such as thun ( ' to do ' ) or Thür ( ' door ' ) . It has been left unchanged in words derived from Greek , such as Theater ( ' theater ' ) and Thron ( ' throne ' ) , which continue to be spelled with ⟨ th ⟩ even after the last German spelling reform . In Spanish and Portuguese , ⟨ h ⟩ ( `` hache '' in Spanish , pronounced Spanish pronunciation : ( ' atʃe ) , or agá in Portuguese , pronounced ( aˈɣa ) or ( ɐˈɡa ) ) is a silent letter with no pronunciation , as in hijo ( ˈixo ) ( ' son ' ) and húngaro ( ˈũɡaɾu ) ( ' Hungarian ' ) . The spelling reflects an earlier pronunciation of the sound / h / . It is sometimes pronounced with the value ( h ) , in some regions of Andalusia , Extremadura , Canarias , Cantabria and the Americas in the beginning of some words . ⟨ h ⟩ also appears in the digraph ⟨ ch ⟩ , which represents / tʃ / in Spanish and northern Portugal , and / ʃ / in oral traditions that merged both sounds ( the latter originarily represented by ⟨ x ⟩ instead ) e.g. in most of the Portuguese language and some Spanish - speaking places , prominently Chile , as well as ⟨ nh ⟩ / ɲ / and ⟨ lh ⟩ / ʎ / in Portuguese , whose spelling is inherited from Occitan . In French , the name of the letter is pronounced / aʃ / . The French orthography classifies words that begin with this letter in two ways , one of which can affect the pronunciation , even though it is a silent letter either way . The H muet , or `` mute '' ⟨ h ⟩ , is considered as though the letter were not there at all , so for example the singular definite article le or la , which is elided to l ' before a vowel , elides before an H muet followed by a vowel . For example , le + hébergement becomes l'hébergement ( ' the accommodation ' ) . The other kind of ⟨ h ⟩ is called h aspiré ( `` aspirated ' ⟨ h ⟩ ' '' , though it is not normally aspirated phonetically ) , and does not allow elision or liaison . For example in le homard ( ' the lobster ' ) the article le remains unelided , and may be separated from the noun with a bit of a glottal stop . Most words that begin with an H muet come from Latin ( honneur , homme ) or from Greek through Latin ( hécatombe ) , whereas most words beginning with an H aspiré come from Germanic ( harpe , hareng ) or non-Indo - European languages ( harem , hamac , haricot ) ; in some cases , an orthographic ⟨ h ⟩ was added to disambiguate the ( v ) and semivowel ( ɥ ) pronunciations before the introduction of the distinction between the letters ⟨ v ⟩ and ⟨ u ⟩ : huit ( from uit , ultimately from Latin octo ) , huître ( from uistre , ultimately from Greek through Latin ostrea ) . In Italian , ⟨ h ⟩ has no phonological value . Its most important uses are in the digraphs ' ch ' / k / and ' gh ' / ɡ / , as well as to differentiate the spellings of certain short words that are homophones , for example some present tense forms of the verb avere ( ' to have ' ) ( such as hanno , ' they have ' , vs. anno , ' year ' ) , and in short interjections ( oh , ehi ) . Some languages , including Czech , Slovak , Hungarian , and Finnish , use ⟨ h ⟩ as a breathy voiced glottal fricative ( ɦ ) , often as an allophone of otherwise voiceless / h / in a voiced environment . In Ukrainian and Belarusian , when written in the Latin alphabet , ⟨ h ⟩ is also commonly used for / ɦ / , which is otherwise written with the Cyrillic letter ⟨ г ⟩ . In Irish , ⟨ h ⟩ is not considered an independent letter , except for a very few non-native words , however ⟨ h ⟩ placed after a consonant is known as a `` séimhiú '' and indicates lenition of that consonant ; ⟨ h ⟩ began to replace the original form of a séimhiú , a dot placed above the consonant , after the introduction of typewriters . In most dialects of Polish , both ⟨ h ⟩ and the digraph ⟨ ch ⟩ always represent / x / . Other systems As a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) , it is used mainly for the so - called aspirations ( fricative or trills ) , and variations of the plain letter are used to represent two sounds : the lowercase form ⟨ h ⟩ represents the voiceless glottal fricative , and the small capital form ⟨ ʜ ⟩ represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative ( or trill ) . With a bar , minuscule ⟨ ħ ⟩ is used for a voiceless pharyngeal fricative . Specific to the IPA , a hooked ⟨ ɦ ⟩ is used for a voiced glottal fricative , and a superscript ⟨ h ⟩ is used to represent aspiration . Related characters Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet H with diacritics : Ĥ ĥ Ȟ ȟ Ħ ħ Ḩ ḩ Ⱨ ⱨ ẖ ẖ Ḥ ḥ Ḣ ḣ Ḧ ḧ Ḫ ḫ ꞕ IPA - specific symbols related to H : ʜ Ħ ɦ h ɦ ɥ ɥ H : Modifier letter H is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet h : Subscript small h was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902 h : Modifier letter small h is used in Indo - European studies ʮ and ʯ : Turned H with fishhook and turned H with fishhook and tail are used in Sino - Tibetanist linguistics Ƕ ƕ : Latin letter hwair , derived from a ligature of the digraph hv , and used to transliterate the Gothic letter 𐍈 ( which represented the sound ( hw ) ) Ⱶ ⱶ : Claudian letters Ancestors , siblings and descendants in other alphabets 𐤇 : Semitic letter Heth , from which the following symbols derive Η η : Greek letter Eta , from which the following symbols derive 𐌇 : Old Italic H , the ancestor of modern Latin H ᚺ , ᚻ : Runic letter haglaz , which is probably a descendant of Old Italic H Һ һ : Cyrillic letter Shha , which derives from Latin H 𐌷 : Gothic letter haal Derived signs , symbols and abbreviations h : Planck constant ħ : reduced Planck constant H : Double - struck capital H Computing codes Character h Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H LATIN SMALL LETTER H Encodings decimal hex decimal hex Unicode 72 U + 0048 104 U + 0068 UTF - 8 72 48 104 68 Numeric character reference & # 72 ; & # x48 ; & # 104 ; & # x68 ; EBCDIC family 200 C8 136 88 ASCII 72 48 104 68 and all encodings based on ASCII , including the DOS , Windows , ISO - 8859 and Macintosh families of encodings . Other representations NATO phonetic Morse code Hotel Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet ( ASL fingerspelling ) Braille dots - 125 See also American Sign Language grammar List of hieroglyphs / H References ^ Jump up to : `` H '' Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd edition ( 1989 ) ; Merriam - Webster 's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language , Unabridged ( 1993 ) ; `` aitch '' or `` haitch '' , op . cit . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Haitch ' or ' aitch ' ? How do you pronounce ' H ' ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolan , T.P. ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` A Dictionary of Hiberno - English : The Irish Use of English '' . Gill & Macmillan Ltd . Retrieved 3 September 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Todd , L. & Hancock I. : `` International English Ipod '' , page 254 . Routledge , 1990 . Jump up ^ John C Wells , Longman Pronunciation Dictionary , page 360 , Pearson , Harlow , 2008 Jump up ^ Liberman , Anatoly ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` Alphabet soup , part 2 : H and Y '' . Oxford Etymologist . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ In many dialects , / hw / and / w / have merged Jump up ^ Constable , Peter ( 2004 - 04 - 19 ) . `` L2 / 04 - 132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Everson , Michael ; et al. ( 2002 - 03 - 20 ) . `` L2 / 02 - 141 : Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ruppel , Klaas ; Aalto , Tero ; Everson , Michael ( 2009 - 01 - 27 ) . `` L2 / 09 - 028 : Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Anderson , Deborah ; Everson , Michael ( 2004 - 06 - 07 ) . `` L2 / 04 - 191 : Proposal to encode six Indo - Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Cook , Richard ; Everson , Michael ( 2001 - 09 - 20 ) . `` L2 / 01 - 347 : Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Everson , Michael ( 2005 - 08 - 12 ) . `` L2 / 05 - 193R2 : Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS '' ( PDF ) . External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article H . The dictionary definition of H at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of h at Wiktionary Lubliner , Coby. 2008 . `` The Story of H . '' ( essay on origins and uses of the letter `` h '' ) ( hide ) Latin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Alphabets ( list ) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA spelling alphabets Letters ( list ) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Letter H with diacritics Ĥĥ Ȟȟ Ḧḧ Ḣḣ Ḩḩ Ḥḥ Ḫḫ H̱ẖ Ħħ Ⱨⱨ Ɦɦ ꞕ Multigraphs Digraphs ch cz dž dz gh ij ll ly nh ny sh sz th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough Pentagraphs tzsch Keyboard layouts ( list ) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Standards ISO / IEC 646 Unicode Western Latin character sets Lists precomposed Latin characters in Unicode letters used in mathematics Diacritics Palaeography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H&oldid=797957604 '' Categories : ISO basic Latin letters Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles containing German - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sámegiella Scots Seeltersk Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 05 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how do you pronounce the letter h in english	[ "For most English speakers, the name for the letter is pronounced as /eɪtʃ/ and spelled 'aitch'[1] or occasionally 'eitch'. The pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ and the associated spelling 'haitch' is often considered to be h-adding and is considered nonstandard in England.[2] It is, however, a feature of Hiberno-English.[3]", "For most English speakers, the name for the letter is pronounced as /eɪtʃ/ and spelled 'aitch'[1] or occasionally 'eitch'. The pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ and the associated spelling 'haitch' is often considered to be h-adding and is considered nonstandard in England.[2] It is, however, a feature of Hiberno-English.[3]" ]	[ "aitch", "haitch" ]
2891715923096072983	Lucknow Pact	Lucknow pact - wikipedia Lucknow pact Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Lucknow Pact was an agreement reached between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League at the joint session of both the parties held in Lucknow in December 1916 . Through the pact , the two parties agreed to allow overrepresentation to religious minorities in the provincial legislatures . The Muslim League leaders agreed to join the Congress movement demanding Indian autonomy . Scholars cite this as an example of a consociational practice in Indian politics . Muhammad Ali Jinnah , then a member of the Congress as well as the League , made both the parties reach an agreement to pressure the British government to adopt a more liberal approach to India and give Indians more authority to run their country , besides safeguarding basic Muslim demands . Jinnah is seen as the mastermind and architect of this pact . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Agreements by the Congress 3 Demands presented to the British 4 Importance 5 References Background ( edit ) The British had announced , in order to satisfy the Indians , that they will be considering a series of proposals that would lead to at least half of the members of the Executive Council being elected and the Legislative Council having a majority of elected members . Both the Congress and the Muslim League supported these . Both had realized that for further concessions to be gained , greater cooperation was required . Agreements by the Congress ( edit ) The Congress agreed to separate electorates for Muslims in electing representatives to the Imperial and Provincial Legislative Councils . Although the Muslims were given this right in the Indian Councils Act of 1909 , the Indian National Congress opposed it . The Congress also agreed to the idea of one - third seats for the Muslims in the Councils despite the fact that the Muslim population represented less than a third . Apart from that , the Congress agreed that no act affecting a community should be passed unless three - quarters of that community 's members on the council supported it . After the signing of this pact the rivalry between moderates and extremist reduced to some extent. There was a significant change in their relation . Demands presented to the British ( edit ) Both the parties presented some common demands to the British . They demanded : The number of elected seats on the councils should be increased . Motions which were passed by large majorities in the councils should be accepted as bindings by the British Government . Minorities in the provinces should be protected . All provinces should be granted autonomy . Separating the executive from the judiciary Importance ( edit ) The Lucknow Pact is seen as a beacon of hope of Hindu - Muslim unity . It established cordial relations between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress . Before the pact , both parties were viewed as rivals who opposed each other and worked in their own interests . However , the pact brought a change in that view . The Lucknow Pact also established cordial relations between the two prominent groups of the Indian National Congress -- the `` hot faction '' garam dal led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal , the Lal Bal Pal and the moderates or the `` soft faction '' , the naram dal led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Steven Ian ( September -- October 2000 ) , `` India , Consociational Theory , and Ethnic Violence '' , Asian Survey , 40 ( 5 ) : 767 -- 791 , JSTOR 3021176 ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Nigel ( 2014 ) . The History and Culture of Pakistan . Peak Publishing . p. 61 . Muhammad Ali Jinnah Pakistan Movement Fourteen Points of Jinnah I.I. Chundrigar Fatima Jinnah Lucknow Pact 11th August Speech Two nation theory Family and personal life Fatima Jinnah Shireen Jinnah Emibai Jinnah Maryam Jinnah Dina Wadia Wazir Mansion South Court Quaid - e-Azam Residency Related topics Caucus Case My Brother Bagh - e-Jinnah Jinnah ( film ) Cinnah Caddesi Mazar - e-Quaid Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway Quaid - i - Azam House Secular and Nationalist Jinnah Sindh - Madrasa - tul - Islam Quaid - i - Azam Academy Jinnah 's People 's Memorial Hall Jinnah Cap Governor General House Jinnah : India - Partition - Independence List of things named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah Commons Wikiquotes Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Pakistan Movement History of Pakistan ( timeline : 1947 -- present ) History East India Company Indian Rebellion of 1857 Aligarh Movement Urdu movement Partition of Bengal Lucknow Pact Khilafat Movement Shuddhi Movement Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Allahabad Address Now or Never pamphlet World War II Two nation theory Round Table Conferences Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Muslim nationalism in South Asia Cabinet Mission Indian Independence Act Partition of India Radcliffe Line Durand Line Pakistan Osmanistan Enlightened Moderation Objectives Resolution Independence Republic Day Kashmir conflict National symbols Constitution of Pakistan British heritage Organisations Muslim League Punjab Branch Bengal Branch Unionist Student Federations Khaksars Renaissance Society Philosophical Congress Dawn Daily War Leaders Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Allama Muhammad Iqbal Aga Khan III Nawab Salimullah Mian Muhammad Shafi Syed Ameer Ali Muhammad Ali Jinnah Fatima Jinnah Liaquat Ali Khan Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Bahadur Yar Jung Nawab Waqar - ul - Mulk Kamboh Mohsin - ul - Mulk Hasrat Mohani Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Baba - e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq G.M. Syed Abdur Rab Nishtar Qazi Muhammad Essa Choudhary Rahmat Ali Muhammad Ali Jouhar Maulana Shaukat Ali A.K. Fazlul Huq K.H. Khurshid Sikandar Hayat Khan Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Maulana Zafar Ali Khan Khawaja Nazimuddin Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan Ghulam Bhik Nairang Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan Jogendra Nath Mandal more Activists Hameed Nizami Abdullah Haroon Yusuf Haroon Altaf Husain ( journalist ) Adamjee Haji Dawood Mufti Muhammad Shafi Maulana Ahmed Ali Lahori Malik Barkat Ali Yusuf Khattak Mian Iftikharuddin Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot Shaukat Hayat Khan Muhammad Asad Ziauddin Ahmad A.B.A. Haleem Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr Hakeem Mohammad Saeed Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan Fida Mohammad Khan Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir Professor M.M. Sharif J.A. Rahim of PPP Z.A. Suleri G. Allana more Literature Idea of Pakistan Jinnah : India , Partition , Independence Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan A Short History of Pakistan Pakistan : A Personal History The Myth of Independence Pakistan : A Hard Country Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857 Architecture Minar - e-Pakistan Bab - e-Pakistan The Monument Mazar - e-Quaid Ziarat Residency Iqbal 's Tomb Wazir Mansion National Library Deena Public Hall Bab - e-Khyber Jinnah Terminal In Memory Youm - e-Pakistan ( 23 March ) Youm - e-Dastur ( 10 April ) Youm - e-Takbir ( 28 May ) Youm - e-Azadi ( 14 August ) Youm - e-Difah ( 6 September ) Youm - e-Tasees ( 24 October ) Youm - e-Iqbal ( 9 November ) Youm - e-Viladat ( 25 December ) Lucknow division topics General Awadh University of Lucknow Firangi Mahal United Provinces of Agra and Oudh Bara Imambara Chota Imambara Lucknow Zoo The Pioneer ( newspaper ) History Siege of Lucknow Lucknow Pact Nawab of Awadh Khilafat Movement Kakori conspiracy Districts Hardoi Lakhimpur Kheri Lucknow Raebareli Sitapur Unnao Rivers , dams , lakes Ganges Ghaghara Gomti Sarayu Languages , people Awadhi Hindustani Standard Hindi Urdu Transport NH 24B NH 25 NH 25A NH 56 NH 56A NH 56B Charbagh Railway Station Barabanki -- Lucknow Suburban Railway Lucknow -- Kanpur Suburban Railway Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport Lucknow Metro Industries Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Station Wildlife sanctuaries Kukrail Reserve Forest Dudhwa National Park Dudhwa Tiger Reserve Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Samaspur Sanctuary Sandi Bird Sanctuary Lok Sabha constituencies Hardoi Misrikh Kheri Dhaurahra Lucknow Rae Bareli Sitapur Mohanlalganj Unnao See also Cities and towns in Hardoi district Cities and towns in Lakhimpur Kheri district Cities and towns in Lucknow district Cities and towns in Raebareli district Cities and towns in Sitapur district Cities and towns in Unnao district Villages in Hardoi district Villages in Lakhimpur Kheri district Villages in Lucknow district Villages in Raebareli district Villages in Unnao district People from Hardoi People from Lakhimpur Kheri People from Lucknow People from Raebareli People from Unnao Other Divisions Agra Aligarh Allahabad Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan Faizabad Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Saharanpur Varanasi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucknow_Pact&oldid=836555932 '' Categories : Indian independence movement Pakistan Movement 1916 documents Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from November 2016 All articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Svenska اردو 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 14 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	lucknow congress session 1916 was presided over by—	[ "Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then a member of the Congress as well as the League, made both the parties reach an agreement to pressure the British government to adopt a more liberal approach to India and give Indians more authority to run their country, besides safeguarding basic Muslim demands. Jinnah is seen as the mastermind and architect of this pact.[citation needed]" ]	[ "Muhammad Ali Jinnah" ]
3596785456878806945	Impeachment in the United States	Impeachment in the United States - wikipedia Impeachment in the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` House Manager '' redirects here . For theater operations , see House management . The impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The House managers are seated beside the quarter - circular tables on the left and the president 's personal counsel on the right , much in the fashion of President Andrew Johnson 's trial . Impeachment in the United States is an enumerated power of the legislature that allows formal charges to be brought against a civil officer of government for crimes alleged to have been committed . Most impeachments have concerned alleged crimes committed while in office , though there have been a few cases in which Congress has impeached and convicted officials partly for prior crimes . The actual trial on such charges , and subsequent removal of an official upon conviction , is separate from the act of impeachment itself . Impeachment proceedings have been initiated against several presidents of the United States . Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton are the only two presidents to have been successfully impeached by the House of Representatives , and both were later acquitted by the Senate . The impeachment process against Richard Nixon was never completed , as Nixon resigned his office before the vote of the full House for impeachment , but such a vote was widely expected to pass , and the threat of it and a subsequent conviction in the Senate was the impetus for Nixon 's departure . To date , no president has been removed from office by impeachment and conviction . The impeached official continues in office until conviction . Impeachment is analogous to indictment in regular court proceedings ; trial by the other house is analogous to the trial before judge and jury in regular courts . Typically , the lower house of the legislature impeaches the official and the upper house conducts the trial . At the federal level , Article Two of the United States Constitution states in Section 4 that `` The President , Vice President , and all civil Officers of the United States shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for , and conviction of , Treason , Bribery , or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors . '' The House of Representatives has the sole power of impeaching , while the United States Senate has the sole power to try all impeachments . The removal of impeached officials is automatic upon conviction in the Senate . In Nixon v. United States ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court determined that the federal judiciary can not review such proceedings . Impeachment can also occur at the state level : state legislatures can impeach state officials , including governors , in accordance with their respective state constitutions . At the Philadelphia Convention , Benjamin Franklin noted that , historically , the removal of `` obnoxious '' chief executives had been accomplished by assassination . Franklin suggested that a proceduralized mechanism for legal removal -- impeachment -- would be preferable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Federal impeachment 1.1 House of Representatives 1.2 Senate 1.3 History 1.4 Federal officials impeached 1.5 Demands for impeachment 2 Impeachment in the states 2.1 State and territorial officials impeached 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Federal impeachment ( edit ) House of Representatives ( edit ) Impeachment proceedings may be commenced by a member of the House of Representatives on her or his own initiative , either by presenting a list of the charges under oath or by asking for referral to the appropriate committee . The impeachment process may be initiated by non-members . For example , when the Judicial Conference of the United States suggests a federal judge be impeached , a charge of actions constituting grounds for impeachment may come from a special prosecutor , the President , or state or territorial legislature , grand jury , or by petition . The type of impeachment resolution determines the committee to which it is referred . A resolution impeaching a particular individual is typically referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary . A resolution to authorize an investigation regarding impeachable conduct is referred to the House Committee on Rules , and then to the Judiciary Committee . The House Committee on the Judiciary , by majority vote , will determine whether grounds for impeachment exist . If the Committee finds grounds for impeachment , it will set forth specific allegations of misconduct in one or more articles of impeachment . The Impeachment Resolution , or Article ( s ) of Impeachment , are then reported to the full House with the committee 's recommendations . The House debates the resolution and may at the conclusion consider the resolution as a whole or vote on each article of impeachment individually . A simple majority of those present and voting is required for each article for the resolution as a whole to pass . If the House votes to impeach , managers ( typically referred to as `` House managers '' , with a `` lead House manager '' ) are selected to present the case to the Senate . Recently , managers have been selected by resolution , while historically the House would occasionally elect the managers or pass a resolution allowing the appointment of managers at the discretion of the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . These managers are roughly the equivalent of the prosecution / district attorney in a standard criminal trial . Also , the House will adopt a resolution in order to notify the Senate of its action . After receiving the notice , the Senate will adopt an order notifying the House that it is ready to receive the managers . The House managers then appear before the bar of the Senate and exhibit the articles of impeachment . After the reading of the charges , the managers return and make a verbal report to the House . Senate ( edit ) Depiction of the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson , in 1868 , Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding . The proceedings unfold in the form of a trial , with each side having the right to call witnesses and perform cross-examinations . The House members , who are given the collective title of managers during the course of the trial , present the prosecution case , and the impeached official has the right to mount a defense with his or her own attorneys as well . Senators must also take an oath or affirmation that they will perform their duties honestly and with due diligence . After hearing the charges , the Senate usually deliberates in private . The Constitution requires a two thirds super majority to convict a person being impeached . The Senate enters judgment on its decision , whether that be to convict or acquit , and a copy of the judgment is filed with the Secretary of State . Upon conviction in the Senate , the official is automatically removed from office and may also be barred from holding future office . The removed official is also liable to criminal prosecution . The President may not grant a pardon in the impeachment case , but may in any resulting criminal case . Beginning in the 1980s with Harry E. Claiborne , the Senate began using `` Impeachment Trial Committees '' pursuant to Senate Rule XI . These committees presided over the evidentiary phase of the trials , hearing the evidence and supervising the examination and cross-examination of witnesses . The committees would then compile the evidentiary record and present it to the Senate ; all senators would then have the opportunity to review the evidence before the chamber voted to convict or acquit . The purpose of the committees was to streamline impeachment trials , which otherwise would have taken up a great deal of the chamber 's time . Defendants challenged the use of these committees , claiming them to be a violation of their fair trial rights as well as the Senate 's constitutional mandate , as a body , to have `` sole power to try all impeachments . '' Several impeached judges sought court intervention in their impeachment proceedings on these grounds , but the courts refused to become involved due to the Constitution 's granting of impeachment and removal power solely to the legislative branch , making it a political question . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United Kingdom , impeachment was a procedure whereby a member of the House of Commons could accuse someone of a crime . If the Commons voted for the impeachment , a trial would then be held in the House of Lords . Unlike a bill of attainder , a law declaring a person guilty of a crime , impeachments did not require royal assent , so they could be used to remove troublesome officers of the Crown even if the monarch was trying to protect them . The monarch , however , was above the law and could not be impeached , or indeed judged guilty of any crime . When King Charles I was tried before the Rump Parliament of the New Model Army in 1649 he denied that they had any right to legally indict him , their king , whose power was given by God and the laws of the country , saying : `` no earthly power can justly call me ( who is your King ) in question as a delinquent ... no learned lawyer will affirm that an impeachment can lie against the King . '' While the House of Commons pronounced him guilty and ordered his execution anyway , the jurisdictional issue tainted the proceedings . With this example in mind , the delegates to the Philadelphia Convention chose to include an impeachment procedure in Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution which could be applied to any government official ; they explicitly mentioned the President to ensure there would be no ambiguity . Opinions differed , however , as to the reasons Congress should be able to initiate an impeachment . Initial drafts listed only treason and bribery , but George Mason favored impeachment for `` maladministration '' ( incompetence ) . James Madison argued that impeachment should only be for criminal behavior , arguing that a maladministration standard would effectively mean that the President would serve at the pleasure of the Senate . Thus the delegates adopted a compromise version allowing impeachment for `` treason , bribery and other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' The precise meaning of the phrase `` high crimes and misdemeanors '' is somewhat ambiguous ; some scholars , such as Kevin Gutzman , argue that it can encompass even non-criminal abuses of power . Whatever its theoretical scope , however , Congress traditionally regards impeachment as a power to use only in extreme cases . The House of Representatives has actually initiated impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789 . Two cases did not come to trial because the individuals had left office . Actual impeachments of 19 federal officers have taken place . Of these , 15 were federal judges : thirteen district court judges , one court of appeals judge ( who also sat on the Commerce Court ) , and one Supreme Court Associate Justice . Of the other four , two were Presidents , one was a Cabinet secretary , and one was a U.S. Senator . Of the 19 impeached officials , eight were convicted . One , former judge Alcee Hastings , was elected as a member of the United States House of Representatives after being removed from office . The 1797 impeachment of Senator William Blount of Tennessee stalled on the grounds that the Senate lacked jurisdiction over him . No other member of Congress has ever been impeached . The Constitution does give authority to the Senate and House , so that each body may expel its own members . ( see List of United States senators expelled or censured and List of United States Representatives expelled , censured , or reprimanded ) . Expulsion removes the individual from functioning as a representative or senator because of their misbehavior , but unlike impeachment , expulsion can not result in barring an individual from holding future office . Federal officials impeached ( edit ) # Date of Impeachment Accused Office Accusation ( s ) Result References July 7 , 1797 William Blount United States Senator ( Tennessee ) Conspiring to assist Britain in capturing Spanish territory Senate refused to accept impeachment of a Senator by the House of Representatives , instead expelling him from the Senate on their own authority March 2 , 1803 John Pickering Judge ( District of New Hampshire ) Drunkenness and unlawful rulings Removed on March 12 , 1804 March 12 , 1804 Samuel Chase Associate Justice ( Supreme Court of the United States ) Political bias and arbitrary rulings , promoting a partisan political agenda on the bench Acquitted on March 1 , 1805 April 24 , 1830 James H. Peck Judge ( District of Missouri ) Abuse of power Acquitted on January 31 , 1831 5 May 6 , 1862 West Hughes Humphreys Judge ( Eastern , Middle , and Western Districts of Tennessee ) Supporting the Confederacy Removed and disqualified on June 26 , 1862 6 February 24 , 1868 Andrew Johnson President of the United States Violating the Tenure of Office Act Acquitted on May 26 , 1868 7 February 28 , 1873 Mark W. Delahay Judge ( District of Kansas ) Drunkenness Resigned on December 12 , 1873 8 March 2 , 1876 William W. Belknap United States Secretary of War Graft / corruption Acquitted after his resignation on August 1 , 1876 . 9 December 13 , 1904 Charles Swayne Judge ( Northern District of Florida ) Failure to live in his district , abuse of power Acquitted on February 27 , 1905 10 July 11 , 1912 Robert Wodrow Archbald Associate Justice ( United States Commerce Court ) Judge ( Third Circuit Court of Appeals ) Improper acceptance of gifts from litigants and attorneys Removed and disqualified on January 13 , 1913 11 April 1 , 1926 George W. English Judge ( Eastern District of Illinois ) Abuse of power Resigned on November 4 , 1926 , proceedings dismissed on December 13 , 1926 12 February 24 , 1933 Harold Louderback Judge ( Northern District of California ) Corruption Acquitted on May 24 , 1933 13 March 2 , 1936 Halsted L. Ritter Judge ( Southern District of Florida ) Champerty / corruption , tax evasion , practicing law while a judge Removed on April 17 , 1936 14 July 22 , 1986 Harry E. Claiborne Judge ( District of Nevada ) Tax evasion Removed on October 9 , 1986 15 August 3 , 1988 Alcee Hastings Judge ( Southern District of Florida ) Accepting a bribe , and committing perjury during the resulting investigation Removed on October 20 , 1989 16 May 10 , 1989 Walter Nixon Chief Judge ( Southern District of Mississippi ) Perjury Removed on November 3 , 1989 17 December 19 , 1998 Bill Clinton President of the United States Perjury and obstruction of justice Acquitted on February 12 , 1999 18 June 19 , 2009 Samuel B. Kent Judge ( Southern District of Texas ) Sexual assault , and obstruction of justice during the resulting investigation Resigned on June 30 , 2009 , proceedings dismissed on July 22 , 2009 19 March 11 , 2010 Thomas Porteous Judge ( Eastern District of Louisiana ) Making false financial disclosures Removed and disqualified on December 8 , 2010 Demands for impeachment ( edit ) See also : Impeachment investigations of United States federal officials While the actual impeachment of a federal public official is a rare event , demands for impeachment , especially of presidents , are common , going back to the administration of George Washington in the mid-1790s . In fact , most of the 63 resolutions mentioned above were in response to presidential actions . While almost all of them were for the most part frivolous and were buried as soon as they were introduced , several did have their intended effect . Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon and Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas both resigned in response to the threat of impeachment hearings , and , most famously , President Richard Nixon resigned from office after the House Judiciary Committee had already reported articles of impeachment to the floor . Impeachment in the States ( edit ) State legislatures can impeach state officials , including governors . The court for the trial of impeachments may differ somewhat from the federal model -- in New York , for instance , the Assembly ( lower house ) impeaches , and the State Senate tries the case , but the members of the seven - judge New York State Court of Appeals ( the state 's highest , constitutional court ) sit with the senators as jurors as well . Impeachment and removal of governors has happened occasionally throughout the history of the United States , usually for corruption charges . A total of at least eleven U.S. state governors have faced an impeachment trial ; a twelfth , Governor Lee Cruce of Oklahoma , escaped impeachment conviction by a single vote in 1912 . Several others , most recently Alabama 's Robert J. Bentley , have resigned rather than face impeachment , when events seemed to make it inevitable . The most recent impeachment of a state governor occurred on January 14 , 2009 , when the Illinois House of Representatives voted 117 -- 1 to impeach Rod Blagojevich on corruption charges ; he was subsequently removed from office and barred from holding future office by the Illinois Senate on January 29 . He was the eighth U.S. state governor to be removed from office . The procedure for impeachment , or removal , of local officials varies widely . For instance , in New York a mayor is removed directly by the governor `` upon being heard '' on charges -- the law makes no further specification of what charges are necessary or what the governor must find in order to remove a mayor . State and territorial officials impeached ( edit ) Date Accused Office Result 1804 William W. Irvin Associate Judge , Fairfield County , Ohio Court of Common Pleas Removed 1832 Theophilus W. Smith Associate Justice , Illinois Supreme Court Acquitted February 26 , 1862 Charles L. Robinson Governor of Kansas Acquitted February 26 , 1862 John Winter Robinson Secretary of State of Kansas Removed on June 12 , 1862 February 26 , 1862 George S. Hillyer Kansas State auditor Removed on June 16 , 1862 1871 William Woods Holden Governor of North Carolina Removed 1871 David Butler Governor of Nebraska Removed February 1872 Harrison Reed Governor of Florida Acquitted 1872 Henry C. Warmoth Governor of Louisiana `` suspended from office , '' though trial was not held 1876 Adelbert Ames Governor of Mississippi Resigned 1888 James W. Tate Kentucky State Treasurer Removed 1901 David M. Furches Chief Justice , North Carolina Supreme Court Acquitted 1901 Robert M. Douglas Associate Justice , North Carolina Supreme Court Acquitted August 13 , 1913 William Sulzer Governor of New York Removed on October 17 , 1913 July 1917 James E. Ferguson Governor of Texas Removed October 23 , 1923 John C. Walton Governor of Oklahoma Removed January 21 , 1929 Henry S. Johnston Governor of Oklahoma Removed April 6 , 1929 Huey P. Long Governor of Louisiana Acquitted May 1958 Raulston Schoolfield Judge , Hamilton County , Tennessee Criminal Court Removed on July 11 , 1958 March 14 , 1984 Paul Douglas Nebraska Attorney General Acquitted by the Nebraska Supreme Court on May 4 , 1984 February 6 , 1988 Evan Mecham Governor of Arizona Removed on April 4 , 1988 March 30 , 1989 A. James Manchin West Virginia State treasurer Resigned on July 9 , 1989 before trial started January 25 , 1991 Ward `` Butch '' Burnette Kentucky Commissioner of Agriculture Resigned on February 6 , 1991 before trial started May 24 , 1994 Rolf Larsen Associate Justice , Pennsylvania Supreme Court Removed on October 4 , 1994 , and declared ineligible to hold public office in Pennsylvania October 6 , 1994 Judith Moriarty Secretary of State of Missouri Removed by the Missouri Supreme Court on December 12 , 1994 November 11 , 2004 Kathy Augustine Nevada State Controller Censured on December 4 , 2004 , not removed from office April 11 , 2006 David Hergert Member of the University of Nebraska Board of Regents Removed by the Nebraska Supreme Court on July 7 , 2006 January 8 , 2009 ( first vote ) Rod Blagojevich Governor of Illinois 95th General Assembly ended January 14 , 2009 ( second vote ) Removed on January 29 , 2009 , and declared ineligible to hold public office in Illinois February 11 , 2013 Benigno Fitial Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands Resigned on February 20 , 2013 See also ( edit ) Censure in the United States Efforts to impeach George W. Bush Impeachment investigations of United States federal officials Impeachment investigations of United States federal judges Jefferson 's Manual List of federal political scandals in the United States Recall election Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Removed and disqualified '' indicates that following conviction the Senate voted to disqualify the individual from holding further federal office pursuant to Article I , Section 3 of the United States Constitution , which provides , in pertinent part , that `` ( j ) udgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor , trust or profit under the United States . '' Jump up ^ During the impeachment trial of Senator Blount , it was argued that the House of Representatives did not have the power to impeach members of either House of Congress ; though the Senate never explicitly ruled on this argument , the House has never again impeached a member of Congress . The Constitution allows either House to expel one of its members by a two - thirds vote , which the Senate had done to Blount on the same day the House impeached him ( but before the Senate heard the case ) . Jump up ^ Judge Nixon later challenged the validity of his removal from office on procedural grounds ; the challenge was ultimately rejected as nonjusticiable by the Supreme Court in Nixon v. United States , 506 U.S. 224 ( 1993 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cole , J.P. ; Garvey , T. ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Impeachment and Removal '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Congressional Research Service . pp. 15 -- 16 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Erskine , Daniel H. ( 2008 ) . `` The Trial of Queen Caroline and the Impeachment of President Clinton : Law As a Weapon for Political Reform '' . Washington University Global Studies Law Review . 7 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1546 - 6981 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Constitution , Article 2 , Section 4 '' . usconstitution.net . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Constitution , Article 1 , Section 2 '' . usconstitution.net . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers ; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Constitution , Article 1 , Section 3 '' . usconstitution.net . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments . When sitting for that Purpose , they shall be on Oath or Affirmation . When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside : And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present . Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor , Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment , Trial , Judgment and Punishment , according to Law . Jump up ^ Josh Chafetz ( 2010 ) . `` Impeachment and Assassination '' . 95 . Minnesota Law Review . SSRN 1568950 Jump up ^ `` Rules of Procedure and Practice in the Senate When Sitting on Impeachment Trials '' ( PDF ) . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/3_1986SenatesImpeachmentRules.pdf Jump up ^ Welcome to The American Presidency ^ Jump up to : Staff ( n.d. ) . `` Chapter 4 : Complete List of Senate Impeachment Trials '' . United States Senate . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Joint Committee on Printing ( September 2006 ) . `` Impeachment Proceedings '' . Congressional Directory . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . ( Archived by WebCite ) ^ Jump up to : staff ( n.d. ) . `` Impeachments of Federal Judges '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : Senate Tries Supreme Court Justice '' . 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ PBS NewsHour ^ Jump up to : staff ( n.d. ) . `` Judges of the United States Courts -- Delahay , Mark W '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hinds ' Precedents , Volume 3 -- Chapter 78 -- The Impeachment and Trial of Charles Swayne '' . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Suzanne ( 2009 - 06 - 30 ) . `` White House accepts convicted judge 's resignation '' . AP . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Gamboa , Suzanne ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Congress ends jailed judge 's impeachment '' . AP . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Powell , Stewart ( 2009 - 06 - 19 ) . `` U.S. House impeaches Kent '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . In action so rare it has been carried out only 14 times since 1803 , the House on Friday impeached a federal judge -- imprisoned U.S. District Court Judge Samuel B. Kent ... CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Alpert , Bruce ; Jonathan Tilove ( 2010 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Senate votes to remove Judge Thomas Porteous from office '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alpert , Bruce ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Judge Thomas Porteous impeached by U.S. House of Representatives '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tentative description of a dinner given to promote the impeachment of President Dwight Eisenhower : ( poem ) by Lawrence Ferlinghetti ; City Lights Books : ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Clark , Richard C. ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) . `` McFadden 's Attempts to Abortababy the Federal Reserve System '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Though a Republican , he moved to impeach President Herbert Hoover in 1932 and introduced a resolution to bring conspiracy charges against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve . Jump up ^ `` National Affairs : Texan , Texan & Texan '' . Time . January 25 , 1932 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NYS Constitution , Article VI , § 24 Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2004 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Embattled Conn. governor resigns '' . AP . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` House votes to impeach Blagojevich again '' . Chicago Tribune . 2009 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bateman , Newton ; Paul Selby ; Frances M. Shonkwiler ; Henry L Fowkes ( 1908 ) . Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois . Chicago , IL : Munsell Publishing Company . p. 489 . ^ Jump up to : `` Impeachment of State Officials '' . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Blackmar , Frank ( 1912 ) . Kansas : A Cyclopedia of State History . Standard Publishing Co. p. 598 . Jump up ^ `` Letters Relating to the Efforts to Impeach Governor Harrison Reed During the Reconstruction Era '' . floridamemory.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` State Governors of Louisiana : Henry Clay Warmoth '' . Enlou.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : News & Observer : NC 's dark impeachment history by Rob Christensen Jump up ^ `` SULZER IMPEACHED BY ASSEMBLY BUT REFUSES TO SURRENDER OFFICE '' , Syracuse Herald , August 13 , 1913 , p1 Jump up ^ `` HIGH COURT REMOVES SULZER FROM OFFICE BY A VOTE OF 43 TO 12 '' , Syracuse Herald , October 17 , 1913 , p1 Jump up ^ Block , Lourenda ( 2000 ) . `` Permanent University Fund : Investing in the Future of Texas '' . TxTell ( University of Texas at Austin ) . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Official Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana , April 6 , 1929 pp. 292 -- 94 Jump up ^ `` Raulston Schoolfield , Impeached Judge , Dies '' . UPI . October 8 , 1982 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Impeachment Trial Finds Judge Guilty '' . AP . July 11 , 1958 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1984 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Attorney General is Impeached '' . AP . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1984 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Nebraskan Found Not Guilty '' . AP . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Lindsey ( 1988 - 02 - 06 ) . `` House Impeaches Arizona Governor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Lindsey ( 1988 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Arizona 's Senate Ousts Governor , Voting Him Guilty of Misconduct '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1989 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Impeachment in West Virginia '' . AP . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Anise C. ( 1989 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Treasurer of West Virginia Retires Over Fund 's Losses '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky House Votes To Impeach Jailed Official '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1991 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . The House voted unanimously Friday to impeach the agriculture commissioner six days after he began serving a one - year sentence for a payroll violation . Jump up ^ `` Jailed Official Resigns Before Impeachment Trial '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1991 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Kentucky 's commissioner of agriculture , serving a one - year jail sentence for felony theft , resigned Wednesday hours before his impeachment trial was scheduled to begin in the state Senate . Jump up ^ Hinds , Michael deCourcy ( 1994 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Pennsylvania House Votes To Impeach a State Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . A State Supreme Court justice convicted on drug charges was impeached today by the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . Jump up ^ Moushey , Bill ; Tim Reeves ( 1994 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Larsen Removed Senate Convicts Judge On 1 Charge '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Pittsburgh , PA USA . p . A1 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Rolf Larsen yesterday became the first justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to be removed from office through impeachment . The state Senate , after six hours of debate , found Larsen guilty of one of seven articles of impeachment at about 8 : 25 p.m , then unanimously voted to remove him permanently from office and bar him from ever seeking an elected position again . Jump up ^ Young , Virginia ( 1994 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Moriarty Is Impeached -- Secretary Of State Will Fight Removal '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis , MO USA . p. 1A . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . The House voted overwhelmingly Thursday to impeach Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty for misconduct that `` breached the public trust . '' The move , the first impeachment in Missouri in 26 years , came at 4 : 25 p.m. in a hushed House chamber . Jump up ^ Young , Virginia ; Kim Bell ( 1994 - 12 - 13 ) . `` High Court Ousts Moriarty '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis , MO . p. 1A . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . In a unanimous opinion Monday , the Missouri Supreme Court convicted Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty of misconduct and removed her from office . Jump up ^ Vogel , Ed ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Augustine impeached '' . Review - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Whaley , Sean ( 2004 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Senate lets controller keep job '' . Review - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Nate ( 2006 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Hergert impeached '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . With the last vote and by the slimmest of margins , the Legislature did to University of Nebraska Regent David Hergert Wednesday what it had n't done in 22 years -- move to unseat an elected official . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2006 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Hergert Convicted '' . WOWT - TV . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . University of Nebraska Regent David Hergert was convicted Friday of manipulating campaign - finance laws during his 2004 campaign and then lying to cover it up . The state Supreme Court ruling immediately removed Hergert , 66 , from office . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Illinois House impeaches Gov. Rod Blagojevich '' . AP . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mckinney , Dave ; Jordan Wilson ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Illinois House impeaches Gov. Rod Blagojevich '' . Chicago Sun - Times ' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Long , Ray ; Rick Pearson ( 2009 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Blagojevich is removed from office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Haidee V. Eugenio ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` CNMI governor impeached on 13 charges '' . Saipan Tribune . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Berger , Raoul ( 1999 ) . Impeachment : The Constitutional Problems . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674444782 . Black , Charles L. ( 1998 ) . Impeachment : A Handbook . Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300079500 . Lichtman , Allan J. ( 2017 ) , The Case for Impeachment , Dey Street Books , ISBN 978 - 0062696823 Sunstein , Cass R. ( 2017 ) . Impeachment : A Citizen 's Guide . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674983793 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Impeachment in the United States . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who tries the president if he is impeached	[ "At the federal level, Article Two of the United States Constitution states in Section 4 that \"The President, Vice President, and all civil Officers of the United States shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors.\"[3] The House of Representatives has the sole power of impeaching,[4] while the United States Senate has the sole power to try all impeachments.[5] The removal of impeached officials is automatic upon conviction in the Senate. In Nixon v. United States (1993), the Supreme Court determined that the federal judiciary cannot review such proceedings." ]	[ "the United States Senate" ]
5064152193102875031	Paul Ryan	Paul Ryan - wikipedia Paul Ryan Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Paul Ryan , see Paul Ryan ( disambiguation ) . Paul Ryan 54th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Incumbent Assumed office October 29 , 2015 President Barack Obama Donald Trump Preceded by John Boehner Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee In office January 3 , 2015 -- October 29 , 2015 Preceded by Dave Camp Succeeded by Sam Johnson ( Acting ) Chairman of the House Budget Committee In office January 3 , 2011 -- January 3 , 2015 Preceded by John Spratt Succeeded by Tom Price Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Wisconsin 's 1st district Incumbent Assumed office January 3 , 1999 Preceded by Mark Neumann Personal details Paul Davis Ryan Jr . ( 1970 - 01 - 29 ) January 29 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Janesville , Wisconsin , U.S. Nationality American Political party Republican Spouse ( s ) Janna Little ( m . 2000 ) Children Education Miami University Signature Website Speaker website House website This article is part of a series about Paul D. Ryan Romney -- Ryan campaign 2012 Vice Presidential candidacy The Speaker of the House U.S. Representative for Wisconsin 's 1st District The Path to Prosperity A Better Way Speakership election Electoral history Political positions Paul Davis Ryan Jr. ( / ˈraɪən / ; born January 29 , 1970 ) is an American politician who is the 54th and current Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . He was the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States , running alongside former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts , in the 2012 election . Ryan has served as the U.S. Representative for Wisconsin 's 1st congressional district since 1999 . He previously served as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee , from January 3 to October 29 , 2015 , and , before that , as Chairman of the House Budget Committee from 2011 to 2015 . Ryan , together with Democratic Senator Patty Murray , negotiated the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 . On October 29 , 2015 , Ryan was elected to replace John Boehner as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives following Boehner 's retirement , becoming the first person from Wisconsin to hold this position . He named lobbyist John David Hoppe as his Chief of Staff . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Early career 3 U.S. House of Representatives 3.1 Elections 3.2 Tenure 3.3 Committee assignments 3.4 Caucus memberships 3.5 Constituent services 4 2012 vice presidential campaign 5 Speaker of the House 5.1 2016 presidential election 5.2 115th Congress 6 Influence of the Objectivist philosophy of Ayn Rand 7 Political positions 8 Personal life 9 Awards and honors 10 Electoral history 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Early life and education Paul Davis Ryan Jr. was born in Janesville , Wisconsin , the youngest of four children of Elizabeth A. ( née Hutter ) , who later became an interior designer , and Paul Davis Ryan , a lawyer . He is a fifth - generation Wisconsinite . His father was of Irish ancestry and his mother of German and English ancestry . One of Ryan 's paternal ancestors settled in Wisconsin prior to the Civil War . His great - grandfather , Patrick William Ryan ( 1858 -- 1917 ) , founded an earthmoving company in 1884 , which later became P.W. Ryan and Sons and is now known as Ryan Incorporated Central . Ryan 's grandfather , Stanley M. Ryan ( 1898 -- 1957 ) , was appointed U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Wisconsin . Ryan attended St. Mary 's Catholic School in Janesville , where he played on the seventh - grade basketball team , then attended Joseph A. Craig High School , where he was elected president of his junior class , and thus became prom king . As class president Ryan was a representative of the student body on the school board . Following his second year , Ryan took a job working the grill at McDonald 's . He was on his high school 's ski , track , and varsity soccer teams and played basketball in a Catholic recreational league . He participated in several academic and social clubs including the Model United Nations . Ryan and his family often went on hiking and skiing trips to the Colorado Rocky Mountains . When he was 16 , Ryan found his 55 - year - old father lying dead in bed of a heart attack . Following the death of his father , Ryan 's grandmother moved in with the family . As she had Alzheimer 's , Ryan helped care for her while his mother commuted to college in Madison , Wisconsin . From the time of his father 's death until his 18th birthday , Ryan received Social Security survivors benefits , which were saved for his college education . His mother remarried , to Bruce Douglas . Ryan has a bachelor 's degree in economics and political science from Miami University in Oxford , Ohio , where he became interested in the writings of Friedrich Hayek , Ludwig von Mises , and Milton Friedman . He often visited the office of libertarian professor Richard Hart to discuss the theories of these economists and of Ayn Rand . Hart introduced Ryan to National Review , and with Hart 's recommendation Ryan began an internship in the D.C. office of Wisconsin Senator Bob Kasten where he worked with Kasten 's foreign affairs adviser . He attended the Washington Semester program at American University . Ryan worked summers as a salesman for Oscar Mayer and once got to drive the Wienermobile . Ryan was a member of the College Republicans , and volunteered for the congressional campaign of John Boehner . He was a member of the Delta Tau Delta social fraternity . Early career Betty Ryan reportedly urged her son to accept a congressional position as a legislative aide in Senator Kasten 's office , which he did after graduating in 1992 . In his early years working on Capitol Hill , Ryan supplemented his income by working as a waiter , as a fitness trainer , and at other jobs . A few months after Kasten lost to Democrat Russ Feingold in the November 1992 election , Ryan became a speechwriter for Empower America ( now FreedomWorks ) , a conservative advocacy group founded by Jack Kemp , Jeane Kirkpatrick , and William Bennett . Ryan later worked as a speechwriter for Kemp , the Republican vice presidential candidate in the 1996 United States presidential election . Kemp became Ryan 's mentor , and Ryan has said he had a `` huge influence '' . In 1995 , Ryan became the legislative director for then - U.S. Senator Sam Brownback of Kansas . In 1997 he returned to Wisconsin , where he worked for a year as a marketing consultant for the construction company Ryan Incorporated Central , owned by his relatives . U.S. House of Representatives Elections Ryan was first elected to the House in 1998 , winning the 1st District seat of Republican Mark Neumann , a two - term incumbent who had vacated his seat to make an unsuccessful bid for the U.S. Senate . Ryan won the Republican primary over 29 - year - old pianist Michael J. Logan of Twin Lakes , and the general election against Democrat Lydia Spottswood . This made him the second - youngest member of the House . Paul Ryan with Chairman of the Republican Party of Wisconsin Reince Priebus and his wife in 2008 Reelected eight times , Ryan has never received less than 55 percent of the vote . He defeated Democratic challenger Jeffrey C. Thomas in the 2000 , 2002 , 2004 , and 2006 elections . In the 2008 election , Ryan defeated Democrat Marge Krupp . In the 2010 general election , he defeated Democrat John Heckenlively and Libertarian Joseph Kexel . In 2012 , under Wisconsin election law , Ryan was allowed to run concurrently for vice president and for Congress and was not allowed to remove his name from the Congressional ballot after being nominated for the vice presidency . He faced Democratic nominee Rob Zerban . As of July 25 , 2012 , Ryan had over $5.4 million in his congressional campaign account , more than any other House member . He was reelected with 55 percent of his district 's vote and 44 percent of the vote in his hometown , Janesville . Zerban again challenged Ryan in the 2014 House election . Ryan won with 63 percent of his district 's vote . In the 2016 Republican primary election , Ryan faced businessman Paul Nehlen , who had been endorsed by Sarah Palin . Because of Nehlen 's support for Trump , Trump publicly thanked him on Twitter and later told The Washington Post that Nehlen was `` running a very good campaign '' , even though he did not endorse him . On August 5 , 2016 , Trump endorsed Ryan 's re-election after pressure from fellow Republican leaders . On the August 9 , 2016 primary election , Ryan overwhelmingly defeated Nehlen , taking over 84 percent of the vote . In the November general election , Ryan faced Democrat Ryan Solen and won with 65 percent of his district 's vote . Tenure Official U.S. Congress portrait of Ryan in 2013 . Ryan became the ranking Republican member of the House Budget Committee in 2007 , then chairman in 2011 after Republicans took control of the House . That same year he was selected to deliver the Republican response to the State of the Union address . During his 13 years in the House , Ryan was the primary sponsor of more than 70 bills or amendments , of which only two were enacted into law . One , passed in July 2000 , renamed a post office in Ryan 's district ; the other , passed in December 2008 , lowered the excise tax on arrow shafts . Ryan has also co-sponsored 975 bills , of which 176 have passed ; 22 % of these bills were originally sponsored by a Democrat . Ryan was a `` reliable supporter of the ( George W. Bush ) administration 's foreign policy priorities '' who voted for the 2002 Iraq Resolution , authorizing the 2003 invasion of Iraq . In 2010 , Ryan was a member of the bipartisan National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform ( Bowles - Simpson Commission ) , which was tasked with developing a plan to reduce the federal deficit . He voted against the final report of the commission . In 2012 , Ryan accused the nation 's top military leaders of using `` smoke and mirrors '' to remain under budget limits passed by Congress . Ryan later said that he misspoke on the issue and called General Martin Dempsey , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , to apologize for his comments . Committee assignments As Speaker of the House of Representatives , Ryan holds no chairmanship of any committee nor is he a member of any committee or subcommittee . Prior to his election , Ryan held the following assignments : Committee on Ways and Means ( Chairman ) Subcommittee on Health Caucus memberships House Republican Caucus Caucus of House Conservatives Republican Study Committee International Conservation Caucus Middle East Economic Partnership Caucus Prayer Caucus Sportsmen 's Caucus ( Co-Chair ) Constituent services In fiscal year 2008 , Ryan garnered $5.4 million in congressional earmarks for his constituency , including $3.28 million for bus service in Wisconsin , $1.38 million for the Ice Age Trail , and $735,000 for the Janesville transit system . In 2009 , he successfully advocated with the Department of Energy for stimulus funds for energy initiatives in his district . Other home district projects he has supported include a runway extension at the Rock County Airport , an environmental study of the Kenosha Harbor , firefighting equipment for Janesville , road projects in Wisconsin , and commuter rail and streetcar projects in Kenosha . In 2008 , Ryan pledged to stop seeking earmarks . Prior to that he had sought earmarks less often than other representatives . Taxpayers for Common Sense records show no earmarks supported by Ryan for fiscal years 2009 and 2010 . In 2012 , Ryan supported a request for $3.8 million from the Department of Transportation for a new transit center in Janesville , which city officials received in July . Ryan was an active member of a task force established by Wisconsin governor Jim Doyle that tried unsuccessfully to persuade GM to keep its assembly plant in Janesville open . He made personal contact with GM executives to try to convince them to save or retool the plant , offering GM hundreds of millions of dollars of taxpayer - funded incentives . Following the closure of factories in Janesville and Kenosha , constituents expressed dissatisfaction with Ryan 's voting history . During the 2011 Congressional summer break , Ryan held town hall meetings by telephone with constituents . The only public meetings Ryan attended in his district required an admission fee of at least $15 . In August 2011 , constituents in Kenosha and Racine protested when Ryan would not meet with them about economic and employment issues , after weeks of emailed requests from them . His Kenosha office locked its doors and filed a complaint with the police , who told the protesters that they were not allowed in Ryan 's office . Ryan maintains a mobile office to serve constituents in outlying areas . 2012 vice presidential campaign See also : Mitt Romney presidential campaign , 2012 and Republican Party vice presidential candidates , 2012 Mitt Romney with Paul Ryan after introducing him as his running mate , for the 2012 presidential election , in Norfolk , Virginia , on August 11 , 2012 Dan Balz of The Washington Post wrote that Ryan was promoted as a candidate for Vice President `` by major elements of the conservative opinion makers , including The Wall Street Journal editorial page , the Weekly Standard and the editor of National Review '' . On August 11 , 2012 , the Romney campaign officially announced Ryan as its choice for Vice President through its `` Mitt 's VP '' mobile app as well as by the social networking service Twitter , about 90 minutes before Romney 's in - person introduction . Before the official announcement in Norfolk , Virginia , it was reported that Romney made his decision , and offered the position to Ryan on August 1 , 2012 , the day after returning from a foreign policy trip through the United Kingdom , Poland and Israel . On August 11 , 2012 , Ryan formally accepted Romney 's invitation to join his campaign as his running mate , in front of the USS Wisconsin in Norfolk . Ryan is the first individual from Wisconsin as well as the first member of Generation X to run on a major party 's national ticket . Also in August 2012 , the Associated Press published a story saying that while the Tea Party movement had wanted a nominee other than Romney , it had gotten `` one of its ideological heroes '' in the Vice Presidential slot . According to the article , Ryan supports the Tea Party 's belief in `` individual rights , distrust of big government and an allegorical embrace of the Founding Fathers '' . According to a statistical - historical analysis conducted by Nate Silver , `` Ryan is the most conservative Republican member of Congress to be picked for the vice-presidential slot since at least 1900 '' and `` is also more conservative than any Democratic nominee ( for vice president who previously served in the Congress ) was liberal , meaning that he is the furthest from the center '' of any vice presidential candidate chosen from Congress since the turn of the 20th century . Political scientist Eric Schickler commented that while Ryan `` may well be the most conservative vice presidential nominee in decades , '' the NOMINATE methodology `` is not suited to making claims about the relative liberalism or conservatism of politicians '' over a long time span . A USA Today / Gallup poll found that 39 % thought Ryan was an `` excellent '' or `` pretty good '' vice presidential choice , compared to 42 % who felt he was a `` fair '' or `` poor '' choice . Ryan formally accepted his nomination at the 2012 Republican National Convention on August 29 , 2012 . In his acceptance speech , he promoted Mitt Romney as the presidential candidate , supported repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA ) , said that he and Romney had a plan to generate 12 million new jobs over the ensuing four years , and promoted founding principles as a solution : `` We will not duck the tough issues -- we will lead . We will not spend four years blaming others -- we will take responsibility . We will not try to replace our founding principles , we will reapply our founding principles . '' The speech was well received by the convention audience and praised for being well - delivered . Some fact - checkers purported that there were important factual omissions and that he presented details out of context . Conservative media ( including Jennifer Rubin of The Washington Post , the Investor 's Business Daily , and Fox News ) disputed some of the fact - checkers ' findings . Politifact.com rated 33 of Ryan 's statements which it suspected of being false or misleading as True : 10.5 % , Mostly True : 18 % , Half True : 21 % , Mostly False : 36 % , False : 9 % , and Pants on Fire : 6 % . On October 11 , 2012 , Ryan debated his Democratic counterpart , incumbent Vice President Joe Biden , in the only vice presidential debate of the 2012 election cycle . Romney and Ryan lost the 2012 presidential election , but Ryan retained his seat in the House of Representatives . Ryan attended the second inauguration of Barack Obama out of what he said was `` obligation '' , where he was booed by a group led by a lawyer with the Voting Section of the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division . Speaker of the House See also : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , October 2015 Speaker Ryan ( left ) shakes hands as he ascends to office following the retirement of Speaker John Boehner ( right ) . The Dalai Lama welcomed by Ryan and former Speaker Nancy Pelosi at a bipartisan lunch in the Rayburn Room of the U.S. Capitol in June 2016 King Salman of Saudi Arabia speaks with Ryan in April 2016 On October 8 , 2015 , a push by congressional Republicans to recruit Ryan to run to succeed John Boehner as Speaker of the House was initiated . Boehner had recently announced his resignation and stated his support for Kevin McCarthy to be his replacement , which received wide support among Republicans , including Ryan , who was set to officially nominate him . McCarthy withdrew his name from consideration on October 8 when it was apparent that the Freedom Caucus , a caucus of staunchly conservative House Republicans , would not support him . This led many Republicans to turn to Ryan as a compromise candidate . The push included a plea from Boehner , who reportedly told Ryan that he was the only person who could unite the House GOP at a time of turmoil . Ryan released a statement that said , `` While I am grateful for the encouragement I 've received , I will not be a candidate . '' But on October 9 , close aides of Ryan confirmed that Ryan had reconsidered , and was considering the possibility of a run . Ryan confirmed on October 22 that he would seek the speakership after receiving the endorsements of two factions of House Republicans , including the conservative Freedom Caucus . Ryan , upon confirming his bid for the speakership , stated , `` I never thought I 'd be speaker . But I pledged to you that if I could be a unifying figure , then I would serve -- I would go all in . After talking with so many of you , and hearing your words of encouragement , I believe we are ready to move forward as one , united team . And I am ready and eager to be our speaker . '' On October 29 , Ryan was elected Speaker with 236 votes . He is the youngest Speaker since James G. Blaine in 1875 . 2016 presidential election After Donald Trump became the presumptive Republican nominee in the 2016 presidential election on May 4 , 2016 , Ryan was hesitant to endorse him , stating on May 5 that he was `` not ready '' . Ryan and Trump met in private on May 12 , releasing a joint statement afterward , acknowledging their differences but stating `` we recognize that there are also many important areas of common ground . '' On June 2 , Ryan announced his support for Trump in an op - ed in The Janesville Gazette . The following day , June 3 , amid Trump 's criticism of Judge Gonzalo P. Curiel , Ryan said Trump 's critique `` just was out of left field for my mind , '' and voiced disagreement with him . On June 7 , Ryan disavowed Trump 's comments about Curiel because he believed they were `` the textbook definition of a racist comment '' . Nevertheless , Ryan continued to endorse Trump , believing that more Republican policies will be enacted under Donald Trump than presumptive Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton . On June 15 , after Kevin McCarthy stated during a conversation among Republicans , `` There 's two people I think Putin pays : Rohrabacher and Trump . '' Ryan stated , `` Swear to God ... No leaks . This is how we know we 're a real family here . '' On July 5 , after FBI Director James Comey advocated against pressing charges against Clinton for her email scandal , Ryan said Comey 's decision `` defies explanation '' and stated that `` ( d ) eclining to prosecute Secretary Clinton for recklessly mishandling and transmitting national security information will set a terrible precedent . '' Trump , after becoming the Republican presidential nominee , initially refused to endorse Ryan in his primary race for his congressional seat and `` signaled support for Mr. Ryan 's little - known primary opponent , Paul Nehlen '' on August 1 , 2016 . Nehlen had characterized Ryan 's congressional service as filled with `` cronyism and corruption . '' Trump did endorse Ryan later that week . Ryan easily won the Republican nomination in the primary election . Ryan shaking hands with President Trump prior to his address to a joint session of Congress on February 28 , 2017 . In October 2016 , following the Donald Trump Access Hollywood controversy , Ryan disinvited Trump from a scheduled campaign rally , and announced that he would no longer defend or support Trump 's presidential campaign but would focus instead on Congressional races . He also freed down - ticket congress members to use their own judgment about Trump , saying `` you all need to do what 's best for you and your district . '' Trump then went on to attack Ryan , accusing him and other `` disloyal '' Republicans of deliberately undermining his candidacy as part of `` a whole sinister deal '' . 115th Congress On February 7 , 2017 , Ryan told reporters a replacement for the Affordable Care Act would be introduced `` this year '' amid speculation President Trump would not act toward doing so until the following year . On March 9 , Ryan gave a 30 - minute lecture explaining the American Health Care Act . On March 30 , Ryan said that he did not intend to work with Democrats on a repeal of the Affordable Care Act , reasoning their involvement would lead to `` government running health care . '' On April 4 , Ryan confirmed renewed discussions of an Affordable Care Act replacement , but warned it was in the `` conceptual '' stages of its development , with an agreement not having been reached . Two days later , Ryan said `` real progress '' had been made by Republicans , who he stated had united behind `` a new amendment '' that included a program on risk - sharing . On May 3 , Ryan said the Republicans were nearing enough votes to replace and repeal the Affordable Care Act during an interview with Hugh Hewitt . The following day , the House narrowly voted for legislation to repeal the Affordable Care Act . On May 9 , Ryan said that `` a month or two '' would pass ahead of the Senate passing its own Affordable Care Act repeal and replacement legislation . During a news conference on May 18 , Ryan said Congress ' goal was `` calendared 2017 for tax reform '' and reported progress was being made in doing so . During a June 12 news conference , Ryan expressed support for sanctions on Russia : `` I 'm a Russia hawk . I believe in strong , bold Russia sanctions . We want to move this Russia sanctions bill . '' Influence of the objectivist philosophy of Ayn Rand At a 2005 Washington , D.C. gathering celebrating the 100th anniversary of Ayn Rand 's birth , Ryan has credited Rand with having inspired him to get involved in public service . In a speech that same year at the Atlas Society , he said he grew up reading Rand , and that her books taught him about his value system and beliefs . Ryan required staffers and interns in his congressional office to read Rand and gave copies of her novel Atlas Shrugged as gifts to his staff for Christmas . In his Atlas Society speech , he also described Social Security as a `` socialist - based system '' . In 2009 , Ryan said , `` What 's unique about what 's happening today in government , in the world , in America , is that it 's as if we 're living in an Ayn Rand novel right now . I think Ayn Rand did the best job of anybody to build a moral case of capitalism , and that morality of capitalism is under assault . '' In April 2012 , after receiving criticism from Georgetown University faculty members on his budget plan , Ryan rejected Rand 's philosophy as an atheistic one , saying it `` reduces human interactions down to mere contracts '' . He also called the reports of his adherence to Rand 's views an `` urban legend '' and stated that he was deeply influenced by his Roman Catholic faith and by Thomas Aquinas . Yaron Brook , executive director of the Ayn Rand Institute , maintains that Ryan is not a Rand disciple , and that some of his proposals do not follow Rand 's philosophy of limited government ; Brook refers to Ryan as a `` fiscal moderate '' . Political positions Main article : Political positions of Paul Ryan Ryan 's political positions are generally conservative , with a focus on fiscal policy . Ryan `` played a central role in nearly all '' the policy debates of the period 2010 - 2012 . Ryan subscribes to supply - side economics and supports tax cuts including eliminating the capital gains tax , the corporate income tax , the estate tax , and the Alternative Minimum Tax . Ryan supports deregulation , including the Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act of 1999 , which repealed some financial regulation of banks from the Glass -- Steagall Act of 1933 . During the economic recovery from the Great Recession of the late 2000s , Ryan supported the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) , which authorized the Treasury to purchase toxic assets from banks and other financial institutions , and the auto industry bailout ; Ryan opposed the Credit CARD Act of 2009 , which expanded consumer protections regarding credit card plans , and the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , which strengthened financial regulation . Ryan believes federal poverty reduction programs are ineffective and he supports cuts to welfare , child care , Pell Grants , food stamps , and other federal assistance programs . Ryan supports block granting Medicaid to the states and the privatization of social security and Medicare . Ryan supported the Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit and opposes the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) , also known as `` Obamacare . '' Ryan supported the American Health Care Act of 2017 ( AHCA ) , the 2017 House Republican plan to repeal and replace the ACA . In 2012 , The New York Times said Ryan was `` his party 's most forceful spokesman for cutting entitlement spending . '' Ryan 's non-fiscal policy positions were subject to additional national attention with his 2012 candidacy for Vice President . Ryan is pro-life and opposes abortion rights . Ryan opposed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 , which bolstered women 's rights to equal pay for equal work . Ryan supports civil unions and opposes same - sex marriage . Ryan supports school vouchers , and supported the No Child Left Behind Act in 2001 and its repeal the Every Student Succeeds Act in 2015 . Ryan is unsure , and believes climate scientists are unsure , of the impact of human activity on climate change . Ryan supports tax incentives for the petroleum industry and opposes them for renewable energy . Ryan supports gun rights and opposes stricter gun control . Ryan supported the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . Personal life Ryan with his wife and family on the Speaker 's balcony at the U.S. Capitol , following his election in October 2015 . Ryan married Janna Little , a tax attorney , in 2000 . Little , a native of Oklahoma , is a graduate of Wellesley College and George Washington University Law School . Her cousin is former Democratic Representative Dan Boren ( D - OK ) . The Ryans live in the Courthouse Hill Historic District of Janesville , Wisconsin . They have three children : Liza , Charles , and Sam . A Roman Catholic , Ryan is a member of St. John Vianney Catholic Church in Janesville . Due to a family history of fatal heart attacks before age 60 , Ryan pursues an intense cross-training fitness program called P90X . Ryan has always been a fitness enthusiast and was a personal trainer when he came out of college . About P90X , he said , `` It works because it 's called muscle confusion . It hits your body in many different ways . Pull - ups , push - ups , sit - ups , lots of cardio , karate , jump training . It has results , it works . It 's a good workout . '' In a 2010 Politico interview he said that he weighed 163 pounds and maintained his body fat percentage between 6 and 8 % . Tony Horton , creator of P90X , who has personally trained Ryan many times , reiterated the claim saying , `` He is very , very , very lean . I know what 6 to 8 percent body fat looks like , and there 's no fat anywhere on the man . I 'm around 9 percent and he 's much leaner than I am . He 's easily 6 to 8 percent body fat . You just have to eat right and exercise every day , and that 's what he does . '' In a radio interview Ryan claimed he had once run a marathon in under three hours ; he later stated that he forgot his actual time and was just trying to state what he thought was a normal time . His one official marathon time is recorded as slightly over four hours . Awards and honors 2004 , 2010 -- Guardian of Small Business Award , National Federation of Independent Business 2008 -- Defending the American Dream Award , Americans for Prosperity , Wisconsin chapter 2009 -- Manufacturing Legislative Excellence Award , National Association of Manufacturers 2009 -- Honorary Degree , Miami University 2010 -- Legislator of the Year Award , International Franchise Association 2011 -- Statesmanship Award , Claremont Institute 2011 -- Fiscy Award for responsible financial stewardship and fiscal discipline in government . 2011 -- Leadership Award , Jack Kemp Foundation 2011 -- Freedom and Prosperity Award , Mason Contractors Association of America 2012 -- Chair , Honorary Board of the Archery Trade Association 2014 -- Alexander Hamilton Award , Manhattan Institute for Policy Research Electoral history See also : Electoral history of Paul Ryan Year Office District Democratic Republican Other 1998 U.S. House of Representatives Wisconsin 1st District Lydia Spottswood 43 % Paul Ryan 57 % 2000 U.S. House of Representatives Wisconsin 1st District Jeffrey Thomas 33 % Paul Ryan 67 % 2002 U.S. House of Representatives Wisconsin 1st District Jeffrey Thomas 31 % Paul Ryan 67 % George Meyers ( L ) 2 % U.S. House of Representatives Wisconsin 1st District Jeffrey Thomas 33 % Paul Ryan 65 % 2006 U.S. House of Representatives Wisconsin 1st District Jeffrey Thomas 37 % Paul Ryan 63 % 2008 U.S. House of Representatives Wisconsin 1st District Marge Krupp 35 % Paul Ryan 64 % Joseph Kexel ( L ) 1 % U.S. House of Representatives Wisconsin 1st District John Heckenlively 30 % Paul Ryan 68 % Joseph Kexel ( L ) 2 % 2012 U.S. House of Representatives Wisconsin 1st District Rob Zerban 43 % Paul Ryan 55 % Keith Deschler ( L ) 2 % 2012 Vice President of the United States United States of America Joe Biden 51 % Paul Ryan 47 % James P. Gray ( L ) 1 % 2014 U.S. House of Representatives Wisconsin 1st District Rob Zerban 37 % Paul Ryan 63 % 2015 Speaker U.S. House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi 42 % Paul Ryan 54 % Daniel Webster ( R ) 2 % 2016 U.S. House of Representatives Wisconsin 1st District Ryan Solen 30 % Paul Ryan 65 % Spencer Zimmerman ( I ) 3 % References Jump up ^ Rucker , Philip ; Balz , Dan ( August 10 , 2012 ) . `` Romney picks Paul Ryan as running mate '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mardell , Mark ( August 11 , 2012 ) . `` Republican Romney names Paul Ryan as running mate '' . BBC News . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Erik Wasson ; Russell Berman ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Ryan budget deal gets positive review at closed - door Republican conference '' . The Hill . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Murray and Ryan Introduce Bipartisan Budget - Conference Agreement '' . House of Representatives Committee on the Budget . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . 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Opensecrets.org . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kane , Paul ; Sonmez , Felicia ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan : ' immensely proud ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Craig Gilbert . `` Paul Ryan 's very mixed election day in Wisconsin '' Archived June 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , November 8 , 2012 ; retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Behm , Don ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Congressman Paul Ryan re-elected to 9th term '' . Milwaukee - Wisconsin Journal Sentinel . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Statewide Results General Election '' . Wisconsin Secretary of State . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Vries , Karl ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Palin will work to defeat Ryan in primary for Trump stance '' . CNN . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corasaniti , Nick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Refuses to Endorse Paul Ryan and John McCain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fandos , Nicholas ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Ryan 's Rival , a Long Shot , Tries to Gain an Edge From Donald Trump 's Praise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Alexandra ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Ryan Primary Opponent at Heart of Proxy War Between Trump and GOP '' . NBC News . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bash , Dana ; Diamond , Jeremy ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Endorses Paul Ryan , John McCain '' . CNN . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Partisan Primary '' . Wisconsin Government Accountability Board . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Craig ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Despite late drama , Ryan easily beats Nehlen '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Results '' . The New York Times . November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jay Newton - Small , Is Wisconsin 's Paul Ryan Too Bold for the GOP ? , Time , September 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cillizza , Chris ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` Afternoon Fix : Paul Ryan to deliver State of the Union response ; Evan Bayh joins private equity firm '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , David . `` Bills Passed by Paul Ryan '' . snopes.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dylan Matthews , Paul Ryan 's non-budget policy record , in one post , The Washington Post , August 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : David A. Fahrenthold , Paul Ryan , Republican vice presidential candidate , has a complicated record with little compromise , The Washington Post , August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alex Seitz - Wald , `` Romney owns the Ryan plan '' , salon.com , August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Bendery , Paul Ryan Only Passed 2 Bills Into Law In More Than A Decade , The Huffington Post , August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Search Bills in Congress '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jamie Crawford , `` Ryan 's foreign policy views shaped by his budget battles '' , cnn.com , August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Chait , `` The Legendary Paul Ryan '' , New York Magazine , April 29 , 2012 ; retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Budget chairman questions whether generals truthful on defense budget '' , The Washington Post . Associated Press . March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Larry ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Key congressman questions generals ' testimony '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Killough , Ashley . `` Rep. Paul Ryan : ' I really misspoke ' '' , CNN.com , April 1 , 2012 . 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Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Alicia Abercrombie , `` Protesters ask Ryan for meeting about job creation , '' ( Racine ) Journal Times , August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brendan Fischer , `` Paul Ryan 's Office Locks the Door on Unemployed Constituents '' , PRWatch.org , Center for Media and Democracy , August 25 , 2011 ; retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reid J. Epstein , `` Talk to Paul Ryan ? It 'll cost you '' , Politico.com , August 16 , 2011 ; retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jason Stein , `` Protesters at Ryan 's Kenosha office kept out of building '' , Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , August 24 , 2011 ; retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mobile Office '' . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Balz , Romney shakes the race with pick of Ryan , The Washington Post , August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Mitt Romney 's VP app needs new purpose '' . politico.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Kasie . `` Mitt Romney Announces Paul Ryan As Vice Presidential Running Mate '' . The Huffington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Parkinson ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` How Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan Tricked the Press '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Zeleny , Jeff ; Rutenberg , Jim . `` Mitt Romney Names Paul Ryan as Running Mate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan joins host of Wisconsin politicians in U.S. limelight , Wisconsin State - Journal , August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Josh ( August 19 , 2012 ) . `` How much will Paul Ryan influence Generation X ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . There is no consensus definition of Generation X , but it comprises the post-baby boom generation , born roughly between the mid-1960s and early - 1980s . As such , Ryan is the first clear - cut , indisputable member of this demographic to run on a presidential ticket . Jump up ^ `` Tea party gets its man in Paul Ryan for vice president '' . Boston Herald . Associated Press . August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nate Silver , `` A Risky Rationale Behind Romney 's Choice of Ryan '' , The New York Times , August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles Mahtesian , How conservative is Paul Ryan ? , politico.com , August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Catalina Camia , USAT / Gallup Poll : Paul Ryan gets low marks for VP , USA Today , August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bacon , John ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Ryan accepts Republican nod for VP '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Ryan 's Republican National Convention Speech -- Excerpts '' . National Journal . August 29 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Karen Tumulty ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan promises GOP ' wo n't duck the tough issues '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Paul Ryan Republican speech ' contained errors ' '' . BBC News . August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Ryan 's acceptance speech at the Republican convention contained several false claims and misleading statements '' , factcheck.org , August 2012 ; accessed May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FACT CHECK : Convention speakers stray from reality '' . Jump up ^ `` Facts Take a Beating in Acceptance Speeches '' . The New York Times . August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Helderman , Rosalind ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Bitter campaign and its rhetoric bring fact checkers to the center of debate '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Jenifer , Ryan freaks out Obamaland , The Washington Post , August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Investor 's Business Daily , The Media 's ' Fact Check ' Smokescreen , August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosen , James , Fact Check : Paul Ryan 's convention address , Fox News Channel , August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Ryan 's file '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sparks fly as Biden , Ryan face off in feisty vice presidential debate '' . Fox News Channel . October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full Transcript of the Vice-Presidential Debate '' . The New York Times . October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gregory Korte ; Jackie Kucinich ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan loses vice presidential bid , keeps House seat '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan loses VP but wins re-election in Wisconsin '' . Fox News Channel . Associated Press . January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caroline May ( January 21 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan Booed at inauguration '' . Daily Caller . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Catalina Carnia ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Ryan : Going to inauguration is ' my obligation ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Ryan Attends Inauguration '' . News Hour . Public Broadcasting Service . 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jim Treacher ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Meet Daniel J. Freeman , the Justice Dept . lawyer who booed Paul Ryan at the Inauguration '' . Daily Caller . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hans A. Spakovsky ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` About that DOJ Lawyer Who Booed Paul Ryan '' . National Review . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Louise Boyle ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` It could all have been so different ! Former VP candidate Paul Ryan BOOED by crowds at Obama 's inauguration '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Costa , Robert ; Helderman , Rosalind S. ; DeBonis , Mike ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy drops out of race for House speaker '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ; Herszenhorn , David M. ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin McCarthy Drops Out of House Speaker Race , Creating G.O.P. Chaos '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slack , Donovan ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Rep. Paul Ryan on House speaker 's job : Thanks , but no thanks '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wooing Chairman Ryan : Paul Ryan remains on sidelines as House GOP looks to regroup '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Ryan considering running for speaker '' . CNN . October 9 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Paul Ryan Will Seek to Become House Speaker '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Paul Ryan goes all in : ' I am ready and eager to be our speaker ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Ryan 's winning pitch to House Republicans '' . CNN . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Paul Ryan Is Elected House Speaker , Hoping to Manage Chaos '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Downs , Rebecca . `` Paul Ryan elected youngest Speaker of the House since 1875 '' . redalertpolitics.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ; Burns , Alexander ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Ryan Says He Is ' Not Ready ' to Endorse Donald Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump , Ryan tout unity in wake of meeting '' . CNN . May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Ryan endorses Donald Trump '' . CNN . June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan , Clinton slam Trump over racial criticism of judge '' . CNN . June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Deirdre Walsh ; Raju , Manu . `` Ryan : Trump 's ' textbook definition of a racist comment ' '' . CNN . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Entous , Adam ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` House majority leader to colleagues in 2016 : `` ' I think Putin pays ' Trump '' `` . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Collins , Eliza ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Ryan , GOP officials blast Clinton over FBI email findings '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Corasaniti , Nick . `` Donald Trump Refuses to Endorse Paul Ryan and John Mccain '' . NYT . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Madden , Nate . `` Meet Paul Nehlen '' . Conservative Review . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bash , Dana ; Acosta , Jim ; Diamond , Jeremy ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Endorses Paul Ryan , John McCain '' . CNN . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Westfall , Julie ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Pence , too , is out at Wisconsin event with Paul Ryan '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Manu Raju , Deirdre Walsh and Kevin Liptak . `` Paul Ryan said he wo n't defend Donald Trump '' . CNN . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Trump intensifies attacks on Ryan with four weeks left until Election Day '' . Reuters . October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump 's Hill surrogates : Stop attacking Ryan '' . Politico . October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Deirde ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan insists Obamacare replacement will pass this year '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Walsh , Deirdre . `` Paul Ryan 's TED talk ignores conservative split on GOP health care bill '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Howell , Jr. , Tom ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Speaker Ryan rules out working with Democrats on health care '' . Washington Times . Jump up ^ `` Speaker Ryan : Revived health care talks still in ' conceptual stage ' '' . Washington Times . April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Republicans consider adding risk - sharing program to health care bill '' . CBS News . April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Louis ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Paul Ryan : We 're ' extremely close ' to having the votes to pass Obamacare repeal '' . Politico . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 1628 - American Health Care Act of 2017 '' . www.congress.gov . May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Louis ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan predicts Senate will pass Obamacare repeal in ' a month or two ' '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Bade , Rachael ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan : Tax reform is happening in 2017 '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Kelly , Erin ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Paul Ryan : Russian meddling in U.S. election is ' absolutely unacceptable ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Frel , Jan ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` Ryan 's Ayn Rand obsession '' . AlterNet . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Hal ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Why does the right wing worship Ayn Rand ? '' . Indy Week . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Craig ( April 25 , 2009 ) . `` Ryan shines as GOP seeks vision ; His youth , talent , conservative politics excite party leaders '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Atlas Society , `` Paul Ryan And Ayn Rand 's Ideas : In The Hot Seat Again '' , April 30 , 2012 ; retrieved August 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Elspeth Reeve , `` Audio Surfaces of Paul Ryan 's Effusive Love of Ayn Rand '' , The Atlantic , April 30 , 2012 ; retrieved August 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mayer , Jane ( August 11 , 2012 ) . `` Ayn Rand Joins the Ticket '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Christopher Beam ( December 26 , 2010 ) . `` The Trouble With Liberty '' . New York . Jump up ^ Kaczynski , Andrew ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan 's Ayn Rand Moment '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ungar , Rick ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Ryan Now Rejects Ayn Rand - Will The Real Paul Ryan Please Come Forward ? '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Ryan Shrugged '' . National Review Online . Jump up ^ Brook , Yaron ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan Is No Ayn Rand Disciple : He 's a Fiscal Moderate '' . capitalism.aynrand.org . aynrand.org . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Steinhauer , Jennifer ; Rutenberg , Jim ; McIntire , Mike ; Gay Stolbergaug , Sheryl ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` Conservative Star 's Small - Town Roots '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ambinder , Marc ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` If Paul Ryan 's Roadmap Is the Republican Way , Why Are n't Republicans Driving on it ? '' . The Atlantic . ^ Jump up to : Von Drehle , David ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` Paul Ryan : The Prophet '' . Time . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Paul ( January 2010 ) . `` A Roadmap for America 's Future ( version 2.0 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Getting to know VP candidate Paul Ryan '' . MSNBC. April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Ryan built ' clear - minded ' reputation as policy point - person , despite ' extreme ' label '' . Fox News . August 11 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Paul ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Wall Street `` Reform '' Just More Crony Capitalism `` . RealClearPolitics . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The War on Poverty : 50 Years Later '' . Budget Committee of the House of Representatives . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mascaro , Lisa ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` Rep. Paul Ryan calls for cuts in anti-poverty programs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Ryan Gets Serious About Poverty '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( April 29 , 2012 ) . `` The Legendary Paul Ryan '' . New York . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Stephen F. ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` Man with a Plan '' . The Weekly Standard . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Suevon ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Where the Candidates Stand on Medicare and Medicaid '' . Scientific American . ProPublica . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ; Pear , Robert ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` House Passes Measure to Repeal and Replace the Affordable Care Act '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , MJ ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` House Republicans pass bill to repeal and replace Obamacare '' . CNN . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pear , Robert ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` As Ryan Looks to Focus on Economy , Spotlight Shines on His Other Views '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Michelle ( August 11 , 2012 ) , `` Paul Ryan 's Extreme Abortion Views '' , The Daily Beast , retrieved August 16 , 2012 Jump up ^ Homan , Timothy R. & Walsh , Steve ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Ryan 's Record of Abortion Opposition Consistent With Akin 's '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Abdullah , Halimah ; Brennan , Allison ( October 20 , 2012 ) . `` Obama , Romney equal on gender pay inequality '' . CNN . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Falone , Michael ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Romney Campaign Wavers On Lilly Ledbetter Act '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( August 12 , 2012 ) , `` Five issues where Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan differ '' , The Washington Post , retrieved August 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ Strauss , Valerie ( August 11 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan on education policy : vouchers , for - profit colleges , local control '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Layton , Lyndsey ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Obama signs new K - 12 education law that ends No Child Left Behind '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Confessore , Nicholas ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Ryan has Kept Close Ties to Donors on the Right '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Worland , Justin ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Paul Ryan Says Humans May Not Cause Climate Change '' . Time . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Efstathiou , Jr. , Jim ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Ryan Energy Views Seen Easing Conservatives ' Worries '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Ted ; Cohen , Tom ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Senate rejects budget measure containing medicare overhaul '' . CNN . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Jamie ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` Ryan 's foreign policy views shaped by his budget battles '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Saulny , Susan ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` For the Ryans , a Union Across Political Lines '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Krissah Thompson ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` Janna Ryan steps lightly into national spotlight '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Emily Anne ( August 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wisconsin full - time mom thrust into the vice presidential spotlight '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burke , Daniel ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan , Joe Biden : A tale of two Catholics '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Janice Lloyd , `` Mitt Romney 's running mate Paul Ryan could run circles around most of us in the gym , '' USA Today . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Mike ( March 27 , 2010 ) . `` Interview with Paul Ryan '' . Politico . Youtube . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spector , Dina ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan Can Thank This 54 - Year - Old Man For His Ripped Body '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gifford , Bill ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan , Ubermensch '' . Slate . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Ryan Interview '' . hughhewitt.com . August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wing , Nick ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan Explains Marathon Time Snafu : I Made Up What I Thought Was ' An Ordinary Time ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Ryan 's marathon lie '' . Salon . September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Ryan Has Not Run Sub-3 : 00 Marathon '' . Runner 's World . August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFIB declares Ryan a ' Guardian of Small Business ' '' . October 14 , 2004 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Members of Congress Honored as Guardians of Small Business by NFIB '' ( Press release ) . National Federation of Independent Business . September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bottari , Mary ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan : Bankrolled by the Banksters , the Privatizers , and the Kochs '' . PR Watch . Center for Media and Democracy . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Paul Ryan Honored for Supporting the Manufacturing Agenda '' . The Janesville Gazette . March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Driehaus , Oxley , Ryan to receive honorary degrees from Miami U . '' . Cincinnati Business Courier . May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Lincoln and Rep. Ryan Selected as 2010 Legislators of the Year During Annual IFA Legislative Conference '' ( Press release ) . International Franchise Association . September 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Claremont Institute 's Dinner in Honor of Sir Winston Churchill '' . Claremont Institute . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Kent Conrad , Rep. Paul Ryan and Gov. Mitch Daniels Named as the 2011 Fiscy Award Recipients '' ( Press release ) . The Fiscy Awards Committee . December 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Gov. Daniels wins fiscal responsibility award '' . Associated Press . January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Ryan honored by Jack Kemp Foundation '' . The Washington Post . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keelen , Matthew B. ; Falencki , Michael J. ( June 2011 ) . `` MCAA Legislative Conference Recap '' . Masonry Magazine . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ATA NEWS AND RESOURCES ON CONGRESSMAN PAUL RYAN '' ( Press release ) . August 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Hamilton 2014 Award Dinner '' . Manhattan Institute . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Further reading Works about Ryan Klein , Ezra ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wonkbook : Everything you need to know about Paul Ryan '' . The Washington Post . ProPublica ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan Reading Guide : The Best Reporting on the VP Candidate '' . ProPublica . Mitchell , Daniel ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` What 's Really in the Ryan Budget '' . The Wall Street Journal . Serafini , Marilyn Werber ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Primer : How Paul Ryan Proposes To Change Medicare '' . PBS NewsHour . Semuels , Alana ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan now says his office requested stimulus funds '' . Los Angeles Times . Works by Ryan Ryan , Paul ( 2014 ) . The Way Forward : Renewing the American Idea . Twelve . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4555 - 5756 - 1 . Cantor , Eric ; Ryan , Paul ; McCarthy , Kevin ( 2010 ) . Young Guns : A New Generation of Conservative Leaders . New York : Threshold Editions . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 0734 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Ryan , Paul D. ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Thirty Years Later , a Return to Stagflation '' . The New York Times . Ryan , Paul D. ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` A GOP Road Map for America 's Future '' . The Wall Street Journal . Ryan , Paul D. ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` The GOP Path to Prosperity '' . The Wall Street Journal . External links U.S. Rep. Paul Ryan . Congressman Paul Ryan official U.S. House site Paul Ryan for U.S. Congress official campaign site Appearances on C - SPAN Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Profile at Project Vote Smart Financial information ( federal office ) at the Federal Election Commission Legislation sponsored at The Library of Congress Congressional Record Indices for Rep. Paul Ryan at THOMAS.gov Paul Ryan , Wisconsin Historical Society Offices and distinctions U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by Mark Neumann Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Wisconsin 's 1st congressional district January 3 , 1999 -- present Incumbent Preceded by John Spratt Chair of the House Budget Committee 2011 -- 2015 Succeeded by Tom Price Preceded by Dave Camp Chair of the House Ways and Means Committee 2015 Succeeded by Sam Johnson Acting Preceded by Ron Wyden Chair of the Joint Taxation Committee 2015 Party political offices Preceded by Bob McDonnell Response to the State of the Union address 2011 Succeeded by Mitch Daniels Preceded by Sarah Palin Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States 2012 Succeeded by Mike Pence Preceded by John Boehner House Republican Leader 2015 -- present Incumbent Political offices Preceded by John Boehner Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives 2015 -- present Incumbent Current U.S. order of precedence ( ceremonial ) Preceded by Governor of state in which event is held Current U.S. Order of Precedence as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Succeeded by John Roberts as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Preceded by Otherwise Mike Pence as Vice President Current U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by Mike Pence as Vice President Currently second in line as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Succeeded by Orrin Hatch as President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate Articles related to Paul Ryan Wisconsin 's delegation ( s ) to the 106th -- 115th United States Congresses ( ordered by seniority ) 106th Senate : H. Kohl R. Feingold House : D. Obey J. Sensenbrenner T. Petri J. Kleczka R. Kind T. Baldwin M. Green P. Ryan 107th Senate : H. Kohl R. Feingold House : D. Obey J. Sensenbrenner T. Petri J. Kleczka R. Kind T. Baldwin M. Green P. Ryan 108th Senate : H. Kohl R. Feingold House : D. Obey J. Sensenbrenner T. Petri J. Kleczka R. Kind T. Baldwin M. Green P. Ryan 109th Senate : H. Kohl R. Feingold House : D. Obey J. Sensenbrenner T. Petri R. Kind T. Baldwin M. Green P. Ryan G. Moore 110th Senate : H. Kohl R. Feingold House : D. Obey J. Sensenbrenner T. Petri R. Kind T. Baldwin P. Ryan G. Moore S. Kagen 111th Senate : H. Kohl R. Feingold House : D. Obey J. Sensenbrenner T. Petri R. Kind T. Baldwin P. Ryan G. Moore S. Kagen 112th Senate : H. Kohl R. Johnson House : J. Sensenbrenner T. Petri R. Kind T. Baldwin P. Ryan G. Moore S. Duffy R. Ribble 113th Senate : R. Johnson T. Baldwin House : J. Sensenbrenner T. Petri R. Kind P. Ryan G. Moore S. Duffy R. Ribble M. Pocan 114th Senate : R. Johnson T. Baldwin House : J. Sensenbrenner R. Kind P. Ryan G. Moore S. Duffy R. Ribble M. Pocan G. Grothman 115th Senate : R. Johnson T. Baldwin House : J. Sensenbrenner R. Kind P. Ryan G. Moore S. Duffy M. Pocan G. Grothman M. Gallagher Wisconsin 's current delegation to the United States Congress Senators Ron Johnson ( R ) Tammy Baldwin ( D ) Representatives ( ordered by district ) Paul Ryan ( R ) Mark Pocan ( D ) Ron Kind ( D ) Gwen Moore ( D ) Jim Sensenbrenner ( R ) Glenn Grothman ( R ) Sean Duffy ( R ) Mike Gallagher ( R ) Other states ' delegations Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Non ‐ voting : American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Muhlenberg Trumbull Dayton Sedgwick Macon Varnum Clay Cheves Taylor Barbour Stevenson Bell Polk Hunter White Jones Davis Winthrop Cobb Boyd Banks Orr Pennington Grow Colfax Pomeroy Blaine Kerr Randall Keifer Carlisle Reed Crisp Henderson Cannon Clark Gillett Longworth Garner Rainey Byrns Bankhead Rayburn Martin McCormack Albert O'Neill Wright Foley Gingrich Hastert Pelosi Boehner Ryan Current leadership of the United States House of Representatives Speaker : Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority ( Republican ) Minority ( Democratic ) Kevin McCarthy ( Leader ) Steve Scalise ( Whip ) Cathy McMorris Rodgers ( Conference Chair ) Doug Collins ( Conference Vice Chair ) Jason Smith ( Conference Secretary ) Luke Messer ( Policy Committee Chair ) Steve Stivers ( Campaign Committee Chair ) Patrick McHenry ( Chief Deputy Whip ) Nancy Pelosi ( Leader ) Steny Hoyer ( Whip ) Jim Clyburn ( Assistant Leader ) Joe Crowley ( Caucus Chair ) Linda Sánchez ( Caucus Vice Chair ) Cheri Bustos , David Cicilline , Hakeem Jeffries ( Policy / Communications Committee Co-Chairs ) Ben Luján ( Campaign Committee Chair ) Rosa DeLauro , Eric Swalwell ( Steering / Policy Committee Co-Chairs ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( James Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Tom Price ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was recently selected to serve as the speaker of the house of representatives	[ "Paul Davis Ryan Jr. (/ˈraɪən/; born January 29, 1970) is an American politician who is the 54th and current Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He was the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States, running alongside former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts, in the 2012 election.[1][2]" ]	[ "Paul Davis Ryan Jr." ]
1727471943321790558	Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 8)	Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 8 ) - wikipedia Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 8 ) . Hawaii Five - 0 ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Starring Alex O'Loughlin Scott Caan Meaghan Rath Jorge Garcia Taylor Wily Dennis Chun Kimee Balmilero Chi McBride Beulah Koale Ian Anthony Dale Country of origin United States No. of episodes 15 Release Original network CBS Original release September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) episodes The eighth season of the CBS police procedural drama series Hawaii Five - 0 premiered on September 29 , 2017 for the 2017 -- 18 television season . The season is expected to contain 25 episodes . This is the first season not to feature Daniel Dae Kim , Grace Park , and Masi Oka . This is also the first season to feature Meaghan Rath and Beulah Koale , who joined as new main cast members . In addition , longtime recurring cast members Dennis Chun , Kimee Balmilero , and Taylor Wily were promoted to series regulars , while other longtime recurring cast member Ian Anthony Dale joined as a series regular in the seventh episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 1.3 Guest stars 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Daniel Dae Kim 's and Grace Park 's departure controversies 3.2 Cast changes 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Alex O'Loughlin as Lieutenant Commander Steven `` Steve '' McGarrett , United States Navy Reserve Scott Caan as Detective Sergeant Daniel `` Danny '' `` Danno '' Williams , Honolulu Police Department Meaghan Rath as Officer Tani Rey Jorge Garcia as Special Consultant Jerry Ortega Taylor Wily as Kamekona Tupuola Dennis Chun as Sergeant Duke Lukela , Honolulu Police Department Kimee Balmilero as Dr. Noelani Cunha Chi McBride as Captain Lou Grover , Honolulu Police Department Beulah Koale as Police Candidate , later Officer assigned to Five - 0 Task Force , Junior Reigns Ian Anthony Dale as Adam Noshimuri Recurring cast ( edit ) Paige Hurd as Samantha Grover Teilor Grubbs as Grace Williams Zach Sulzbach as Charlie Williams Shawn Mokuahi Garnett as Flippa Tupuola Chosen Jacobs as Will Grover Al Harrington as Mamo Kahike Shawn Anthony Thomsen as Pua Kai Claire Forlani as Alicia Brown Andrew Lawrence as Eric Russo Kunal Sharma as Koa Rey Kekoa Kekumano as Nahele Huikala Christine Ko as Jessie Nomura Guest stars ( edit ) Joey Lawrence as Aaron Wright , brother of world - class hacker Ian Wright Randy Couture as Jason Duclair Bob McCracken as DEA Agent Chris Reid Casper Van Dien as Roger Niles Chris Vance as Harry Langford , former MI6 agent Steven Brand as John Walcott Derek Mio as Derek Okada Leonardo Nam as Harley Taylor Reggie Lee as Joey Kang Will Yun Lee as Sang Min Lili Simmons as Melissa Armstrong Erika Brown as adult Grace Williams Joey Defore as 20 year - old Charlie Williams Devon Sawa as Brad Woodward Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 169 `` A'ole e ' olelo mai ana ke ahi ua ana ia '' `` Fire Will Never Say that It Has Had Enough '' Bryan Spicer Peter M. Lenkov & Eric Guggenheim & Rob Hanning September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 801 8.64 Five - 0 investigates a world class hacker ( Joey Lawrence ) , who turns out to be the brother of serial hacker Ian Wright , after the former hacks into the Hawaii State prison and releases serial murderer / arsonist Jason DuClair ( Randy Couture ) . DuClair soon leads the team on a manhunt that ends with a massive wildfire . With Kono and Chin on the mainland running their own respective task forces , McGarrett and Danny recruit lifeguard and former police candidate Tani Rey ( Meaghan Rath ) to join the task force to assist them but she is reluctant to do so . Meanwhile , McGarrett and Danny begin to invest in a restaurant . Note : This is the first episode to feature Meaghan Rath , Taylor Wily , Dennis Chun and Kimee Balmilero as series regulars . 170 `` Na La ' Ilio '' `` Dog Days '' Tara Miele David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 803 8.53 After a failed DEA drug bust Five - 0 teams up with them to solve the case . Also former Navy SEAL Junior Reigns ( Beulah Koale ) turns to McGarrett looking for a job . Steve initially turns him down however , after he insists Steve introduces him to Duke Lukela then informs Junior that to become a part of the task force he will need to join and finish the Police academy . Note : This is the first episode to feature Beulah Koale as a series regular . 171 `` Kau pahi , ko'u kua . Kau pu , ko'u po'o '' `` Your Knife , My Back . My Gun , Your Head . '' Eagle Egilsson David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 802 8.51 Five - 0 with the help of former MI6 agent Harry Langford ( guest star Chris Vance ) investigate the murder of Jimmy Okada and 9 members of his crime family . After his son Derek sends men to take out John Walcott , Five - 0 discovers that Walcott was more than a piano teacher , and that he was out seeking revenge for the death of his son Aiden , who died in a hit and run that Okada was responsible for . Also , Danny and Steve try their best by making dinner for Langford and his date . 172 `` E uhi wale no ' a'ole e nalo , he imu puhi '' `` No Matter How Much One Covers a Steaming Imu , The Smoke Will Rise '' Antonio Negret Rob Hanning October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 804 8.67 Five - 0 's confidential informant Toast is murdered during a phone call between him and McGarrett . Five - 0 turns to Aaron Wright ( Joey Lawrence ) for help , but when Tani is ambushed in the hotel room with Wright , the team realise that Wright is behind the leak of their confidential informants . Kamekona is abducted by Joey Kang and beaten for information about lost money that Kang lost before he was captured . On another hand , Junior is proving efficient at the shooting field at the HPD academy , but after McGarrett finds him at a building set up for homeless people , he decides Junior can live with him while finishing at the academy . 173 5 `` Kama'oma'o , ka ' aina huli hana '' `` At Kama'oma'o , The Land of Activities '' Bronwen Hughes Peter M. Lenkov & Eric Guggenheim November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 805 8.63 On Halloween , Five - 0 ; later with the help of Alicia Brown ( Claire Forlani ) investigate the death of Tyler Riggins who is found dead in his truck stranded on the old Pali Highway . They are able to connect the recent murder of Bryon Hansen with Riggins ' murder , and discover that the murders are heavily based on old Hawaiian folklore and that it is the killers pattern . They later discover that the killer is Marissa Walker who has been missing for 12 years , and see her killings as her active revenge towards her sister . After talking to Hannah Bell , her daughter Lucey is kidnapped by Walker . Five - 0 manage to rescue Lucey before Walker can finish recreating what happened to herself . In the meantime , on the mainland ; Grover speaks to a captive named Sebastian Wake , who reveals true information about Clay Maxwell murdering his wife before he is executed . 174 6 `` Mohala I Ka Wai Ka Maka O Ka Pua '' `` Unfolded by the Water Are the Faces of the Flowers '' Carlos Bernard Eric Guggenheim & Zoe Robyn November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 808 9.21 When a man with a multiple personality disorder including a child and a protective father takes on the identity of a Honolulu Police Department officer and commits a series of murders Five - 0 must do everything they can to find him . Also Steve 's friends hold an intervention and hire a stress evaluator to try and help McGarrett reduce his stress . 175 7 `` Kau Ka ' Onohi Ali'i I Luna '' `` The Royal Eyes Rest Above '' Bryan Spicer Peter M. Lenkov & Eric Guggenheim November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 807 9.17 After picking up Adam ( Ian Anthony Dale ) up from the airport McGarrett receives a call from Junior about a bank robbery in progress . Adam , Junior , and Steve then enter the bank and learn that the criminals escaped through a tunneled out hole in the safe . Steve pursues them through the tunnel while Adam and Junior follow on the street . Following an unsuccessful pursuit they then question a suspect who is then killed by one of the bank robbers while in the Iolani Palace . McGarrett and Grover pursue the suspects and are able to apprehend them following a gunfight . Also Tani keeps her brother from being arrested in a drug bust while Adam is forced to return to an empty home without Kono . Note : This is the first episode to feature Ian Anthony Dale as a series regular . 176 8 `` He Kaha Lu'u Ke Ala , Mai Ho'okolo Aku '' `` The Trail Leads To A Diving Place ; Do Not Follow After '' Ron Underwood Liz Alper & Ally Seibert December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 806 8.56 Five - 0 is asked to investigate the plane crash of a stunt plane , which took the life of the famous stunt pilot Jason Sachs . Despite being refused access to investigate evidence by the NTSB , the team discovers it was a cover up , and take the lead investigator Callahan into custody . It 's later revealed that the real Sachs died in a car crash 6 years ago , and that the one that died was actually Luke Nixon , who had been going in as an informant undercover in the Guillermo crime family . The team manages to rescue Nixon 's wife and her son who were taken hostage by members of the crime family . Also , when a stunt plane happens to crash with Steve in it taking over for Nixon , he successfully manages to land . 177 9 `` Make Me Kai '' `` Death at Sea '' Maja Vrvilo David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 809 9.07 Five - 0 investigates a woman who was found adrift from shore unconscious . McGarrett , Danny , Tani and Junior discover a yacht abandoned at sea and find 11 dead bodies , however , McGarrett suspects that these victims were killed with a deadly bioweapon and fears that he and his team are exposed . Meanwhile , Adam , Grover and Jerry have only 8 hours to track down the people responsible and find a antidote to save the team . 178 10 `` I Ka Wa Ma Mua , I Ka Wa Ma Hope '' `` The Future is in the Past '' Peter Weller Zoe Robyn December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 810 8.48 Following the events of the previous episode the team is recovering at the hospital in quarantine . The room is breached and Danny is shot . The team is unable to leave the room because an explosive is placed on the door . While Steve performs life saving operations on Danny the bomb squad breaches the room and Danny receives the treatment he needs . Also while unconscious Danny dreams of a future where Grace is marrying Will Grover , Charlie becomes a member of the Honolulu Police Department and is offered a job on Five - 0 by Tani , Adam and Kono have a child , and Tani is the new leader of the Five - 0 Task Force at the rank of Captain and is married to Junior . 179 11 `` Oni Kalalea Ke Ku A Ka La'au Loa '' `` A Tall Tree Stands Above the Others '' Tara Miele Rob Hanning December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 811 7.71 On Christmas Eve , Danny tells Charlie a bedtime story about injured veterans helping Five - 0 after Steve witnesses the aftermath of a gang of robbers dressed as Santa Claus . Also Junior officially becomes a member of the Five - 0 Task Force . 180 12 `` Ka Hopu Nui ' Ana '' `` The Round Up '' Eagle Egilsson David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 812 9.96 When a government task - force is set up in the state with a goal to reduce gang related violence a member of the task force is killed in a bombing . The Five - 0 Task Force teams up with the government task - force , HPD , and the National Guard to solve the murder . Also Steve asks Adam to head up a special division within the Five - 0 Task Force which focuses solely on organized crime which he accepts . 181 13 `` O Ka Mea Ua Hala , Ua Hala Ia '' `` What is Gone is Gone '' Roderick Davis Sean O'Reilly January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) 813 9.38 When Lou and his son come across a man attempting to commit suicide Grover attempts to talk to him down while the rest of the team investigates the case in an attempt to prove his innocence . 182 14 `` Na Keiki A Kalaihaohia '' `` The Children of Kalaihaohia '' Peter Weller Story by : Peter M. Lenkov Teleplay by : Eric Guggenheim January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 814 9.14 After Steve and Danny 's restaurant is robbed , McGarrett and Danny enlist help from Pua Kai at the Honolulu police to track down their stolen tools . Meanwhile , Five - 0 investigates a diamond smuggler corpse stolen from a graveyard , they must track down his partner before the stolen diamonds are smuggled out of Hawaii . Also , Adam recruits is first member of his organized crime task force as a confidential informant at the same time helps Tani 's brother get a job in construction . 183 15 `` He Puko'a Kani ' Aina '' `` A Coral Reef Strengthens Out into Land '' Bryan Spicer David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 815 8.56 Five - 0 investigates the murder of a private detective and his client killed in the same way . Meanwhile , Adam puts his organized crime task force into full effect with putting Jessie into a dangerous undercover mission which leads to Adam getting kidnapped . Also , Danny 's Uncle Vito ( guest star Vincent Pastore ) comes to Hawaii to help Danny and McGarrett get their restaurant off the ground . 184 16 `` O Na Hoku O Ka Lani Ka I ' Ike Ia Pae '' `` Only the Stars of Heaven Know Where Pae Is '' Jerry Levine David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 816 TBD 185 17 `` Holapu Ke Ahi , Koe Iho Ka Lehu '' `` The Fire Blazed Up , Then Only Ashes Were Left '' Maja Vrvilo Liz Alper & Ally Seibert March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 817 TBD Production ( edit ) On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for an eighth season , which premiered on September 29 , 2017 . Filming for the season began in July 2017 . Daniel Dae Kim 's and Grace Park 's departure controversies ( edit ) On June 30 , 2017 , ahead of the series 's eighth season , it was announced that series regulars Daniel Dae Kim and Grace Park would be departing the series due to a salary dispute with CBS . Kim and Park had been seeking pay equality with co-stars Alex O'Loughlin and Scott Caan , but did not reach satisfactory deals with CBS Television Studios . CBS 's final offer to Kim and Park was 10 -- 15 % lower than what O'Loughlin and Caan make in salary . An update of their characters would be given in the first episode of the new season . Cast changes ( edit ) Following Kim 's and Park 's departures it was announced that longtime recurring cast member Ian Anthony Dale who portrays Kono Kalakaua 's husband Adam Noshimuri had been upped to series regular for the eighth season . It was also announced that Meaghan Rath and Beulah Koale would join the series as new characters and new members of Five - 0 . On July 21 , 2017 , it was announced that recurring cast members Taylor Wily , Kimee Balmilero , and Dennis Chun would also be upped to series regulars for the eighth season . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) List of live and DVR ratings No Episode Air date 18 - 49 rating Viewers ( millions ) Weekly rank Live + 7 18 - 49 Live + 7 viewers ( millions ) A'ole e ' olelo mai ana ke ahi ua ana ia September 29 , 2017 1.0 8.64 # 22 1.8 11.91 Na La ' Ilio October 6 , 2017 1.1 8.53 # 16 N / A 11.55 Kau pahi , ko'u kua . Kau pu , ko'u po'o October 13 , 2017 1.0 8.51 # 16 N / A 11.39 E uhi wale no ' a'ole e nalo , he imu puhi October 20 , 2017 1.0 8.67 # 15 1.7 11.54 5 Kama'oma'o , ka ' aina huli hana November 3 , 2017 0.9 8.63 # 15 1.6 11.56 6 Mohala I Ka Wai Ka Maka O Ka Pua November 10 , 2017 1.1 9.21 # 17 N / A 12.13 7 Kau Ka ' Onohi Ali'i I Luna November 17 , 2017 1.0 9.17 # 16 N / A 11.87 8 He Kaha Lu'u Ke Ala , Mai Ho'okolo Aku December 1 , 2017 0.9 8.56 # 17 1.6 11.70 9 Make Me Kai December 8 , 2017 1.1 9.07 # 9 1.7 11.95 10 I Ka Wa Ma Mua , I Ka Wa Ma Hope December 15 , 2017 0.9 8.48 # 13 N / A N / A 11 Oni Kalalea Ke Ku A Ka La'au Loa December 15 , 2017 0.9 7.71 # 15 N / A N / A 12 Ka Hopu Nui ' Ana January 5 , 2018 1.2 9.96 # 8 N / A N / A 13 Na Keiki A Kalaihaohia January 12 , 2018 1.1 9.38 # 10 N / A 12.30 14 Oni Kalalea Ke Ku A Ka La'au Loa January 19 , 2018 1.0 9.14 # 10 1.7 12.19 15 He puko'a kani'aina February 2 , 2018 1.0 8.56 # 9 1.7 11.91 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hawaii Five - 0 Gives Kono 's Husband a Promotion , Adds Two in Cast Shake - Up '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Five - 0 : Season Eight ; EP Confirms CBS Episode Order '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Monday , November 6 '' . The Futon Critic . United State : Futon Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' premiere adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Child Support , ' ' MacGyver , ' everything else steady : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' rerun adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' finale , ' Jane the Virgin , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' O na hoku o ka lani ka i ' ike ia Pae ' ( Only the Stars of Heaven Know Where Pae Is ) `` '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' `` Holapu ke ahi , koe iho ka lehu ( The Fire Blazed Up , Then Only Ashes Were Left ) '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - O ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Young Sheldon ' , ' 9 JKL ' & Returning Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen . `` Daniel Dae Kim , Grace Park Exit ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Hawaii Five - 0 shocker : Grace Park , Daniel Dae Kim exit ahead of season 8 '' . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' : Ian Anthony Dale Upped To Regular , Meaghan Rath & Beulah Koale Join Cast After Shake - Up '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii actors Chun , Wily , Balmilero join main ' Five - 0 ' cast '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser. 2017 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and NFL carry NBC to 18 - 49 victory in week 4 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Football reigns supreme in week 10 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Will & Grace ' and of course NFL carry NBC to the top : Week 11 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Football powers NBC and CBS to the top in week 12 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` NFL playoffs , Golden Globes carry NBC to No. 1 : Week 15 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` NFL playoffs boost CBS and FOX : Week 16 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` FOX dominates , ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII ( obviously ) dominates week 19 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Hawaii Five - 0 episodes on IMDb List of Hawaii Five - 0 episodes at TV.com List of Hawaii Five - 0 episodes at The Futon Critic Hawaii Five - 0 at epguides.com ( hide ) Hawaii Five - O and Hawaii Five - 0 Characters Steve McGarrett Wo Fat Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 -- 80 ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Other Episodes Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 -- present ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Ina Paha ( If Perhaps ) '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii_Five-0_(2010_TV_series,_season_8)&oldid=827012954 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Русский ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 07 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes does hawaii five o season 8 have	[ "\n\nHawaii Five-0 (season 8)\n\n\n\nPromotional poster\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\nAlex O'Loughlin\nScott Caan\nMeaghan Rath\nJorge Garcia\nTaylor Wily\nDennis Chun\nKimee Balmilero\nChi McBride\nBeulah Koale\nIan Anthony Dale\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n15\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nCBS\n\n\nOriginal release\nSeptember 29, 2017 (2017-09-29) – present\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 7\n\n\n\n\nList of Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series) episodes\n\n" ]	[ "15" ]
6257266650257392802	List of Olympic Games host cities	List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities , and 22 Winter Olympic Games held in 19 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Five cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Pyeongchang for the 2018 Winter Olympics , Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Seven cities have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 , and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 , and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 , and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , and Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) . Tokyo will join this list upon hosting the 2020 Summer Olympics , having previously hosted the summer games of 1964 , as well as Beijing upon hosting the 2022 Winter Olympics , having previously hosted the summer games of 2008 . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent is yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Olympic host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I -- 1896 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002017 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II -- 1900 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III -- 1904 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002017 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV -- 1908 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002017 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V -- 1912 000000002017 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002017 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI -- 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII -- 1920 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002017 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe -- W001 I 1924 000000002017 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002017 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII -- 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W002 II 1928 000000002017 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002017 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX -- 000000002017 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002017 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America -- W003 III 1932 000000002017 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002017 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X -- 000000002017 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe -- W004 IV 1936 000000002017 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002017 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI -- 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002017 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe -- W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII -- Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII -- St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W005c V 1948 000000002017 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002017 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe S014 XIV -- 000000002017 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe -- W006 VI 1952 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002017 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV -- 000000002017 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W007 VII 1956 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI -- 000000002017 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002017 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002017 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America -- W008 VIII 1960 000000002017 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002017 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII -- 000000002017 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W009 IX 1964 000000002017 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII -- 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe -- W010 X 1968 000000002017 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002017 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX -- 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002017 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia -- W011 XI 1972 000000002017 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002017 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX -- 000000002017 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W012 XII 1976 000000002017 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002017 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI -- 000000002017 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America -- W013 XIII 1980 000000002017 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002017 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII -- 000000002017 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe -- W014 XIV 1984 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002017 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII -- 000000002017 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002017 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America -- W015 XV 1988 000000002017 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002017 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV -- 000000002017 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002017 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe -- W016 XVI 1992 000000002017 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV -- 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002017 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway Europe -- W017 XVII 1994 000000002017 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002017 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI -- 000000002017 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002017 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia -- W018 XVIII 1998 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002017 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII -- 2000 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America -- W019 XIX 2002 000000002017 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002017 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII -- 000000002017 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Turin Italy Europe -- W020 XX 2006 000000002017 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002017 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX -- 2008 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 000000002017 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America -- W021 XXI 000000002017 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002017 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX -- 2012 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002017 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe -- W022 XXII 2014 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI -- 2016 000000002017 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002017 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia -- W023 XXIII 2018 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002017 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII -- 2020 000000002017 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002017 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia -- W024 XXIV 2022 000000002017 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002017 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII -- 2024 000000002017 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 000000002017 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 TBD TBD -- W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV -- 2028 000000002017 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002017 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 5 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) 6 Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) 7 Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) 9 South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) 10 Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 11 Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 12 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 13 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) 14 Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) 15 Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) 16 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 17 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 18 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) 19 Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 20 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 21 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 22 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 23 Sweden Europe 1 ( 1912 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 13 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 30 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . Calgary is actively working with the Canadian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics . Innsbruck is actively working with the Austrian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics . Lillehammer is actively working with the Norwegian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics . Sion is actively working with the Swiss Olympic Association in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : none 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : none 1944 : none 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=810469285 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 12 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	name a city that has hosted winter olympics	[ "In 2022, Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games. Seven cities have hosted the Olympic Games more than once: Athens (1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics), Paris (1900, 1924, and 2024 Summer Olympics), London (1908, 1948, and 2012 Summer Olympics), St. Moritz (1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics), Lake Placid (1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics), Los Angeles (1932, 1984, and 2028 Summer Olympics), and Innsbruck (1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics). Tokyo will join this list upon hosting the 2020 Summer Olympics, having previously hosted the summer games of 1964, as well as Beijing upon hosting the 2022 Winter Olympics, having previously hosted the summer games of 2008. In addition, Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics.[d] London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics. Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics, followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028. The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games, more than any other country, followed by France with five editions. Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games." ]	[ "St. Moritz" ]
-8368081022723222906	Constitution Day (India)	Constitution Day ( India ) - wikipedia Constitution Day ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search Constitution Day संविधान दिवस Original text of the Preamble of the Indian constitution with illumination by Beohar Rammanohar Sinha Official name Samvidhan Divas Observed by India Significance India adopted its constitution in 1949 Celebrations Constitution - related activities in schools , Run for Equality , Special Parliamentary Session Date 26 November Next time 26 November 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 26 ) Frequency annual First time 2015 Related to Constitution of India Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is hailed as the prime architect of the Indian Constitution Rammanohar is hailed as the prime illuminator of the Indian Constitution Constitution Day ( National Law Day ) , also known as Samvidhan Divas , is celebrated in India on 26 November every year to commemorate the adoption of Constitution of India . On 26 November 1949 , the Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India , and it came into effect on 26 January 1950 . The Government of India declared 26 November as Constitution Day on 19 November 2015 by a gazette notification . The Prime Minister of India made the declaration on 11 October 2015 while laying the foundation stone of the B.R. Ambedkar memorial in Mumbai . The year of 2015 is the 125th birth anniversary of Ambedkar , who had chaired the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly and played a pivotal role in the drafting of the constitution which was illuminated to become the most beautiful Constitution of the world by Beohar Rammanohar Sinha under the mentorship of Nandalal Bose . Previously this day was celebrated as Law Day . 26 November was chosen to spread the importance of the constitution and to spread thoughts and ideas of Ambedkar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Celebrations 3 See also 4 References Background ( edit ) Since 2015 is the 125th birth anniversary year of B.R. Ambedkar ( 14 April 1891 -- 6 December 1956 ) , who is known as the architect of the Indian constitution , the government decided in May 2015 to celebrate this year `` in a big way '' . A special committee chaired by Prime Minister of India was announced for year - long celebrations . Various programmes will be held by various ministries and departments throughout the year to spread thoughts and ideas of Ambedkar . As part of the celebrations while laying foundation stone for an Ambedkar memorial at the Indu Mills compounds in Mumbai in October 2015 , Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi announced that 26 November will be celebrated as `` Constitution Day '' . In November 2015 , the government officially announced celebration of the day . Celebrations ( edit ) Constitution Day is not a public holiday . Various departments of the Government of India celebrated the first Constitution day . As per the Department of Education and Literacy , the preamble of the constitution was read in all schools by all students . In addition , there were quiz and essay competitions both online and offline on the subject of the constitution of India . There was a lecture on salient features of the constitution in each school . The Department of Higher Education requested various universities to arrange mock parliamentary debates in colleges , and the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) arranged an all - India quiz competition at Ambedkar University , Lucknow , where quiz winners of all states participated . The Ministry of External Affairs directed all overseas Indian schools to celebrate 26 November as Constitution Day and directed embassies to translate the constitution into the local language of that nation and distribute it to various academies , libraries and faculties of Indology . The work of translating the Indian constitution into Arabic has been completed . Department of Sport arranged symbolic run named `` Run for Equality '' . There was also a special session of Indian parliament on 26 November 2015 to give tribute to the constitution and Ambedkar . The Parliament House complex was also illuminated on this occasion . See also ( edit ) Republic Day ( India ) Constitution Day -- other countries ' celebrations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Government of India formally notifies November 26 as Constitution Day '' . onelawstreet.com . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Govt. to observe November 26 as Constitution Day '' . The Hindu . 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Law Day Speech '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` November 26 to be observed as Constitution Day : Facts on the Constitution of India '' . India Today . 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Modi government to observe BR Ambedkar 's 125th birth anniversary in a big way '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Government to observe BR Ambedkar 's 125th birth anniversary in a big way '' . IBNLive. 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Government to observe Ambedkar 's 125th birth anniversary in a big way '' . The Indian Express . 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Shishir Sinha . `` PM to head panel on Ambedkar 's 125th birth anniversary celebrations '' . Thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nov 26 to be observed as ' Samvidhan Divas ' : Modi '' . Business Standard News . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Govt. to observe November 26 as Constitution Day '' . The Hindu . 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PM Narendra Modi Lays Foundation Stone of Ambedkar Memorial in Mumbai '' . Ndtv.com. 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PM Narendra Modi to lay foundation stone of Ambedkar memorial today '' . The Indian Express . 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 26th November to be observed as ' Constitution Day ' '' . Pib.nic.in . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Arabic translation of Indian constitution launched in Egypt '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mass Run Held on Constitution Day '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ( hide ) Days of Importance to India National holidays Republic Day Independence Day Gandhi Jayanti Central Government Holidays Republic Day Independence Day Gandhi Jayanti Ambedkar Jayanti Mahavir Jayanti Buddha 's Birthday Christmas Day Dussehra Diwali ( Deepavali ) Good Friday Guru Nanak 's Birthday Eid ul - Fitr Eid al - Adha ( Bakrid ) Muharram Prophet Mohammad 's Birthday ( Id - e-Milad ) Bank Holidays Bank 's Holiday Ambedkar Jayanti Gandhi Jayanti Mahavir Jayanti Maharaja Agresen Jayanti Kashiram Death Anniversary Dussehra ( Maha Navami ) Dussehra ( Vijaya Dashami ) Deepawali Deepawali ( Govardhan Puja ) Bhai Duj / Chitragupt Jayanti Eid al - Adha ( Bakrid ) Guru Nanak 's birthday / Kartik Poornima Dr. B R. Ambedkar 's Nirwan Diwas Moharram Christmas Hindu holidays Bhogi / Lohri Makar Sankranti / Pongal / Maghi / Magh Bihu Thiruvalluvar Day Uzhavar Thirunal Farmers Day Vasant Panchami ( aka Saraswati Puja ) Ratha Saptami Maha Shivaratri Holi ( aka Dol ) Gudi Padwa / Ugadi / Puthandu Ram Navami Hanuman Jayanti Akshaya Tritiya / Maharishi Parashurama Jayanti Rath Jatra Nag Panchami or Guga - Navami Raksha Bandhan ( aka Rákhi Púrńimá ) Krishna Janmashtami Ganesh Chaturthi Onam Raja Parba Mahalaya Dussehra / Durga Puja Kumara Purnima ( aka Kojaagari Pornima ) Diwali ( aka Káli Puja , Deepavali and Diipávali ) Devotthan Ekadashi Hartalika Teej Jagaddhatri Puja Visvakarma Puja Nuakhai Chhath Bathukamma Bonalu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Day_(India)&oldid=812312357 '' Categories : Observances in India November observances B.R. Ambedkar Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Infobox holiday fixed day ( 2 ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी मराठी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 05 : 32 . About Wikipedia	who adopted the constitution of india on 26 november 1949	[ "Constitution Day (National Law Day), also known as Samvidhan Divas, is celebrated in India on 26 November every year to commemorate the adoption of Constitution of India. On 26 November 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India, and it came into effect on 26 January 1950.[1]" ]	[ "the Constituent Assembly of India" ]
-7661009444030388756	Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)	Last Man Standing ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia Last Man Standing ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Last Man Standing Genre Sitcom Created by Jack Burditt Starring Tim Allen Nancy Travis Alexandra Krosney Molly Ephraim Kaitlyn Dever Christoph Sanders Héctor Elizondo Amanda Fuller Flynn Morrison Jordan Masterson Jonathan Adams Composer ( s ) Monte Montgomery Carl Thiel Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 130 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tim Allen Becky Clements Marty Adelstein Richard Baker Rick Messina John Pasquin Producer ( s ) John Amodeo Shawn Levy Cinematography Donald A. Morgan Editor ( s ) Pamela J. Marshall Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps - Adelstein Productions Double Wide Productions / NestEgg Productions ( season 1 ) Mr. Big Shot Fancy - Pants Productions , Inc. ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lyonsberry Productions ( season 5 -- 6 ) 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Original release October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) -- March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) External links Website beta.abc.go.com/shows/last-man-standing Last Man Standing is an American television sitcom starring Tim Allen as a senior employee of a sporting goods store in Denver , Colorado , who is a married father of three daughters . The series includes his interactions with family , neighbors , and coworkers and often expressions of his conservative political views . The series aired on ABC from October 11 , 2011 to March 31 , 2017 with 130 episodes . Syndication of the series began in 2015 and continues on multiple cable networks and video - on - demand subscription services . Production was canceled by ABC on May 10 , 2017 , after six seasons -- a decision that outraged the series ' fans and brought surprised displeasure from its star . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development and casting 4.2 Filming 4.3 Cancellation 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Syndication 7 Broadcast 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Mike Baxter , a senior executive and director of marketing for an outdoor sporting goods store chain based in Denver , Colorado , whose world is filled with his wife , three daughters , and grandson . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Tim Allen as Mike Baxter : Mike is a father of three daughters and the director of marketing for the Outdoor Man chain of sporting goods stores . He fervently supports traditional American values , is a Protestant , and is politically conservative . Mike loves his daughters but says his favorite is Eve , the youngest and most athletic daughter , and whose political opinions and interests mirror his own . He is proud of her ability to excel at anything she tries , including school work , hunting , and playing sports . Mike often finds himself annoyed with Outdoor Man 's young slow - witted employee Kyle , and with Ryan , his politically liberal son - in - law and the father of Mike 's grandson Boyd . The video blog or `` vlog '' that Mike does for Outdoor Man is frequently used as a vehicle to rant about his political views . Mike is a graduate of the University of Michigan , and an amateur radio operator using the call sign KA0XTT . Nancy Travis as Vanessa Baxter , Mike 's wife : Vanessa is a geologist working in the energy industry for a company that does hydraulic fracturing , or `` fracking '' . In season four , Vanessa becomes frustrated with her job and decides to become a high school science teacher . Vanessa was ambiguous in her political views until season five , when she announces she is supporting Hillary Clinton for president , mainly because she thinks it will advance women 's causes . She is also shown drinking wine frequently , and nearly as frequently mocked by Mike and her daughters about it . She is a graduate of Ohio State University . Vanessa has a tendency to put her foot in her mouth when around people of other races . Despite this , she and her African - American neighbor Carol Larabee seem to get along . Vanessa 's humor tends to include puns . Amanda Fuller ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) and Alexandra Krosney ( season 1 ) as Kristin Beth Baxter , the oldest daughter : Kristin , unlike her father , espouses more liberal beliefs . During her senior year of high school , Kristin became pregnant with her son , Boyd . She was a single mom living in the Baxter home until moving out in the season two finale . She began to reconcile with Boyd 's father , Ryan , in season three , and the two get married between seasons four and five . Kristin worked at a diner until landing a job at an upscale restaurant run by a former co-worker at the end of season two . In season four , she becomes the manager of the new restaurant opened by Outdoor Man . Kristin tends to work extra hard in this new job to prove she did not get the position through nepotism , despite Mike and Ed frequently telling her she was qualified . Alexandra Krosney portrayed Kristin in the show 's first season , but she was replaced by Amanda Fuller prior to season two for unspecified creative reasons . Molly Ephraim as Amanda Elaine `` Mandy '' Baxter - Anderson , the middle daughter : Mandy is nowhere near as intelligent as her sisters , but excels in social situations . Interested in fashion ( and little else ) , she was one of the most popular girls at her high school . Mandy is very confident and creative , demonstrating traits found in her father . Unlike the rest of the family , she is lazy , conceited , selfish , insulting , and delinquent -- she drinks underage , ignores all driving laws , and has been caught staying out all night -- but occasionally displays moments of generosity and caring . She started dating Kyle in season 2 . As of season three , she is attending a local college and working at the diner where Kristin used to work . Later that same season , she begins an online clothing business , selling her self - designed fashions which she assembles in the basement of her parents ' house . Kyle asks her to marry him in season 5 , the 100th episode . She marries Kyle in season six , but they have yet to move out of the Baxter home . Up until she turned 21 , a running gag on the show was Mike , Vanessa , and occasionally Kristin snatching glasses of alcohol out of Mandy 's hand , usually followed by Mandy making a lame excuse . Kaitlyn Dever as Eve Baxter , the youngest daughter : Eve is an intelligent , athletic tomboy and generally has the same interests as Mike , including camping , sports , guns , and the military . She is Mike 's favorite daughter , and excels at her hobbies . She frequently outplays the boys in soccer and makes the boys ' football team as their placekicker . She is well aware of being the favorite over her two sisters . Eve has also inherited her father 's sense of humor , and her trademark sarcastic wit is frequently directed at clueless sister Mandy . Eve is a member of Army Junior ROTC and works toward gaining admittance to West Point . Her attempt to do so is unsuccessful , which seriously depresses her , so in season six , Eve decideds to take a `` personal year '' rather than immediately attend college . She spends some of this time singing and playing guitar for money , but this proves to be unfruitful . During her gap year , Eve applies to the Air Force Academy in nearby Colorado Springs , and is accepted . Christoph Sanders as Kyle Anderson , a young employee at Outdoor Man : Kyle is universally recognized as a good guy . Kyle idolizes Mike , having grown up without a father figure . Kyle takes care of his grandmother who has dementia , and it is implied he grew up in her home . Kyle is often oblivious to social cues and is slow to catch on to the events happening around him . Kyle dated Kristin in season one and started dating Mandy in season two before proposing in season five , and marrying Mandy in season six . Héctor Elizondo as Edward `` Ed '' Alzate , Mike 's longtime boss : Ed started a bait and tackle shop many years ago and hired Mike , who helped turn the shop into the 20 - store Outdoor Man chain . Ed is perhaps fifteen years older than Mike , but the two men bond over similar outdoor hobbies and shared conservative values . Mike regularly talks to Ed about the happenings in his home and occasionally seeks advice . Having been divorced four times , Ed 's suggestions are rarely helpful . Ed is a Vietnam veteran , although he saw no combat in Vietnam , stating that he was a clerk in Saigon . He continues to help fellow veterans at the local Veterans of Foreign Wars hall with their Veteran Affairs paperwork . Ed is also a recurring target for jokes about his age and lack of hair , most often from Mike . It is revealed in season 6 that Ed has early onset dementia . Flynn Morrison ( regular , seasons 2 -- 6 ) and Evan and Luke Kruntchev ( recurring , season 1 ) as Boyd Baxter , Kristin 's son : Mike enjoys spending quality time with his grandson Boyd , and affectionately views him as the son he never had . Mike and Ryan often clash on how he should be raised . Boyd enjoys activities encouraged by both his father and grandfather . Jordan Masterson ( regular , seasons 2 -- 6 ) and Nick Jonas ( guest star , season 1 ) as Ryan Vogelson , Boyd 's Canadian father : Though Ryan initially fled when Kristin got pregnant , the two reconciled and got engaged at the end of season 3 . Ryan holds staunchly liberal views , both politically and philosophically . He and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values , especially when it comes to child - rearing . Mike is often quick to point that many of Ryan 's atheistic and liberal views are hypocritical . Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion and patriotism , but neither Mike nor Kristin allow this . His vegan diet , political correctness , views on discipline , and general oversensitivity are an affront to Mike 's beliefs . On rare occasions , Ryan agrees with Mike on what is best for Boyd 's future , but this usually winds up creating rifts with Kristin and / or Vanessa . Jonathan Adams as Chuck Larabee ( regular , seasons 4 -- 6 ; recurring , seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Mike and Vanessa 's neighbor : Chuck is a retired U.S. Marine and a veteran of the first Gulf War who runs a private security business and later takes charge of security for the Denver Outdoor Man . Chuck is an African - American , and often jokes with Mike about racial stereotypes . Mike and Chuck regularly exchange barbs as if they do n't like each other . In reality , they are good friends , despite being unwilling to admit it . Vanessa sees right through their heated exchanges , often telling them to `` get a room '' . Recurring cast ( edit ) Robert Forster as Bud Baxter ( seasons 1 , 3 -- 4 ) , Mike 's widower father who is initially in the construction business , but later opens a marijuana store after it becomes legal in Colorado . Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) , Chuck 's wife and Mike and Vanessa 's neighbor . She is also Vanessa 's best friend . Vanessa often goes overboard trying to act racially open - minded around her , but usually ends up looking foolish and annoying Carol . Carla Jimenez as Blanca Alvarez ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) , the Baxters ' Guatemalan - born housekeeper who also helps Mandy with her fashion business . The Baxters were happy to celebrate with Blanca after she was sworn in as an American citizen . Sarah Gilman as Cammy Harris ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Eve 's soccer teammate and extremely chatty best friend . Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Kristin 's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works . Thomas also guest - starred as `` Randy '' ( a nod to his Home Improvement character ) in the season 4 episode `` Helen Potts '' , with fellow Home Improvement co-star Patricia Richardson . Christina Moore as April ( seasons 1 & 3 ) , Vanessa 's air - headed and immature younger sister . She is always asking for money . Danielle Bisutti as Michelle ( season 1 ) , Vanessa 's friend and next - door neighbor ; she is a meteorologist who gets most of her data from a free phone app . Tye Sheridan as Justin ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) , Eve 's fellow Jr . ROTC member and football teammate who becomes her boyfriend . The two break up in season 4 . Zachary Gordon as Andrew ( season 3 ) , Eve 's nerdy classmate who worships her and desperately wants to be her boyfriend . Joely Fisher as Wendi Gracin ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) , Ed 's meddling younger girlfriend , whom he meets near the end of season three . Ed routinely has to put her in her place , particularly when she tries to get involved in decisions pertaining to his business . Wendi deserts Ed offscreen between Seasons 4 and 5 , but the two patch things up and reunite . Jay Leno as Joe Leonard ( seasons 5 -- 6 ) , a semi-retired auto technician from whom Vanessa buys a classic car for Mike . Joe later works in the repair shop at Outdoor Man , servicing ATVs and snowmobiles . Travis Tope as Rob ( season 6 ) , Eve 's boyfriend who is studying criminal justice at UC Boulder . He 's a recovering alcoholic , which worries Mike and Vanessa when they first meet him . Notable guest Stars ( edit ) Several notable guest stars have appeared throughout the series , including appearances made from cast members of Tim Allen 's previous series , Home Improvement . Jere Burns ( 4.22 ) as Victor Vogelson , Ryan 's estranged father Blake Clark ( 5.16 ) as Clark , the owner of a club in which Eve performed . Clark played Harry Turner , Tim 's friend and owner of the hardware store on Home Improvement Andrew Daly ( 1.16 ) Bill Engvall ( 5.21 , 6.7 & 6.18 ) as Reverend Paul Brad Leland ( 6.17 ) as Wayne Sizemore Michael Gross ( 3.19 ) as Mr. Hardin Tony Hawk ( 1.12 ) as himself Nick Jonas ( 1.10 ) as Ryan in his first appearance Kim Kardashian ( 1.16 ) as herself Richard Karn ( 2.9 & 2.17 ) as Bill McKendree . Karn portrayed Al Borland , co-worker and friend to Tim Allen 's character on Home Improvement Reba McEntire ( 5.19 ) as Billie Cassidy , Mike 's mountain - climbing former girlfriend Frankie Muniz ( 1.18 ) as Richard Melanie Paxson ( 1.23 ) as Liz Cassandra Peterson ( 1.4 ) as Elvira Patricia Richardson ( 4.12 & 5.17 ) as Helen Potts , the Baxters 's widowed neighbor . Richardson portrayed Jill Taylor , the wife of Tim Allen 's character in Home Improvement Robin Roberts ( 5.17 ) as Teresa , a tank mechanic and Persian Gulf War veteran Si Robertson ( 3.1 ) Willie Robertson ( 3.1 ) Mike Rowe ( 1.18 ) as Jimmy Baxter , Mike 's younger brother Jamie - Lynn Sigler ( 1.13 ) as Gabriella Alzate , one of Ed 's five daughters Tony Stewart ( 1.17 ) as himself Paul F. Tompkins ( 1.2 ) as Chester McAllister Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Last Man Standing episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) 18 November 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) 22 September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) April 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) 22 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 5 22 September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) 6 22 September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) Last Man Standing first appeared on ABC 's development slate in late 2010 when writer Jack Burditt received a put pilot commitment from the network under the original title Man Up . In January 2011 , ABC green - lighted production of a pilot episode under the title Last Days of Man . On February 18 , Tim Allen , who had been attached to the potential series from the beginning , officially joined the project in the lead role . At the end of March , Nancy Travis joined the cast in the leading female role as Allen 's `` smart and loving wife who does n't miss much '' . Soon thereafter , Héctor Elizondo came on board in a supporting role as the boss to Allen 's character . Filming ( edit ) On May 13 , 2011 , ABC picked up the pilot for the 2011 -- 2012 television season under the new title Last Man Standing . On May 17 , 2011 , ABC announced that the series would air on Tuesday nights at 8 Eastern / 7 Central . It debuted on October 11 , 2011 , with the first two episodes airing in a one - hour premiere . On November 3 , 2011 , the series was picked up for a full season of twenty - two episodes . On January 12 , 2012 , the order was increased to twenty - four episodes . On May 11 , 2012 , ABC renewed the series for a second season set to air in the 2012 -- 2013 season in November . On June 11 , 2012 , Tim Doyle was hired as the new showrunner of the series . Doyle was the third showrunner that the series had had since it entered production . Doyle replaced Kevin Abbott , who joined the staff as the showrunner mid-way in the first season . Abbott replaced series creator Jack Burditt , who was the showrunner for the first thirteen episodes . Unlike Burditt , who is no longer credited as an executive producer , Abbott continued to serve as an executive producer while showrunning the fellow ABC sitcom Malibu Country starring Reba McEntire . Both Last Man Standing and Malibu Country aired as a part of ABC 's Friday night lineup for the 2012 -- 2013 primetime television season . On November 8 , 2012 , Abbott re-joined the Last Man Standing crew full - time , after a stint in rehab , and gave Nastaran Dibai full showrunning duties of Malibu Country . On June 11 , 2012 , it was announced that Alexandra Krosney ( Kristin ) was let go from the show for creative reasons . Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller in season 2 . On June 19 , 2012 , it was also announced that twins Luke and Evan Kruntchev , who played the role of Boyd in season 1 , would not be returning ; they were replaced by Flynn Morrison in season 2 . The character of Boyd was also age - advanced from two years old to five years old . Jordan Masterson plays Ryan , Boyd 's father , in a recurring role beginning in season 2 . The role was previously played by Nick Jonas , who guest - starred in one episode in season 1 . The second season initially received a 13 - episode order . ABC announced on November 12 , 2012 , that an additional three scripts had been ordered . On November 27 , five more episodes were ordered to bring the second - season episode total to 18 . On May 10 , 2013 , the series was renewed for a third season , which premiered on September 20 , 2013 , and ended on April 25 , 2014 , after 22 episodes . On May 10 , 2014 , ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a fourth season , which premiered on October 3 , 2014 . Allen and Elizondo guest - starred as their Last Man Standing characters in a crossover episode with the fellow ABC Friday sitcom Cristela . On May 10 , 2015 , ABC announced the show had been renewed for a fifth season . Last Man Standing had become a solid performer for the Friday night lineup at ABC , which with the help of Shark Tank and 20 / 20 has become the top network among adults 18 -- 49 for the night . Leading off Friday night for ABC , the sitcom averaged a 1.8 rating in adults 18 -- 49 and 8.2 million viewers overall , according to Nielsen 's Live + 7 estimates . On May 13 , 2016 , ABC renewed the series for a sixth and final season , which premiered on September 23 , 2016 . Cancellation ( edit ) On May 10 , 2017 , ABC canceled Last Man Standing after six seasons , despite the series being the second most - watched ABC sitcom during the 2016 -- 17 season ( based on Live + 7 figures ) , with ratings remaining mostly steady during its sixth season . A rep for 20th Century Fox TV said cancellation decisions are made by ABC . `` This was a scheduling decision , '' wrote Jori Arancio , senior vice president of ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios . ABC and its production partner for the show , 20th Century Fox TV , typically negotiate licensing fees prior to each season ; however , the network decided to cancel the show without doing so . Also , the contract between 20th Century Fox Television and ABC for the show , in which 20th Century Fox Television covered the cost of production , had expired after six seasons . Had the series been renewed for a seventh season , ABC would have been required to pick up Last Man Standing 's production costs , which the network was unwilling to do . The cancellation was met with outrage from the show 's fans , many of whom took to social media to voice their displeasure and petition for another network to pick up the show . It also happened some months after lead actor Tim Allen ( who is also a real - life Republican ) said in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , that being a Republican in Hollywood is `` like 1930s Germany . You got ta be real careful around here , you know . You 'll get beat up if you do n't believe what everybody believes . '' His comment was widely criticized , especially his comparing the treatment of Republicans in Hollywood with Nazi Germany . A viewer petition on the website Change.org calling for ABC to reinstate Last Man Standing surpassed 380,000 signatures as of May 23 , 2017 . In a conference call with reporters earlier in May , ABC president Channing Dungey stated , `` Last Man Standing was a challenging one for me , because it was a steady performer . Once we made the decision not to continue with comedy on Friday , it was just kind of that 's where we landed . '' Dungey cited studio ownership , future creative direction , ratings and viewer engagement as all factors in her decision . Tim Allen voiced his displeasure with the cancellation , tweeting on May 16 : `` Stunned and blindsided by the network I called home for the last six years . '' On May 20 , 2017 , Howard Kurtzman , president of 20th Century Fox Television , reportedly showed some interest in his studio continuing to produce the show . `` We 're starting to explore that , '' Kurtzman said . `` ... ( Fox Co-President ) Jonnie ( Davis ) and I are hopeful that we can find another home for it . '' Variety also confirmed in an exclusive report that 20th Century Fox Television would shop the series to other networks and streaming services in hopes it would be picked up for a seventh season ; another home has not been found , however . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Last Man Standing stars Héctor Elizondo ( left ) , Tim Allen and Christoph Sanders While popular among viewers ( receiving an 82 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes and 7.5 / 10 stars on IMDb ) , Last Man Standing received generally negative reviews from critics . Season one has an approval rating of 16 % on Rotten Tomatoes and a score of 33 out of 100 on Metacritic . The Hollywood Reporter commented : `` A predictable sitcom with a stupid premise and bad acting . '' Los Angeles Times : `` The jokes and plots have been efficiently constructed , but most have no traction ; they slide right off you , and the characters themselves seem disconnected from one another . '' Entertainment Weekly offered a slightly more favorable review of the show : `` When I look at the now - rounded softness of Tim Allen , and note once again how his sandpaper voice contrasts winningly with his hopeful eyes , it 's impossible to plunge a shiv into this series . '' Season two scored 40 % at Rotten Tomatoes . Entertainment Weekly commented : `` I think it 's time the folks involved with Last take a closer look at All in the Family , in which the prejudice was built around real jokes . '' The A.V. Club : `` The problem with Last Man Standing 's attempts to go political is exemplified by the first scene of the season première , which remains one of the most uncomfortable scenes of television I 've ever watched ... doing its best to push buttons in the audience that do n't need to be pushed , as if it thinks what made ( Norman ) Lear 's sitcoms a success was the yelling or the mentions of social issues that people sometimes argued about . '' Philly.com wrote about season three : `` The unlikely comeback vehicle for Tim Allen , Last Man Standing on ABC , is a thoroughly traditional , absolutely charming sitcom . ( ... ) Last Man is both economical and efficient , getting excellent comic mileage out of the most marginal bit players . '' The series was particularly popular among conservatives , many of whom viewed the show as a counterpoint to Modern Family , another 20th Century Fox sitcom that aired on ABC at the same time and featured more liberal ideologies . A study conducted during the 2016 U.S. presidential election found that it was the tenth most popular show on television with Republicans . Ratings ( edit ) ABC 's series premiere of Last Man Standing drew a 3.5 adults 18 -- 49 rating . That was 9 % better than the 3.2 adults 18 -- 49 rating for the series premiere of No Ordinary Family in the same time - slot the previous year ( which was two weeks earlier in the season ) . Season 2 of Last Man Standing premiered with a 2.0 , down about 38 % from its first - season premiere , but up about 18 % from the previous season 's finale . Season Timeslot ( ET ) No. of episodes Premiered Ended TV season Rank Viewers ( million ) Live + DVR viewers Date Premiere viewers ( million ) Premiere 18 -- 49 rating / share Date Finale viewers ( million ) Finale 18 -- 49 rating / share Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 24 October 11 , 2011 12.93 3.4 / 10 May 8 , 2012 6.62 1.7 / 5 2011 -- 12 50 9.12 9.76 Friday 8 : 00 pm 18 November 2 , 2012 8.07 2.0 / 7 March 22 , 2013 7.85 1.6 / 6 2012 -- 13 53 7.93 8.34 22 September 20 , 2013 6.67 1.5 / 6 April 25 , 2014 6.10 1.4 / 6 2013 -- 14 58 7.17 7.92 22 October 3 , 2014 6.91 1.3 / 5 April 17 , 2015 6.16 1.1 / 5 2014 -- 15 60 8.18 8.52 5 22 September 25 , 2015 6.26 1.1 / 5 April 22 , 2016 5.94 1.0 / 4 2015 -- 16 56 7.96 TBA 6 22 September 23 , 2016 5.95 1.1 / 5 March 31 , 2017 6.06 1.1 / 5 2016 -- 17 41 8.06 TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Last Man Standing was nominated for a 2012 People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite New TV Comedy '' , but lost to CBS 's 2 Broke Girls . Year Association Nominee / episode Outcome 2011 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Comedy Last Man Standing Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actor Tim Allen Nominated TV Guide Magazine 's Fan Favorites Awards Favorite Comeback Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Supporting Young Actress Kaitlyn Dever Nominated 2013 Environmental Media Awards Television Episodic Comedy `` Mother Fracker '' Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2014 Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography For A Multi-Camera Series Donald A. Morgan -- `` Eve 's Boyfriend '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2015 ASCAP Screen Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won Syndication ( edit ) On September 4 , 2015 , the series joined the CMT Network with a mini-marathon of episodes . On September 3 , 2015 , it was announced that ABC Family ( now Freeform ) had obtained syndication rights to the series , which began airing episodes on September 28 , 2015 . Additionally , on May 15 , 2015 , it was announced that Hallmark Channel has obtained the rights to the sitcom and began airing the series in January 2016 . Five seasons are available for streaming on Netflix and the sixth and final season is also available on Hulu . The syndication of Last Man Standing is a major success in a time when few off - network reruns were becoming hits . Broadcast ( edit ) Last Man Standing aired on ABC in the U.S. , on Fox8 , Network Ten and Eleven ( previously aired on One ) in Australia , City in Canada , and TV3 in New Zealand . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it premiered on October 9 , 2012 . The second season premiered on January 30 , 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Since becoming series regulars in season 4 , Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams are only credited for the episodes in which they appear . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ; Hibberd , James ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` ABC picks up Tim Allen comedy , renews ' Happy Endings ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` A New Generation of TV Wimps '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ham Radio in Hollywood : Comedian Tim Allen Stars as Radio Amateur on New TV Show '' . American Radio Relay League . December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Alexandra Krosney Exits Last Man Standing , Role Recast '' . tvline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vince Calandra ( writer ) & Victor Gonzalez ( director ) ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Rediscover America '' . Last Man Standing . Season 4 . Episode 3 . ABC . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Lands ' Man Up ' Comedy From Writer Jack Burditt Which May Star Tim Allen '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Wednesday , January 19 '' . The Futon Critic . January 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` NBC orders Ron Moore pilot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Home Improvement Redux : Tim Allen Returns to ABC Roots With Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Allen Commits To ABC Comedy Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Allen Nabs ABC Sitcom Pilot '' . AolTV . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis lands lead in Tim Allen 's ABC pilot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis Gets Female Lead In ABC 's Tim Allen Pilot , Jere Burns Joins NBC Comedy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis joins ABC Tim Allen pilot '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Hector Elizondo joins Tim Allen project '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ; Hibberd , James ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` ABC picks up Tim Allen comedy , renews ' Happy Endings ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` ABC 2011 -- 12 Primetime Schedule Announced '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Series Premiere Dates : Late Starts for ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Man Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Picks Up Full Seasons of ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Happy Endings ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` ABC orders more of ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : Private Practice , ' Body of Proof ' Renewed ; ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Scandal ' & ' Apt 23 ′ Renewed Too ; ' GCB ' Canceled '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Fall TV : ABC Announces Premiere Dates '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Tim Doyle Joins ABC 's ' Last Man Standing ' As New Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 28 , 2012 ) . `` Nastaran Dibai To Run ' Malibu Country ' , Kevin Abbott Rejoins ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello . `` Last Man Standing Drops Alexandra Krosney -- Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` TV Castings -- Chicago Fire , Last Man Standing , Arrow '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adds actors to play Tim Allen 's daughter , grandson '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' Season 2 retools family dynamic and ages up the kid -- From Inside the Box -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Last Man Standing Recasts Role -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . August 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adds actors to play Tim Allen 's daughter , grandson '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ABC Comedies ' Malibu Country ' & ' Last Man Standing ' Get Orders For More Scripts '' . deadline.com on November 12 , 2012 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Get 5 More Episodes Each '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed : ABC Orders Season 3 '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Sets Premiere Dates for 2013 -- 2014 Including ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Once Upon A Time In Wonderland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' renewed for 4th season '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Guest Stars on ' Cristela ' in ' Last Man Standing ' Crossover Episode ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing renewed for season 5 '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( 2015 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed : Season 5 Greenlit by ABC -- Variety '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TV Series . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Canceled By ABC After 6 Seasons '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despite High Ratings , ABC Cancels Trump - Friendly Sitcom ' Last Man Standing ' '' . May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mooney , Paula . `` ' LAST MAN STANDING ' CANCELED WITH 8.1 M VIEWERS : FANS BOYCOTT ABC OVER TIM ALLEN 'S CONSERVATIVE CHRISTIAN ROLE '' . Inquisitir . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ; Gajewski , Ryan . `` Did Tim Allen 's Nazi Germany Joke Help Kill ' Last Man Standing ' ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blasting News '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Breaks Silence on Cancellation of `` Last Man Standing '' as Petition Clears 140,000 + Signatures `` . Tribuist.com . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , AOL . `` Tim Allen lashes out at ABC after ' Last Man Standing ' cancellation '' . AOL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AOL.com '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' : 20th Century Fox TV Will Seek New Home for Tim Allen Comedy '' . Variety.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing ( 2011 ) -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Last Man Standing : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' : Review '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' : Tim Allen returns to TV , no ' Home Improvement ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' : Season premiere reviews '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Last Man Standing 's second season was the weirdest sitcom season since ' Til Death '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hiltbrand , David ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lots of funny business all over TV '' . Philly.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 favorite TV shows of Democrats and Republicans '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Last Man , ' ' NCIS , ' ' 90210 , ' ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ringer , ' ' Body Of Proof ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Voice ' , ' Glee ' , ' DWTS ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' LA Complex ' , + ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 2012 Full Season Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Ratings and Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Ranks Number One In Percentage Increases -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Preliminary Broadcast Cable Finals Broadcast Finals ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 23 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Malibu Country ' Finales Rise , ' Grimm ' Flat , ' Touch ' Up , Plus NCAA Tournament Preliminary Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2012 -- 13 Season ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Hannibal ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up , ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Last Man Standing ' or ' The Neighbors ' '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Blue Bloods ' , ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' , ' Hannibal ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Primetime TV Series 2013 Ratings & Rankings -- Full List -- Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2013 - 14 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Raising Hope ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tope Viewership Gains - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' , ' Shark Tank ' & ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 - 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Dani ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' + ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine Fan Favorites Awards Winners Revealed ! '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Awards Past and present '' . The Environmental Media Association . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 ASCAP Screen Music Awards '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Fall 2015 Schedule with Last Man Standing ; Girl Meets World Tackles Asperger 's Syndrome in Upcoming Episode -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Acquires Last Man Standing for 2016 ; Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows ( Week of May 18 , 2015 ) -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` ABC Primetime Schedule 2011 '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` FOX8 premieres : Sept / Oct '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing -- Shows -- TV3 '' . MediaWorks . September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Sky1 Acquires UK Rights To ABC 's Comedy Series ' Last Man Standing ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sky1 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Last Man Standing ' Season 2 '' . TVWise . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Last Man Standing . Official website Last Man Standing on IMDb Last Man Standing at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Man_Standing_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=808574929 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2011 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows American television sitcoms English - language television programs Teenage pregnancy in television Television series about families Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in Colorado Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 18 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is boyd's dad in last man standing	[ "Jordan Masterson (regular, seasons 2–6) and Nick Jonas (guest star, season 1) as Ryan Vogelson, Boyd's Canadian father: Though Ryan initially fled when Kristin got pregnant, the two reconciled and got engaged at the end of season 3. Ryan holds staunchly liberal views, both politically and philosophically. He and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values, especially when it comes to child-rearing. Mike is often quick to point that many of Ryan's atheistic and liberal views are hypocritical. Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion and patriotism, but neither Mike nor Kristin allow this. His vegan diet, political correctness, views on discipline, and general oversensitivity are an affront to Mike's beliefs. On rare occasions, Ryan agrees with Mike on what is best for Boyd's future, but this usually winds up creating rifts with Kristin and/or Vanessa." ]	[ "Ryan Vogelson" ]
-3383191962569311858	Neutrality Acts of the 1930s	Neutrality Acts of the 1930s - wikipedia Neutrality Acts of the 1930s Jump to : navigation , search For other Neutrality Acts , see Neutrality Act . U.S. Congressional opposition to American involvement in wars and interventions 1812 North America House Federalists ' Address 1847 Mexican -- American War Spot Resolutions 1917 World War I Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill 1935 -- 1939 Neutrality Acts 1935 -- 1940 Ludlow Amendment 1970 Vietnam McGovern -- Hatfield Amendment 1970 Southeast Asia Cooper -- Church Amendment 1971 Vietnam Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution 1973 Southeast Asia Case -- Church Amendment 1973 War Powers Resolution Hughes -- Ryan Amendment 1976 Angola Clark Amendment 1982 Nicaragua Boland Amendment 2007 Iraq House Concurrent Resolution 63 The Neutrality Acts were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s , in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II . They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I , and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts . The legacy of the Neutrality Acts is widely regarded as having been generally negative : they made no distinction between aggressor and victim , treating both equally as `` belligerents '' ; and they limited the US government 's ability to aid Britain and France against Nazi Germany . The acts were largely repealed in 1941 , in the face of German submarine attacks on U.S. vessels and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Neutrality Act of 1935 3 Neutrality Act of 1936 4 Neutrality Act of 1937 5 Neutrality Act of 1939 6 End of neutrality policy 7 Subsequent application 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) The Nye Committee hearings between 1934 and 1936 and several best - selling books of the time , like H.C. Engelbrecht 's The Merchants of Death ( 1934 ) , supported the conviction of many Americans that the U.S. entry into World War I had been orchestrated by bankers and arms dealers for profit reasons . This strengthened the position of isolationists and non-interventionists in the country . Powerful forces in United States Congress pushing for non-interventionism and strong Neutrality Acts were the Republican Senators William Edgar Borah , Arthur H. Vandenberg , Gerald P. Nye and Robert M. La Follette , Jr. , but support of non-interventionism was not limited to the Republican party . The Ludlow Amendment , requiring a public referendum before any declaration of war except in cases of defense against direct attack , was introduced several times without success between 1935 and 1940 by Democratic Representative Louis Ludlow . Democratic President Roosevelt and especially his Secretary of State Cordell Hull were critical of the Neutrality Acts , fearing that they would restrict the administration 's options to support friendly nations . Even though both the House and Senate had large Democratic majorities throughout these years , there was enough support for the Acts among Democrats ( especially those representing Southern states ) to ensure their passage . Although Congressional support was insufficient to override a presidential veto , Roosevelt felt he could not afford to snub the South and anger public opinion , especially while facing re-election in 1936 and needing Congressional co-operation on domestic issues . With considerable reluctance , the president signed the Neutrality Acts into law . Neutrality Act of 1935 ( edit ) Roosevelt 's State Department had lobbied for embargo provisions that would allow the President to impose sanctions selectively . This was rejected by Congress . The 1935 act , signed on August 31 , 1935 , imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war . It also declared that American citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk . The act was set to expire after six months . When Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1935 , the State Department established an office to enforce the provisions of the Act . The Office of Arms and Munitions Control , renamed the Division of Controls in 1939 when the office was expanded , consisted of Joseph C. Green and Charles W. Yost . Roosevelt invoked the act after Italy 's invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935 , preventing all arms and ammunition shipments to Italy and Ethiopia . He also declared a `` moral embargo '' against the belligerents , covering trade not falling under the Neutrality Act . Neutrality Act of 1936 ( edit ) The Neutrality Act of 1936 , passed in February of that year , renewed the provisions of the 1935 act for another 14 months . It also forbade all loans or credits to belligerents . However , this act did not cover `` civil wars '' , such as that in Spain ( 1936 -- 1939 ) , nor did it cover materials such as trucks and oil . U.S. companies such as Texaco , Standard Oil , Ford , General Motors , and Studebaker exploited this loophole to sell such items to General Franco on credit . By 1939 , Franco owed these and other companies more than $100,000,000 . Neutrality Act of 1937 ( edit ) In January 1937 , the Congress passed a joint resolution outlawing the arms trade with Spain . The Neutrality Act of 1937 was passed in May and included the provisions of the earlier acts , this time without expiration date , and extended them to cover civil wars as well . Furthermore , U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents , and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations . In a concession to Roosevelt , a `` cash - and - carry '' provision that had been devised by his advisor Bernard Baruch was added : the President could permit the sale of materials and supplies to belligerents in Europe as long as the recipients arranged for the transport and paid immediately with cash , with the argument that this would not draw the U.S. into the conflict . Roosevelt believed that cash - and - carry would aid France and Great Britain in the event of a war with Germany , since they were the only countries that controlled the seas and were able to take advantage of the provision . The cash - and - carry clause was set to expire after two years . Japan invaded China in July 1937 , starting the Second Sino - Japanese War . President Roosevelt , who supported the Chinese side , chose not to invoke the Neutrality Acts since the parties had not formally declared war . In so doing , he ensured that China 's efforts to defend itself would not be hindered by the legislation : China was dependent on arms imports and only Japan would have been able to take advantage of cash - and - carry . This outraged the isolationists in Congress who claimed that the spirit of the law was being undermined . Roosevelt stated that he would prohibit American ships from transporting arms to the belligerents , but he allowed British ships to transport American arms to China . Roosevelt gave his Quarantine Speech in October 1937 , outlining a move away from neutrality and toward `` quarantining '' all aggressors . He then imposed a `` moral embargo '' on exports of aircraft to Japan . Neutrality Act of 1939 ( edit ) Early in 1939 , after Nazi Germany had invaded Czechoslovakia , Roosevelt lobbied Congress to have the cash - and - carry provision renewed . He was rebuffed , the provision lapsed , and the mandatory arms embargo remained in place . In September 1939 , after Germany had invaded Poland , Great Britain and France declared war on Germany . Roosevelt invoked the provisions of the Neutrality Act but came before Congress and lamented that the Neutrality Acts may give passive aid to an aggressor country . Congress was divided . Nye wanted to broaden the embargo , and other isolationists like Vandenberg and Hiram Johnson vowed to fight `` from hell to breakfast '' Roosevelt 's desire to loosen the embargo . An `` outstanding Republican leader '' who supported helping nations under attack , however , told H.V. Kaltenborn that the embargo was futile because a neutral country like Italy could buy from the US and sell its own weapons to Germany , while US companies would relocate factories to Canada . Roosevelt prevailed over the isolationists , and on November 4 the Neutrality Act of 1939 was passed , allowing for arms trade with belligerent nations ( Great Britain and France ) on a cash - and - carry basis , thus in effect ending the arms embargo . Furthermore , the Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1937 were repealed , American citizens and ships were barred from entering war zones designated by the President , and the National Munitions Control Board ( which had been created by the 1935 Neutrality Act ) was charged with issuing licenses for all arms imports and exports . Arms trade without a license became a federal crime , with a penalty of up to two years in prison . End of Neutrality Policy ( edit ) The end of neutrality policy came with the Lend - Lease Act of March 1941 , which allowed the U.S. to sell , lend or give war materials to nations the US administration wanted to support . After repeated attacks by German submarines on U.S. ships , Roosevelt announced on September 11 , 1941 , that he had ordered the U.S. Navy to attack German and Italian war vessels in the `` waters which we deem necessary for our defense '' . Following the sinking of the U.S. destroyer Reuben James on October 31 , many of the provisions of the Neutrality Acts were repealed on November 17 , 1941 : merchant vessels were allowed to be armed and to carry any cargoes to belligerent nations . The U.S. formally declared war on Japan on December 8 , 1941 following the attack on Pearl Harbor of the previous day ; Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. on December 11 , 1941 , and the U.S. responded with a declaration of war on the same day . Subsequent application ( edit ) The provision against unlicensed arms trades of the 1939 act remains in force . In 1948 , Charles Winters , Al Schwimmer and Herman Greenspun were convicted under the 1939 Act after smuggling B - 17 Flying Fortress bombers from Florida to the nascent state of Israel during the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . All three received Presidential pardons in subsequent decades . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Delaney , David G , Neutrality Acts , Novel guide , retrieved June 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : The Neutrality Acts , 1930s , US : State Department , retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Public Resolution 67 , 74th Congress , 49 Stat. 1081 of August 31 , 1935 ^ Jump up to : Combs , Jerald A. ( 2002 ) . `` Embargoes and Sanctions '' . Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy . Jump up ^ Public Resolution 74 , 74th Congress , 49 Stat. 1152 of February 29 , 1936 Jump up ^ Anderson , James M. The Spanish Civil War : A History and Reference Guide . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32274 - 0 . Jump up ^ Public Resolution 27 , 75th Congress , 50 Stat. 121 of May 1 , 1937 Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. ( 1999 ) . Freedom From Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 - 1945 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503834 - 7 . Jump up ^ Powaski , Ronald E ( 1991 ) , Toward an Entangling Alliance : American Isolationism , Internationalism , and Europe , 1901 -- 1950 , Westport : Greenwood , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` September 21 , 1939 : FDR urges repeal of Neutrality Act embargo provisions '' . History.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaltenborn , H.V. ( 1939 - 09 - 22 ) . CBS H.V. Kaltenborn Commentary ( Radio ) . Jump up ^ Public Resolution 54 , 76th Congress , 54 Stat. 4 of November 4 , 1939 Jump up ^ Brinkley , Douglas ; Rubel , David ( 2003 ) . World War II : The Axis Assault , 1939 - 1942 . Macmillan . pp. 99 -- 106 . Jump up ^ 22 U.S.C. § 441 ( notes ) Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ( 24 December 2008 ) . `` Jailed for Aiding Israel , but Pardoned by Bush '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pardon granted to man who flew planes to Israel '' . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Divine , Robert A. ( 1962 ) , The Illusion of Neutrality , University of Chicago Press , OCLC 186301491 Garner , James W. ( 1937 ) , `` Recent American Neutrality Legislation '' , International Affairs , 16 ( 6 ) : 853 -- 869 , JSTOR 2602764 External links ( edit ) Neutrality Act of August 31 , 1935 Neutrality Act of February 29 , 1936 Neutrality Act of May 1 , 1937 Neutrality Act of November 4 , 1939 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutrality_Acts_of_the_1930s&oldid=841819852 '' Categories : 1937 in American politics 1937 in law United States foreign relations legislation History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) History of United States isolationism Legal history of the United States 1937 in international relations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 08 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the neutrality act of 1937 passed	[ "In January 1937, the Congress passed a joint resolution outlawing the arms trade with Spain. The Neutrality Act of 1937[7] was passed in May and included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well.[8] Furthermore, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations." ]	[ "in May" ]
-1528035415933677302	Thermal equilibrium	Thermal equilibrium - wikipedia Thermal equilibrium Jump to : navigation , search Two physical systems are in thermal equilibrium if there are no net flow of thermal energy between them when they are connected by a path permeable to heat . Thermal equilibrium obeys the zeroth law of thermodynamics . A system is said to be in thermal equilibrium with itself if the temperature within the system is spatially and temporally uniform . Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are always in thermal equilibrium , but the converse is not always true . If the connection between the systems allows transfer of energy as heat but does not allow transfer of matter or transfer of energy as work , the two systems may reach thermal equilibrium without reaching thermodynamic equilibrium . Contents ( hide ) 1 Two varieties of thermal equilibrium 1.1 Relation of thermal equilibrium between two thermally connected bodies 1.2 Internal thermal equilibrium of an isolated body 2 Thermal contact 3 Bodies prepared with separately uniform temperatures , then put into purely thermal communication with each other 4 Change of internal state of an isolated system 4.1 In a gravitational field 5 Distinctions between thermal and thermodynamic equilibria 6 Thermal equilibrium of planets 7 See also 8 Citations 9 Citation references Two varieties of thermal equilibrium ( edit ) Relation of thermal equilibrium between two thermally connected bodies ( edit ) The relation of thermal equilibrium is an instance of a contact equilibrium between two bodies , which means that it refers to transfer through a selectively permeable partition , the contact path . For the relation of thermal equilibrium , the contact path is permeable only to heat ; it does not permit the passage of matter or work ; it is called a diathermal connection . According to Lieb and Yngvason , the essential meaning of the relation of thermal equilibrium includes that it is reflexive and symmetric . It is not included in the essential meaning whether it is or is not transitive . After discussing the semantics of the definition , they postulate a substantial physical axiom , that they call the `` zeroth law of thermodynamics '' , that thermal equilibrium is a transitive relation . They comment that the equivalence classes of systems so established are called isotherms . Internal thermal equilibrium of an isolated body ( edit ) Thermal equilibrium of a body in itself refers to the body when it is isolated . The background is that no heat enters or leaves it , and that it is allowed unlimited time to settle under its own intrinsic characteristics . When it is completely settled , so that macroscopic change is no longer detectable , it is in its own thermal equilibrium . It is not implied that it is necessarily in other kinds of internal equilibrium . For example , it is possible that a body might reach internal thermal equilibrium but not be in internal chemical equilibrium ; glass is an example . One may imagine an isolated system , initially not in its own state of internal thermal equilibrium . It could be subjected to a fictive thermodynamic operation of partition into two subsystems separated by nothing , no wall . One could then consider the possibility of transfers of energy as heat between the two subsystems . A long time after the fictive partition operation , the two subsystems will reach a practically stationary state , and so be in the relation of thermal equilibrium with each other . Such an adventure could be conducted in indefinitely many ways , with different fictive partitions . All of them will result in subsystems that could be shown to be in thermal equilibrium with each other , testing subsystems from different partitions . For this reason , an isolated system , initially not its own state of internal thermal equilibrium , but left for a long time , practically always will reach a final state which may be regarded as one of internal thermal equilibrium . Such a final state is one of spatial uniformity or homogeneity of temperature . The existence of such states is a basic postulate of classical thermodynamics . This postulate is sometimes , but not often , called the minus first law of thermodynamics . Thermal contact ( edit ) Heat can flow into or out of a closed system by way of thermal conduction or of thermal radiation to or from a thermal reservoir , and when this process is effecting net transfer of heat , the system is not in thermal equilibrium . While the transfer of energy as heat continues , the system 's temperature can be changing . Bodies prepared with separately uniform temperatures , then put into purely thermal communication with each other ( edit ) If bodies are prepared with separately microscopically stationary states , and are then put into purely thermal connection with each other , by conductive or radiative pathways , they will be in thermal equilibrium with each other just when the connection is followed by no change in either body . But if initially they are not in a relation of thermal equilibrium , heat will flow from the hotter to the colder , by whatever pathway , conductive or radiative , is available , and this flow will continue until thermal equilibrium is reached and then they will have the same temperature . One form of thermal equilibrium is radiative exchange equilibrium . Two bodies , each with its own uniform temperature , in solely radiative connection , no matter how far apart , or what partially obstructive , reflective , or refractive , obstacles lie in their path of radiative exchange , not moving relative to one another , will exchange thermal radiation , in net the hotter transferring energy to the cooler , and will exchange equal and opposite amounts just when they are at the same temperature . In this situation , Kirchhoff 's law of equality of radiative emissivity and absorptivity and the Helmholtz reciprocity principle are in play . Change of internal state of an isolated system ( edit ) If an initially isolated physical system , without internal walls that establish adiabatically isolated subsystems , is left long enough , it will usually reach a state of thermal equilibrium in itself , in which its temperature will be uniform throughout , but not necessarily a state of thermodynamic equilibrium , if there is some structural barrier that can prevent some possible processes in the system from reaching equilibrium ; glass is an example . Classical thermodynamics in general considers idealized systems that have reached internal equilibrium , and idealized transfers of matter and energy between them . An isolated physical system may be inhomogeneous , or may be composed of several subsystems separated from each other by walls . If an initially inhomogeneous physical system , without internal walls , is isolated by a thermodynamic operation , it will in general over time change its internal state . Or if it is composed of several subsystems separated from each other by walls , it may change its state after a thermodynamic operation that changes its walls . Such changes may include change of temperature or spatial distribution of temperature , by changing the state of constituent materials . A rod of iron , initially prepared to be hot at one end and cold at the other , when isolated , will change so that its temperature becomes uniform all along its length ; during the process , the rod is not in thermal equilibrium until its temperature is uniform . In a system prepared as a block of ice floating in a bath of hot water , and then isolated , the ice can melt ; during the melting , the system is not in thermal equilibrium ; but eventually its temperature will become uniform ; the block of ice will not re-form . A system prepared as a mixture of petrol vapour and air can be ignited by a spark and produce carbon dioxide and water ; if this happens in an isolated system , it will increase the temperature of the system , and during the increase , the system is not in thermal equilibrium ; but eventually the system will settle to a uniform temperature . Such changes in isolated systems are irreversible in the sense that while such a change will occur spontanteously whenever the system is prepared in the same way , the reverse change will practically never occur spontanteously within the isolated system ; this is a large part of the content of the second law of thermodynamics . Truly perfectly isolated systems do not occur in nature , and always are artificially prepared . In a gravitational field ( edit ) One may consider a system contained in a very tall adiabatically isolating vessel with rigid walls initially containing a thermally A heterogeneous distribution of material , left for a long time under the influence of a steady gravitational field , along its tall dimension , due to an outside body such as the earth . It will settle to a state of uniform temperature throughout , though not of uniform pressure or density , and perhaps containing several phases . It is then in internal thermal equilibrium and even in thermodynamic equilibrium . This means that all local parts of the system are in mutual radiative exchange equilibrium . This means that the temperature of the system is spatially uniform . This is so in all cases , including those of non-uniform external force fields . For an externally imposed gravitational field , this may be proved in macroscopic thermodynamic terms , by the calculus of variations , using the method of Langrangian multipliers . Considerations of kinetic theory or statistical mechanics also support this statement . Distinctions between thermal and thermodynamic equilibria ( edit ) There is an important distinction between thermal and thermodynamic equilibrium . According to Münster ( 1970 ) , in states of thermodynamic equilibrium , the state variables of a system do not change at a measurable rate . Moreover , `` The proviso ' at a measurable rate ' implies that we can consider an equilibrium only with respect to specified processes and defined experimental conditions . '' Also , a state of thermodynamic equilibrium can be described by fewer macroscopic variables than any other state of a given body of matter . A single isolated body can start in a state which is not one of thermodynamic equilibrium , and can change till thermodynamic equilibrium is reached . Thermal equilibrium is a relation between two bodies or closed systems , in which transfers are allowed only of energy and take place through a partition permeable to heat , and in which the transfers have proceeded till the states of the bodies cease to change . An explicit distinction between ' thermal equilibrium ' and ' thermodynamic equilibrium ' is made by C.J. Adkins . He allows that two systems might be allowed to exchange heat but be constrained from exchanging work ; they will naturally exchange heat till they have equal temperatures , and reach thermal equilibrium , but in general will not be in thermodynamic equilibrium . They can reach thermodynamic equilibrium when they are allowed also to exchange work . Another explicit distinction between ' thermal equilibrium ' and ' thermodynamic equilibrium ' is made by B.C. Eu . He considers two systems in thermal contact , one a thermometer , the other a system in which several irreversible processes are occurring . He considers the case in which , over the time scale of interest , it happens that both the thermometer reading and the irreversible processes are steady . Then there is thermal equilibrium without thermodynamic equilibrium . Eu proposes consequently that the zeroth law of thermodynamics can be considered to apply even when thermodynamic equilibrium is not present ; also he proposes that if changes are occurring so fast that a steady temperature can not be defined , then `` it is no longer possible to describe the process by means of a thermodynamic formalism . In other words , thermodynamics has no meaning for such a process . '' Thermal equilibrium of planets ( edit ) Main article : Planetary equilibrium temperature A planet is in thermal equilibrium when the incident energy reaching it ( typically the solar irradiance from its parent star ) is equal to the infrared energy radiated away to space . See also ( edit ) Time crystal Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Münster , A. ( 1970 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lieb , E.H. , Yngvason , J. ( 1999 ) . The physics and mathematics of the second law of thermodynamics , Physics Reports , 314 : 1 -- 96 , p. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Adkins , C.J. ( 1968 / 1983 ) , pp. 249 -- 251 . Jump up ^ Planck , M. , ( 1897 / 1903 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Tisza , L. ( 1966 ) , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , M. ( 1994 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Marsland , R. III , Brown , H.R. , Valente , G. ( 2015 ) . Time and irreversibility in axiomatic thermodynamics , Am. J. Phys. , 83 ( 7 ) : 628 -- 634 . Jump up ^ Prevost , P. ( 1791 ) . Mémoire sur l'equilibre du feu . Journal de Physique ( Paris ) , vol. 38 pp. 314 - 322 . ^ Jump up to : Planck , M. ( 1914 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , J.W. ( 1876 / 1878 ) , pp. 144 - 150 . Jump up ^ ter Haar , D. , Wergeland , H. ( 1966 ) , pp. 127 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Münster , A. ( 1970 ) , pp. 309 -- 310 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , M. ( 1994 ) , pp. 254 - 256 . Jump up ^ Verkley , W.T.M. , Gerkema , T. ( 2004 ) . On maximum entropy profiles , J. Atmos . Sci. , 61 ( 8 ) : 931 -- 936 . Jump up ^ Akmaev , R.A. ( 2008 ) . On the energetics of maximum - entropy temperature profiles , Q.J.R. Meteorol . Soc. , 134 : 187 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , J.C. ( 1867 ) . Jump up ^ Boltzmann , L. ( 1896 / 1964 ) , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Chapman , S. , Cowling , T.G. ( 1939 / 1970 ) , Section 4.14 , pp. 75 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Partington , J.R. ( 1949 ) , pp. 275 -- 278 . Jump up ^ Coombes , C.A. , Laue , H. ( 1985 ) . A paradox concerning the temperature distribution of a gas in a gravitational field , Am. J. Phys. , 53 : 272 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Román , F.L. , White , J.A. , Velasco , S. ( 1995 ) . Microcanonical single - particle distributions for an ideal gas in a gravitational field , Eur. J. Phys. , 16 : 83 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Velasco , S. , Román , F.L. , White , J.A. ( 1996 ) . On a paradox concerning the temperature distribution of an ideal gas in a gravitational field , Eur. J. Phys. , 17 : 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Münster , A. ( 1970 ) , pp. 6 , 22 , 52 . Jump up ^ Adkins , C.J. ( 1968 / 1983 ) , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Eu , B.C. ( 2002 ) . Generalized Thermodynamics . The Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes and Generalized Hydrodynamics , Kluwer Academic Publishers , Dordrecht , ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0788 - 4 , page 13 . Citation references ( edit ) Adkins , C.J. ( 1968 / 1983 ) . Equilibrium Thermodynamics , third edition , McGraw - Hill , London , ISBN 0 - 521 - 25445 - 0 . Bailyn , M. ( 1994 ) . A Survey of Thermodynamics , American Institute of Physics Press , New York , ISBN 0 - 88318 - 797 - 3 . Boltzmann , L. ( 1896 / 1964 ) . Lectures on Gas Theory , translated by S.G. Brush , University of California Press , Berkeley . Chapman , S. , Cowling , T.G. ( 1939 / 1970 ) . The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform gases . An Account of the Kinetic Theory of Viscosity , Thermal Conduction and Diffusion in Gases , third edition 1970 , Cambridge University Press , London . Gibbs , J.W. ( 1876 / 1878 ) . On the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances , Trans . Conn. Acad. , 3 : 108 - 248 , 343 - 524 , reprinted in The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs , Ph. D , LL . D. , edited by W.R. Longley , R.G. Van Name , Longmans , Green & Co. , New York , 1928 , volume 1 , pp. 55 -- 353 . Maxwell , J.C. ( 1867 ) . On the dynamical theory of gases , Phil . Trans . Roy . Soc . London , 157 : 49 -- 88 . Münster , A. ( 1970 ) . Classical Thermodynamics , translated by E.S. Halberstadt , Wiley -- Interscience , London . Partington , J.R. ( 1949 ) . An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry , volume 1 , Fundamental Principles . The Properties of Gases , Longmans , Green and Co. , London . Planck , M. , ( 1897 / 1903 ) . Treatise on Thermodynamics , translated by A. Ogg , first English edition , Longmans , Green and Co. , London . Planck , M. ( 1914 ) . The Theory of Heat Radiation , second edition translated by M. Masius , P. Blakiston 's Son and Co. , Philadelphia . ter Haar , D. , Wergeland , H. ( 1966 ) . Elements of Thermodynamics , Addison - Wesley Publishing , Reading MA . Tisza , L. ( 1966 ) . Generalized Thermodynamics , M.I.T. Press , Cambridge MA . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermal_equilibrium&oldid=839116787 '' Categories : Temperature Concepts in physics Physical quantities Heat transfer Thermodynamics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Latina Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی தமிழ் 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 10 : 56 . About Wikipedia	when are two bodies said to be in thermal equilibrium	[ "Two physical systems are in thermal equilibrium if there are no net flow of thermal energy between them when they are connected by a path permeable to heat. Thermal equilibrium obeys the zeroth law of thermodynamics. A system is said to be in thermal equilibrium with itself if the temperature within the system is spatially and temporally uniform." ]	[ "no net flow of thermal energy between them when they are connected by a path permeable to heat" ]
-5825322306733621632	General Conference Session (Seventh-day Adventist Church)	General Conference session ( Seventh - day adventist Church ) - wikipedia General Conference session ( Seventh - day adventist Church ) Jump to : navigation , search The General Conference Session is the official world meeting of the General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists , held every five years . At the session , delegates from around the world elect the Church 's World Leaders , discuss and vote on changes to the Church 's Constitution , and listen to reports from the Church 's 13 Divisions on activities going on within its territory . The first session was held on May 20 , 1863 in Battle Creek , Michigan with 20 delegates in attendance . The early sessions were held every year in a small church . As the Church 's membership grew , time between sessions lengthened , meeting places got bigger , and more delegates attended . Today the sessions are held every five years in cities with stadiums that can seat more than 70,000 attendees , which includes the more than 2,400 delegates attending and the visitors from around the world who are watching the session . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of sessions 2 See also 3 External links 4 References List of sessions ( edit ) Session Date City Venue # of Delegates Theme Comments 1 . May 20 -- 23 , 1863 Battle Creek , Michigan 20 General Conference organized 2 . May 18 -- 21 , 1864 Battle Creek , Michigan 20 3 . May 17 , 1865 Battle Creek , Michigan 21 Work with `` colored '' people organized 4 . May 16 -- 17 , 1866 Battle Creek , Michigan 19 5 . May 14 -- 19 , 1867 Battle Creek , Michigan 18 6 . May 12 -- 18 , 1868 Battle Creek , Michigan 15 7 . May 18 -- 24 , 1869 Battle Creek , Michigan 16 8 . March 15 -- 20 , 1870 Battle Creek , Michigan 22 James Erzberger of Switzerland becomes the first delegate from outside the United States 9 . February 7 -- 12 , 1871 Battle Creek , Michigan 17 10 . December 29 , 1871 -- January 3 , 1872 Battle Creek , Michigan 14 11 . March 11 -- 14 , 1873 Battle Creek , Michigan 18 12 . November 14 -- 16 , 1873 Battle Creek , Michigan 21 13 . August 10 -- 15 , 1874 Battle Creek , Michigan 19 J.N. Andrews become the denomination 's first authorized overseas missionary 14 . August 15 -- 18 , 1875 Battle Creek , Michigan 18 1st Special March 31 -- April 4 , 1876 Battle Creek , Michigan 15 15 . September 19 -- 24 , 1876 Lansing , Michigan 16 First session to be held in another city in Michigan 2nd Special November 12 -- 13 , 1876 Battle Creek , Michigan 16 16 . September 20 -- 28 , 1877 Lansing , Michigan 20 3rd Special March 1 -- 4 , 1878 Battle Creek , Michigan 22 17 . October 4 -- 16 , 1878 Battle Creek , Michigan 39 4th Special April 17 -- 23 , 1879 Battle Creek , Michigan 29 18 . November 7 -- December 1 , 1879 Battle Creek , Michigan Tabernacle 39 5th Special March 11 -- 15 , 1880 Battle Creek , Michigan Tabernacle 28 19 . October 6 -- 12 , 1880 Battle Creek , Michigan Tabernacle 38 20 . December 1 -- 19 , 1881 Battle Creek , Michigan Tabernacle 41 21 . December 7 -- 19 , 1882 Rome , New York Rome SDA Church 47 First session to be held outside of Michigan 22 . November 8 -- 20 , 1883 Battle Creek , Michigan Tabernacle 65 23 . October 30 -- November 20 , 1884 Battle Creek , Michigan Tabernacle 67 24 . November 18 -- December 6 , 1885 Battle Creek , Michigan Tabernacle 70 25 . November 18 -- December 6 , 1886 Battle Creek , Michigan Tabernacle 71 26 . November 13 -- December 12 , 1887 Oakland , California Oakland SDA Church 70 First Session to be held west of the Mississippi River 27 . October 18 -- November 8 , 1888 Minneapolis , Minnesota Minneapolis SDA Church 91 see article 1888 Minneapolis General Conference , O.A. Olsen becomes first GC president not born in the United States 28 . October 18 -- November 5 , 1889 Battle Creek , Michigan Tabernacle 109 First Session with more than 100 delegates 29 . March 5 -- 25 , 1891 Battle Creek , Michigan Tabernacle 125 30 . February 17 -- March 6 , 1893 Battle Creek , Michigan Tabernacle 130 31 . February 15 -- March 4 , 1895 Battle Creek , Michigan Tabernacle 150 32 . February 19 -- March 8 , 1897 Lincoln , Nebraska 140 33 . February 15 -- March 7 , 1899 South Lancaster , Massachusetts South Lancaster SDA Church 149 34 . April 2 -- 23 , 1901 Battle Creek , Michigan Tabernacle 268 Major denominational reorganization with the creation of departments 35 . March 27 -- April 3 , 1903 Oakland , California Oakland SDA Church 139 36 . May 11 -- 30 , 1905 Washington , D.C. Tent meeting 197 37 . May 13 -- June 6 , 1909 Washington , D.C. Tent meeting 328 Ellen White 's last session . First Session with delegates from each of the world 's major continents 38 . May 15 -- June 8 , 1913 Washington , D.C. Tent meeting 372 39 . March 29 -- April 14 , 1918 San Francisco , California San Francisco Municipal Auditorium 443 First Session to not be held in a church building 40 . May 11 -- 28 , 1922 San Francisco , California Exposition Auditorium 581 41 . May 27 -- June 14 , 1926 Milwaukee , Wisconsin Milwaukee Auditorium 577 42 . May 28 -- June 12 , 1930 San Francisco , California Exposition Auditorium 577 43 . May 26 -- June 8 , 1936 San Francisco , California Exposition Auditorium 671 44 . May 26 -- June 7 , 1941 San Francisco , California Exposition Auditorium 619 45 . June 5 -- 15 , 1946 Washington , D.C. Sligo SDA Church 828 Last Session to be held in a church building 46 . July 10 -- 22 , 1950 San Francisco , California Exposition Auditorium 943 47 . May 24 -- June 5 , 1954 San Francisco , California Exposition Auditorium 1109 First Session to have more than 1000 delegates 48 . June 19 -- 28 , 1958 Cleveland , Ohio Public Auditorium 1160 49 . July 26 -- August 4 , 1962 San Francisco , California Exposition Auditorium 1314 We Have This Hope 50 . June 16 -- 25 , 1966 Detroit , Michigan Cobo Hall 1495 Behold He Cometh 51 . June 11 -- 20 , 1970 Atlantic City , New Jersey Atlantic City Convention Hall 1782 That the World May Know 52 . July 10 -- 19 , 1975 Vienna , Austria Stadthalle 1756 First session to be held outside of North America 53 . April 16 -- 26 , 1980 Dallas , Texas Dallas Convention Center 1925 By His Spirit 27 Fundamental Beliefs Created ; now 28 Fundamentals 54 . June 27 -- July 6 , 1985 New Orleans , Louisiana Superdome 2044 Christ Our Hope First Session with more than 2000 delegates 55 . July 5 -- 14 , 1990 Indianapolis , Indiana Hoosier Dome 2239 We Shall Behold Him Global Mission was launched . 3ABN first broadcast of a General Conference Session 56 . June 29 -- July 8 , 1995 Utrecht , Netherlands Jaarbeurs Complex 2321 United in Christ 57 . June 29 -- July 8 , 2000 Toronto , Canada SkyDome 1844 Almost Home Hope Channel first broadcast of a General Conference Session 58 . June 29 -- July 9 , 2005 St. Louis , Missouri Edward Jones Dome 1903 Transformed in Christ 28th fundamental belief added to the 27 59 . June 23 -- July 3 , 2010 Atlanta , Georgia Georgia Dome 2244 Proclaiming God 's Grace 60 . July 2 -- 11 , 2015 San Antonio , Texas Alamodome 2566 Arise ! Shine ! Jesus is Coming ! 61 . June 25 - July 4 , 2020 Indianapolis , Indiana Lucas Oil Stadium TBD TBD Future Session 62 . 2025 St. Louis , Missouri TBD TBD TBD Future Session See also ( edit ) General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists 1888 Minneapolis General Conference Seventh - day Adventist Church History of the Seventh - day Adventist Church External links ( edit ) GCSession.org General Conference Session Bulletins from Adventist Archives References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.adventistarchives.org/general-conference-sessions Jump up ^ Seventh - day Adventist Encyclopedia Vol 10. , p. 593 - 54 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Conference_Session_(Seventh-day_Adventist_Church)&oldid=792678146 '' Categories : General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists Quinquennial events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 July 2017 , at 23 : 12 . About Wikipedia	where will the next general conference of sda be held	[ "\n\nSession\nDate\nCity\nVenue\n# of Delegates\nTheme\nComments\n\n\n1.\nMay 20–23, 1863\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n20\n\nGeneral Conference organized\n\n\n2.\nMay 18–21, 1864\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n3.\nMay 17, 1865\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n21\n\nWork with \"colored\" people organized\n\n\n4.\nMay 16–17, 1866\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n19\n\n\n\n\n5.\nMay 14–19, 1867\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n18\n\n\n\n\n6.\nMay 12–18, 1868\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n15\n\n\n\n\n7.\nMay 18–24, 1869\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n16\n\n\n\n\n8.\nMarch 15–20, 1870\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n22\n\nJames Erzberger of Switzerland becomes the first delegate from outside the United States\n\n\n9.\nFebruary 7–12, 1871\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n17\n\n\n\n\n10.\nDecember 29, 1871 – January 3, 1872\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n14\n\n\n\n\n11.\nMarch 11–14, 1873\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n18\n\n\n\n\n12.\nNovember 14–16, 1873\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n21\n\n\n\n\n13.\nAugust 10–15, 1874\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n19\n\nJ.N. Andrews become the denomination's first authorized overseas missionary\n\n\n14.\nAugust 15–18, 1875\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n18\n\n\n\n\n1st Special\nMarch 31 – April 4, 1876\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n15\n\n\n\n\n15.\nSeptember 19–24, 1876\nLansing, Michigan\n\n16\n\nFirst session to be held in another city in Michigan\n\n\n2nd Special\nNovember 12–13, 1876\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n16\n\n\n\n\n16.\nSeptember 20–28, 1877\nLansing, Michigan\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n3rd Special\nMarch 1–4, 1878\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n22\n\n\n\n\n17.\nOctober 4–16, 1878\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n39\n\n\n\n\n4th Special\nApril 17–23, 1879\nBattle Creek, Michigan\n\n29\n\n\n\n\n18.\nNovember 7 – December 1, 1879\nBattle Creek, Michigan\nTabernacle\n39\n\n\n\n\n5th Special\nMarch 11–15, 1880\nBattle Creek, Michigan\nTabernacle\n28\n\n\n\n\n19.\nOctober 6–12, 1880\nBattle Creek, Michigan\nTabernacle\n38\n\n\n\n\n20.\nDecember 1–19, 1881\nBattle Creek, Michigan\nTabernacle\n41\n\n\n\n\n21.\nDecember 7–19, 1882\nRome, New York\nRome SDA Church\n47\n\nFirst session to be held outside of Michigan\n\n\n22.\nNovember 8–20, 1883\nBattle Creek, Michigan\nTabernacle\n65\n\n\n\n\n23.\nOctober 30 – November 20, 1884\nBattle Creek, Michigan\nTabernacle\n67\n\n\n\n\n24.\nNovember 18 – December 6, 1885\nBattle Creek, Michigan\nTabernacle\n70\n\n\n\n\n25.\nNovember 18 – December 6, 1886\nBattle Creek, Michigan\nTabernacle\n71\n\n\n\n\n26.\nNovember 13 – December 12, 1887\nOakland, California\nOakland SDA Church\n70\n\nFirst Session to be held west of the Mississippi River\n\n\n27.\nOctober 18 – November 8, 1888\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\nMinneapolis SDA Church\n91\n\nsee article 1888 Minneapolis General Conference, O. A. Olsen becomes first GC president not born in the United States\n\n\n28.\nOctober 18 – November 5, 1889\nBattle Creek, Michigan\nTabernacle\n109\n\nFirst Session with more than 100 delegates\n\n\n29.\nMarch 5–25, 1891\nBattle Creek, Michigan\nTabernacle\n125\n\n\n\n\n30.\nFebruary 17 – March 6, 1893\nBattle Creek, Michigan\nTabernacle\n130\n\n\n\n\n31.\nFebruary 15 – March 4, 1895\nBattle Creek, Michigan\nTabernacle\n150\n\n\n\n\n32.\nFebruary 19 – March 8, 1897\nLincoln, Nebraska\n\n140\n\n\n\n\n33.\nFebruary 15 – March 7, 1899\nSouth Lancaster, Massachusetts\nSouth Lancaster SDA Church\n149\n\n\n\n\n34.\nApril 2–23, 1901\nBattle Creek, Michigan\nTabernacle\n268\n\nMajor denominational reorganization with the creation of departments\n\n\n35.\nMarch 27 – April 3, 1903\nOakland, California\nOakland SDA Church\n139\n\n\n\n\n36.\nMay 11–30, 1905\nWashington, D.C.\nTent meeting\n197\n\n\n\n\n37.\nMay 13 – June 6, 1909\nWashington, D.C.\nTent meeting\n328\n\nEllen White's last session. First Session with delegates from each of the world's major continents\n\n\n38.\nMay 15 – June 8, 1913\nWashington, D.C.\nTent meeting\n372\n\n\n\n\n39.\nMarch 29 – April 14, 1918\nSan Francisco, California\nSan Francisco Municipal Auditorium\n443\n\nFirst Session to not be held in a church building\n\n\n40.\nMay 11–28, 1922\nSan Francisco, California\nExposition Auditorium\n581\n\n\n\n\n41.\nMay 27 – June 14, 1926\nMilwaukee, Wisconsin\nMilwaukee Auditorium\n577\n\n\n\n\n42.\nMay 28 – June 12, 1930\nSan Francisco, California\nExposition Auditorium\n577\n\n\n\n\n43.\nMay 26 – June 8, 1936\nSan Francisco, California\nExposition Auditorium\n671\n\n\n\n\n44.\nMay 26 – June 7, 1941\nSan Francisco, California\nExposition Auditorium\n619\n\n\n\n\n45.\nJune 5–15, 1946\nWashington, D.C.\nSligo SDA Church\n828\n\nLast Session to be held in a church building\n\n\n46.\nJuly 10–22, 1950\nSan Francisco, California\nExposition Auditorium\n943\n\n\n\n\n47.\nMay 24 – June 5, 1954\nSan Francisco, California\nExposition Auditorium\n1109\n\nFirst Session to have more than 1000 delegates\n\n\n48.\nJune 19–28, 1958\nCleveland, Ohio\nPublic Auditorium\n1160\n\n\n\n\n49.\nJuly 26 – August 4, 1962\nSan Francisco, California\nExposition Auditorium\n1314\nWe Have This Hope\n\n\n\n50.\nJune 16–25, 1966\nDetroit, Michigan\nCobo Hall\n1495\nBehold He Cometh\n\n\n\n51.\nJune 11–20, 1970\nAtlantic City, New Jersey\nAtlantic City Convention Hall\n1782\nThat the World May Know\n\n\n\n52.\nJuly 10–19, 1975\nVienna, Austria\nStadthalle\n1756\n\nFirst session to be held outside of North America\n\n\n53.\nApril 16–26, 1980\nDallas, Texas\nDallas Convention Center\n1925\nBy His Spirit\n27 Fundamental Beliefs Created; now 28 Fundamentals\n\n\n54.\nJune 27 – July 6, 1985\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\nSuperdome\n2044\nChrist Our Hope\nFirst Session with more than 2000 delegates\n\n\n55.\nJuly 5–14, 1990\nIndianapolis, Indiana\nHoosier Dome\n2239\nWe Shall Behold Him\nGlobal Mission was launched. 3ABN first broadcast of a General Conference Session\n\n\n56.\nJune 29 – July 8, 1995\nUtrecht, Netherlands[2]\nJaarbeurs Complex\n2321\nUnited in Christ\n\n\n\n57.\nJune 29 – July 8, 2000\nToronto, Canada\nSkyDome\n1844\nAlmost Home\nHope Channel first broadcast of a General Conference Session\n\n\n58.\nJune 29 – July 9, 2005\nSt. Louis, Missouri\nEdward Jones Dome\n1903\nTransformed in Christ\n28th fundamental belief added to the 27\n\n\n59.\nJune 23 – July 3, 2010\nAtlanta, Georgia\nGeorgia Dome\n2244\nProclaiming God's Grace\n\n\n\n60.\nJuly 2–11, 2015\nSan Antonio, Texas\nAlamodome\n2566\nArise! Shine! Jesus is Coming!\n\n\n\n61.\nJune 25 - July 4, 2020\nIndianapolis, Indiana\nLucas Oil Stadium\nTBD\nTBD\nFuture Session\n\n\n62.\n2025\nSt. Louis, Missouri\nTBD\nTBD\nTBD\nFuture Session\n\n" ]	[ "Indianapolis, Indiana" ]
1357657832450194384	Humpty Dumpty	Humpty Dumpty - wikipedia Humpty Dumpty Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the nursery rhyme . For other uses , see Humpty Dumpty ( disambiguation ) . `` Humpty Dumpty '' Illustration by W.W. Denslow , 1904 Nursery rhyme Published 1797 Humpty Dumpty is a character in an English nursery rhyme , probably originally a riddle and one of the best known in the English - speaking world . He is typically portrayed as a personified egg , though he is not explicitly described as such . The first recorded versions of the rhyme date from late eighteenth - century England and the tune from 1870 in James William Elliott 's National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs . Its origins are obscure and several theories have been advanced to suggest original meanings . The character of Humpty Dumpty was popularised in the United States by actor George L. Fox ( 1825 -- 77 ) . As a character and literary allusion , he has appeared or been referred to in a large number of works of literature and popular culture , particularly Lewis Carroll 's Through the Looking - Glass ( 1872 ) , in which he was described as an egg . The rhyme is listed in the Roud Folk Song Index as No. 13026 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics and melody 2 Origins 3 Meaning 4 In Through the Looking - Glass 5 In popular culture 6 In science 7 References Lyrics and melody ( edit ) The rhyme is one of the best known in the English language . The common text from 1954 is : Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall , Humpty Dumpty had a great fall . All the king 's horses and all the king 's men Could n't put Humpty together again . It is a single quatrain with external rhymes that follow the pattern of AABB and with a trochaic metre , which is common in nursery rhymes . The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs ( London , 1870 ) . Origins ( edit ) An illustration from Walter Crane 's , Mother Goose 's Nursery Rhymes ( 1877 ) , showing Humpty Dumpty as a boy Play ( help info ) The earliest known version was published in Samuel Arnold 's Juvenile Amusements in 1797 with the lyrics : Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall , Humpty Dumpty had a great fall . Four - score Men and Four - score more , Could not make Humpty Dumpty where he was before . A manuscript addition to a copy of Mother Goose 's Melody published in 1803 has the modern version with a different last line : `` Could not set Humpty Dumpty up again '' . It was published in 1810 in a version of Gammer Gurton 's Garland as : Humpty Dumpty sate ( sic ) on a wall , Humpti Dumpti ( sic ) had a great fall ; Threescore men and threescore more , Cannot place Humpty dumpty as he was before . In 1842 , James Orchard Halliwell published a collected version as : Humpty Dumpty lay in a beck . With all his sinews around his neck ; Forty Doctors and forty wrights Could n't put Humpty Dumpty to rights ! According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the term `` humpty dumpty '' referred to a drink of brandy boiled with ale in the seventeenth century . The riddle probably exploited , for misdirection , the fact that `` humpty dumpty '' was also eighteenth - century reduplicative slang for a short and clumsy person . The riddle may depend upon the assumption that a clumsy person falling off a wall might not be irreparably damaged , whereas an egg would be . The rhyme is no longer posed as a riddle , since the answer is now so well known . Similar riddles have been recorded by folklorists in other languages , such as `` Boule Boule '' in French , `` Lille Trille '' in Swedish and Norwegian , and `` Runtzelken - Puntzelken '' or `` Humpelken - Pumpelken '' in different parts of Germany -- although none is as widely known as Humpty Dumpty is in English . Meaning ( edit ) Humpty Dumpty , shown as a riddle with answer , in a 1902 Mother Goose story book by William Wallace Denslow The rhyme does not explicitly state that the subject is an egg , possibly because it may have been originally posed as a riddle . There are also various theories of an original `` Humpty Dumpty '' . One , advanced by Katherine Elwes Thomas in 1930 and adopted by Robert Ripley , posits that Humpty Dumpty is King Richard III of England , depicted as humpbacked in Tudor histories and particularly in Shakespeare 's play , and who was defeated , despite his armies , at Bosworth Field in 1485 . Professor David Daube suggested in The Oxford Magazine of 16 February 1956 that Humpty Dumpty was a `` tortoise '' siege engine , an armoured frame , used unsuccessfully to approach the walls of the Parliamentary held city of Gloucester in 1643 during the Siege of Gloucester in the English Civil War . This was on the basis of a contemporary account of the attack , but without evidence that the rhyme was connected . The theory was part of an anonymous series of articles on the origin of nursery rhymes and was widely acclaimed in academia , but it was derided by others as `` ingenuity for ingenuity 's sake '' and declared to be a spoof . The link was nevertheless popularised by a children 's opera All the King 's Men by Richard Rodney Bennett , first performed in 1969 . From 1996 , the website of the Colchester tourist board attributed the origin of the rhyme to a cannon recorded as used from the church of St Mary - at - the - Wall by the Royalist defenders in the siege of 1648 . In 1648 , Colchester was a walled town with a castle and several churches and was protected by the city wall . The story given was that a large cannon , which the website claimed was colloquially called Humpty Dumpty , was strategically placed on the wall . A shot from a Parliamentary cannon succeeded in damaging the wall beneath Humpty Dumpty which caused the cannon to tumble to the ground . The Royalists ( or Cavaliers , `` all the King 's men '' ) attempted to raise Humpty Dumpty on to another part of the wall , but the cannon was so heavy that `` All the King 's horses and all the King 's men could n't put Humpty together again '' . Author Albert Jack claimed in his 2008 book Pop Goes the Weasel : The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes that there were two other verses supporting this claim . Elsewhere , he claimed to have found them in an `` old dusty library , ( in ) an even older book '' , but did not state what the book was or where it was found . It has been pointed out that the two additional verses are not in the style of the seventeenth century or of the existing rhyme , and that they do not fit with the earliest printed versions of the rhyme , which do not mention horses and men . In Through the Looking - Glass ( edit ) Humpty Dumpty and Alice . From Through the Looking - Glass . Illustration by John Tenniel . Humpty appears in Lewis Carroll 's Through the Looking - Glass ( 1872 ) , where he discusses semantics and pragmatics with Alice . `` I do n't know what you mean by ' glory , ' '' Alice said . Humpty Dumpty smiled contemptuously . `` Of course you do n't -- till I tell you . I meant ' there 's a nice knock - down argument for you ! ' '' `` But ' glory ' does n't mean ' a nice knock - down argument ' , '' Alice objected . `` When I use a word , '' Humpty Dumpty said , in rather a scornful tone , `` it means just what I choose it to mean -- neither more nor less . '' `` The question is , '' said Alice , `` whether you can make words mean so many different things . '' `` The question is , '' said Humpty Dumpty , `` which is to be master -- that 's all . '' Alice was too much puzzled to say anything , so after a minute Humpty Dumpty began again . `` They 've a temper , some of them -- particularly verbs , they 're the proudest -- adjectives you can do anything with , but not verbs -- however , I can manage the whole lot ! Impenetrability ! That 's what I say ! '' This passage was used in Britain by Lord Atkin in his dissenting judgement in the seminal case Liversidge v. Anderson ( 1942 ) , where he protested about the distortion of a statute by the majority of the House of Lords . It also became a popular citation in United States legal opinions , appearing in 250 judicial decisions in the Westlaw database as of 19 April 2008 , including two Supreme Court cases ( TVA v. Hill and Zschernig v. Miller ) . It has been suggested by A.J. Larner that Carroll 's Humpty Dumpty had prosopagnosia on the basis of his description of his finding faces hard to recognise . `` The face is what one goes by , generally , '' Alice remarked in a thoughtful tone . `` That 's just what I complain of , '' said Humpty Dumpty . `` Your face is the same as everybody has -- the two eyes , -- '' ( marking their places in the air with his thumb ) `` nose in the middle , mouth under . It 's always the same . Now if you had the two eyes on the same side of the nose , for instance -- or the mouth at the top -- that would be some help . '' In popular culture ( edit ) A poster advertising a pantomime version at the Olympic Theatre in New York 1868 , starring George L. Fox Humpty Dumpty has become a highly popular nursery rhyme character . American actor George L. Fox ( 1825 -- 77 ) helped to popularise the character in nineteenth - century stage productions of pantomime versions , music , and rhyme . The character is also a common literary allusion , particularly to refer to a person in an insecure position , something that would be difficult to reconstruct once broken , or a short and fat person . Humpty Dumpty has been used in a large range of literary works in addition to his appearance as a character in Through the Looking - Glass , including L. Frank Baum 's Mother Goose in Prose ( 1901 ) , where the rhyming riddle is devised by the daughter of the king , having witnessed Humpty 's `` death '' and her father 's soldiers ' efforts to save him . In Neil Gaiman 's early short story The Case of the Four and Twenty Blackbirds , the Humpty Dumpty story is turned into a film noir - style hardboiled crime story , involving other characters from popular nursery rhymes . Robert Rankin used Humpty Dumpty as one victim of a serial fairy - tale character murderer in The Hollow Chocolate Bunnies of the Apocalypse ( 2002 ) . Jasper Fforde included Humpty Dumpty in his novels The Well of Lost Plots ( 2003 ) and The Big Over Easy ( 2005 ) , which use him respectively as a ringleader of dissatisfied nursery rhyme characters threatening to strike and as the victim of a murder . Humpty Dumpty appears as a lead villain in the DreamWorks animation Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) . The 1925 song `` I 'm Sitting on Top of the World '' , most notably sung by Dean Martin , Doris Day and Bobby Darin , mentions Humpty Dumpty twice in its lyrics , saying `` just like Humpty Dumpty , I 'm gon na fall '' . The rhyme has also been used as a reference in more serious literary works , including as a recurring motif of the Fall of Man in James Joyce 's 1939 novel Finnegans Wake . Robert Penn Warren 's 1946 American novel All the King 's Men is the story of populist politician Willie Stark 's rise to the position of governor and eventual fall , based on the career of the corrupt Louisiana Senator Huey Long . It won the 1947 Pulitzer Prize and was twice made into a film in 1949 and 2006 , the former winning the Academy Award for best motion picture . This was echoed in Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward 's book All the President 's Men , about the Watergate scandal , referring to the failure of the President 's staff to repair the damage once the scandal had leaked out . It was filmed as All the President 's Men in 1976 , starring Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman . Similarly , Humpty Dumpty is referred to in Paul Auster 's 1985 novel City of Glass , when two characters discuss him as `` the purest embodiment of the human condition '' and quote extensively from Through the Looking Glass . Luis d'Antin van Rooten 's 1967 book Mots d'Heures , a collection of homophonically translated poetry , includes a version of the rhyme in nonsensical French text , beginning `` Un petit d'un petit , S'étonne aux Halles ... '' . It has also been used as a common motif in popular music , including Hank Thompson 's `` Humpty Dumpty Heart '' ( 1948 ) , The Monkees ' `` All the King 's Horses '' ( 1966 ) , Aretha Franklin 's `` All the King 's Horses '' ( 1972 ) , Tori Amos 's `` Humpty Dumpty '' ( 1992 ) , and Travis ' `` The Humpty Dumpty Love Song '' ( 2001 ) . In jazz , Ornette Coleman and Chick Corea wrote different compositions , both titled Humpty Dumpty . ( In Corea 's case , however , it is a part of a concept album inspired by Lewis Carroll called The Mad Hatter , 1978 ) . In the Dolly Parton song Starting Over Again , it 's all the king 's horses and all the king 's men who ca n't put the divorced couple back together again . In an extra verse in one version of ABBA 's On and On and On , Humpty Dumpty is mentioned as being afraid of falling off the wall . TurboTax , a U.S. tax preparation software firm owned by Intuit , ran a Humpty Dumpty - inspired television commercial during Super Bowl LI . The ad depicted Humpty Dumpty in a hospital using a smartphone application to ask whether he could claim a tax deduction for medical expenses . In Science ( edit ) Humpty Dumpty has been used to demonstrate the second law of thermodynamics . The law describes a process known as entropy , a measure of the number of specific ways in which a system may be arranged , often taken to be a measure of `` disorder '' . The higher the entropy , the higher the disorder . After his fall and subsequent shattering , the inability to put him together again is representative of this principle , as it would be highly unlikely ( though not impossible ) to return him to his earlier state of lower entropy , as the entropy of an isolated system never decreases . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paul McGuire ( 26 November 2012 ) . `` Winning the Battlefield of the Future '' . News with News . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 869111 - 4 , pp. 213 -- 5 . Jump up ^ J. Smith , Poetry Writing ( Teacher Created Resources , 2002 ) , ISBN 0 - 7439 - 3273 - 0 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ P. Hunt , ed. , International Companion Encyclopedia of Children 's Literature ( London : Routledge , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 203 - 16812 - 7 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ J.J. Fuld , The Book of World - Famous Music : Classical , Popular , and Folk ( Courier Dover Publications , 5th edn. , 2000 ) , ISBN 0 - 486 - 41475 - 2 , p. 502 . Jump up ^ Emily Upton ( 24 April 2013 ) . `` The Origin of Humpty Dumpty '' . What I Learned Today . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Opie & Opie ( 1997 ) , pp. 213 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Joseph Ritson , Gammer Gurton 's Garland : or , the Nursery Parnassus ; a Choice Collection of Pretty Songs and Verses , for the Amusement of All Little Good Children Who Can Neither Read Nor Run ( London : Harding and Wright , 1810 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ J.O. Halliwell - Phillipps , The Nursery Rhymes of England ( John Russell Smith , 6th edn. , 1870 ) , p. 122 . Jump up ^ E. Partridge and P. Beale , Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English ( Routledge , 8th edn. , 2002 ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 29189 - 5 , p. 582 . Jump up ^ Lina Eckenstein ( 1906 ) . Comparative Studies in Nursery Rhymes . pp. 106 -- 107 . OL 7164972M . Retrieved 30 January 2018 -- via archive.org . Jump up ^ E. Commins , Lessons from Mother Goose ( Lack Worth , Fl : Humanics , 1988 ) , ISBN 0 - 89334 - 110 - X , p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nursery Rhymes and History '' , The Oxford Magazine , vol. 74 ( 1956 ) , pp. 230 -- 32 , 272 -- 74 and 310 -- 12 ; reprinted in : Calum M. Carmichael , ed. , Collected Works of David Daube , vol. 4 , `` Ethics and Other Writings '' ( Berkeley , CA : Robbins Collection , 2009 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 882239 - 15 - 3 , pp. 365 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Alan Rodger . `` Obituary : Professor David Daube '' . The Independent , 5 March 1999 . Jump up ^ I. Opie , ' Playground rhymes and the oral tradition ' , in P. Hunt , S.G. Bannister Ray , International Companion Encyclopedia of Children 's Literature ( London : Routledge , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 203 - 16812 - 7 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ I. and P. Opie , eds , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1997 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860088 - 6 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ C.M. Carmichael ( 2004 ) . Ideas and the Man : remembering David Daube . Studien zur europäischen Rechtsgeschichte. 177 . Frankfurt : Vittorio Klostermann . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 3 - 465 - 03363 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Richard Rodney Bennett : All the King 's Men '' . Universal Edition . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Putting the ' dump ' in Humpty Dumpty '' The BS Historian . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ A. Jack , Pop Goes the Weasel : The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes ( London : Allen Lane , 2008 ) , ISBN 1 - 84614 - 144 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Story of Humpty Dumpty , by Albert Jack '' Archived 27 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Penguin.com ( USA ) . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ F.R. Palmer , Semantics ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2nd edn. , 1981 ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 28376 - 0 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ L. Carroll , Through the Looking - Glass ( Raleigh , NC : Hayes Barton Press , 1872 ) , ISBN 1 - 59377 - 216 - 5 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ G. Lewis ( 1999 ) . Lord Atkin . London : Butterworths . p. 138 . ISBN 1 - 84113 - 057 - 5 . Jump up ^ Martin H. Redish and Matthew B. Arnould , `` Judicial review , constitutional interpretation : proposing a ' Controlled Activism ' alternative '' , Florida Law Review , vol. 64 ( 6 ) , ( 2012 ) , p. 1513 . Jump up ^ A.J. Larner ( 1998 ) . `` Lewis Carroll 's Humpty Dumpty : an early report of prosopagnosia ? '' . Journal of Neurology , Neurosurgery , and Psychiatry . 75 ( 7 ) : 1063 . doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 2003.027599 . PMC 1739130 . PMID 15201376 . Jump up ^ L. Senelick , The Age and Stage of George L. Fox 1825 -- 1877 ( University of Iowa Press , 1999 ) , ISBN 0877456844 . Jump up ^ E. Webber and M. Feinsilber , Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of Allusions ( Merriam - Webster , 1999 ) , ISBN 0 - 87779 - 628 - 9 , pp. 277 -- 8 . Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , Mother Goose in Prose ( Mineola , NY : Courier Dover , 2002 ) , ISBN 0 - 486 - 42086 - 8 , pp. 207 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Neil Gaiman , The Case of the Four and Twenty Blackbirds , first published in 1984 in Knave , available online . Jump up ^ R. Rankin , The Hollow Chocolate Bunnies of the Apocalypse ( London : Gollancz , 2009 ) , ISBN 0 - 575 - 08543 - 6 . Jump up ^ J. Fforde , Well of Lost Plots ( London : Viking , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 670 - 03289 - 1 . Jump up ^ J. Fforde , The Big Over Easy : A Nursery Crime ( London : Penguin , 2006 ) , ISBN 0 - 14 - 303723 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Martin - I 'm Sitting On Top Of The World Lyrics - MetroLyrics '' . www.metrolyrics.com . Jump up ^ J.S. Atherton , The Books at the Wake : A Study of Literary Allusions in James Joyce 's Finnegans Wake ( 1959 , SIU Press , 2009 ) , ISBN 0 - 8093 - 2933 - 6 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ G.L. Cronin and B. Siegel , eds , Conversations With Robert Penn Warren ( Jackson , MS : University Press of Mississippi , 2005 ) , ISBN 1 - 57806 - 734 - 0 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ M. Feeney , Nixon at the Movies : a Book About Belief ( Chicago IL : University of Chicago Press , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 226 - 23968 - 3 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ P. Auster , The New York Trilogy ( London : Faber , 1987 ) . p. 81 . Jump up ^ R. Kienzle , Southwest Shuffle : Pioneers of Honky Tonk , Western Swing , and Country Jazz ( London : Routledge , 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 94103 - 2 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ B.L. Cooper , Popular Music Perspectives : Ideas , Themes , and Patterns in Contemporary Lyrics ( Popular Press , 1991 ) , ISBN 0 - 87972 - 505 - 2 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ `` Invisible band , track # 12 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ornette Coleman -- Humpty Dumpty ( LP Version ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chick Corea -- The Mad Hatter '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bob Mendelsohn ( 9 September 2010 ) . `` Starting Over '' ( PDF ) . Jews for Jesus Australia . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon Sheridan . `` The Complete Abba '' . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ TurboTax . `` Humpty Hospital '' . Archived from the original on 6 February 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Humpty Dumpty '' . Jump up ^ Chang Kenneth ( 30 July 2002 ) . `` Humpty Dumpty Restored : When Disorder Lurches Into Order '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee Langston . `` Part III -- The Second Law of Thermodynamics '' ( PDF ) . Hartford Courant . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ W.S. Franklin ( March 1910 ) . `` The Second Law Of Thermodynamics : Its Basis In Intuition And Common Sense '' . The Popular Science Monthly : 240 . Lewis Carroll 's Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Characters Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Duck The Lory Eaglet Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter Tarrant Hightopp The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The King of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Through the Looking - Glass The Red Queen The White Queen The Red King The White King The White Knight Tweedledum and Tweedledee The Sheep Humpty Dumpty The Lion and the Unicorn Bandersnatch Jubjub Bird Locations Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass Looking - Glass Land The Old Sheep Shop Related topics Alice Liddell Alice 's Shop John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Mischmasch Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films and television Disney franchise Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Adaptations Poems `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' `` Jabberwocky '' `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' `` They told me you had been to her ... 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8388719124710984848	Louisiana Purchase	Louisiana Purchase - wikipedia Louisiana Purchase Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Louisiana Purchase ( disambiguation ) . `` The template Infobox former subdivision is being considered for merging . '' Louisiana Purchase Vente de la Louisiane Expansion of the United States ← 1803 -- 1804 → → The modern United States , with Louisiana Purchase overlay History Established July 4 , 1803 Disestablished October 1 , 1804 Today part of United States Canada The Louisiana Purchase ( French : Vente de la Louisiane `` Sale of Louisiana '' ) was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory ( 828,000 square miles or 2.14 million km2 ) by the United States from France in 1803 . The U.S. paid fifty million francs ( $11,250,000 / € 9,100,000 ) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ( $3,750,000 ) for a total of sixty - eight million francs ( $15 million , equivalent to $300 million in 2016 ) . The Louisiana territory included land from fifteen present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces . The territory contained land that forms Arkansas , Missouri , Iowa , Oklahoma , Kansas , and Nebraska ; the portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River ; a large portion of North Dakota ; a large portion of South Dakota ; the northeastern section of New Mexico ; the northern portion of Texas ; the area of Montana , Wyoming , and Colorado east of the Continental Divide ; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River ( plus New Orleans ) ; and small portions of land within the present Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan . Its non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants , of whom half were African slaves . The Kingdom of France controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762 . In 1800 , Napoleon , then the First Consul of the French Republic , hoping to re-establish an empire in North America , regained ownership of Louisiana . However , France 's failure to put down the revolt in Saint - Domingue , coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom , prompted Napoleon to sell Louisiana to the United States to fund his military . The Americans originally sought to purchase only the port city of New Orleans and its adjacent coastal lands , but quickly accepted the bargain . The Louisiana Purchase occurred during the term of the third President of the United States , Thomas Jefferson . Before the purchase was finalized , the decision faced Federalist Party opposition ; they argued that it was unconstitutional to acquire any territory . Jefferson agreed that the U.S. Constitution did not contain explicit provisions for acquiring territory , but he asserted that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties was sufficient . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Negotiation 3 Domestic opposition and constitutionality 4 Treaty signing 5 Formal transfers and initial organization 6 Boundaries 7 Slavery 8 Asserting U.S. possession 9 Financing 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Background 1804 map of `` Louisiana '' , edged on the west by the Rocky Mountains Throughout the second half of the 18th century , Louisiana was a pawn on the chessboard of European politics . It was controlled by the French , who had a few small settlements along the Mississippi and other main rivers . France ceded the territory to Spain in the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ) . Following French defeat in the Seven Years ' War , Spain gained control of the territory west of the Mississippi and the British the territory to the east of the river . Following the establishment of the United States , the Americans controlled the area east of the Mississippi and north of New Orleans . The main issue for the Americans was free transit of the Mississippi to the sea . As the lands were being gradually settled by a few American migrants , many Americans , including Jefferson , assumed that the territory would be acquired `` piece by piece . '' The risk of another power taking it from a weakened Spain made a `` profound reconsideration '' of this policy necessary . New Orleans was already important for shipping agricultural goods to and from the areas of the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains . Pinckney 's Treaty , signed with Spain on October 27 , 1795 , gave American merchants `` right of deposit '' in New Orleans , granting them use of the port to store goods for export . Americans used this right to transport products such as flour , tobacco , pork , bacon , lard , feathers , cider , butter , and cheese . The treaty also recognized American rights to navigate the entire Mississippi , which had become vital to the growing trade of the western territories . In 1798 , Spain revoked the treaty allowing American use of New Orleans , greatly upsetting Americans . In 1801 , Spanish Governor Don Juan Manuel de Salcedo took over from the Marquess of Casa Calvo , and restored the American right to deposit goods . However , in 1800 Spain had ceded the Louisiana territory back to France as part of Napoleon 's secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . The territory nominally remained under Spanish control , until a transfer of power to France on 30 November 1803 , just three weeks before the formal cession of the territory to the United States on 20 December 1803 . A further ceremony was held in St. Louis , Upper Louisiana regarding the New Orleans formalities . The 9 -- 10 March 1804 event is remembered as Three Flags Day . James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston had traveled to Paris to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans in January 1803 . Their instructions were to negotiate or purchase control of New Orleans and its environs ; they did not anticipate the much larger acquisition which would follow . The Louisiana Purchase was by far the largest territorial gain in U.S. history . Stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains , the purchase doubled the size of the United States . Before 1803 , Louisiana had been under Spanish control for forty years . Although Spain aided the rebels in the American Revolutionary War , the Spanish did n't want the Americans to settle in their territory . Although the purchase was thought of by some as unjust and unconstitutional , Jefferson determined that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties allowed the purchase of what became fifteen states . In hindsight , the Louisiana Purchase could be considered one of his greatest contributions to the United States . On April 18 , 1802 , Jefferson penned a letter to United States Ambassador to France Robert Livingston . It was an intentional exhortation to make this supposedly mild diplomat strongly warn the French of their perilous course . The letter began : The cession of Louisiana and the Floridas by Spain to France works most sorely on the U.S. On this subject the Secretary of State has written to you fully . Yet I can not forbear recurring to it personally , so deep is the impression it makes in my mind . It completely reverses all the political relations of the U.S. and will form a new epoch in our political course . Of all nations of any consideration France is the one which hitherto has offered the fewest points on which we could have any conflict of right , and the most points of a communion of interests . From these causes we have ever looked to her as our natural friend , as one with which we never could have an occasion of difference . Her growth therefore we viewed as our own , her misfortunes ours . There is on the globe one single spot , the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy . It is New Orleans , through which the produce of three - eighths of our territory must pass to market , and from its fertility it will ere long yield more than half of our whole produce and contain more than half our inhabitants . France placing herself in that door assumes to us the attitude of defiance . Spain might have retained it quietly for years . Her pacific dispositions , her feeble state , would induce her to increase our facilities there , so that her possession of the place would be hardly felt by us , and it would not perhaps be very long before some circumstance might arise which might make the cession of it to us the price of something of more worth to her . Not so can it ever be in the hands of France . The impetuosity of her temper , the energy and restlessness of her character , placed in a point of eternal friction with us ... Jefferson 's letter went on with the same heat to a much quoted passage about `` the day that France takes possession of New Orleans . '' Not only did he say that day would be a low point in France 's history , for it would seal America 's marriage with the British fleet and nation , but he added , astonishingly , that it would start a massive shipbuilding program . Negotiation While the transfer of the territory by Spain back to France in 1800 went largely unnoticed , fear of an eventual French invasion spread nationwide when , in 1801 , Napoleon sent a military force to secure New Orleans . Southerners feared that Napoleon would free all the slaves in Louisiana , which could trigger slave uprisings elsewhere . Though Jefferson urged moderation , Federalists sought to use this against Jefferson and called for hostilities against France . Undercutting them , Jefferson took up the banner and threatened an alliance with the United Kingdom , although relations were uneasy in that direction . In 1801 Jefferson supported France in its plan to take back Saint - Domingue ( present - day Haiti ) , which was then under control of Toussaint Louverture after a slave rebellion . Jefferson sent Livingston to Paris in 1801 after discovering the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France under the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . Livingston was authorized to purchase New Orleans . In January 1802 , France sent General Charles Leclerc to Saint - Domingue ( present - day Haiti ) to re-establish slavery , which had been abolished by the constitution of the French Republic of 1795 , as well as to reduce the rights of free people of color and take back control of the island from Toussaint Louverture . Louverture had fended off invasions of St. Domingue by the Spanish and British empires , but had also begun to consolidate power for himself on the island . Before the Revolution , France had derived enormous wealth from St. Domingue at the cost of the lives and freedom of the slaves . Napoleon wanted its revenues and productivity for France restored . Alarmed over the French actions and its intention to re-establish an empire in North America , Jefferson declared neutrality in relation to the Caribbean , refusing credit and other assistance to the French , but allowing war contraband to get through to the rebels to prevent France from regaining a foothold . In November 1803 , France withdrew its 7,000 surviving troops from Saint - Domingue ( more than two - thirds of its troops died there ) and gave up its ambitions in the Western Hemisphere . In 1804 Haiti declared its independence ; but , fearing a slave revolt at home , Jefferson and Congress refused to recognize the new republic , the second in the Western Hemisphere , and imposed a trade embargo against it . This , together with later claims by France to reconquer Haiti , encouraged by the United Kingdom , made it more difficult for Haiti to recover after ten years of wars . In 1803 , Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours , a French nobleman , began to help negotiate with France at the request of Jefferson . Du Pont was living in the United States at the time and had close ties to Jefferson as well as the prominent politicians in France . He engaged in back - channel diplomacy with Napoleon on Jefferson 's behalf during a visit to France and originated the idea of the much larger Louisiana Purchase as a way to defuse potential conflict between the United States and Napoleon over North America . Jefferson disliked the idea of purchasing Louisiana from France , as that could imply that France had a right to be in Louisiana . Jefferson had concerns that a U.S. president did not have the constitutional authority to make such a deal . He also thought that to do so would erode states ' rights by increasing federal executive power . On the other hand , he was aware of the potential threat that France could be in that region and was prepared to go to war to prevent a strong French presence there . Throughout this time , Jefferson had up - to - date intelligence on Napoleon 's military activities and intentions in North America . Part of his evolving strategy involved giving du Pont some information that was withheld from Livingston . He also gave intentionally conflicting instructions to the two . Desperate to avoid possible war with France , Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris in 1803 to negotiate a settlement , with instructions to go to London to negotiate an alliance if the talks in Paris failed . Spain procrastinated until late 1802 in executing the treaty to transfer Louisiana to France , which allowed American hostility to build . Also , Spain 's refusal to cede Florida to France meant that Louisiana would be indefensible . Monroe had been formally expelled from France on his last diplomatic mission , and the choice to send him again conveyed a sense of seriousness . Napoleon needed peace with the United Kingdom to implement the Treaty of San Ildefonso and take possession of Louisiana . Otherwise , Louisiana would be an easy prey for the UK or even for the United States . But in early 1803 , continuing war between France and the UK seemed unavoidable . On March 11 , 1803 , Napoleon began preparing to invade the UK . As Napoleon had failed to re-enslave the emancipated population of Haiti , he abandoned his plans to rebuild France 's New World empire . Without sufficient revenues from sugar colonies in the Caribbean , Louisiana had little value to him . Spain had not yet completed the transfer of Louisiana to France , and war between France and the UK was imminent . Out of anger towards Spain and the unique opportunity to sell something that was useless and not truly his yet , Napoleon decided to sell the entire territory . Although the foreign minister Talleyrand opposed the plan , on April 10 , 1803 , Napoleon told the Treasury Minister François de Barbé - Marbois that he was considering selling the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States . On April 11 , 1803 , just days before Monroe 's arrival , Barbé - Marbois offered Livingston all of Louisiana for $15 million , ( equivalent to about $300 million in 2016 dollars , ) which averages to less than three cents per acre ( 7 ¢ / ha ) . The American representatives were prepared to pay up to $10 million for New Orleans and its environs , but were dumbfounded when the vastly larger territory was offered for $15 million . Jefferson had authorized Livingston only to purchase New Orleans . However , Livingston was certain that the United States would accept the offer . The Americans thought that Napoleon might withdraw the offer at any time , preventing the United States from acquiring New Orleans , so they agreed and signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty on April 30 , 1803 . On July 4 , 1803 , the treaty reached Washington , D.C. . The Louisiana Territory was vast , stretching from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to Rupert 's Land in the north , and from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west . Acquiring the territory would double the size of the United States , at a sum of less than 3 cents per acre . Domestic opposition and constitutionality The original treaty of the Louisiana Purchase Henry Adams and other historians have argued that Jefferson acted hypocritically with the Louisiana Purchase , due to his position as a strict constructionist regarding the Constitution since he stretched the intent of that document to justify his purchase . This argument goes as follows : The American purchase of the Louisiana territory was not accomplished without domestic opposition . Jefferson 's philosophical consistency was in question because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution . Many people believed that he and others , including James Madison , were doing something they surely would have argued against with Alexander Hamilton . The Federalists strongly opposed the purchase , favoring close relations with Britain over closer ties to Napoleon , and were concerned that the United States had paid a large sum of money just to declare war on Spain . Both Federalists and Jeffersonians were concerned over the purchase 's constitutionality . Many members of the House of Representatives opposed the purchase . Majority Leader John Randolph led the opposition . The House called for a vote to deny the request for the purchase , but it failed by two votes , 59 -- 57 . The Federalists even tried to prove the land belonged to Spain , not France , but available records proved otherwise . The Federalists also feared that the power of the Atlantic seaboard states would be threatened by the new citizens in the West , whose political and economic priorities were bound to conflict with those of the merchants and bankers of New England . There was also concern that an increase in the number of slave - holding states created out of the new territory would exacerbate divisions between North and South as well . A group of Northern Federalists led by Senator Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts went so far as to explore the idea of a separate northern confederacy . Another concern was whether it was proper to grant citizenship to the French , Spanish , and free black people living in New Orleans , as the treaty would dictate . Critics in Congress worried whether these `` foreigners '' , unacquainted with democracy , could or should become citizens . Spain protested the transfer on two grounds : First , France had previously promised in a note not to alienate Louisiana to a third party and second , France had not fulfilled the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso by having the King of Etruria recognized by all European powers . The French government replied that these objections were baseless since the promise not to alienate Louisiana was not in the treaty of San Ildefonso itself and therefore had no legal force , and the Spanish government had ordered Louisiana to be transferred in October 1802 despite knowing for months that Britain had not recognized the King of Etruria in the Treaty of Amiens . Transfer of Louisiana by Ford P. Kaiser for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( 1904 ) Henry Adams claimed `` The sale of Louisiana to the United States was trebly invalid ; if it were French property , Bonaparte could not constitutionally alienate it without the consent of the French Chambers ; if it were Spanish property , he could not alienate it at all ; if Spain had a right of reclamation , his sale was worthless . '' The sale of course was not `` worthless '' -- the U.S. actually did take possession . Furthermore , the Spanish prime minister had authorized the U.S. to negotiate with the French government `` the acquisition of territories which may suit their interests . '' Spain turned the territory over to France in a ceremony in New Orleans on November 30 , a month before France turned it over to American officials . Other historians counter the above arguments regarding Jefferson 's alleged hypocrisy by asserting that countries change their borders in two ways : ( 1 ) conquest , or ( 2 ) an agreement between nations , otherwise known as a treaty . The Louisiana Purchase was the latter , a treaty . The Constitution specifically grants the president the power to negotiate treaties ( Art . II , Sec. 2 ) , which is just what Jefferson did . Jefferson 's Secretary of State , James Madison ( the `` Father of the Constitution '' ) , assured Jefferson that the Louisiana Purchase was well within even the strictest interpretation of the Constitution . Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin added that since the power to negotiate treaties was specifically granted to the president , the only way extending the country 's territory by treaty could not be a presidential power would be if it were specifically excluded by the Constitution ( which it was not ) . Jefferson , as a strict constructionist , was right to be concerned about staying within the bounds of the Constitution , but felt the power of these arguments and was willing to `` acquiesce with satisfaction '' if the Congress approved the treaty . The Senate quickly ratified the treaty , and the House , with equal alacrity , authorized the required funding , as the Constitution specifies . The opposition of New England Federalists to the Louisiana Purchase was primarily economic self - interest , not any legitimate concern over constitutionality or whether France indeed owned Louisiana or was required to sell it back to Spain should it desire to dispose of the territory . The Northerners were not enthusiastic about Western farmers gaining another outlet for their crops that did not require the use of New England ports . Also , many Federalists were speculators in lands in upstate New York and New England and were hoping to sell these lands to farmers , who might go west instead , if the Louisiana Purchase went through . They also feared that this would lead to Western states being formed , which would likely be Republican , and dilute the political power of New England Federalists . When Spain later objected to the United States purchasing Louisiana from France , Madison responded that America had first approached Spain about purchasing the property , but had been told by Spain itself that America would have to treat with France for the territory . Treaty signing Issue of 1953 , commemorating the 150th Anniversary of signing The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston , James Monroe , and Barbé Marbois in Paris . Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4 . After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803 , Livingston made this famous statement , `` We have lived long , but this is the noblest work of our whole lives ... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank . '' The United States Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty with a vote of twenty - four to seven on October 20 . The Senators who voted against the treaty were : Simeon Olcott and William Plumer of New Hampshire , William Wells and Samuel White of Delaware , James Hillhouse and Uriah Tracy of Connecticut , and Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts . On the following day , October 21 , 1803 , the Senate authorized Jefferson to take possession of the territory and establish a temporary military government . In legislation enacted on October 31 , Congress made temporary provisions for local civil government to continue as it had under French and Spanish rule and authorized the President to use military forces to maintain order . Plans were also set forth for several missions to explore and chart the territory , the most famous being the Lewis and Clark Expedition . A timeline of legislation can be found at the Library of Congress : American Memory : The Louisiana Purchase Legislative Timeline -- 1803 - 1804 . Formal transfers and initial organization Flag raising in the Place d'Armes of New Orleans , marking the transfer of sovereignty over French Louisiana to the United States , December 20 , 1803 , as depicted by Thure de Thulstrup France turned over New Orleans , the historic colonial capital , on December 20 , 1803 , at the Cabildo , with a flag - raising ceremony in the Plaza de Armas , now Jackson Square . Just three weeks earlier , on November 30 , 1803 , Spanish officials had formally conveyed the colonial lands and their administration to France . On March 9 and 10 , 1804 , another ceremony , commemorated as Three Flags Day , was conducted in St. Louis , to transfer ownership of Upper Louisiana from Spain to the French First Republic , and then from France to the United States . From March 10 to September 30 , 1804 , Upper Louisiana was supervised as a military district , under Commandant Amos Stoddard . Effective October 1 , 1804 , the purchased territory was organized into the Territory of Orleans ( most of which would become the state of Louisiana ) and the District of Louisiana , which was temporarily under control of the governor and judicial system of the Indiana Territory . The following year , the District of Louisiana was renamed the Territory of Louisiana , aka Louisiana Territory ( 1805 -- 1812 ) . New Orleans was the administrative capital of the Orleans Territory , and St. Louis was the capital of the Louisiana Territory . Boundaries A dispute soon arose between Spain and the United States regarding the extent of Louisiana . The territory 's boundaries had not been defined in the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau that ceded it from France to Spain , nor in the 1801 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ceding it back to France , nor the 1803 Louisiana Purchase agreement ceding it to the United States . The United States claimed Louisiana included the entire western portion of the Mississippi River drainage basin to the crest of the Rocky Mountains and land extending southeast to the Rio Grande and West Florida . Spain insisted that Louisiana comprised no more than the western bank of the Mississippi River and the cities of New Orleans and St. Louis . The dispute was ultimately resolved by the Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 , with the United States gaining most of what it had claimed in the west . The Purchase was one of several territorial additions to the U.S. The relatively narrow Louisiana of New Spain had been a special province under the jurisdiction of the Captaincy General of Cuba while the vast region to the west was in 1803 still considered part of the Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas . Louisiana had never been considered one of New Spain 's internal provinces . If the territory included all the tributaries of the Mississippi on its western bank , the northern reaches of the Purchase extended into the equally ill - defined British possession -- Rupert 's Land of British North America , now part of Canada . The Purchase originally extended just beyond the 50th parallel . However , the territory north of the 49th parallel ( including the Milk River and Poplar River watersheds ) was ceded to the UK in exchange for parts of the Red River Basin south of 49th parallel in the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 . The eastern boundary of the Louisiana purchase was the Mississippi River , from its source to the 31st parallel , though the source of the Mississippi was , at the time , unknown . The eastern boundary below the 31st parallel was unclear . The U.S. claimed the land as far as the Perdido River , and Spain claimed that the border of its Florida Colony remained the Mississippi River . In early 1804 , Congress passed the Mobile Act , which recognized West Florida as part of the United States . The Adams -- Onís Treaty with Spain ( 1819 ) resolved the issue upon ratification in 1821 . Today , the 31st parallel is the northern boundary of the western half of the Florida Panhandle , and the Perdido is the western boundary of Florida . Because the western boundary was contested at the time of the Purchase , President Jefferson immediately began to organize three missions to explore and map the new territory . All three started from the Mississippi River . The Lewis and Clark Expedition ( 1804 ) traveled up the Missouri River ; the Red River Expedition ( 1806 ) explored the Red River basin ; the Pike Expedition ( 1806 ) also started up the Missouri , but turned south to explore the Arkansas River watershed . The maps and journals of the explorers helped to define the boundaries during the negotiations leading to the Adams -- Onís Treaty , which set the western boundary as follows : north up the Sabine River from the Gulf of Mexico to its intersection with the 32nd parallel , due north to the Red River , up the Red River to the 100th meridian , north to the Arkansas River , up the Arkansas River to its headwaters , due north to the 42nd parallel and due west to its previous boundary . Slavery See also : History of slavery in Louisiana , History of slavery in Missouri , and Slavery in the United States Governing the Louisiana Territory was more difficult than acquiring it . Its European peoples , of ethnic French , Spanish and Mexican descent , were largely Catholic ; in addition , there was a large population of enslaved Africans made up of a high proportion of recent arrivals , as Spain had continued the international slave trade . This was particularly true in the area of the present - day state of Louisiana , which also contained a large number of free people of color . Both present - day Arkansas and Missouri already had some slaveholders in the early 19th century . During this period , south Louisiana received an influx of French - speaking refugee planters , who were permitted to bring their slaves with them , and other refugees fleeing the large slave revolt in Saint - Domingue , today 's Haiti . Many Southern slaveholders feared that acquisition of the new territory might inspire American - held slaves to follow the example of those in Saint - Domingue and revolt . They wanted the US government to establish laws allowing slavery in the newly acquired territory so they could be supported in taking their slaves there to undertake new agricultural enterprises , as well as to reduce the threat of future slave rebellions . The Louisiana Territory was broken into smaller portions for administration , and the territories passed slavery laws similar to those in the southern states but incorporating provisions from the preceding French and Spanish rule ( for instance , Spain had prohibited slavery of Native Americans in 1769 , but some slaves of mixed African - Native American descent were still being held in St. Louis in Upper Louisiana when the U.S. took over ) . In a freedom suit that went from Missouri to the US Supreme Court , slavery of Native Americans was finally ended in 1836 . The institutionalization of slavery under U.S. law in the Louisiana Territory contributed to the American Civil War a half century later . As states organized within the territory , the status of slavery in each state became a matter of contention in Congress , as southern states wanted slavery extended to the west , and northern states just as strongly opposed new states being admitted as `` slave states . '' The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was a temporary solution . Asserting U.S. possession Plan of Fort Madison , built in 1808 to establish U.S. control over the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase , drawn 1810 After the early explorations , the U.S. government sought to establish control of the region , since trade along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers was still dominated by British and French traders from Canada and allied Indians , especially the Sauk and Fox . The U.S. adapted the former Spanish facility at Fort Bellefontaine as a fur trading post near St. Louis in 1804 for business with the Sauk and Fox . In 1808 two military forts with trading factories were built , Fort Osage along the Missouri River in western present - day Missouri and Fort Madison along the Upper Mississippi River in eastern present - day Iowa . With tensions increasing with Great Britain , in 1809 Fort Bellefontaine was converted to a U.S. military fort , and was used for that purpose until 1826 . During the War of 1812 , Great Britain and allied Indians defeated U.S. forces in the Upper Mississippi ; the U.S. abandoned Forts Osage and Madison , as well as several other U.S. forts built during the war , including Fort Johnson and Fort Shelby . After U.S. ownership of the region was confirmed in the Treaty of Ghent ( 1814 ) , the U.S. built or expanded forts along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers , including adding to Fort Bellefontaine , and constructing Fort Armstrong ( 1816 ) and Fort Edwards ( 1816 ) in Illinois , Fort Crawford ( 1816 ) in Prairie du Chien Wisconsin , Fort Snelling ( 1819 ) in Minnesota , and Fort Atkinson ( 1819 ) in Nebraska . Financing The American government used $3 million in gold as a down payment , and issued bonds for the balance to pay France for the purchase . Earlier that year , Francis Baring and Company of London had become the U.S. government 's official banking agent in London . Because of this favored position , the U.S. asked the Baring firm to handle the transaction . Francis Baring 's son Alexander was in Paris at the time and helped in the negotiations . Another Baring advantage was a close relationship with Hope and Company of Amsterdam . The two banking houses worked together to facilitate and underwrite the Purchase . Because Napoleon wanted to receive his money as quickly as possible , the two firms received the American bonds and shipped the gold to France . Napoleon used the money to finance his planned invasion of England , which never took place . See also Louisiana portal History portal Alaska Purchase Florida Purchase Corps of Discovery Franco - American alliance List of French possessions and colonies New France Historic regions of the United States Louisiana Purchase Historic State Park Territorial evolution of the United States Territories of the United States on stamps References Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Congressional series of United States public documents '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . January 1 , 1864 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 99 ^ Jump up to : Meinig ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Warren , Rebecca ( 1976 ) . `` The Role of American Diplomacy in the Louisiana Purchase '' . pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase History , Facts , & Map '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Three Flags Day - Naked History '' . Naked History . 2017 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Reliving Lewis and Clark : Louisiana Purchase Ceremony '' . news.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Things You May Not Know About the Louisiana Purchase '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2006 ) , pp. 4 -- 48 Jump up ^ Cerami ( 2003 ) , pp. 57 - 58 ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 100 Jump up ^ `` Milestones : 1801 -- 1829 - Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1995 ) , p. 221 Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1995 ) , p. 209 Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1996 ) , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Duke ( 1977 ) , pp. 77 -- 83 Jump up ^ Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ Kuepper , Justin ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` 3 Of The Most Lucrative Land Deals In History '' . Jump up ^ Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . Jump up ^ Burgan ( 2002 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Documents of American History : Louisiana Purchase '' . Web Guides . Library of Congress . March 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Roeder & Lang ( 1991 ) , p. 30 Jump up ^ Rodriguez ( 2002 ) , pp. 139 -- 40 Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2003 ) , pp. 149ff Jump up ^ Nugent ( 2009 ) , pp. 65 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Gayarre ( 1867 ) , p. 544 . Jump up ^ Adams ( 2011 ) , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Nugent ( 2009 ) , pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Lawson & Seidman ( 2008 ) , pp. 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ Banning ( 1995 ) , pp. 7 -- 9 , 178 , 326 -- 7 , 330 -- 3 , 345 -- 6 , 360 -- 1 , 371 , 384 . ^ Jump up to : Ketcham ( 2003 ) , pp. 420 -- 2 . Jump up ^ The fledgling United States did not have $15 million in its treasury ; it borrowed the sum from Great Britain , at an annual interest rate of six percent . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2003 ) , p. 79 Jump up ^ Peterson , Merrill D. ( 1974 ) . `` James Madison : A Biography in his Own Words '' . Newsweek . pp. 237 -- 46 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Louisiana Purchase : Noble Bargain , Difficult Journey '' . Lpb.org . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello '' . www.monticello.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Louisiana Purchase Legislative Timeline '' . The Louisiana Purchase Legislative Timeline . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Schoultz ( 1998 ) , pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Haynes ( 2010 ) , pp. 115 -- 16 Jump up ^ Hämäläinen ( 2008 ) , p. 183 Jump up ^ Weber ( 1994 ) , pp. 223 , 293 ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Foley , William E. ( October 1984 ) . `` Slave Freedom Suits before Dred Scott : The Case of Marie Jean Scypion 's Descendants '' . Missouri Historical Review . 79 ( 1 ) : 1 . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 -- via The State Historical Society of Missouri . Jump up ^ Luttig ( 1920 ) . ^ Jump up to : Prucha ( 1969 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ziegler ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2003 ) , pp. 129ff . Works cited Adams , Henry ( 2011 ) ( 1889 ) . History of the United States of America ( 1801 -- 1817 ) . vol. 2 : During the First Administration of Thomas Jefferson . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781108033039 . Banning , Lance ( 1995 ) . The Sacred Fire of Liberty : James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . Burgan , Michael ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase . Capstone . ISBN 9780756502102 . Cerami , Charles A. ( 2003 ) . Jefferson 's Great Gamble . Sourcebooks . ISBN 9781402234354 . Duke , Marc ( 1977 ) . The du Ponts : Portrait of a Dynasty . Saturday Review Press . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0429 - 6 . Fleming , Thomas J. ( 2003 ) . The Louisiana Purchase . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 26738 - 6 . Gayarre , Charles ( 1867 ) . History of Louisiana . Hämäläinen , Pekka ( 2008 ) . The Comanche Empire . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12654 - 9 . Haynes , Robert V. ( 2010 ) . The Mississippi Territory and the Southwest Frontier , 1795 -- 1817 . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2577 - 0 . Herring , George ( 2008 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 976553 - 7 . Ketcham , Ralph ( 2003 ) . James Madison : A Biography . Newtown CT : American Political Biography Press . ISBN 9780813912653 . Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth & Bailey , Thomas Andrew ( 2008 ) . The American Pageant : A History of the American People . Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 16654 - 4 . Lawson , Gary & Seidman , Guy ( 2008 ) . The Constitution of Empire : Territorial Expansion and American Legal History . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300128967 . Lewis , James E. , Jr. ( 2003 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : Jefferson 's Noble Bargain ? . UNC Press Books . Luttig , John C. ( 1920 ) . Journal of a Fur - trading Expedition on the Upper Missouri : 1812 -- 1813 . Kansas City MO : The Missouri Historical Society . Malone , Michael P. ; Roeder , Richard B. & Lang , William L. ( 1991 ) . Montana : A History of Two Centuries . Seattle : University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 97129 - 0 . Meinig , D.W. ( 1995 ) . The Shaping of America : Volume 2 . Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300062908 . Matthewson , Tim ( May 1995 ) . `` Jefferson and Haiti '' . The Journal of Southern History . 61 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 48 . JSTOR 2211576 . Matthewson , Tim ( March 1996 ) . `` Jefferson and the Non-Recognition of Haiti '' . American Philosophical Society . 140 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 48 . JSTOR 987274 . Nugent , Walter ( 2009 ) . Habits of Empire : A History of American Expansionism . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7818 - 9 . Prucha , Francis P. ( 1969 ) . The Sword of the Republic : The United States Army on the Frontier 1783 -- 1846 . New York : Macmillan . Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781576071885 . Schoultz , Lars ( 1998 ) . Beneath the United States . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 92276 - 1 . Thompson , Linda ( 2006 ) . The Louisiana Purchase . Rourke Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59515 - 513 - 9 . Weber , David J. ( 1994 ) . The Spanish Frontier in North America . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05917 - 5 . Ziegler , Philip ( 1988 ) . The Sixth Great Power : Barings 1762 -- 1929 . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 217508 - 8 . Further reading Hermann ( 1900 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and our title west of the Rocky Mountains : with a review of annexation by the United States . Hosmer , James Kendall ( 1902 ) . Louisiana Purchase . New York : D. Appleton & Co . Marshall ( 1914 ) . A History of the Western Boundary of the Louisiana Purchase , 1819 - 1841 . U.S. Dept. of State ( 1903 ) . State papers and correspondence bearing upon the purchase of the territory of Louisiana . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louisiana Purchase . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Louisiana Purchase Treaty Text of the Louisiana Purchase Treaty Library of Congress : Louisiana Purchase Treaty Teaching about the Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase Bicentennial 1803 -- 2003 * Lewis and Clark Trail Louisiana Purchase and Lewis & Clark student and teacher guide : dates , people , analysis , multimedia New Orleans / Louisiana Purchase 1803 The Haitian Revolution and the Louisiana Purchase Case and Controversies in U.S. History , Page 42 Senator Pickering explains his opposition to the Louisiana Purchase , 1803 . Booknotes interview with Jon Kukla on A Wilderness So Immense : The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America , July 6 , 2003 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the us buy the louisiana territory from	[ "The Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane \"Sale of Louisiana\") was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory (828,000 square miles or 2.14 million km²) by the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid fifty million francs ($11,250,000/€9,100,000) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ($3,750,000) for a total of sixty-eight million francs ($15 million, equivalent to $300 million in 2016). The Louisiana territory included land from fifteen present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The territory contained land that forms Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska; the portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River; a large portion of North Dakota; a large portion of South Dakota; the northeastern section of New Mexico; the northern portion of Texas; the area of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (plus New Orleans); and small portions of land within the present Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Its non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants, of whom half were African slaves.[1]" ]	[ "France" ]
8657592115777891599	New Jersey	New Jersey - wikipedia New Jersey This article is about the U.S. state of New Jersey . For other uses , see New Jersey ( disambiguation ) . `` NJ '' redirects here . For other uses , see NJ ( disambiguation ) . State of New Jersey Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Garden State Motto ( s ) : Liberty and prosperity Official language None Spoken languages English ( only ) 69.4 % Spanish 15.9 % Indic 2.7 % Chinese 1.5 % Korean 1.1 % French 0.97 % Tagalog 0.94 % Portuguese 0.91 % Italian 0.83 % Arabic 0.76 % Polish 0.72 % Russian 0.57 % Demonym New Jerseyan ( official ) , New Jerseyite Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Largest metro Greater New York Area Ranked 47th Total 8,722.58 sq mi ( 22,591.38 km ) Width 70 miles ( 112 km ) Length 170 miles ( 273 km ) % water 15.7 Latitude 38 ° 56 ′ N to 41 ° 21 ′ N Longitude 73 ° 54 ′ W to 75 ° 34 ′ W Population Ranked 11th Total 9,032,872 ( 2018 est . ) Density 1210.10 / sq mi ( 467 / km ) Ranked 1st Median household income $68,357 ( 7th ) Elevation Highest point High Point 1,803 ft ( 549.6 m ) Mean 250 ft ( 80 m ) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean Sea level Before statehood Province of New Jersey Admission to Union December 18 , 1787 ( 3rd ) Governor Phil Murphy ( D ) Lieutenant Governor Sheila Oliver ( D ) Legislature New Jersey Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house General Assembly U.S. Senators Bob Menendez ( D ) Cory Booker ( D ) U.S. House delegation 7 Democrats 5 Republicans ( list ) Time zone Eastern : UTC - 5 / - 4 ISO 3166 US - NJ Abbreviations NJ , N.J. Website www.nj.gov show New Jersey state symbols The Flag of New Jersey The Seal of New Jersey Living insignia Bird Eastern goldfinch Fish Brook trout Flower Viola sororia Insect Western honey bee Mammal Horse Tree Quercus rubra ( northern red oak ) , dogwood ( memorial tree ) Inanimate insignia Colors Buff and blue Folk dance Square dance Food Northern highbush blueberry ( state fruit ) Fossil Hadrosaurus foulkii Soil Downer State route marker State quarter Released in 1999 Lists of United States state symbols New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States . It is a peninsula , bordered on the north and east by the state of New York ; on the east , southeast , and south by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania ; and on the southwest by the Delaware Bay and Delaware . New Jersey is the fourth - smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous , with 9 million residents as of 2017 , and the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . New Jersey lies completely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia and is the third - wealthiest state by median household income as of 2016 . New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years , with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast . In the early 17th century , the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements in the state . The English later seized control of the region , naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands , Jersey , and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century . In the 19th century , factories in cities ( known as the `` Big Six '' ) , Camden , Paterson , Newark , Trenton , Jersey City , and Elizabeth helped to drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey 's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast , and Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , to the southwest , fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century . In the first decades of the 21st century , this suburbanization began reverting with the consolidation of New Jersey 's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state , with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile - oriented suburbs since 2008 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Colonial era 1.2 Revolutionary War era 1.3 19th century 1.4 20th century 1.5 21st century 2 Geography 2.1 National parks , monuments , and historic landmarks 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 State population 3.2 Birth data 3.3 Languages 3.4 Religion 3.5 Settlements 3.6 Wealth 4 Economy 4.1 Affluence 4.2 Fiscal policy 4.3 Federal taxation disparity 4.4 Industries 4.4. 1 Tourism 4.4. 2 Gambling 4.5 Natural resources 5 Education 6 Culture 6.1 General 6.2 Cuisine 6.3 Music 6.4 In comics and video games 7 Media 7.1 Newspapers 7.2 Radio stations 7.3 Television and film 8 Transportation 8.1 Roadways 8.2 Airports 8.3 Rail and bus 8.4 Ferries 9 Government and politics 9.1 Executive 9.2 Legislative 9.3 Judicial 9.4 Counties 9.5 Municipalities 9.5. 1 Forms of municipal government 9.6 Politics 9.6. 1 Social attitudes and issues 9.6. 2 Elections 9.6. 3 Capital punishment 10 Points of interest 10.1 Museums 10.2 Entertainment and concert venues 10.3 Theme parks 10.4 Jersey Shore 11 Sports 11.1 Professional sports 11.2 College sports 11.3 High - school sports 12 State symbols 13 Notable people 14 See also 15 References 16 External links 16.1 State government 16.2 U.S. government 16.3 Other History Main article : History of New Jersey Around 180 million years ago , during the Jurassic Period , New Jersey bordered North Africa . The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains . Around 18,000 years ago , the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey . As the glaciers retreated , they left behind Lake Passaic , as well as many rivers , swamps , and gorges . New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans , with the Lenni - Lenape being dominant at the time of contact . Scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey . The Lenape were several autonomous groups that practiced maize agriculture in order to supplement their hunting and gathering in the region surrounding the Delaware River , the lower Hudson River , and western Long Island Sound . The Lenape society was divided into matrilinear clans that were based upon common female ancestors . These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign : Turtle , Turkey , and Wolf . They first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century , and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade . Colonial era Main article : Colonial history of New Jersey The relative location of the New Netherland and New Sweden settlements in eastern North America The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey . The Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states . Although the European principle of land ownership was not recognized by the Lenape , Dutch West India Company policy required its colonists to purchase the land that they settled . The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen . Peter Minuit 's purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden . The entire region became a territory of England on June 24 , 1664 , after an English fleet under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into what is today New York Harbor and took control of Fort Amsterdam , annexing the entire province . During the English Civil War , the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and gave sanctuary to the King . It was from the Royal Square in Saint Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649 , following the execution of his father , Charles I . The North American lands were divided by Charles II , who gave his brother , the Duke of York ( later King James II ) , the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony ( as opposed to a royal colony ) . James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River ( the land that would become New Jersey ) to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War : Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton . The area was named the Province of New Jersey . Since the state 's inception , New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic and religious diversity . New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants . While the majority of residents lived in towns with individual landholdings of 100 acres ( 40 ha ) , a few rich proprietors owned vast estates . English Quakers and Anglicans owned large landholdings . Unlike Plymouth Colony , Jamestown and other colonies , New Jersey was populated by a secondary wave of immigrants who came from other colonies instead of those who migrated directly from Europe . New Jersey remained agrarian and rural throughout the colonial era , and commercial farming developed sporadically . Some townships , such as Burlington on the Delaware River and Perth Amboy , emerged as important ports for shipping to New York City and Philadelphia . The colony 's fertile lands and tolerant religious policy drew more settlers , and New Jersey 's population had increased to 120,000 by 1775 . Settlement for the first 10 years of English rule took place along Hackensack River and Arthur Kill -- settlers came primarily from New York and New England . On March 18 , 1673 , Berkeley sold his half of the colony to Quakers in England , who settled the Delaware Valley region as a Quaker colony . ( William Penn acted as trustee for the lands for a time . ) New Jersey was governed very briefly as two distinct provinces , East and West Jersey , for 28 years between 1674 and 1702 , at times part of the Province of New York or Dominion of New England . In 1702 , the two provinces were reunited under a royal governor , rather than a proprietary one . Edward Hyde , Lord Cornbury , became the first governor of the colony as a royal colony . Britain believed that he was an ineffective and corrupt ruler , taking bribes and speculating on land . In 1708 he was recalled to England . New Jersey was then ruled by the governors of New York , but this infuriated the settlers of New Jersey , who accused those governors of favoritism to New York . Judge Lewis Morris led the case for a separate governor , and was appointed governor by King George II in 1738 . Revolutionary War era Main article : New Jersey in the American Revolution New Jersey was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution . The New Jersey Constitution of 1776 was passed July 2 , 1776 , just two days before the Second Continental Congress declared American Independence from Great Britain . It was an act of the Provincial Congress , which made itself into the State Legislature . To reassure neutrals , it provided that it would become void if New Jersey reached reconciliation with Great Britain . New Jersey representatives Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , and Abraham Clark were among those who signed the United States Declaration of Independence . Washington Crossing the Delaware during the New York and New Jersey campaign , winter 1777 During the American Revolutionary War , British and American armies crossed New Jersey numerous times , and several pivotal battles took place in the state . Because of this , New Jersey today is often referred to as `` The Crossroads of the American Revolution . '' The winter quarters of the Continental Army were established there twice by General George Washington in Morristown , which has been called `` The Military Capital of the American Revolution '' . George Washington rallying his troops at the Battle of Princeton On the night of December 25 -- 26 , 1776 , the Continental Army under George Washington crossed the Delaware River . After the crossing , he surprised and defeated the Hessian troops in the Battle of Trenton . Slightly more than a week after victory at Trenton , American forces gained an important victory by stopping General Cornwallis 's charges at the Second Battle of Trenton . By evading Cornwallis 's army , Washington made a surprise attack on Princeton and successfully defeated the British forces there on January 3 , 1777 . Emanuel Leutze 's painting of Washington Crossing the Delaware became an icon of the Revolution . American forces under Washington met the forces under General Henry Clinton at the Battle of Monmouth in an indecisive engagement in June 1778 . Washington attempted to take the British column by surprise ; when the British army attempted to flank the Americans , the Americans retreated in disorder . The ranks were later reorganized and withstood the British charges . In the summer of 1783 , the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall at Princeton University , making Princeton the nation 's capital for four months . It was there that the Continental Congress learned of the signing of the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which ended the war . On December 18 , 1787 , New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution , which was overwhelmingly popular in New Jersey , as it prevented New York and Pennsylvania from charging tariffs on goods imported from Europe . On November 20 , 1789 , the state became the first in the newly formed Union to ratify the Bill of Rights . The 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to `` all inhabitants '' who had a certain level of wealth . This included women and blacks , but not married women , because they could not own property separately from their husbands . Both sides , in several elections , claimed that the other side had had unqualified women vote and mocked them for use of `` petticoat electors '' , whether entitled to vote or not ; on the other hand , both parties passed Voting Rights Acts . In 1807 , the legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal white male suffrage , excluding paupers ; the constitution was itself an act of the legislature and not enshrined as the modern constitution . 19th century Main article : New Jersey in the 19th century On February 15 , 1804 , New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish new slavery and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery . This led to a gradual decrease of the slave population . By the close of the Civil War , about a dozen African Americans in New Jersey were still held in bondage . New Jersey voters initially refused to ratify the constitutional amendments banning slavery and granting rights to the United States ' black population . A map of the 107 - mile long Morris Canal across northern New Jersey Industrialization accelerated in the northern part of the state following completion of the Morris Canal in 1831 . The canal allowed for coal to be brought from eastern Pennsylvania 's Lehigh Valley to northern New Jersey 's growing industries in Paterson , Newark , and Jersey City . In 1844 , the second state constitution was ratified and brought into effect . Counties thereby became districts for the State Senate , and some realignment of boundaries ( including the creation of Mercer County ) immediately followed . This provision was retained in the 1947 Constitution , but was overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1962 by the decision Baker v. Carr . While the Governorship was stronger than under the 1776 constitution , the constitution of 1844 created many offices that were not responsible to him , or to the people , and it gave him a three - year term , but he could not succeed himself . New Jersey was one of the few Union states ( the others being Delaware and Kentucky ) to select a candidate other than Abraham Lincoln twice in national elections , and sided with Stephen Douglas ( 1860 ) and George B. McClellan ( 1864 ) during their campaigns . McClellan , a native Philadelphian , had New Jersey ties and formally resided in New Jersey at the time ; he later became Governor of New Jersey ( 1878 -- 81 ) . ( In New Jersey , the factions of the Democratic party managed an effective coalition in 1860 . ) During the American Civil War , the state was led first by Republican Governor Charles Smith Olden , then by Democrat Joel Parker . During the course of the war , over 80,000 from the state enlisted in the Northern army ; unlike many states , including some Northern ones , no battle was fought there . View of state 's largest city , Newark , in 1874 In the Industrial Revolution , cities like Paterson grew and prospered . Previously , the economy had been largely agrarian , which was problematically subject to crop failures and poor soil . This caused a shift to a more industrialized economy , one based on manufactured commodities such as textiles and silk . Inventor Thomas Edison also became an important figure of the Industrial Revolution , having been granted 1,093 patents , many of which for inventions he developed while working in New Jersey . Edison 's facilities , first at Menlo Park and then in West Orange , are considered perhaps the first research centers in the U.S. Christie Street in Menlo Park was the first thoroughfare in the world to have electric lighting . Transportation was greatly improved as locomotion and steamboats were introduced to New Jersey . Iron mining was also a leading industry during the middle to late 19th century . Bog iron pits in the southern New Jersey Pinelands were among the first sources of iron for the new nation . Mines such as Mt . Hope , Mine Hill and the Rockaway Valley Mines created a thriving industry . Mining generated the impetus for new towns and was one of the driving forces behind the need for the Morris Canal . Zinc mines were also a major industry , especially the Sterling Hill Mine . Thomas Edison in his laboratory , West Orange , New Jersey , 1901 20th century Main article : New Jersey in the 20th century New Jersey prospered through the Roaring Twenties . The first Miss America Pageant was held in 1921 in Atlantic City , the Holland Tunnel connecting Jersey City to Manhattan opened in 1927 , and the first drive - in movie was shown in 1933 in Camden . During the Great Depression of the 1930s , the state offered begging licenses to unemployed residents , the zeppelin airship Hindenburg crashed in flames over Lakehurst , and the SS Morro Castle beached itself near Asbury Park after going up in flames while at sea . Through both World Wars , New Jersey was a center for war production , especially in naval construction , notably at Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company . Battleships , cruisers , and destroyers were made in the state . New Jersey manufactured 6.8 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II , ranking fifth among the 48 states . In addition , Fort Dix ( 1917 ) ( originally called `` Camp Dix '' ) , Camp Merritt ( 1917 ) and Camp Kilmer ( 1941 ) were all constructed to house and train American soldiers through both World Wars . New Jersey also became a principal location for defense in the Cold War . Fourteen Nike Missile stations were constructed , especially for the defense of New York City and Philadelphia . PT - 109 , a motor torpedo boat commanded by Lt. ( j.g. ) John F. Kennedy in World War II , was built at the Elco Boatworks in Bayonne . The aircraft carrier USS Enterprise ( CV - 6 ) was briefly docked at the Military Ocean Terminal in Bayonne in the 1950s before she was sent to Kearney to be scrapped . In 1962 , the world 's first nuclear - powered cargo ship , the NS Savannah , was launched at Camden . Marchers in Camden , New Jersey demanding jobs during the Great Depression , c. 1935 In 1951 , the New Jersey Turnpike opened , permitting fast travel by car and truck between North Jersey ( and metropolitan New York ) and South Jersey ( and metropolitan Philadelphia ) . In the 1960s , race riots erupted in many of the industrial cities of North Jersey . The first race riots in New Jersey occurred in Jersey City on August 2 , 1964 . Several others ensued in 1967 , in Newark and Plainfield . Other riots followed the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. in April 1968 , just as in the rest of the country . A riot occurred in Camden in 1971 . As a result of an order from the New Jersey Supreme Court to fund schools equitably , the New Jersey legislature passed an income tax bill in 1976 . Prior to this bill , the state had no income tax . 21st century Main article : New Jersey in the 21st century In the early part of the 2000s , two light rail systems were opened : the Hudson -- Bergen Light Rail in Hudson County and the River Line between Camden and Trenton . The intent of these projects were to encourage transit - oriented development in North Jersey and South Jersey , respectively . The HBLR in particular was credited with a revitalization of Hudson County and Jersey City in particular . Urban revitalization has continued in North Jersey in the 21st century . As of 2014 , Jersey City 's Census - estimated population was 262,146 , with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010 , representing an increase of 5.9 % from the 2010 United States Census , when the city 's population was enumerated at 247,597 . In 2010 , Newark experienced its first population increase since the 1950s . Geography High Point Monument as seen from Lake Marcia at High Point , Sussex County , the highest elevation in New Jersey at 1803 feet above sea level . New Jersey shares the Delaware Water Gap with neighboring Pennsylvania Kitty Ann Mountain soars above Kinnelone at an altitude of 1159 and is also the most prominent mountain in New Jersey at an prominence of 859 . Sunset at Cape May on the Jersey Shore Part of the Palisades Interstate Park , the cliffs of the New Jersey Palisades overlook the Hudson River The New Jersey Botanical Garden at Skylands in Ringwood State Park , Passaic and Bergen counties South Mountain Reservation in Millburn , Essex County The Great Falls of the Passaic River in Paterson , dedicated as a U.S. National Park in November 2011 , incorporates one of the largest waterfalls in the eastern United States . Main article : Geography of New Jersey See also : List of counties in New Jersey and Metropolitan Statistical Areas of New Jersey New Jersey is bordered on the north and northeast by New York ( parts of which are across the Hudson River , Upper New York Bay , the Kill Van Kull , Newark Bay , and the Arthur Kill ) ; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the southwest by Delaware across Delaware Bay ; and on the west by Pennsylvania across the Delaware River . New Jersey is often broadly divided into three geographic regions : North Jersey , Central Jersey , and South Jersey . Some New Jersey residents do not consider Central Jersey a region in its own right , but others believe it is a separate geographic and cultural area from the North and South . Within those regions are five distinct areas , based upon natural geography and population concentration . Northeastern New Jersey lies closest to Manhattan in New York City , and up to a million residents commute daily into the city for work , often via public transportation . Northwestern New Jersey , is more wooded , rural , and mountainous . The Jersey Shore , along the Atlantic Coast in Central and South Jersey , has its own unique natural , residential , and cultural characteristics owing to its location by the ocean . The Delaware Valley includes the southwestern counties of the state , which reside within the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area . The Pine Barrens region is in the southern interior of New Jersey . Covered rather extensively by mixed pine and oak forest , it has a much lower population density than much of the rest of the state . The federal Office of Management and Budget divides New Jersey 's counties into seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas , with sixteen counties included in either the New York City or Philadelphia metro areas . Four counties have independent metro areas , and Warren County is part of the Pennsylvania - based Lehigh Valley metro area . New Jersey is also at the center of the Northeast megalopolis . High Point , in Montague Township , Sussex County , is the state 's highest elevation , at 1,803 feet ( 550 m ) . The Palisades are a line of steep cliffs on the west side of the Hudson River , in Bergen and Hudson Counties . Major rivers include the Hudson , Delaware , Raritan , Passaic , Hackensack , Rahway , Musconetcong , Mullica , Rancocas , Manasquan , Maurice , and Toms rivers . National parks , monuments , and historic landmarks Appalachian National Scenic Trail Delaware National Scenic River Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area Ellis Island National Monument Gateway National Recreation Area in Monmouth County Great Egg Harbor River Morristown National Historical Park in Morristown New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve Paterson Great Falls National Historical Park Thomas Edison National Historical Park in West Orange Prominent geographic features include : Delaware Water Gap Great Bay Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge Highlands Hudson Palisades Meadowlands Pine Barrens South Mountain Climate There are two climatic conditions in the state . The south , central , and northeast parts of the state have a humid subtropical climate , while the northwest has a humid continental climate ( microthermal ) , with much cooler temperatures due to higher elevation . New Jersey receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually . Summers are typically hot and humid , with statewide average high temperatures of 82 -- 87 ° F ( 28 -- 31 ° C ) and lows of 60 -- 69 ° F ( 16 -- 21 ° C ) ; however , temperatures exceed 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) on average 25 days each summer , exceeding 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) in some years . Winters are usually cold , with average high temperatures of 34 -- 43 ° F ( 1 -- 6 ° C ) and lows of 16 to 28 ° F ( − 9 to − 2 ° C ) for most of the state , but temperatures could , for brief periods , fall below 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) and occasionally rise above 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) . Northwestern parts of the state have significantly colder winters with sub-0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) being an almost annual occurrence . Spring and autumn may feature wide temperature variations , with lower humidity than summer . The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone classification ranges from 6 in the northwest of the state , to 7B near Cape May . All - time temperature extremes recorded in New Jersey include 110 ° F ( 43 ° C ) on July 10 , 1936 in Runyon , Middlesex County and − 34 ° F ( − 37 ° C ) on January 5 , 1904 in River Vale , Bergen County . Average annual precipitation ranges from 43 to 51 inches ( 1,100 to 1,300 mm ) , uniformly spread through the year . Average snowfall per winter season ranges from 10 -- 15 inches ( 25 -- 38 cm ) in the south and near the seacoast , 15 -- 30 inches ( 38 -- 76 cm ) in the northeast and central part of the state , to about 40 -- 50 inches ( 1.0 -- 1.3 m ) in the northwestern highlands , but this often varies considerably from year to year . Precipitation falls on an average of 120 days a year , with 25 to 30 thunderstorms , most of which occur during the summer . During winter and early spring , New Jersey can experience `` nor'easters '' , which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States . Hurricanes and tropical storms ( such as Tropical Storm Floyd in 1999 ) , tornadoes , and earthquakes are rare , although New Jersey was severely impacted by Hurricane Sandy on October 29 , 2012 with the storm making landfall in the state at 90 mph . Average high and low temperatures in various cities of New Jersey ° C ( ° F ) City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sussex 1 / − 9 ( 34 / 16 ) 3 / − 8 ( 38 / 18 ) 8 / − 4 ( 47 / 26 ) 15 / 2 ( 59 / 36 ) 21 / 7 ( 70 / 45 ) 25 / 12 ( 78 / 55 ) 28 / 16 ( 82 / 60 ) 27 / 14 ( 81 / 58 ) 23 / 10 ( 73 / 50 ) 17 / 4 ( 62 / 38 ) 11 / − 1 ( 51 / 31 ) 4 / − 6 ( 39 / 22 ) Newark 4 / − 4 ( 39 / 24 ) 6 / − 3 ( 42 / 27 ) 10 / 1 ( 51 / 34 ) 17 / 7 ( 62 / 44 ) 22 / 12 ( 72 / 53 ) 28 / 17 ( 82 / 63 ) 30 / 20 ( 86 / 69 ) 29 / 20 ( 84 / 68 ) 25 / 15 ( 77 / 60 ) 18 / 9 ( 65 / 48 ) 13 / 4 ( 55 / 39 ) 6 / − 1 ( 44 / 30 ) Kinnelone 0 / − 8 ( 35 / 15 ) 2 / − 8 ( 37 / 18 ) 7 / - 4 ( 46 / 26 ) 16 / 2 ( 60 / 36 ) 21 / 7 ( 69 / 45 ) 24 / 12 ( 76 / 66 ) 28 / 16 ( 83 / 60 ) 27 / 14 ( 81 / 58 ) 23 / 10 ( 73 / 50 ) 16 / 4 ( 60 / 38 ) 11 / - 2 ( 51 / 29 ) 4 / − 6 ( 39 / 22 ) Atlantic City 5 / − 2 ( 42 / 29 ) 6 / − 1 ( 44 / 31 ) 10 / 3 ( 50 / 37 ) 14 / 8 ( 58 / 46 ) 19 / 13 ( 67 / 55 ) 24 / 18 ( 76 / 64 ) 27 / 21 ( 81 / 70 ) 27 / 21 ( 80 / 70 ) 24 / 18 ( 75 / 64 ) 18 / 11 ( 65 / 53 ) 13 / 6 ( 56 / 43 ) 8 / 1 ( 46 / 34 ) Cape May 6 / − 2 ( 42 / 28 ) 7 / − 2 ( 44 / 29 ) 11 / 2 ( 51 / 35 ) 16 / 7 ( 61 / 44 ) 21 / 12 ( 70 / 53 ) 26 / 17 ( 79 / 63 ) 29 / 20 ( 85 / 68 ) 29 / 19 ( 83 / 67 ) 25 / 16 ( 78 / 61 ) 19 / 9 ( 67 / 50 ) 14 / 4 ( 57 / 41 ) 8 / 0 ( 47 / 32 ) Demographics Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 184,139 -- 1800 211,149 14.7 % 1810 245,562 16.3 % 1820 277,575 13.0 % 1830 320,823 15.6 % 1840 373,306 16.4 % 1850 489,555 31.1 % 1860 672,035 37.3 % 1870 906,096 34.8 % 1880 1,131,116 24.8 % 1890 1,444,933 27.7 % 1900 1,883,669 30.4 % 1910 2,537,167 34.7 % 1920 3,155,900 24.4 % 1930 4,041,334 28.1 % 1940 4,160,165 2.9 % 1950 4,835,329 16.2 % 1960 6,066,782 25.5 % 1970 7,168,164 18.2 % 1980 7,364,823 2.7 % 1990 7,730,188 5.0 % 2000 8,414,350 8.9 % 8,791,894 4.5 % Est. 2017 9,005,644 2.4 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2017 Estimate New Jersey population distribution State population The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of New Jersey was 8,958,013 on July 1 , 2015 , a 1.89 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . Residents of New Jersey are most commonly referred to as `` New Jerseyans '' or , less commonly , as `` New Jerseyites '' . As of the 2010 census , there were 8,791,894 people residing in the state . The racial makeup of the state was : 68.6 % White American 13.7 % African American 8.3 % Asian American 0.3 % Native American 2.7 % Multiracial American 6.4 % other races 17.7 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) . New Jersey Racial Breakdown of Population hide Racial composition 1970 1990 2000 White 88.6 % 79.3 % 72.5 % 68.6 % Black 10.7 % 13.4 % 13.6 % 13.7 % Asian 0.3 % 3.5 % 5.7 % 8.3 % Native 0.1 % 0.2 % 0.2 % 0.3 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- -- -- Other race 0.3 % 3.6 % 5.4 % 6.4 % Two or more races -- -- 2.5 % 2.7 % Non-Hispanic Whites were 58.9 % of the population in 2011 , down from 85 % in 1970 . In 2010 , undocumented immigrants constituted an estimated 6.4 % of the population . This was the fourth highest percentage of any state in the country . There were an estimated 550,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010 . The United States Census Bureau , as of July 1 , 2015 , estimated New Jersey 's population at 8,958,013 , which represents an increase of 166,119 , or 1.89 % , since the last census in 2010 . This includes a natural increase since the last census of 343,965 people ( that is , 933,185 births minus 589,220 deaths ) and a decrease due to net migration of 53,930 people out of the state . Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 384,687 people , and migration within the country produced a net loss of 438,617 people . As of 2005 , there were 1.6 million foreign - born living in the state ( accounting for 19.2 % of the population ) . As of 2010 , New Jersey is the eleventh-most populous state in the United States , and the most densely populated , at 1,185 residents per square mile ( 458 per km ) , with most of the population residing in the counties surrounding New York City , Philadelphia , and along the eastern Jersey Shore , while the extreme southern and northwestern counties are relatively less dense overall . It is also the second wealthiest state according to the U.S. Census Bureau . The center of population for New Jersey is located in Middlesex County , in the town of Milltown , just east of the New Jersey Turnpike . New Jersey is home to more scientists and engineers per square mile than anywhere else in the world . On October 21 , 2013 , same - sex marriages commenced in New Jersey . Race and ethnicity New Jersey is one of the most ethnically and religiously diverse states in the country . As of 2011 , 56.4 % of New Jersey 's children under the age of one belonged to racial or ethnic minority groups , meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white . It has the second largest Jewish population by percentage ( after New York ) ; the second largest Muslim population by percentage ( after Michigan ) ; the largest population of Peruvian Americans in the United States ; the largest population of Cubans outside of Florida ; the third highest Asian population by percentage ; and the third highest Italian population by percentage , according to the 2000 Census . African Americans , Hispanics ( Puerto Ricans and Dominicans ) , West Indians , Arabs , and Brazilian and Portuguese Americans are also high in number . New Jersey has the third highest Asian Indian population of any state by absolute numbers and the highest by percentage , with Bergen County home to America 's largest Malayali community . Overall , New Jersey has the third largest Korean population , with Bergen County home to the highest Korean concentration per capita of any U.S. county ( 6.9 % in 2011 ) . New Jersey also has the fourth largest Filipino population , and fourth largest Chinese population , per the 2010 U.S. Census . The five largest ethnic groups in 2000 were : Italian ( 17.9 % ) , Irish ( 15.9 % ) , African ( 13.6 % ) , German ( 12.6 % ) , Polish ( 6.9 % ) . Newark was the fourth poorest of U.S. cities with over 250,000 residents in 2008 , but New Jersey as a whole had the second - highest median household income as of 2014 . This is largely because so much of New Jersey consists of suburbs , most of them affluent , of New York City and Philadelphia . New Jersey is also the most densely populated state , and the only state that has had every one of its counties deemed `` urban '' as defined by the Census Bureau 's Combined Statistical Area . Bergen County is home to all of the nation 's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population , led by Palisades Park ( above ) , a borough where Koreans comprise the majority ( 52 % ) of the population . India Square , Jersey City , known as Little Bombay , home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere . Immigrants from India constituted the largest foreign - born nationality in New Jersey in 2013 . Metropolitan statistical areas and divisions of New Jersey . The New York City Metropolitan Area includes the counties shaded in blue hues , as well as Mercer and Warren counties , the latter representing part of the Lehigh Valley . Counties shaded in green hues , as well as Atlantic , Cape May , and Cumberland counties , belong to the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area . In 2010 , 6.2 % of its population was reported as under age 5 , 23.5 % under 18 , and 13.5 % were 65 or older ; and females made up approximately 51.3 % of the population . A study by the Pew Research Center found that in 2013 , New Jersey was the only U.S. state in which immigrants born in India constituted the largest foreign - born nationality , representing roughly 10 % of all foreign - born residents in the state . For further information on various ethnic groups and neighborhoods prominently featured within New Jersey , see the following articles : Indians in the New York City metropolitan region Chinese in the New York City metropolitan region List of U.S. cities with significant Korean American populations Filipinos in the New York City metropolitan region Filipinos in New Jersey Russians in the New York City metropolitan region Bergen County Jersey City India Square in Jersey City , home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere Ironbound , a Portuguese and Brazilian enclave in Newark Five Corners , a Filipino enclave in Jersey City Havana on the Hudson , a Cuban enclave in Hudson County Koreatown , Fort Lee , a Korean enclave in southeast Bergen County Koreatown , Palisades Park , also a Korean enclave in southeast Bergen County Little Bangladesh , a Bangladeshi enclave in Paterson Little Istanbul , also known as Little Ramallah , a Middle Eastern enclave in Paterson Little Lima , a Peruvian enclave in Paterson Birth Data As of 2011 , 56.4 % of New Jersey 's population younger than age 1 were minorities ( meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white ) . Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live Births by Single Race / Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 2016 White : 71,729 ( 69.9 % ) 71,033 ( 68.8 % ) 72,400 ( 70.2 % ) ... > Non-Hispanic White 48,018 ( 46.8 % ) 48,196 ( 46.6 % ) 47,425 ( 46.0 % ) 46,076 ( 44.9 % ) Black 19,139 ( 18.7 % ) 20,102 ( 19.4 % ) 18,363 ( 17.8 % ) 13,870 ( 13.5 % ) Asian 11,511 ( 11.2 % ) 11,977 ( 11.6 % ) 12,192 ( 11.8 % ) 12,053 ( 11.7 % ) American Indian 196 ( 0.2 % ) 193 ( 0.2 % ) 172 ( 0.2 % ) 62 ( 0.0 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 27,251 ( 26.6 % ) 27,267 ( 26.4 % ) 27,919 ( 27.1 % ) 28,083 ( 27.3 % ) Total New Jersey 102,575 ( 100 % ) 103,305 ( 100 % ) 103,127 ( 100 % ) 102,647 ( 100 % ) Since 2016 , data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected , but included in one Hispanic group ; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race . Languages Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in New Jersey Language Percentage of population ( as of 2010 ) Spanish 14.59 % Chinese ( including Cantonese and Mandarin ) 1.23 % Italian 1.06 % Portuguese 1.06 % Filipino 0.96 % Korean 0.89 % Gujarati 0.83 % Polish 0.79 % Hindi 0.71 % Arabic 0.62 % Russian 0.56 % As of 2010 , 71.31 % ( 5,830,812 ) of New Jersey residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 14.59 % ( 1,193,261 ) spoke Spanish , 1.23 % ( 100,217 ) Chinese ( which includes Cantonese and Mandarin ) , 1.06 % ( 86,849 ) Italian , 1.06 % ( 86,486 ) Portuguese , 0.96 % ( 78,627 ) Tagalog , and Korean was spoken as a main language by 0.89 % ( 73,057 ) of the population over the age of five . In total , 28.69 % ( 2,345,644 ) of New Jersey 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English . A diverse collection of languages has since evolved amongst the state 's population , given that New Jersey has become cosmopolitan and is home to ethnic enclaves of non-English - speaking communities : Albanian -- Paterson , Garfield Arabic -- Paterson , Jersey City Armenian -- Bergen County Bahasa Indonesia -- Gloucester City , Middlesex , Somerset , and Union counties Bengali -- Paterson Cantonese Farsi Greek Gujarati Hebrew Hindi -- Jersey City , Edison , Iselin , Mount Laurel , Cherry Hill , Princeton , Robbinsville Italian - widespread across the state especially in Camden County , Essex , and Bergen counties . Japanese -- Edgewater and Fort Lee boroughs in Bergen County Kannada Korean -- Bergen County ( numerous municipalities ) ; Cherry Hill Macedonian -- Bergen County Malayalam -- Bergen County Mandarin Chinese Marathi Polish -- Bergen County ( Garfield , Wallington ) ; Mercer County ( Top Road , Lawrence Township , Hopewell ) ; Linden Portuguese -- Ironbound section of Newark ; Elizabeth Punjabi Russian -- Fair Lawn borough of Bergen County , Princeton area and Mercer County Spanish - widespread across the state . Tagalog Tamil Telugu Turkish -- Little Istanbul section of Paterson , Mount Ephraim ( which has a large , vibrant and growing Turkish Community ) , Delran , Cherry Hill Ukrainian Urdu - Mount Ephraim has a significant amount of residents of Pakistani origin . Vietnamese -- Atlantic City , Camden / Cherry Hill , Edison Township , Jersey City Yiddish -- Lakewood Township , Ocean County High - rise residential complexes in the borough of Fort Lee , Bergen County Paterson , known as the `` Silk City '' , has become a prime destination for an internationally diverse pool of immigrants , with at least 52 distinct ethnic groups . Skyscrapers in Jersey City , one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world . Federal Courthouse in Camden , which is connected to Philadelphia via the Benjamin Franklin Bridge in the background Religion See also : Category : Religion in New Jersey . Religion in New Jersey ( 2014 ) religion percent Catholic 34 % Protestant 31 % No religion 18 % Jewish 6 % Hindu 3 % Muslim 3 % Mormon 1 % Eastern Orthodox 1 % Jehovah 's Witness 1 % Other faith 2 % Do n't know 1 % By number of adherents , the largest denominations in New Jersey , according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2010 , were the Roman Catholic Church with 3,235,290 ; Islam with 160,666 ; and the United Methodist Church with 138,052 . The world 's largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville , Mercer County , in central New Jersey during 2014 , a BAPS temple . Cathedral Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Newark , the fifth - largest cathedral in North America , is the seat of the city 's Roman Catholic Archdiocese . Temple Sharey Tefilo - Israel , in South Orange , Essex County . New Jersey is home to the second - highest Jewish American ( Hebrew ) population per capita , after New York . Swaminarayan Akshardham ( Devnagari ) in Robbinsville , Mercer County , inaugurated in 2014 as the world 's largest Hindu temple . Little Ramallah in Paterson is an increasingly popular destination for Muslim immigrants . Settlements See also : List of counties in New Jersey Bergen County : 905,116 Middlesex County : 809,858 Essex County : 783,969 Hudson County : 634,266 Monmouth County : 630,380 Ocean County : 576,567 Union County : 536,499 Camden County : 513,657 Passaic County : 501,226 Morris County : 492,276 See also : List of municipalities in New Jersey For its overall population and nation - leading population density , New Jersey has a relative paucity of classic large cities . This paradox is most pronounced in Bergen County , New Jersey 's most populous county , whose more than 930,000 residents in 2014 inhabited 70 municipalities , the most populous being Hackensack , with 44,519 residents estimated in 2014 . Many urban areas extend far beyond the limits of a single large city , as New Jersey cities ( and indeed municipalities in general ) tend to be geographically small ; three of the four largest cities in New Jersey by population have under 20 square miles of land area , and eight of the top ten , including all of the top five have land area under 30 square miles . As of the United States 2010 Census , only four municipalities had populations in excess of 100,000 , although Edison and Woodbridge came very close . Largest municipalities in New Jersey in terms of area show Rank Name Area ( sq. mi . ) Area ( km ) County Galloway Township 115.2 298 Atlantic County Hamilton Township 113.0 293 Atlantic County Washington Township 102.9 267 Burlington County Jackson Township 100.1 259 Ocean County 5 Lacey Township 98.5 255 Ocean County 6 Woodland Township 96.4 250 Burlington County 7 Maurice River Township 95.7 248 Cumberland County 8 Middle Township 83.1 215 Cape May County 9 Manchester Township 82.9 215 Ocean County 10 West Milford 80.4 208 Passaic County 11 Bass River Township 78.2 203 Burlington County 12 Egg Harbor Township 75.0 194 Atlantic County 13 Little Egg Harbor Township 73.2 190 Ocean County 14 Lower Alloways Creek Township 72.6 188 Salem County 15 Vernon Township 70.5 183 Sussex County 16 Upper Township 68.5 177 Cape May County 17 Wantage Township 67.5 175 Sussex County 18 Dennis Township 64.3 167 Cape May County 19 Pemberton Township 62.5 162 Burlington County 20 Howell Township 61.0 158 Monmouth County 21 Middletown Township 59.3 154 Monmouth County 22 Hopewell Township 58.7 152 Mercer County 23 Winslow Township 58.1 150 Camden County 24 Mullica Township 56.9 147 Atlantic County 25 Berkeley Township 55.8 145 Ocean County 26 Hillsborough Township 54.8 142 Somerset County 26 Stafford Township 54.8 142 Ocean County Largest cities or towns in New Jersey Source : Rank Name County Pop . Newark Jersey City Newark Essex 281,764 Paterson Elizabeth Jersey City Hudson 264,152 Paterson Passaic 147,100 Elizabeth Union 128,640 5 Edison Middlesex 101,996 6 Woodbridge Township Middlesex 101,389 7 Lakewood Township Ocean 100,758 8 Toms River Ocean 91,837 9 Hamilton Township ( Mercer ) Mercer 88,400 10 Trenton Mercer 84,056 Wealth Main article : New Jersey locations by per capita income Economy See also : New Jersey locations by per capita income Employment by industries The New Jersey State Quarter , released in 1999 , with a depiction of Washington Crossing the Delaware The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Jersey 's gross state product in 2016 was $575 billion . New Jersey 's estimated taxpayer burden in 2015 was $59,400 per taxpayer . Affluence New Jersey 's per capita gross state product in 2008 was $54,699 , second in the U.S. and above the national per capita gross domestic product of $46,588 . Its per capita income was the third highest in the nation with $51,358 . In 2013 , the state had the second - largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States ( ratio of 7.49 % ) , according to a study by Phoenix Marketing International . It is ranked second in the nation by the number of places with per capita incomes above national average with 76.4 % . Nine of New Jersey 's counties are in the wealthiest 100 of the country . A heat map showing median income distribution by county in New Jersey . Fiscal Policy New Jersey has seven tax brackets that determine state income tax rates , which range from 1.4 % ( for income below $20,000 ) to 8.97 % ( for income above $500,000 ) . The standard sales tax rate as of January 1 , 2018 , is 6.625 % , applicable to all retail sales unless specifically exempt by law . This rate , which is comparably lower than that of New York City , often attracts numerous shoppers from New York City . This is seen in the New York City suburb Paramus , New Jersey , which has five malls , one of which ( the Garden State Plaza ) has over two million square feet of retail space . Tax exemptions include most food items for at - home preparation , medications , most clothing , footwear and disposable paper products for use in the home . There are 27 Urban Enterprise Zone statewide , including sections of Paterson , Elizabeth and Jersey City . In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the zone , shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125 % sales tax rate ( half the rate rate charged statewide ) at eligible merchants . New Jersey has the highest cumulative tax rate of all 50 states with residents paying a total of $68 billion in state and local taxes annually with a per capita burden of $7,816 at a rate of 12.9 % of income . All real property located in the state is subject to property tax unless specifically exempted by statute . New Jersey does not assess an intangible personal property tax , but it does impose an inheritance tax . Federal Taxation disparity New Jersey consistently ranks as having one of the highest proportional levels of disparity of any state in the United States , based upon what it receives from the federal government relative to what it gives . In 2015 , WalletHub ranked New Jersey the state least dependent upon federal government aid overall and having the fourth lowest return on taxpayer investment from the federal government , at 48 cents per dollar . New Jersey has one of the highest tax burdens in the nation . Factors for this include the large federal tax liability which is not adjusted for New Jersey 's higher cost of living and Medicaid funding formulas . As shown by the study , incomes tend to be higher in New Jersey , which puts those in higher tax brackets especially vulnerable to the alternative minimum tax . Industries Cranberry harvest Further information : Biotech and pharmaceutical companies in New Jersey New Jersey 's economy is multifaceted , but is centered on the pharmaceutical industry , the financial industry , chemical development , telecommunications , food processing , electric equipment , printing , publishing , and tourism . New Jersey 's agricultural outputs are nursery stock , horses , vegetables , fruits and nuts , seafood , and dairy products . New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production , third in cranberries and spinach , and fourth in bell peppers , peaches , and head lettuce . The state harvests the fourth - largest number of acres planted with asparagus . Although New Jersey is home to many energy - intensive industries , its energy consumption is only 2.7 % of the U.S. total , and its carbon dioxide emissions are 0.8 % of the U.S. total . Its comparatively low greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to the state 's use of nuclear power . According to the Energy Information Administration , nuclear power dominates New Jersey 's electricity market , typically supplying more than one - half of state generation . New Jersey has three nuclear power plants , including the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station , which came online in 1969 and is the oldest operating nuclear plant in the country . New Jersey has a strong scientific economy and is home to major pharmaceutical and telecommunications firms , drawing on the state 's large and well - educated labor pool . There is also a strong service economy in retail sales , education , and real estate , serving residents who work in New York City or Philadelphia . Shipping is a key industry in New Jersey because of the state 's strategic geographic location , the Port of New York and New Jersey being the busiest port on the East Coast . The Port Newark - Elizabeth Marine Terminal was the world 's first container port and today is one of the world 's largest . New Jersey hosts several business headquarters , including twenty - four Fortune 500 companies . Paramus in Bergen County has become the top retail zip code ( 07652 ) in the United States , with the municipality generating over $5 billion annually in retail sales . Several New Jersey counties , such as Somerset ( 7 ) , Morris ( 10 ) , Hunterdon ( 13 ) , Bergen ( 21 ) , Monmouth ( 42 ) are ranked among the highest - income counties in the United States . Tourism Atlantic City , looking southward , is an oceanfront resort and the nexus of New Jersey 's gambling industry . New Jersey 's location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis and its extensive transportation system have put over one - third of all United States residents and many Canadian residents within overnight distance by land . This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore , as well as the state 's other natural and cultural attractions , to contribute significantly to New Jersey 's tourism revenue of $43.4 billion and 95 million tourist visits in 2015 , directly supporting 318,330 jobs and sustaining more than 512,000 jobs including peripheral impacts . Gambling Main article : Gambling in New Jersey In 1976 , a referendum of New Jersey voters approved casino gambling in Atlantic City , where the first legalized casino opened in 1978 . At that time , Las Vegas was the only other casino resort in the country . Today , several casinos lie along the Atlantic City Boardwalk , the first and longest boardwalk in the world . Atlantic City experienced a dramatic contraction in its stature as a gambling destination after 2010 , including the closure of multiple casinos since 2014 , spurred by competition from the advent of legalized gambling in other northeastern U.S. states . On February 26 , 2013 , Governor Chris Christie signed online gambling into law . Natural Resources Forests cover 45 % , or approximately 2.1 million acres , of New Jersey 's land area . The chief tree of the northern forests is the oak . The Pine Barrens , consisting of pine forests , is in the southern part of the state . Some mining activity of zinc , iron , and manganese still takes place in the area in and around the Franklin Furnace . New Jersey is second in the nation in solar power installations , enabled by one of the country 's most favorable net metering policies , and the renewable energy certificates program . The state has more than 10,000 solar installations . Education See also : Post-secondary education in New Jersey , Primary education in the United States , Secondary education in the United States , Higher education in the United States , and Education in the United States Bishop House at Rutgers University , the flagship of public higher education in New Jersey , in New Brunswick , Middlesex County Cleveland Tower in Princeton University , one of the world 's most prominent research universities , Princeton , Mercer County In 2010 , there were 605 school districts in the state . Secretary of Education Rick Rosenberg , appointed by Governor Jon Corzine , created the Education Advancement Initiative ( EAI ) to increase college admission rates by 10 % for New Jersey 's high school students , decrease dropout rates by 15 % , and increase the amount of money devoted to schools by 10 % . Rosenberg retracted this plan when criticized for taking the money out of healthcare to fund this initiative . In 2010 , the state government paid all of the teachers ' premiums for health insurance , but currently all NJ public teachers pay a portion of their own health insurance premiums . In 2015 , New Jersey spent more per each public school student than any other U.S. state except New York , Alaska , and Connecticut , amounting to $18,235 spent per pupil . Over 50 % of the expenditure was allocated to student instruction . According to 2011 Newsweek statistics , students of High Technology High School in Lincroft , Monmouth County and Bergen County Academies in Hackensack , Bergen County registered average SAT scores of 2145 and 2100 , respectively , representing the second - and third - highest scores , respectively , of all listed U.S. high schools . Princeton University in Princeton , Mercer County , was ranked the top U.S. national university per the 2018 list of U.S. News & World Report . In 2013 , Rutgers University gained medical and dental schools intended to augment its profile as a national research university . In 2014 , New Jersey 's school systems were ranked at the top of all fifty U.S. states by financial website Wallethub.com . In 2018 , New Jersey 's overall educational system was ranked second among all states to Massachusetts by U.S. News & World Report . Nine New Jersey high schools were ranked among the top 25 in the U.S. on the Newsweek `` America 's Top High Schools 2016 '' list , more than from any other state . A 2017 UCLA Civil Rights project found that New Jersey has the sixth-most segregated classrooms in the United States . Culture Downtown New Brunswick , Middlesex County , an educational and cultural district undergoing gentrification General New Jersey has continued to play a prominent role as a U.S. cultural nexus . Like every state , New Jersey has its own cuisine , religious communities , museums , and halls of fame . New Jersey is the birthplace of modern inventions such as : FM radio , the motion picture camera , the lithium battery , the light bulb , transistors , and the electric train . Other New Jersey creations include : the drive - in movie , the cultivated blueberry , cranberry sauce , the postcard , the boardwalk , the zipper , the phonograph , saltwater taffy , the dirigible , the seedless watermelon , the first use of a submarine in warfare , and the ice cream cone . A 1950s - style diner in Orange , Essex County Diners are common in New Jersey . The state is home to many diner manufacturers and has more diners than any other state : over 600 . There are more diners in the state of New Jersey than any other place in the world . New Jersey is the only state without a state song . I 'm From New Jersey is incorrectly listed on many websites as being the New Jersey state song , but it was not even a contender when in 1996 the New Jersey Arts Council submitted their suggestions to the New Jersey Legislature . New Jersey is frequently the target of jokes in American culture , especially from New York City - based television shows , such as Saturday Night Live . Academic Michael Aaron Rockland attributes this to New Yorkers ' view that New Jersey is the beginning of Middle America . The New Jersey Turnpike , which runs between two major East Coast cities , New York City and Philadelphia , is also cited as a reason , as people who traverse through the state may only see its industrial zones . Reality television shows like Jersey Shore and The Real Housewives of New Jersey have reinforced stereotypical views of New Jersey culture , but Rockland cited The Sopranos and the music of Bruce Springsteen as exporting a more positive image . Cuisine Main article : Cuisine of New Jersey New Jersey is known for several foods developed within the region , including pork roll ( or Taylor ham ) , cheesesteaks , and scrapple . Credit for the development of submarine sandwiches is claimed by several states with substantial Italian American populations , including New Jersey . Music Main article : Music of New Jersey New Jersey has long been an important area for both rock and rap music . Some prominent musicians from or with significant connections to New Jersey are : Singer Frank Sinatra was born in Hoboken . He sang with a neighborhood vocal group , the Hoboken Four , and appeared in neighborhood theater amateur shows before he became an Academy Award -- winning actor . Bruce Springsteen , who has sung of New Jersey life on most of his albums , is from Freehold . Some of his songs that represent New Jersey life are `` Born to Run '' , `` Spirit In The Night , '' `` Rosalita ( Come Out Tonight ) '' , `` Thunder Road '' , `` Atlantic City '' , and `` Jungleland '' . The Jonas Brothers all reside in Wyckoff , New Jersey , where the eldest and youngest brothers of the group , Kevin and Frankie Jonas , were born . Irvington 's Queen Latifah was the first female rapper to succeed in music , film , and television . Lauryn Hill is from South Orange , New Jersey . Her 1998 debut solo album , The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill , sold 10 million copies internationally . She also sold millions with The Fugees second album The Score . Southside Johnny , eponymous leader of Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes was raised in Ocean Grove . He is considered the `` Grandfather of the New Jersey Sound '' and is cited by Jersey - born Jon Bon Jovi as his reason for singing . Redman ( Reggie Noble ) was born , raised , and resides in Newark . All members of The Sugarhill Gang were born in Englewood . Roc - A-Fella Records rap producer Just Blaze is from Paterson , New Jersey . Jon Bon Jovi , from Sayreville , reached fame in the 1980s with hard rock outfit Bon Jovi . The band has also written many songs about life in New Jersey including `` Livin ' On A Prayer '' and named one of their albums after the state . ( see New Jersey ) Singer Dionne Warwick was born in East Orange . Singer Whitney Houston ( who is Dionne Warwick 's cousin ) was born in Newark , and grew up in neighboring East Orange . Jazz pianist and bandleader Count Basie was born in Red Bank in 1904 . In the 1960s , he collaborated on several albums with fellow New Jersey native Frank Sinatra . The Count Basie Theatre in Red Bank is named in his honor . Parliament - Funkadelic , the funk music collective , was formed in Plainfield by George Clinton . Asbury Park is home of The Stone Pony , which Bruce Springsteen and Bon Jovi frequented early in their careers Hip - hop pioneers Naughty By Nature are from East Orange . In 1964 , the Isley Brothers founded the record label T - Neck Records , named after Teaneck , their home at the time . The Broadway musical `` Jersey Boys '' is based on the lives of the members of the Four Seasons , three of whose members were born in New Jersey ( Tommy DeVito , Frankie Valli , and Nick Massi ) while a fourth Bob Gaudio was born out of state but raised in Bergenfield , NJ . Jazz pianist Bill Evans was born in Plainfield in 1929 . Post-hardcore band Thursday was formed in New Brunswick , New Jersey . Numerous songs reference the city . Horror punk band The Misfits hail from Lodi , as well as their founder Glenn Danzig . Punk rock poet Patti Smith is from Mantua . Indie rock veterans Yo La Tengo are based in Hoboken . They also have a song called `` The Night Falls on Hoboken '' . New Jersey was the East Coast hub for ska music in the 1990s . Some of the most popular ska bands , such as Catch 22 and Streetlight Manifesto , come from East Brunswick . Black Label Society 's and Ozzy Osbourne 's famed guitarist Zakk Wylde was born in Bayonne and raised in Jackson The Bouncing Souls original four members grew up in Basking Ridge and formed in New Brunswick in the late 1980s . As a child , singer Akon grew up in Union City , New Jersey , Newark , New Jersey , and Jersey City , New Jersey . My Chemical Romance 's Frank Iero , Gerard Way , Mikey Way , and Ray Toro all are from New Jersey . Cobra Starship frontman Gabe Saporta is from New Jersey Punk band The Gaslight Anthem hails from New Brunswick , New Jersey . Experimental metal band The Dillinger Escape Plan are from Morris Plains , NJ . Debbie Harry , born in Miami , Florida , in 1945 but raised by her adoptive parents in Hawthorne . In Comics and video games The fictional Gotham City , home to Batman , is depicted in DC Comics and the DC Extended Universe as being located in New Jersey . The Lost and Damned ( 2009 ) , The Ballad of Gay Tony and Max Payne 3 ( 2012 ) take place in New Jersey . The Grand Theft Auto series has parodied the state multiple times , with `` New Guernsey '' and `` Alderney City '' appearing as locations in games in the series . Media New Jersey 's area codes Newspapers Major New Jersey newspapers including the following : Asbury Park Press Burlington County Times Courier News Courier - Post Cranford Chronicle Daily Record ( Morristown ) The Express - Times Gloucester County Times Herald News Home News Tribune Hunterdon County Democrat Independent Press Jersey Journal The New Jersey Herald The News of Cumberland County The Press of Atlantic City The Record The Record - Press and Suburban News The Reporter ( Somerset ) The Star - Ledger The Times ( Trenton ) Today 's Sunbeam Trentonian ( Mercer ) The Warren Reporter Radio stations Main article : List of radio stations in New Jersey Television and film Main article : Television and film of New Jersey Motion picture technology was developed by Thomas Edison , with much of his early work done at his West Orange laboratory . Edison 's Black Maria was the first motion picture studio . America 's first motion picture industry started in 1907 in Fort Lee and the first studio was constructed there in 1909 . DuMont Laboratories in Passaic developed early sets and made the first broadcast to the private home . A number of television shows and films have been filmed in New Jersey . Since 1978 , the state has maintained a Motion Picture and Television Commission to encourage filming in - state . New Jersey has long offered tax credits to television producers . Governor Chris Christie suspended the credits in 2010 , but the New Jersey State Legislature in 2011 approved the restoration and expansion of the tax credit program . Under bills passed by both the state Senate and Assembly , the program offers 20 percent tax credits ( 22 % in urban enterprise zones ) to television and film productions that shoot in the state and meet set standards for hiring and local spending . Transportation Main article : Transportation in New Jersey Roadways Map of New Jersey showing major transportation networks and cities The George Washington Bridge , connecting Fort Lee ( foreground ) in Bergen County across the Hudson River to New York City , is the world 's busiest motor vehicle bridge . See also : List of New Jersey State Highways The New Jersey Turnpike is one of the most prominent and heavily trafficked roadways in the United States . This toll road carries Interstate 95 traffic between Delaware and New York , and up and down the East Coast in general . Commonly referred to as simply `` the Turnpike , '' it is known for its numerous rest areas named after prominent New Jerseyans . The Garden State Parkway , or simply `` the Parkway , '' carries relatively more in - state traffic than interstate traffic and runs from New Jersey 's northern border to its southernmost tip at Cape May . It is the main route that connects the New York metropolitan area to the Jersey Shore and is consistently one of the safest roads in the nation . With a total of 15 travel and 6 shoulder lanes , the Driscoll Bridge on the Parkway , spanning the Raritan River in Middlesex County , is the widest motor vehicle bridge in the world by number of lanes as well as one of the busiest . New Jersey is connected to New York City via various key bridges and tunnels . The double - decked George Washington Bridge carries the heaviest load of motor vehicle traffic of any bridge in the world , at 102 million vehicles per year , across fourteen lanes . It connects Fort Lee , New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan , and carries Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1 / 9 across the Hudson River . The Lincoln Tunnel connects to Midtown Manhattan carrying New Jersey Route 495 , and the Holland Tunnel connects to Lower Manhattan carrying Interstate 78 . New Jersey is also connected to Staten Island by three bridges -- from north to south , the Bayonne Bridge , the Goethals Bridge , and the Outerbridge Crossing . New Jersey has interstate compacts with all three of its neighboring states . The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , the Delaware River Port Authority ( with Pennsylvania ) , and the Delaware River and Bay Authority ( with Delaware ) operate most of the major transportation routes in and out of the state . Bridge tolls are collected in one direction only -- it is free to cross into New Jersey , but motorists must pay when exiting the state , with a few exceptions . It is unlawful for a customer to serve themselves gasoline in New Jersey . It became the last remaining U.S. state where all gas stations are required to sell full - service gasoline to customers at all times in 2016 , after Oregon 's introduction of restricted self - service gasoline availability took effect . Airports Newark Liberty International Airport is one of the busiest airports in the United States . Operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , it is one of the three main airports serving the New York City area . United Airlines is the airport 's largest tenant , operating an entire terminal there , which it uses as one of its primary hubs . FedEx Express operates a large cargo terminal at Newark as well . The adjacent Newark Airport railroad station provides access to Amtrak and NJ Transit trains along the Northeast Corridor Line . Two smaller commercial airports , Atlantic City International Airport and Trenton - Mercer Airport , also operate in other parts of the state . Teterboro Airport in Bergen County , and Millville Municipal Airport in Cumberland County , are general aviation airports popular with private and corporate aircraft due to their proximity to New York City and the Jersey Shore , respectively . A NJ Transit train heads down the Northeast Corridor through Rahway , New Jersey Rail and bus Main article : New Jersey Transit Further information : New Jersey Transit Bus Operations , New Jersey Transit Rail Operations , Port Authority Trans - Hudson , and PATCO Speedline Two Hudson - Bergen Light Rail trains in Jersey City , New Jersey NJ Transit operates extensive rail and bus service throughout the state . A state - run corporation , it began with the consolidation of several private bus companies in North Jersey in 1979 . In the early 1980s , it acquired Conrail 's commuter train operations that connected suburban towns to New York City . Today , NJ Transit has eleven commuter rail lines that run through different parts of the state . Most of the lines end at either New York 's Penn Station or Hoboken 's Hoboken Terminal . One line provides service between Atlantic City and Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . NJ Transit also operates three light rail systems in the state . The Hudson - Bergen Light Rail connects Bayonne to North Bergen , through Hoboken and Jersey City . The Newark Light Rail is partially underground , and connects downtown Newark with other parts of the city . The River Line connects Trenton and Camden . The PATH is a rapid transit system consisting of four lines operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . It links Hoboken , Jersey City , Harrison and Newark with New York City . The PATCO Speedline is a rapid transit system that links Camden County to Philadelphia . Both the PATCO and the PATH are two of only six rapid transit systems in the United States to operate 24 hours a day . Amtrak operates numerous long - distance passenger trains in New Jersey , both to and from neighboring states and around the country . In addition to the Newark Airport connection , other major Amtrak railway stations include Trenton Transit Center , Metropark , and the historic Newark Penn Station . The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority , or SEPTA , has two commuter rail lines that operate into New Jersey . The Trenton Line terminates at the Trenton Transit Center , and the West Trenton Line terminates at the West Trenton Rail Station in Ewing . AirTrain Newark is a monorail connecting the Amtrak / NJ Transit station on the Northeast Corridor to the airport 's terminals and parking lots . Some private bus carriers still remain in New Jersey . Most of these carriers operate with state funding to offset losses and state owned buses are provided to these carriers , of which Coach USA companies make up the bulk . Other carriers include private charter and tour bus operators that take gamblers from other parts of New Jersey , New York City , Philadelphia , and Delaware to the casino resorts of Atlantic City . The Cape May -- Lewes Ferry connects New Jersey and Delaware across the Delaware Bay Ferries New York Waterway has ferry terminals at Belford , Jersey City , Hoboken , Weehawken , and Edgewater , with service to different parts of Manhattan . Liberty Water Taxi in Jersey City has ferries from Paulus Hook and Liberty State Park to Battery Park City in Manhattan . Statue Cruises offers service from Liberty State Park to the Statue of Liberty National Monument , including Ellis Island . SeaStreak offers services from the Raritan Bayshore to Manhattan , Martha 's Vineyard , and Nantucket . On the Delaware Bay , the Delaware River and Bay Authority operates the Cape May -- Lewes Ferry , carrying both passengers and vehicles from New Jersey to Deleware . The agency also operates the Forts Ferry Crossing for passengers across the Delaware River . The Delaware River Port Authority operates the RiverLink Ferry between the Camden waterfront and Penn 's Landing in Philadelphia . Government and politics Main article : Government of New Jersey Executive Further information : Governor of New Jersey and Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey Phil Murphy ( D ) 56th Governor since January 16 , 2018 Sheila Oliver ( D ) 2nd Lt. Governor since January 16 , 2018 The position of Governor of New Jersey has been considered one of the most powerful in the nation . Until 2010 , the governor was the only statewide elected executive official in the state and appointed numerous government officials . Formerly , an acting governor was even more powerful as he simultaneously served as President of the New Jersey State Senate , thus directing half of the legislative and all of the executive process . In 2002 and 2007 , President of the State Senate Richard Codey held the position of acting governor for a short time , and from 2004 to 2006 Codey became a long - term acting governor due to Jim McGreevey 's resignation . A 2005 amendment to the state Constitution prevents the Senate President from becoming acting governor in the event of a permanent gubernatorial vacancy without giving up her or his seat in the state Senate . Phil Murphy ( D ) is the Governor . The governor 's mansion is Drumthwacket , located in Princeton . Before 2010 , New Jersey was one of the few states without a lieutenant governor . Republican Kim Guadagno was elected the first Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey and took office on January 19 , 2010 . She was elected on the Republican ticket with Governor - Elect Chris Christie in the November 2009 NJ gubernatorial election . The position was created as the result of a Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution passed by the voters on November 8 , 2005 and effective as of January 17 , 2006 . Legislative Main articles : New Jersey Legislature and 2006 New Jersey State Government Shutdown The New Jersey State House is topped by its golden dome in Trenton . The current version of the New Jersey State Constitution was adopted in 1947 . It provides for a bicameral New Jersey Legislature , consisting of an upper house Senate of 40 members and a lower house General Assembly of 80 members . Each of the 40 legislative districts elects one State Senator and two Assembly members . Assembly members are elected for a two - year term in all odd - numbered years ; State Senators are elected in the years ending in 1 , 3 , and 7 and thus serve either four - or two - year terms . New Jersey is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd - numbered years . ( The others are Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , and Virginia . ) New Jersey holds elections for these offices every four years , in the year following each federal Presidential election year . Thus , the last year when New Jersey elected a Governor was 2017 ; the next gubernatorial election will occur in 2021 , with future gubernatorial elections to take place in 2025 , 2029 , 2033 , etc . Robert Menendez ( D ) Senior U.S. Senator Cory Booker ( D ) Junior U.S. Senator Judicial Main article : Judiciary of New Jersey The New Jersey Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and six Associate Justices . All are appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the State Senate . Justices serve an initial seven - year term , after which they can be reappointed to serve until age 70 . Most of the day - to - day work in the New Jersey courts is carried out in the Municipal Court , where simple traffic tickets , minor criminal offenses , and small civil matters are heard . More serious criminal and civil cases are handled by the Superior Court for each county . All Superior Court judges are appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the State Senate . Each judge serves an initial seven - year term , after which he or she can be reappointed to serve until age 70 . New Jersey 's judiciary is unusual in that it still has separate courts of law and equity , like its neighbor Delaware but unlike most other U.S. states . The New Jersey Superior Court is divided into Law and Chancery Divisions at the trial level ; the Law Division hears both criminal cases and civil lawsuits where the plaintiff 's primary remedy is damages , while the Chancery Division hears family cases , civil suits where the plaintiff 's primary remedy is equitable relief , and probate trials . The Superior Court also has an Appellate Division , which functions as the state 's intermediate appellate court . Superior Court judges are assigned to the Appellate Division by the Chief Justice . There is also a Tax Court , which is a court of limited jurisdiction . Tax Court judges hear appeals of tax decisions made by County Boards of Taxation . They also hear appeals on decisions made by the Director of the Division of Taxation on such matters as state income , sales and business taxes , and homestead rebates . Appeals from Tax Court decisions are heard in the Appellate Division of Superior Court . Tax Court judges are appointed by the Governor for initial terms of seven years , and upon reappointment are granted tenure until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 70 . There are 12 Tax Court judgeships . Counties Further information : List of New Jersey counties New Jersey is divided into 21 counties ; 13 date from the colonial era . New Jersey was completely divided into counties by 1692 ; the present counties were created by dividing the existing ones ; most recently Union County in 1857 . New Jersey is the only state in the nation where elected county officials are called `` Freeholders , '' governing each county as part of its own Board of Chosen Freeholders . The number of freeholders in each county is determined by referendum , and must consist of three , five , seven or nine members . Depending on the county , the executive and legislative functions may be performed by the Board of Chosen Freeholders or split into separate branches of government . In 16 counties , members of the Board of Chosen Freeholders perform both legislative and executive functions on a commission basis , with each Freeholder assigned responsibility for a department or group of departments . In the other 5 counties ( Atlantic , Bergen , Essex , Hudson and Mercer ) , there is a directly elected County Executive who performs the executive functions while the Board of Chosen Freeholders retains a legislative and oversight role . In counties without an Executive , a County Administrator ( or County Manager ) may be hired to perform day - to - day administration of county functions . Municipalities New Jersey currently has 565 municipalities ; the number was 566 before Princeton Township and Princeton Borough merged to form the municipality of Princeton on January 1 , 2013 . Unlike other states , all New Jersey land is part of a municipality . In 2008 , Governor Jon Corzine proposed cutting state aid to all towns under 10,000 people , to encourage mergers to reduce administrative costs . In May 2009 , the Local Unit Alignment Reorganization and Consolidation Commission began a study of about 40 small communities in South Jersey to decide which ones might be good candidates for consolidation . Forms of Municipal government New Jersey municipal government Traditional forms Borough Township City Town Village Modern forms Walsh Act commission 1923 municipal manager Faulkner Act forms Mayor -- council Council -- manager Small municipality Mayor -- council -- administrator Nonstandard forms Special charter Changing form of municipal government Charter Study Commission This box : view talk edit Starting in the 20th century , largely driven by reform - minded goals , a series of six modern forms of government was implemented . This began with the Walsh Act , enacted in 1911 by the New Jersey Legislature , which provided for a three - or five - member commission elected on a non-partisan basis . This was followed by the 1923 Municipal Manager Law , which offered a non-partisan council , provided for a weak mayor elected by and from the members of the council , and introduced a Council - manager government structure with an appointed manager responsible for day - to - day administration of municipal affairs . The Faulkner Act , originally enacted in 1950 and substantially amended in 1981 , offers four basic plans : Mayor - Council , Council - Manager , Small Municipality , and Mayor - Council - Administrator . The act provides many choices for communities with a preference for a strong executive and professional management of municipal affairs and offers great flexibility in allowing municipalities to select the characteristics of its government : the number of seats on the Council ; seats selected at - large , by wards , or through a combination of both ; staggered or concurrent terms of office ; and a mayor chosen by the Council or elected directly by voters . Most large municipalities and a majority of New Jersey 's residents are governed by municipalities with Faulkner Act charters . Municipalities can also formulate their own unique form of government and operate under a Special Charter with the approval of the New Jersey Legislature . While municipalities retain their names derived from types of government , they may have changed to one of the modern forms of government , or further in the past to one of the other traditional forms , leading to municipalities with formal names quite baffling to the general public . For example , though there are four municipalities that are officially of the village type , Loch Arbour is the only one remaining with the village form of government . The other three villages -- Ridgefield Park ( now with a Walsh Act form ) , Ridgewood ( now with a Faulkner Act Council - Manager charter ) and South Orange ( now operates under a Special Charter ) -- have all migrated to other non-village forms . Politics Main article : Politics of New Jersey Social attitudes and issues Socially , New Jersey is considered one of the more liberal states in the nation . Polls indicate that 60 % of the population are self - described as pro-choice , although a majority are opposed to late trimester and intact dilation and extraction and public funding of abortion . In a 2009 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll , a plurality supported same - sex marriage 49 % to 43 % opposed , On October 18 , 2013 , the New Jersey Supreme Court rendered a provisional , unanimous ( 7 -- 0 vote ) order authorizing same - sex marriage in the state , pending a legal appeal by Governor Chris Christie , who then withdrew this appeal hours after the inaugural same - sex marriages took place on October 21 , 2013 . See also : LGBT rights in New Jersey New Jersey also has some of the most stringent gun control laws in the U.S. These include bans on assault firearms , hollow - nose bullets and even slingshots . No gun offense in New Jersey is graded less than a felony . BB guns and black - powder guns are all treated as modern firearms . New Jersey does not recognize out - of - state gun licenses and aggressively enforces its own gun laws . Elections Main article : Elections in New Jersey See also : Political party strength in New Jersey Presidential election results Year Republican Democratic 2016 41.20 % 1,583,058 54.79 % 2,105,250 2012 40.62 % 1,478,088 58.34 % 2,122,786 2008 41.61 % 1,613,207 57.14 % 2,215,422 46.24 % 1,670,003 52.92 % 1,911,430 2000 40.29 % 1,284,173 56.13 % 1,788,850 35.86 % 1,103,078 53.72 % 1,652,329 1992 40.58 % 1,356,865 42.95 % 1,436,206 56.24 % 1,743,192 42.60 % 1,320,352 1984 60.09 % 1,933,630 39.20 % 1,261,323 1980 51.97 % 1,546,557 38.56 % 1,147,364 1976 50.08 % 1,509,688 47.92 % 1,444,653 1972 61.57 % 1,845,502 36.77 % 1,102,211 1968 46.10 % 1,325,467 43.97 % 1,264,206 1964 33.86 % 963,843 65.61 % 1,867,671 1960 49.16 % 1,363,324 49.96 % 1,385,415 1956 64.68 % 1,606,942 34.23 % 850,337 1952 56.81 % 1,374,613 41.99 % 1,015,902 1948 50.33 % 981,124 49.96 % 1,385,415 In past elections , New Jersey was a Republican bastion , but recently has become a Democratic stronghold . Currently , New Jersey Democrats have majority control of both houses of the New Jersey Legislature ( Senate , 24 -- 16 , and Assembly , 47 -- 33 ) , a 7 -- 5 split of the state 's twelve seats in the U.S. House of Representatives , and both U.S. Senate seats . Although the Democratic Party is very successful statewide , the state had a Republican governor from 1994 to 2002 , as Christie Todd Whitman won twice with 47 % and 49 % of the votes , and in the 2009 gubernatorial election , Republican Chris Christie defeated incumbent Democrat Jon Corzine with 48 % . In the 2013 gubernatorial election , Christie won reelection with over 60 % of the votes . Because each candidate for lieutenant governor runs on the same ticket as the party 's candidate for governor , the current Governor and Lieutenant Governor are members of the Democratic Party . The governor 's appointments to cabinet and non-cabinet positions may be from either party ; for instance , the Attorney General is a Democrat . In federal elections , the state leans heavily towards the Democratic Party . For many years in the past , however , it was a Republican stronghold , having given comfortable margins of victory to the Republican candidate in the close elections of 1948 , 1968 , and 1976 . New Jersey was a crucial swing state in the elections of 1960 , 1968 , and 1992 . The last elected Republican to hold a Senate seat from New Jersey was Clifford P. Case in 1979 . Newark Mayor Cory Booker was elected in October 2013 to join Robert Menendez to make New Jersey the first state with concurrent serving black and Latino U.S. senators . The state 's Democratic strongholds include Camden County , Essex County ( typically the state 's most Democratic county -- it includes Newark , the state 's largest city ) , Hudson County ( the second - strongest Democratic county , including Jersey City , the state 's second - largest city ) ; Mercer County ( especially around Trenton and Princeton ) , Middlesex County , and Union County ( including Elizabeth , the state 's fourth - largest city ) . The suburban northwestern and southeastern counties of the state are reliably Republican : Republicans have support along the coast in Ocean County and in the mountainous northwestern part of the state , especially Morris County , Sussex County , and Warren County . Other suburban counties , especially Bergen County and Burlington County had the majority of votes go to the Democratic Party . In the 2008 election , President Barack Obama won New Jersey with approximately fifty - seven percent of the vote , compared to McCain 's forty - one percent . Independent candidate Ralph Nader garnered less than one percent of the vote . About one - third of the state 's counties are considered `` swing '' counties , but some go more one way than others . For example , Salem County , the same is true with Passaic County , with a highly populated Hispanic Democratic south ( including Paterson , the state 's third - largest city ) and a rural , Republican north ; with the `` swing '' township of Wayne in the middle . Other `` swing '' counties like Monmouth County , Somerset County , and Cape May County tend to go Republican , as they also have population in conservative areas , although Somerset has recently trended Democratic . To be eligible to vote in a U.S. election , all New Jerseyans are required to start their residency in the state 30 days prior to an election and register 21 days prior to election day . Capital punishment Main article : Capital punishment in New Jersey On December 17 , 2007 , Governor Jon Corzine signed into law a bill that would eliminate the death penalty in New Jersey . New Jersey is the first state to pass such legislation since Iowa and West Virginia eliminated executions in 1965 . Corzine also signed a bill that would downgrade the Death Row prisoners ' sentences from `` Death '' to `` Life in Prison with No Parole . '' Points of interest Museums See also : List of museums in New Jersey Museum Location Year opened Type New Jersey State Museum Trenton 1895 General Education Franklin Mineral Museum Franklin , Sussex County 1964 Mineral museum Liberty Science Center Liberty State Park , Jersey City Science museum Maywood Station Museum Maywood Railroad museum Montclair Art Museum Montclair 1914 Art museum Newark Museum Newark 1909 Natural Science & Art museum Princeton University Art Museum Princeton 1884 Art museum Thomas Edison Museum Menlo Park 1938 Thomas Edison museum There is also a mineral museum Ogdensburg in Sussex County . View of Wildwood , Cape May County from the Mariner 's Landing Ferris wheel at night Entertainment and concert venues Visitors and residents take advantage of and contribute to performances at the numerous music , theater , and dance companies and venues located throughout the state , including : Venue Type Location Year opened Prudential Center Arena Newark 2007 Meadowlands Arena Arena Meadowlands Sports Complex 1981 PNC Bank Arts Center Amphitheater Holmdel 1977 NJPAC Concert Hall Newark Paper Mill Playhouse Regional Theater Millburn 1968 State Theater Regional Theater New Brunswick 1921 Boardwalk Hall Arena Atlantic City 1926 Susquehanna Bank Center Amphitheater Camden 1995 Sun National Bank Center Arena Trenton 1999 Theme parks Skyline of Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township , Ocean County , the world 's largest theme park as of 2013 To the far left is Kingda Ka , the world 's tallest roller coaster . Main Park Other Parks Location Year opened Six Flags Great Adventure Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Jackson Clementon Amusement Park Splash World Clementon 1907 Land of Make Believe Pirate 's Cove Hope 1958 Morey 's Piers Raging Waters and Ocean Oasis Waterparks Wildwood 1969 Mountain Creek Waterpark None Vernon 1998 Casino Pier None Seaside Heights 1960 Jersey Shore Main article : Jersey Shore Belmar , on the Jersey Shore Sports MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , home to the NFL 's New York Giants and New York Jets . Main article : Sports in New Jersey Professional Sports New Jersey currently has four major league teams based in the state , although only one , the National Hockey League 's New Jersey Devils , bears the state 's name . Since 2007 , they have played their home games at the Prudential Center in Newark . The New York metropolitan area 's two National Football League teams , the New York Giants and the New York Jets , both play in East Rutherford , at MetLife Stadium in the Meadowlands Sports Complex . Completed at a cost of approximately $1.6 billion , it is one of the most expensive stadiums ever built . On February 2 , 2014 , MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII , the first Super Bowl played outside in a cold - weather city . The New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer play in Red Bull Arena , a soccer - specific stadium located in Harrison , just outside of downtown Newark . The Meadowlands Sports Complex is also home to the Meadowlands Racetrack , one of three major harness racing tracks in the state . That track , along with Freehold Raceway in Freehold , are two of the major harness racing tracks in North America . Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport is a popular spot for thoroughbred horse racing . It hosted the Breeders ' Cup in 2007 , and its turf course was renovated in preparation . Additionally , New Jersey is home to two MLB - affiliated Minor League Baseball teams : the Trenton Thunder ( New York Yankees affiliate ) and the Lakewood BlueClaws ( Philadelphia Phillies affiliate ) . The state is also home to the Can - Am League baseball team , the New Jersey Jackals , who play at Yogi Berra Stadium , which is located on the campus of Montclair State University . The following table shows the major league sports teams in the state : New Jersey major league professional sports teams Club Sport League Stadium ( capacity ) Established Championship Titles New Jersey Devils Ice hockey NHL Prudential Center ( 16,514 ) 3 ( 1995 , 2000 , 2003 ) New York Giants Football NFL MetLife Stadium ( 82,500 ) 1925 8 ( 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 , 1986 , 1990 , 2007 , 2011 ) New York Jets Football NFL MetLife Stadium ( 82,500 ) 1959 1 ( 1968 ) New York Red Bulls Soccer MLS Red Bull Arena ( 25,000 ) 0 College Sports See also : List of college athletic programs in New Jersey New Jerseyans ' collegiate allegiances are predominantly split among the four major NCAA Division I programs in the state -- the Seton Hall University Pirates , the Rutgers University Scarlet Knights , the NJIT Highlanders , and the Princeton University Tigers . Rutgers joined the Big Ten Conference in 2014 . Seton Hall 's basketball team has been one of the most storied programs in the Big East Conference , and it plays its home games at the Prudential Center in Newark . The Hall have 3 Big East Tournament Championships with wins in 1991 , 1993 and most recently in 2016 . Seton Hall was the national runner - up in the 1989 NCAA Tournament when they lost to the Michigan Wolverines in overtime . The Pirates made a huge comeback as a program in 2014 with a top - 5 recruiting class nationally . The Pirates have support in the predominantly Roman Catholic areas of the northern part of the state and the Jersey Shore . Rutgers and Princeton have an intense rivalry -- stemming from the first intercollegiate football game in 1869 -- though the two schools have not met on the football field since 1980 . They continue to play each other annually in other sports . Rutgers , which fields 24 teams in various sports , is nationally known for its excellent football and women 's basketball programs . The university is planning an expansion to Rutgers Stadium , and the teams play in Piscataway , which is adjacent to the New Brunswick campus . The university also fields rising basketball and baseball programs . Rutgers ' fan base is mostly derived from the western parts of the state and Middlesex County , and its alumni base is the largest in the state . High - school Sports New Jersey high schools are divided into divisions under the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. ( NJSIAA ) ' Founded in 1918 , the NJSIAA currently represents 22,000 schools , 330,000 coaches , and almost 4.5 million athletes . Sports are divided between 3 seasons ( fall , winter , and spring ) . State symbols Main article : List of New Jersey state symbols State animal Horse ( Equus caballus ) State bird Eastern goldfinch ( Carduelis tristis ) State freshwater fish Brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) State folk dance Square dance State insect European honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) State flower Common meadow violet ( Viola sororia ) State motto `` Liberty and Prosperity '' State song None State tree Northern red oak ( Quercus borealis maxima ) ( syn . Quercus rubra ) State dinosaur Hadrosaurus foulkii State soil Downer State color Buff and Jersey Blue State ship A.J. Meerwald State fruit Northern highbush blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum ) State vegetable Jersey tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) State shell Knobbed whelk ( Busycon carica gmelin ) State memorial tree Dogwood ( Cornus florida ) State slogan Come See For Yourself Notable people Further information : List of people from New Jersey See also New Jersey portal Outline of New Jersey -- organized list of topics about New Jersey Index of New Jersey - related articles References Jump up ^ The Garden State and Other New Jersey State Nicknames , Robert Lupp , New Jersey Reference Services , New Jersey State Library , October 12 , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over -- 2014 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GPO Style Manual 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . 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'' Jump up ^ `` States Where People Pay The Most ( And Least ) In Taxes -- 24 / 7 Wall St '' . 24 / 7 Wall St. July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 's States Most & Least Dependent on the Federal Government '' . Evolution Finance . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey '' . Tax Foundation . New Jersey 's State and Local Tax Burden Above National Average . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maersk aims to shore up N.J. shipping industry with direct financing service -- NJBIZ '' . Jump up ^ Judith H. Dobrzynski ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` A Garden Crawl Through the Garden State '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Nowadays New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production , third in cranberries and spinach and fourth in bell peppers , peaches and head lettuce , the official state Web site , nj.gov , boasts . Jump up ^ `` It 's No Tomato , but a Stalk Gets Some Respect '' . The New York Times . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 ... New Jersey harvests the fourth - largest number of acres dedicated to asparagus in the nation . Jump up ^ `` EIA State Energy Profiles : New Jersey '' . June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 2007 -- States : New Jersey '' . CNN . March 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Laura Adams ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` Billion - Dollar Bergen : Retail reigns supreme throughout the county '' . North Jersey Media Group . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Violet Snow ( January 16 , 2011 ) . `` Paramus appeal goes beyond retail '' . North Jersey Media Group . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Economic Impact of Tourism in New Jersey -- Tourism Satellite Account Calendar Year 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Tourism Economics and the State of New Jersey . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brett Avery ( February 5 , 2008 ) . `` 30 and Counting : Legalized Gambling '' . New Jersey Monthly . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gambling Becomes Legal In New Jersey '' . Associated Press . May 26 , 1978 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . The nation 's only legal gambling casino outside Nevada won state approval Thursday night and planned Friday morning opening ... Jump up ^ `` Atlantic City Boardwalk '' . The Atlantic City Convention & Visitors Authority . ¶ 1 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boardwalk '' . The State of New Jersey , Division of Travel and Tourism . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melissa Romero ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Shuttered Casinos of Atlantic City '' . Vox Media . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wayne Parry , Associated Press ( August 17 , 2014 ) . `` Revel had wanted to shut down casino on Monday '' . North Jersey Media Group . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . 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The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bod Woodruff ; Lana Zak & Stephanie Wash ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` GW Bridge Painters : Dangerous Job on Top of the World 's Busiest Bridge '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Samuel ( April 11 , 2006 ) . `` Garden State Parkway opens world 's widest bridge -- 15 lanes '' . TOLLROADSnews . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patrick Mulvihill ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Self - serve gas legal in rural Oregon '' . Eagle Newspapers , Inc . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of New Jersey '' . Judiciary.state.nj.us . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Small Towns in N.J. Told to Merge or Face Cuts '' . Npr.org . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` N.J. town mergers could start in 18 months '' by Jan Hefler , The Philadelphia Inquirer , May 29 , 2009 . 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-1431694503587034429	San Miguel de Allende	San Miguel de Allende - Wikipedia San Miguel de Allende hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Parts of this article ( those related to info for demographics dates from 2000 and 2005 ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2018 ) This article needs attention from an expert in layout of the city of San Miguel de Allende . The specific problem is : reorganize Landmarks section , separating locations that are not part of the historic city center . WikiProject Layout of the city of San Miguel de Allende may be able to help recruit an expert . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) City & Municipality in Guanajuato , Mexico San Miguel de Allende City & Municipality Panoramic view of San Miguel de Allende Coat of arms Motto ( s ) : Hic Natus Ubique Notus San Miguel de Allende Location in Mexico Coordinates : 20 ° 54 ′ 51 '' N 100 ° 44 ′ 37 '' W / 20.91417 ° N 100.74361 ° W / 20.91417 ; - 100.74361 Coordinates : 20 ° 54 ′ 51 '' N 100 ° 44 ′ 37 '' W / 20.91417 ° N 100.74361 ° W / 20.91417 ; - 100.74361 Country Mexico State Guanajuato Founded Pre-1541 Municipal Status 1811 Government Municipal President Ricardo Villarreal García Elevation ( of seat ) 1,900 m ( 6,200 ft ) Population ( 2005 ) Municipality Municipality 139,297 62,034 Time zone Central ( US Central ) ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) Central ( UTC - 5 ) Postal code ( of seat ) 37700 Area code ( s ) 415 Website ( in Spanish ) ( 1 ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Protective town of San Miguel de Allende and Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco Type Cultural Criteria ii , iv Designated 2008 ( 32nd session ) Reference no . 1274 State Party Mexico Region Latin America and the Caribbean San Miguel de Allende ( Spanish pronunciation : ( san mi'ɣel de a'ʎende ) ) is the name of a municipality and its principal city , both located in the far eastern part of Guanajuato , Mexico . A part of the Bajío region , the city lies 274 km ( 170 mi ) from Mexico City , 86 km ( 53 mi ) from Querétaro , and 97 km ( 60 mi ) from the state capital of Guanajuato . The city 's name derives from two persons : 16th - century friar Juan de San Miguel , and a martyr of Mexican Independence , Ignacio Allende , who was born in a house facing the city 's central plaza . San Miguel de Allende was also a critical epicenter during the historic Chichimeca War ( 1540 -- 1590 ) where the Chichimeca Confederation defeated the Spanish Empire in the initial colonization war . Today , the town is a proclaimed World Heritage Site , attracting thousands of tourists and new residents from abroad every year . At the beginning of the 20th century , the town was in danger of becoming a ghost town after an influenza pandemic . Gradually , its Baroque / Neoclassical colonial structures were `` discovered '' by foreign artists who moved in and began art and cultural institutes such as the Instituto Allende and the Escuela de Bellas Artes . This gave the town a reputation , attracting artists such as David Alfaro Siqueiros , who taught painting . This attracted foreign art students , especially former U.S. soldiers studying on the G.I. Bill after the Second World War . Since then , the town has attracted a significant number of foreign retirees , artists , writers and tourists , which has shifted the area 's economy from agriculture and industry to commerce catering to outside visitors and residents . The main attraction of the town is its well - preserved historic center , filled with buildings from the 17th and 18th centuries . This and the nearby Sanctuary of Atotonilco were declared World Heritage Sites in 2008 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Founding of the city 1.2 Colonial period 1.3 Independence 1.4 20th century to the present 2 Demographics 3 Landmarks 3.1 The historic city center 4 The municipality 4.1 Geography , ecology and climate 4.2 Landmarks in the municipality 4.2. 1 Atotonilco 4.2. 2 El Charco del Ingenio 5 Culture 5.1 Foreign influence 5.2 Festivals 5.3 Arts and literature 6 Economy 6.1 Tourism and commerce 6.2 Agriculture 6.3 Industry 7 International relations 7.1 Twin towns -- Sister cities 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Founding of the city ( edit ) Before the arrival of the Spanish in the early 16th century , San Miguel was an indigenous Chichimeca village called Izcuinapan . Then a small chapel was built near Izcuinapan by Juan de San Miguel . He decided to dedicate the Spanish town to the Archangel Michael . However , Spanish colonization and attempts to enslave women , men , and children to work the silver - rich mines quickly created a hostile environment with the Chichimeca Confederation natives . The Chichimecas began defending their ancestral lands against invasion by Spanish soldiers and colonizers . In 1551 , the Guamare people of the Chichimeca Confederation attacked Spanish military posts and settlements . This overt hostility , along with multiple failed attempts by the Spanish to provide water to their own settlements in the area , caused the original location to be pushed out . The village was officially re-established in 1555 by Juan de San Miguel 's successor , Bernardo Cossin , and indigenous leader Fernando de Tapia . It was refounded both as a mission and as a military outpost . The new site was a mile east of the old one at a place with two fresh water springs ( called Batán and Izcuinapan ) and with terrain better suited for defense . The two springs supplied all of the town 's water until the 1970s . Colonial period ( edit ) The House of the Counts of the Canal , built in the 18th century and currently owned by Banamex . By the mid-16th century , silver had been discovered not only in Guanajuato but also in Zacatecas , and a major road between this area and Mexico City passed through San Miguel . Indigenous attacks on caravans continued and San Miguel became an important military and commercial site . This led to the forty - year Chichimeca War . The Viceroy in Mexico City granted lands and cattle to a number of Spaniards to motivate them to settle the area . He also gave indigenous groups limited self - rule and excused them from taxation . The location of the town would make it a melting pot as Spanish , indigenous peoples , and later criollos exchanged cultural influences . Eventually , major roads would connect the town with the mining communities in San Luis Potosí as well as Zacatecas , and the rest of the state of Guanajuato . Serving travelers ' needs and providing supplies to mining camps made the town rich . Textile manufacture was a major industry in the town . Locals claim that the serape was invented here . By the mid-18th century the city was at its height , and this was when most of its large mansions , palaces , and religious buildings were constructed . Most still remain . The town was also home to the area 's wealthy hacienda owners . At that time , it was one of the most important and prosperous settlements in New Spain with a population reaching 30,000 . By comparison , in the mid-18th century Boston had a population of only 16,000 and New York 25,000 . The town 's apogee came during the transition period between Baroque and Neoclassical architecture , and many of the mansions and churches show both influences . Mansions built in San Miguel are also larger than normal for a settlement of its size . Independence ( edit ) Statues of Allende and Hidalgo in the municipal palace The prominence of the city declined at the beginning of the 19th century , mostly due to the Mexican War of Independence . However , it played an important early role in this conflict . It is the birthplace of two significant figures of the war , Juan Aldama , and Ignacio Allende , whose surname was added to the town 's name in 1826 . Both were involved in a conspiracy against the colonial government in Mexico City , along with Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez . When this conspiracy was discovered , the warning to Hidalgo and Allende passed through this town and onto Dolores ( Hidalgo ) , just to the north . This prompted Hidalgo 's `` Grito de Dolores '' assembling the insurgent army on 15 and 16 September 1810 . The new insurgent army first came to San Miguel , stopping at a religious sanctuary in Atotonilco just outside . Hidalgo took a standard bearing an image of the Virgin of Guadalupe from here to use as a symbol . This standard is now in the Museo del Ejercito in Spain . Then the army entered San Miguel proper , to name officers and to free prisoners in the local jail . San Miguel is considered to be the first municipality to be freed from Spanish rule . While there was no further military action in the immediate area , economically the town waned as agriculture suffered and the population declined . This continued for most of the rest of the 19th century as the country was torn between Liberal and Conservative factions vying for power . After the war , the town was declared a city by the state congress in 1826 and its name was modified to San Miguel de Allende in honor of Ignacio Allende . There was some economic recovery near the end of the 19th century during the rule of Porfirio Díaz . During this time , dams , aqueducts and railroads were built . Agriculture made a comeback with the introduction of fruit orchards . However , decline returned with the end of mining in almost all of the state of Guanajuato . Between this and the beginning of the Mexican Revolution , San Miguel almost became a ghost town . What remained would stay frozen in time , as the new Mexican government , under the INAH , declared San Miguel a `` Historic and Protected Town '' in 1926 , establishing guidelines and restrictions aimed at keeping its colonial appearance . 20th century to the present ( edit ) Angela Peralta Theater , built in the early 20th century American artist and writer Stirling Dickinson arrived in 1937 and should be credited with creating the first wave of advertising abroad about San Miguel _́ s virtues . Dickinson met Peruvian intellectual , author and painter , Felipe Cossio del Pomar who had the idea of establishing an art colony in the heart of Mexico . The first art school was established in 1938 in an old convent -- still in use provisionally as a school , after having been soldiers ' barracks -- which Cossio del Pomar secured from then Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas . The school was called Bellas Artes , and continues to exist today , locally known as Bellas Artes or Centro Cultural El Nigromante . In the 1940s , Dickinson would also assist Cossio del Pomar and Enrique Fernández Martinez , the former governor of the state of Guanajuato , to establish what became the Instituto Allende . Despite their rural location , both schools would find success after the World War II . U.S. veterans studying under the G.I. Bill were permitted to study abroad , and these schools took advantage of that fact to attract former soldiers as students . Enrollment at the schools rose and this began the town 's cultural reputation . This attracted more artists and writers , including José Chávez Morado and David Alfaro Siqueiros , who taught painting at the Escuela de Bellas Artes . This , in turn , spurred the opening of hotels , shops and restaurants to cater to the new visitors and residents . Many of the American veterans who came to study in San Miguel would later come back to retire , some marrying and raising international families such as the Vidargas , Andre , Maxwell , and Breck families . The town 's cultural , foreign and cosmopolitan nature has continued since that time . In the 1960s , Cantinflas promoted the area among his friends in the film industry . The city took on a Bohemian quality starting in the 1950s with the party ambiance of many resident expats and artists . Hippies were taken in for haircuts by the authorities in the 1970s , and now the town is generally too expensive for the backpacking travelers of the 21st century . The growing attraction of the town and its colonial buildings created a vibrant real estate market , which until recently has not been affected by Mexico 's economic ups and downs . Many of the old `` ruins '' of colonial houses have been sold for more than a house in Mexico City . The city and nearby sanctuary were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in July 2008 . It was chosen both for its well - preserved Baroque colonial architecture and layout as well as its role in the Mexican War of Independence . The area that has been inscribed includes 64 blocks of the historic center and the sanctuary of Atotonilco with the title `` Villa Protectora de San Miguel el Grande y el Santuario de Jesus Nazareno de Atotonilco '' . Demographics ( edit ) View of calle Umaran in the downtown . Despite being less than 5 % of the total municipal population , foreign residents have considerable cultural and economic impact . Most foreign residents are retirees from the United States , Canada , and Europe attracted by the mild climate , cultural opportunities , and low crime . It is only a ten - hour drive from the U.S. border . Many of the home buyers are from this segment of the population as well . Estimates of foreign residents range from 20,000 to 25,000 , with at least half of these from the United States . The large foreign presence has established a number of institutions here . The most noted one is the Biblioteca Pública , which has the second largest English language book collection in Mexico , located in the former convent of Santa Ana . It serves as a community center for foreigners . There is also a chapter of the Lion 's Club ( est. 1987 ) . A post of the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars is located there , as well as Mexico 's only Audubon Society chapter . While the town and municipality have grown since the coming of foreigners in the 1940s , the highest rates of growth occurred between 1980 and 2000 , rising from 77,624 to 110,692 , or about 43 % . However , since that time growth has slowed and as of the 2005 census , the population stood at 139,297 . Most of the drop has been due to the fall in birthrates . However , the overall population of the municipality is young : about 40 % is under the age of 15 , with those between 15 and 64 making up about 54 % of the population . While the majority of the population of the municipality of Allende lives in a collection of small rural communities that do not exceed 2,500 people , the largest single population center is the town of San Miguel de Allende , which houses 59,691 people , about 44 % of the municipality 's population . The next three largest towns each have populations smaller than 3,000 people : Los Rodríguez ( 2,768 , ) Colonia San Luis Rey ( 1,850 ) , and Corral de Piedras de Arriba ( 1,701 ) . Outside of the main town and in these smaller communities are the municipality 's indigenous groups , mostly Otomi and Nahuas . The Otomi are the largest group , accounting for just under 38 % of the municipal population . The Nahuas follow at about 20 % . Other groups include the Mazahua , Huasteca and Purépecha . However , according to the 2002 census , only 520 people speak an indigenous language , 472 of whom also speak Spanish . 96 % of the population is Catholic , with most the rest divided among Protestant , among them Evangelicals . The municipality is home to three institutions of higher education , the Instituto Tecnológico SSC , a campus of the Universidad Tecnólogica de León , and the Universidad Tecnológica de San Miguel de Allende . The city also has bilingual schools that accommodate to the American educational system . As of 2000 , 17.5 % of the population is considered to be illiterate , compared to 12.1 % for the rest of the state . Landmarks ( edit ) The historic city center ( edit ) Hernandez Macias street in the historic center At the entrance of the city stand the statues of Ignacio Allende , Juan Aldama , Miguel Hidalgo and Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez , with one of the Archangel Michael in the center . While the outlying areas of the town and municipality have changed over time , the historic center remains much as it was 250 years ago . The layout of the center of the city is mostly a straight grid , as was favored by the Spanish during colonial times . However , due to the terrain , many roads are not straight . There are no parking meters , no traffic signals and no fast food restaurants . These roads are lined with colonial era homes and churches . With a few exceptions , the architecture is domestic rather than monumental , with well - tended courtyards and rich architectural details . The houses have solid walls against the sidewalks , painted in various colors , many with bougainvillea vines falling down the outside and the occasional iron - grated window . Many of the larger structures have large front doors that used to be used by horses and carriages . In the historic center , there are an estimated two thousand doors , behind which there are at least two thousand courtyards of various sizes . Many of these have been restored to their former colonial state , with façades of ochre , orange and yellow , windows and doors framed by handcrafted ironwork and made of hewn wood . The interior roofs are flat , of heavy mortar supported by large beams . Very few structures have atriums or front yards ; instead , open private space is behind the main façade in courtyards . These courtyards are where the private gardens were , protected from dust , excess water and crime . The town is noted for its streetscapes with narrow cobblestone lanes , that rise and fall over the hilly terrain . It is still a small city , and at night , many wander the narrow streets in relative safety . Several publications have named it one of the top 10 places to retire . The town has attracted famous people such as Jose Guadalupe Mojica , Pedro Vargas and Cantinflas to have homes here . Additionally , indigenous peoples , mostly Otomis and Nahuas ( Chichimecas ) can be seen on the streets , as they come from rural communities to buy and sell , as well as to attend church . Gato Negro bar in the historic center Since the 1920s , steps have been taken to preserve the historic center 's charm . The first set of protections was put into place by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia ( INAH ) when it was declared a national monument . This required all restoration and new construction conform to the area 's colonial architecture . To preserve the city 's trademark colonial look , a civil society regulates the renovation and maintenance of the city , especially its historic center . This includes aspects such as traffic , garden spaces and even the kinds of social events that may be held . The town has also put much effort into preserving the cobblestone streets . The most recent designation is that of a World Heritage site , along with the religious sanctuary in nearby Atotonilco , which also puts restrictions and protections into place . About half of the colonial buildings have been partially or fully converted into businesses such as stores , restaurants , galleries , workshops and hotels . Since there is no zoning , residential and commercial establishments are well - mixed . Although it is small and rural , it has a wide variety of restaurants , specialty shops and art galleries . All around the historic center there are over 80 bars and cantinas as well as various nightclubs . In September 2010 , the first contemporary architectural structure arrived in the historic colonial center with the opening of Hotel Matilda . The hotel 's four buildings have a modern design , with public areas decorated with the art works of contemporary Latin artists , many of them very large pieces . Only the exterior street wall , along Calle Aldama , reflects the colonial style . Parish church of San Miguel The oldest part of the town is the El Chorro neighborhood . This is where the village of San Miguel was moved to in 1555 . The Nahuatl name for the area was Izcuinapan or `` place of dogs '' , and according to legend , dogs led Juan de San Miguel to this area to find this spring . This area is the home of the Parish of San Miguel , the Jardin Principal or Main Garden and an earlier church called the San Rafael or Santa Escuela Church . La Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel , the current parish church of San Miguel , is unique in Mexico and the emblem of the town . It has a Neo-gothic façade with two tall towers that can be seen from most parts of town . It is one of the most photographed churches in Mexico . The church was built in the 17th century with a traditional Mexican façade . The current Gothic façade was constructed in 1880 by Zeferino Gutierrez , who was an indigenous bricklayer and self - taught architect . It is said Gutierrez 's inspiration came from postcards and lithographs of Gothic churches in Europe ; however , the interpretation is his own and if more a work of imagination than a faithful reconstruction . In front of this façade is a small atrium , which is guarded by a wrought iron fence . There is a monument in the atrium dedicated to Bishop José María de Jesús Diez de Sollano y Davalos . The San Rafael or Santa Escuela Church is located to the side of the parish . It was founded by Luis Felipe Neri de Alfaro in 1742 . The main façade has two levels with arches , pilasters , floral motifs and a frieze on the first level . The second level has a choir window framed by pink sandstone . The bell tower is Moorish . According to legend , this older chapel was the site of the first Christian ceremony in San Miguel . At the entrance of the main church , there is an inscription that states that Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and his brother Jose Joaquin served as priests here . There is another one acknowledging Gutierrez 's work on the façade . The interior of the church still has the original 17th - century layout and interior design , but the church was looted several times during Mexico 's history so much of its decoration is lost . However , one significant image here is the `` Señor de la Conquista '' , which was made of cornstalk paste by indigenous people in Michoacán . The sacristy contains a painting depicting the founding of the town in 1542 and its subsequent move to Izcuinapan in the El Chorro neighborhood. ( finsenana ) There is a small crypt under the altar with access through a small door to the right . This crypt contains the remains of former bishops of the church and other dignitaries , including a former president of Mexico . It is opened to the public one day each year , on November 2 , Day of the Dead . In front of the church complex is the Plaza Allende , popularly known as Jardin Principal or Main Garden , but most often referred to simply as el jardin . It was designed in French style , with wrought iron benches and filled with Indian laurel trees . It is a popular place to sit and relax and bands often play in the kiosk on weekends . In addition to the parish , other important structures , such as the Ignacio Allende House , the Canal House and the municipal palace overlook the garden . Courtyard of the Centro Cultural with the dome of the Church of the Nuns in the background . The Centro Cultural Ignacio Ramirez , also called the Escuela de Bellas Artes or El Nigromante , is housed in the former Hermanas de la Concepción ( Sisters of the Conception ) convent . The Concepcion convent and adjoining church were founded by a member of the De la Canal family , María Josefina Lina de la Canal y Hervás in 1775 . In the latter 19th century , the convent was closed by the Reform Laws and it remained empty from then until the mid 20th century . The Escuela de Bellas Artes , was established in 1938 by Peruvian Felipe Cossío del Pomar and American Stirling Dickinson . This and other art institutions began to attract American exchange students who came to study and live . The cultural center today is part of the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes ( INBA ) and is often referred to by locals as `` Bellas Artes '' . It is a two story cloister surrounded an extremely large courtyard with large streets with a large fountain in the middle . It houses art exhibits , classrooms for drawing , painting , sculpture , lithography , textiles , ceramics dramatic arts , ballet , regional dance , piano and guitar . One hall of the old convent is dedicated to a mural by David Alfaro Siqueiros along with students from the art school , but it was never finished . The complex has a museum , an auditorium , two art galleries and the Las Musas restaurant , which serves both inside and outside in the courtyard area . Next to the cultural center is the Inmaculada Concepcion Church , locally known as Las Monjas ( The Nuns ) . It was originally constructed as part of the convent . The church was constructed between 1755 and 1842 with an elegant cupola added by Zeferino Gutierrez in 1891 , inspired by the Les Invalides in Paris . The cupola is octagonal decorated with Corinthian columns in the lower area and the upper area has a window with a balustrade and statues of saints . Topping the cupola is a lantern window with a statue depicting the Immaculate Conception . Inside , there are paintings by Juan Rodriguez Juarez . Corner of the Allende House with a statue of Ignacio Allende The Casa de Allende ( Allende House ) Museum was the home of Ignacio Allende , who was a principal figure in the early part of the Mexican War of Independence . The structure was built in 1759 with Baroque and Neoclassical elements , located next to the San Miguel parish church . The museum it houses is officially called the Museo Histórico de San Miguel de Allende , and it is one of many `` regional museums '' of Mexico . This kind of museum focuses on the history of the local area from the prehistoric period to the present , especially the area 's role in Mexico 's national history . The lower floor contains exhibits about the founding of the town , its role in protecting the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Road and more . The upper floor contains exhibits related to Ignacio Allende and some of the rooms are preserved as they looked when he lived there . There are 24 rooms that chronicle the history of the area from the foundation of the town to the Ruta de la Plata ( Silver Route ) , the genealogy of Ignacio Allende and the Mexican War of Independence . It was remodeled as part of the preparations for Mexico 's Bicentennial . The restored museum was re-inaugurated by President Felipe Calderon in 2009 . The Casa del Mayorazgo de la Canal dates from the 18th century , constructed by Mariano Loreto de la Canal y Landeta . During the late colonial period , this house was the most important secular building , being home to the De la Canal family , one of the richest in New Spain . The original construction was inspired by French and Italian palaces of between the 16th and 18th centuries . The house is considered to be a transitional work between Baroque and Neoclassical , as its façade was redesigned by Manuel Tolsá in the early 19th century . The façade is Neoclassical with the coat of arms of the family . The main portal has two levels with an arch with a relief of an eagle on the keystone . The main door is profusely decorated with high reliefs . Today , it houses the Casa de Cultura de Banamex ( Banamex Cultural Center ) , which houses a collection of historic paintings and offers diverse expositions during the year . On the north side of the Jardin Principal is the municipal palace . It was first constructed in 1736 and called the Casa Consistorial . However , this building was heavily damaged several times since then and little of the original structure remains . The current building has two floors . It is home to what is considered to be the first `` independent '' or modern municipal government formed after the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence . This reestablishment of the city government under Liberal principles was done by Miguel Hidalgo , Ignacio Allende and Ignacio Aldama on 17 September 1810 . Main portal of the Nuestra Señora de la Salud Church The Oratorio de San Felipe Neri Church was built by Juan Antonio Perez Espinosa in 1712 . This church was partially built by incorporating a former chapel used by the mulatto population of the town . That church became the chapel on the east side . The façade is of pink sandstone in Baroque style with profuse vegetative ornamentation . The decorative work of the portal also contains indigenous influences . The interior of the church has a number of paintings by Miguel Cabrera , including one of the Virgin of Guadalupe signed by him . The sacristy contains this last painting along with others depicting the life of Philip Neri . This room is cordoned off by a grate covered with leather from Córdoba , Spain . At the back there is a Baroque chamber / chapel dedicated to the Virgin of Loreto . This chapel was sponsored by Manuel Tomás de la Canal in 1735 . It is richly decorated with three altars covered in gold leaf and is a replica of the Holy House found in Loreto , Italy . The Nuestra Señora de la Salud Church was built by Luis Felipe Neri in the 18th century . The main portal is in Churrigueresque style with two levels and a crest in the shape of a large seashell . The first level has an arch flanked by pilasters and niches with sculptures of the Sacred Heart and John the Evangelist . The interior has a layout of a Latin cross covered with vaults with side walls covered in oil paintings done by Agapito Ping between 1721 and 1785 . One altar contains an image of Christ , the Good Shepherd , defending his sheep from various dangers including a group of unicorns . The church served as the chapel of the Colegio de San Francisco de Sales next door . The Colegio de San Francisco de Sales was as important as the college of San Ildefonso in Mexico City in the 18th century . Both Ignacio Aldama and Ignacio Allende attended school here . Very close to the Nuestra Señora de la Salud and Oratorios de San Felipe Neri churches is the Plaza Civica or Civic Plaza . This plaza was originally constructed in 1555 and was supposed to be the original center of the town . It is next to the Plaza de la Soledad and served as the main marketplace . Today , it has a equestrian statue of Ignacio Allende that dominates it . Church in San Miguel de Allende . The San Francisco Church was begun in 1778 and was finished more than twenty years later , when architectural styles were changing . The façade is pure Churrigueresque with stone figures and fine columns . The later bell tower was constructed in 1799 in Neoclassical style by architect Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras . The Biblioteca Pública or Public Library serves as the community center for San Miguel 's large foreigner population . This library was established by Helen Wale , a Canadian , who wanted to reach out to local children . It is the largest privately funded , publicly accessible library in Mexico with the second largest English language book collection . The library has a café , sponsors tours and prints a bilingual newspaper . While self supporting , it also sponsors educational programs for local youth including scholarships , donations of school supplies and free English and computer classes for children . The library offers free English classes for children and the `` Club de Amigos '' so that Mexicans and foreigners can know one another . To the far south of the historic center is Parque Juárez or Juarez Park . This park was established at the beginning of the 20th century on the banks of a river in French style with fountains , decorative pools , wrought iron benches , old bridges and footpaths . There is an area for children with playground and basketball . The garden area is filled with plants and trees of the region , chirimoyos , various berries and walnuts . The water areas host a large number of herons . After dark on many days , it is possible to catch a impromptu concert by local amateur musicians . Nearby there is a small commercial center on Zacateros Street where typical of the area such as objects made of brass and glass can be found . Near here there is a fountain dedicated to Ignacio Allende . Entrance to the Mercado de Artesanias Another important market is the Mercado de Artesanias , which sells a wide variety of items such as those made from wool , brass , paper mache and blown glass . There are also piñatas , tin lanterns , silver jewelry and more . One figure that features prominently on merchandise is that of a frog , as the state 's name of Guanajuato means `` place of frogs '' . The market is located in a narrow alley filling three blocks behind the city 's main fruit and vegetable market . The merchandise here is more authentic and cheaper than that found around the main square . The Institute Allende is located in an enormous complex , which the De la Canal family built as a retreat and hacienda . The old house is filled with various courtyards , a private chapel with colonial era frescos , modern art gallery and restaurant . In 1951 , it was converted into an art institute , offering courses in silverwork , ceramic and Spanish , and attracting hundreds of students each year . Other important churches in the town include the Santo Domingo church , the Santa Cruz del Chorro Chapel , Tercera Orden Church and the San Juan de Dios Church . The Santo Domingo church was part of a monastery complex . The church has a sober façade and dates from 1737 . The Santa Cruz del Chorro Chapel is one of the oldest religious buildings . The Tercera Orden Church dates from the beginning of the 17th century . The San Juan de Dios Church is and San Rafael Hospital are attributed to Juan Manuel de Villegas in 1770 . The complex has a main portal in sandstone with two portals . The first has an access arch and a door made of mesquite wood , with reliefs of geometric shapes , fish and more , along with a hand with pomegranate in sandstone . These symbolize the Archangel Raphael and John of God . Recent research establishes the founding of San Juan de Dios comlex in 1546 per maps from the Royal Library in Seville , Spain . These maps were brought to Mexico and San Miguel de Allende _́ s exhibition at the Centro Cultural Los Arcos . The maps were made hundreds of years ago and stored in Spain since at the time the cartographers of the king did not understand the native Mexican mapmaking methods . The Royal Road is clearly the theme in the maps , San Juan de Dios is its port - of - entry into San Miguel de Allende . The Casa de Inquisidor ( Inquisitor 's House ) is located between Hernandez Macias and Hospicio streets . It was built in 1780 with an elaborate French façade and was the seat of the inquisition in the late 18th century . The Angela Peralta Theater was originally designed to host opera . It was inaugurated in 1873 with a performance by the most famous soprano of Mexico at that time , Angela Peralta . Today , it still hosts a variety of musical events such as the Jazz Festival and the Chamber Music Festival . Other cultural venues include the Otra Cara de Mexico , the bullring , the old train station now restored with a native market on Sundays , the casa de Marqués de Jaral de Berrio , the Casa de los Condes de Loja and the Museo de la Esquina -- for traditional toys with a collection that comes from all parts of the Mexican Republic , which was gathered over 50 years ' time -- and Museo Interactiveo Fragua de la Independencia . La Otra Cara de Mexico ( The Other Face of Mexico ) is a small private museum sponsored by Bill Levasseuro , which has a large number of masks from Mexico 's traditional cultures . On Calle de Recreo is the bullring that was constructed at the end of the 19th century . The old train station was part of the Mexico City -- Laredo ( Tamaulipas ) line of the Ferrocarril Nacional Mexicano . This line was constructed in the 1880s with service beginning in 1888 . The Casa del Marqués de Jaral de Berrio was constructed at the end of the 17th century as well as the Casa de los Condes de Loja. . The Museo Interactivo Fragua de la Independencia ( Fire of Independence Interactive Museum ) is dedicated to the Mexican War of Independence and San Miguel 's role in it . The municipality ( edit ) Former Mayor of San Miguel de Allende , Luz María Núñez Flores ( Spring 2012 ) As the municipal seat , the town of San Miguel de Allende is the local government for about 950 other communities , many of which have fewer than 50 people . As of 2005 , the municipality had a total population of 139,297 with 62,034 living or about 44.5 % living in the town proper . The largest communities outside of the municipal seat include Los Rodriguez ( 2,795 people ) , Corral de Piedras de Arriba ( 1,841 people ) and Los Galvanes ( 1,402 people ) . Officially , the municipality is called Allende to distinguish it from the town of San Miguel de Allende , but as they are governmentally the same unit , and both are generally called by the town 's name . Geography , ecology and climate ( edit ) The municipality is located in the far eastern side of the state of Guanajuato . It has an average altitude of 1,870 meters above sea level . It borders the municipalities of San Luis de la Paz , Dolores Hidalgo , Salamanca , Juventino Rosas , Comonfort , Apaseo el Grande and San José Iturbide It has a territory of 1,537.19 km2 . The altitude varies from between 850 to 2,700 meters above sea level , with the town of San Miguel at 1910 masl . The municipality extends over two of the state 's natural regions : the Sierras Volcanicas and the Cuencas Lacustres del Sur , with most of the territory over the latter . The entire municipality belongs to the national Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt . Most of the territory inclines gently from between zero and five percent , with some exceptions where inclines can be as high as 25 % . This restricts urban development and agriculture in the area . Prominent elevations include Cerro La Silleta , Cerro Prieto , Cerro La Piena , Cerro La Campana , El Cerro de El Picacho , Tambula , El Maguey , Palo Colorado , Mesa el Peñón , Loma Cuacuato , Mesa la Junta , Loma La Trinidad , Cerro El Común , La Loma , El Cuache and El Carmen . These have an average altitude of 2,200 masl . The main river in the area is the Laja , which crosses from north to south before finally emptying in the Lerma River in the municipality of Salamanca . The river currently has serious pollution issues because it is used for discharge of wastewater without prior treatment . Most of this discharge is from the residential areas of San Miguel and Dolores Hidalgo . In addition to the river , there are four principal arroyos that pass by the municipal seal , the La Cañadita , El Atascadero , Las Cachinches and El Obraje . The last receives most of the area 's runoff during the rainy season and feeds the Las Colonias and El Obraje dams . The most important dam in the area is the Ignacio Allende dam , located in the west of the municipality . While this dam controls flooding along the Laja River , local residents say that the water collected in its reservoir goes to the area around Guadalajara , far to the west of San Miguel , due to the provisions of the federal act creating the dam and reservoir . Other dams in the area include La Cantera and Bordo Grande located in the south and north of the municipality respectively along with the aforementioned Las Colonias and El Obraje , which are mostly used for irrigation . The municipality also has fresh water , thermal and alkaline springs , many of which are used as ecotourist attractions such as the El Chorro , Montecillo , El Cortijo , Cieneguita , Atotonilco and Taboada spas . One other spa is the El Xoté , which has sulfur - laden waters . The climate in the area is mostly temperate and semi-arid , with average temperatures varying between 16 and 22 ° C. Summers are moderately hot with a rainy season that generally producing sporadic thunderstorms . Winters are moderate . The temperature varies between 16 and 22 ° C with cool winters . One exception to this is the extreme west of the municipality where the climate is wetter . Ecosystems include shrublands , forests of oak , and areas where nopal cactus and / or grass dominate . San Miguel de Allende Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 14 23 6 7.2 25 7 6 29 10 19 30 12 42 31 14 100 29 14 129 27 14 94 27 14 94 26 14 42 26 11 13 25 8 6.5 23 6 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : SMN show Imperial conversion J J J O 0.5 73 43 0.3 77 45 0.2 83 50 0.7 86 54 1.7 87 57 3.9 84 58 5.1 81 57 3.7 81 57 3.7 79 56 1.6 78 52 0.5 76 47 0.3 74 44 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches hide Climate data for San Miguel de Allende ( 1951 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 34.5 ( 94.1 ) 35.5 ( 95.9 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 39.6 ( 103.3 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 36.8 ( 98.2 ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 34.5 ( 94.1 ) 32.5 ( 90.5 ) 39.6 ( 103.3 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 26.3 ( 79.3 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 14.8 ( 58.6 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 3 ( 27 ) − 8 ( 18 ) − 1 ( 30 ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) − 2 ( 28 ) − 6 ( 21 ) − 5 ( 23 ) − 8 ( 18 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 13.7 ( 0.539 ) 7.2 ( 0.283 ) 6.0 ( 0.236 ) 18.9 ( 0.744 ) 42.2 ( 1.661 ) 100.1 ( 3.941 ) 128.7 ( 5.067 ) 94.4 ( 3.717 ) 94.2 ( 3.709 ) 41.5 ( 1.634 ) 12.7 ( 0.5 ) 6.5 ( 0.256 ) 566.1 ( 22.287 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 1.1 0.9 2.6 5.2 9.4 11.8 8.3 8.6 4.5 1.8 1.7 58.0 Source : Servicio Meteorologico Nacional Landmarks in the municipality ( edit ) Atotonilco ( edit ) View of part of the ceiling inside the Sanctuary of Atotonilco With only 597 people as of 2005 , Atotonilco ( formally Sanctuary of Atotonilco ) is not the largest community in the municipality , but it is the best known due to its religious sanctuary , which has World Heritage Site status along with the historic center of San Miguel . The sanctuary is located fourteen km outside of the main town and dates from the 18th century . The church building itself has plain , very high walls on the outside , and consists of one large church , with several smaller chapels . It is officially called the `` Santuario de Dios y de la Patria '' ( Sanctuary of God and Country ) , but it is better known as the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco . It is the church from which Miguel Hidalgo took the Virgin of Guadalupe standard for his army . The Atotonilco sanctuary has plain high fortress - like walls . However , the inside is completely covered in murals with a large number of personages and scenes from the Bible without much overall structure in how these images were placed . All of the wall and ceiling space is completely covered with little empty space . This mural work was done by Miguel Antonio Martínez de Pocasangre over thirty years . The style of the painting imitates Flemish painting , which was known through Belgian prints that the Spanish brought over from Europe . The World Heritage Organization calls it an `` exceptional example of the exchange between European and Latin American cultures '' and `` one of the finest examples of Baroque art and architecture in the ( sic ) New Spain '' . The structure and the mural work reflect the doctrine of Saint Ignatius of Loyola , and the church has been called the `` Sistine Chapel of America '' . Atotonilco has been a pilgrimage site since the colonial period . The complex still functions as a religious retreat for people who come from all over Mexico for prayer , penance and mortification , but all are done in private . El Charco del Ingenio ( edit ) Wetland at the Presa Las Colonias , El Charco del Ingenio botanical garden El Charco del Ingenio , located outside of the town , is an ecological reserve and botanical garden and is privately funded . It is dedicated to the restoration and preservation of Mexican flora and propagates mainly cactus species in danger of extinction . The reserve is centered on a canyon , at the bottom of which is a fresh spring that forms a natural pool . The canyon was the center of a number of myths and legends during the pre-Hispanic period . There are the remains of a colonial era aqueduct and other waterworks on the property . This spring was so powerful it was the hydraulic power for an enormous water wheel and water supply to the city ( thus , the name `` Ingenio '' ) . The water from this spring rose in the fountains throughout colonial San Miguel . An old dam that was part of this complex of hydraulic power became silted . A great flood ensued when the dam broke in 1999 during heavy rains . It is a stable wetland area now for the botanic gardens , with areas of the reserve crisscrossed with walking paths . There are opportunities for mountain biking , rock climbing , bird watching , camping and horseback riding . There is a gift shop , a juice bar and a cafeteria . Culture ( edit ) Entrance to a crafts store in the historic center of the town Foreign influence ( edit ) `` Stirling Dickinson is without doubt the person most responsible for San Miguel de Allende becoming an international art center , '' says John Virtue , author of Model American Abroad , a biography of Dickinson . Although only an amateur painter himself , Dickinson became co-founder and director of the Escuela Universitaria de Bellas Artes , an art institute that he opened in a former convent only a few months after his arrival . Due to its growth as a tourist destination , some of the most obvious culture seen on the streets of the town relates to visitors , both foreign and Mexican . To cater to these visitors , the town contains organic cafes , boutiques , art galleries , upscale restaurants and hotels , and a wide variety of bars and nightclubs . Bars and nightclubs range from DJs or loud bands catering to young people , to jazz clubs , sports bars and even those that specialize in traditional Mexican music such as mariachi . Some were founded by foreigners and reflect that ownership , for example the Berlin Bar & Bistro . Shops around the Jardin Principal sell art , handcrafts , furniture and decorative items . The Fabrica La Aurora is an old textile mill that has been converted into galleries and shops selling art , furnishings and antiques ; it has a lot of open space along with a café and restaurant . San Miguel has several schools for learning Spanish , most catering to foreign visitors . These include the Instituto Allende ( with credits transferable to U.S. or Canadian colleges ) , Language Point and Warren Hardy Spanish . Some universities such as the University of Texas - Pan American offer study abroad programs in the city , not only in Spanish but also in arts and literature , and creative writing . Festivals ( edit ) Youths with bulls at the Sanmiguelada Fiesta de San Miguel Arcángel . Desfile de los Locos Many of the festivals here are purely Mexican , combining social activity with religious expression . Throughout the year there are pilgrimages , all - night vigils , ringing church bells , processions and fireworks . The largest celebration of the year is that of the town 's patron saint , the Archangel Michael . The angel 's feast day is 29 September , but festivities take place for an entire week . Activities include private parties , sporting events , cultural events , indigenous dance and more . The week is popularly called the Fiestas de San Miguel de Allende . The finale is a procession of the actual image of St. Michael usually high on the main altar of La Paroquia , and he is taken on a flower - covered dais to `` visit '' the main churches in the historic district . Fireworks are a part of all festivities . Elaborate structures that spin and light in sequence , called `` castillos '' -- castles -- are installed in the esplanade at the Jardín , and sometimes at other churches in town . Holy Week begins with an exhibition of altars dedicated to the Virgin of Sorrows and end with the Procession of Silence . Prior to the Procession of Silence , there is a reenactment of the judgment of Jesus by Pontius Pilate , on one side of the San Miguel Parish . Then the procession begins , which represents the fourteen scenes of the Passion before his crucifixion . Many of the townspeople participate in the event , with children dressed as angels and adults in period clothing carrying statues of Jesus . The procession winds its way along the main streets of the historic center completely in silence . Another large religious celebration is the feast of Nuestro Señor de la Columna There are also secular and cultural festivals during the year . The annual Festival de Música de Cámara or Chamber Music Festival occurs each year in August in the city 's historic center . One of the purposes of the event is to bring this type of music to streets and other public venues as well as traditional concert halls such as the event 's home of the Angela Peralta Theater . The 2009 edition had over 100 singers invited to various events , three major conferences , and instrument exhibition and ten classes taught by prominent persons in the field . Some of the groups invited that year included Yale Glee Club , the Cuerdas Amernet Cuartet , the Alientos de Bellas Artes Trio , soprano Guadalupe Jimenez and pianist Natasha Tarasova . Other events include the Jornada de Cultura Cubana in March , the Festival de Tìteres in April , the Festival de Convivencia y Hermandad Universal in May , the Desfile de Locos in June , the Festival Expresiones Cortos in July , the Feria Nacional de Lana y Latón and the festival de Jazz y Blues in November and the Festival de San Miguel de Allende in December . The most important political celebration is the reenactment of the `` Grito de Dolores '' , as the original occurred in the nearby town of Dolores Hidalgo , marking the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence . As the birthplace of Ignacio Allende , the town was a focal point of 2010 's Bicentennial celebrations , with reenactments of events such as the arrival of the message from Querétaro from Josefa Ortiz . Bicentennial celebrations also included events such as the Ballet Mazatl . Festivities were concentrated in and around the Jardin Principal , the Ignacio Allende House and the Centro Cultural . SMART is a multi-media cultural festival , held annually in May , that combines exhibits by Mexican artists with a variety of culinary and social events at local hotels , including the festival founder Hotel Matilda , Dos Casas Hotel and L'Otel . Arts and literature ( edit ) View of the room containing the unfinished Siqueiros mural San Miguel de Allende has long had a reputation as a haven for visual artists . In the Spanish colonial period , San Miguel was the largest recipient of funding for the arts . The city was full of rich arts patrons from the start in the 1500 _́ s . Rich Spanish families like the Condes de la Canal paid for the sumptuous Chapel of Loreto and employed artists in all aspects including baroque music compositions . A fragment of that musical past is used in the Holy Week music accompanying the celebration of mass around Easter . Since the 1950s , when Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros worked there , it has attracted professional and amateur painters , sculptors and printmakers to the classes and workshops frequently held . In addition to two major art institutions ( Instituto Allende and Bellas Artes ) , artists and art venues can be seen in various parts of the town . On the streets , it is not unusual to see someone sketching people on the street or selling their own work . Some notable expat painters associated with San Miguel are Canadians Mai Onno , principal painting professor in the Bellas Artes founding school of the arts , Toller Cranston , Marion Perlet , Gary Slipper , Mack Reynolds , and Andrew Osta . More recently , the town has been attracting writers , film makers , and musicians . The town annually hosts an important free of charge film festival , the GIFF . One annual event that caters to the writing community is The Writers ' Conference , which brings together authors , editors and literary agents . The 2009 event attracted names such as Erica Jong , Todd Gitlen and Josephine Humphreys . Writers have lived here since the mid 20th century . Beat poet Neal Cassady died on the railroad tracks just outside town . Other writers who have lived or spent time here include W.D. Snodgrass , Beverly Donofrio , Sandra Gulland , Tony Cohan , Joe Persico , Gary Jennings , Vance Packard , Lynette Seator , Richard Gabrio and Dianna Hutts . Some have written books about the town , such as Elisa Bernick who wrote The Family Sabbatical Handbook : The Budget Guide To Living Abroad With Your Family and Rue who wrote `` My Favorite Second Chance '' ( Book 2 of The Lake Effect Series ) . Another writing event is Poetry Week , which began in 1997 . Barbara Faith , a well - known author of romance books lived in San Miguel with her husband Alfonso Covarrubias . The biggest writers _́ conference in Latin America takes place in San Miguel annually , SMWC is celebrating its 14th anniversary in 2018 . The San Miguel Poetry Week was founded in 1997 by Jennifer Clement and Barbara Sibley and takes place in early January . Leading poets from Mexico , the USA and UK meet for poetry workshops and readings . Economy ( edit ) Tourism and commerce ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for San Miguel de Allende . Much of the municipality 's economy is now tied to the influx of tourists and foreigners who come to live , mostly retirees . In 2002 , 250,000 visitors spent about 8.4 million USD at the town 's attractions , but those who live here contribute far more to the economy . Most of this is concentrated in the town of San Miguel proper . It accounts for over 36 % of the municipality 's jobs and most of the municipality 's income . Tourism accounts for almost all of the municipality 's income from outside . This began in the mid 20th century as a cheap place to live ; however , despite recent economic downturns , it no longer is . This has not lessened San Miguel 's attraction for foreign visitors and retirees as homes and hotels here are still significantly cheaper than in the U.S. or Europe . Despite not having a casino or an airport and being 400 miles from the nearest beach , this small city has been ranked by magazines such as Time and Leisure and Condé Nast Traveler as one of its preferred places to live and visit . Hotel occupancy typically reaches 80 % on weekends with about 50 % occupancy on weekdays , when rates can be about half . Most visitors are vacationers and about 60 % are domestic visitors , interested in the town 's history and role in the Mexican War of Independence . Another attraction for visitors are the two main art / cultural institutions of Instituto Allende and Bellas Artes as well as a number of Spanish language schools . Most domestic visitors come from Mexico 's large urban centers like Mexico City , Guadalajara , Monterrey and Querétaro . This growth has spurred the development of newer hotels , resort and vacation home developments , especially on the corridor between San Miguel and Atotonilco . There are 149 hotels , nine of which are 5 - star . The town has just over 9 % of all hotel rooms in the state , and this percentage is growing . Another important sector is restaurants . In 2006 , the town invested 800,000 pesos to implement an online marketing plan to increase services to potential tourists . Agriculture ( edit ) Vineyards and vendimia celebration near San Miguel de Allende . Outside of the town of San Miguel , the economy is more traditional . A bit over half of the land is used for grazing with 37 % used for crops . Over 80 % of the crops are grown during the rainy season with less than 20 % grown on irrigated lands . Forestry is minimal . Agriculture produces 25 % of the employment in the municipality . Principal crops include corn , beans , wheat , and alfalfa , which account for 84 % of harvests . Another important agricultural activity is fruit orchards . The most important livestock is domestic fowl , especially poultry . The municipality raises over 12 % of the state 's chickens . Another important product is honey , of which the municipality provides 7.5 % of the state 's total . Since the 1990s , there have been active reforestation efforts to replace much of what was lost previously to logging . Industry ( edit ) Industry is not as well developed here as in other parts of the state although it provides about 33 % of the jobs . One important industry is the production of electrical energy . Other industries include metal products , food processing , wood products and mineral processing . The area is known for the crafting of objects from brass and glass . Two notable artisans here are the brothers Marcelino and Abeck Leon Rosa , who produce handmade glass items . They began producing pieces in the courtyard of their home , but today they have a studio with two large workshops and operate a school for glassmakers , which trains about 50 people per year . One of their specialties is Tiffany - style lamps . Since at least the 1950s , San Miguel de Allende is a backdrop for the production of films and television programs . Both Mexican and foreign productions and advertisements have been filmed there . Projects that have been filmed here include Once Upon a Time in Mexico , a television biopic of the Francisco `` Pancho '' Villa , and The Mask of Zorro II . A group of entrepreneurs is working to increase the town 's reputation as a film location , opening a privately financed studio complex called The Film Colony . Recently , U.S. television series Royal Pains , Top Chef and Million Dollar Listing have filmed episodes in the town . International relations ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Mexico Twin towns -- sister Cities ( edit ) San Miguel de Allende is twinned with : Ushuaia , Argentina Redlands , California , United States of America Acquaviva delle Fonti , Italy La Habra , California , United States Of America Tyler , Texas , United States Laredo , Texas , United States St. Augustine , Florida , United States Santa Fe , New Mexico , United States West Palm Beach , Florida , United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://t21.com.mx/opinion/bitacora/2013/08/16/bajio-nuevo-milagro-mexicano ^ Jump up to : `` Estado de Guanajuato - Allende '' ( State of Guanajuato - Allende ) . Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal . 2005 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historia '' ( History ) ( in Spanish ) . San Miguel Allende , Guanajuato : Municipality of San Miguel Allende . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : de Gast , Robert ( 2000 ) . Behind the doors of San Miguel de Allende . Rohnert Park , California : Pomegranate Communications , Inc . pp. 3 -- 9 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` San Miguel de Allende , Guanajuato '' ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : Mexico Desconocido magazine . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Protective town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco '' . United Nations : World Heritage Organization . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` San Miguel de Allende : La Ciudad mas Antigua Del Bajio '' ( San Miguel de Allende : The oldest city of the Bajio ) . El Norte ( in Spanish ) . Monterrey , Mexico . August 18 , 2000 . p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` The beautiful Mexican colonial city of San Miguel de Allende '' . MexConnect newsletter . February 4 , 2007 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marta Teran ( February 24 , 2002 ) . `` Un hallazgo histórico '' ( A historic find ) . Reforma ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Maruja Gonz . `` San Miguel de Allende , paradigma del encanto provinciano ( Guanajuato ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : Mexico Desconocido magazine . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baja la venta de casas en San Miguel de Allende '' ( House sales fall in San Miguel de Allende ) . El Informador . Guadalajara , Mexico . September 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Florencia Podesta ( May 2 , 2004 ) . `` San Miguel de Allende : El encanto de la provincia '' ( San Miguel de Allende : The charm of the province ) . El Norte ( in Spanish ) . Monterrey , Mexico . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Mauricio Ramos ( September 16 , 2001 ) . `` Verbena en San Miguel de Allende '' ( Vervain in San Miguel Allende ) . Reforma ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ingresa San Miguel de Allende a lista de UNESCO '' ( San Miguel Allende enters UNESCO 's list ) . El Universal ( reprinted in the Office of the President website ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City . Notimex . July 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Protective town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco '' . UNESCO . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jenalia Moreno ( October 6 , 2002 ) . `` Number of U.S. Retirees Heading to Mexico Grows '' . Knight Ridder Tribune Business News . Washington . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Territorio de ' gringos viejos ' '' ( Territory of `` old gringos '' ) . Reforma ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City . April 9 , 2001 . p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction to San Miguel de Allende '' . Frommers Guides . Wiley Publishing , Inc. 2000 -- 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Lions Club of San Miguel de Allende '' . Mexico : Lions Club of Mexico . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sociedad Audubon de México '' ( Audubon Society of Mexico ) ( in Spanish ) . San Miguel de Allende , Mexico : Audubon Society of Mexico . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ivett Rangel ( October 2 , 2005 ) . `` Festeja aniversario San Miguel '' ( Celebrate anniversary of San Miguel ) . Reforma ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City . p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Baird , David ; Shane Christensen ; Christine Delsol and JoyHepp ( 2010 ) . Frommers Mexico 2011 . Hoboken , New Jersey : Wilely Publishing , Inc . pp. 195 -- 198 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 61433 - 4 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nostalgia y fiesta en San Miguel de Allende Rutas de México '' ( Nostalgia and party in San Miguel de Allende - Routes of Mexico ) . El Financiero ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Casale , Rocky ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` 36 Hours in San Miguel de Allende , Mexico '' . Travel . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Angel Valtierra . `` Fin de semana en San Miguel de Allende ( Guanajuato ) '' ( Weekend in San Miguel de Allende ( Guanajuato ) ) ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : Mexico Desconocido magazine . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lugares de Interés '' ( Places of Interest ) ( in Spanish ) . San Miguel Allende , Guanajuato : Municipality of San Miguel Allende . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Victoria Garcia ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Luce en todo su esplendor Museo Histórico de San Miguel Allende '' ( The Museo Historico de San Miguel Allende shows all its splendor ) . Uno Mas Uno ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Vicente Ochoa ( January 1 , 1999 ) . `` San Miguel de Allende : Un fin de semana en el pasado '' ( San Miguel de Allende : A weekend in the past ) . Palabra ( in Spanish ) . Saltillo . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Sarah Ann Long ( 2006 ) . `` The perfect partnership of service and entrepreneurship in San Miguel de Allende '' . New Library World . London . 107 ( 7 / 8 ) : 352 . doi : 10.1108 / 03074800610677326 . Jump up ^ `` San Miguel Allende '' ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : CONACULTA . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Conteo de Población y Vivienda 2005 '' ( Count of Population and housing 2005 ) ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : INEGI . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Normales climatológicas 1951 -- 2010 '' ( in Spanish ) . National Meteorological Service of Mexico . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` El Charco del Ingenio '' ( The Ingenio Pond ) ( in Spanish ) . San Miguel Allende , Guanajuato : Municipality of San Miguel Allende . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` El Charco de Ingenio Jardìn Botanico '' ( Charco de Ingenio Botanical Garden ) ( in Spanish ) . San Miguel Allende , Guanajuato : Sociedad de El Charco . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Magazine , December 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Introducing San Miguel de Allende '' . Lonely Planet . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berlin Bar & Bistro Jump up ^ `` Art , Creative Writing Courses to be Offered in San Miguel de Allende '' . US Fed News Service , Including US State News . Washington . May 28 , 2009 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Procesión del silencio en San Miguel Allende '' ( Procession of Silence in San Miguel Allende ) ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : Oficio del Historiar . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cultura y Tradición '' ( Culture and Tradition ) ( in Spanish ) . San Miguel Allende , Guanajuato : Municipality of San Miguel Allende . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` San Miguel de Allende anuncia 31 edición de festival '' ( San Miguel de Allende announces 31st edition of festival ) . El Universal ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City . Notimex . July 23 , 2009 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Festividades '' ( Festivities ) ( in Spanish ) . San Miguel Allende , Guanajuato : Municipality of San Miguel Allende . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fiestas patrias 2010 en San Miguel de Allende '' ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : Mexico Desconocido magazine . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Johnston ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` The Literary life in San Miguel de Allende '' . Washington . McClatchy - Tribune Business News . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` San Miguel Artists : Profiles of Artists in San Miguel de Allende '' . www.experience-san-miguel-de-allende.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` San Miguel de Allende : Off the Beaten Path - TripAdvisor '' . www.tripadvisor.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian war artist Leonard Brooks , 100 , made Mexico his home '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Festival Internacional de Cine Guanajuato International Film Festival San Miguel de Allende Guanajuato Mexico '' . www.giff.mx . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moderniza San Miguel de Allende su contacto con turistas Rutas de México '' ( San Miguel de Allende modernizes its contact with tourists -- Routes of Mexico ) . El Financiero ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City . July 13 , 2006 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Melissa Bigner ( January 10 , 2004 ) . `` The Americas : San Miguelwood ; Mexico 's film industry ; '' . The Economist . London . 370 ( 8357 ) : 42 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive City Directory '' . Sister Cities International . Further reading ( edit ) Covert , Lisa Pinley ( 2010 ) `` Colonial Outpost to Artists ' Mecca : Conflict and Collaboration in the Development of San Miguel de Allende 's Tourism Industry '' , in Holiday in Mexico : Critical Reflections on Tourism and Tourist Encounters ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 4571 - 8 Spiegel , Mamie ( 2005 ) San Miguel and the War of Independence External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Miguel de Allende . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for San Miguel de Allende . Portal del Ayuntamiento de San Miguel de Allende Official website ( in Spanish ) San Miguel Events Calendar San Miguel de Allende Calendar of Events ( in English and Spanish ) San Miguel de Allende Travel Guide San Miguel de Allende Travel Guide ( in English and Spanish ) San Miguel de Allende Search Search for information on San Miguel San Miguel de Allende Current Events Search for information on San Miguel de Allende Contemporary Arts Center San Miguel Contemporary Arts Center San Miguel World Heritage Sites in Mexico North West Archaeological Zone of Paquimé , Casas Grandes El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino North Central Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro Historic Centre of Zacatecas Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines Protected town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco West Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila Archipiélago de Revillagigedo Historic Centre of Morelia Hospicio Cabañas , Guadalajara Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve East Earliest 16th - century Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl Pre-Hispanic City of El Tajín Historic Centre of Puebla Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan South West Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla in the Central Valley of Oaxaca Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque South Central Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque Hydraulic System Central University City Campus of the UNAM Earliest 16th - century Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Historic Centres of Mexico City and Xochimilco Luis Barragán House and Studio Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve Tehuacán - Cuicatlán Valley Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacán South East Ancient Maya City of Calakmul , Campeche Historic Fortified Town of Campeche Pre-Hispanic City of Chichén Itzá Sian Ka'an Pre-Hispanic Town of Uxmal Shared by more than one region State of Guanajuato Guanajuato ( capital ) Municipalities Abasolo Acámbaro San Miguel de Allende Altamirano Apaseo el Alto Apaseo el Grande Atarjea Celaya Manuel Doblado Comonfort Coroneo Cortázar Cuerámaro Doctor Mora Dolores Hidalgo Guanajuato Huanímaro Irapuato Jaral del Progreso Jerécuaro León Moroleón Ocampo Pénjamo Pueblo Nuevo Purísima del Rincón Romita Salamanca Salvatierra San Diego de la Unión San Felipe San Francisco del Rincón San José Iturbide San Luis de la Paz Santa Catarina Santa Cruz de Juventino Rosas Santiago Maravatío Silao Tarandacuao Tarimoro Tierra Blanca Uriangato Valle de Santiago Victoria Villagrán Xichú Yuriria Spanish / Hispanic Colonial architecture articles Biggest Historic Centers Antigua Guatemala Arequipa Bogotá Campeche Cartagena de Indias Cebú Cienfuegos Coro Cuenca Cuernavaca Cusco Granada Guanajuato Havana Iloílo León Los Ángeles Lima Malolos Manila Mexico City Mompox Morelia Oaxaca Old Panamá Panamá City Puebla Quito San Diego San Fernando San Juan San Luis Potosí San Miguel de Allende Santo Domingo St. Augustine Taal Tayabas Trujillo Vigan Zacatecas Spanish Missions concentrations List of Spanish missions Cathedrals Argentina Bolivia Chile Costa Rica Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador Guam Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay The Philippines Peru Puerto Rico United States Arizona California Louisiana San Antonio Uruguay Venezuela Churches and monasteries Baroque Churches of the Philippines Bohol Chiloé Popocatépetl Fortifications Presidio Caribbean coast of Panama Philippines Santo Domingo Bridges and roads Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Tayabas Other buildings types Bahay na bato Balconies Cusco Lima Hacienda Haciendas in the Valley of Ameca Cabildo Colonial universities in Hispanic America Colonial universities in the Philippines Plaza Architecture types Baroque Andean Churrigueresque Earthquake Mexican Sicilian Chilotan Monterey Colonial Renaissance Rococo Neoclassical Modern Revival styles Spanish Colonial Revival architecture Mission Revival architecture It occurred when it was part of the Spanish kingdom Category GND : 4826895 - 1 VIAF : 263005253 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Miguel_de_Allende&oldid=854248928 '' Categories : World Heritage Sites in Mexico Populated places in Guanajuato Municipalities of Guanajuato Populated places established in 1542 Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt 1542 establishments in New Spain Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from February 2018 All articles needing copy edit Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing expert attention from August 2018 All articles needing expert attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2018 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Ladino Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 23 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is san miguel de allende located in mexico	[ "San Miguel de Allende (Spanish pronunciation: [san mi'ɣel de a'ʎende]) is the name of a municipality and its principal city, both located in the far eastern part of Guanajuato, Mexico. A part of the Bajío region,[1] the city lies 274 km (170 mi) from Mexico City, 86 km (53 mi) from Querétaro, and 97 km (60 mi) from the state capital of Guanajuato.[2] The city's name derives from two persons: 16th-century friar Juan de San Miguel, and a martyr of Mexican Independence, Ignacio Allende, who was born in a house facing the city's central plaza. San Miguel de Allende was also a critical epicenter during the historic Chichimeca War (1540–1590) where the Chichimeca Confederation defeated the Spanish Empire in the initial colonization war. Today, the town is a proclaimed World Heritage Site, attracting thousands of tourists and new residents from abroad every year.\n" ]	[ "far eastern part of Guanajuato, Mexico" ]
-5665148153779926461	Live PD	Live PD - wikipedia Live PD Jump to : navigation , search Live PD Live PD Logo Genre Reality Documentary Presented by Dan Abrams Tom Morris Jr . Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 61 Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Cesareo David Doss George McTeague Kara Kurcz John Zito Elaine Frontain Bryant Shelly Tatro Sean Gottlieb Camera setup Multiple Production company ( s ) Big Fish Entertainment Release Original network A&E Original release October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) -- present External links Official website www.aetv.com/shows/live-pd Live PD is a television show broadcast on the A&E network . The non-fiction program follows police officers in the course of their duties but is unique in the fact that the footage is being broadcast in real time nationally . The series premiered on October 28 , 2016 with an initial order from A&E of eight two - hour episodes . On February 1 , 2017 , A&E announced that they had extended season one to 21 episodes . The show has subsequently continued to air episodes past the 21 episodes ordered . The episode scheduled to air on May 13 , 2017 , was cancelled after a transformer blew at the Midtown , NY studios , which resulted in a power failure . A&E aired a rerun with a crawl message regarding a power failure . The show then took a two week hiatus before resuming live episodes on June 2 , 2017 . Season 1 concluded on Aug. 19 , 2017 , with Abrams announcing Season 2 would premiere in early October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Notable incidents 3 Technology 4 Current Departments and Officers Followed 5 Episodes 5.1 Season 1 6 External links 7 References Overview ( edit ) Live PD is presented by Dan Abrams , the chief legal affairs anchor for ABC News . The program features live video feeds from multiple ( usually six ) law enforcement agencies throughout the United States . Abrams is joined in - studio with Co-Host , Tom Morris , Jr. , and one or two experts in the law enforcement field who answer questions in order to explain to the viewing audience why certain actions may have been taken by officers in the field . Each episode opens with an on - going police call and focus coverage switches between coverage of various incidents as the episode goes on . Pre-taped segments , somewhat more conventionally edited like COPS , are aired to cover periods lacking action . Due to the potential for audience viewers exposure to confidential or otherwise inappropriate material to make it to air , A&E has imposed a delay of unknown length . Notable incidents ( edit ) Due to the nature of live television , Live PD has captured incidents that may not have been aired on a traditional law enforcement program . One such event that received coverage was Bridgeport Police Department Sergeant Chris Robinson breaking down on camera after learning 13 - month - old Michael Citron had died following Robinson escorting an ambulance carrying the child to a local hospital . As of February 2017 , an investigation into the death is ongoing . A second event , involving a Tulsa , Oklahoma man named Randy Wallace , featured Wallace accusing Sgt . Sean `` Sticks '' Larkin of `` profiling '' and `` stalking . '' Larkin had approached Wallace , inquiring what Wallace had in his open trunk while noting that Wallace 's attire was consistent with gang colors worn in the neighborhood . On Live PD , Wallace was seen giving an impassioned denunciation of Larkin and the Tulsa Police Department as Larkin remained seated in his patrol vehicle . Speaking at a press conference , Wallace alleged , `` he slandered me as far as being a gang member and affiliate , he slandered me really bad . '' In another incident , a family claimed to have recognized their loved one , 37 - year - old Benjamin Johnson , deceased on television after what the Richland County Sheriff 's Department said was a drug deal gone wrong . Two men were arrested in the case . Another incident that left the viewers shocked was on the July 8th episode where Senior Deputy Chris Mastrianni was called to a fight in progress at a large house party when a car , ( leaving the same party ) , went right past him going about 90 mph ( according to the officer ) . S / D Mastrianni initiated a Traffic Stop on the vehicle , which then proceeded to evade him for several minutes. The car then turned a corner before jumping a curb , hitting a power pole 's support wire and rolling over . The driver then crawled out the window of his vehicle with his 2 year - old daughter in his arms , and began fighting with the S / D Mastrianni . The crazed man then released his child whom was taken to safety by the Live PD field producer . After several minutes , M / D Mark Laureano and S / D Katelyn Jasak arrived on scene and aided S / D Mastrianni in handcuffing and arresting the already mostly subdued man , as well as pushing back the rapidly growing crowd of bystanders whom were watching the events unfold , but failed to help the struggling police officer . The toddler received injuries in the form a broken arm , as a result of her father 's negligent actions . Technology ( edit ) In order to deliver live footage from the field to A&E 's master control in New York City , the production uses bonded cellular technology . This allows for a far less constrained and expensive production than would be possible using traditional satellite or microwave transmission technologies . Current Departments and Officers Followed ( edit ) Last Updated : September 30th , 2017 . Department Officers / K9s Richland County Sheriff 's Department ( South Carolina ) - Senior Deputy Chris Mastrianni - Deputy Kevin `` K - Law '' Lawrence - Sergeant Steven Tapler - Master Deputy Mark Laureano - Deputy Robert Beary - Lieutenant Danny Brown - Deputy Josh Newsom & K9 Bali - Corporal Gavin Walmsley & K9 Rico - Senior Deputy Katelyn Jasak - Corporal James Abraham & K9 Denzel - Senior Deputy David Farr - Master Deputy Phillip Darnell - Deputy Jason Cuzzupe - Deputy Keenan Johnson Greenville County Sheriff 's Office ( South Carolina ) - Deputy Ryan Gibson - Deputy Alex Edwards - Master Deputy Jonathan Parris - Deputy Kyle Alexander - Deputy Madeline Hester - Deputy Alex Poag - Deputy Eric Mackey - Deputy Ryan Humburg - Deputy Samuel Thompson - Deputy Matt Broad - Master Deputy Chad Ayers - Master Deputy Ivan Rodriguez - Deputy Bre Kowaleski - Deputy Aaron Skinner - Deputy Jimmy Preigel Pasco County Sheriff 's Department ( Florida ) - Deputy Courtland Harrison - Corporal Steven Walker - Deputy Matthew Hedges - Deputy Brandon Sheffield - Deputy Ashton Lesane Jeffersonville Police Department ( Indiana ) - Officer Alyssa Wright & K9 Cairo - Officer Brandon McGhee - Officer Susan Woodard & K9 Blitz - Sergeant Denver Leverett & K9 Flex - Officer Chris Campbell - Officer Tom O'Neil - Officer Drew Lydon - Officer Kasey Cunningham Lake County Sheriff 's Office ( Illinois ) - Detective Patricia `` Trish '' List - Detective Eric Carstensen - Deputy Rebecca Loeb - Detective Michael Nudi - Deputy Tyler Grimscheid - Detective Matt Harmon Calvert County Sheriff 's Office ( Maryland ) - Corporal Tony Moschetto - Deputy First Class Tim Mohler - Deputy First Class Troy Holt - Deputy First Class Stephen `` Steve '' Moran & K9 Kano - Deputy First Class JD Denton - Deputy First Class Brian Pounsberry - Deputy Nick Buckler - Deputy Aaron Ward - Deputy First Class Dean Naughton Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` 10.28. 16 '' October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) 0.776 `` 11.4. 16 '' November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) 0.728 `` 11.11. 16 '' November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 0.831 `` 11.17. 16 '' November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 0.790 5 `` 11.18. 16 '' November 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) 0.786 6 `` 11.25. 16 '' November 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) 0.852 7 `` 12.02. 16 '' December 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) 0.936 8 `` 12.09. 16 '' December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) 0.894 9 `` 12.16. 16 '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) 1.192 10 `` 01.06. 17 '' January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 1.081 11 `` 01.13. 17 '' January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 1.124 12 `` 01.20. 17 '' January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 1.009 13 `` 01.27. 17 '' January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) 1.086 14 `` 02.03. 17 '' February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 0.998 15 `` 02.04. 17 '' February 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 04 ) 1.036 16 `` 02.10. 17 '' February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 1.116 17 `` 02.11. 17 '' February 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 11 ) 1.076 18 `` 02.17. 17 '' February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 1.014 19 `` 02.24. 17 '' February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 1.034 20 `` 03.03. 17 '' March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) 1.081 21 `` 03.04. 17 '' March 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) 0.989 22 `` 03.10. 17 '' March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 1.082 23 `` 03.11. 17 '' March 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 11 ) 1.023 24 `` 03.17. 17 '' March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 1.202 25 `` 03.18. 17 '' March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) 1.295 26 `` 03.24. 17 '' March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 1.106 27 `` 03.25. 17 '' March 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) 1.186 28 `` 03.31. 17 '' March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 1.310 29 `` 04.07. 17 '' April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 1.267 30 `` 04.08. 17 '' April 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) 1.204 31 `` 04.14. 17 '' April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 1.301 32 `` 04.15. 17 '' April 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) 1.283 33 `` 04.21. 17 '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) 1.265 34 `` 04.22. 17 '' April 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) 1.263 35 `` 04.28. 17 '' April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 1.282 36 `` 04.29. 17 '' April 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 29 ) 1.555 37 `` 05.05. 17 '' May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 1.426 38 `` 05.06. 17 '' May 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 06 ) 1.466 39 `` 05.12. 17 '' May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 1.198 40 `` 05.13. 17 '' cancelled N / A 41 `` 06.02. 17 '' June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) 1.594 42 `` 06.03. 17 '' June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) 1.442 43 `` 06.09. 17 '' June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 1.322 44 `` 06.10. 17 '' June 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) 1.392 45 `` 06.16. 17 '' June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 1.595 46 `` 06.17. 17 '' June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) 1.471 47 `` 06.23. 17 '' June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 1.636 48 `` 06.24. 17 '' June 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) 1.578 49 `` 07.07. 17 '' July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 1.625 50 `` 07.08. 17 '' July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) 1.617 51 `` 07.14. 17 '' July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 1.663 52 `` 07.15. 17 '' July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) 2.066 53 `` 07.21. 17 '' July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) 1.857 54 `` 07.22. 17 '' July 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 22 ) 1.757 55 `` 07.28. 17 '' July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 1.759 56 `` 07.29. 17 '' July 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 29 ) 2.017 57 `` 08.04. 17 '' August 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 04 ) 1.893 58 `` 08.05. 17 '' August 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 05 ) 1.932 59 `` 08.11. 17 '' August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) 2.042 60 `` 08.12. 17 '' August 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 12 ) 2.005 61 `` 08.18. 17 '' August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) 1.948 62 `` 08.19. 17 '' August 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 19 ) 1.899 External links ( edit ) Official website Live PD on IMDb References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maglio , Tony ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` ' Live PD ' Host Dan Abrams Explains Why His Real - Time Police Work Show Is n't Just Another ' Cops ' '' . The Wrap . The Wrap News Inc . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 3 October 2016 ) . `` A&E Sets Live Police Docuseries Hosted By Dan Abrams & Dallas PD Detectives '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On the crime beat with `` Live PD '' `` . Hearst Connecticut Media . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Umstead , R. Thomas ( 1 February 2017 ) . `` A&E Extends ' Live PD ' Season '' . Multichannel News . Newsbay Media . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live PD on A&E Tweet about power outage '' . Twitter . A&E network . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live PD on A&E Tweet about return of live episodes of Live PD '' . Twitter . A&E network . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Abrams Named Nightline Anchor and Chief Legal Affairs Anchor for ABC News '' . ABC News . ABC News Internet Ventures . 19 June 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alcinii , Daniele ( 28 October 2016 ) . `` A&E walks the police beat with `` Live PD '' `` . Realscreen . Brunico Communications Ltd . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Lockhart , Brian ( 30 December 2016 ) . `` Infant 's death on reality TV probed in Bridgeport '' . CT Post . Hearst Media Services Connecticut , LLC . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Remer , Jessica ( 15 February 2017 ) . `` Man featured on A&E 's ' Live PD ' says police profiled , stalked him '' . KTUL.com . SINCLAIR BROADCAST GROUP , INC . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrests in case of man seen dead on police reality TV show '' . CBS News . CBS Interactive Inc. 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VidOvation , ' Live PD ' show and Jim Jachetta at NAB New York '' . Creative Cow. 7 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . 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About Wikipedia	when is the new season of live pd start	[ "Live PD is a television show broadcast on the A&E network. The non-fiction program follows police officers in the course of their duties but is unique in the fact that the footage is being broadcast in real time nationally.[3] The series premiered on October 28, 2016 with an initial order from A&E of eight two-hour episodes.[2] On February 1, 2017, A&E announced that they had extended season one to 21 episodes.[4] The show has subsequently continued to air episodes past the 21 episodes ordered. The episode scheduled to air on May 13, 2017, was cancelled after a transformer blew at the Midtown, NY studios, which resulted in a power failure. A&E aired a rerun with a crawl message regarding a power failure.[5] The show then took a two week hiatus before resuming live episodes on June 2, 2017.[6] Season 1 concluded on Aug. 19, 2017, with Abrams announcing Season 2 would premiere in early October 2017." ]	[ "early October 2017" ]
5914186164862240598	Game of Thrones (season 7)	Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Accolades 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Home media 5.4 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of harming dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers to Tyene the same poison used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Eddard Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) The seventh season contains original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some of the show 's sixth season also consists of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . In a June 2016 interview with Variety , co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran for 69 minutes . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 95 % approval rating from 42 critics with an average rating of 8.31 out of 10 , and a 92 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platforms . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 American Film Institute Awards 2017 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 2017 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television Robert McLachlan ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Gregory Middleton ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated IGN Awards Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won IGN People 's Choice Award Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won Humanitas Prize 60 Minute Network or Syndicated Television David Benioff , D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Color Grading Joe Finley ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter ( for `` Stormborn '' ) Nominated Jesse Parker ( for `` The Queen 's Justice '' ) Nominated Crispin Green ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley C. Katona , Paul Bercovitch ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated 2018 22nd Satellite Awards Best Genre Series Game of Thrones Won 23rd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 8th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Outstanding Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated 60th Annual Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Ramin Djawadi Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2018 Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 45th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Cajun Hylton , Georgy Arevshatov ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards 2017 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley ( for `` Dragonstone '' , `` The Queen 's Justice '' , and `` Eastwatch '' ) Won Cinema Audio Society Awards 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Brett Voss ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Costume Designers Guild Awards 2017 Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton Won 70th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Jeremy Podeswa ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Matt Shakman ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Alan Taylor ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Nicola Matthews Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Nominated Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Won Producers Guild of America Awards 2017 `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama '' David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2017 Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Chris Baird , David Ramos , Sam Conway ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real - Time Project Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Nicholas Wilson ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Zombie Polar Bear '' ) Nominated Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Philipp Winterstein , Andreas Krieg ( for `` Eastwatch '' -- `` Drogon Meets Jon '' ) Nominated Murray Stevenson , Jason Snyman , Jenn Taylor , Florian Friedmann ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Drogon Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Daniel Villalba , Antonio Lado , José Luis Barreiro , Isaac de la Pompa ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Won Patrice Poissant , Deak Ferrand , Dominic Daigle , Gabriel Morin ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Manuel Ramírez , Óscar Márquez , Pablo Hernández , David Gacituaga ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , Sylvain Nouveau , Nathan Arbuckle ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' -- `` Wall Destruction '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Óscar Perea , Santiago Martos , David Esteve , Michael Crane ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Montminy Brodeur , Xavier Fourmond , Reuben Barkataki , Sébastien Raets ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Dom Hellier , Thijs Noij , Edwin Holdsworth , Giacomo Matteucci ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Golden Reel Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Effects / Foley Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Bradley Katona , Brett Voss and Jeffrey Wilhoit ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel , Paul Bercovitch and Tim Hands ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Music / Musical David Klotz ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 15th Irish Film & Television Awards Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Won Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Won Aidan Gillen Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank and Matthew Waters Nominated Best VFX Ed Bruce & Nicholas Murphy Nominated 5th Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period Television Series Robert Boake , Matt Jones , Pedro Tate Araez Pending 44th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Pending Best Actress on a Television Series Lena Headey Pending Best Supporting Actor on a Television Series Kit Harington Pending Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Pending 2018 British Academy Television Awards Costume Design Michele Clapton Pending Production Design Deborah Riley , Rob Cameron Pending Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . In some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Marketing ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participated in this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Home media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times , making Game of Thrones the most - pirated television series in 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - game of thrones on hbo '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Seventh Season July 16 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gendry 's back ! The lost son of King Baratheon will return during the 7th season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game Of Thrones ' Photos Hint At Season 7 Clues '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star is delighted to be back at Castle Black '' . The Shield Gazette . October 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : First Photos '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Dan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` PICTURE EXCLUSIVE : Game Of Thrones cast film battle scenes for new series in Northern Ireland ... a day after scooping 12 awards at the Emmys '' . The Daily Mail . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Expect to See a Lot More of Braavos in Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Jim Broadbent in first season 7 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Broadbent on Game of Thrones , public school , and his ' arrogant , pompous ' Sense Of An Ending role ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Gemma Whelan on Yara 's Sexuality and Freezing on Set '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` The incredible locations that will star in Game of Thrones season 7 '' . Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Pushed to Summer 2017 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on season 7 , who should be on Iron Throne '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Parodies Proliferate as Filming Wraps on Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Production Delayed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trivedi , Sachin ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Braavos may not be featured ; Multiple battles near castles '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMMY ® - AND GOLDEN GLOBE - WINNING HBO SERIES GAME OF THRONES TO BEGIN PRODUCTION ON SEASON SEVEN THIS SUMMER '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZUMAIA Y ZONA NORTE : '' . Facebook . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Atarazanas será escenario del rodaje de la séptima temporada de ' Juego de Tronos ' '' . El Correoweb . September 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' grabará en Trujillo el 18 de noviembre '' . Hoy.es . August 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We have had confirmation that The Dark Hedges at Stranocum in Ireland will be used for # GameOfThrones Season 7 filming this week # KingsRoad '' . Twitter . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Game of Thrones is back in Dubrovnik '' . The Dubrovnik Times . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mertz , Emily ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' was in Banff to film some scenes with wolves '' . Global News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Stars Set For Potential Season 8 On HBO With Big Raises '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Are These Characters `` Safe '' After Renewing Contracts Through Season 8 ? `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . 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Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . 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Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2017 '' . American Film Institute . 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blade Runner , ' ' Mudbound , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Land ASC Cinematography Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 '' . IGN. 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . 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Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Grammys : Full list of winners at the 60th Grammy Awards ( UPDATING LIVE ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television - Eddie Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' I , Tonya ' Top American Cinema Editors ' Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ; Petski , Denise ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` ADG Awards : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Blade Runner 2049 ' , ' Logan ' & ' Coco ' Take Film Trophies -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Cinema Audio Society Awards : Sound Mixers Hear ' Dunkirk ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I , Tonya , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Win at 2018 Costume Designers Guild Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' Tops Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dupre , Elyse ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Wins Big '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Reel Awards : Oscar Nominees ' Blade Runner 2049 , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Sound Editor Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ifta Awards 2018 : the full list of nominations '' . The Irish Times . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFTAs : Full list of winners as Gabriel Byrne is honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award '' . Irish Independent . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Three Billboards ' , ' Dunkirk ' , ' Game of Thrones ' Among Nominees For Location Managers Guild Awards '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' & ' Taboo ' Lead BAFTA TV Craft Nominations -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2017 '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 7 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=832959006 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 22 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes does season 7 game of thrones have	[ "The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017.[1][2][3] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven.[4] Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series.[5][better source needed] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss." ]	[ "seven" ]
3947677330237206620	Villanova Wildcats men's basketball	Villanova Wildcats men 's basketball - wikipedia Villanova Wildcats men 's basketball Jump to : navigation , search Villanova Wildcats 2017 -- 18 Villanova Wildcats men 's basketball team University Villanova University First season 1920 -- 21 All - time record 1,753 -- 925 (. 654 ) Head coach Jay Wright Conference Big East Location Villanova , Pennsylvania Arena The Pavilion 6,500 Wells Fargo Center 21,600 Nickname Wildcats Student section Nova Nation Colors Navy Blue and White Uniforms Home Away NCAA Tournament champions 1985 , 2016 , 2018 NCAA Tournament runner - up 1971 * NCAA Tournament Final Four 1939 , 1971 * , 1985 , 2009 , 2016 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Elite Eight 1939 , 1949 , 1962 , 1970 , 1971 * , 1978 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1988 , 2006 , 2009 , 2016 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen 1951 , 1955 , 1962 , 1964 , 1970 , 1971 * , 1972 , 1978 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1988 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2016 , 2018 NCAA Tournament appearances 1939 , 1949 , 1951 , 1955 , 1962 , 1964 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 * , 1972 , 1978 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 * vacated by NCAA Conference tournament champions 1978 , 1980 , 1995 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 Conference regular season champions 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1997 , 2006 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Villanova University 's men 's basketball team represents Villanova University and competes in the Big East Conference of NCAA Division I College basketball . Their first season was the 1920 -- 21 season . Named the `` Wildcats '' , Villanova is also a member of the Philadelphia Big Five , a rivalry of Philadelphia college basketball teams . The Wildcats have won the National Championship three times : 1985 , 2016 , and 2018 . Their 1985 NCAA championship as an 8 seed still stands as the lowest seed ever to win the title . The game is referred to as `` The Perfect Game '' as they shot a record 78.6 % as a team for the game . Their 2016 NCAA Championship , is referred to as `` The Perfect Ending '' and is the only NCAA Men 's Championship game to be won on a buzzer beater , as Kris Jenkins drained a shot as time expired . They made the Final Four in 1939 , 1971 , 1985 , 2009 , 2016 and 2018 ; their six Final Four appearances are 13th most all - time . As of 2018 , they have an NCAA Tournament record of 64 -- 36 (. 640 ) . Villanova has defeated six No. 1 seeds in the NCAA tournament ( Michigan and Georgetown in 1985 , Pittsburgh in 2009 , and Kansas and North Carolina in 2016 , and Kansas in 2018 ) , which is sixth most all - time . The Villanova Wildcats have appeared in the NCAA Tournament 37 times , the eighth highest total in NCAA history . They have won the Big East regular season championship eight times , most recently winning four straight from 2014 to 2017 . They won the Big East Tournament in 1995 , 2015 , 2017 , and 2018 . Villanova entered the 2016 -- 2017 season with an all - time winning percentage of (. 648 ) , placing the Wildcats tied for 13th among all NCAA Division I basketball programs . Through 2018 , Villanova has 1,753 wins , which is 23rd among Division I men 's basketball teams . Villanova has won the Philadelphia Big Five 26 times which is the second most of any team , including five straight from 2014 to 2018 . The Wildcats have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament 17 times , winning in 1994 . Contents ( hide ) 1 By the Numbers 2 History 2.1 Early years ( 1920 -- 1936 ) 2.2 Al Severance era ( 1936 -- 1961 ) 2.2. 1 1939 Final Four 2.3 Jack Kraft era ( 1961 -- 1973 ) 2.3. 1 1971 NCAA Finalist 2.4 Rollie Massimino era ( 1973 -- 1992 ) 2.4. 1 1985 National Champions 2.5 Jay Wright era ( 2001 -- present ) 2.5. 1 2004 -- 05 season 2.5. 2 2005 -- 06 season 2.5. 3 2006 -- 07 season 2.5. 4 2007 -- 08 season 2.5. 5 2008 -- 09 season 2.5. 6 2009 -- 10 season 2.5. 7 2016 National Champions 2.5. 8 2018 National Champions 3 Player / Coaching Honors 4 Postseason 4.1 NCAA Tournament history 4.2 NCAA Tournament Seeding History 4.3 NIT history 4.4 National Campus Basketball Tournament results 5 Year - to - year history 6 Basketball Hall of Fame 7 Retired numbers and jerseys 8 Villanova career records 9 Wildcats in the NBA / ABA 9.1 Villanova 's All - Time NBA / ABA roster 9.2 Members of professional championship teams 9.3 Villanova players currently in the NBA 9.4 Villanova records in the NBA 9.5 Villanovans drafted 10 Rivals 10.1 Big East 10.2 Big Five 11 Traditions 11.1 Songs 11.2 Streamers 11.3 Hoops Mania 12 References 13 External links By the Numbers ( edit ) Villanova National Championship banners hanging in the rafters of the Wells Fargo Center in South Philadelphia . The Wildcats play select home games at the Wells Fargo Center NCAA National Championships -- 3 NCAA Final Four -- 6 NCAA Elite Eight -- 14 NCAA Sweet Sixteen -- 18 NCAA Tournament Appearances -- 38 National Coach of the Year -- 2 Conference Regular Season Championships -- 11 All Americans -- 20 Weeks Ranked as AP # 1 Team -- 19 30 Win Seasons -- 5 Philadelphia Big 5 Championships -- 25 Philadelphia Big 5 Player of the Year -- 20 Winning Seasons -- 78 History ( edit ) Early years ( 1920 -- 1936 ) ( edit ) Villanova began its varsity basketball program in 1920 . Michael Saxe coached for six seasons , from 1920 to 1926 , compiling a 64 -- 30 record (. 681 ) . John Cashman coached three seasons , from 1926 to 1929 , compiling a 21 -- 26 record (. 447 ) . George `` Doc '' Jacobs coached seven seasons , from 1929 to 1936 , and had a 62 -- 56 record (. 525 ) . The team played its first game in 1920 in Alumni Hall on Villanova 's campus , beating Catholic University 43 -- 40 . In the early years , Villanova 's home courts were Alumni Hall and West Catholic High School . In 1932 , The Wildcats moved into the Villanova Field House -- now known as the Jake Nevin Field House , which was named after Villanova 's long - time trainer . Villanova also played many home games at the Palestra on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania beginning in 1929 . The Wildcats played home games in both the Villanova Field House and the Palestra until 1986 . Al Severance era ( 1936 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) Al Severance coached Villanova for 25 seasons , from 1936 to 1961 . It was under Severance 's leadership that Villanova 's basketball program rose to prominence . Severance compiled a 413 -- 201 record (. 673 ) . The 1938 -- 39 team won the first - ever NCAA Tournament game , which put them in the inaugural Final Four . Severance led the Wildcats to the NCAA Tournament again in 1949 , 1951 , and 1955 . Villanova earned NIT bids in 1959 and 1960 . The most storied player in Villanova history , Paul Arizin , played during this era . Severance discovered Arizin , already a Villanova student , playing basketball in the Villanova Fieldhouse . Arizin holds the Villanova record for most points in a game ( 85 ) , and is credited with inventing the jump shot and was the 1949 College Player of the Year . Other notable players from the Severance era include Joe Lord , Larry Hennessy , Bob Schafer and George Raveling . Coincidentally , Severance died on April 1 , 1985 , which was the same day that Villanova upset Georgetown University and Patrick Ewing to take the NCAA basketball championship . 1939 Final Four ( edit ) The inaugural NCAA Tournament featured eight teams from throughout the country . Villanova , representing the Middle Atlantic States , beat Brown , representative of the New England States , 43 -- 40 before a crowd of 3,500 at the Palestra . The following night , the Wildcats lost to Ohio State 53 -- 36 in the Eastern Division Championship . Jack Kraft era ( 1961 -- 1973 ) ( edit ) Jack Kraft coached Villanova for 12 years , from 1961 through 1973 . He compiled a 238 -- 95 record (. 715 ) . Kraft led Villanova to the NCAA Tournament six times , and five times to the NIT . Only once did Kraft 's teams fail to earn a post-season bid , in his final season . The 1971 team , led by Howard Porter , reached the NCAA Championship game , and lost to UCLA at the height of the UCLA dynasty . Notable players during the Jack Kraft era include : Chris Ford , Tom Ingelsby , Wali Jones , Bill Melchionni , Howard Porter , Jim Washington , and Hubie White . 1971 NCAA finalist ( edit ) On March 27 , 1971 , Villanova made its first appearance in an NCAA basketball tournament championship game . The unheralded Wildcats took on the legendary John Wooden and his mighty UCLA Bruins . The 28 -- 1 UCLA squad featured Sidney Wicks , Curtis Rowe , Henry Bibby , and Steve Patterson . Going into the title game , the Bruins had won six of the previous seven NCAA championships , including the previous four . Jack Kraft 's Villanova squad , nicknamed the `` Iron Men '' , was made up of just nine players . Led by Howard Porter , Clarence Smith , Hank Siemiontkowski , Chris Ford , Tom Ingelsby , Bob Gohl , Mike Daley , John Fox and Joe McDowell . Villanova amassed a 27 -- 6 record , including a shocking 90 -- 47 victory over a previously undefeated powerhouse Penn squad . Villanova fought from behind for most of the game , twice cutting the lead to three in the final minutes . Villanova lost by six , 68 -- 62 . Up to that time , the six - point loss was the narrowest spread of UCLA 's six NCAA title game victories . Despite the loss , Villanova 's Howard Porter was named the Tournament 's Most Outstanding Player . Porter was later stripped of the award and the team 's NCAA victories were vacated after it was discovered that Porter had violated NCAA rules because he had signed a professional contract with the Pittsburgh Condors of the American Basketball Association during the middle of his senior year . Rollie Massimino era ( 1973 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) During Rollie Massimino 's tenure , the Villanova Wildcats abandoned their traditional independent status by joining the newly formed Eastern Eight Conference in 1975 . In 1980 , the ' Cats moved into the new Big East Conference , along with Georgetown , St. John 's , and Syracuse . The 1980s were the golden age of the Big East , highlighted by the 1985 NCAA Tournament , when Villanova , Georgetown , and St. John 's reached the Final Four . Massimino 's teams had tremendous success in the NCAA Tournament , usually in an underdog role . Coach Massimino led the Wildcats to the NCAA Tournament eleven times , winning in 1985 . His teams reached the Elite Eight five times in an eleven - year span : 1978 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , and 1988 . Coach Massimino 's teams were well - prepared for the Tournament , always playing a difficult schedule , and playing tenacious defense . Massimino lost their opening game in the NCAA Tournament only once , to Shaquille O'Neal and Chris Jackson - led LSU in 1990 and he remarkably never lost to a lower seeded team . Massimino coached for 19 seasons at Villanova , compiling a record of 357 -- 241 (. 596 ) . In the NCAA Tournament , Massimino had a 20 -- 10 record (. 667 ) . Notable players from the Massimino era include Alex Bradley , Stewart Granger , Keith Herron , Dwayne McClain , Harold Jensen , Ed Pinckney , John Pinone , Harold Pressley , Rory Sparrow , and Doug West . In 1976 , the Wildcats played their first game in the Spectrum in Philadelphia . Because of the greater seating capacity , the ' Cats generally played a few home games each year at the Spectrum until the opening of what is now known as the Wells Fargo Center . Villanova christened its current home court as John Eleuthère du Pont Pavilion , now the Pavilion , with a 64 -- 62 victory over Len Bias led Maryland squad on February 1 , 1986 . 1985 National champions ( edit ) Main article : 1984 -- 85 Villanova Wildcats men 's basketball team In 1985 , under the direction of coach Rollie Massimino , the men 's basketball team completed one of the most surprising runs in NCAA tournament history by winning the national championship in the first year of the 64 - team field . The eighth - seeded Wildcats ( unranked in the final AP poll ) beat Dayton ( at Dayton ) , top - seeded Michigan , Maryland and second - seeded North Carolina to win the Southeast Regional en route to the Final Four in Lexington , Kentucky . After defeating 2 - seed Memphis State in the national semifinals , Villanova met defending champion and ten - point - favorite Georgetown , led by Patrick Ewing , in the title game on April Fools ' Day . Top - seeded Georgetown had beaten conference rival Villanova twice during the regular season , and had reached the title game with tenacious defense , which gave up less than 40 % of their opponents ' shots from the field in both the regular season and the postseason . Before the championship game , Massimino told his team they had to play a perfect game in order to beat Georgetown . In perhaps the greatest shooting performance in NCAA history , the Wildcats went 22 - of - 28 from the field to convert a blistering 78.6 % of their shots , including a second half where they missed only one basket . The Hoyas hung tough , converting 55 % of their 53 attempts , but were unable to overcome the astounding shooting performance as Villanova won 66 -- 64 to claim the NCAA championship . The Wildcat squad remains the only eight - seed and the lowest overall seed in tournament history to win the championship , and their overall team shooting percentage remains an NCAA tournament record for a single game . The game is often cited among the greatest upsets in college basketball history . Ed Pinckney , who shot 5 - of - 7 and had 16 points in the game , was named the tournament 's Most Outstanding Player . This game is featured in the book The Perfect Game by Frank Fitzpatrick . Lappas compiled a very respectable record of 174 -- 110 (. 613 ) during his years at Villanova . The 1994 and 1995 teams , led by Kerry Kittles , Jason Lawson , Eric Eberz , and Alvin Williams , won the NIT and Big East Tournaments , respectively . However , five nights after their victory in the 1995 Big East Championship , the Wildcats lost a triple - overtime thriller to underdog Old Dominion on St. Patrick 's Night in Albany , New York in a 1st round NCAA game many Villanova fans consider the most painful loss in Villanova history . Under Coach Lappas , Villanova reached the NCAA Tournament in 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , and 1999 , compiling a disappointing 2 -- 4 record . Notable players in the Lappas era include Michael Bradley , Kerry Kittles , Jason Lawson , Tim Thomas , John Celestand and Alvin Williams and Eric Eberz . Villanova began playing a few major home games at the Wells Fargo Center beginning in 1996 . Villanova 's first game in the new arena was a December 1996 loss to the Duke Blue Devils . Wells Fargo Center was known as the CoreStates Center , the First Union Center , and the Wachovia Center before it adopted the Wells Fargo Center name . Jay Wright era ( 2001 -- present ) ( edit ) Jay Wright was named Villanova 's head coach in 2001 . As Rollie Massimino 's assistant from 1987 through 1992 , he was well - acquainted with Villanova . Prior to his hiring by Villanova , Wright was head coach at Hofstra . Villanova earned a post-season tournament berth in each of Wright 's initial ten seasons as Villanova head coach before missing in 2011 -- 12 . The Wildcats played in the NIT in 2002 , 2003 , and 2004 , and in 11 NCAA Tournaments in 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 . During Wright 's tenure , Villanova has compiled a 20 -- 10 record in the NCAA Tournament crowned with the 2016 National Championship . Six of Wright 's ten NCAA Tournament losses at Villanova were to the eventual National Champion . One of the highlights of his tenure was an amazing run to the 2009 Final Four when Villanova beat # 1 seeded Pittsburgh in the Elite 8 on a coast to coast buzzer beater shot by team captain Scottie Reynolds . Villanova subsequently lost the national semifinals to eventual NCAA Champion North Carolina . The struggling finishes to both the 2009 -- 10 and 2010 -- 11 seasons were highlighted by losing streaks down the stretch followed by some poorly played NCAA games where Villanova barely beat Robert Morris in overtime and took losses at the hands of St Mary 's ( 2010 ) and George Mason ( 2011 ) in the NCAA Tournament . Villanova had a rebuilding season with a disappointing 13 -- 19 record in 2011 -- 12 season and they missed an NCAA bid after 7 consecutive appearances in the Tournament . It was the first season that Jay Wright did not lead the program into any postseason tournament . The 2012 -- 13 season saw a return trip to NCAA tournament but a # 2 seed in 2013 -- 14 and a # 1 seed in 2014 -- 15 both ended quickly in the Round of 32 showing a negative 6 year trend where Jay Wright went 3 -- 5 in NCAA Tournament games despite favorable seeds . This drew comparisons to Steve Lappas tournament futility in the prior regime . The 2016 Championship ended that long drought . Notable players during the Jay Wright era include Randy Foye , Kyle Lowry , Dante Cunningham , Allan Ray , Will Sheridan , Curtis Sumpter , Scottie Reynolds , Corey Fisher , Maalik Wayns , Mouphtaou Yarou , JayVaughn Pinkston , Darrun Hilliard , Ryan Arcidiacono , Daniel Ochefu , Kris Jenkins and Josh Hart . 2004 -- 05 season ( edit ) Under coach Jay Wright , Villanova 's men 's basketball team reached the 2005 NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 , defeating New Mexico and Florida before losing to # 1 seed and eventual champion North Carolina by one point . Junior Forward Curtis Sumpter was injured in the Florida game and did not return to the court until the 2006 -- 07 season . There is controversy surrounding a disputed traveling call against Allan Ray made in the closing seconds of the UNC game . With under a minute left and Villanova down by three , Ray drove and made a shot . There was contact with a UNC defender and a whistle . Most assumed the whistle signified a foul on Carolina , giving Ray a chance to tie the game with the resultant free - throw . Incredibly , the officials ruled that Ray committed a traveling violation prior to taking the shot , negating the basket , and rendering Kyle Lowry 's buzzer beating 3 pointer a mere footnote to a painful loss . 2005 -- 06 season ( edit ) Main article : 2005 -- 06 Villanova Wildcats men 's basketball team Led by senior guards Randy Foye and Allan Ray as well as sophomore guard Kyle Lowry , the Villanova men 's basketball team began the 2005 -- 2006 year ranked # 4 in the major polls from USA Today and the Associated Press . Having lost only three regular season games , the Wildcats enjoyed a # 1 seed in the 2006 tournament -- their first . The Wildcats ' wins over Monmouth , Arizona , and Boston College brought them back to the Elite Eight for the first time since 1988 . Villanova 's 75 -- 62 upset loss in Minneapolis to eventual champion Florida ended the team 's run toward a Regional Final . The loss to Florida was the second consecutive year that Villanova was eliminated in the NCAA Tournament by the eventual national champion . The Wildcats ' 28 wins during the 2006 campaign was the second most victories for any Villanova Men 's Basketball team at that time . Foye , Ray and Lowry all entered the NBA following the season . 2006 -- 07 season ( edit ) Main article : 2006 -- 07 Villanova Wildcats men 's basketball team Wright 's 2006 -- 2007 team was composed mainly of freshmen and sophomores who , at times , struggled to mesh . The Wildcats improved throughout the season , due in large part to the emergence of freshman Scottie Reynolds . Villanova finished the 2006 -- 07 season with a record of 22 -- 11 . The Wildcats earned an at - large bid to the 2007 NCAA Tournament , where they lost in the second round to the Kentucky Wildcats . Villanova 's 2006 -- 07 free throw percentage of . 781 led the NCAA , and set a Villanova season record . 2007 -- 08 season ( edit ) Main article : 2007 -- 08 Villanova Wildcats men 's basketball team The 2007 -- 08 campaign was an erratic one for the young Wildcats , a team with no seniors . After a promising 9 -- 1 start , Villanova had a rough start to its Big East season . In mid-season , the Wildcats lost five consecutive games by double digits and lost 6 of 7 games during a 3 - week span in the middle of the season , as the freshmen struggled to adjust to the college game , and the experienced players encountered difficulties in adjusting to leadership positions . In February and March , as the players became more comfortable within Coach Wright 's system , and with improved defense , the team began to win . A win against Syracuse in the Big East Tournament was good enough for the Wildcats to secure one of the final at - large bids to the NCAA Tournament . Villanova proved it was worthy of the bid when an upset over Clemson and a victory over Siena put them in the final 16 teams in the tournament , where they lost to eventual National Champion Kansas . 2008 -- 09 season ( edit ) Main article : 2008 -- 09 Villanova Wildcats men 's basketball team Most notable in the 2008 -- 09 season was the rise to prominence of senior forward Dante Cunningham . Cunningham averaged 16.1 points per game , an increase of nearly 6 points over the previous season . He also managed to average 7.5 rebounds , 1.2 blocks , and 1.2 steals per game . Cunningham was honored as the Big East Most Improved Player . His teammate , tenacious sophomore guard Corey Fisher , was also honored as the Big East Sixth Man of the Year for his contributions off the bench . The Wildcats finished the regular season with a mark of 26 -- 7 , earning a school record for most regular season victories . They lost their final regular season game to the Louisville Cardinals , 69 -- 55 , in the fourth round , or semi-finals of the Big East Tournament . The Wildcats began the NCAA Tournament at the Wachovia Center , a secondary venue for home games . They survived an early scare by American to handily beat two of college basketball 's most prestigious programs , UCLA and Duke , in the rounds of 32 and 16 by a combined margin of 43 points . Villanova won a very close match up against number 1 seed Pittsburgh in the Elite 8 round of the tournament , with guard Scottie Reynolds racing down the court to make a layup with only 0.5 seconds left . Pitt took the final shot , which bounced off the backboard to end the game . The last - second basket by Reynolds was widely hailed as one of the most exciting plays of that year 's tournament , with Sports Illustrated 's Seth Davis calling the victory `` one of the great games in NCAA tournament history '' . Villanova advanced to the Final Four where they faced the North Carolina Tar Heels . Villanova fell to the Tar Heels in the National Semifinals at Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan , by a final score of 83 -- 69 . This was the fourth time in five years that Villanova 's tournament ouster was by the eventual national champion . The Wildcats ' record of 30 -- 8 broke a previous high for most victories in a season , a distinction previously held by the 2005 -- 06 Wildcats squad . The senior class of 2009 , composed of forwards Dante Cunningham , Shane Clark , Dwayne Anderson and Frank Tchuisi , earned the distinction of being the winningest senior class in school history . 2009 -- 10 season ( edit ) Main article : 2009 -- 10 Villanova Wildcats Men 's Basketball The Wildcats enjoyed another highly successful regular season , finishing with a record of 24 -- 7 and earning a # 2 Seed in the NCAA Tournament . They lost in the first round of the Big East Tournament to Marquette and required overtime to defeat 15th seeded Robert Morris University in the opening round of the NCAA Tournament . The Wildcats were defeated in the 2nd round by the 10th seeded St. Mary 's Gaels . Scottie Reynolds ended his career as the second - leading scorer in Villanova history with 2,222 points , 21 points short of breaking Kerry Kittles 's all - time record . He finished his College career with 472 assists and 203 steals . Reynolds was named to the 2010 AP All - American 1st team , but was not selected in the NBA draft . 2016 National champions ( edit ) Main article : 2015 -- 16 Villanova Wildcats men 's basketball team The Wildcats enjoyed another highly successful regular season and held the AP # 1 ranking in the nation for the first time in school history over a 3 - week period . They finished the regular season with a 27 -- 4 record losing only to teams ( Oklahoma , Virginia , Providence , Xavier ) that were ranked at the time of the match - up . Villanova finished Big East Conference play 16 -- 2 for the third year in a row also garnering their 3rd straight outright Regular Season Conference Title . After losing in the Big East Tournament Championship Game to Seton Hall , 69 -- 67 , the Wildcats earned a 2 seed in the NCAA Tournament South Region where they dispatched the # 15 seeded UNC Asheville by 30 points , followed by a 19 - point win over # 7 seed Iowa . After defeating # 3 seed Miami by 23 , they moved on to the Elite Eight to face the overall # 1 seed Kansas Jayhawks . The Wildcats defense shined as they won by 5 points to advance to their 5th Final Four and the first since 2009 . They faced # 2 seed Oklahoma Sooners , who had beaten Villanova by 23 on December 7 , 2015 , at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii early in the season . In the National Semi-Finals , Villanova beat the Sooners by 44 points ( an NCAA Final Four record ) to advance to the NCAA Championship for the first time in 31 years . They faced the second - overall # 1 seed North Carolina Tar Heels for the championship . On April 4 , Villanova defeated UNC on a game - winning three - point shot at the buzzer by Kris Jenkins to win the NCAA Championship by a final score of 77 -- 74 , winning their second NCAA championship . UNC had recovered from a 10 - point deficit in the final five minutes to tie the game on an off - balance , double - clutch three - point shot that passed through the net with 4.7 seconds left , leaving the Wildcats one last chance to clinch a victory before overtime . Kris Jenkins inbounded the ball to four - year team captain Ryan Arcidiacono , who dribbled down court , passed the ball and set a bubble screen to assist Jenkins ' game - winning shot . Coach Jay Wright credits the play to the `` Wildcat minute '' , where the team practices late - game scenarios at every practice . The game has been called one of the greatest in the history of NCAA Tournament Championships . Villanova ended the 2016 season at 35 -- 5 including the unanimous # 1 ranking in the final Coaches ' Poll ( USA Today ) while capturing their 2nd NCAA basketball championship trophy in the history of the program . In beating # 3 seed Miami ( AP # 10 ) , # 1 seed Kansas ( AP # 1 ) , # 2 seed Oklahoma ( AP # 7 ) and # 1 seed UNC ( AP # 3 ) , Villanova became the first school in 31 years -- since the 1985 Villanova Wildcats -- to not only beat four top - three seeds on the way to a national title but to also beat four straight opponents ranked in the AP top 10 , in addition to beating AP - ranked Iowa in the Round of 32 . Villanova 's run included two of the ten most offensively efficient games in the analytics era ( 2002 -- present ) , beating Miami and Oklahoma by scoring 1.56 and 1.51 points per possession in the Sweet Sixteen and Final Four , respectively . It has been called perhaps the most dominant tournament championship run of all time , and the most dominant of the analytics era by a wide margin , with Villanova posting an average margin of victory equal to 20.7 points per game ( + 124 total point margin ) . 2018 National champions ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 Villanova Wildcats men 's basketball team Championship parade in Center City , Philadelphia on April 5 , 2018 The Wildcats finished second in regular season Big East play , won the Big East tournament , and were undefeated in non-conference play . They were awarded the top seed in the East Regional for the NCAA tournament . They reached the Final Four with wins over 16 seed Radford , 9 seed Alabama , 5 seed West Virginia and 3 seed Texas Tech , each victory coming by double digit margins . In the National Semifinals they faced the Kansas Jayhawks , the one seed from the Midwest Region , and defeated them 95 -- 79 . In this game Villanova set the new record for successful 3 - point attempts in a Final Four game ( breaking the previous full - game record before reaching halftime , finishing with 18 total made attempts ) . In the NCAA Tournament Championship Game they played the Michigan Wolverines , the 3 seed from the West Region . The Wildcats earned their third national championship in school history by beating the Wolverines 79 -- 62 . The game saw an historic performance by Big East Sixth Man of the Year Donte DiVincenzo ( 31 points , 5 rebounds , 3 assists , 2 steals and 2 blocks ) , named the 2018 Final Four 's Most Outstanding Player . Coach Wright led the team to a 36 -- 4 record for the 2017 -- 18 season ( 14 -- 4 Big East ) . The 36 -- 4 mark sets the record for most wins in any Villanova season . Jalen Brunson received the Wooden Award as well as Associated Press and Naismith National Player of the Year Awards for his season leading the Wildcats . Mikal Bridges was presented the Julius Erving Award as the nation 's best small forward -- the second straight year a Villanova player achieved that honor after Josh Hart won it in 2017 . Jay Wright was named winner of the John R. Wooden Legends of Coaching Award . Player / Coaching Honors ( edit ) AP Player of the Year 2018 Jalen Brunson AP Third Team All - Americans Joe Lord -- 1947 Larry Hennessy -- 1952 , ' 53 Howard Porter -- 1969 John Pinone -- 1983 Josh Hart -- 2016 Mikal Bridges -- 2018 AP Honorable Mention All - Americans Bob Schafer -- 1954 Hank Siemiontkowski -- 1972 Stewart Granger -- 1982 John Pinone -- 1982 Alvin Williams -- 1997 Tim Thomas -- 1997 Bob Cousy Point Guard of the Year 2018 Jalen Brunson Consensus First Team All - Americans Paul Arizin -- 1950 Kerry Kittles -- 1996 Randy Foye -- 2006 Scottie Reynolds -- 2010 Josh Hart -- 2017 Jalen Brunson -- 2018 Consensus Second Team All - Americans Howard Porter -- 1971 Kerry Kittles -- 1995 Michael Bradley -- 2001 Allan Ray -- 2006 John R. Wooden Player of the Year 2018 Jalen Brunson John R. Wooden Legends of Coaching 2018 Jay Wright Julius Erving Small Forward of the Year 2017 Josh Hart 2018 Mikal Bridges Most Outstanding Player of the NCAA Final Four 1971 Howard Porter 1985 Ed Pinckney 2016 Ryan Arcidiacono 2018 Donte DiVincenzo McDonald 's High School All - Americans Ed Pinckney -- 1981 Harold Pressley -- 1982 Barry Bekkedam -- 1986 Calvin Byrd -- 1989 Arron Bain -- 1989 Tim Thomas -- 1996 Jason Fraser -- 2002 Scottie Reynolds -- 2006 Corey Stokes -- 2007 Dominic Cheek -- 2009 Maalik Wayns -- 2009 JayVaughn Pinkston -- 2010 Jalen Brunson -- 2015 Jahvon Quinerly -- 2018 National Freshman of the Year 1997 Tim Thomas National Coach of the Year 2006 Jay Wright 2016 Jay Wright Robert V. Geasey Trophy Hubie White -- 1962 Wali Jones -- 1963 , ' 64 Bill Melchionni -- 1966 Johnny Jones -- 1968 Howard Porter -- 1969 Chris Ford -- 1972 Tom Ingelsby -- 1973 John Pinone -- 1981 , ' 82 , ' 83 Ed Pinckney -- 1985 Harold Pressley -- 1986 Kerry Kittles -- 1995 , ' 96 Randy Foye -- 2006 Scottie Reynolds -- 2010 James Bell -- 2014 Darrun Hilliard -- 2015 Josh Hart -- 2017 Jalen Brunson - 2018 Senior CLASS Award Josh Hart -- 2017 Big East Rookie of the Year 1997 Tim Thomas 2007 Scottie Reynolds 2018 Omari Spellman Big East Coach of the Year 1982 Rollie Massimino 2006 Jay Wright 2009 Jay Wright 2014 Jay Wright 2015 Jay Wright 2016 Jay Wright Big East Player of the Year 1995 Kerry Kittles 2006 Randy Foye 2015 Ryan Arcidiacono 2017 Josh Hart 2018 Jalen Brunson Big East Sixth Man of the Year 2009 Corey Fisher 2015 Josh Hart 2018 Donte DiVincenzo Big East Defensive Player of the Year 1986 Harold Pressley 1988 Gary Massey 1997 Jason Lawson 2017 Mikal Bridges and Josh Hart Big East Most Improved Player of the Year 2009 Dante Cunningham 2014 Darrun Hilliard and Daniel Ochefu Postseason ( edit ) NCAA Tournament history ( edit ) Villanova has appeared in 38 NCAA Tournaments , beginning with the first in 1939 . The Wildcats have amassed a tournament record of 64 -- 36 (. 640 ) , and were the national champions in 1985 , 2016 , and 2018 . Villanova has won as the underdog ( based on Tournament seeding ) 16 times , more than any other program . Villanova is one of only two programs ( the other being Ohio State ) that has played in the NCAA Tournament in every decade since the 1930s . Opponent Result Score Site City Round 2018 − 1 Seed -- NCAA CHAMPIONS Radford 87 -- 61 PPG Paints Arena Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania First Round Alabama 81 -- 58 PPG Paints Arena Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Second Round West Virginia 90 -- 78 TD Garden Boston , Massachusetts Regional Semifinals Texas Tech 71 -- 59 TD Garden Boston , Massachusetts Regional Final Kansas 95 -- 79 Alamodome San Antonio , Texas National Semifinals Michigan 79 -- 62 Alamodome San Antonio , Texas National Championship 2017 − 1 Seed Mount St. Mary 's 76 -- 56 KeyBank Center Buffalo , New York First Round Wisconsin 62 -- 65 KeyBank Center Buffalo , New York Second Round 2016 -- 2 Seed -- NCAA CHAMPIONS UNC Asheville 86 -- 56 Barclays Center Brooklyn , New York First Round Iowa 87 -- 68 Barclays Center Brooklyn , New York Second Round Miami 92 -- 69 KFC Yum ! Center Louisville , Kentucky Regional Semifinals Kansas 64 -- 59 KFC Yum ! Center Louisville , Kentucky Regional Final Oklahoma 95 -- 51 NRG Stadium Houston , Texas National Semifinals North Carolina 77 -- 74 NRG Stadium Houston , Texas National Championship 2015 -- 1 Seed Lafayette 93 -- 52 Consol Energy Center Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Second Round North Carolina State 68 -- 71 Consol Energy Center Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Third Round 2014 -- 2 Seed Milwaukee 73 -- 53 First Niagara Center Buffalo , New York Second Round Connecticut 65 -- 77 First Niagara Center Buffalo , New York Third Round 2013 -- 9 Seed North Carolina 71 -- 78 Sprint Center Kansas City , Missouri Second Round 2011 -- 9 Seed George Mason 57 -- 61 Quicken Loans Arena Cleveland , Ohio Second Round 2010 -- 2 Seed Robert Morris 73 -- 70 Dunkin ' Donuts Center Providence , Rhode Island First Round St. Mary 's 68 -- 75 Dunkin ' Donuts Center Providence , Rhode Island Second Round 2009 -- 3 Seed -- FINAL FOUR American 80 -- 67 Wachovia Center Philadelphia , Pennsylvania First Round UCLA 89 -- 69 Wachovia Center Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Second Round Duke 77 -- 54 TD Banknorth Garden Boston , Massachusetts Regional Semifinals Pittsburgh 78 -- 76 TD Banknorth Garden Boston , Massachusetts Regional Final North Carolina 69 -- 83 Ford Field Detroit , Michigan National Semifinals 2008 -- 12 Seed -- Sweet 16 Clemson 75 -- 69 St. Pete Times Forum Tampa , Florida First Round Siena 84 -- 72 St. Pete Times Forum Tampa , Florida Second Round Kansas 57 -- 72 Ford Field Detroit , Michigan Regional Semifinals 2007 -- 9 Seed Kentucky 58 -- 67 United Center Chicago , Illinois First Round 2006 -- 1 Seed -- Elite 8 Monmouth 58 -- 45 Wachovia Center Philadelphia , Pennsylvania First Round Arizona 82 -- 78 Wachovia Center Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Second Round Boston College 60 -- 59 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota Regional Semifinals Florida 62 -- 75 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota Regional Final 2005 -- 5 Seed -- Sweet 16 New Mexico 55 -- 47 Gaylord Entertainment Center Nashville , Tennessee First Round Florida 76 -- 65 Gaylord Entertainment Center Nashville , Tennessee Second Round North Carolina 67 -- 66 Carrier Dome Syracuse , New York Regional Semifinals 1999 -- 8 Seed Mississippi 70 -- 72 Bradley Center Milwaukee First Round 1997 -- 4 Seed Long Island 101 -- 91 Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum Winston - Salem , North Carolina First Round California 68 -- 75 Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum Winston - Salem , North Carolina Second Round 1996 -- 3 Seed Portland 92 -- 56 Bradley Center Milwaukee First Round Louisville 64 -- 68 Bradley Center Milwaukee Second Round 1995 -- 3 Seed Old Dominion 81 -- 89 Pepsi Arena Albany , New York First Round 1991 -- 9 Seed Princeton 50 -- 48 Carrier Dome Syracuse , New York First Round North Carolina 69 -- 84 Carrier Dome Syracuse , New York Second Round 1990 -- 12 Seed LSU 63 -- 70 Thompson -- Boling Arena Knoxville , Tennessee First Round 1988 -- 6 Seed -- Elite 8 Arkansas 82 -- 74 Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati First Round Illinois 66 -- 63 Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati Second Round Kentucky 80 -- 74 BJCC Birmingham , Alabama Regional Semifinals Oklahoma 59 -- 78 BJCC Birmingham , Alabama Regional Finals 1986 -- 10 Seed Virginia Tech 71 -- 62 LSU Assembly Center Baton Rouge , Louisiana First Round Georgia Tech 61 -- 66 LSU Assembly Center Baton Rouge , Louisiana Second Round 1985 -- 8 Seed -- NCAA CHAMPIONS Dayton 51 -- 49 University of Dayton Arena Dayton , Ohio First Round Michigan 59 -- 55 University of Dayton Arena Dayton , Ohio Second Round Maryland 46 -- 43 BJCC Birmingham , Alabama Regional Semifinals North Carolina 56 -- 44 BJCC Birmingham , Alabama Regional Finals Memphis State 52 -- 45 Rupp Arena Lexington , Kentucky National Semifinals Georgetown 66 -- 64 Rupp Arena Lexington , Kentucky National Championship 1984 -- 7 Seed Marshall 84 -- 72 The MECCA Milwaukee First Round Illinois 56 -- 64 The MECCA Milwaukee Second Round 1983 -- 3 Seed -- Elite 8 Bye First Round Lamar 60 -- 56 The Summit Houston Second Round Iowa 55 -- 54 Kemper Arena Kansas City , Missouri Regional Semifinals Houston 71 -- 89 Kemper Arena Kansas City , Missouri Regional Finals 1982 -- 3 Seed -- Elite 8 Bye First Round Northeastern 76 -- 72 Nassau Coliseum Uniondale , New York Second Round Memphis State 70 -- 66 Reynolds Coliseum Raleigh , North Carolina Regional Semifinals North Carolina 60 -- 70 Reynolds Coliseum Raleigh , North Carolina Regional Finals 1981 -- 9 Seed Houston 90 -- 72 Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte , North Carolina First Round Virginia 50 -- 54 Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte , North Carolina Second Round 1980 -- 8 Seed Marquette 77 -- 59 Providence Civic Center Providence , Rhode Island First Round Syracuse 83 -- 97 Providence Civic Center Providence , Rhode Island Second Round 1978 -- Elite 8 La Salle 103 -- 97 Palestra Philadelphia First Round Indiana 61 -- 60 Providence Civic Center Providence , Rhode Island Regional Semifinals Duke 72 -- 90 Providence Civic Center Providence , Rhode Island Regional Finals 1972 -- Sweet 16 East Carolina 85 -- 70 Jadwin Gymnasium Princeton , New Jersey First Round Pennsylvania 67 -- 78 WVU Coliseum Morgantown , West Virginia Regional Semifinals South Carolina 78 -- 90 WVU Coliseum Morgantown , West Virginia Consolation 1971 -- NCAA RUNNER - UP ( Vacated by the NCAA ) Saint Joseph 's 93 -- 75 Palestra Philadelphia First Round Fordham 85 -- 75 Reynolds Coliseum Raleigh , North Carolina Regional Semifinals Pennsylvania 90 -- 47 Reynolds Coliseum Raleigh , North Carolina Regional Finals Western Kentucky 92 -- 89 Astrodome Houston National Semifinals UCLA 62 -- 68 Astrodome Houston National Championship 1970 -- Elite 8 Temple 77 -- 69 Palestra Philadelphia First Round Niagara 98 -- 73 Carolina Coliseum Columbia , South Carolina Regional Semifinals St. Bonaventure 74 -- 94 Carolina Coliseum Columbia , South Carolina Regional Finals 1969 Davidson 61 -- 75 Reynolds Coliseum Raleigh , North Carolina First Round 1964 -- Final 16 Providence 77 -- 66 Palestra Philadelphia First Round Duke 73 -- 87 Reynolds Coliseum Raleigh , North Carolina Regional Semifinals Princeton 74 -- 62 Reynolds Coliseum Raleigh , North Carolina Consolation 1962 -- Final 8 West Virginia 90 -- 75 Palestra Philadelphia First Round NYU 79 -- 70 Cole Field House College Park , Maryland Regional Semifinals Wake Forest 69 -- 79 Cole Field House College Park , Maryland Regional Finals 1955 -- Final 16 Duke 74 -- 73 Madison Square Garden New York City First Round Canisius 71 -- 73 Palestra Philadelphia Regional Semifinals Princeton 64 -- 57 Palestra Philadelphia Consolation 1951 -- Final 16 North Carolina State 62 -- 67 Regional Semifinals 1949 -- Final 8 Kentucky 72 -- 85 Madison Square Garden New York City Regional Finals Yale 78 -- 67 Madison Square Garden New York City Consolation 1939 -- NCAA FINAL FOUR Brown 42 -- 30 Palestra Philadelphia Regional Finals Ohio State 36 -- 53 Palestra Philadelphia National Semifinals NCAA Tournament seeding history ( edit ) The NCAA began seeding the tournament with the 1979 edition . Years → ' 80 ' 81 ' 82 ' 83 ' 84 ' 85 ' 86 ' 88 ' 90 ' 91 ' 95 ' 96 ' 97 ' 99 ' 05 ' 06 ' 07 ' 08 ' 09 ' 10 ' 11 ' 13 ' 14 ' 15 ' 16 ' 17 ' 18 Seeds → 8 9 7 8 10 6 12 9 8 5 9 12 9 9 NIT history ( edit ) The Wildcats have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) 17 times . Their combined record is 24 -- 17 . They were NIT Champions in 1994 . Year Round Opponent Result 1959 First Round St. John 's L 67 -- 75 1960 First Round Quarterfinals Detroit Utah State W 88 -- 86 L 72 -- 73 1963 First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals 3rd Place Game DePaul Wichita State Canisius Marquette W 63 -- 51 W 54 -- 53 L 46 -- 61 L 58 -- 66 1965 Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Manhattan NYU St. John 's W 73 -- 71 W 91 -- 69 L 51 -- 55 1966 First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals 3rd Place Game St. John 's Boston College NYU Army W 63 -- 61 W 86 -- 85 L 63 -- 78 W 76 -- 65 1967 First Round Marshall L 68 -- 70 1968 First Round Quarterfinals Wyoming Kansas W 77 -- 66 L 49 -- 55 1977 First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals 3rd Place Game Old Dominion Massachusetts St. Bonaventure Alabama W 71 -- 68 W 81 -- 71 L 82 -- 86 W 102 -- 89 First Round La Salle L 84 -- 86 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Saint Peter 's Penn State Michigan State W 76 -- 56 W 76 -- 67 L 63 -- 70 First Round Virginia L 80 -- 83 1994 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Canisius Duquesne Xavier Siena Vanderbilt W 103 -- 79 W 82 -- 66 W 76 -- 74 W 66 -- 58 W 80 -- 73 2000 First Round Second Round Delaware Kent State W 72 -- 63 L 67 -- 81 First Round Minnesota L 78 -- 87 2002 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Manhattan Louisiana Tech Temple W 84 -- 69 W 67 -- 64 L 57 -- 63 2003 Opening Round Siena L 59 -- 74 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Drexel Virginia Rutgers W 85 -- 70 W 73 -- 63 L 60 -- 72 National campus basketball Tournament results ( edit ) The Wildcats appeared in the only National Campus Basketball Tournament . Their record is 0 -- 1 . Year Round Opponent Result 1951 Quarterfinals Utah L 65 -- 67 Year - to - year history ( edit ) Season Coach Overall Conference Standing Postseason Independent ( 1920 -- 1976 ) 1920 -- 21 Michael Saxe 8 -- 7 1921 -- 22 Michael Saxe 11 -- 4 1922 -- 23 Michael Saxe 10 -- 6 1923 -- 24 Michael Saxe 14 -- 7 1924 -- 25 Michael Saxe 10 -- 1 1925 -- 26 Michael Saxe 10 -- 6 Michael Saxe : 64 -- 30 (. 681 ) 1926 -- 27 John Cashman 11 -- 7 1927 -- 28 John Cashman 4 -- 11 1928 -- 29 John Cashman 6 -- 8 John Cashman : 21 -- 26 (. 447 ) 1929 -- 30 George Jacobs 11 -- 6 1930 -- 31 George Jacobs 7 -- 13 1931 -- 32 George Jacobs 7 -- 11 1932 -- 33 George Jacobs 9 -- 4 1933 -- 34 George Jacobs 9 -- 3 1934 -- 35 George Jacobs 13 -- 7 1935 -- 36 George Jacobs 6 -- 12 George Jacobs : 62 -- 56 (. 525 ) 1936 -- 37 Alexander Severance 15 -- 8 1937 -- 38 Alexander Severance 25 -- 5 1938 -- 39 Alexander Severance 20 -- 5 NCAA Final Four 1939 -- 40 Alexander Severance 17 -- 2 1940 -- 41 Alexander Severance 13 -- 3 1941 -- 42 Alexander Severance 13 -- 9 1942 -- 43 Alexander Severance 19 -- 2 1943 -- 44 Alexander Severance 9 -- 11 1944 -- 45 Alexander Severance 6 -- 11 1945 -- 46 Alexander Severance 10 -- 13 1946 -- 47 Alexander Severance 17 -- 7 1947 -- 48 Alexander Severance 15 -- 9 1948 -- 49 Alexander Severance 23 -- 4 NCAA Elite Eight 1949 -- 50 Alexander Severance 25 -- 4 1950 -- 51 Alexander Severance 25 -- 7 NCAA First Round 1951 -- 52 Alexander Severance 19 -- 8 1952 -- 53 Alexander Severance 19 -- 8 1953 -- 54 Alexander Severance 20 -- 11 1954 -- 55 Alexander Severance 18 -- 10 NCAA Sweet Sixteen 1955 -- 56 Alexander Severance 14 -- 12 1956 -- 57 Alexander Severance 10 -- 15 1957 -- 58 Alexander Severance 12 -- 11 1958 -- 59 Alexander Severance 18 -- 7 NIT First Round 1959 -- 60 Alexander Severance 20 -- 6 NIT Quarterfinals 1960 -- 61 Alexander Severance 11 -- 13 Alexander Severance : 413 -- 201 (. 673 ) 1961 -- 62 Jack Kraft 21 -- 7 NCAA Elite 8 1962 -- 63 Jack Kraft 19 -- 10 NIT 4th Place 1963 -- 64 Jack Kraft 24 -- 4 NCAA Sweet 16 1964 -- 65 Jack Kraft 23 -- 5 NIT Runner Up 1965 -- 66 Jack Kraft 18 -- 11 NIT 3rd Place 1966 -- 67 Jack Kraft 17 -- 9 NIT 1st Round 1967 -- 68 Jack Kraft 19 -- 9 NIT Quarterfinals 1968 -- 69 Jack Kraft 21 -- 5 NCAA 1st Round 1969 -- 70 Jack Kraft 22 -- 7 NCAA Elite 8 1970 -- 71 Jack Kraft 27 -- 7 NCAA Runner Up 1971 -- 72 Jack Kraft 20 -- 8 NCAA 2nd Round 1972 -- 73 Jack Kraft 11 -- 14 Jack Kraft : 242 -- 96 1973 -- 74 Rollie Massimino 7 -- 19 1974 -- 75 Rollie Massimino 9 -- 18 1975 -- 76 Rollie Massimino 16 -- 11 ECAC South Semifinals Eastern Collegiate Basketball League / Eastern 8 ( 1976 -- 1980 ) 1976 -- 77 Rollie Massimino 23 -- 10 6 -- 1 2nd ( East ) NIT Third Place 1977 -- 78 Rollie Massimino 23 -- 9 7 -- 3 T -- 1st NCAA Elite Eight 1978 -- 79 Rollie Massimino 15 -- 13 9 -- 1 1st 1979 -- 80 Rollie Massimino 23 -- 8 7 -- 3 T -- 1st NCAA Second Round Big East Conference ( 1980 -- 2013 ) 1980 -- 81 Rollie Massimino 20 -- 11 8 -- 6 T -- 3rd NCAA Second Round 1981 -- 82 Rollie Massimino 24 -- 8 11 -- 3 1st NCAA Elite Eight 1982 -- 83 Rollie Massimino 24 -- 8 12 -- 4 T -- 1st NCAA Elite Eight 1983 -- 84 Rollie Massimino 19 -- 12 12 -- 4 T -- 2nd NCAA Second Round 1984 -- 85 Rollie Massimino 25 -- 10 9 -- 7 T -- 3rd NCAA Champion 1985 -- 86 Rollie Massimino 23 -- 14 10 -- 6 4th NCAA Second Round 1986 -- 87 Rollie Massimino 15 -- 16 6 -- 10 6th NIT First Round 1987 -- 88 Rollie Massimino 24 -- 13 9 -- 7 T -- 3rd NCAA Eilte Eight 1988 -- 89 Rollie Massimino 18 -- 16 7 -- 9 T -- 5th NIT Third Round 1989 -- 90 Rollie Massimino 18 -- 15 8 -- 8 T -- 5th NCAA First Round 1990 -- 91 Rollie Massimino 17 -- 15 7 -- 9 T -- 7th NCAA Second Round 1991 -- 92 Rollie Massimino 14 -- 15 11 -- 7 4th NIT First Round Rollie Massimino : 357 -- 241 139 -- 88 1992 -- 93 Steve Lappas 8 -- 19 3 -- 15 10th 1993 -- 94 Steve Lappas 20 -- 12 10 -- 8 T -- 4th NIT Champions 1994 -- 95 Steve Lappas 25 -- 8 14 -- 4 2nd NCAA First Round 1995 -- 96 Steve Lappas 26 -- 7 14 -- 4 2nd NCAA Second Round 1996 -- 97 Steve Lappas 24 -- 10 12 -- 6 T -- 1st NCAA Second Round 1997 -- 98 Steve Lappas 12 -- 17 8 -- 10 4th 1998 -- 99 Steve Lappas 21 -- 11 10 -- 8 T -- 4th NCAA First Round 1999 -- 00 Steve Lappas 20 -- 13 8 -- 8 T -- 6th NIT Second Round 2000 -- 01 Steve Lappas 18 -- 13 8 -- 8 T -- 3rd NIT First Round Steve Lappas : 174 -- 110 87 -- 71 2001 -- 02 Jay Wright 19 -- 13 7 -- 9 5th NIT Quarterfinals 2002 -- 03 Jay Wright 15 -- 16 8 -- 8 T -- 3rd NIT First Round 2003 -- 04 Jay Wright 18 -- 17 6 -- 10 11th NIT Quarterfinals 2004 -- 05 Jay Wright 24 -- 8 11 -- 5 T -- 3rd NCAA Sweet Sixteen 2005 -- 06 Jay Wright 28 -- 5 14 -- 2 T -- 1st NCAA Elite Eight 2006 -- 07 Jay Wright 22 -- 11 9 -- 7 7th NCAA First Round 2007 -- 08 Jay Wright 22 -- 13 9 -- 9 T -- 8th NCAA Sweet Sixteen 2008 -- 09 Jay Wright 30 -- 8 13 -- 5 4th NCAA Final Four 2009 -- 10 Jay Wright 25 -- 8 13 -- 5 T -- 2nd NCAA Second Round 2010 -- 11 Jay Wright 21 -- 12 9 -- 9 T -- 9th NCAA Second Round 2011 -- 12 Jay Wright 13 -- 19 5 -- 13 T -- 13th 2012 -- 13 Jay Wright 20 -- 14 10 -- 8 T -- 7th NCAA Second Round Big East Conference ( 2013 -- present ) 2013 -- 14 Jay Wright 29 -- 5 16 -- 2 1st NCAA Third Round 2014 -- 15 Jay Wright 33 -- 3 16 -- 2 1st NCAA Third Round 2015 -- 16 Jay Wright 35 -- 5 16 -- 2 1st NCAA Champion 2016 -- 17 Jay Wright 32 -- 4 15 -- 3 1st NCAA Second Round 2017 -- 18 Jay Wright 36 -- 4 14 -- 4 2nd NCAA Champion Jay Wright : 422 -- 167 (. 716 ) 191 -- 103 (. 650 ) Total : National champion Postseason invitational champion Conference regular season champion Conference regular season and conference tournament champion Division regular season champion Division regular season and conference tournament champion Conference tournament champion Basketball Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Paul Arizin ' 50 , inducted 1978 . Retired numbers and jerseys ( edit ) Villanova honors outstanding former players , coaches , and others by retiring their numbers or jerseys . For those honored , a replica jersey is hung in the rafters of the Pavilion . Uniform numbers of retired jerseys remain in circulation , while retired numbers are no longer used . Paul Arizin 's # 11 is the only retired number . As of 2011 , 19 have been honored with a retired number or jersey , including 14 players , four coaches , and longtime trainer Jake Nevin . The honorees include : Al Severance , Coach . Jack Kraft , Coach . Rollie Massimino , Coach ( 1973 -- 92 ) . Jersey retired in 2005 . # 1 Jake Nevin , longtime trainer . Jersey retired in 1984 . # 2 Randy Foye ( 2002 -- 06 ) . Jersey retired in 2011 . # 11 Paul Arizin ( 1947 -- 50 ) . Jersey retired in 1994 . # 14 Larry Hennessy # 14 Hubie White ( 1959 -- 62 ) . Jersey retired in 2001 . # 24 Wali Jones ( 1961 -- 64 ) . Jersey retired in 1995 . # 24 Tom Ingelsby ( 1970 -- 73 ) . Jersey retired in 2006 . # 25 Bill Melchionni ( 1963 -- 66 ) . Jersey retired in 1995 . # 30 Kerry Kittles ( 1992 -- 96 ) . Jersey retired in 1998 . # 33 Keith Herron # 42 Chris Ford ( 1969 -- 72 ) . Jersey retired in 2006 . # 45 John Pinone ( 1979 -- 83 ) . Jersey retired in 1995 . # 54 Howard Porter ( 1968 -- 71 ) . Jersey retired in 1997 . # 54 Ed Pinckney ( 1981 -- 85 ) . Villanova career records ( edit ) Games Played Ryan Arcidiacono -- 144 games Rebounds Howard Porter -- 1,325 rebounds Assists Kenny Wilson -- 627 assists Steals Kerry Kittles -- 277 steals Blocks Jason Lawson -- 375 blocks Points Scored Kerry Kittles -- 2,243 points Wildcats in the NBA / ABA ( edit ) Villanova 's All - Time NBA / ABA roster ( edit ) Malik Allen ' 00 Paul Arizin ' 50 Alex Bradley ' 81 Michael Bradley ' 01 Thomas Brennan ' 52 John Celestand ' 99 Dante Cunningham ' 09 Chris Ford ' 72 Randy Foye ' 06 Stewart Granger ' 83 Larry Hennessy ' 53 Keith Herron ' 78 Darrun Hilliard ' 15 Tom Hoover ' 61 Tom Ingelsby ' 72 Wali Jones ' 64 Kerry Kittles ' 96 Herman Red Klotz ' 44 Jason Lawson ' 97 Kyle Lowry ' 06 ( left after Sophomore season ) Daniel Ochefu ' 16 Dwayne McClain ' 85 Bill Melchionni ' 66 Jim Mooney ' 53 Richie Moore ' 64 Fran O'Hanlon ' 70 John Olive ' 77 Ed Pinckney ' 85 John Pinone ' 83 Howard Porter ' 71 Harold Pressley ' 86 Sherwin Raiken ' 50 Allan Ray ' 06 Bob Schafer ' 55 Rory Sparrow ' 80 Arthur Spector ' 41 Tim Thomas ' 97 Maalik Wayns ' 12 ( left after Junior season ) Jim Washington ' 65 Doug West ' 89 Hubie White ' 62 Alvin Williams ' 97 Josh Hart ' 17 Kris Jenkins ( basketball ) ' 17 Ryan Arcidiacono ' 16 Members of professional championship teams ( edit ) 1948 Baltimore Bullets ( BBA ) -- Herman `` Red '' Klotz 1956 Philadelphia Warriors ( NBA ) -- Paul Arizin , Larry Hennessy 1967 Philadelphia 76ers ( NBA ) -- Wali Jones , Bill Melchionni 1974 / 1976 New Jersey Nets ( ABA ) -- Bill Melchionni 1981 Boston Celtics ( NBA ) -- Chris Ford 2000 Los Angeles Lakers ( NBA ) -- John Celestand Villanova players currently in the NBA ( edit ) Villanova records in the NBA ( edit ) Year Player Current Team Draft Pick 2006 Randy Foye Brooklyn Nets 1st Round 7th Pick Overall 2006 Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors 1st Round 24th Pick Overall 2009 Dante Cunningham Brooklyn Nets 2nd Round 33rd Pick Overall 2015 Darrun Hilliard San Antonio Spurs 2nd Round 38th Pick Overall 2016 Daniel Ochefu Washington Wizards Undrafted 2017 Josh Hart Los Angeles Lakers 1st Round 30th Pick Overall 2017 Kris Jenkins Washington Wizards Undrafted Games Played Rory Sparrow -- 836 games Minutes Played Paul Arizin -- 24,897 minutes Rebounds Jim Washington -- 6,637 rebounds Assists Kyle Lowry -- 4,556 assists Steals Chris Ford -- 1,152 steals Blocks Ed Pinckney -- 435 blocks Points Scored Paul Arizin -- 16,266 points Villanovans drafted ( edit ) 1958 -- Round 8 , Pick 5 : Tom Brennan ( Philadelphia Warriors ) 1959 -- Round 7 , Pick 3 : Joe Ryan ( Philadelphia Warriors ) 1960 -- Round 8 , Pick 7 : George Raveling ( Philadelphia Warriors ) 1962 -- Round 2 , Pick 7 : Hubie White ( Philadelphia Warriors ) 1963 -- Round 1 , Pick 6 : Tom Hoover ( Syracuse Nationals ) 1964 -- Round 3 , Pick 2 : Wali Jones ( Detroit Pistons ) 1965 -- Round 1 , Pick 5 : Jim Washington ( St. Louis Hawks ) 1965 -- Round 5 , Pick 5 : Richie Moore ( Philadelphia 76ers ) 1966 -- Round 2 , Pick 9 : Bill Melchionni ( Philadelphia 76ers ) 1967 -- Round 12 , Pick 6 : Frank Gadjunas ( Cincinnati Royals ) 1968 -- Round 16 , Pick 8 : Joe Crews ( Philadelphia 76ers ) 1969 -- Round 6 , Pick 13 : Johnny Jones ( Philadelphia 76ers ) 1970 -- Round 8 , Pick 12 : Fran O'Hanlon ( Philadelphia 76ers ) 1971 -- Round 2 , Pick 15 : Howard Porter ( Chicago Bulls ) 1971 -- Round 9 , Pick 7 : Clarence Smith ( San Francisco Warriors ) 1972 -- Round 2 , Pick 4 : Chris Ford ( Detroit Pistons ) 1972 -- Round 4 , Pick 3 : Hank Siemiontkowski ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) 1973 -- Round 2 , Pick 9 : Tom Ingelsby ( Atlanta Hawks ) 1973 -- Round 11 , Pick 9 : Ed Hastings ( Boston Celtics ) 1977 -- Round 8 , Pick 20 : John Olive ( Philadelphia 76ers ) 1978 -- Round 2 , Pick 2 : Keith Herron ( Portland Trail Blazers ) 1980 -- Round 4 , Pick 6 : Rory Sparrow ( New Jersey Nets ) 1981 -- Round 4 , Pick 17 : Alex Bradley ( New York Knicks ) 1981 -- Round 7 , Pick 7 : Tom Sienkiewicz ( Seattle SuperSonics ) 1982 -- Round 5 , Pick 6 : Aaron Howard ( New York Knicks ) 1983 -- Round 1 , Pick 24 : Stewart Granger ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) 1983 -- Round 3 , Pick 11 : John Pinone ( Atlanta Hawks ) 1983 -- Round 8 , Pick 19 : Mike Mulquin ( Phoenix Suns ) 1984 -- Round 8 , Pick 21 : Frank Dobbs ( Philadelphia 76ers ) 1985 -- Round 1 , Pick 10 : Ed Pinckney ( Phoenix Suns ) 1985 -- Round 2 , Pick 3 : Dwayne McClain ( Indiana Pacers ) 1985 -- Round 7 , Pick 15 : Gary McLain ( New Jersey Nets ) 1986 -- Round 1 , Pick 17 : Harold Pressley ( Sacramento Kings ) 1986 -- Round 6 , Pick 14 : Chuck Everson ( Utah Jazz ) 1987 -- Round 6 , Pick 7 : Harold Jensen ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) 1989 -- Round 2 , Pick 11 : Doug West ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) 1996 -- Round 1 , Pick 8 : Kerry Kittles ( New Jersey Nets ) 1997 -- Round 1 , Pick 7 : Tim Thomas ( New Jersey Nets ) 1997 -- Round 2 , Pick 13 : Jason Lawson ( Denver Nuggets ) 1997 -- Round 2 , Pick 19 : Alvin Williams ( Portland Trail Blazers ) 1999 -- Round 2 , Pick 1 : John Celestand ( Los Angeles Lakers ) 2001 -- Round 1 , Pick 17 : Michael Bradley ( Toronto Raptors ) 2006 -- Round 1 , Pick 7 : Randy Foye ( Boston Celtics ) 2006 -- Round 1 , Pick 24 : Kyle Lowry ( Memphis Grizzlies ) 2009 -- Round 2 , Pick 3 : Dante Cunningham ( Portland Trail Blazers ) 2015 -- Round 2 , Pick 8 : Darrun Hilliard ( Detroit Pistons ) 2017 -- Round 1 , Pick 30 : Josh Hart ( Utah Jazz , traded to Los Angeles Lakers ) Rivals ( edit ) Big East ( edit ) Some Villanovans count Georgetown as their most intense rivalry , having played a historic NCAA Championship game and many competitive Big East Tournament and regular season games against the Hoyas . Other rivals from the Big East Conference include founding members of the original Big East -- Providence ( an eastern rivalry which predates the original Big East ) and St. John 's , plus Syracuse who left the Big East as part of its 2013 split ACC . Seton Hall has played Villanova more than any other school ; due to the proximity of the schools and a series of memorable games since the formation of the new Big East , this has become one of Villanova 's top rivalries each season . Games have included critical Seton Hall upsets in 2013 , the 2014 Big East Tournament , Villanova 's first loss of 2015 , and the 2016 Big East Tournament championship as well as a Villanova blowout in a game that resulted in Seton Hall guard Sterling Gibbs punching Villanova guard Ryan Arcidiacono in 2015 and a narrow victory in the closing seconds of the 2017 Big East Tournament semifinals . Big five ( edit ) Main article : Holy War ( Villanova vs. St. Joe 's ) Villanova along with Saint Joseph 's University , La Salle University , Temple University , and University of Pennsylvania banded together to create the Philadelphia Big 5 in 1954 -- 55 . From that date until the mid-1970s all Big 5 games were contested at the Palestra ( cap . 9,208 ) on Penn 's campus . The Five competed in a round - robin City Series . Additionally , all participated in numerous doubleheaders against non-Big 5 opponents . Most games were televised locally on WPHL - TV , broadcast by Harry Kalas . Since the beginning of the 1996 -- 1997 season , Villanova has won 15 out of 21 Big 5 titles . They currently have 25 total Big 5 titles which is second most among the participating schools . Villanova 's bitterest Big 5 rival is Saint Joseph 's University , in what has become known as the Holy War . Traditions ( edit ) Villanova basketball athletes traditionally remain enrolled four years , graduate , and go on to enjoy post-college success . Villanova has never had to fire a head basketball coach ( men 's or women 's ) for any reason . Villanova has won more NCAA tournament games as a lower seed than any school . Villanova won what has been called the greatest college basketball game ever played , defeating Georgetown 66 -- 64 on April 1 , 1985 to win the NCAA National Championship . Songs ( edit ) V for Villanova is the Wildcats ' fight song . Other Villanova songs include March of the Wildcats . Streamers ( edit ) Villanova had a tradition of throwing paper streamers in the school colors of blue and white onto the basketball court at home games , particularly Big Five games , after the first Wildcat basket . This tradition was shared by other Big Five basketball teams , and at Big Five games , streamers were thrown by both teams following their team 's first field goal . The tradition was stopped in the late 1980s after the NCAA declared that throwing streamers would result in a technical foul . Since then Villanova has restarted the tradition , throwing the streamers on the first basket of the new season during the blue and white scrimmage game during Hoops Mania . Hoops Mania ( edit ) Hoops Mania has been an annual tradition to celebrate the start of basketball season . It was originally held in the Jake Nevin Fieldhouse for students and has since grown larger after the success of the 2005 -- 06 season . It is now held in the Pavilion and is open to the public and students . Following an inter-team scrimmage , notable music artists perform . Tony Yayo At Villanova Hoops Mania 06 ' 2006 -- G - Unit performers 50 Cent and Tony Yayo 2007 -- Mims 2008 -- T - Pain 2009 -- Trey Songz 2010 -- Fabolous 2011 -- Drake 2012 -- Rick Ross 2013 -- Nicki Minaj 2014 -- Schoolboy Q 2015 -- Big Sean 2016 -- Wiz Khalifa 2017 -- French Montana References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Villanova Athletics Identity Standards Guide ( PDF ) . June 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Perfect Game '' . Sports Illustrated Longform . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest game ever ? Villanova 's Perfect Ending had everything '' . New York Post . 2016 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ ' The Perfect Game ' -- How 3 Core Players From ' 85 NCAA Title Team Decided To Attend Villanova Frank Fitzpatrick January 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ http://villanova.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/051007aaa.html Jump up ^ Fri8 : 00 PM ET ( 1987 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Dante Cunningham Stats , News , Videos , Highlights , Pictures , Bio -- Minnesota Timberwolves -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cunningham and Fisher Honored by BIG EAST -- Villanova University Official Athletic Site '' . Villanova.com. 2009 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : CBSSports.com wire reports . `` NCAA College Basketball Recap -- Villanova Wildcats at Louisville Cardinals -- Mar 13 , 2009 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Maaddi , Rob ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) . `` ' Nova reaches round of 16 with 89 -- 69 win over UCLA '' . Usatoday.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Andy ( 2009 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Villanova vexes Duke , storms into Elite Eight with 77 -- 54 romp '' . Usatoday.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Villanova - Pittsburgh was one of the NCAA tourney 's greatest games -- Seth Davis -- SI.com '' . Sports Illustrated . 2009 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ford Field , Detroit , Michigan ( 2009 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Villanova Wildcats vs. North Carolina Tar Heels -- NCAA Tournament Game -- Recap -- April 04 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pedulla , Tom ( 2009 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Villanova 's winningest class hopes seniority rules at Dance '' . Usatoday.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Steven . `` Villanova - UNC was the best NCAA championship game ever '' . ^ Jump up to : Winn , Luke . `` The Five Most Dominant Tournament Runs of the Analytics Era '' . SI.com . Jump up ^ Gasaway , John . `` Best Offensive Performances '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-only-opponent-villanova-has-left-is-history/?addata=espn:ncb:index Jump up ^ https://www.si.com/college-basketball/video/2018/03/29/villanova-jalen-brunson-ap-player-year-award-college-basketball Jump up ^ http://www.philly.com/philly/sports/colleges/villanova-jalen-brunson-mikal-bridges-jay-wright-ncaa-champions-20180406.html ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://villanova.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/031107aaa.html Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/celtics/news/press-ford013006.html Jump up ^ `` Richie Moore Past Stats , Playoff Stats , Statistics , History , and Awards '' . Basketballreference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/villanova/head-to-head.html External links ( edit ) Official website Villanova Wildcats men 's basketball Venues Jake Nevin Field House ( 1932 -- 1986 ) William E. Finneran Pavilion ( 1986 -- 2017 , 2018 -- future ) First Union Spectrum ( alternate ; 1967 -- 2009 ) Wells Fargo Center ( alternate ; 1996 -- present ) Rivalries Saint Joseph 's Culture & lore Will D. Cat City 6 Philadelphia Big 5 ( Robert V. Geasey Trophy ) `` V for Villanova '' People Head coaches Seasons 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 NCAA national championships in bold ; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics Links to related articles Villanova University Academics School of Business School of Law Campus Arboretum Villanova St. Thomas of Villanova Church Villanova , PA People Alumni List of Presidents Fr . Peter Donohue ( President ) Order of Saint Augustine ( O.S.A. ) Media The Villanovan WXVU Athletics Villanova Wildcats Holy War Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Men 's lacrosse Football ( Battle of the Blue ) The Pavilion Villanova Stadium Jake Nevin Field House Catholicism portal Big East Conference men 's basketball Teams Butler Bulldogs Creighton Bluejays DePaul Blue Demons Georgetown Hoyas Marquette Golden Eagles Providence Friars St. John 's Red Storm Seton Hall Pirates Villanova Wildcats Xavier Musketeers Championships & awards Big East Men 's Basketball Tournament Player of the Year Rookie of the Year Seasons 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Philadelphia Big 5 Schools La Salle University University of Pennsylvania Saint Joseph 's University Temple University Villanova University Teams La Salle Explorers Penn Quakers St. Joe 's Hawks Temple Owls Villanova Wildcats Arenas Hagan Arena Liacouras Center Palestra The Pavilion Tom Gola Arena Related City 6 Holy War Robert V. Geasey Trophy St. Joe 's -- Temple Rivalry Battle of 33rd Street Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villanova_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball&oldid=842380486 '' Categories : Villanova Wildcats men 's basketball 1920 establishments in Pennsylvania Basketball teams established in 1920 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 02 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did villanova win the national basketball championship	[ "\n\nVillanova Wildcats\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017–18 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUniversity\nVillanova University\n\n\nFirst season\n1920–21\n\n\nAll-time record\n1,753–925 (.654)\n\n\nHead coach\nJay Wright\n\n\nConference\nBig East\n\n\nLocation\nVillanova, Pennsylvania\n\n\nArena\nThe Pavilion 6,500\nWells Fargo Center 21,600\n\n\nNickname\nWildcats\n\n\nStudent section\nNova Nation\n\n\nColors\nNavy Blue and White[1]\n \n\n\nUniforms\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNCAA Tournament champions\n\n\n1985, 2016, 2018\n\n\nNCAA Tournament runner-up\n\n\n1971\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Final Four\n\n\n1939, 1971, 1985, 2009, 2016, 2018\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Elite Eight\n\n\n1939, 1949, 1962, 1970, 1971, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988, 2006, 2009, 2016, 2018\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen\n\n\n1951, 1955, 1962, 1964, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2018\n\n\nNCAA Tournament appearances\n\n\n1939, 1949, 1951, 1955, 1962, 1964, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018\nvacated by NCAA\n\n\nConference tournament champions\n\n\n1978, 1980, 1995, 2015, 2017, 2018\n\n\nConference regular season champions\n\n\n1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1997, 2006, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017\n\n", "\n\nVillanova Wildcats\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017–18 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUniversity\nVillanova University\n\n\nFirst season\n1920–21\n\n\nAll-time record\n1,753–925 (.654)\n\n\nHead coach\nJay Wright\n\n\nConference\nBig East\n\n\nLocation\nVillanova, Pennsylvania\n\n\nArena\nThe Pavilion 6,500\nWells Fargo Center 21,600\n\n\nNickname\nWildcats\n\n\nStudent section\nNova Nation\n\n\nColors\nNavy Blue and White[1]\n \n\n\nUniforms\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNCAA Tournament champions\n\n\n1985, 2016, 2018\n\n\nNCAA Tournament runner-up\n\n\n1971\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Final Four\n\n\n1939, 1971, 1985, 2009, 2016, 2018\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Elite Eight\n\n\n1939, 1949, 1962, 1970, 1971, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988, 2006, 2009, 2016, 2018\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen\n\n\n1951, 1955, 1962, 1964, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2018\n\n\nNCAA Tournament appearances\n\n\n1939, 1949, 1951, 1955, 1962, 1964, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018\nvacated by NCAA\n\n\nConference tournament champions\n\n\n1978, 1980, 1995, 2015, 2017, 2018\n\n\nConference regular season champions\n\n\n1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1997, 2006, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017\n\n", "\n\nVillanova Wildcats\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017–18 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUniversity\nVillanova University\n\n\nFirst season\n1920–21\n\n\nAll-time record\n1,753–925 (.654)\n\n\nHead coach\nJay Wright\n\n\nConference\nBig East\n\n\nLocation\nVillanova, Pennsylvania\n\n\nArena\nThe Pavilion 6,500\nWells Fargo Center 21,600\n\n\nNickname\nWildcats\n\n\nStudent section\nNova Nation\n\n\nColors\nNavy Blue and White[1]\n \n\n\nUniforms\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNCAA Tournament champions\n\n\n1985, 2016, 2018\n\n\nNCAA Tournament runner-up\n\n\n1971\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Final Four\n\n\n1939, 1971, 1985, 2009, 2016, 2018\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Elite Eight\n\n\n1939, 1949, 1962, 1970, 1971, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988, 2006, 2009, 2016, 2018\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen\n\n\n1951, 1955, 1962, 1964, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2018\n\n\nNCAA Tournament appearances\n\n\n1939, 1949, 1951, 1955, 1962, 1964, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018\nvacated by NCAA\n\n\nConference tournament champions\n\n\n1978, 1980, 1995, 2015, 2017, 2018\n\n\nConference regular season champions\n\n\n1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1997, 2006, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017\n\n" ]	[ "1985", "2016", "2018" ]
3068228710539999844	Attack on Titan	Attack on Titan - Wikipedia Attack on Titan Jump to : navigation , search For related items , see Attack on Titan ( disambiguation ) . `` AoT '' redirects here . For other uses , see AOT ( disambiguation ) . Attack on Titan Cover of Attack on Titan volume 1 進撃の巨人 ( Shingeki no Kyojin ) Genre Dark fantasy , post-apocalyptic Manga Written by Hajime Isayama Published by Kodansha English publisher Kodansha USA Demographic Shōnen Magazine Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine Original run September 9 , 2009 -- present Volumes 25 ( List of volumes ) Novels Before the Fall Harsh Mistress of the City Lost Girls Manga Junior High Before the Fall No Regrets Lost Girls Spoof on Titan Anime television series Directed by Tetsurō Araki Masashi Koizuka ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ) Produced by Tetsuya Kinoshita Kensuke Tateishi George Wada Shin Furukawa Tomohito Nagase Toshihiro Maeda Written by Yasuko Kobayashi Music by Hiroyuki Sawano Studio Wit Studio Production I.G ( Production cooperation ) Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Manga Entertainment ( Season 1 ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment ( Season 2 ) Original network MBS , Tokyo MX , BS11 , FBS , TOS , HTB , TVA , GTV , GYT , TVS , tvk , CTC , RSK , BSN , RCC , SBC , TBC , SBS , IBC , RKK , ITC ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) NHK G ( Season 3 ) English network SBS 2 Aniplus Asia Adult Swim ( Toonami ) Original run April 7 , 2013 -- present Episodes 37 + 8 OVA ( List of episodes ) Anime film Attack on Titan -- Part 1 : Crimson Bow and Arrow Attack on Titan -- Part 2 : Wings of Freedom Directed by Tetsurō Araki Written by Yasuko Kobayashi Music by Hiroyuki Sawano Studio Wit Studio Production I.G ( Production cooperation ) Licensed by Funimation Released November 22 , 2014 ( Part 1 ) July 27 , 2015 ( Part 2 ) Runtime 120 minutes each Anime film Attack on Titan : The Roar of Awakening Directed by Tetsurō Araki Masashi Koizuka Written by Yasuko Kobayashi Music by Hiroyuki Sawano Studio Wit Studio Licensed by Madman Entertainment Anime Limited Released January 13 , 2018 Live - action Attack on Titan ( 2015 film ) Attack on Titan : End of the World ( 2015 film ) Attack on Titan : Counter Rockets ( 2015 miniseries ) Video games Shingeki no Kyojin Shingeki no Kyojin - Hangeki no Tsubasa - Blu - ray Disc Visual Novel Vol. 1 Attack on Titan : Humanity in Chains Blu - ray Disc Visual Novel Vol. 2 Shingeki no Kyojin - Hangeki no Tsubasa - Online Shingeki no Kyojin - Jiyū e no Hōkō - Shingeki no Kyojin Banda Attack on Typing Attack on Titan Attack on Titan 2 Anime and Manga portal Attack on Titan ( Japanese : 進撃の巨人 , Hepburn : Shingeki no Kyojin , lit . `` Advancing Giant '' ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hajime Isayama . The series began in Kodansha 's Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine on September 9 , 2009 , and has been collected into 25 tankōbon volumes as of May 2018 . It is set in a world where humanity lives in cities surrounded by enormous walls protecting the humans from gigantic humanoids that are referred to as titans . The titans vary in height and endlessly eat humans seemingly without reason . The story initially centers on Eren Yeager and his childhood friends Mikasa Ackerman and Armin Arlert , who join the military to fight the titans after their hometown is invaded and a titan eats Eren 's mother , whom he swears to avenge on top of his determination to see them all killed . However , as the story progresses and the truths about the titans are slowly revealed to the reader , the narrative shifts to encompass Historia Reiss , squad leader Levi , Eren 's father Grisha , and other supporting characters . The spin - off light novel series Before the Fall began in December 2011 and has received a manga adaptation . Two additional light novel series and four additional spin - off manga series have also been created . An anime television adaptation is being produced by Wit Studio and Production I.G , airing in Japan on MBS . The first season aired between April and September 2013 , the second season aired between April and June 2017 , and a third season is scheduled to be released in July 2018 . Four video game adaptations developed by Nitroplus staffers in collaboration with Production I.G were announced to be released as bonus content for the third and sixth volumes of the Blu - ray Disc release of the anime , with another game developed by Spike Chunsoft for the Nintendo 3DS . A two - part live - action film adaptation , Attack on Titan and Attack on Titan : End of the World , and a live - action web - series were released in 2015 . An anime adaptation of the Junior High spin - off manga , produced by Production I.G , began airing in October 2015 . Attack on Titan and all five spin - off manga are published in North America by Kodansha USA , while the three novel series are published by Vertical . The anime has been licensed by Funimation for North America , by Manga Entertainment for the UK , and by Madman Entertainment for Australasia . Attack on Titan has became a commercial success . As of May 2018 , the manga has 74 million copies in print , making it one of the best - selling manga series . The release of the anime also saw a boost in the series ' popularity , with it having received widespread critical acclaim for its atmosphere and story . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Setting 1.2 Plot 2 Production 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.2 Novels 3.3 Anime 3.4 Music 3.4. 1 First season 3.4. 1.1 Track listing 3.4. 2 Second season 3.4. 2.1 Track listing 3.4. 3 Anime films 3.5 Video games 3.6 Live - action 3.7 Other media 4 Reception 4.1 Manga 4.2 Anime 5 Political interpretations 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) Over 100 years before the beginning of the story on an alternate world , giant humanoid creatures called Titans ( 巨人 , Kyojin ) suddenly appeared and nearly wiped out humanity , devouring them without remorse or reason and only targeting them ; they completely ignore other wildlife . What remains of humanity now resides within three enormous curtain walls : the outermost is Wall Maria ( ウォール・マリア , Wōru Maria ) ; the middle wall is Wall Rose ( ウォール・ローゼ , Wōru Rōze , sometimes pronounced like rosé ) and the innermost is Wall Sheena ( ウォール・シーナ , Wōru Shīna , alt . `` Wall Sina '' ) . Inside these walls , humanity has lived in uneasy peace for one hundred years , many people growing up without ever having seen a Titan . This all changes when one day , a giant 60 - meter ( 200 ft ) - tall Colossus Titan mysteriously appears after a strike of lightning and breaches the outer wall ( which is 50 meters tall ) of the Shiganshina district , a town at Wall Maria , allowing the smaller Titans to invade the district . An Armored Titan smashes clean through the gate in Wall Maria , forcing humankind to abandon the land between Wall Maria and Wall Rose , evacuating the remaining population into the inner districts . The sudden influx of population causes turmoil and famine . The Titans are giant humanoid figures ranging between 3 -- 15 meters ( 10 -- 50 ft ) tall and are usually masculine in body structure but lack reproductive organs . Although they do not appear to need food , they instinctively attack and eat humans on sight ; it is mentioned that they derive their energy from sunlight . Furthermore , the Titans also do not have a proper digestive tract ; once they have eaten their fill of human prey , Titans will vomit large , slimy balls , derisively referred to as `` hairballs '' , as shown in the episode where the squad retakes Trost , half of a soldier named Marco is found engulfed in slime with several humans in one of these . Finally , their skin is tough and difficult to penetrate , and they regenerate quickly from injuries , except for a weak spot at the nape of their neck . Combating the Titans is the military , which is divided into three branches . Foremost in the story is the Survey Corps ( 調査兵団 , Chōsa Heidan ) , which goes out into Titan territory to try to reclaim the land . The Survey Corps are heavily derided in society because of their apparently senseless high casualty rate and little sense of progress . The second and largest branch is the Garrison Regiment ( 駐屯兵団 , Chūton Heidan ) , which guards the walls and the civilian populace . The third branch is the Military Police Brigade ( 憲兵団 , Kenpeidan ) , who guards the royal family and live relatively relaxed lives in the innermost wall , although this eventually results in fraud , corruption , and political subterfuge . The soldiers use a grappling , tethering system called Vertical Maneuvering Equipment ( 立体機動装置 , Rittai Kidō Sōchi ) that allows them to jump onto ( and swing from ) walls , trees , or nearby buildings to attack Titans with dual swords and gas canisters which they use to propel themselves . However , despite it being the soldiers ' primary line of both offense and defense against the Titans , it is useless in open and flat terrain like fields . It is later revealed that the Titans were created when Ymir Fritz found the `` source of all organic life '' and became the Founding Titan where she had the ability to create and control the Titans . When Ymir Fritz died as a side effect of having the Titan ability for 13 years , she was split into the 9 Titans where their abilities can be inherited by anyone once the previous wielder is dead . These Titans consist of the Founding Titan , the Attack Titan , the Colossus Titan , the Armored Titan , the Female Titan , the Beast Titan , the Jaw Titan , the Cart Titan , and the War Hammer Titan . The 145th King that wielded the Founding Titan 's power fled to the island of Paradis where he used the countless Colossus Titans to make the walls and erased the memories of the Subjects of Ymir he brought with him so that they did n't know anything about the outside world . Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Attack on Titan characters The story of Attack on Titan revolves around the adventures of Eren Yeager , Mikasa Ackerman , and their childhood friend Armin Arlert who once lived in the town of Shinganshina . But when Wall Maria is breached by the Colossal Titan with the Armored Titan further compromising the town , chaos ensued as the Titans enter Shinganshina with a mass evacuation . Having watched in horror as a smiling Titan eats his mother , his father having mysteriously disappeared after giving him a key to their basement , Eren vowed to kill all the Titans and enlisted in the military with his friends following suit . Five years later , the three cadet graduates are positioned in Trost District , one of the border towns jutting out of Wall Rose when the Colossal Titan appeared and history repeats itself . In the ensuing battle , Eren appeared to have been killed when he sacrificed himself while saving Armin from being eaten by a bearded Titan . Things appeared bleak until Mikasa and Armin encounter a Titan that uncharacteristically attacks the other Titans with raging fury , the creature ultimately revealed to be Eren . Though considered a threat by some despite helping take back Trost District , the following military trial ruled that Eren will be taken in by the Survey Corps ' Special Operations Squad under Captain Levi . In an expedition to Shinganshina to make use of Eren 's abilities , the Scouts are attacked by a Female Titan who attempts to capture Eren while wiping out Levi 's subordinates . Though Eren was saved , the expedition ended in failure while Armin determined that the Female Titan is fellow cadet from their class named Annie Leonheart . While Annie encased herself in crystal when her capture at Stohess is assured , the collateral damage reveals the walls are formed from Titans . Eventually , Eren learns that their fellow cadets Reiner Braun and Bertolt Hoover are the Titans who compromised Wall Maria as they and Annie are revealed to have been sent by an unknown party to capture Eren as he possesses `` The Coordinate '' which allows him to control Titans . The event also revealed another cadet named Krista Lenz to be actually Historia Reiss , the illegitimate daughter of the city 's true ruler Rod Reiss . Reiss has the Military Police track Eren and Historia and brought to him , revealing that the former 's Titan abilities were result of his father Grisha having stolen the power of the Reiss family during the chaos at Shinganshina and allowed himself to be devoured by his son . While Historia learns her father intends for her to become a Titan and kill Eren to claim her birthright and restore the old system , she refused and aids the Survey Corps in overthrowing the monarchy while personally ending Reiss 's life after he turned himself into a Titan . The ordeal allowed Eren to gain a new power that allows him to create massive and permanent structures , which the Survey Corps used in their next expedition to seal the breach in Wall Maria . But the group are ambushed by Zeke , the man who Reiner and Bertolt serve under . The Battle of Shinganshina which ensued resulted in the deaths of commander Erwin Smith and most of the expedition members , Armin only able to survive when he is turned into a Titan and devours Bertolt to become the new Colossus Titan . Before returning home , the survivors reach the basement of the Yeager residence where they find the truth Grisha wanted them to learn : That human civilization is thriving despite what they had believed and that they are descendants of some of the Eldian people who fled to Paradis to escape oppression by Marley , a world power that seeks to acquire Paradis 's natural resources by force . The Titans are revealed to be exiled Eldian prisoners . The Marleyans used to keep the Eldians within the walls from expanding their territory prior to sending Zeke , who Eren learns is his older half - brother who had their father exiled to Paradis . But events led Grisha to acquire the power of the Attack Titan which he later passed to Eren along with the Founding Titan , nicknamed the `` Coordinate '' by the Marleyans . Four years passed since the Battle of Shinganshina and the reclaim of Wall Maria . As the Marley 's military hegemony declines and all attempts to scout Paradis end in failure , Willy Tybur , patriarch of Marley 's most influential and highly respected political clan , openly admits his family have secretly controlled the Marley government and had an alliance with King Karl Fritz , a descendant of the first Progenitor Titan Ymir Fritz who orchestrated Eldia 's downfall . Claiming that Eren 's possession of the Founding Titan is a threat to the entire world , Willy holds a ceremony to rally the other countries for an alliance to invade Paradis . However , Eren and the Survey Corps launch a surprise attack in the middle of the ceremony , with Eren successfully killing Willy and obtaining the power of the Warhammer Titan by consuming its owner . After retrieving the Warhammer Titan , the Survey Corps retreat on an airship piloted by a foreign dignitary . However , Eren is immediately arrested for insubordination by Levi . As the Survey Corps celebrate what it seems as a victory on their invasion to Liberio , an enraged Gabi manages to kill one of the Corps and uses the maneuvering gear along with Falco to gain access to the airship . Gabi shoots the celebrating Corps and unfortunately , the bullet hits Sasha Blouse on the chest . The infuriated Corps sends Gabi and Falco to the holding area where Zeke is being held captive , revealing that things are working according to as planned except with some minor miscalculations , pertaining to Gabi and Falco . As Sasha succumbs to her wounds , Hange castigates Eren for his recklessness and abuse of the Corps ' trust , while Jean lets Eren know that blame for dragging the Survey Corps into the conflict , and Sasha 's death , lies solely with him , to which a regretful , grief - stricken Eren breaks down weeping . Production ( edit ) Hajime Isayama created a 65 - page one - shot version of Attack on Titan in 2006 . In a 2018 interview with NHK , Isayama revealed that his inspiration for the series came from his hometown of Hita , Ōita , while wondering if there were monsters beyond the walls bordering the town . Originally , he also offered his work to the Weekly Shōnen Jump department at Shueisha , where he was advised to modify his style and story to be more suitable for Jump . He declined and instead decided to take it to the Weekly Shōnen Magazine department at Kodansha . Before serialization began in 2009 , he had already thought of ideas for twists , although they are fleshed out as the series progresses . The author initially based the scenery in the manga on that of his hometown , which is surrounded by mountains . While working at an internet cafe , Isayama encountered a customer who grabbed him by the collar . It was this incident that showed him `` the fear of meeting a person I ca n't communicate with , '' which is the feeling that he conveys through the Titans . When designing the appearances of the Titans , he uses several models such as martial artist Yushin Okami for Eren Yeager 's Titan form as well as Brock Lesnar for the Armored Titan . George Wada , the anime 's producer , stated that the `` Wall of Fear '' was influenced by the isolated and enclosed nature of Japanese culture . He also said that the inner feelings of every individual is one of the series ' main influences . Isayama later would confirm that Attack on Titan was inspired in part by Muv - Luv Alternative , the second visual novel in the Muv - Luv visual novel series . Isayama estimated his basic monthly timeline as one week to storyboard and three weeks to actually draw the chapter . The story is planned out in advance , even marking down in which collected volumes a specific `` truth '' will be revealed . In September 2013 , he stated that he was aiming to end the series in 20 collected volumes . Originally , Isayama planned to give the series a tragic conclusion similar to that of the film adaptation of Stephen King 's The Mist , where every character dies . However , positive response to the manga and anime has caused the author to contemplate changing the ending due to the impact it could have on fans . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) Main article : List of Attack on Titan chapters Hajime Isayama 's original manga serial , Attack on Titan commenced publication in Kodansha 's monthly publication Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine starting with the September 2009 issue . The first tankōbon collected volume was released on March 17 , 2010 . The most recent , volume 22 , was released on April 7 , 2017 . In November 2014 , the manga had 45 million copies in print . By September 2016 , the number had increased to 60 million . The series ' twelfth collected volume was given a first printing of 2.2 million copies , making Attack on Titan one of only two manga series ever to get an initial print surpassing 2 million , the other being One Piece . Volume 13 has the highest initial first print of the series so far , with 2,750,000 copies . It is also the first print run record for its publisher , Kodansha . A comedic spin - off of the series , titled Attack on Titan : Junior High ( 進撃 ! 巨人中学校 , Shingeki ! Kyojin Chūgakkō ) and written by Saki Nakagawa , began serialization in Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine 's May 2012 issue . It follows the main characters as they battle the Titans while in junior high school . Another manga series based on the prequel light novels Attack on Titan : Before the Fall started running in Kodansha 's Monthly Shōnen Sirius from August 2013 , drawn by Satoshi Shiki . An additional spin - off based on the No Regrets visual novel was serialized in the shōjo manga magazine Aria , titled Attack on Titan : No Regrets ( 進撃の巨人悔いなき選択 , Shingeki no Kyojin : Kuinaki Sentaku ) . It is written by Gun Snark and illustrated by Hikaru Suruga . It focuses on the origins of Captain Levi , one of the most prominent characters in the main series . A yonkoma spin - off , called Spoof on Titan ( 寸劇の巨人 , Sungeki no Kyojin , `` Titan Short Skits '' ) and drawn by hounori , was released on Kodansha 's Manga Box smartphone and tablet application from December 2013 to December 30 , 2014 in both Japanese and English . A manga adaptation of Hiroshi Seko 's Attack on Titan : Lost Girls novel , written and illustrated by Ryōsuke Fuji , began publication in Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine on August 9 , 2015 . In North America , the series is published in English by Kodansha USA . They published the first volume on June 19 , 2012 , . The fifteenth was released on April 7 , 2015 . By July 2015 , the manga had 2.5 million copies in circulation in North America . The first three spin - off manga have also been licensed by Kodansha USA , who published the first volume of each between March and June 2014 . It announced its license to Spoof on Titan at the New York Comic Con in October 2015 , and its acquisition of Lost Girls in March 2016 . Novels ( edit ) Main article : List of Attack on Titan chapters § Novels A light novel series titled Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 進撃の巨人 Before the fall ) , written by Ryō Suzukaze and illustrated by Thores Shibamoto , began on April 1 , 2011 . Its story is set before the events of the manga and it was published by Kodansha in three volumes . While the first tells the story of Angel , the blacksmith who develops the first prototypes of the Vertical Maneuvering Equipment , the following two follow a young man who was found as a baby in the stomach of a Titan . A second light novel series called Attack on Titan : Harsh Mistress of the City ( 進撃の巨人隔絶都市の女王 , Shingeki no Kyojin Kakuzetsu Toshi no Joō ) , written by Ryō Kawakami and illustrated by Range Murata , began on August 1 , 2014 . Vertical began releasing the novels in North America in the summer of 2014 . A novel titled Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( 進撃の巨人 Lost Girls ) , written by Hiroshi Seko , was published on December 9 , 2014 . It comprises three short stories featuring Mikasa and Annie Leonhart , titled `` Lost in the cruel world '' , `` Wall Sina , Goodbye '' , and `` Lost Girls '' . It was also released in English by Vertical . Anime ( edit ) Main article : List of Attack on Titan episodes An anime television series adaptation produced by Wit Studio ( a subsidiary of IG Port ) aired on MBS between April 7 , 2013 and September 29 , 2013 , directed by Tetsurō Araki with Yūki Kaji starring as Eren , Yui Ishikawa voicing Mikasa and Marina Inoue as Armin . Both Funimation and Crunchyroll simulcast the series on their respective websites , and Funimation began releasing the series on North American home video in 2014 . The anime has been licensed in the UK by Manga Entertainment . Madman Entertainment acquired the show for distribution in Australia and New Zealand . The final episode was also aired in Japanese theaters . The anime had some production issues with needing more animators with Wit Studios ' character designer , Kyoji Asano tweeting and looking for active animators to work on the anime . An OVA version of the `` Ilse 's Notebook '' special chapter from tankōbon volume 5 was originally scheduled to be released on August 9 , 2013 , bundled with the volume 11 limited edition , but was postponed and included with a limited edition of volume 12 , released on December 9 , 2013 , instead . The OVA was bundled on subtitled DVD with the English limited edition release of the 17th manga volume , released on December 1 , 2015 . A second OVA was released on April 9 , 2014 , bundled with the 13th volume of the series , this one focused on the members of the 104th Training Corps . Two additional OVA episodes , based on the Attack on Titan : No Regrets prequel manga , were bundled with the 15th and 16th volumes of the main series , released on December 9 , 2014 and April 9 , 2015 , respectively . The anime previously aired on Adult Swim 's Toonami block . In Australia , the anime currently airs on SBS 2 on Tuesdays , in Japanese with English subtitles , with the first episode having aired on September 30 . The anime was compiled into two animated theatrical films with new voice acting from the same cast . The first film Attack on Titan -- Part 1 : Crimson Bow and Arrow ( 「進撃の巨人」前編 ~ 紅蓮の弓矢 ~ , Shingeki no Kyojin Zenpen ~ Guren no Yumiya ~ ) covers the first 13 episodes and was released on November 22 , 2014 , while the second film Attack on Titan -- Part 2 : Wings of Freedom ( 「進撃の巨人」後編 ~ 自由の翼 ~ , Shingeki no Kyojin Kōhen ~ Jiyū no Tsubasa ~ ) adapts the remaining episodes and adds new opening and ending footage . It was released on June 27 , 2015 . A rebroadcast of the first season was aired from January 9 , 2016 on NHK 's BS Premium channel . The compilation films were also broadcast in January 2017 on MBS . A second season of the anime series was announced on the opening day of the first theatrical film , which was originally set to be released in 2016 . It was then confirmed in the January 2017 issue of the Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine that the second season would premiere in April 2017 . Masashi Koizuka directed the second season , with Araki acting as chief director . It has also been licensed by Funimation . It ran for 12 episodes . An anime television adaptation of the Attack on Titan : Junior High manga spin - off began airing in October 2015 . The series was directed by Yoshihide Ibata at Production I.G , with series composition by Midori Gotou , character design by Yuuko Yahiro , and music by Asami Tachibana . Linked Horizon performed the opening theme `` Youth Like Fireworks '' . The ending theme , `` Ground 's Counterattack '' ( `` Hangeki no Daichi '' ) , is performed by the voice actors for Eren , Mikasa , and Jean . A rebroadcast of the series was aired during January 2016 . The second season of the anime series debuted on April 1 , 2017 . The season premiere was simulcast on Funimation , Crunchyroll , and the former 's VRV channel at 10 : 30 AM EST . That same day , it was also announced that the second season of Attack on Titan would premiere on Toonami on April 29 . It was subsequently announced on April 3 that the second season would premiere one week earlier , on April 22 instead . Following the broadcast of the second season 's last episode , a third season was announced . It is scheduled to premiere in July 2018 . However , it will not be broadcast on MBS and other UHF channels . The third season will start broadcasting on NHK General TV . A three part OVA of Attack on Titan : Lost Girls was set to be released in 2017 and 2018 with the limited editions of volumes 24 , 25 , and 26 . A third compilation film was announced alongside the release date of the anime series ' third season at the `` Shingeki no Kyojin '' Reading & Live Event Orchestra `` Attack Oto Taikan 2 '' event , titled Attack on Titan : The Roar of Awakening ( 「進撃の巨人」 ~ 覚醒の咆哮 ~ , Shingeki no Kyojin ~ Kakusei no Hōkō ~ ) . The film recapped the events of the anime series ' second season and was released on January 13 , 2018 . A trailer for the third season was released on April 27 , 2018 . Music ( edit ) First season ( edit ) `` Attack on Titan '' Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Hiroyuki Sawano Released June 28 , 2013 ( Disc 1 ) October 16 , 2013 ( Disc 2 ) Studio Various ( show ) Studio Sound Valley ( Tokyo , Japan ) Bunkamura Studio ( Tokyo , Japan ) Studio Greenbird ( Tokyo , Japan ) Onkio Haus ( Tokyo , Japan ) Genre Soundtrack Length 1 : 17 : 27 ( Disc 1 ) 47 : 51 ( Disc 2 ) Label Pony Canyon Producer Hiroyuki Sawano Yasushi Horiguchi ( co . ) In the first season , for the first thirteen episodes , the opening theme is `` Guren no Yumiya '' ( 紅蓮の弓矢 , lit . `` Crimson Bow and Arrow '' , styled in German as `` Feuerroter Pfeil und Bogen '' ) by Linked Horizon , and the ending theme is `` Utsukushiki Zankoku na Sekai '' ( 美しき残酷な世界 , lit . `` This Beautiful Cruel World '' ) by Yōko Hikasa . For episodes 14 -- 25 , the opening theme is `` Jiyū no Tsubasa '' ( 自由の翼 , lit . `` Wings of Freedom '' , styled in German as `` Die Flügel der Freiheit '' ) by Linked Horizon , and the ending theme is `` great escape '' by Cinema Staff . Both `` Guren no Yumiya '' and `` Jiyū no Tsubasa '' were released as part of the single `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' on July 10 , 2013 . The series ' soundtrack was composed by Hiroyuki Sawano , and the first CD was released on June 28 , 2013 by Pony Canyon . The first CD contains 16 tracks , with 6 vocal tracks featuring performances by Mika Kobayashi , mpi , Cyua , Aimee Blackschleger and CASG . The second CD containing the other half of the soundtrack was released on October 16 , 2013 as a bonus offered with the fourth Blu - ray and DVD limited edition volumes of the anime . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Hiroyuki Sawano . ( show ) `` Attack on Titan '' Original Soundtrack No . Title Lyrics Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` ətˈæk 0N tάɪtn '' ( attack ON titan ) Rie Mika Kobayashi 4 : 17 2 . `` The Reluctant Heroes '' mpi mpi 4 : 27 3 . `` eye - water '' 3 : 01 4 . `` 立 body 機 motion '' ( Rittai Kidou ; `` Three - Dimensional Maneuver '' ) 5 : 43 5 . `` cóunter ・ attàck - mˈænkάɪnd '' ( counter. attack - mankind ) 6 : 07 6 . `` army ⇒ G ♂ '' ( army ATTACK ) 3 : 26 7 . `` Vogel im Käfig '' ( `` Bird in a Cage '' ) Rie Cyua 6 : 20 8 . `` DOA '' mpi Aimee Blackschleger 3 : 26 9 . `` 凸 ) ♀ ) ♂ ) ← 巨人 '' ( Kyojin Shinkou ; `` Titan Invasion '' ) 4 : 21 10 . `` E ・ M ・ A '' 5 : 43 11 . `` 巨 ♀ ~ 9 地区 '' ( Megata Kyojin Kuchiku ; `` Female Titan Extermination '' ) 5 : 15 12 . `` Bauklötze '' ( `` Building Blocks '' ) Rie Mika Kobayashi 3 : 56 13 . `` 2chi 城 '' ( Nichijou ; `` Daily Life '' ) 6 : 48 14 . `` XL - TT '' 6 : 37 15 . `` Call your name '' mpi mpi CASG 4 : 28 16 . `` omake - pfadlib '' 3 : 32 Total length : 1 : 17 : 27 ( show ) `` Attack on Titan '' Original Soundtrack II No . Title Length 1 . `` 進撃 st - hrn - egt20130629 巨人 '' 5 : 00 2 . `` 進撃 pf20130218 巨人 '' 4 : 41 3 . `` 進撃 gt20130218 巨人 '' 2 : 31 4 . `` 進撃 st - hrn - gt - pf20130629 巨人 '' 4 : 37 5 . `` 進撃 vc - pf20130218 巨人 '' 6 : 11 6 . `` 進撃 vn - pf20130524 巨人 '' 3 : 23 7 . `` 進撃 pf - adlib - b20130218 巨人 '' 2 : 51 8 . `` 進撃 st20130629 巨人 '' 5 : 25 9 . `` 進撃 pf - adlib - c20130218 巨人 '' 3 : 53 10 . `` 進撃 st - hrn - gt20130629 巨人 '' 4 : 13 11 . `` 進撃 pf - medley20130629 巨人 '' 5 : 06 Total length : 47 : 51 Second season ( edit ) `` Attack on Titan '' Season 2 Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Hiroyuki Sawano Released June 7 , 2017 Genre Soundtrack Label Pony Canyon Producer Hiroyuki Sawano Yasushi Horiguchi ( co-producer ) Hiroyuki Sawano soundtrack albums chronology Crisis Original Soundtrack ( 2017 ) `` Attack on Titan '' Season 2 Original Soundtrack ( 2017 ) Re : CREATORS Original Soundtrack ( 2017 ) Singles from `` Attack on Titan '' Season 2 Original Soundtrack `` YAMANAIAME '' Released : November 19 , 2014 `` theDOGS '' Released : July 1 , 2015 The opening theme is `` Shinzou wo Sasageyo ! '' ( 心臓を捧げよう ! , lit . `` Dedicate your Heart ! '' , styled in German as `` Opfert eure Herzen ! '' ) by Linked Horizon , and the ending theme is `` Yuugure no Tori '' ( 夕暮れの鳥 , lit . `` Bird at Dusk '' ) by Shinsei Kamattechan . Sawano returned to compose the soundtrack for the second season , with the 2CD soundtrack scheduled for release on June 7 , 2017 by Pony Canyon . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Hiroyuki Sawano . ( show ) `` Attack on Titan '' Season 2 Original Soundtrack - CD1 No . Title Lyrics Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Barricades '' Benjamin mpi yosh Gemie mpi 3 : 41 2 . `` APETITAN '' 5 : 31 3 . `` YouSeeBIGGIRL / T : T '' ( YmirBIGGIRL / Titan vs Titan ) Rie Gemie 5 : 58 4 . `` son2seaVer '' 5 : 22 5 . `` Call of Silence '' cAnON . Gemie 2 : 57 6 . `` ERENthe 標 '' ( EREN the Coordinate ) 6 : 23 7 . `` attack 音 D '' ( attack on D ) 4 : 44 8 . `` YAMANAIAME '' Benjamin mpi Mica Caldito mpi Mika Kobayashi 4 : 27 9 . `` 2Volt '' 6 : 46 10 . `` 進撃 st - hrn - egt20130629 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Strings - Horns - ElectricGuitar 20130629 Kyojin ) 5 : 00 11 . `` So ist es immer '' Rie Benjamin mpi Benjamin 4 : 48 12 . `` 進撃 st - hrn - gt - pf20130629 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Strings - Horns - Guitar - Piano 20130629 Kyojin ) 4 : 36 13 . `` ymniam - orch '' 3 : 09 14 . `` The Reluctant Heroes < MODv > '' mpi Mica Caldito 4 : 30 15 . `` 進撃 st - hrn - gt20130629 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Strings - Horns - Guitar 20130629 Kyojin ) 4 : 12 16 . `` theDOGS '' mpi mpi 4 : 35 Total length : 1 : 16 : 45 ( show ) `` Attack on Titan '' Season 2 Original Soundtrack - CD2 No . Title Lyrics Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` 進撃 pf - medley20130629 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Piano Medley 20130629 Kyojin ) 5 : 06 2 . `` EMAymniam '' 5 : 31 3 . `` 進撃 pf20130218 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Piano 20130218 Kyojin ) 4 : 40 4 . `` 進撃 gt20130218 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Guitar 20130218 Kyojin ) 2 : 31 5 . `` TWO - lives '' 4 : 57 6 . `` 進撃 st20130629 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Strings 20130629 Kyojin ) 5 : 25 7 . `` 進撃 vn - pf20130524 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Violin - Piano 20130524 Kyojin ) 3 : 23 8 . `` ymniam - MKorch '' Mika Kobayashi 2 : 36 9 . `` 進撃 pf - adlib - c20130218 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Piano Adlib on c 20130218 Kyojin ) 3 : 53 10 . `` 進撃 pf - adlib - b20130218 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Piano Adlib on b 20130218 Kyojin ) 2 : 50 11 . `` 進撃 vc - pf20130218 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Cello - Piano 20130218 Kyojin ) 6 : 11 12 . `` TheWeightOfLives '' 7 : 20 13 . `` YAMANAIAME < FMv > '' Benjamin mpi Mica Caldito 4 : 28 14 . `` AOTs2M 他 1 '' 4 : 10 15 . `` AOTs2M 他 2 '' 2 : 08 16 . `` AOTs2M 他 3 '' 3 : 25 17 . `` AOTs2M 他 4 '' 4 : 03 Anime films ( edit ) For the first compilation film , Attack on Titan -- Part 1 : Crimson Bow and Arrow , the ending themes were `` YAMANAIAME '' ( lit . `` Unstoppable Rain '' ) by Hiroyuki Sawano feat . Mika Kobayashi , Mica Caldito & mpi and `` Guren no Zahyou '' ( 紅蓮の座標 , lit . `` Crimson Coordinate '' ) by Linked Horizon . For the second compilation film , Attack on Titan -- Part 2 : Wings of Freedom , the ending themes was `` theDOGS '' by Hiroyuki Sawano feat . mpi . The film 's theme song was `` Jiyuu no Daishou '' ( 自由の代償 ) by Linked Horizon . Video games ( edit ) There have been four video game adaptations of Attack on Titan developed by Nitroplus staffers in collaboration with Production I.G . Nitroplus clarified that the studio as a company is not involved in the Attack on Titan Blu - ray Disc games , while individual staffers are . The games are visual novels and were included in the first copies of the third and sixth Blu - ray Disc volumes of the anime . The games cover spin - off stories about the characters of Attack on Titan . Isayama supervised the development of the games . The third Blu - ray volume was released on September 18 with Seko 's Lost in the Cruel World visual novel about Mikasa , and a preview of Gun Snark 's No Regrets ( 悔いなき選択 , Kuinaki Sentaku , lit . `` A Choice with No Regrets '' ) . The sixth Blu - ray volume was released on December 18 with the full version of No Regrets about Levi and Erwin 's past , Jin Haganeya 's visual novel In the Forest of the Night , Burning Bright about Eren and Levi , and Seko 's Wall Sina , Goodbye visual novel about Annie . An action game , titled Attack on Titan : Humanity in Chains ( 進撃の巨人 ~ 反撃の翼 ~ , Shingeki no Kyojin ~ Hangeki no Tsubasa ~ , subtitle lit . `` Wings of Counterattack '' ) , was developed by Spike Chunsoft for the Nintendo 3DS and released in Japan on December 5 , 2013 , North America on May 12 , 2015 and Europe on July 2 , 2015 . A smartphone social game , titled Attack on Titan : Howl Toward Freedom ( Shingeki no Kyojin ~ Jiyū e no Hōkō ~ ) is in development by Mobage for iOS and Android platforms . In the game , players play as a character who has been exiled from Wall Rose . Players must build and fortify a town outside the wall and expand it by manufacturing items as well as using Titans and exploiting resources from other players . A set of Attack on Titan costumes was added to Dead or Alive 5 Last Round in July 2016 , alongside a playable arena based on Wall Rose during an attack by the Colossal Titan . Additionally , Attack on Titan gameplay and merchandise has been featured in a crossover event with Nexon MMORPG MapleStory in its Japanese and GMS versions . Another game , Attack on Titan , for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , and PlayStation Vita , published by Koei Tecmo and developed by Omega Force , was announced at Gamescom 2015 . It was released on February 18 , 2016 in Japan . Later was confirmed to be released worldwide along with PC and Xbox One versions . Capcom are developing an Attack on Titan arcade game named Shingeki no Kyojin : Team Battle . Attack on Titan : Escape from Certain Death was announced to be in development for the Nintendo 3DS in Famitsu magazine in October 2016 . The game was initially supposed to be launched on March 30 , 2017 but was later postponed to May 11 , 2017 . Attack on Titan 2 : Future Coordinates was released on November 30 , 2017 in Japan . A sequel game to Koei Tecmo 's Attack on Titan , Attack on Titan 2 , was announced in August 2017 and released in March 2018 Live - action ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan ( film ) A live - action film was announced to be in production in October 2011 . In December 2012 , it was reported that Tetsuya Nakashima left his position as director . According to film distributor Toho , Nakashima had considerable creative differences on the scriptwriting and other matters . In December 2013 , Shinji Higuchi was revealed to be directing , and would also be responsible with the special effects . Writer Yūsuke Watanabe and critic / subculture expert Tomohiro Machiyama was announced to be scripting the movie with series creator Isayama . In July 2014 , it was revealed that two films will be released in the summer of 2015 . A teaser trailer for the first live - action film was released in March 2015 . The following month , Toho released the second trailer for the first film , and announced the second installment will be called Attack on Titan : End of the World . In June 2015 , a third trailer for the first film was released , revealing the Three - Dimensional Maneuvering Gear , as well as confirming the film will be released in IMAX theaters in Japan . A live - action miniseries , titled Shingeki no Kyojin : Hangeki no Noroshi ( 進撃の巨人反撃の狼煙 , `` Attack on Titan : Counter Rockets '' ) and utilizing the same actors as the films , started streaming on NTT DoCoMo 's online - video service dTV on August 15 , 2015 . The three episode series focuses on Zoë Hange and her research of the Titans , as well as how the Vertical Maneuvering Equipment was created . Deadline Hollywood reported that Warner Bros. is in negotiations to secure the film rights to the Attack on Titan franchise . Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them producer David Heyman would be on board to produce a proposed two - film project that would remake the 2015 Japanese live - action film adaptations . A day later , however , Kodansha representatives said there were no negotiations with Warner Bros . A Stage Play titled LIVE IMPACT was announced on the wraparound jacket band on Volume 21 . It was scheduled to run from July 28 to September 3 , 2017 . The Stage Play was cancelled after one of the staff members being involved in an accident . Other media ( edit ) Two guidebooks to the manga titled Inside and Outside were released on April 9 and September 9 , 2013 , featuring concept art , character profiles and interviews . They were combined into one and released in North America on September 16 , 2014 , by Kodansha USA . A 16 - minute drama CD was created with the anime 's staff and included in the January 2014 issue of Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine . On November 3 , 2014 , American writer C.B. Cebulski revealed that a crossover between Attack on Titan and Marvel Comics was in the works . Cebulski scripts the scenario written by the original author Hajime Isayama . The one - shot crossover featured Spider - Man , the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy facing off against several Titans , including the Colossal Titan , the Armored Titan , and the Female Titan on the streets of New York City . During Free Comic Book Day 2015 , Marvel 's Secret Wars preview included an 8 - page presentation `` Attack on Avengers '' by creator Hajime Isayama with art by Gerardo Sandoval . It was announced at the 2015 New York Comic - Con that an American comic book titled Attack on Titan Anthology will be published . From January 23 to May 10 , 2015 , Universal Studios Japan hosted attractions based on Attack on Titan . `` The Real '' Attack on Titan Experience features a life - size 15 meter tall Eren titan engaging a 14 meter tall female titan in combat . Other attractions include a ground level titan , which visitors can pose with . Reception ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) Attack on Titan won the Kodansha Manga Award in the shōnen category in 2011 , was nominated for the 4th Manga Taishō Award and both the 16th and 18th annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize . The 2012 edition of Kono Manga ga Sugoi ! , which surveys people in the manga and publishing industry , named Attack on Titan the eighth best manga series for male readers , while the 2014 edition named it the sixth best . Attack on Titan was the top favorite manga for Yomiuri Shimbun 's Sugoi Japan Awards in 2015 . Attack on Titan was the second highest selling manga series of 2013 , with 15,933,801 copies sold in a single year . In April 2014 , Oricon reported that 30 million volumes of the series have been sold . In the first half of 2014 it topped the chart , ending One Piece 's five - year reign as the highest selling series in that period , with Isayama surprised about it and thanking the readers . By the end of the year , it was the second best selling manga with 11,728,368 copies sold . In 2015 , the series sold 8,778,048 copies ranking third for the year , and 6,544,081 in 2016 for the fourth rank . Attack on Titan was the second best - selling manga of 2017 with sales of 6,622,781 copies , behind One Piece with 11,495,532 . The manga 's publisher , Kodansha , credits Attack on Titan for the company 's first revenue increase in eighteen years . The anime is noted to have helped in boosting the series ' sales while Mainichi Shimbun called it a `` once - in - a-decade hit . '' Six of the seven English volumes published in North America at the time charted on The New York Times Manga Best Seller list for the week of October 13 , 2013 , and volume one was on the list for 81 weeks straight . In June 2015 , the first volume clocked in at its 100th week on the top 10 chart . It also currently holds the title of appearing on the list for a volume with 121 weeks . Volume one was also number one on Nielsen BookScan 's list of top 20 graphic novels in American bookstores for October 2013 , and for the month of September , the series had more volumes on the list than any other series . The Young Adult Library Services Association in the United States named the series one of its `` Great Graphic Novels for Teens '' in 2013 . Kodansha USA 's English release won the 2014 Harvey Award for Best American Edition of Foreign Material . Attack on Titan was the only manga to be nominated for the 2015 Goodreads Choice Award for Best Graphic Novel / Comic . Many have analyzed Attack on Titan as representing `` the hopelessness felt by young people in today 's society . '' while writer Mao Yamawaki called it a `` coming - of - age story of the boys and girls at its core , '' with a new mystery every episode . It is these mysteries that critic Tomofusa Kure says amplifies readers ' expectations . The artwork of the manga has been criticized as crude by some reviewers , with Isayama himself admitting his drawings are `` amateurish . '' However , those same critics stated that after years of serialization , the art has been improving , and Kure believes that had the illustrations been `` refined '' , it would not have conveyed the `` eeriness '' that is a key characteristic of the work . In a short review , Jason Thompson noted how the characters conveniently receive `` power - ups '' to create plot twists , but concluded that these said plot twists and the manga 's post-apocalyptic world are `` too good to miss . '' Anime ( edit ) The anime has been very successful in Japan , with average sales of 52,067 across 9 volumes , with a total of 468,603 as of August 2016 . It was the number one selling TV anime of 2013 in Japan and is currently the eighth best selling anime of 2010 's . It has also been very successful in the U.S. with sales of at least 200,000 . It was also the number one streaming anime from Funimation in 2014 and the number one fan favorite Funimation home video released of 2014 . The anime adaptation won multiple prizes during the 3rd Newtype Anime Awards , including Best Director , Best Script , Best Soundtrack , Best Theme Song , Top Female Character and Title of the Year . It received the award for Best TV Animation at the 2013 Animation Kobe Awards . It received the award for Animation of the Year at the 2014 Tokyo Anime Award , along with , Best Director , Best Screenplay and Best Music . It won the 2013 Digital Contents of the Year Award at Japan 's 19th annual Association of Media in Digital ( AMD ) Awards . Carl Kimlinger from Anime News Network was sharply critical of the first two episodes of the anime adaptation . He did praise the show for `` ( bringing ) back the terror of the fee - fi - fo - fum set '' , but then said that it `` does not a good show make '' . Kimlinger criticized Araki 's direction , saying he `` clearly intends it to be powerful and unsettling , but it 's just crude and unpleasant . '' On the other hand , other critics from Anime News Network praised much of the series . Rebecca Silverman said it `` is both gorgeous and appalling in its visuals '' , and `` an excellent mix of what 18th century Gothic novelist Ann Radcliffe defined as horror versus terror : the one is physical , making you want to look away , and the other is intellectual , making you want to know what 's going to happen next . '' Though there are several apocalyptic action shows , Carlo Santos noted that `` few get as close to perfection as Attack on Titan does '' . Santos described it as `` a masterpiece of death and destruction '' even if he only watched the first episode . Theron Martin of Anime News Network praised the musical score and the `` intense , impactful first episode '' despite his feeling that it has `` limited animation '' . Martin also compared Attack on Titan 's vibe and visual aesthetic to Claymore . John Sinnott of DVD Talk called the series one of the best ones he has ever watched and one `` that anime fans should not miss . '' Political interpretations ( edit ) The series has gained a strong popularity in not only Japan but also throughout the world . For instance , coverage of the anime appeared on the front page of the Hong Kong free newspaper am730 on May 27 , 2013 , concerning its popularity within Hong Kong as well as in Mainland China and Taiwan . However , the series also attracted criticism : the South Korean Electronic Times magazine accused Attack on Titan of having a militaristic message that serves Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe 's political leanings ; while the series also resonated with Hong Kong youths who saw the invading Titans as a metaphor for mainland China . Hong Kong media commentator Wong Yeung - tat praised Isayama 's style and the versatility of Attack on Titan 's setting , which opens itself to readers ' various interpretations . In 2013 , after media linked to a 2010 blog post by Isayama indicating that the design of the character Dot Pixis was based on the Imperial Japanese General Akiyama Yoshifuru , an Internet flame war about the general 's war record ( e.g. allowing the Port Arthur massacre to occur ) ensued on his blog and included death threats to the author . Because many of the threats written in Japanese had grammatical errors , it is believed that they were written by people outside of Japan . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ohara , Atsuhi ; Yamane , Yukiko ( August 17 , 2013 ) . `` Boosted by anime version , ' Attack on Titan ' manga sales top 22 million '' . Asahi Shimbun . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Jason ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` House of 1000 Manga : Crunchyroll Manga '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kodansha USA Publishing ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` Attack on Titan Now Monthly '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan Anime 's 2nd Season Premieres in Spring 2017 '' . Anime News Network . July 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Season 3 Coming in 2018 '' . IGN . June 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Scott ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` '' Attack On Titan '' Anime Season 3 Listed For Spring `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.tobuzoo.com/event/details/1424/ Jump up ^ `` 1st Attack on Titan Blu - ray / DVD to Bundle Manga ' Prototype ' '' . Anime News Network . May 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2018-05-07/hajime-isayama-shares-his-inspiration-for-attack-on-titan/.131234 Jump up ^ Isayama , Hajime . `` Transformation ! ! ! ! '' . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Creator Named Tourism Ambassador of Hometown '' . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Attack on Titan ' author expresses fears through popular boys ' manga '' . Asahi Shimbun . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . An incident that occurred soon after his move to Tokyo served as inspiration for the manga . Isayama was working a night job at an Internet cafe , when a customer suddenly grabbed him by the collar . `` I felt the fear of meeting a person I ca n't communicate with . '' He projects that terror and discomfort through the titans . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Attack on Titan Creator Hajime Isayama '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Isayama , Hajime ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` アクセス数がすごい ! '' ( The number of views is amazing ! ) ( in Japanese ) . Blog.livedoor.jp . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : George Wada , Producer of Attack on Titan '' . Anime News Network . July 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Saitō , Tamaki ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` 諫山創落書きと過去作品 . '' . Brutus ( in Japanese ) . Magazine World . 790 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Creator Aims to End Manga in 20 Volumes '' . Anime News Network . September 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 「進撃の巨人」の漫画家、諫山創インタビュー ! トラウマという財産 ! ? 人生観と漫画創作が濃密に交わる諫山創の視点とは ? ( in Japanese ) . White Screen . December 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Creator Considers Changing Ending '' . Anime News Network . December 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 22 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hennum , Shea ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` What Our Failure to Cover Attack on Titan Says About the Comics Industry '' . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Has 60 Million Copies in Print '' . Anime News Network . September 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Prints 28 Million as Latest Book Gets 2.2 - Million Printing '' . Anime News Network . December 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Inspires Comedy Spinoff Manga '' . Anime News Network . April 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daphne in the Brilliant Blue 's Shiki Penning Attack on Titan Spinoff Manga '' . Anime News Network . August 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Spinoff Manga to Run in Aria Shōjo Magazine '' . Anime News Network . August 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodansha Launches Free App With Attack on Titan , Knight in the Area Manga Spinoffs '' . Anime News Network . December 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spoof on Titan 4 - Panel Manga Ends '' . Anime News Network . December 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Novel Gets Manga Adaptation '' . Anime News Network . July 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 1 '' . Random House . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 15 '' . Random House . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Has 2.5 Million Copies in Print in English '' . Anime News Network . July 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kodansha USA Adds Attack on Titan : Junior High Manga , Guidebooks '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodansha Comics Adds Attack on Titan : Before the Fall , No Regrets Spinoff Manga '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodansha Comics Adds Spoof on Titan , I Am Space Dandy Manga '' . Anime News Network . October 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Kodansha Comics Announces Seven Manga Licenses '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York Comic Con 2013 : Vertical Panel '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical Adds Attack on Titan : Before the Fall Light Novel Series '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical Licenses More Attack on Titan Light Novels '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 小説進撃の巨人 LOST GIRLS . Kodansha . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Gets ' Lost Girls ' Novel Spinoff '' . Anime News Network . November 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical Adds Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Novel , Nichijō , FukuFuku : Kitten Tales Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical Adds Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Novel , Nichijō , FukuFuku : Kitten Tales Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 「進撃の巨人」製作委員会 . `` 放送情報 '' ( Broadcast Information ) ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` MBS 4 月 6 日より毎週土曜 25 時 58 分 ~ ※ 4 月 13 日は 26 時 10 分 ~ '' See rest of article for other broadcasting times . Jump up ^ `` コミックナタリー -- アニメ「進撃の巨人」に神谷浩史、小野大輔、朴ロ美出演 '' . Natalie.mu. April 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 放送情報 TV アニメ「進撃の巨人」公式サイト '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yuuki Kaji , Yui Ishikawa , Marina Inoue Lead Attack on Titan Cast '' . Anime News Network . December 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2012 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saki Fujita , Keiji Fujiwara Join Attack on Titan TV Anime 's Cast '' . Anime News Network . March 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Plans Attack on Titan on Home Video in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manga Entertainment UK Acquires ' Attack On Titan ' Anime License '' . The Fandom Post . May 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madman Acquires Attack On Titan '' . Anime News Network . April 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` アニメ『進撃の巨人』最終話先行上映イベントを全国の映画館で '' . ORICON STYLE . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Attack on Titan '' Anime Studio Needs More Animators `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Original Anime DVD Delayed 4 Months '' . Anime News Network . June 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodansha USA to Bundle Original Anime DVD Episode With Attack on Titan Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga 's 2nd Anime DVD Bundle Listed '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : No Regrets Spinoff Gets Anime DVDs '' . Anime News Network . August 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sam ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan Airing on SBS 2 ... . Right Now ! '' . The Otaku 's Study . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Attack on Titan Compilation Film Adds New Ending Footage Linked to 2nd TV Season '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Anime Gets 2 Compilation Films in 2014 -- 2015 '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Attack on Titan Compilation Film Slated for November 22 '' . Anime News Network . June 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHK 's BS Premium to Air `` Attack on Titan '' TV Anime from January 2016 `` . Crunchyroll . December 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MBS にて劇場版「進撃の巨人」前後編の地上波放送が決定 ! . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan TV Anime Gets 2nd Season in 2016 '' . Anime News Network . November 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ yonkouproductions ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Attack On Titan Season 2 To Air April 2017 '' . yonkouproductions . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Attack on Titan Anime 's 2nd Season '' . Anime News Network . December 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Season 2 Listed With 12 Episodes '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Junior High Spinoff Manga Gets TV Anime Adaptation '' . Anime News Network . July 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Junior High Anime 's Ending Artist , 3rd Promo Video Revealed '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 「進撃 ! 巨人中学校」製作委員会 . `` TV アニメ「進撃 ! 巨人中学校」 TOKYO MX にて、 2016 年 1 月より再放送決定 ! ! '' . 進撃の巨人中学校 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HOW TO WATCH ATTACK ON TITAN SEASON 2 THIS WEEKEND '' . IGN . March 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toonami News ( @ ToonamiNews ) ( 2 April 2017 ) . `` BREAKING NEWS : # AttackOnTitanS2 is coming to Toonami on April 29 . We are working to get the commercial now and will bring it to you soon '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Attack On Titan Season 2 is coming to Toonami April 22nd at 12 : 30am ! '' . Facebook . April 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Anime Season 3 to Air in 2018 '' . Anime News Network . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Season 3 Premieres in July After January Compilation Film '' . Anime News Network . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Season 3 Premieres in July After January Compilation Film '' . Anime News Network . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Season 3 - Official Subtitled Trailer IT 'S OFFICIALLY COMING TO FUNIMATION , JULY 2018 ! '' . Twitter . April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Giants Eat at Pizza Hut , Too '' . Anime News Network . June 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ドコデモタワレコ . `` cinema staff 、「進撃の巨人」 ED 曲 '' great escape `` 発売決定 ! 亀田誠治と初タッグ -- TOWER RECORDS ONLINE '' . Tower.jp . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ オリジナル・サウンドトラック . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray & DVD 第 4 巻 . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Attack on Titan ' Season 2 : Title of Opening Theme Confirmed '' . Manga. Tokyo . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 神聖かまってちゃん '' レンタル移籍 `` で「進撃の巨人」 2 期エンディング歌う '' ( Shinsei Kamattechan 's song to be the ending theme for Attack on Titan Season 2 ) . Natalie ( in Japanese ) . April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Attack On Titan '' Season 2 Original Soundtrack Animation Soundtrack ( Music by Hiroyuki Sawano ) CD Album `` . CDJapan . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelkin , Sarah ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Hiroyuki Sawano Performs Attack on Titan Film 's Ending Theme ' YAMANAIAME ' '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Hiroyuki Sawano Produces Theme Song for 2nd `` Attack on Titan '' Compilation Film `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` リンホラ、劇場版「進撃の巨人」後編主題歌を配信限定リリース '' ( `` Attack on Titan '' compilation film delivers limited release for the second part theme song ) . Natalie ( in Japanese ) . June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Attack On Titan Games Coming From Steins ; Gate Developer Nitroplus '' . Siliconera . May 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nitro+ : Not Involved in Blu - ray Visual Novels , But Our Staffers Are '' . Anime News Network . May 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan Blu - rays Add Visual Novels by Nitro+ Staff '' . Anime News Network . May 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magazine : Attack on Titan Has Video Game Planned -- Interest '' . Anime News Network . July 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Video Game Slated for 2014 -- News '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Gets 3DS Game from Spike Chunsoft in 2013 '' . Anime News Network . August 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Social Game 's Promo Streamed '' . Anime News Network . January 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dead or Alive 5 : Last Round Brings The Fight To Attack on Titan '' . Siliconera . July 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack On Titan Comes To ... MapleStory '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wesley Copeland ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Gamescom 2015 : Koei Tecmo Announces Attack on Titan Tie - in '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Koei to Publish New Attack on Titan Game '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Video Game 's 2nd Promo Video Reveals February Release '' . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan -- Announcement Trailer '' . YouTube . KOEI TECMO AMERICA . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Capcom to debut ' Attack on Titan ' arcade game -- Robot 6 -- The Comics Culture Blog '' . Robot 6 -- The Comics Culture Blog . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ゲーム『進撃の巨人 2 』公式 ( @ kt_shingeki ) ( 28 February 2017 ) . `` ( お知らせ ) 3 月 30 日 ( 木 ) を予定していた 3DS 『進撃の巨人死地からの脱出』の発売日を 5 月 11 日 ( 木 ) 変更させていただくこととなりました . 発売を心待ちにしていただいていた皆様には、さらにお待たせすることになり申し訳ありません . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 2 ~ 未来の座標 ~ 公式 ( @ Shingeki_3DS_SC ) ( 2 June 2017 ) . `` 3DS 『進撃の巨人 2 ~ 未来の座標 ~ 』発売決定 ! ティザーサイトを公開しました. 明日からは TV アニメ放送枠内で CM が放送されますのでお楽しみに ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 2 ~ 未来の座標 ~ 公式 ( @ Shingeki_3DS_SC ) ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` 3DS 『進撃の巨人 2 ~ 未来の座標 ~ 』の発売日が 11 月 30 日に決定 ! 全国のゲーム販売店及び販売サイトで予約受付を順次開始します. 店舗オリジナル予約特典情報も詳細が決まりましたら公式サイトで紹介致しますのでお楽しみに ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ http://gematsu.com/2017/10/koei-tecmo-attack-titan-2-launches-march-2018-north-america-europe Jump up ^ `` Shingeki no Kyojin / Attack on Titan Manga to Get Film in Fall 2013 '' . Anime News Network . October 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Director Nakashima Leaves Live - Action Attack on Titan Film '' . Anime News Network . December 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 実写映画版『進撃の巨人』の中島哲也監督が降板 '' . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shingeki no Kyojin / Attack on Titan Manga to Get Film in Fall 2013 '' . Anime News Network . October 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Live - Action `` Attack on Titan '' Director Announced `` . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SFX Director Shinji Higuchi to Helm Live - Action Attack on Titan Film '' . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live - Action Attack on Titan Confirmed for 2 Films '' . Anime News Network . July 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Trailer & Poster for Live - Action Attack on Titan Movie , Part Two Titled Attack on Titan : End of the World '' . Final Reel . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Trailer for Live - Action Attack on Titan Movie Teases First Look at Three Dimensional Manoeuvre Gear '' . Final Reel . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Attack on Titan ' mini-series to stream on dTV from August '' . Asahi Shimbun . July 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deadline : Warner Bros. In Negotiations for Western Attack on Titan Films '' . Anime News Network . January 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kodansha Rep : Report of Warner Bros . ' Attack on Titan Films Is ' Incorrect ' '' . Anime News Network . January 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Gets Stage Play Next Summer '' . Anime News Network . December 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Stage Play Reveals Eren , Mikasa , Armin Actors in Costume '' . Anime News Network . February 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Stage Play Acrobat Dies After Accident '' . Anime News Network . April 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 INSIDE 抗 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 OUTSIDE 攻 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Guidebook : INSIDE & OUTSIDE '' . Random House . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bessatsu Shōnen Mag to Bundle Attack on Titan Drama CD '' . Anime News Network . November 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Comics / '' Attack on Titan '' Crossover in the Works `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` More Information on Marvel Comics vs `` Attack on Titan '' Crossover Previewed `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Unleashes FCBD 2015 Titles : Secret Wars # 0 and All - New , All - Different Avengers FCBD '' . Free Comic Book Day . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NYCC EXCLUSIVE : Kodansha Announces `` Attack on Titan '' Anthology `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott . `` VIDEO : Universal Studios Japan Opens `` Attack on Titan '' and `` Evangelion '' Attractions `` . Crunchyroll.com . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 講談社漫画賞 ( 過去の受賞者一覧 ) ( Kodansha Manga Award ( list of past winners ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` March comes in like a lion , Space Bros. Win Kodansha Manga Awards '' . Anime News Network . May 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Titles Nominated for 4th Manga Taisho Awards '' . Anime News Network . January 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 16th Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize Nominees Announced '' . Anime News Network . February 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 18th Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize Nominees Announced '' . Anime News Network . March 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Manga Ranked by Kono Manga ga Sugoi 2012 Voters '' . Anime News Network . December 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Manga Ranked by Kono Manga ga Sugoi 2014 Voters '' . Anime News Network . December 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yomiuri Shimbun 's ' Sugoi Japan Awards ' Winners Announced '' . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2013 '' . Anime News Network . December 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Sells Over 30 Million '' . Anime News Network . April 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Tops One Piece in Half - Year Sales '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2015 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2016 '' . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian . `` The Best - Selling Manga Of 2017 In Japan '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Has 31 Million in Circulation '' . Anime News Network . March 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Prints 8.7 Million More After Anime '' . Anime News Network . June 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Manga Best Seller List , October 13 -- 19 '' . Anime News Network . October 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Manga Best Seller List , December 21 -- 27 '' . Anime News Network . January 2 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Attack on Titan '' Hits 100th Week on `` New York Times '' Manga Best Sellers List `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Manga Best Seller List , August 14 -- 20 '' . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Tops Graphic Novels in U.S. Bookstores in October '' . Anime News Network . November 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Attack on Titan Graphic Novels Land in U.S. Bookstores ' Top 20 in September '' . Anime News Network . October 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Librarians Rank Stargazing Dog in Teens ' Top 10 '' . Anime News Network . February 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Wins 2014 Harvey Award '' . Anime News Network . September 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan nominated for a Goodreads Choice ... '' Kodansha Comics . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of 1000 Manga -- Crunchyroll Manga '' . Anime News Network . November 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 -- Present , Average Sales of 10,000 or More '' . someanithing.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 年別 > 2013 年 '' . 38.atwiki.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 年代 TV アニメ累計平均ランキング '' . 38.atwiki.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Attack on Titan TV Series Has Sold at Least 200,000 Copies in the U.S. '' Animetics . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top FUNimation Streaming Shows of 2014 '' . funimation.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Fan Favorite FUNimation Home Video Releases of 2014 '' . funimation.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Wins Top Prizes in Newtype Anime Awards -- News '' . Anime News Network . October 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Attack on Titan , ' ' Garden of Words ' take top honors at Kobe anime awards '' . Asahi Shimbun . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of The Tokyo Anime Award Festival 2014 Anime Of The Year Winning Programs And Winners . -- TOKYO ANIME AWARD FESTIVAL 2016 -- 東京アニメアワードフェスティバル 2016 '' . TOKYO ANIME AWARD FESTIVAL 2016 -- 東京アニメアワードフェスティバル 2016 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Wins Digital Contents of the Year Award '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kimlinger , Carl ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Spring 2013 Anime Preview Guide '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Rebecca ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Spring 2013 Anime Preview Guide '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Santos , Carlo ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Spring 2013 Anime Preview Guide '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Theron ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Spring 2013 Anime Preview Guide '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sinnott , John ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan , Part 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . DVD Talk . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan explosive hit in China , Hong Kong , and Taiwan -- 4 million YouTube hits -- Netizens debate walls under siege ( 《進擊の巨人》爆紅中港台 Youtube 點擊 400 萬網民熱議圍牆抗敵 ) '' . am730 . Hong Kong . May 27 , 2013 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A revival of militarism ? Attack on Titan sparks Korean - Japanese spat ( 軍國主義復活 ? / 進擊的巨人引發韓日論戰 ) '' . The Liberty Times . Taipei . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wong Yeung Tat ( February 13 , 2011 ) . `` Popular Manga : Because we have our own titans to defeat ( 流行漫畫 : 因為 , 我們也有想要打倒的巨人 ) '' . Ming Pao . Hong Kong . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Thousand Death Threats Against a Popular Anime Creator '' . Kotaku . July 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Attack on Titan . 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Prologue ( 2007 ) Batman : Gotham Knight ( 2008 , episode 2 ) Halo Legends ( 2008 -- 2010 , episodes 2 and 5 ) xxxHolic Shunmuki ( 2009 ) Tsuabsa Shunraiki ( 2009 ) Bungaku Shōjo : Kyō no Oyatsu ~ Hatsukoi ~ ( 2009 ) Abunai Sisters : Koko & Mika ( 2009 ) Book Girl Today 's Snack : First Love ( 2009 ) xxxHolic Rō ( 2010 ) Yondemasuyo , Azazel - san ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Dante 's Inferno : An Animated Epic ( 2010 ) Book Girl Memoir ( 2010 ) Appleseed XIII ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Kuroko 's Basketball ( 2013 ) Attack on Titan : Ilse 's Notebook ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Vassalord ( 2013 ) Ghost in the Shell : Arise ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet : Meguru Kōro , Haruka ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Ace of the Diamond ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Kuroko 's Basketball : Oshaberi Demo Shimasen ka ( 2014 ) Noblesse : Awakening ( 2016 ) Ace of the Diamond Second Season ( 2016 ) Haikyū ! ! : Tokushū ! 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( 2013 - 2014 ) Star Fox Zero : The Battle Begins ( 2016 ) Neo Yokio ( 2017 ) Kodoku no Gourmet ( 2017 -- ) Sword Gai : The Animation ( 2018 ) B : The Beginning ( 2018 ) Feature films 009 Re : Cyborg Appleseed XIII : Ouranos Appleseed XIII : Tartaros Attack on Titan - Part 1 : Crimson Bow and Arrow Attack on Titan - Part 2 : Wings of Freedom Blood - C : The Last Dark Blood : The Last Vampire Book Girl Broken Blade Cyber Team in Akihabara : Summer Holidays of 2011 Dante 's Inferno : An Animated Epic Dead Leaves The End of Evangelion Garm Wars : The Last Druid Ghost in the Shell Ghost in the Shell 2 : Innocence Ghost in the Shell : Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society Ghost in the Shell : The New Movie Giovanni 's Island Jin - Roh : The Wolf Brigade Kick - Heart Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( animated sequence ) Kuroko 's Basketball The Movie : Last Game A Letter to Momo Loups = Garous Nadesico : Prince of Darkness Mass Effect : Paragon Lost Miss Hokusai Neon Genesis Evangelion : Death & Rebirth Oblivion Island : Haruka and the Magic Mirror MiniPato Patlabor : The Movie Patlabor 2 : The Movie Pokémon the Movie : Black -- Victini and Reshiram and White -- Victini and Zekrom Pokémon the Movie : Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Psycho - Pass : The Movie Sakura Wars : The Movie Sengoku Basara : The Last Party Tachigui : The Amazing Lives of the Fast Food Grifters Tennis no Ōjisama -- Futari no Samurai The Princess in the Birdcage Kingdom The Sky Crawlers The Weathering Continent Tales of Vesperia : The First Strike xxxHolic : A Midsummer Night 's Dream Music videos m - flo : Quantum Leap ( 2000 ) Linda : Chains & Rings ( 2003 ) Mylene Farmer : Peut - etre toi ( 2006 ) Universe ( 2007 ) Eden of the East : Falling Down ( 2009 ) NO DOUBT ( 2017 ) Marty Friedman : The Perfect World ( 2018 ) Video games Ace Combat 3 : Electrosphere BlazBlue : Central Fiction Children of Mana Ghost in the Shell The Granstream Saga Infinite Space Lethal Enforcers 3 Namco × Capcom Persona 5 Professor Layton and the Curious Village Psychometrer Eiji Sakura Wars : So Long , My Love Sakura Wars 2 : Thou Shalt Not Die Sakura Wars 3 : Is Paris Burning ? Sakura Wars 4 : Fall in Love , Maidens Sands of Destruction Sonic Riders Star Ocean : First Departure Star Ocean : Second Evolution Summon Night 4 Surveillance Kanshisha Tales Tekken 3 Valkyrie Profile Valkyrie Profile 2 : Silmeria Valkyria Chronicles III Wario Land : Shake It ! Wild Arms 2 Xenogears Category Wit Studio Television series Attack on Titan ( 2013 -- present ) Hozuki 's Coolheadedness ( 2014 ) The Rolling Girls ( 2015 ) Seraph of the End ( 2015 ) Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress ( 2016 ) The Ancient Magus ' Bride ( 2017 -- 2018 ) After the Rain ( 2018 ) Vinland Saga ( TBA ) Films Hal ( 2013 ) Attack on Titan ( 2014 -- 2018 ) The Empire of Corpses ( 2015 ) Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Laughing Under the Clouds Gaiden ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Pokémon the Movie : Everyone 's Story ( 2018 ) Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress : Unato Decisive Battle ( TBA ) OVAs Attack on Titan : No Regrets ( 2014 -- 2015 ) The Ancient Magus ' Bride : Those Awaiting a Star ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Category Animation Kobe Television Award 1996 -- 2010 Neon Genesis Evangelion ( 1996 ) Revolutionary Girl Utena ( 1997 ) Cowboy Bebop ( 1998 ) Turn A Gundam ( 1999 ) Infinite Ryvius ( 2000 ) Angelic Layer ( 2001 ) RahXephon ( 2002 ) Mobile Suit Gundam SEED ( 2003 ) Fullmetal Alchemist ( 2004 ) Gankutsuou : The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2005 ) The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya ( 2006 ) Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion ( 2007 ) Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 ( 2008 ) Eden of the East ( 2009 ) K - On ! ! ( 2010 ) 2011 -- 2015 Puella Magi Madoka Magica ( 2011 ) YuruYuri ( 2012 ) Attack on Titan ( 2013 ) Love Live ! ( 2014 ) Shirobako ( 2015 ) Anime Grand Prix -- Title 1970s / 1980s Mobile Suit Gundam ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Space Runaway Ideon ( 1980 ) Adieu Galaxy Express 999 ( 1981 ) Six God Combination Godmars ( 1982 ) Crusher Joe ( 1983 ) Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind ( 1984 ) Dirty Pair ( 1985 ) Castle in the Sky ( 1986 ) Saint Seiya ( 1987 ) My Neighbor Totoro ( 1988 ) Kiki 's Delivery Service ( 1989 ) 1990s Nadia : The Secret of Blue Water ( 1990 ) Future GPX Cyber Formula ( 1991 ) Sailor Moon ( 1992 ) Yu Yu Hakusho ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Neon Genesis Evangelion ( 1995 -- 1996 ) The End of Evangelion ( 1997 ) Nadesico : Prince of Darkness ( 1998 ) Cardcaptor Sakura ( 1999 ) 2000s Saiyuki ( 2000 ) Fruits Basket ( 2001 ) Mobile Suit Gundam SEED ( 2002 ) Fullmetal Alchemist ( 2003 ) Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 ( 2008 ) K - On ! ( 2009 ) 2010s Inazuma Eleven ( 2010 ) Inazuma Eleven GO ( 2011 ) Inazuma Eleven GO : Chrono Stone ( 2012 ) Attack on Titan ( 2013 ) Free ! ~ Eternal Summer ~ ( 2014 ) Mr. Osomatsu ( 2015 ) Newtype Anime Award for Best Television Puella Magi Madoka Magica ( 2011 ) Fate / Zero ( 2012 ) Attack on Titan ( 2013 ) Kill la Kill ( 2014 ) Fate / stay night : Unlimited Blade Works ( 2015 ) Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress ( 2016 ) Fate / Apocrypha ( 2017 ) Anime and manga portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Titan&oldid=843620500 '' Categories : Manga series 2009 manga 2013 anime television series 2018 anime films Attack on Titan 2014 anime films 2015 anime films 2017 anime television series 2018 anime television series Anime series based on manga Dark fantasy anime and manga Funimation Giants in fiction Kodansha manga Mainichi Broadcasting System shows Manga adapted into films Manga adapted into television series Media franchises Post-apocalyptic anime and manga Production I.G Revenge anime and manga Shōnen manga Size change in fiction Tokyo Metropolitan Television shows NHK shows Toonami Vertical ( company ) titles Winner of Kodansha Manga Award ( Shōnen ) Wit Studio Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Good articles Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles containing Japanese - language text Anime and manga article with malformed first and last infobox parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Track listings with input errors Articles with Japanese - language external links Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 10 : 01 . 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About Wikipedia	how many ova episodes does attack on titan have	[ "\n\nAttack on Titan\n\n\n\nCover of Attack on Titan volume 1\n\n\n\n進撃の巨人\n(Shingeki no Kyojin)\n\n\nGenre\nDark fantasy,[1] post-apocalyptic[2][3]\n\n\nManga\n\n\nWritten by\nHajime Isayama\n\n\nPublished by\nKodansha\n\n\nEnglish publisher\n\n\nNA\nKodansha USA\n\n\n\n\nDemographic\nShōnen\n\n\nMagazine\nBessatsu Shōnen Magazine\n\n\nOriginal run\nSeptember 9, 2009 – present\n\n\nVolumes\n25 (List of volumes)\n\n\nNovels\n\n\n\n\nBefore the Fall\nHarsh Mistress of the City\nLost Girls\n\n\n\n\nManga\n\n\n\n\nJunior High\nBefore the Fall\nNo Regrets\nLost Girls\nSpoof on Titan\n\n\n\n\nAnime television series\n\n\nDirected by\nTetsurō Araki\nMasashi Koizuka (Seasons 2–3)\n\n\nProduced by\nTetsuya Kinoshita\nKensuke Tateishi\nGeorge Wada\nShin Furukawa\nTomohito Nagase\nToshihiro Maeda\n\n\nWritten by\nYasuko Kobayashi\n\n\nMusic by\nHiroyuki Sawano\n\n\nStudio\nWit Studio\nProduction I.G (Production cooperation)\n\n\nLicensed by\n\n\nAUS\nMadman Entertainment\n\n\nNA\nFunimation\n\n\nUK\nManga Entertainment (Season 1)\nSony Pictures Home Entertainment (Season 2)\n\n\n\n\nOriginal network\nMBS, Tokyo MX, BS11, FBS, TOS, HTB, TVA, GTV, GYT, TVS, tvk, CTC, RSK, BSN, RCC, SBC, TBC, SBS, IBC, RKK, ITC (Seasons 1–2)\nNHK G (Season 3)\n\n\nEnglish network\n\n\nAU\nSBS 2\n\n\nSEA\nAniplus Asia\n\n\nUS\nAdult Swim (Toonami)\n\n\n\n\nOriginal run\nApril 7, 2013 – present\n\n\nEpisodes\n37 + 8 OVA (List of episodes)\n\n\nAnime film\n\n\nAttack on Titan – Part 1: Crimson Bow and Arrow\nAttack on Titan – Part 2: Wings of Freedom\n\n\nDirected by\nTetsurō Araki\n\n\nWritten by\nYasuko Kobayashi\n\n\nMusic by\nHiroyuki Sawano\n\n\nStudio\nWit Studio\nProduction I.G (Production cooperation)\n\n\nLicensed by\n\n\nNA\nFunimation\n\n\n\n\nReleased\nNovember 22, 2014 (Part 1)\nJuly 27, 2015 (Part 2)\n\n\nRuntime\n120 minutes each\n\n\nAnime film\n\n\nAttack on Titan: The Roar of Awakening\n\n\nDirected by\nTetsurō Araki\nMasashi Koizuka\n\n\nWritten by\nYasuko Kobayashi\n\n\nMusic by\nHiroyuki Sawano\n\n\nStudio\nWit Studio\n\n\nLicensed by\n\n\nAUS\nMadman Entertainment\n\n\nUK\nAnime Limited\n\n\n\n\nReleased\nJanuary 13, 2018\n\n\nLive-action\n\n\n\n\nAttack on Titan (2015 film)\nAttack on Titan: End of the World (2015 film)\nAttack on Titan: Counter Rockets (2015 miniseries)\n\n\n\n\nVideo games\n\n\n\n\nShingeki no Kyojin\nShingeki no Kyojin -Hangeki no Tsubasa-\nBlu-ray Disc Visual Novel Vol.1\nAttack on Titan: Humanity in Chains\nBlu-ray Disc Visual Novel Vol.2\nShingeki no Kyojin -Hangeki no Tsubasa- Online\nShingeki no Kyojin -Jiyū e no Hōkō-\nShingeki no Kyojin Banda Attack on Typing\nAttack on Titan\nAttack on Titan 2\n\n\n\n\n Anime and Manga portal\n\n" ]	[ "8" ]
-1542477407807626017	This Is Us (season 2)	This is Us ( season 2 ) - wikipedia This is Us ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search This Is Us ( season 2 ) Promotional poster Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Parker Bates Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Eris Baker Faithe Herman Lonnie Chavis Country of origin United States No. of episodes 18 Release Original network NBC Original release September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) -- March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of This Is Us episodes The second season of the American television series This Is Us continues to follow the lives and connections of the Pearson family across several time periods . The season was produced by Rhode Island Ave . Productions , Zaftig Films , and 20th Century Fox Television , with Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker , and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners . A second and third season of This Is Us were ordered in January 2017 , with production for season two beginning that July . The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Ron Cephas Jones , Jon Huertas , Alexandra Breckenridge , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer , Hannah Zeile , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Parker Bates , Eris Baker , Faithe Herman , and Lonnie Chavis . The second season , consisting of 18 episodes , aired from September 26 , 2017 , to March 13 , 2018 , on NBC . This Is Us served as the lead - out program for Super Bowl LII in February 2018 with the second season 's fourteenth episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of This Is Us characters Main ( edit ) Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson Niles Fitch as teenage Randall Pearson Lonnie Chavis as young Randall Pearson Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate Pearson Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate Pearson Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin Pearson Parker Bates as young Kevin Pearson Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon Ron Cephas Jones as William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie Eris Baker as Tess Pearson Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson Recurring ( edit ) Jermel Nakia as young adult William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill Lyric Ross as Deja , Randall and Beth 's foster child . Debra Jo Rupp as Linda , a social worker who works with Randall and Beth when they foster Deja . Caitlin Thompson as Madison , Kate 's group 's resident thin member , who Kate discovers is bulimic . Joy Brunson as Shauna , Deja 's mother . Guest ( edit ) Sylvester Stallone as himself , an actor in Kevin 's movie . Sam Anderson as Walter Crowder , the judge in young adult William Hill 's case . Delroy Lindo as Ernest Bradley , the judge in Randall 's adoption case . Kate Burton as Barbara , a psychologist at Kevin 's rehab who facilitates his meeting with the family . Garrett Morris as Lloyd , a resident of William 's old apartment building . Iantha Richardson as adult Tess Pearson , a social worker . Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski ( aka Dr. K ) , Rebecca 's former childbirth obstetrician . Susan Blakely as Anne , Dr. K 's wife . Pam Grier as G.G. , Shauna 's grandmother and Deja 's great - grandmother . Dan Lauria as Toby 's father Wendie Malick as Toby 's mother Melanie Liburd as Zoe , Beth 's cousin Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` A Father 's Advice '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 2AZC01 12.94 On the Big Three 's 37th birthday , Randall wants to adopt a baby , but Beth convinces him they can honor William 's legacy by adopting an older child . Kate leaves an audition because all the other women there are thin , but she returns to go through with it . She is rejected because of her inexperience , not her weight ; Kate is confident she can work her way up . Toby tells Kevin that he , not Kevin , needs to be Kate 's `` person . '' Kevin explains that Kate informed him of their father 's death , and being Kate 's brother is the only thing he is really good at . In the past , Rebecca takes the Big Three to a movie after her argument with Jack . Rebecca urges Jack to come home ; Jack admits his drinking is out of control . Later , the family house has burned and Rebecca , in the car with Jack 's possessions in a bag , screams and cries . 20 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' John Fortenberry Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 2AZC02 11.06 Kevin is invited back for the 100th `` The Manny '' episode . The producers try to embarrass him for how he left the show , but Sophie helps him do it anyway . Randall , Beth , their girls , Rebecca , and Miguel travel across the country to see the live episode . Randall and Beth take a walk during the taping to discuss Randall 's worries about fostering an older child who could have major issues . Also during the taping , Kate gets a call for her first gig ; however , she does not want her mother to criticize her performance , so Kate asks both Rebecca and Toby not to follow her , but they do anyway . Later , Kate confronts Rebecca about how she has always treated her . Rebecca seeks support from Toby , but he clearly sides with Kate , which wins Rebecca 's approval . After the episode taping , Beth learns from Kevin that Randall only risked failure once : in asking her out . Beth reassures Randall they can go through with their plan . In flashbacks , Jack confesses to teenage Kate that he has an alcoholism problem . Jack ( when on the wagon before ) vented his anger on a punching bag ; this time , he lets Rebecca take him to an AA meeting . 21 `` Déjà Vu '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 2AZC03 11.02 On Kevin 's movie set , Kate -- excited that Sylvester Stallone is his co-star -- bonds with `` Sly '' and tells him what his films meant to her father , and about his death . After talking with Stallone , Kevin 's memories of his dad surface , affecting his performance in a scene . Randall learns that a young girl , Deja , is being brought to his home . Later , when Deja yells at Beth for `` stealing '' her mom 's cigarettes , Randall defends his wife , and Deja shrinks to defend herself from apparent aggression . Randall talks to Deja about the joy he found in having Jack and Rebecca , as well as William . Kevin takes pain medication after his old football knee injury is reinjured during battle scene filming . In flashbacks , when the kids are teenagers , Jack talks about his efforts to rehabilitate from alcoholism ; Randall tries to find his birth parents through an ad , and is comforted by Kate and Kevin after a woman claims to be his birth mother for his family 's money . 22 `` Still There '' Ken Olin Vera Herbert October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 2AZC04 10.65 Randall takes his daughters and Deja bowling , which does not go as expected . Beth offers to help Deja take care of her hair and the two bond . Randall admits to Deja that he has had problems with nervous breakdowns and has taken up running to deal with his anxiety ; he invites her to come with him . Kevin undergoes surgery on his injured knee and continues to overuse his pain medication . Kate visits a gynaecologist for an ultrasound , revealing that she is pregnant . In flashbacks , Kate and Kevin contract the chicken pox and their doctor urges Randall to do his best to catch them as well so it will not occur later for him . Rebecca 's mother pops in , intent on staying for a while , and her overbearing attitude and the fact that she treats Randall differently than Kate and Kevin leads to Rebecca confronting her and calling her a racist , which Randall overhears . Rebecca 's mother takes her words to heart and reaches out to Randall , recognizing for the first time how special he is . 23 5 `` Brothers '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Tyler Bensinger October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 2AZC05 10.60 Kate and Toby share news of her pregnancy . Kevin , set to be auctioned off by Sophie for a large - scale charity event she is hosting , gets drunk while trying to get a pain medication prescription ; he misses the auction , embarrassing Sophie . Randall earns Deja 's trust . In the past , when Jack takes 10 - year - old Kevin and Randall camping , Rebecca learns that Jack 's father is dying . She calls Jack , but he had issues with his father , and he is trying to have Kevin get along with Randall , so Jack says that he will not return . Rebecca reassures Jack 's father ( who sees his granddaughter , Kate ) that Jack is a great father and husband . Kevin finds a notebook where Randall wrote notes of how to keep peace between them , motivating him to be nice to Randall . Later , Jack looks at a picture of him and his brother in the army . During Jack 's childhood , he and his never - before - seen brother await their father 's return to the car as he gets drunk at a bar . 24 6 `` The 20 's '' Regina King Don Roos October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 2AZC06 8.43 In flashbacks , with the 10 - year - old Big Three , Rebecca takes Randall trick - or - treating , while Jack takes Kate and Kevin to a haunted house . Randall learns about Kyle 's death from the neighbors ; Rebecca then tells him the facts of his adoption . In other flashbacks , with the Big Three being in their twenties , Kate finds out she is involved with a married man . Kevin , desperate for work as an actor , attempts to steal a role from his roommate and best friend . Meanwhile , Randall and Beth prepare for the arrival of their first daughter . Beth unexpectedly goes into labor after agreeing to help Rebecca get a Facebook account . With no time to get to the hospital , Randall helps Beth through a home delivery . Kate and Kevin commiserate about their deadbeat lives and decide to live together . When Rebecca posts a photo of her granddaughter on Facebook , she gets a message from Miguel , asking how she has been the last 8 years . ( Jack 's death was sometime before Miguel last saw Rebecca . ) 25 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' Chris Koch Kay Oyegun November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2AZC07 9.89 Jack and Rebecca prepare to finalize Randall 's adoption when Randall is a year old . Their case worker gives a glowing recommendation , but their judge is against interracial adoption . After Rebecca 's letter about being Randall 's mother , the judge recuses himself ; the new judge grants the adoption . Concurrently , William pleads guilty to a drug charge . Although the judge is disappointed because William had a clean record , William claims to be more disappointed , due to the loss of his loved ones and son . The judge visits William in jail , offering to reduce the sentence and get him help , if he stays sober . William keeps this promise for at least 30 years , until hearing his cancer is terminal . As he is about to use , Randall introduces himself as William 's biological son . In the present , Randall takes Deja to visit her mother Shauna in prison , but Shauna declines the visit . Randall later talks to Shauna , who intends to take Deja back after her release . He lets Shauna call Deja collect . Kevin 's relationship with Sophie deteriorates as he continues abusing pain medication and alcohol . Kate and Toby announce their pregnancy to Kevin , plan to get married at city hall , but then consider a big wedding . 26 8 `` Number One '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2AZC08 10.05 In flashbacks , baby Kevin walks first . Teenage Kevin disrespects a Pitt football recruiter , thinking Pitt inferior , so Jack scolds Kevin . As Jack speaks with his sponsor , and recites the serenity prayer , Kevin remains flippant , but Jack apologizes to Kevin . A game injury ends Kevin 's football prospects while Jack and Randall are away at a college tour . Jack comes to the hospital and assures Kevin he has other talents , and will find his purpose . Kevin apologizes for his attitude . Jack gives him a pendant , symbolizing `` purpose '' , given to him in Vietnam at a personal low point . Jack says Kevin is his purpose . Present - day Kevin , exhausted by substance abuse , is an honored alumnus at his high school . His football coach introduces him ; Kevin imagines Jack giving the speech . Kevin declares himself unworthy of his award . He pantomimes football on the field , giving play - by - play commentary on his failures . He has sex with fellow honoree Charlotte , a doctor , and uses her prescription pad to create a forgery ; he quickly leaves a pharmacy after police enter , having left the pendant in Charlotte 's house , but she keeps him out . He collapses , begging for help . He visits Randall , who assumes Kevin 's desire to talk concerns Kate 's miscarriage . 27 9 `` Number Two '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg & Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 2AZC09 9.34 In flashbacks , baby Kate walks second . Teenage Kate bonds with the dog , Louie . Kate seems unconcerned with college applications ; Rebecca is pleased to discover Kate 's application for Berklee . At Kevin 's game , Kate accepts Rebecca 's praise just as Kevin is injured . At the hospital , Kate admits she feared disappointing Rebecca ; Rebecca acknowledges their emotional distance , but is ready to support Kate when needed . Kate watches her parents embrace . Present - day Kate talks to her unborn baby ; she and Toby focus on her prenatal care , but she miscarries . Kate leaves a singing gig , overcome at seeing a family ; she loads a buffet plate but leaves it untouched . Toby works frantically to avert the delivery of a baby bath . At home , Kate blames Toby for getting her excited about the baby ; she tells Toby that the miscarriage did n't happen to him , but he asserts that he shares their loss . Rebecca arrives and Kate accepts her support . Kate admits feeling she hurt Toby by miscarrying ; Rebecca shares that concealing from Jack her grief over triplet Kyle 's death led her to a breakdown in a supermarket after six weeks . Kate tells Toby how she feels , and they agree to try again soon ; they reaffirm their love . 28 10 `` Number Three '' Ken Olin Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 2AZC10 10.94 In flashbacks , baby Randall walks third . Jack expects teenage Randall to attend Harvard , but lets Randall tour Howard . Jack takes the official tour ; a friend shows Randall around . Randall tells Jack that others ' reactions make him feel `` off - balance '' as the only black family member . Jack shows Randall the Vietnam Veterans Memorial ; Jack felt off - balance when he returned from the war . Jack believes Randall will find balance and be `` spectacular '' . They return to Pittsburgh for hospitalized Kevin ; Jack admits monitoring all three children is difficult . In the present , the charges against Deja 's mother Shauna are dropped ; Randall and Beth consider fighting for custody . Randall recalls William 's account of following Rebecca home after her second visit ; he realized Randall had a full life without him , and left . Randall observes Shauna preparing for Deja 's homecoming , and realizes Deja 's home is with Shauna ; Beth agrees . They attend Deja 's school presentation . Shauna takes Deja home ; Randall offers help . Randall and Beth agree to foster again ; a young boy meets with his social worker . Kevin arrives , but leaves quickly after drinking vodka . Kevin is speeding -- Tess , hidden in his backseat because she `` hates '' home , admonishes him ; Kevin is arrested for DUI ; Tess is safe . 29 11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' Chris Koch Vera Herbert January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 2AZC11 9.65 When the kids are 10 , Jack takes the family to a cabin vacation , getting Kevin after football camp . Randall 's new glasses are missing . Rebecca notices Kate 's food obsession ; Jack has her exercise , but takes her for ice cream . During a thunderstorm , Kevin brings Randall 's glasses to their parents ' room -- where Kate and Randall are sleeping . He sleeps on the floor . Present - day Toby finds junk - food trash . Tess tells her parents she was sad when Deja had to leave . The family visits Kevin at rehab ; Barbara , the facilitator , wants only immediate family at Kevin 's first session . Kevin apologizes to the family , but Barbara has him discuss family issues . Kevin says they are a family of addicts . Kevin felt like an outcast ( `` fifth wheel '' ) : Kate had Jack 's support ; Rebecca loved Randall more than Kevin . Randall scolds Kevin ; Rebecca , crying , says why Randall was easier to love . Toby , Beth , and Miguel , at a bar , discuss being outsiders , Miguel the only one who knew Jack . After the session , the Big Three reconcile . Kate admits to Toby about hiding junk food since miscarrying . Rebecca tells Kevin why she never worried about him , but they had their moments . ( In the flashback , Rebecca joins Kevin on the floor . ) 30 12 `` Clooney '' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 2AZC12 9.82 Jack and Rebecca take the teenage Big Three shopping for suits and dresses for the winter formal and Jack 's job . Randall asks a redhead girl out . Though the teenagers are almost starting college , Jack again wants to start `` Big Three Homes '' ( which he put aside to support his family ) . Presently , William 's stray cat `` Clooney '' wanders . After rehab , Kevin stays with Rebecca -- whom Miguel is protecting , since Kevin upset her by getting arrested and criticizing her at rehab . Miguel later tells Kevin that Jack and Rebecca were a unified couple , not individuals ; he did not love Rebecca while Jack was alive , but does now and is staying . Kate befriends Madison from support group ; they go wedding dress shopping ; Kate discovers Madison 's bulimia . Madison later faints and calls Kate for help . Kate says losing weight as a teenager did not make her happy . Randall visits Beth at work ; she says working again would help him . Randall gets William 's box from storage , searches for a lady about whom William wrote and drew , and discovers from a picture it was Billie Holiday . Randall tells Beth he wants to buy and manage the run - down building with her . In the flashback , they forget smoke detector batteries . 31 13 `` That 'll Be the Day '' Uta Briesewitz Kay Oyegun & Don Roos January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 2AZC13 9.37 Around 1980 , an elderly couple look through their junk , including a jukebox which would play `` That 'll Be the Day '' . When their house gets a buyer , the man gives his neighbor , Jack , a slow cooker with a tricky switch . In 1998 , Jack and Rebecca watch the Super Bowl alone as the teenagers are otherwise occupied -- Kevin is with Sophie , Randall is on a date , and Kate is making a music college audition tape ( which Jack videotapes , to Kate 's initial disapproval ) . Presently , Randall and Beth buy William 's old building . Kevin helps Randall do repairs ; they soon find themselves overwhelmed -- and bugs , so the building is vacated when an exterminator is called . When Toby looks for a dog on the internet , Kate -- with mixed feelings -- adopts a dog . Kevin tries to make amends to Sophie , receives his missing pendant in the mail -- and knows that he can not make amends to his dad . In 1998 , the old slow cooker 's faulty switch causes a house fire . 32 14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 2AZC14 26.97 In 1998 , Jack evacuates the family ( Kevin is away ) from the burning house , then retrieves Kate 's dog and family mementos . Jack , hospitalized for smoke inhalation , dies suddenly of cardiac arrest , to Rebecca 's shock . She tells Miguel , Randall , and Kate ; Kate tells Kevin . On the 20th anniversary of Jack 's death , Kate 's VCR damages her audition tape Jack recorded -- and saved from the fire -- which she watches cathartically , blaming herself . Toby gets the tape repaired and digitized . Kate tells Toby he strengthens her , and Jack would have loved him . Kevin visits Jack 's memorial tree , admitting not living up to Jack 's legacy , but wanting to make him proud . Rebecca makes Jack 's favorite lasagna , and bonds with Kevin . Randall holds a Super Bowl party to commemorate Jack , but is emotional when the family 's new pet lizard dies . Tess admits trying to prevent social workers from calling , fearing recent changes mean Randall wants a `` new life '' . He reassures her he will always be devoted to her ; she is happy the family participates in fostering . Deja unexpectedly arrives ; Randall and Beth comfort her . The boy seen earlier is placed with a couple ; the social worker is adult Tess , whom older Randall meets for dinner . 33 15 `` The Car '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 2AZC15 10.13 Jack buys a costly Wagoneer because his young children love it . The Pearsons , going to see `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , slowly cross a bridge Rebecca fears . Jack drives Rebecca , awaiting MRI results , to his `` favorite tree '' ( nearest a pay phone ) ; Rebecca is fine , as Jack anticipated . Jack predicts he will die first ; he asks to be outside , not buried . The brothers fight during Randall 's driving lesson ; Jack exhorts them to be close like him and his brother , who died in Vietnam . Jack drives truant Kate to Alanis Morissette 's autograph session ; they compare Morrissette with Bruce Springsteen . Rebecca drives the teenagers to Jack 's funeral , stalking the urn because she was not in Jack 's room when he died . Dr. K -- married to Anne -- attends ; he tells Rebecca Jack often sought his advice and she has always been strong . Kate decides to give away her dog ; Rebecca affirms that Jack 's death is not Kate 's fault -- Jack made his own decisions . The brothers bicker over manly duties ; Rebecca tells them to remain teenagers ; they make peace . The Pearsons scatter Jack 's ashes at the tree ; Kate keeps some . Jack had purchased Springsteen tickets for that night ; Rebecca drives the family to the concert -- crossing the bridge . 34 16 `` Vegas , Baby '' Joanna Kerns Laura Kenar February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 2AZC16 9.74 Jack and Rebecca celebrate their early wedding anniversaries -- she , with small thoughtful gifts ; he , with grand romantic gestures . The children , age 10 , plan a romantic anniversary celebration ( despite Rebecca 's desire not to celebrate ) , including an attempted dinner , and culminating in observing a meteor shower . Rebecca decides they should always celebrate their anniversary . Presently , Toby and Kate hold their bachelor and bachelorette parties in Las Vegas . Kevin , Randall , Beth , and others attend ; Toby has no close male friends , and Kate and Beth are not close . Kevin maintains his sobriety , despite struggling when learning his film scenes may have been cut . Weeks after providing Deja money for Shauna 's utility bill , Randall worries about Deja ; Beth wants to move on ; they argue . Kate tries to mediate , revealing she feels Beth replaced her in Randall 's life ; Kate explains she was closest to Randall during part of their youth ; Beth admits her love for absent Deja hurts . Toby supports Kevin and Randall , saying his own brother never desired a close relationship . Ron Howard tells Kevin his great work is still in the movie . When returning home , Beth decides she and Randall should visit Deja ; they find her and Shauna living in a car . 35 17 `` This Big , Amazing , Beautiful Life '' Rebecca Asher Kay Oyegun March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 2AZC17 8.90 Flashbacks show other characters ' experiences paralleling Deja 's . 16 - year - old Shauna gives birth to Deja ; Shauna 's grandmother `` G.G. '' urges Shauna towards accountability . Three years later , G.G. financially supports Shauna . G.G. dies ; Shauna depends on Deja . Teenaged Deja injures herself cooking Shauna 's birthday dinner ; Linda removes Deja from her home . Stress drives Shauna to drug use and Deja stays in the foster system . Deja and her foster sister Raven , after shoplifting , are removed from a physically abusive foster father 's home ; Raven was willing to endure minor abuse for stability . Deja returns to Shauna ; Shauna 's mooching boyfriend Lonzo brings a gun into the home ; Deja 's alopecia begins amid the adults ' fighting . The gun is found in Shauna 's car ; Deja lives with the Pearsons , returning to Shauna after the charges are dropped . Shauna breaks up with Lonzo but spends her and Deja 's savings to bail him out of jail ; Deja attempts to raise money , but decides not to pawn G.G. 's brooch ; Shauna and Deja are evicted for unpaid rent . Randall and Beth take in Shauna and Deja . Deja concludes that the human experience is universal . Shauna believes she deprived Deja of a childhood ; she decides to leave Deja with the Pearsons . 36 18 `` The Wedding '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 2AZC18 10.94 As Kate 's wedding approaches ; she dreams of Jack and Rebecca renewing their vows on their 40th wedding anniversary ; Toby is not in the dream . After unsuccessfully seeking `` something old '' connected to Jack , Kate makes room in her heart for Toby by resolving her grief over Jack ; she scatters the remainder of Jack 's ashes near the Pearson cabin . Kate tells Rebecca she admires her . Toby 's divorced parents disapprove of the marriage , fearing a relapse of the depression Toby suffered after his first marriage ; Toby demands they celebrate the wedding or leave ; they stay to celebrate . Kate and Toby marry ; Jack once told Kate she would someday marry a man better than himself . Kevin allows himself to grieve over Jack . Deja is surly after Shauna requested termination of parental rights ; Beth 's cousin Zoe , the wedding photographer , consoles Deja by sharing how she accepted Beth 's family 's love after her own mother abandoned her . However , after Toby 's mother says Deja resembles Randall , Deja vandalizes Randall 's car . In the future , Kevin ( contemplating Jack and Nicky 's Vietnam War picture ) and Zoe fly to Vietnam together ; Kate nurses a cripplingly depressed Toby . Further in the future , Randall and adult Tess feel unprepared to see an unshown female . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On January 18 , 2017 , NBC renewed the series for a second and third season of 18 episodes each , for a total of 36 additional episodes . Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker , and Elizabeth Berger served as the season 's showrunners . Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , and Ron Cephas Jones returned from the first season as Jack Pearson , Rebecca Pearson , Randall Pearson , Kate Pearson , Kevin Pearson , Beth Pearson , Toby Damon , and William H. Hill , respectively . Jon Huertas and Alexandra Breckenridge , who recurred as Miguel and Sophie , respectively , throughout the first season , were subsequently promoted to the principal cast in the second season . Also promoted to series regulars are young actors Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate , Niles Fitch as teenage Randall , Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin , Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate , Parker Bates as young Kevin , Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson , and Eris Baker as Tess Pearson . Lonnie Chavis began the season continuing as young Randall in a recurring role , but was ultimately promoted to series regular . In August 2017 , Sylvester Stallone and Debra Jo Rupp were cast in guest starring roles . Filming ( edit ) The show was awarded over $9.9 million in tax incentives by the California Film Commission for its second season . Production on the season began on July 11 , 2017 , in Los Angeles . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The second season was originally set to move to a Thursday timeslot , to anchor a new Must See TV lineup , alongside Will & Grace , Great News and Law & Order True Crime : The Menendez Murders , with NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt explaining , `` While this is a bit risky , there is a bigger case to be made about redoing Thursday night . If there is one show we could move , it would be this one . '' However , on May 30 , 2017 , NBC decided to keep the series on Tuesdays at 9 pm EST , allowing it a run of 10 uninterrupted original episodes in the fall . The season aired from September 26 , 2017 , to March 13 , 2018 , on NBC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . This Is Us served as the lead - out program for Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % approval rating , with an average rating of 8.09 / 10 , and an average episode score of 95 % , based on 20 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` This is Us continues to tug at heartstrings with an emotional exploration of family that ensures viewers will want to keep the tissues close -- and their loved ones closer . '' Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` A Father 's Advice '' September 26 , 2017 3.9 / 13 12.94 2.6 6.93 6.5 19.87 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' October 3 , 2017 3.1 / 11 11.06 2.4 6.15 5.5 17.21 `` Déjà Vu '' October 10 , 2017 2.8 / 10 11.02 2.2 6.11 5.0 17.13 `` Still There '' October 17 , 2017 2.9 / 10 10.65 2.3 6.32 5.2 16.97 5 `` Brothers '' October 24 , 2017 2.8 / 10 10.60 2.2 6.09 5.0 16.69 6 `` The 20 's '' October 31 , 2017 2.0 / 7 8.43 2.4 6.50 4.4 14.94 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' November 7 , 2017 2.5 / 9 9.89 2.3 6.28 4.8 16.17 8 `` Number One '' November 14 , 2017 2.6 / 9 10.05 2.2 6.10 4.8 16.15 9 `` Number Two '' November 21 , 2017 2.5 / 9 9.34 2.0 5.71 4.5 15.05 10 `` Number Three '' November 28 , 2017 2.8 / 10 10.94 2.0 5.65 4.8 16.60 11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' January 9 , 2018 2.7 / 9 9.65 2.3 6.34 5.0 15.99 12 `` Clooney '' January 16 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.82 2.5 6.35 5.0 16.18 13 `` That 'll Be the Day '' January 23 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.37 2.6 7.10 5.2 16.58 14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' February 4 , 2018 9.3 / 32 26.97 2.3 6.44 11.6 33.40 15 `` The Car '' February 6 , 2018 2.7 / 10 10.13 2.2 6.03 4.9 16.16 16 `` Vegas , Baby '' February 27 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.74 2.0 5.65 4.5 15.39 17 `` This Big , Amazing , Beautiful Life '' March 6 , 2018 2.3 / 8 8.90 2.3 6.57 4.6 15.67 18 `` The Wedding '' March 13 , 2018 2.8 / 10 10.94 6.13 4.9 17.07 Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Susan Kelechi Watson Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series Vera Herbert for `` Still There '' Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Alexandra Breckenridge , & Jon Huertas Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : 7 Young Actors Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coulston , John Connor ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Reveals Why William Never Contacted Randall '' . popculture.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Lost alum to guest on This Is Us '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Everything 's Deja new for ' This Is Us ' star Lyric Ross '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us : That ' 70s Show star to play role in Randall 's adoption plot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Canfield , David ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us recap : ' Clooney ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' EP on Transracial Adoption , Kevin 's Worsening Addiction and a Pearson Wedding '' . Variety . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Season 2 Adds Sylvester Stallone in Guest Starring Role '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blickley , Leigh ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kevin 's Addiction Will Surely Signal New Revelations About Jack On ' This Is Us ' '' . HuffPost . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us producer on that ominous clue about Jack 's death : ' We are very close ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Stacey ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` There 's a Very Slim Chance You Recognized Adult Tess on This Is Us '' . PopSugar . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us Recap : ' We 're Gonna Be OK ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us Recap : Deja 's View '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Season 2 Details : EP Dan Fogelman Talks ; Sylvester Stallone To Guest Star -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harnick , Chris ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Toby 's Parents on This Is Us Are TV Legends '' . E !. Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Kelsie ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Get to Know Beth 's Cousin on This Is Us , Because You 'll See a Lot of Her Next Season '' . PopSugar . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Final numbers for Super Bowl LII and ' This Is Us ' : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us Renewed for Seasons 2 and 3 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger Named Co-Showrunners In New 20th TV Deal , ' HIMYM ' Spinoff On Hold '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' & ' Timeless ' Among TV Projects Awarded California Tax Credits '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us creator , stars reveal photos from first day of filming season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Fall 2017 Schedule : ' This Is Us ' Moves To Thursday To Anchor New Must See TV With ' Will & Grace ' , ' Blacklist ' Relocates '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Will Stay On Tuesday As NBC Reverses Big Move , Tweaks Fall Schedule '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blyth , Antonia ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : NBC 's Jennifer Salke Says `` Season 2 Will Be Incredible '' -- ATX `` . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates : ' This Is Us ' , ' Will & Grace ' , ' The Voice ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' To Air After the Super Bowl , Mulls Christmas Episode As It Faces Pre-emptions On New Night '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . General references `` This Is Us Season 2 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- This Is Us on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of This Is Us episodes on IMDb List of This Is Us season 2 episodes at TV.com Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 M.B. Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge S.K. Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_Us_(season_2)&oldid=833305681 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons This Is Us ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 19 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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6182473809738517804	Succession to the British throne	Succession to the British throne - wikipedia Succession to the British throne This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search The Sovereign 's Throne in the House of Lords , from which the speech is delivered at State Openings of Parliament Succession to the British throne is determined by descent , gender ( for people born before October 2011 ) , legitimacy , and religion . Under common law , the Crown is inherited by a sovereign 's children or by a childless sovereign 's nearest collateral line . The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 , restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover that are in `` communion with the Church of England '' . Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015 . Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible . Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign , and her heir apparent is her eldest son , Charles , Prince of Wales . Next in line after him is Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , the Prince of Wales 's elder son . Third in line is Prince George , the son of the Duke of Cambridge , followed by his sister , Princess Charlotte . Fifth in line is Prince Henry of Wales , the younger son of the Prince of Wales . Sixth in line is Prince Andrew , Duke of York , the Queen 's second - eldest son . Any of the first six in line marrying without the sovereign 's consent would be disqualified from succession . The first four individuals in the line of succession who are over 21 , and the sovereign 's consort , may be appointed Counsellors of State . Counsellors of State perform some of the sovereign 's duties in the United Kingdom while he or she is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated . Otherwise , individuals in the line of succession need not have specific legal or official roles . The United Kingdom is one of the 16 Commonwealth realms . Each of those countries has the same person as monarch and the same order of succession . In 2011 , the prime ministers of the realms agreed unanimously to adopt a common approach to amending the rules on the succession to their respective Crowns so that absolute primogeniture would apply for persons born after the date of the agreement , instead of male - preference primogeniture , and the ban on marriages to Roman Catholics would be lifted , but the monarch would still need to be in communion with the Church of England . After the necessary legislation had been enacted in accordance with each realm 's constitution , the changes took effect on 26 March 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current line of succession 2 History 2.1 England 2.2 Scotland 2.3 After the union of the crowns 2.3. 1 Stuarts 2.3. 2 Hanoverians and Windsors 2.4 Commonwealth realms 3 Current rules 3.1 Marriages 3.2 Religion 3.3 Treason 4 Accession 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Current line of succession First six in line from 2 May 2015 1 . The Prince of Wales 2 . The Duke of Cambridge 3 . Prince George of Cambridge 4 . Princess Charlotte of Cambridge 5 . Prince Henry of Wales 6 . The Duke of York No official , complete version of the line of succession is currently maintained . The exact number , in remoter collateral lines , of the persons who would be eligible is uncertain . In 2001 genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of the Electress Sophia in order of succession , but did so disregarding Roman Catholic status . When updated in January 2011 , the number was more than five thousand . The annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession , being limited to descendants of the sons of George V ( the present Queen 's grandfather ) . The order of the first sixteen numbered in the list is given on the official website of the British Monarchy ; other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations ( `` Notes and sources '' below ) and footnotes . Persons named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession . King George V ( 1865 -- 1936 ) King Edward VIII ( 1894 -- 1972 ) King George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) Queen Elizabeth II ( born 1926 ) ( 1 ) Charles , Prince of Wales ( b . 1948 ) ( 2 ) Prince William , Duke of Cambridge ( b . 1982 ) ( 3 ) Prince George of Cambridge ( b . 2013 ) ( 4 ) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge ( b . 2015 ) ( 5 ) Prince Henry of Wales ( Prince Harry ) ( b . 1984 ) ( 6 ) Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( b . 1960 ) ( 7 ) Princess Beatrice of York ( b . 1988 ) ( 8 ) Princess Eugenie of York ( b . 1990 ) ( 9 ) Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ( b . 1964 ) ( 10 ) James , Viscount Severn ( b . 2007 ) ( 11 ) Lady Louise Windsor ( b . 2003 ) ( 12 ) Anne , Princess Royal ( b . 1950 ) ( 13 ) Peter Phillips ( b . 1977 ) ( 14 ) Savannah Phillips ( b . 2010 ) ( 15 ) Isla Phillips ( b . 2012 ) ( 16 ) Zara Tindall ( née Phillips ; b . 1981 ) ( 17 ) Mia Tindall ( b . 2014 ) Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon ( 1930 -- 2002 ) ( 18 ) David Armstrong - Jones , 2nd Earl of Snowdon ( b . 1961 ) ( 19 ) Charles Armstrong - Jones , Viscount Linley ( b . 1999 ) ( 20 ) Lady Margarita Armstrong - Jones ( b . 2002 ) ( 21 ) Lady Sarah Chatto ( née Armstrong - Jones ; b . 1964 ) ( 22 ) Samuel Chatto ( b . 1996 ) ( 23 ) Arthur Chatto ( b . 1999 ) Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester ( 1900 -- 1974 ) ( 24 ) Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester ( b . 1944 ) ( 25 ) Alexander Windsor , Earl of Ulster ( b . 1974 ) ( 26 ) Xan Windsor , Lord Culloden ( b . 2007 ) ( 27 ) Lady Cosima Windsor ( b . 2010 ) ( 28 ) Lady Davina Lewis ( née Windsor ; b . 1977 ) ( 29 ) Senna Lewis ( b . 2010 ) ( 30 ) Tāne Lewis ( b . 2012 ) ( 31 ) Lady Rose Gilman ( née Windsor ; b . 1980 ) ( 32 ) Lyla Gilman ( b . 2010 ) ( 33 ) Rufus Gilman ( b . 2012 ) Prince George , Duke of Kent ( 1902 -- 1942 ) ( 34 ) Prince Edward , Duke of Kent ( b . 1935 ) ( 35 ) George Windsor , Earl of St Andrews ( b . 1962 ) Edward Windsor , Lord Downpatrick ( b . 1988 ) Lady Marina Charlotte Windsor ( b . 1992 ) ( 36 ) Lady Amelia Windsor ( b . 1995 ) Lord Nicholas Windsor ( b . 1970 ) ( 37 ) Albert Windsor ( b . 2007 ) ( 38 ) Leopold Windsor ( b . 2009 ) ( 39 ) Louis Windsor ( b . 2014 ) ( 40 ) Lady Helen Taylor ( née Windsor ; b . 1964 ) ( 41 ) Columbus Taylor ( b . 1994 ) ( 42 ) Cassius Taylor ( b . 1996 ) ( 43 ) Eloise Taylor ( b . 2003 ) ( 44 ) Estella Taylor ( b . 2004 ) ( 45 ) Prince Michael of Kent ( b . 1942 ) ( 46 ) Lord Frederick Windsor ( b . 1979 ) ( 47 ) Maud Windsor ( b . 2013 ) ( 48 ) Isabella Windsor ( b . 2016 ) ( 49 ) Lady Gabriella Windsor ( b . 1981 ) ( 50 ) Princess Alexandra , The Honourable Lady Ogilvy ( b . 1936 ) ( 51 ) James Ogilvy ( b . 1964 ) ( 52 ) Alexander Ogilvy ( b . 1996 ) ( 53 ) Flora Ogilvy ( b . 1994 ) ( 54 ) Marina Ogilvy ( b . 1966 ) ( 55 ) Christian Mowatt ( b . 1993 ) ( 56 ) Zenouska Mowatt ( b . 1990 ) Notes and sources : Excluded as Roman Catholics . This exclusion is not affected by changes subsequent to the Perth Agreement . These people were excluded through marriage to a Roman Catholic . This exclusion was repealed on 26 March 2015 , restoring them to the line of succession , when the Perth Agreement came into effect . Listed by the official website of the British Monarchy , `` Succession '' , retrieved 13 May 2015 . Listed on Debrett 's website ( as of 20 June 2015 ) : `` The Line of Succession '' Listed by Whitaker 's Almanack 2015 , London : Bloomsbury , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4729 - 0929 - 9 , p. 22 Succession as published on the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 History This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The current succession law in the United Kingdom evolved from succession law in both England and Scotland . Originally in both countries , there were no fixed rules governing succession to the throne . The individual could have relied on inheritance , statute , election ( by Parliament or by another body ) , nomination ( by a reigning sovereign in his or her will ) , conquest or prescription ( de facto possession of the Crown ) . It was often unclear which of these bases should take precedence ; often , the outcome depended not on the legal strength of the claims , but on the political or military power of the claimants . However , over time , the default rule became male primogeniture : later monarchs coming to the throne by exception to this rule went to great lengths to explain and justify going against these rules , and to prove their rivals illegitimate . Eventually , Parliament asserted control of succession . England In 1485 , Henry Tudor , a female - line descendant of a legitimated branch of the royal house of Lancaster , the House of Beaufort , assumed the English crown as Henry VII , after defeating Richard III , who was killed at the battle of Bosworth when leading a charge against Henry 's standard . Richard was the last king of the House of York , and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty . Henry declared himself king retroactively from 21 August 1485 , the day before his victory over Richard at Bosworth Field , and caused Richard 's Titulus Regius to be repealed and expunged from the Rolls of Parliament . After Henry 's coronation in London in October that year , his first parliament , summoned to meet at Westminster in November , enacted that `` the inheritance of the crown should be , rest , remain and abide in the most royal person of the then sovereign lord , King Henry VII , and the heirs of his body lawfully coming . '' Henry VII was followed by his son , Henry VIII . Though his father descended from the Lancastrians , Henry VIII could also claim the throne through the Yorkist line , as his mother Elizabeth was the sister and heiress of Edward V. In 1542 Henry also assumed the title King of Ireland ; this would pass down with the monarchs of England , and later Great Britain , until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate crowns into that of the United Kingdom . Henry VIII 's numerous marriages led to several complications over succession . Henry VIII was first married to Catherine of Aragon , by whom he had a daughter named Mary . His second marriage , to Anne Boleyn , resulted in a daughter named Elizabeth . Henry VIII had a son , Edward , by his third wife , Jane Seymour . An Act of Parliament passed in 1533 declared Mary illegitimate ; another passed in 1536 did the same for Elizabeth . Though the two remained illegitimate , an Act of Parliament passed in 1544 allowed reinserting them , providing further `` that the King should and might give , will , limit , assign , appoint or dispose the said imperial Crown and the other premises ... by letters patent or last will in writing . '' Mary and Elizabeth , under Henry VIII 's will , were to be followed by descendants of the King 's deceased sister Mary Tudor , Duchess of Suffolk ( he however excluded his niece Frances Brandon , Duchess of Suffolk ) . This will also excluded from the succession the descendants of Henry 's eldest sister Margaret Tudor , who were the rulers of Scotland . Queen Elizabeth I enthroned in Parliament When Henry VIII died in 1547 , the young Edward succeeded him , becoming Edward VI . Edward VI was the first Protestant Sovereign to succeed to the rule of England . He attempted to divert the course of succession in his will to prevent his Catholic half - sister , Mary , from inheriting the throne . He excluded Mary and Elizabeth , settling on the Duchess of Suffolk 's daughter , Lady Jane Grey . Jane was also originally excluded on the premise that no woman could reign over England . Nonetheless , the will , which originally referred to Jane 's heirs - male , was amended to refer to Jane and her heirs - male . Upon Edward VI 's death in 1553 , Jane was proclaimed Queen of England and Ireland . She was not universally recognised and after nine days she was overthrown by the popular Mary . As Henry VIII 's will had been approved by an Act of Parliament in 1544 , Edward 's contravening will was unlawful and ignored . Mary was succeeded by her half - sister , Elizabeth , who broke with the precedents of many of her predecessors , and refused to name an heir . Whilst previous monarchs ( including Henry VIII ) had specifically been granted authority to settle uncertain successions in their wills , the Treasons Act 1571 asserted that Parliament had the right to settle disputes , and made it treason to deny Parliamentary authority . Wary of threats from other possible heirs , Parliament further passed the Act of Association 1584 , which provided that any individual involved in attempts to murder the Sovereign would be disqualified from succeeding . ( The Act was repealed in 1863 . ) Scotland The House of Stewart ( later Stuart ) had ruled in Scotland since 1371 . It had followed strict rules of primogeniture until the deposition and exile of Mary I in 1567 ; even then she was succeeded by her son , James VI . After the Union of the Crowns Stuarts Elizabeth I of England and Ireland was succeeded by King James VI of Scotland , her first cousin twice removed , even though his succession violated Henry VIII 's will , under which Lady Anne Stanley , heiress of Mary Tudor , Duchess of Suffolk , was supposed to succeed . James asserted that hereditary right was superior to statutory provision , and as King of Scotland was powerful enough to deter any rival . He reigned as James I of England and Ireland , thus effecting the Union of the Crowns , although England and Scotland remained separate sovereign states until 1707 . His succession was rapidly ratified by Parliament . center James 's eldest surviving son and successor , Charles I , was overthrown and beheaded in 1649 . The monarchy itself was abolished . A few years later , it was replaced by the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell , effectively a monarch with the title of Lord Protector rather than King . Cromwell had the right to name his own successor , which he exercised on his deathbed by choosing his son , Richard Cromwell . Richard was ineffective , and was quickly forced from office . Shortly afterwards , the monarchy was restored , with Charles I 's son Charles II as King . After the death of her last child in 1700 , Princess Anne became the last individual left in the line of succession determined by the Bill of Rights . James II and VII , a Roman Catholic , followed his brother Charles II , despite efforts in the late 1670s to exclude him in favour of Charles 's illegitimate Protestant son , the Duke of Monmouth . James was deposed when his Protestant opponents forced him to flee from England in 1688 . Parliament then deemed that James had , by fleeing the realms , abdicated the thrones and offered the Crowns not to the King 's infant son James but to his Protestant daughter Mary and to her husband William , who as James 's nephew was the first person in the succession not descended from him . The two became joint Sovereigns ( a unique circumstance in British history ) as William III of England and Ireland ( and II of Scotland ) and Mary II of England , Scotland and Ireland . William had insisted on this unique provision as a condition of his military leadership against James . The English Bill of Rights passed in 1689 determined succession to the English , Scottish and Irish Thrones . First in the line were the descendants of Mary II . Next came Mary 's sister Princess Anne and her descendants . Finally , the descendants of William by any future marriage were added to the line of succession . Only Protestants were allowed to succeed to the Thrones , and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded . After Mary II died in 1694 , her husband continued to reign alone until his own death in 1702 . The line of succession provided for by the Bill of Rights was almost at an end ; William and Mary never had any children , and Princess Anne 's children had all died . Therefore , Parliament passed the Act of Settlement . The Act maintained the provision of the Bill of Rights whereby William would be succeeded by Princess Anne and her descendants , and thereafter by his own descendants from future marriages . The Act , however , declared that they would be followed by James I & VI 's granddaughter Sophia , Electress Dowager of Hanover ( the daughter of James 's daughter Elizabeth Stuart ) , and her heirs . As under the Bill of Rights , non-Protestants and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded . Electress Sophia of Hanover ( 1630 -- 1714 ) Upon William 's death , Anne became Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland . Because the Parliament of England settled on Sophia as Anne 's heir - presumptive without consulting Scottish leaders , the Estates of Scotland retaliated by passing the Scottish Act of Security . The Act provided that , upon the death of Anne , the Estates would meet to select an heir to the throne of Scotland , who could not be the same person as the English Sovereign unless numerous political and economic conditions were met . Anne originally withheld the Royal Assent , but was forced to grant it when the Estates refused to raise taxes and sought to withdraw troops from the Queen 's army . England 's Parliament responded by passing the Alien Act 1705 , which threatened to cripple Scotland 's economy by cutting off trade with them . Thus , Scotland had little choice but to unite with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 ; the Crown of the new nation ( along with the Crown of Ireland ) was subject to the rules laid down by the English Act of Settlement . Hanoverians and windsors Benjamin Harris 's Protestant Tutor , a primer popular for decades and the source for the New England Primer . Edition of 1713 . Hanoverian propaganda extended to books for children 's education . Anne was predeceased by Sophia , Electress Dowager of Hanover , and was therefore succeeded by the latter 's son , who became George I in 1714 . Attempts were made in the risings of 1715 and 1745 to restore Stuart claimants to the Throne , supported by those who recognised the Jacobite succession . The House of Hanover nonetheless remained undeposed , and the Crown descended in accordance with the appointed rules . In 1801 , following the Acts of Union 1800 , the separate crowns of Great Britain and Ireland were merged and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Between 1811 and 1820 , when George III was deemed unfit to rule , the Prince of Wales ( later George IV ) acted as his regent . Some years later the Regency Act 1830 made provision for a change in the line of succession had a child been born to William IV after his death , but this event did not come about . George VI receiving homage at his coronation in 1937 In 1936 Edward VIII abdicated 11 months after he succeeded to the throne immediately on his father 's death . Edward was proclaimed King in January 1936 , and opened ( for the only time ) Parliament in November 1936 . Edward VIII had desired to marry Wallis Simpson , a divorcee , but the Church of England , of which the British Sovereign is Supreme Governor , would not authorize the marriage of divorcees . Consequently , Parliament passed His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , by which Edward VIII ceased to be Sovereign `` immediately upon '' his royal assent as King being signified in Parliament on 11 December . The Act provided that he and his descendants , if any , were not to have any `` right , title or interest in or to the succession to the Throne '' . Edward died childless in 1972 . Edward 's abdication was `` a demise of the Crown '' ( in the words of the Act ) , and the Duke of York , his brother who was then next in the line , immediately succeeded to the throne and to its `` rights , privileges , and dignities '' , taking the regnal name George VI . He in turn was succeeded in 1952 by his own elder daughter , Elizabeth II . By that time the monarch of the United Kingdom no longer reigned in the greater part of Ireland ( which had become a republic in 1949 ) , but was the monarch of a number of independent sovereign states ( Commonwealth realms ) . Commonwealth realms Further information : Perth Agreement Elizabeth II at her coronation in 1953 , passing to the left of the Coronation Chair Each of the Commonwealth realms has the same person as monarch and , to maintain that arrangement , they have agreed to continue the same line of succession ; some realms do so through domestic succession laws , while others stipulate whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom will also be monarch of that realm . In February 1952 , on her accession , Elizabeth II was proclaimed as sovereign separately throughout her realms . In October 2011 , the heads of government of all 16 realms agreed unanimously at a meeting held in Perth , Australia , to proposed changes to the royal succession laws that would see the order of succession for people born after 28 October 2011 governed by absolute primogeniture -- wherein succession passes to an individual 's children according to birth order , regardless of gender -- instead of male - preference primogeniture . They also agreed to lift a ban on those who marry Roman Catholics . The ban on Catholics themselves was retained to ensure that the monarch would be in communion with the Church of England . The changes came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 , after legislation was made according to each realm 's constitution . Following the changes coming into effect , the positions of the first 27 in line remained unchanged , including Princess Anne and her children and grandchildren , until the birth of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge on 2 May 2015 . The first to be affected by the changes , on the day they came into effect in March , were the children of Lady Davina Lewis -- her son Tāne ( born 2012 ) and her daughter Senna ( born 2010 ) -- who were reversed in the order of succession , becoming 29th and 28th in line respectively . Current rules The Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement ( restated by the Acts of Union ) still govern succession to the throne . They were amended in the United Kingdom by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , which was passed mainly `` to make succession to the Crown not depend on gender '' and `` to make provision about Royal Marriages '' ( according to its long title ) , thereby implementing the Perth Agreement in the UK and in those realms that , by their laws , have as their monarch automatically whoever is monarch of the UK . Other realms passed their own legislation . Anyone ineligible to succeed is treated as if they were `` dead '' . That individual 's descendants are not also disqualified , unless they are personally ineligible . Marriages The Act of Settlement 1701 provides that Protestant `` heirs of the body '' ( that is , legitimate descendants ) of Sophia , Electress of Hanover , are eligible to succeed to the throne , unless otherwise disqualified . The meaning of heir of the body is determined by the common law rules of male preference primogeniture ( the `` male - preference '' criterion is no longer applicable , in respect of succession to the throne , to persons born after 28 October 2011 ) , whereby older children and their descendants inherit before younger children , and a male child takes precedence over a female sibling . Children born out of wedlock and adopted children are not eligible to succeed . Illegitimate children whose parents subsequently marry are legitimated , but remain ineligible to inherit the Crown . The Royal Marriages Act 1772 ( repealed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ) further required descendants of George II to obtain the consent of the reigning monarch to marry . ( The requirement did not apply to descendants of princesses who married into foreign families , as well as , from 1936 , any descendants of Edward VIII , of which there are none . ) The Act provided , however , that if a dynast older than twenty - five years notified the Privy Council of his or her intention to marry without the consent of the Sovereign , then he or she may have lawfully done so after one year , unless both houses of Parliament expressly disapproved of the marriage . A marriage that contravened the Royal Marriages Act was void , and the resulting offspring illegitimate and thus ineligible to succeed , though the succession of the dynast who failed to obtain consent was not itself affected . This also had the consequence that marriage to a Roman Catholic without permission was void , so that the dynast was not disqualified from succeeding on account of being married to a Roman Catholic . Thus when the future George IV attempted to marry the Roman Catholic Maria Fitzherbert in 1785 without obtaining permission from George III he did not disqualify himself from inheriting the throne in due course . A marriage voided by the 1772 act prior to its repeal remains void `` for all purposes relating to the succession to the Crown '' under the 2013 act . The constitutional crisis arising from Edward VIII 's decision to marry a divorcee in 1936 led to His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , which provided that Edward VIII and his descendants would have no claim to the throne . The Act is no longer applicable , because Edward died in 1972 without issue . Under the 2013 Succession to the Crown Act , the first six persons in line to the throne must obtain the sovereign 's approval before marrying . Marriage without the Sovereign 's consent disqualifies the person and the person 's descendants from the marriage from succeeding to the Crown , but the marriage is still legally valid . Religion Rules relating to eligibility established by the Bill of Rights are retained under the Act of Settlement . The preamble to the Act of Settlement notes that the Bill of Rights provides `` that all and every person and persons that then ( at the time of the Bill of Right 's passage ) were , or afterwards should be reconciled to , or shall hold communion with the See or Church of Rome , or should profess the popish religion , or marry a papist , should be excluded . '' The Act of Settlement continues , providing `` that all and every Person and Persons who shall ... is , are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome or shall profess the Popish religion or shall marry a papist shall be subject to such Incapacities '' as the Bill of Rights established . The precise meaning of the aforementioned clauses is subject to contention . Under one interpretation , the religion of an individual at the precise moment of succession is relevant . Under another interpretation , anyone who has been a Roman Catholic at any time since 1689 ( `` then ... or afterwards '' ) is forever ineligible to succeed . The former interpretation allows a Roman Catholic to convert to Protestantism and succeed to the Throne just before a vacancy on the throne occurs devolving the crown on the first dynast in the line of succession ; the latter does not . In either case , however , other denominations of faith are not affected ; it is clear that any non-Catholic may convert to Protestantism and succeed to the Throne . It is a requirement that the monarch must be a Protestant . The Act of Settlement further provided that anyone who married a Roman Catholic was ineligible to succeed . The Act did not require that the spouse be Protestant ; it only barred those who marry Roman Catholics . Since the passage of the Act it has been determined ( in the case of Prince Edward , Duke of Kent ) that an individual is not barred because his or her spouse later converts to Roman Catholicism after their marriage . The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 removed the bar on individuals married to Roman Catholics , though not on Roman Catholics themselves . Treason Under the Treason Act 1702 and the Treason ( Ireland ) Act 1703 , it is treason to `` endeavour to deprive or hinder any person who shall be the next in succession to the crown ... from succeeding ... to the imperial crown of this realm '' . Since the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 , the maximum penalty has been life imprisonment . Accession The Accession Council normally meets in St James 's Palace to proclaim the new sovereign . In the Commonwealth realms , upon the death of a sovereign , the heir apparent or heir presumptive succeeds to the throne immediately , with no need for confirmation or further ceremony . Nevertheless , the Accession Council meets and decides upon the making of the accession proclamation , which by custom has for centuries been ceremonially proclaimed in public places , in London , York , Edinburgh and other cities . The anniversary is observed throughout the sovereign 's reign as Accession Day , including royal gun salutes in the United Kingdom . Formerly , a new sovereign proclaimed his or her own accession . But on the death of Elizabeth I an Accession Council met to proclaim the accession of James I to the throne of England . James was then in Scotland and reigning as King James VI of Scotland . This precedent has been followed since . Now , the Accession Council normally meets in St James 's Palace . Proclamations since James I 's have usually been made in the name of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal , the Privy Council , the Lord Mayor , Aldermen and citizens of the City of London and `` other principal Gentlemen of quality '' , though there have been variations in some proclamations . The proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II was the first to make mention of representatives of members of the Commonwealth . Upon his or her accession , a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths . The Bill of Rights of 1689 first required the sovereign to make a public declaration of non-belief in Roman Catholicism . This declaration , known as the Accession Declaration , is required to be taken at either the first meeting of parliament of his or her reign ( i.e. during the State Opening of Parliament ) or at his or her coronation , whichever occurs first . The current wording of this declaration was adopted in 1910 as the previous wording was deemed to be controversial and overtly anti-Catholic . Rather than denouncing Roman Catholicism , the sovereign now declares him or herself to be a Protestant and that he or she will `` uphold and maintain '' the Protestant succession . In addition to the Accession Declaration , the new sovereign is required by the Acts of Union 1707 to make an oath to `` maintain and preserve '' the Church of Scotland . This oath is normally made at the sovereign 's first meeting of the Privy Council following his or her accession . According to the Regency Act 1937 , should the sovereign be under the age of 18 , such oaths and declarations required to be taken by the sovereign shall be made upon his attainment of that age . After a period of mourning , the new sovereign is usually consecrated and crowned in Westminster Abbey . Normally , the Archbishop of Canterbury officiates , though the sovereign may designate any other bishop of the Church of England . A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign ; for example , Edward VIII was never crowned , yet during his short reign was the undoubted king . See also Biography portal Royalty portal United Kingdom portal Accession Declaration Act 1910 Alternative successions of the English crown British prince British princess Family tree of the British royal family Jacobite succession List of descendants of George V List of heirs to the British throne List of heirs to the English throne List of heirs of Scotland List of monarchs in the British Isles Patrilineal descent of Elizabeth II Posthumous birth Royal Succession Act 2013 ( New Zealand ) Royal Succession Bills and Acts Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ( United Kingdom ) Succession to the Crown Act 2015 ( Australia ) Succession to the Throne Act , 2013 ( Canada ) Perth Agreement 2011 and other articles , linked directly or indirectly -- Wikipedia book Notes Jump up ^ Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , s . 3 : `` A person who ( when the person marries ) is one of the 6 persons next in the line of succession to the Crown must obtain the consent of Her Majesty before marrying . '' Jump up ^ Most sources , including Whitaker 's Almanack , exclude her as a confirmed Catholic , but Debrett 's includes her in line . Jump up ^ Albert and Leopold Windsor were listed on The Official Website of the British Monarchy until 2015 and in the 2013 edition of Whitaker 's Almanack as following Estella Taylor ( b 2004 ) and eligible to succeed ; MSN News , Debrett 's and Whitaker 's Almanack 2015 lists them after Lady Amelia Windsor and before Lady Helen Taylor . They were baptised as Catholics , and are not listed in line in editions of Whitaker 's earlier than 2012 . Jump up ^ Neither the Legitimacy Act 1926 nor the Legitimacy Act 1959 changed the Law of Succession . Jump up ^ Per the His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 . Jump up ^ A letter from Tony Newton as Lord President of the Council to Tony Benn indicated this was the effect of the Act of Settlement after Benn had indicated he intended to block the next accession at the Privy Council . Jump up ^ This declaration was similar to what members of both Houses of Parliament were originally required to take by the Test Acts . Eventually , by the time it was changed in 1910 , the monarch was the only one left required to make the declaration . References ^ Jump up to : `` Succession '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bogdanor ( 1995 ) , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Reitwiesner , W.A. `` Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2001 '' . wargs.com . Archived from the original on 18 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Lewis , David . `` Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2011 '' . wargs.com . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Line of succession to the throne '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 7 February 1952 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Chrimes , S.B. ( 1999 ) . Henry VII . Yale University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780300078831 . Jump up ^ `` Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1485 1 Henry VII '' . Jump up ^ Smith , G. Barnett ( 1892 ) . History of the English Parliament . Ward , Lock , Bowden & Co. p. 298 . Jump up ^ `` Succession to the Crown Act 1603 '' . Jump up ^ UPI , London , 21 January 1936http://www.upi.com/Archives/1936/01/21/Prince-of-Wales-proclaimed-King-Edward-VIII/7807693511214/ ) Jump up ^ `` Girls equal in British throne succession '' . BBC News . 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ( Commencement ) Order 2015 legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ Clegg , Nick ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` Commencement of Succession to the Crown Act 2013 : Written statement '' . UK Parliament . Jump up ^ `` What do the new royal succession changes mean ? '' . Royal Central . 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Blackstone ( 1765 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Succession to the Crown Act 2013 '' . UK Parliament . Section 3 . Jump up ^ His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , section 2 Jump up ^ Act of Settlement , preamble Jump up ^ Act of Settlement , section 2 Jump up ^ `` Accession '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogdanor ( 1995 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Salutes '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Accession Declaration Act 1910 , schedule Jump up ^ Union with Scotland Act 1706 , article XXV . `` ... And Lastly that after the Decease of Her Present Majesty ( whom God long preserve ) the Soveraign succeeding to her in the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Great Britain shall in all time comeing at his or her accession to the Crown Swear and Subscribe That they shall inviolably maintain and preserve the foresaid settlement of the True Protestant Religion with the Government Worship Discipline Right and Priviledges of this Church as above established by the Laws of this Kingdom in prosecution of the Claim of Right ... '' Jump up ^ Regency Act 1937 , section 1 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Coronation '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Sources Blackstone , William ( 1765 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Of The King , and His Title '' . Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Bogdanor , Vernon ( 1995 ) . The Monarchy and the Constitution . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829334 - 7 . Bryant , A. ( 1975 ) . A Thousand Years of British Monarchy . London : Collins . Cox , Noel ( 1999 ) . `` The Law of Succession to the Crown in New Zealand '' . Waikato Law Review . 7 : 49 -- 72 . External links Text of the Bill of Rights 1689 Text of the Act of Settlement 1701 Full text of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 . Succession to the British throne Legislation Succession Act 1533 Succession Act 1536 Succession Act 1543 Coronation Oath Act 1688 Bill of Rights 1689 Act of Settlement 1701 Act of Union 1706 Accession Declaration Act 1910 Perth Agreement 2011 Succession to the Crown Act 2013 Regency Acts Orders of succession Monarchies Bahrain Belgium Bhutan Brunei Denmark Japan Jordan Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malaysia Monaco Morocco Netherlands Norway Saudi Arabia Spain Swaziland Sweden Thailand Tonga United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms Presidencies Argentina Austria Brazil Colombia D.R. 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-1961652657738314279	Bon Scott	Bon Scott - wikipedia Bon Scott Bon Scott Scott in the 1970s Background information Birth name Ronald Belford Scott ( 1946 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1946 Forfar , Scotland , UK Origin Fremantle , Western Australia 19 February 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 19 ) ( aged 33 ) East Dulwich , London , England , UK Genres Rock and roll , blues rock , hard rock Occupation ( s ) Musician , singer , songwriter Instruments Vocals , Drums , Bagpipes , Recorder Years active 1964 -- 1980 Associated acts AC / DC , Fraternity , The Valentines , The Spektors Ronald Belford `` Bon '' Scott ( 9 July 1946 -- 19 February 1980 ) was an Australian singer and songwriter , best known for being the lead vocalist and lyricist of the Australian hard rock band AC / DC from 1974 until his death in 1980 . Scott was born in Forfar , Scotland , and raised in Kirriemuir , before moving to Melbourne with his family in 1952 at the age of six . They lived in the suburb of Sunshine for four years before moving to Fremantle . Scott formed his first band , The Spektors , in 1964 and became the band 's drummer and occasional lead vocalist . He performed in several other bands including The Valentines and Fraternity before replacing Dave Evans as the lead singer of AC / DC in 1974 . AC / DC 's popularity grew throughout the 1970s , initially in Australia , and then internationally . Their 1979 album Highway to Hell reached the top 20 in the United States , and the band seemed on the verge of a commercial breakthrough . However , on 19 February 1980 , Scott died after a night out in London . AC / DC briefly considered disbanding , but the group recruited vocalist Brian Johnson of the British glam rock band Geordie . AC / DC 's subsequent album , Back in Black , was released only five months later , and was a tribute to Scott . It went on to become the second best - selling album in history . In the July 2004 issue of Classic Rock , Scott was rated as number one in a list of the `` 100 Greatest Frontmen of All Time '' . Hit Parader ranked Scott as fifth on their 2006 list of the 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Vocalists of all time . Contents 1 Biography 1.1 1946 -- 1964 : Early years 1.2 1966 -- 1970 : The Spektors and The Valentines 1.3 1970 -- 1973 : Fraternity 1.4 1974 -- 1980 : AC / DC 2 Death 3 Legacy 4 Posthumous releases 5 Accolades and awards 6 Literature 7 References 7.1 Works cited 8 External links Biography ( edit ) 1946 -- 1964 : early years ( edit ) Scott was born on 9 July 1946 at Fyfe Jamieson Maternity Hospital in Forfar , Scotland , the son of Charles Belford `` Chick '' Scott ( d . 1999 ) and Isabelle Cunningham `` Isa '' Mitchell ( 1917 -- 2011 ) . He grew up in Kirriemuir and was his parents ' second child ; the first - born was a boy , Sandy , who died shortly after birth . A third child , Derek , was born in 1949 . The Scott family moved from Scotland to Australia in 1952 . They initially lived in the Melbourne suburb of Sunshine , and Scott attended nearby Sunshine Primary School . A fourth child , Graeme , was born in 1953 . In addition , Scott had a younger sister named Valerie . In 1956 , the family moved to Fremantle . Scott joined the associated Fremantle Scots Pipe Band , learning the drums . He attended North Fremantle Primary School and later John Curtin College of the Arts until he dropped out at the age of 15 ; he spent a short time in Fremantle Prison 's assessment centre and nine months at the Riverbank Juvenile Institution , relating to charges of giving a false name and address to the police , having escaped legal custody , having unlawful carnal knowledge , and stealing 12 gallons of petrol . He attempted to join the Australian Army , but was rejected and deemed `` socially maladjusted '' . 1966 -- 1970 : the Spektors and the Valentines ( edit ) Scott 's vocals were inspired by his idol , Little Richard . After working as a postman , bartender and truck packer , Scott started his first band , The Spektors , in 1966 as drummer and occasional lead singer . One year later the Spektors merged with another local band , the Winstons , and formed The Valentines , in which Scott was co-lead singer with Vince Lovegrove . The Valentines recorded several songs written by George Young of The Easybeats . `` Every Day I Have to Cry '' ( a song originally written and sung by Arthur Alexander ) made the local record chart . In 1970 , after gaining a place on the National Top 30 with their single `` Juliette '' , the Valentines disbanded due to artistic differences after a much - publicised drug scandal . 1970 -- 1973 : Fraternity ( edit ) Scott moved to Adelaide in 1970 and joined the progressive rock band Fraternity . Fraternity released the LPs Livestock and Flaming Galah before touring the UK in 1973 , where they changed their name to Fang . During this time they played support slots for Status Quo and Geordie , whose front man , Brian Johnson , would become the lead singer of AC / DC after Scott 's death . During this time , on 24 January 1972 , Scott married Irene Thornton . In 1973 , just after returning to Australia from the tour of the UK , Fraternity went on hiatus . Scott took a day job at the Wallaroo fertiliser plant and began singing with the Mount Lofty Rangers , a loose collective of musicians helmed by Peter Head ( né Beagley ) from Headband , who explained , `` Headband and Fraternity were in the same management stable and we both split about the same time so the logical thing was to take members from both bands and create a new one ... the purpose of the band was for songwriters to relate to each other and experiment with songs , so it was a hotbed of creativity '' . Other ex-Fraternity members also played with the band as did Glenn Shorrock pre Little River Band . During this time , Head also helped Scott with his original compositions . Vince Lovegrove said , `` Bon would go to Peter 's home after a day ( of literally ) shovelling shit , and show him musical ideas he had had during his day 's work . Bon 's knowledge of the guitar was limited , so Peter began teaching him how to bridge chords and construct a song . One of the songs from these sessions was a ballad called ' Clarissa ' , about a local Adelaide girl . Another was the country - tinged Bin Up in the Hills Too Long , which for me was a sign of things to come with Bon 's lyrics ; simple , clever , sardonic , tongue - in - cheek ... '' In return , Scott recorded vocals for Mount Lofty Rangers songs `` Round & Round '' and `` Carey Gully '' . Head released these original recordings in 1996 , also teaming up with producer Ted Yanni , another old friend of Scott 's , to create an entirely new backing for Round & Round & Round that more accurately reflected the original intentions Head had . Long out of print , and massively bootlegged , this EP finally got an official digital release in June 2010 . Unrecorded original compositions of Scott 's , `` Been Up In The Hills Too Long '' and `` Clarissa '' have been recorded by Head on his Peter Head & The Mount Lofty Rangers `` Lofty '' album , also released in digital format only in 2011 . About 11 pm on 3 May 1974 , at the Old Lion Hotel in North Adelaide , during a rehearsal with the Mount Lofty Rangers , a very drunk , distressed and belligerent Scott had a raging argument with a member of the band . Scott stormed out of the venue , threw a bottle of Jack Daniel 's on to the ground , then sped off on his Suzuki GT550 motorbike . Scott suffered serious injuries from the ensuing motorcycle accident , spending three days in a coma and a further 18 days in hospital . Vince Lovegrove and his wife , by then running a booking / management agency , gave Scott odd jobs , such as putting up posters and painting the office during his recovery , and shortly after introduced him to AC / DC who were on the lookout for a new lead singer . `` There was a young , dinky little glam band from Sydney that we both loved called AC / DC ... Before another AC / DC visit , George Young phoned me and said the band was looking for a new singer . I immediately told him that the best guy for the job was Bon . George responded by saying Bon 's accident would not allow him to perform , and that maybe he was too old . Nevertheless I had a meeting with Malcolm and Angus , and suggested Bon as their new singer . They asked me to bring him out to the Pooraka Hotel that night , and to come backstage after the show . When he watched the band , Bon was impressed , and he immediately wanted to join them , but thought they may be a bit too inexperienced and too young . After the show , backstage , Bon expressed his doubts about them being `` able to rock '' . The two Young brothers told Bon he was `` too old to rock '' . The upshot was that they had a jam session that night in the home of Bon 's former mentor , Bruce Howe , and at the end of the session , at dawn , it was obvious that AC / DC had found a new singer . And Bon had found a new band . '' Like Scott , Malcolm Young and his younger brother Angus Young of AC / DC were born in Scotland before emigrating to Australia in their childhood with their family . Fraternity later reformed and replaced Scott with Jimmy Barnes . 1974 -- 1980 : AC / DC ( edit ) Main article : AC / DC § Bon Scott era ( 1974 -- 1980 ) Bon Scott in Grenoble , 10 December 1979 Bon Scott ( centre ) pictured with guitarist Angus Young ( left ) and bassist Cliff Williams ( back ) , performing at the Ulster Hall in August 1979 Scott replaced Dave Evans as the lead singer of AC / DC on 24 October 1974 , when it became obvious the band and Evans were heading in different directions , with Evans having personal clashes with band members and management . Scott 's appointment coincided with him working as a chauffeur for the band at the time until an audition promoted him to lead singer . With the Young brothers as lead and rhythm guitarists , session drummer Tony Currenti ( see AC / DC line - ups ) and George Young as a temporary bassist , AC / DC released High Voltage , their first LP in Australia in February 1975 . Within a few months Currenti was replaced by Phil Rudd and Mark Evans was hired as a permanent bassist , and AC / DC began recording their second album T.N.T. , which was released in Australia in December 1975 . The first AC / DC album to gain international distribution however was a compilation of tracks from the first two albums , also entitled High Voltage , which was released in May 1976 . Another studio album , Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap was released in the same year , but only in Australia ; the international version of the album was released in November 1976 in the UK and in March 1981 in the US , with a different track listing . In the following years , AC / DC gained further success with their albums Let There Be Rock and Powerage . The 1978 release of Powerage marked the debut of bassist Cliff Williams ( who had replaced Mark Evans ) , and with its harder riffs , followed the blueprint set by Let There Be Rock . The album was the last produced by Harry Vanda and George Young with Bon Scott on vocals and is claimed to be AC / DC 's most under - rated album . Only one single was released from Powerage -- `` Rock ' n ' Roll Damnation '' -- which gave AC / DC their highest chart position at the time , reaching # 24 . An appearance at the Apollo Theatre in Glasgow during the Powerage tour was recorded and released as If You Want Blood You 've Got It . The band 's sixth album , Highway To Hell , was produced by Robert `` Mutt '' Lange and was released in 1979 . It became AC / DC 's first LP to break the US top 100 , eventually reaching # 17 , and it propelled AC / DC into the top ranks of hard rock acts . Death ( edit ) Bon Scott 's grave 67 Overhill Road , East Dulwich , London , the site of Bon Scott 's death On 15 February 1980 , Scott attended a session where Malcolm and Angus Young were working on the beginnings of two songs that would later be recorded on the Back in Black album ; `` Have a Drink On Me '' and `` Let Me Put My Love Into You '' with Scott accompanying on drums rather than singing or writing lyrics . Days earlier , Bon Scott had gone with Mick Cocks to visit their friends the French group Trust in the Scorpio Sound studio in London where they recorded the album Répression ; Bon Scott was working on the English adaptation of texts by Bernie Bonvoisin for the English version of the album . During this visit , the musicians did a jam session of Ride On . This improvised session was Scott 's last recording . Some time during the late evening of 18 February and early morning of 19 February , Scott , 33 , passed out and died . He had just visited a London club called the Music Machine ( currently known as KOKO ) . He was left to sleep in a Renault 5 owned by a friend of Scott 's , Alistair Kinnear , at 67 Overhill Road in East Dulwich . Later that day , Kinnear found Scott lifeless , and alerted the authorities . Scott was rushed to King 's College Hospital in Camberwell , where he was pronounced dead on arrival . The chronology of events on 19 February and when exactly Scott was found dead has been challenged by Jesse Fink 's book Bon : The Last Highway , which quotes UFO guitarist Paul Chapman as having been informed early that morning by Scott 's friend Joe Fury that Scott was dead . Kinnear said he found Scott in the evening . Chapman claims Scott and Fury were with him the previous evening of the 18th and Scott left his apartment to buy heroin , never to return . Fink 's book also reveals Scott and Kinnear were not alone in East Dulwich but with a third person , Zena Kakoulli , who stayed over at Kinnear 's apartment while Scott remained in the parked Renault . Fink contends that pulmonary aspiration of vomit was the cause of Scott 's death via a suspected heroin overdose , but the official cause was listed on the death certificate as `` acute alcohol poisoning '' and classified as `` death by misadventure '' . As part of the funeral arrangements , Scott 's body was embalmed by Desmond Henley ; it was later cremated and Scott 's ashes were interred by his family at Fremantle Cemetery in Fremantle . Inconsistencies in media accounts of Scott 's death , such as an incorrect spelling of Kinnear 's first name , have been cited in conspiracy theories , which suggest that Scott was killed by exhaust fumes redirected into the car , or that Kinnear did not exist . The latter has been disproven in Bon : The Last Highway , with the publication of Kinnear 's death certificate , issued by a Spanish court in 2015 . Additionally , Scott was asthmatic , and while it has long been believed that the temperature was below freezing on the morning of his death , raising the possibility of hypothermia , Fink 's book reveals figures from the Met Office National Meteorological Archive showing that temperatures were in fact above average for that month and not freezing . Shortly after Scott 's death , the remaining members of AC / DC briefly considered quitting ; however , it was eventually decided that Bon would have wanted them to continue and with the Scott family 's encouragement , the band hired Brian Johnson as their new vocalist . Five months after Scott 's death , AC / DC finished the work they began with Scott and released Back in Black as a tribute to him . The issue of whether Scott 's lyrics were used , uncredited , on the album remains an enduring topic of debate . In Fink 's Bon : The Last Highway , Scott 's girlfriends Silver Smith and `` Holly X '' ( a pseudonym ) both claim Scott wrote the song `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' . Legacy ( edit ) Statue of Bon Scott , Fremantle , Western Australia His grave site has become a cultural landmark ; more than 28 years after Scott 's death , the National Trust of Australia declared his grave important enough to be included on the list of classified heritage places . It is reportedly the most visited grave in Australia . On 7 July 2006 , to mark his 60th birthday , the Metropolitan Cemeteries Board completed refurbishments on the Bon Scott Grave Area . This consisted of a Bon Scott Arch and Memorial Entrance gate off Carrington Street in the north - west corner of Fremantle Cemetery . On 9 July 2006 , 60 years to the day from Scott 's birth , the bronze plaque was stolen from the site . On 6 May 2006 , the town of Kirriemuir in Scotland held a service and unveiled a Caithness stone slab commemorating the singer . A message was read from long - time friend and fellow member of The Valentines , Vince Lovegrove in which he said : The thing I loved most about Bon Scott , was his almost unique self honesty . What you saw was what you got , he was a real person and as honest as the day is long . To my mind he was the street poet of my generations and of the generations that followed . ACDC Lane is a street in the central business district of Melbourne . It was renamed on 1 October 2004 as a tribute to AC / DC . The trademark lightning bolt or slash ( `` / '' ) used to separate the AC and the DC in the band 's name contravened the naming policy of the Office of the Registrar of Geographic Names , so the punctuation was omitted on the street sign . Melbourne 's Lord Mayor John So launched ACDC Lane with the words , `` As the song says , there is a highway to hell , but this is a laneway to heaven . Let us rock . '' Bagpipers then played `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) . '' Those were all songs from Bon Scott era . The lane contains a rock ' n ' roll nightclub called the Cherry Bar . Kirriemuir hosts an annual festival known as `` Bonfest '' as a tribute to Bon Scott and AC / DC . It was originally held in July on the weekend closest to his birthday but recently moved to May because of other events in the local area during July . A bronze statue of Scott was unveiled at Fremantle Fishing Boat Harbour in Western Australia on 24 February 2008 . The statue portrays Scott atop a Marshall amplifier . A life - sized bronze statue of Scott was unveiled in Bellies Brae Car Park in Kirriemuir on 30 April 2016 , during the 10th anniversary of the Bonfest music festival . The statue was commissioned by local community group DD8 Music and created by John McKenna . The statue was completely funded by donations from AC / DC fans across the world . Many artists perform live covers of songs that Scott wrote with AC / DC as a tribute to him . On 19 February 2005 , the 25th anniversary of Scott 's death , thrash metal band Megadeth performed a cover of Problem Child as a tribute . Singer and guitarist Dave Mustaine talked about how much Scott had influenced him . Hard rock band Guns N ' Roses frequently perform Whole Lotta Rosie in concert and covered it in 1987 . AC / DC performed their song Ride On only one time in 2001 as a tribute to Scott . AC / DC 's seventh studio album Back In Black was released as a dedication and tribute to Scott . The album is currently the 2nd best selling album in history . Posthumous releases ( edit ) AC / DC released a box set entitled Bonfire as a tribute to Scott on 18 November 1997 . It contains four albums ; a remastered version of Back in Black ; a `` rarities '' album with alternate takes , outtakes , and stray live cuts , Volts ; and two live albums , Live from the Atlantic Studios and Let There Be Rock : The Movie . Live from the Atlantic Studios was recorded on 7 December 1977 at the Atlantic Studios in New York City . Let There Be Rock : The Movie is a double album which was recorded on 9 December 1979 at the Pavillon de Paris in Paris , and was the soundtrack of the motion picture , AC / DC : Let There Be Rock . Accolades and awards ( edit ) The French rock band Trust wrote their hit song `` Ton dernier acte '' ( `` Your last act '' ) in memory of Scott in 1980 . German hard rock band Kingdom Come wrote and recorded a song titled `` Bon Scott '' for their album , Ai n't Crying for the Moon , as a tribute to the former AC / DC frontman . Romanian hard rock group Iris recorded the song `` Ultimul mic dejun al lui Bon '' ( `` Bon 's Last Breakfast '' ) as a tribute to Scott , released on their 1997 album Lună plină . In 2003 , Scott was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of AC / DC with his nephews present to accept the honour in his place . In 2003 Scott 's final studio album with AC / DC , 1979 's Highway to Hell ranked 199 on Rolling Stone 's `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . In 2004 the song `` Highway to Hell '' that Scott co-wrote with Malcolm and Angus Young ranked 254 on Rolling Stone 's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . In the July 2004 issue of UK magazine Classic Rock , Scott was rated as number one in a list of the `` 100 Greatest Frontmen , '' ahead of Freddie Mercury and Robert Plant . Literature ( edit ) Scott is the subject of five books : Clinton Walker 's Highway to Hell ( 1994 ) , his ex-wife Irene Thornton 's My Bon Scott ( 2014 ) , the variously - authored Live Wire ( 2015 ) , J.P. Quinton 's `` historical fiction '' Bad Boy Boogie ( 2016 ) , and Jesse Fink 's Bon : The Last Highway ( 2017 ) . Fink 's book claims that Scott died of a heroin overdose , while Walker backs the coroner 's finding of alcohol poisoning . The controversial point that he and Walker both agree on is that a lot of Bon 's lyrics were co-opted , uncredited , into Back in Black . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wall , Mick ( 2012 ) . AC / DC : Hell Ai n't a Bad Place to Be . London : Orion Publishing group . ISBN 9781409115359 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 100 Greatest Frontmen '' . Classic Rock ( July 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` Heavy Metal 's All - Time Top 100 Vocalists '' . Up the Downstair. 2006 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( Walker 1994 , p. 39 ) Jump up ^ bravewords.com . `` AC / DC Guitarist Angus Young Remembers Bon Scott -- `` When I Think Back In Hindsight , He Was A Guy That I Always Knew Was Full Of Life '' `` . Bravewords.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bon 's story '' . Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ ( Walker 1994 , p. 32 ) ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Bon Scott Biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bon 's Story '' . Bon Scott fans . Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael ' A Little Bit Of Head Music ' Drum Media , 28 January 1997 ^ Jump up to : Lovegrove , Vincent ( 22 November 2008 ) . `` AC / DC 's Vince Lovegrove recalls how he took on Bon Scott '' . Adelaide Now . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Coupe , Stuart , Bon Comes Round Again . In Press Magazine , 16 October 1996 Jump up ^ ( Stenning 2005 , p. 34 ) Jump up ^ `` Bon Scott Interview Paris 1979 '' . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` High Voltage '' . acdc.com . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` AC / DC -- Powerage '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Christopher , Michael ( 30 June 2003 ) . `` Epic Records AC / DC Re-issues : Second Wave '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . AC / DC official website . Archived from the original on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Engleheart , Murray ( 1997 ) . AC / DC : Bonfire . New York : Eastwest Records America . OCLC 38208634 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.ca/books?id=GGi1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT352&lpg=PT352&dq=Peter+Mensch+%2B+trust+%2B+bon+scott&source=bl&ots=oENEubgJUH&sig=-R8W9djR4yq_gYoSTmUAt-YQyE4&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_leeQi7zXAhWI8YMKHdPhA7YQ6AEIPTAG#v=onepage&q=Peter%20Mensch%20%2B%20trust%20%2B%20bon%20scott&f=false Jump up ^ http://www.parismatch.com/People/Musique/Bernie-Bonvoisin-Le-jour-ou-mon-ami-Bon-Scott-est-mort-805812 Jump up ^ `` Weather report '' . Bonscott.com.au . Archived from the original on 28 November 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scott ( had ) choked on his own vomit ( in his sleep ) . '' Back in Black 1980 , 2003 CD booklet . ^ Jump up to : Jinman , Richard ( 19 February 2005 ) . `` 25 years on , AC / DC fans recall how wild rocker met his end '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Photographic image of Bon Scott 's death certificate '' ( JPG ) . Farm4.static.slickr.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` In memoriam Desmond C. Henley '' . Internet . Christopher Henley Limited 2008 - 2010 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bon 's Highway leads to the National Trust '' . Metropolitan Cemeteries Board . 15 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2007 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jane ( 22 November 1997 ) . `` AC / DC lights a Bonfire in tribute '' . Canoe JAM ! music . Retrieved 7 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Engleheart , Murray ; Durieux , Arnaud ( 2006 ) . AC / DC : Maximum Rock & Roll : The Ultimate Story of the World 's Greatest Rock & Roll Band . New York : Harper Collins . ISBN 9780061133916 . Jump up ^ Laurie , Tiffany ( 15 February 2006 ) . `` Grave News is Great News for Scott fans '' . The West Australian . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC agnostic celebrates the ultimate live wire '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bon 's Story '' . Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Scott 's Grave Plaque Stolen '' . fasterlouder.com. 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Town 's tribute to AC / DC front man '' . BBC News . 7 May 2006 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kirriemuir salutes rock star legend '' . The Courier. 8 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Scott statue to be unveiled in Perth '' . news.com.au. 22 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boxsets '' . AC / DC discography . Archived from the original on 28 July 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AC DC accepts award Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions 2003 '' . YouTube . 2010 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Biography portal Works cited ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bon Scott . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bon Scott Walker , Clinton ( 1994 ) , Highway to Hell : The Life and Times of AC / DC Legend Bon Scott , Verse Chorus Press , ISBN 0 - 283 - 06263 - 0 . Fink , Jesse ( 2017 ) , Bon : The Last Highway , The Untold Story of Bon Scott and AC / DC 's Back In Black , Penguin Random House Australia , ISBN 978 - 0857988928 . Stenning , Paul ( 2005 ) , AC / DC -- Two Sides to Every Glory , Chrome Dreams , ISBN 1 - 84240 - 308 - 7 . Wall , Mick ( 2012 ) , Hell Ai n't a Bad Place to Be , Orion , ISBN 978 - 1409115342 . Engleheart , Murray ( 2007 ) , AC / DC MAXIMUM ROCK & ROLL : The Ultimate Story of the World 's Greatest Rock - and - Roll Band , It Books , ISBN 978 - 0732283834 . External links ( edit ) AC / DC official website AC / DC at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) AC / DC Angus Young Chris Slade Stevie Young Axl Rose Studio albums High Voltage T.N.T. High Voltage ( International ) Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap Let There Be Rock Powerage Highway to Hell Back in Black For Those About to Rock We Salute You Flick of the Switch Fly on the Wall Blow Up Your Video The Razors Edge Ballbreaker Stiff Upper Lip Black Ice Rock or Bust Compilations ' 74 Jailbreak Bonfire Volts Backtracks Live albums If You Want Blood You 've Got It AC / DC Live Live from the Atlantic Studios Let There Be Rock : The Movie -- Live in Paris Live at River Plate Soundtracks Who Made Who Iron Man 2 Video albums AC / DC : Let There Be Rock Fly on the Wall Who Made Who AC / DC Clipped Live at Donington For Those About to Rock No Bull Stiff Upper Lip Live Family Jewels Plug Me In Live at River Plate Tours If You Want Blood Tour Highway to Hell Tour Back in Black Tour For Those About to Rock Tour Flick of the Switch / Monsters of Rock Tour Fly on the Wall Tour Who Made Who World Tour Blow Up Your Video World Tour Razors Edge World Tour Ballbreaker World Tour Stiff Upper Lip World Tour Club Dates / Rolling Stones Tour Black Ice World Tour Rock or Bust World Tour Former members Guitarists Malcolm Young Vocalists Dave Evans Bon Scott Brian Johnson Bassists Larry Van Kriedt Rob Bailey George Young Paul Matters Mark Evans Cliff Williams Drummers Colin Burgess Peter Clack Tony Currenti Phil Rudd Simon Wright Related articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations ACDC Lane Gerard Huerta Angus Bucks Tribute albums AC / DC Live : Rock Band Track Pack Maximum Overdrive Book Portal BNE : XX1547434 BNF : cb13922888g ( data ) GND : 119302276 ISNI : 0000 0001 1767 2362 LCCN : n78011845 MusicBrainz : 0d212894 - db54 - 4cc1 - 9ded - 3cac50183a1d NKC : ola2002151858 NLA : 35295119 VIAF : 64193677 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bon_Scott&oldid=855789440 '' Categories : 1946 births 1980 deaths Australian people of Scottish descent 20th - century Australian singers AC / DC members Accidental deaths in England Alcohol - related deaths in England APRA Award winners Australian male singers Australian tenors Australian multi-instrumentalists Australian rock singers Australian songwriters Burials at Fremantle Cemetery Musicians from Western Australia Naturalised citizens of Australia People educated at John Curtin College of the Arts People from Fremantle People from Kirriemuir Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Scottish emigrants to Australia Hidden categories : EngvarB from January 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2018 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 21 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the lead singer of acdc died	[ "Ronald Belford \"Bon\" Scott (9 July 1946 – 19 February 1980) was an Australian singer and songwriter, best known for being the lead vocalist and lyricist of the Australian hard rock band AC/DC from 1974 until his death in 1980.[1]\n" ]	[ "1980" ]
6998125969723594267	State Emblem of India	State emblem of India - Wikipedia State emblem of India State Emblem of India Details Armiger Republic of India Adopted 26 January 1950 Motto Satyameva Jayate ( `` Truth Alone Triumphs '' ) The State Emblem of India , as the national emblem of India is called , is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath , preserved in the Varanasi Sarnath Museum in India . A representation of Lion Capital of Ashoka was initially adopted as the emblem of the Dominion of India in December 1947 . The current version of the emblem was officially adopted on 26 January 1950 , the day that India became a republic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage and description 2 Emblems of national bodies 3 Historic seals and emblems 3.1 Pre-colonial India 3.2 British rule in India 3.3 Portuguese rule in India 3.4 Dominion of India 4 See also 5 References Usage and description ( edit ) The emblem forms a part of the official letterhead of the Government of India and appears on all Indian currency as well . It also functions as the national emblem of India in many places and appears prominently on Indian passports . The Ashoka Chakra ( wheel ) on its base features in the centre of the national flag of India . The usage of the emblem is regulated and restricted under State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act , 2005 . No individual or private organisation is permitted to use the emblem for official correspondence . The actual Sarnath capital features four Asiatic lions standing back to back , symbolizing power , courage , confidence and pride , mounted on a circular base . At the bottom is a horse and a bull , and at its centre is a wheel ( Dharma chakra ) . The abacus is girded with a frieze of sculptures in high relief of The Lion of the North , The Horse of the West , The Bull of the South and The Elephant of the East , separated by intervening wheels , over a lotus in full bloom , exemplifying the fountainhead of life and creative inspiration . Carved from a single block of sandstone , the polished capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law ( Dharma Chakra ) . In the emblem adopted by Madhav Sawhney in 1950 , only three lions are visible , the fourth being hidden from view . The wheel appears in relief in the centre of the abacus , with a bull on the right and a galloping horse on the left , and outlines of Dharma Chakras on the extreme right and left . The bell - shaped lotus beneath the abacus has been omitted . Forming an integral part of the emblem is the motto inscribed below the abacus in Devanagari script : Satyameva Jayate सत्यमेव जयते ( English : Truth Alone Triumphs ) . This is a quote from Mundaka Upanishad , the concluding part of the sacred Hindu Vedas . Dinanath Bhargava was the man handpicked by legendary painter Nandalal Bose to design the National Emblem as a 21 - year - old . He died at his home in Anand Nagar , Indore , on Saturday evening , the 24th December 2016 . He was 89 years old . The original Lion Capital of Ashoka Ashoka Stambha at Indian Museum , Kolkata Early photograph . Photograph at time of discovery . Sarnath pillar capital of Ashoka . Emblems of national bodies ( edit ) Emblem of the Supreme Court of India Emblem of the Central Bureau of Investigation Emblem of the Research and Analysis Wing Historic seals and emblems ( edit ) Pre-colonial India ( edit ) Seal of the Mughal Empire Coat of arms of the British East India Company which ruled most of the subcontinent after the Marathas until 1857 British rule in India ( edit ) Coat of arms of the United Kingdom , used for all official documents , publications and correspondence during the British Raj ( 1858 - 1947 ) Unofficial emblem of India during the British Raj called the Star of India Portuguese rule in India ( edit ) Coat of arms of Portuguese India ( 1600 - 1935 ) Lesser coat of arms of Portuguese India ( 1935 - 1961 ) Greater coat of arms of Portuguese India ( 1935 - 1951 ) Greater coat of arms of Portuguese India ( 1951 - 1961 ) Dominion of India ( edit ) Coat of arms of the United Kingdom used by the Dominion of India ( August -- December 1947 ) Emblem used by the Dominion of India ( December 1947 - January 1950 ) Emblem of the Constituent Assembly of India See also ( edit ) Symbols of Indian states and territories References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Press Communique ' - State Emblem '' ( PDF ) . Press Information Bureau of India - Archive . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Emblem '' . Know India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The State Emblem Of India ( Prohibition Of Improper Use ) Act , 2005 '' ( PDF ) . 20 December 2005 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Kamal Dey v. Union of India and State of West Bengal ( Calcutta High Court 2011 - 07 - 14 ) . Text Jump up ^ `` Rajya Sabha Parliamentary Standing Committee On Home Affairs : 116th Report on The State Emblem Of India ( Prohibition Of Improper Use ) Bill , 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Artist who sketched national emblem dies '' . Times of India . Times of India . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . 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economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Crime Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sport National emblems and coats of arms of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau National symbols of India Flag Emblem Anthem Song Calendar Currency Animal Aquatic animal Bird Flower Fruit River Tree Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Emblem_of_India&oldid=846265246 '' Categories : National emblems National symbols of India Indian coats of arms Coats of arms with lions Coats of arms with bulls Coats of arms with horses Coats of arms with the dharmachakra Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 15 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which animal appears on the left side of the abacus on the national emblem of india	[ "In the emblem adopted by Madhav Sawhney in 1950, only three lions are visible, the fourth being hidden from view. The wheel appears in relief in the centre of the abacus, with a bull on the right and a galloping horse on the left, and outlines of Dharma Chakras on the extreme right and left. The bell-shaped lotus beneath the abacus has been omitted.[3]" ]	[ "a galloping horse" ]
7001769214413345538	Bones (season 2)	Bones ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Bones ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search Bones ( season 2 ) Season 2 DVD cover art Country of origin United States No. of episodes 21 Release Original network Fox Original release August 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 30 ) -- May 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 List of Bones episodes The second season of the American television series Bones premiered on August 30 , 2006 , and concluded on May 16 , 2007 , on Fox . The show aired on Wednesdays at 8 : 00 pm ET for the entire season and consisted of 21 episodes . The season averaged 9.4 million viewers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Episodes 3 DVD release 4 References 5 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Bones characters Main cast ( edit ) Tamara Taylor joined the cast this season after the departure of Jonathan Adams . Taylor first appeared in the first six episodes of the season as a guest star and was promoted to a series regular and appeared in the opening credits beginning with episode 7 . Emily Deschanel as Dr. Temperance `` Bones '' Brennan , a forensic anthropologist David Boreanaz as FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth , the official FBI liaison with the Jeffersonian Michaela Conlin as Angela Montenegro , a forensic artist Eric Millegan as Dr. Zack Addy , Dr. Brennan 's lab assistant and now a professional forensic anthropologist Tamara Taylor as Dr. Camille Saroyan , a forensic pathologist and the new head of the forensic division T.J. Thyne as Dr. Jack Hodgins , an entomologist Recurring cast ( edit ) Eddie McClintock as Tim `` Sully '' Sullivan Patricia Belcher as Caroline Julian , a prosecutor Stephen Fry as Dr. Gordon Wyatt , Booth 's psychiatrist who evaluates his behavior Nathan Dean as FBI Special Agent Charlie Burns Ryan O'Neal as Max Keenan , Brennan 's fugitive father Jessica Capshaw as Rebecca Stinson , Booth 's ex-girlfriend and Parker 's mother Heath Freeman as Howard Epps , a serial killer Ty Panitz as Parker Booth , Booth 's son Chris Conner as Oliver Laurier Loren Dean as Russ Brennan , Brennan 's brother Billy Gibbons as Angela 's father David Greenman as Marcus Geier , a forensic technician Danny Woodburn as Alex Radziwill , a Diplomatic immunity and State Department official Episodes ( edit ) The episode `` Player Under Pressure '' was originally supposed to air in April 2007 as episode 19 , but was delayed in the wake of the Virginia Tech massacre , as the episode 's plot featured finding human remains on a college campus . The episode later aired in April 2008 as part of the third season , with new footage . The episode `` Aliens in a Spaceship '' introduces the storyline of the Grave Digger , an unresolved case . The Grave Digger would later return in the fourth season , when the team discovers its identity . Serial killer Howard Epps returns for two episodes , in which the team must discover more of his victims . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` The Titan on the Tracks '' Tony Wharmby Hart Hanson August 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 30 ) 2AKY01 8.61 Brennan and Booth investigate the site of a train wreck where the bodies of a senator and a high - profile businessman are found within the wreckage . The businessman 's body is found in a car on the train tracks , and at first look , it is an apparent suicide . While investigating a possible connection between the two victims , Brennan and her team discover the businessman is still alive , but severely injured , at a local hospital , and the body at the scene is someone else . As the clues begin to unravel , the investigation gets more complicated when details of the man 's private life are revealed , leading Brennan and Booth to a private detective who may hold key information . Meanwhile , Brennan is introduced to Dr. Camille Saroyan , a first - rate pathologist who has been hired as the head of forensics at the Jeffersonian , and more importantly , Brennan 's boss . It does n't take long for Brennan to figure out `` Cam '' is a little too familiar with Booth and they share something of a past . Also , Booth encourages Brennan to visit her mother 's grave site for the first time . 24 `` Mother and Child in the Bay '' Jesús Treviño Stephen Nathan September 6 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 06 ) 2AKY02 9.13 Booth and Brennan investigate the remains of a woman and unborn baby washed up on the beach of the Delaware Bay . The body is identified as that of Carlie Richardson , a pregnant newly - wed whose mysterious disappearance one year ago had been a major national news story . However , the immediate prime suspect , Richardson 's husband , has also disappeared . Meanwhile , Booth is annoyed his ex-girlfriend Rebecca , the mother of his son Parker , is letting Parker spend so much time with her new boyfriend . 25 `` The Boy in the Shroud '' Sanford Bookstaver Gary Glasberg September 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 13 ) 2AKY03 8.59 Brennan and her team dig though the trash to find clues when a young man wrapped in a shroud is found among garbage . After Angela is able to identify the deceased boy , Cam quickly assumes the main suspect to be the boy 's girlfriend , Kelly , who is a product of the foster system . Brennan is hurt by this as she is also a product of the foster system . Meanwhile , things get tense when Brennan and Cam struggle for power in their disagreement on work styles . Cam threatens to fire Brennan even if it costs her the whole Jeffersonian team . 26 `` The Blonde in the Game '' Bryan Spicer Noah Hawley September 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) 2AKY04 7.55 Skeletal remains of a young girl are found , and when brought back to the lab , the team recognizes this is not just any murder but Howard Epps , who the team encountered in the first season , a convicted serial killer on death row . He left clues leading to another body , a fresh kill only a week old . Brennan and her team scramble to decipher Epps ' cryptic clues as they try in a desperate effort to find his accomplice who has been killing for Epps . When they realize another victim may be alive , the team works under pressure to try to find the young girl . 27 5 `` The Truth in the Lye '' Steven DePaul Scott Williams September 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) 2AKY05 7.80 Gruesome remains of a man dissolving in a bathtub of corrosive chemicals are found in a construction site . In a search of the man 's identity , they realize he was living a double life with two different families . In what first appears to be a straightforward case of jealousy and insurance money , new clues send Brennan and Booth in a completely different direction and a third suspect is brought to light . Meanwhile , Brennan , curious , confronts Rebecca about her recent antics with Booth and her rejection of Booth 's marriage proposal . 28 6 `` The Girl in Suite 2103 '' Karen Gaviola Christopher Ambrose October 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 04 ) 2AKY06 8.10 Brennan and Booth are called to the site of an explosion in a Miami hotel where several people were either injured or killed , including an unidentified body found burned , thought to be the bomber . Initially , the explosion is thought to be the work of a Colombian drug cartel intending to target Judge Dolores Ramos , the Colombian judicial representative , who survived the blast . Diplomatic immunity and State Department official Alex Radziwill stand in way of Brennan and Booth 's investigation as they pursue key clues about the case . 29 7 `` The Girl with the Curl '' Thomas J. Wright Karine Rosenthal November 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 01 ) 2AKY07 7.33 Brennan and Booth investigate the death of Brianna Swanson , a young beauty queen whose decomposed remains are discovered at a water filtration plant . Brianna 's father is the initial suspect , but new clues lead elsewhere . Brennan and Booth investigate Brianna 's dance school , where they find new information leading to several suspects . Meanwhile , Hodgins works up the nerve to ask Angela out on a date . At first , she rejects due to their situation as co-workers but after seeking advice from Brennan and Cam , she agrees to go . 30 8 `` The Woman in the Sand '' Kate Woods Elizabeth Benjamin November 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 08 ) 2AKY08 7.52 The team head to the outskirts of Las Vegas to investigate the murder of a missing federal prosecutor and a related murder of a female boxer . While questioning a suspect at a casino , Booth finds himself face to face with his old addiction : gambling . He and Bones go undercover as a couple to infiltrate an underground fight circuit to find out who or what got the victims killed . 31 9 `` Aliens in a Spaceship '' Craig Ross , Jr . Janet Tamaro November 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) 2AKY09 7.83 The team investigate the murder of two kidnapped teenage twin boys . The boys were placed in a spaceship - like capsule and buried alive underground . Soon , Brennan and Hodgins find themselves victims of the `` Grave Digger '' , and Booth frantically searches for them as they slowly run out of oxygen underground . The case as broadcast has no conclusion ( it was solved in the season 4 episode `` The Hero in the Hold '' ) . The Fox Network website initially displayed a summary for the episode which included an original ending where the Grave Digger was identified as the female reporter that coauthored a book about Grave Digger . The summary was later revised to reflect the episode as broadcast in which the Grave Digger is unidentified and the scene replaced by character reunion moments . 32 10 `` The Headless Witch in the Woods '' Tony Wharmby Stephen Nathan & Karine Rosenthal November 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 29 ) 2AKY10 8.66 Brennan and Booth investigate when a headless corpse is found in the woods along with a frightening video tape of events on the night of the murder . Meanwhile , Hodgins and Angela are assigned to find any possible information on the video , much to Hodgins ' glee , as Angela grasps his arm out of fear of what she sees . The episode 's plot is a slight parody of the famous found - footage horror film , The Blair Witch Project , with even the famous antagonist ( the Blair Witch ) of the film , presented as a legend in this episode ( referred to here as `` Maggie Cinders '' ) . The murder suspects claim that `` Maggie '' killed the victim , and Brennan even finds a second , unidentified head that seems to corroborate that claim . At the end of the episode , after the killer is caught , Hodgins and Angela are relieved to turn off the video , but then they notice the silhouette of a headless female figure with an axe heading toward the victim right before he was killed . Freaked out , they both offer probably correct and rational theories explaining it , with Angela fearfully asking Hodgins at the end , `` Can I stay at your place tonight ? '' , much to Hodgins ' obvious pleasure . 33 11 `` Judas on a Pole '' David Duchovny Hart Hanson December 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 13 ) 2AKY11 8.62 Zack defends his dissertation to obtain his doctorate and asks help from a colleague . Meanwhile , Booth and Brennan are called to the scene where a man 's body was found gutted , burned and hung like a scarecrow on the roof of a hotel that housed Federal witnesses . Booth determines the victim was a snitch working in an organized crime syndicate . Brennan 's brother , Russ , informs her of a phone call he received from their father , warning him they are both in danger . Soon after , a priest contacts Brennan telling her that her father insists she and Booth drop their case . They determine the body found was actually an ex-FBI agent , tracking Russ to kill him -- hence explaining the warning from Brennan 's father . With the help of Angela , Booth and the team uncover a decades - old cover - up that could potentially ruin his career if he decides to continue with the investigation . 34 12 `` The Man in the Cell '' Jesús Treviño Noah Hawley January 31 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 31 ) 2AKY12 12.40 Booth and Brennan are ordered to the cell of serial killer Howard Epps to identify the remains of an inmate . To their surprise , the charred remains do n't belong to Epps . It 's soon learned Epps has escaped and is on a revenge path , which involves Booth 's young son , Parker . Due to the danger of the case , Brennan must get FBI protection . Cam inhales a toxin while performing an autopsy , which puts her life in danger . 35 13 `` The Girl in the Gator '' Allan Kroeker Scott Williams February 7 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 07 ) 2AKY13 12.57 When Booth is ordered to go see a psychiatrist ( guest star Stephen Fry ) after irrationally discharging his firearm ( at the clown on the top of an ice cream truck ) , Brennan is paired up with Agent Tim Sullivan to investigate the apparent murder of a college student in the Everglades , and by the time the case is solved Sullivan and Brennan express their mutual interest in each other . 36 14 `` The Man in the Mansion '' Dwight Little Christopher Ambrose February 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 14 ) 2AKY14 12.28 When a benefactor of the Jeffersonian is found murdered , it 's up to the team to find out who , but Hodgins ' past with the widow complicates matters . Meanwhile Booth continues to see the therapist ( guest star Stephen Fry ) , and Brennan is progressing in her exploratory relationship with Sullivan . 37 15 `` Bodies in the Book '' Craig Ross , Jr . Karine Rosenthal March 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 14 ) 2AKY15 10.36 Three separate bodies are found murdered exactly the way Brennan wrote them in her new book . However , the killer 's method was different every time , leading the team to believe that it was not one but three killers . Booth and Sully become concerned for Brennan , while she insists she can take care of herself . This increases tension between Sully and Brennan , straining their relationship . Booth tries to help them along , apparently fine with the couple . At the end of the episode , Sully and Brennan reconcile and kiss and Booth , walking away , looks back sadly . 38 16 `` The Boneless Bride in the River '' Tony Wharmby Gary Glasberg March 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 21 ) 2AKY16 10.47 During Brennan 's vacation , a woman 's body is found with its bones removed . The team interviews people who knew the woman , but they all seemed to be hiding something . Meanwhile Sully tells Brennan he bought a boat and will be leaving for a year , at the end of the case , to tour the Caribbean ; he asks Brennan to take a year - long sabbatical and go with him . At the end of the episode Sully sails off in his new boat , `` Temperance '' , while Brennan waves good - bye , as she has decided not to go . 39 17 `` The Priest in the Churchyard '' Scott Lautanen Lyla Oliver March 28 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 28 ) 2AKY17 10.58 Brennan and Zack examine corpses , which have been spilled out of their coffins , due to a burst water main in an old cemetery on the St. Agatha church grounds . However , as they identify the individual bodies to be put back in their proper place , they find one skeleton that is out of place . Father Donlan , who runs the church , says all these bodies had been buried for at least 50 years and yet Brennan believes one of them was buried five years ago with no coffin . When it is confirmed the deceased was murdered , Booth and Brennan investigate the priests and administrator of the church and argue about the validity of religion . 40 18 `` The Killer in the Concrete '' Jeff Woolnough Dean Widenmann April 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 04 ) 2AKY18 10.53 The remains of a body are discovered encased in concrete , and Booth has a hunch the victim is connected to an organized - crime boss . When Booth suspects a dead , former hit man ( Hugh Kennedy ) is apparently alive , he contacts the bounty hunter who found what was left of his remains ( a severed leg ) . When Booth travels to Baltimore to find the hit man , he gets knocked unconscious and tied up by Kennedy himself , but Kennedy soon flees , leaving Booth relatively unhurt whilst still restrained . Meanwhile , Brennan 's estranged father pays her a visit . Brennan later appeals to her father to find Booth , having not heard from him . When they get to Baltimore , they find Kennedy 's hotel room and the bounty hunter inside . Brennan gets violent with her when she finds Booth 's tooth in the hallway , suspecting the bounty hunter 's involvement in her partner 's abduction . Meanwhile , Booth is being tortured by Kennedy 's former rival crime boss , Gallagher and his partner . When Booth is finally located in an aircraft hangar , Brennan and Max come to his rescue . When Gallagher tries to escape , he 's arrested by the FBI waiting outside while his partner injures himself when Booth tips over his chair . Booth tries to arrest Max even in his state , given Max 's status as a fugitive . Brennan helps her father slip away . 41 19 `` Spaceman in a Crater '' Jeannot Szwarc Elizabeth Benjamin May 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 02 ) 2AKY20 10.56 The team investigates the death of an astronaut who appears to have fallen to Earth from a high altitude . While Brennan and Booth question his associates at the Space Agency , Hodgins theorizes about a conspiracy involving extraterrestrials . Hodgins asks Angela to marry him but she refuses , asking him to keep trying . 42 20 `` The Glowing Bones in the Old Stone House '' Caleb Deschanel Stephen Nathan May 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 09 ) 2AKY21 10.23 Brennan and Booth are called by Homeland Security to investigate the scene at an old stone house where some glowing bones have been found . Fearing the remains might be radioactive , the pair don protective hazmat suits and cautiously enter the house , where they find the glowing bones but no radioactivity . Back at the Jeffersonian , the team examines the bones and determines the identity of the victim , but there is no immediate explanation as to why the remains are emitting a green glow . With each of their specialties called upon , the whole Jeffersonian team joins Brennan and Booth in pursuing the murder mystery , which leads them to a group of friends who are shocked to discover one of their own is the victim . During the course of the investigation , the victim and their friends ' MySpace pages , along with the photos , videos and blogs they contain , are a virtual tool for the Jeffersonian team 's search for answers . Meanwhile , Hodgins professes his love for Angela in a very unusual way . In the end , Angela decides to propose to Hodgins and they agree to get married . 43 21 `` Stargazer in a Puddle '' Tony Wharmby Hart Hanson May 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 16 ) 2AKY22 10.88 The team works on finding how Chelsea Cole , a fan of astronomy who suffered from Werner syndrome , died . Meanwhile , Hodgins and Angela prepare for their wedding . Zack is asked to serve his country in Iraq . Brennan 's father , Max , tries to let her in on her past and brings her a 1993 video of her mother . Booth and Max get into a fist fight before Max surrenders to his arrest . The investigation leads to the victim 's mother as the killer who admits guilt , confessing that she killed her disabled daughter thinking she was dying herself , fearing what would happen to Chelsea if she died . Brennan has a confronting revelation about the mother , acknowledging that she did what she did out of love . This holds significance for Brennan due to her parents abandoning her as a child , realizing they did it out of love . After resolving the case , Angela and Hodgins prepare for the wedding and Booth shares some touching information with Brennan . After a surprising turn of events , Caroline Julian informs the couple that Angela is still married to a man from a previous relationship , which she assumed had n't been serious . The couple escape embarrassment , leaving Brennan and Booth facing each other awkwardly at the altar . DVD release ( edit ) The second season of Bones was released on DVD in region 1 on September 11 , 2007 , in region 2 on October 15 , 2007 and in region 4 on December 3 , 2008 . The set includes all 21 episodes of season two on a 6 - disc set presented in anamorphic widescreen . Special features include two audio commentaries -- `` The Glowing Bones in the Old Stone House '' by writer Stephen Nathan , actress Emily Deschanel and director Caleb Deschanel and `` Stargazer in a Puddle '' by executive producers Stephen Nathan , Barry Josephson and Hart Hanson . Featurettes include `` The Memories in the Season '' and `` Visceral Effects : The Digital Illusions of Bones '' . Also included are deleted scenes and a gag reel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2006 - 07 primetime wrap '' . Hollywood Reporter . May 25 , 2007 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Pulls Bones in Wake of College Massacre '' . E ! Online . April 17 , 2007 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 6 , 2006 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 19 , 2006 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 3 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 10 , 2006 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aliens in a Spaceship '' . Bones Episode Recaps . Fox . November 2006 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2006 . Brennan and Hodgins are pulled to the surface . Later , Brennan shows Booth the toll road sticker she found in Hodgins ' leg . They run it and it links them to Janine O'Connell . They arrest her and the case is closed . Jump up ^ `` Aliens in a Spaceship '' . Bones Episode Recaps . FOX . November 2006 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2006 . Brennan and Hodgins are pulled to the surface , but the Grave Digger is still at large ... Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . December 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , December 13 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . December 14 , 2006 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . February 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . February 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . February 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . March 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . March 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 10 , 2007 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bones : The Complete Second Season ( 2005 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bones - Season 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bones ( 2005 ) - Season 2 ( 6 Disc Set ) '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jeffrey ( September 16 , 2007 ) . `` Bones - The Complete Second Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . General references `` Bones Season 2 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . `` Shows A -- Z -- bones on fox '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Bones episodes on IMDb List of Bones season 2 episodes at TV.com ( hide ) Bones Characters Temperance Brennan Seeley Booth Angela Montenegro Zack Addy Jack Hodgins Lance Sweets Gormogon Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Man in the S.U.V. '' `` A Boy in a Tree '' `` The Man in the Bear '' `` A Boy in a Bush '' `` The Man in the Wall '' `` A Man on Death Row '' `` The Girl in the Fridge '' `` The Man in the Fallout Shelter '' `` The Woman at the Airport '' `` The Woman in the Car '' `` Two Bodies in the Lab '' `` The Man in the Morgue '' Season 2 `` The Titan on the Tracks '' Spin - off The Finder Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bones_(season_2)&oldid=797968499 '' Categories : Bones ( TV series ) 2006 American television seasons 2007 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Magyar Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 06 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	episode where bones and hodgins are buried alive	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n23\n1\n\"The Titan on the Tracks\"\nTony Wharmby\nHart Hanson\nAugust 30, 2006 (2006-08-30)\n2AKY01\n8.61[3]\n\n\nBrennan and Booth investigate the site of a train wreck where the bodies of a senator and a high-profile businessman are found within the wreckage. The businessman's body is found in a car on the train tracks, and at first look, it is an apparent suicide. While investigating a possible connection between the two victims, Brennan and her team discover the businessman is still alive, but severely injured, at a local hospital, and the body at the scene is someone else. As the clues begin to unravel, the investigation gets more complicated when details of the man's private life are revealed, leading Brennan and Booth to a private detective who may hold key information. Meanwhile, Brennan is introduced to Dr. Camille Saroyan, a first-rate pathologist who has been hired as the head of forensics at the Jeffersonian, and more importantly, Brennan's boss. It doesn't take long for Brennan to figure out \"Cam\" is a little too familiar with Booth and they share something of a past. Also, Booth encourages Brennan to visit her mother's grave site for the first time.\n\n\n24\n2\n\"Mother and Child in the Bay\"\nJesús Treviño\nStephen Nathan\nSeptember 6, 2006 (2006-09-06)\n2AKY02\n9.13[4]\n\n\nBooth and Brennan investigate the remains of a woman and unborn baby washed up on the beach of the Delaware Bay. The body is identified as that of Carlie Richardson, a pregnant newly-wed whose mysterious disappearance one year ago had been a major national news story. However, the immediate prime suspect, Richardson's husband, has also disappeared. Meanwhile, Booth is annoyed his ex-girlfriend Rebecca, the mother of his son Parker, is letting Parker spend so much time with her new boyfriend.\n\n\n25\n3\n\"The Boy in the Shroud\"\nSanford Bookstaver\nGary Glasberg\nSeptember 13, 2006 (2006-09-13)\n2AKY03\n8.59[5]\n\n\nBrennan and her team dig though the trash to find clues when a young man wrapped in a shroud is found among garbage. After Angela is able to identify the deceased boy, Cam quickly assumes the main suspect to be the boy's girlfriend, Kelly, who is a product of the foster system. Brennan is hurt by this as she is also a product of the foster system. Meanwhile, things get tense when Brennan and Cam struggle for power in their disagreement on work styles. Cam threatens to fire Brennan even if it costs her the whole Jeffersonian team.\n\n\n26\n4\n\"The Blonde in the Game\"\nBryan Spicer\nNoah Hawley\nSeptember 20, 2006 (2006-09-20)\n2AKY04\n7.55[6]\n\n\nSkeletal remains of a young girl are found, and when brought back to the lab, the team recognizes this is not just any murder but Howard Epps, who the team encountered in the first season, a convicted serial killer on death row. He left clues leading to another body, a fresh kill only a week old. Brennan and her team scramble to decipher Epps' cryptic clues as they try in a desperate effort to find his accomplice who has been killing for Epps. When they realize another victim may be alive, the team works under pressure to try to find the young girl.\n\n\n27\n5\n\"The Truth in the Lye\"\nSteven DePaul\nScott Williams\nSeptember 27, 2006 (2006-09-27)\n2AKY05\n7.80[7]\n\n\nGruesome remains of a man dissolving in a bathtub of corrosive chemicals are found in a construction site. In a search of the man's identity, they realize he was living a double life with two different families. In what first appears to be a straightforward case of jealousy and insurance money, new clues send Brennan and Booth in a completely different direction and a third suspect is brought to light. Meanwhile, Brennan, curious, confronts Rebecca about her recent antics with Booth and her rejection of Booth's marriage proposal.\n\n\n28\n6\n\"The Girl in Suite 2103\"\nKaren Gaviola\nChristopher Ambrose\nOctober 4, 2006 (2006-10-04)\n2AKY06\n8.10[8]\n\n\nBrennan and Booth are called to the site of an explosion in a Miami hotel where several people were either injured or killed, including an unidentified body found burned, thought to be the bomber. Initially, the explosion is thought to be the work of a Colombian drug cartel intending to target Judge Dolores Ramos, the Colombian judicial representative, who survived the blast. Diplomatic immunity and State Department official Alex Radziwill stand in way of Brennan and Booth's investigation as they pursue key clues about the case.\n\n\n29\n7\n\"The Girl with the Curl\"\nThomas J. Wright\nKarine Rosenthal\nNovember 1, 2006 (2006-11-01)\n2AKY07\n7.33[9]\n\n\nBrennan and Booth investigate the death of Brianna Swanson, a young beauty queen whose decomposed remains are discovered at a water filtration plant. Brianna's father is the initial suspect, but new clues lead elsewhere. Brennan and Booth investigate Brianna's dance school, where they find new information leading to several suspects. Meanwhile, Hodgins works up the nerve to ask Angela out on a date. At first, she rejects due to their situation as co-workers but after seeking advice from Brennan and Cam, she agrees to go.\n\n\n30\n8\n\"The Woman in the Sand\"\nKate Woods\nElizabeth Benjamin\nNovember 8, 2006 (2006-11-08)\n2AKY08\n7.52[10]\n\n\nThe team head to the outskirts of Las Vegas to investigate the murder of a missing federal prosecutor and a related murder of a female boxer. While questioning a suspect at a casino, Booth finds himself face to face with his old addiction: gambling. He and Bones go undercover as a couple to infiltrate an underground fight circuit to find out who or what got the victims killed.\n\n\n31\n9\n\"Aliens in a Spaceship\"\nCraig Ross, Jr.\nJanet Tamaro\nNovember 15, 2006 (2006-11-15)\n2AKY09\n7.83[13]\n\n\nThe team investigate the murder of two kidnapped teenage twin boys. The boys were placed in a spaceship-like capsule and buried alive underground. Soon, Brennan and Hodgins find themselves victims of the \"Grave Digger\", and Booth frantically searches for them as they slowly run out of oxygen underground. The case as broadcast has no conclusion (it was solved in the season 4 episode \"The Hero in the Hold\"). The Fox Network website initially displayed a summary for the episode which included an original ending where the Grave Digger was identified as the female reporter that coauthored a book about Grave Digger.[11] The summary was later revised to reflect the episode as broadcast in which the Grave Digger is unidentified and the scene replaced by character reunion moments.[12]\n\n\n32\n10\n\"The Headless Witch in the Woods\"\nTony Wharmby\nStephen Nathan & Karine Rosenthal\nNovember 29, 2006 (2006-11-29)\n2AKY10\n8.66[14]\n\n\nBrennan and Booth investigate when a headless corpse is found in the woods along with a frightening video tape of events on the night of the murder. Meanwhile, Hodgins and Angela are assigned to find any possible information on the video, much to Hodgins' glee, as Angela grasps his arm out of fear of what she sees. The episode's plot is a slight parody of the famous found-footage horror film, The Blair Witch Project, with even the famous antagonist (the Blair Witch) of the film, presented as a legend in this episode (referred to here as \"Maggie Cinders\"). The murder suspects claim that \"Maggie\" killed the victim, and Brennan even finds a second, unidentified head that seems to corroborate that claim. At the end of the episode, after the killer is caught, Hodgins and Angela are relieved to turn off the video, but then they notice the silhouette of a headless female figure with an axe heading toward the victim right before he was killed. Freaked out, they both offer probably correct and rational theories explaining it, with Angela fearfully asking Hodgins at the end, \"Can I stay at your place tonight?\", much to Hodgins' obvious pleasure.\n\n\n33\n11\n\"Judas on a Pole\"\nDavid Duchovny\nHart Hanson\nDecember 13, 2006 (2006-12-13)\n2AKY11\n8.62[15]\n\n\nZack defends his dissertation to obtain his doctorate and asks help from a colleague. Meanwhile, Booth and Brennan are called to the scene where a man's body was found gutted, burned and hung like a scarecrow on the roof of a hotel that housed Federal witnesses. Booth determines the victim was a snitch working in an organized crime syndicate. Brennan's brother, Russ, informs her of a phone call he received from their father, warning him they are both in danger. Soon after, a priest contacts Brennan telling her that her father insists she and Booth drop their case. They determine the body found was actually an ex-FBI agent, tracking Russ to kill him — hence explaining the warning from Brennan's father. With the help of Angela, Booth and the team uncover a decades-old cover-up that could potentially ruin his career if he decides to continue with the investigation.\n\n\n34\n12\n\"The Man in the Cell\"\nJesús Treviño\nNoah Hawley\nJanuary 31, 2007 (2007-01-31)\n2AKY12\n12.40[16]\n\n\nBooth and Brennan are ordered to the cell of serial killer Howard Epps to identify the remains of an inmate. To their surprise, the charred remains don't belong to Epps. It's soon learned Epps has escaped and is on a revenge path, which involves Booth's young son, Parker. Due to the danger of the case, Brennan must get FBI protection. Cam inhales a toxin while performing an autopsy, which puts her life in danger.\n\n\n35\n13\n\"The Girl in the Gator\"\nAllan Kroeker\nScott Williams\nFebruary 7, 2007 (2007-02-07)\n2AKY13\n12.57[17]\n\n\nWhen Booth is ordered to go see a psychiatrist (guest star Stephen Fry) after irrationally discharging his firearm (at the clown on the top of an ice cream truck), Brennan is paired up with Agent Tim Sullivan to investigate the apparent murder of a college student in the Everglades, and by the time the case is solved Sullivan and Brennan express their mutual interest in each other.\n\n\n36\n14\n\"The Man in the Mansion\"\nDwight Little\nChristopher Ambrose\nFebruary 14, 2007 (2007-02-14)\n2AKY14\n12.28[18]\n\n\nWhen a benefactor of the Jeffersonian is found murdered, it's up to the team to find out who, but Hodgins' past with the widow complicates matters. Meanwhile Booth continues to see the therapist (guest star Stephen Fry), and Brennan is progressing in her exploratory relationship with Sullivan.\n\n\n37\n15\n\"Bodies in the Book\"\nCraig Ross, Jr.\nKarine Rosenthal\nMarch 14, 2007 (2007-03-14)\n2AKY15\n10.36[19]\n\n\nThree separate bodies are found murdered exactly the way Brennan wrote them in her new book. However, the killer's method was different every time, leading the team to believe that it was not one but three killers. Booth and Sully become concerned for Brennan, while she insists she can take care of herself. This increases tension between Sully and Brennan, straining their relationship. Booth tries to help them along, apparently fine with the couple. At the end of the episode, Sully and Brennan reconcile and kiss and Booth, walking away, looks back sadly.\n\n\n38\n16\n\"The Boneless Bride in the River\"\nTony Wharmby\nGary Glasberg\nMarch 21, 2007 (2007-03-21)\n2AKY16\n10.47[20]\n\n\nDuring Brennan's vacation, a woman's body is found with its bones removed. The team interviews people who knew the woman, but they all seemed to be hiding something. Meanwhile Sully tells Brennan he bought a boat and will be leaving for a year, at the end of the case, to tour the Caribbean; he asks Brennan to take a year-long sabbatical and go with him. At the end of the episode Sully sails off in his new boat, \"Temperance\", while Brennan waves good-bye, as she has decided not to go.\n\n\n39\n17\n\"The Priest in the Churchyard\"\nScott Lautanen\nLyla Oliver\nMarch 28, 2007 (2007-03-28)\n2AKY17\n10.58[21]\n\n\nBrennan and Zack examine corpses, which have been spilled out of their coffins, due to a burst water main in an old cemetery on the St. Agatha church grounds. However, as they identify the individual bodies to be put back in their proper place, they find one skeleton that is out of place. Father Donlan, who runs the church, says all these bodies had been buried for at least 50 years and yet Brennan believes one of them was buried five years ago with no coffin. When it is confirmed the deceased was murdered, Booth and Brennan investigate the priests and administrator of the church and argue about the validity of religion.\n\n\n40\n18\n\"The Killer in the Concrete\"\nJeff Woolnough\nDean Widenmann\nApril 4, 2007 (2007-04-04)\n2AKY18\n10.53[22]\n\n\nThe remains of a body are discovered encased in concrete, and Booth has a hunch the victim is connected to an organized-crime boss. When Booth suspects a dead, former hit man (Hugh Kennedy) is apparently alive, he contacts the bounty hunter who found what was left of his remains (a severed leg). When Booth travels to Baltimore to find the hit man, he gets knocked unconscious and tied up by Kennedy himself, but Kennedy soon flees, leaving Booth relatively unhurt whilst still restrained. Meanwhile, Brennan's estranged father pays her a visit. Brennan later appeals to her father to find Booth, having not heard from him. When they get to Baltimore, they find Kennedy's hotel room and the bounty hunter inside. Brennan gets violent with her when she finds Booth's tooth in the hallway, suspecting the bounty hunter's involvement in her partner's abduction. Meanwhile, Booth is being tortured by Kennedy's former rival crime boss, Gallagher and his partner. When Booth is finally located in an aircraft hangar, Brennan and Max come to his rescue. When Gallagher tries to escape, he's arrested by the FBI waiting outside while his partner injures himself when Booth tips over his chair. Booth tries to arrest Max even in his state, given Max's status as a fugitive. Brennan helps her father slip away.\n\n\n41\n19\n\"Spaceman in a Crater\"\nJeannot Szwarc\nElizabeth Benjamin\nMay 2, 2007 (2007-05-02)\n2AKY20\n10.56[23]\n\n\nThe team investigates the death of an astronaut who appears to have fallen to Earth from a high altitude. While Brennan and Booth question his associates at the Space Agency, Hodgins theorizes about a conspiracy involving extraterrestrials. Hodgins asks Angela to marry him but she refuses, asking him to keep trying.\n\n\n42\n20\n\"The Glowing Bones in the Old Stone House\"\nCaleb Deschanel\nStephen Nathan\nMay 9, 2007 (2007-05-09)\n2AKY21\n10.23[24]\n\n\nBrennan and Booth are called by Homeland Security to investigate the scene at an old stone house where some glowing bones have been found. Fearing the remains might be radioactive, the pair don protective hazmat suits and cautiously enter the house, where they find the glowing bones but no radioactivity. Back at the Jeffersonian, the team examines the bones and determines the identity of the victim, but there is no immediate explanation as to why the remains are emitting a green glow. With each of their specialties called upon, the whole Jeffersonian team joins Brennan and Booth in pursuing the murder mystery, which leads them to a group of friends who are shocked to discover one of their own is the victim. During the course of the investigation, the victim and their friends' MySpace pages, along with the photos, videos and blogs they contain, are a virtual tool for the Jeffersonian team's search for answers. Meanwhile, Hodgins professes his love for Angela in a very unusual way. In the end, Angela decides to propose to Hodgins and they agree to get married.\n\n\n43\n21\n\"Stargazer in a Puddle\"\nTony Wharmby\nHart Hanson\nMay 16, 2007 (2007-05-16)\n2AKY22\n10.88[25]\n\n\nThe team works on finding how Chelsea Cole, a fan of astronomy who suffered from Werner syndrome, died. Meanwhile, Hodgins and Angela prepare for their wedding. Zack is asked to serve his country in Iraq. Brennan's father, Max, tries to let her in on her past and brings her a 1993 video of her mother. Booth and Max get into a fist fight before Max surrenders to his arrest. The investigation leads to the victim's mother as the killer who admits guilt, confessing that she killed her disabled daughter thinking she was dying herself, fearing what would happen to Chelsea if she died. Brennan has a confronting revelation about the mother, acknowledging that she did what she did out of love. This holds significance for Brennan due to her parents abandoning her as a child, realizing they did it out of love. After resolving the case, Angela and Hodgins prepare for the wedding and Booth shares some touching information with Brennan. After a surprising turn of events, Caroline Julian informs the couple that Angela is still married to a man from a previous relationship, which she assumed hadn't been serious. The couple escape embarrassment, leaving Brennan and Booth facing each other awkwardly at the altar.\n\n" ]	[ "Aliens in a Spaceship" ]
7387837899284920347	FIFA World Cup awards	FIFA World Cup awards - wikipedia FIFA World Cup awards This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 July 2018 . This article is about the men 's senior tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup awards . At the end of each FIFA World Cup final tournament , several awards are presented to the players and teams which have distinguished themselves in various aspects of the game . Contents 1 Awards 2 Golden Ball 3 Golden Boot 4 Golden Glove 5 Best Young Player Award 6 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 7 Man of the Match 8 Most Entertaining Team 9 All - Star Team 10 Goal of the Tournament 11 References 12 External links Awards There are currently five post-tournament awards , and one given during the tournament : the Golden Ball ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Ball '' ) for best player , first awarded in 1982 ; the Golden Boot ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Boot '' , previously known as the `` adidas Golden Shoe '' from 1982 to 2006 ) for top goal scorer , first awarded in 1982 ; the Golden Glove Award ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Glove '' ; previously known as the `` Lev Yashin Award '' from 1994 to 2006 ) for best goalkeeper , first awarded in 1994 ; the Best Young Player ( currently commercially termed as `` Hyundai Best Young Player '' ) award for best player under 21 years of age at the start of the calendar year , first awarded in 2006 ; the FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team that advanced to the second round with the best record of fair play , first awarded in 1970 ; the Man of the Match Award ( currently commercially termed as `` Budweiser Man of the Match '' ) for outstanding performance during each game of the tournament , first awarded in 2002 . Two other awards were given between 1994 and 2006 : The Most Entertaining Team award for the team that has entertained the public the most , during the World Cup final tournament , as determined by a poll of the general public ; An All - Star Team comprising the best players of the tournament chosen by the technical study group . Golden Ball The Golden Ball award is presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals , with a shortlist drawn up by the FIFA technical committee and the winner voted for by representatives of the media . Those who finish as runners - up in the vote receive the Silver Ball and Bronze Ball awards as the second and third most outstanding players in the tournament respectively . The current award was introduced in the 1982 FIFA World Cup , sponsored by Adidas and France Football , though fifa.com also lists in their player articles as `` golden ball winners '' Kempes , Cruyff , Pelé , Bobby Charlton , Garrincha and Didi for 1978 , 1974 , 1970 , 1966 , 1962 and 1958 respectively . Barcelona is the only club whose players have won the Golden Ball a record 3 times ( Johan Cruyff in 1974 , Romário in 1994 , Lionel Messi in 2014 ) . Golden Ball World Cup Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball 1930 Uruguay José Nasazzi Guillermo Stábile José Leandro Andrade 1934 Italy Giuseppe Meazza Matthias Sindelar Oldřich Nejedlý 1938 France Leônidas Silvio Piola György Sárosi 1950 Brazil Zizinho Juan Alberto Schiaffino Ademir 1954 Switzerland Ferenc Puskás Sándor Kocsis Fritz Walter 1958 Sweden Didi Pelé Just Fontaine 1962 Chile Garrincha Josef Masopust Leonel Sánchez 1966 England Bobby Charlton Bobby Moore Eusébio 1970 Mexico Pelé Gérson Gerd Müller 1974 West Germany Johan Cruyff Franz Beckenbauer Kazimierz Deyna 1978 Argentina Mario Kempes Paolo Rossi Dirceu 1982 Spain Paolo Rossi Falcão Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1986 Mexico Diego Maradona Harald Schumacher Preben Elkjær Larsen 1990 Italy Salvatore Schillaci Lothar Matthäus Diego Maradona 1994 United States Romario Roberto Baggio Hristo Stoichkov 1998 France Ronaldo Davor Šuker Lilian Thuram 2002 Korea / Japan Oliver Kahn Ronaldo Hong Myung - bo 2006 Germany Zinedine Zidane Fabio Cannavaro Andrea Pirlo 2010 South Africa Diego Forlán Wesley Sneijder David Villa 2014 Brazil Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Arjen Robben 2018 Russia Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Golden Boot The Golden Boot or Golden Shoe Award goes to the top goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup . While every World Cup had a ranking of the goalscorers , the first time an award was given was in 1982 , under the name Golden Shoe . It was rechristened Golden Boot in 2010 . FIFA sometimes lists the top goalscorers of previous Cups among the Golden Boot winners . If there is more than one player with the same number of goals , since 1994 the tie - breaker goes to the player without a penalty goal , if none has a penalty then the tie breaker goes to the person with more assists - with the FIFA Technical Study Group deciding whether an assist is to be counted as such . If there is still more than one player , the tie - breaker since 2006 goes to the player who has played the least amount of time , which translates to a higher goal average . Top Goalscorer World Cup Top goalscorer Goals Runners - up Goals Third place Goals 1930 Uruguay Guillermo Stábile 8 Pedro Cea 5 Bert Patenaude 1934 Italy Oldřich Nejedlý 5 Edmund Conen Angelo Schiavio None -- 1938 France Leônidas 7 György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Silvio Piola 5 1950 Brazil Ademir 8 Óscar Míguez Alcides Ghiggia Chico Estanislau Basora Telmo Zarra 1954 Switzerland Sándor Kocsis 11 Josef Hügi Max Morlock Erich Probst 6 None -- 1958 Sweden Just Fontaine 13 Pelé Helmut Rahn 1962 Chile Flórián Albert Valentin Ivanov Garrincha Vavá Dražan Jerković Leonel Sánchez None -- 1966 England Eusébio 9 Helmut Haller 6 Valeriy Porkujan Geoff Hurst Ferenc Bene Franz Beckenbauer 1970 Mexico Gerd Müller 10 Jairzinho 7 Teófilo Cubillas 5 1974 West Germany Grzegorz Lato 7 Andrzej Szarmach Johan Neeskens 5 None 1978 Argentina Mario Kempes 6 Teófilo Cubillas Rob Rensenbrink 5 Golden Shoe World Cup Golden Shoe Goals Silver Shoe Goals Bronze Shoe Goals 1982 Spain Paolo Rossi 6 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 5 Zico 1986 Mexico Gary Lineker Emilio Butragueño Careca Diego Maradona None 1990 Italy Salvatore Schillaci Tomáš Skuhravý Roger Milla Gary Lineker 1994 United States Oleg Salenko Hristo Stoichkov None -- Kennet Andersson Romário 5 1998 France Davor Šuker Gabriel Batistuta Christian Vieri 5 None 2002 South Korea / Japan Ronaldo 8 Miroslav Klose Rivaldo 2006 Germany Miroslav Klose 5 Hernán Crespo Ronaldo Golden Boot World Cup Golden Boot Goals Silver Boot Goals Bronze Boot Goals 2010 South Africa Thomas Müller 5 David Villa 5 Wesley Sneijder 5 2014 Brazil James Rodríguez 6 Thomas Müller 5 Neymar 2018 Russia Harry Kane Antoine Griezmann Romelu Lukaku Notes Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals , which would make him joint top scorer with Angelo Schiavio of Italy and Edmund Conen of Germany . However , FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006 , making Nejedlý the outright top scorer . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals . However , in November 2006 , FIFA confirmed that in the quarter - final tie against Czechoslovakia , he had scored once , not twice as FIFA had originally recorded , meaning he had scored only seven goals in total . Jump up ^ There was controversy regarding the number of goals Brazilian Ademir had scored in 1950 , as a result of incomplete data concerning the Final Round game Brazil vs. Spain ( 6 -- 1 ) . The 5 -- 0 goal had been credited to Jair , but is now credited to Ademir . Jump up ^ Salenko is the only player to win the award playing for a team that were eliminated in the group stages . His six goals are the only international goals he ever scored . Jump up ^ Despite the assist tiebreaker , Salenko and Stoichkov remained tied with 6 goals and one assist each , and both received the Golden Shoe . Jump up ^ Romário and Andersson surpassed the other two players with five goals ( Jürgen Klinsmann and Roberto Baggio ) by having three assists each . Jump up ^ Both runners - up had the same number of assists , and each received the Silver Shoe . Jump up ^ During the tournament , after the group stage match against Costa Rica , Ronaldo logged a protest against the crediting of a goal as an own goal , and FIFA granted him the change . ^ Jump up to : Eight players had scored three goals . Ronaldo , Crespo and Zinedine Zidane stood out for having one assist , and then the two recipients were determined by less playtime ( 308 minutes for Crespo , 411 for Ronaldo , 559 for Zidane ) . ^ Jump up to : Müller , Villa , Sneijder and Diego Forlán tied with five goals . Müller won by virtue of having more assists ( 3 ) than the rest ( each had one ) . Villa won the Silver Boot due to playing fewer minutes than Sneijder , and Sneijder won the Bronze Boot due to having played fewer minutes than Forlán . Jump up ^ Neymar , Lionel Messi and Robin van Persie all had four goals in the tournament . Neymar received the Bronze Boot for playing fewer minutes than his competitors ( 480 ; Messi played 693 minutes , and Van Persie , 548 ) . ^ Jump up to : Griezmann , Lukaku , Denis Cheryshev , Cristiano Ronaldo and Kylian Mbappé tied with 4 goals . Griezmann won the Silver Boot by virtue of having more assists ( 2 ) than the rest ( Lukaku had one , the rest had zero ) . Lukaku won the Bronze Boot due to having more assists ( one ) than Cheryshev , Ronaldo or Mbappé ( zero ) . Golden Glove The Golden Glove Award is awarded to the best goalkeeper of the tournament . The award was introduced with the name Lev Yashin Award in 1994 , in honor of the late Soviet goalkeeper . The FIFA Technical Study Group recognises the top goalkeeper of the tournament based on the player 's performance throughout the final competition . Although goalkeepers have this specific award for their position , they are still eligible for the Golden Ball as well , as when Oliver Kahn was awarded in 2002 . Although the Golden Glove Award was first awarded in 1994 , every All - Star Team in World Cups prior to 1998 except 1990 included only one goalkeeper . In the event of a tie , the Golden Glove Award goes to the goalkeeper who progressed furthest in the competition . The next tiebreakers are saves made , then minutes played . World Cup Golden Glove 1930 Uruguay Enrique Ballestrero 1934 Italy Ricardo Zamora 1938 France František Plánička 1950 Brazil Roque Máspoli 1954 Switzerland Gyula Grosics 1958 Sweden Harry Gregg 1962 Chile Viliam Schrojf 1966 England Gordon Banks 1970 Mexico Ladislao Mazurkiewicz 1974 West Germany Sepp Maier 1978 Argentina Ubaldo Fillol 1982 Spain Dino Zoff 1986 Mexico Jean - Marie Pfaff 1990 Italy Luis Gabelo Conejo Sergio Goycochea 1994 United States Michel Preud'homme 1998 France Fabien Barthez 2002 Korea / Japan Oliver Kahn 2006 Germany Gianluigi Buffon 2010 South Africa Iker Casillas 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Best Young player award The Best Young Player award was awarded for the first time at the 2006 World Cup in Germany and given to Germany 's Lukas Podolski . The award is given to the best player in the tournament who is at most 21 years old . For the 2018 World Cup , this meant that the player had to have been born on or after 1 January 1997 . The election took place on FIFA 's official World Cup website with the help of The FIFA Technical Study Group . FIFA organised a survey on the Internet for users to choose the `` best young player '' of the World Cup , between 1958 and 2002 , named the best young player of each tournament . With 61 % of the overall vote , the winner was Pelé , who finished ahead of the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas , the best young player at Mexico 1970 , and England 's Michael Owen , who reached similar heights at France 98 . YPA World Cup Best Young Player Age 1958 Sweden Pelé 17 1962 Chile Flórián Albert 20 1966 England Franz Beckenbauer 20 1970 Mexico Teófilo Cubillas 21 1974 West Germany Władysław Żmuda 20 1978 Argentina Antonio Cabrini 1982 Spain Manuel Amoros 21 1986 Mexico Enzo Scifo 20 1990 Italy Robert Prosinečki 21 1994 United States Marc Overmars 1998 France Michael Owen 18 2002 Korea / Japan Landon Donovan 20 2006 Germany Lukas Podolski 21 2010 South Africa Thomas Müller 20 2014 Brazil Paul Pogba 21 2018 Russia Kylian Mbappé 19 FIFA Fair play trophy The FIFA Fair Play Trophy is given to the team with the best record of fair play during the World Cup final tournament since 1970 . Only teams that qualified for the second round are considered . The winners of this award earn the FIFA Fair Play Trophy , a diploma , a fair play medal for each player and official , and $50,000 worth of football equipment to be used for youth development . The appearance of the award was originally a certificate . From 1982 to 1990 , it had been a golden trophy based on Sport Billy , a football - playing cartoon character from 1982 who became an icon for FIFA Fair play . Ever since 1994 , it is simply a trophy with an elegant footballer figure . Peru was the first nation to win the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the 1970 FIFA World Cup held in Mexico . Peru 's FIFA Fair Play trophy award . Peru won the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the tournament . World Cup FIFA Fair Play Trophy Winners 1970 Mexico Peru 1974 West Germany West Germany 1978 Argentina Argentina 1982 Spain Brazil 1986 Mexico Brazil 1990 Italy England 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France England France 2002 Korea / Japan Belgium 2006 Germany Brazil Spain 2010 South Africa Spain 2014 Brazil Colombia 2018 Russia Spain Man of the Match The Man of the Match award picks the outstanding player in every game of the tournament since 2002 . While the inaugural two editions were chosen by the technical group , the Man of the Match is since 2010 picked by an online poll on FIFA 's website . World Cup Most Man of the Match wins Wins 2002 South Korea / Japan Rivaldo 2006 Germany Andrea Pirlo 2010 South Africa Wesley Sneijder 2014 Brazil Lionel Messi 2018 Russia Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Harry Kane Luka Modrić Total awards As of 15 July 2018 Rank Player Country MoM WC with awards Arjen Robben Netherlands 6 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Lionel Messi Argentina 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Luis Suárez Uruguay 5 2010 , 2014 , 2018 5 Eden Hazard Belgium 2014 , 2018 Keisuke Honda Japan 2010 , 2014 James Rodríguez Colombia 2014 , 2018 Miroslav Klose Germany 2002 , 2006 Park Ji - sung South Korea 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Thomas Müller Germany 2010 , 2014 Wesley Sneijder Netherlands By Country As of 15 July 2018 Rank Country MoM Players Brazil 22 14 Germany 12 France 17 11 Spain 16 10 5 Argentina 15 8 6 England 14 12 7 Mexico 12 10 Netherlands 9 South Korea 11 7 Portugal 6 United States 7 Most Entertaining Team The FIFA Award for the Most Entertaining Team is a subjectively awarded prize for the team that had done the most to entertain the public with a positive approach to the game , organised through public participation in a poll starting in 1994 . World Cup Most Entertaining Team Award 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France France 2002 Korea / Japan South Korea 2006 Germany Portugal 2010 South Africa Germany 2014 Brazil Colombia All - Star Team The All - Star Team is a team of the best performers at the respective World Cup finals . The ways in which the FIFA All - Star team members have been chosen has varied from year to year . A technical study group consisting of journalists - mostly from Europe and South America - and experts has historically chosen the team . However , in 1994 FIFA decided to add an official squad , chosen by the FIFA technical group and under the brand name MasterCard All - Star Team . For 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , substitute and reserve members were also nominated for full 22 and 23 - player squads . The All - Star team wound up dropped prior to the 2010 tournament - coincidentally , three years after FIFA changed its sponsorship from MasterCard to Visa . All Star Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 1930 Uruguay Enrique Ballestrero José Nasazzi Milutin Ivković Luis Monti Álvaro Gestido José Leandro Andrade Pedro Cea Héctor Castro Héctor Scarone Guillermo Stábile Bert Patenaude 1934 Italy Ricardo Zamora Jacinto Quincoces Eraldo Monzeglio Luis Monti Attilio Ferraris Leonardo Cilaurren Giuseppe Meazza Raimundo Orsi Enrique Guaita Matthias Sindelar Oldřich Nejedlý 1938 France František Plánička Pietro Rava Alfredo Foni Domingos da Guia Michele Andreolo Ugo Locatelli Silvio Piola Gino Colaussi György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Leônidas 1950 Brazil Roque Máspoli Erik Nilsson José Parra Víctor Rodríguez Andrade Obdulio Varela Bauer Alcides Ghiggia Jair Zizinho Ademir Juan Alberto Schiaffino 1954 Switzerland Gyula Grosics Ernst Ocwirk Djalma Santos José Santamaría Fritz Walter József Bozsik Nándor Hidegkuti Zoltán Czibor Helmut Rahn Ferenc Puskás Sándor Kocsis 1958 Sweden Harry Gregg Djalma Santos Bellini Nílton Santos Danny Blanchflower Didi Gunnar Gren Raymond Kopa Pelé Garrincha Just Fontaine 1962 Chile Viliam Schrojf Djalma Santos Cesare Maldini Valery Voronin Karl - Heinz Schnellinger Mário Zagallo Zito Josef Masopust Vavá Garrincha Leonel Sánchez 1966 England Gordon Banks George Cohen Bobby Moore Vicente Silvio Marzolini Franz Beckenbauer Mário Coluna Bobby Charlton Flórián Albert Uwe Seeler Eusébio 1970 Mexico Ladislao Mazurkiewicz Carlos Alberto Atilio Ancheta Franz Beckenbauer Giacinto Facchetti Gérson Rivellino Bobby Charlton Pelé Gerd Müller Jairzinho 1974 West Germany Sepp Maier Ruud Krol Paul Breitner Elias Figueroa Franz Beckenbauer Berti Vogts Wolfgang Overath Kazimierz Deyna Johan Neeskens Rob Rensenbrink Johan Cruyff Grzegorz Lato 1978 Argentina Ubaldo Fillol Berti Vogts Ruud Krol Daniel Passarella Alberto Tarantini Dirceu Teófilo Cubillas Rob Rensenbrink Roberto Bettega Paolo Rossi Mario Kempes 1982 Spain Dino Zoff Luizinho Júnior Claudio Gentile Fulvio Collovati Zbigniew Boniek Falcão Michel Platini Zico Paolo Rossi Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1986 Mexico Jean - Marie Pfaff Josimar Manuel Amoros Júlio César Jan Ceulemans Jean Tigana Michel Platini Diego Maradona Preben Elkjær Larsen Emilio Butragueño Gary Lineker 1990 Italy Sergio Goycochea Luis Gabelo Conejo Andreas Brehme Paolo Maldini Franco Baresi Diego Maradona Lothar Matthäus Dragan Stojković Paul Gascoigne Salvatore Schillaci Roger Milla Jürgen Klinsmann MasterCard All Star Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 1994 United States Michel Preud'homme Jorginho Márcio Santos Paolo Maldini Dunga Krasimir Balakov Gheorghe Hagi Tomas Brolin Romário Hristo Stoichkov Roberto Baggio 1998 France ( 1 ) Fabien Barthez José Luis Chilavert Roberto Carlos Marcel Desailly Lilian Thuram Frank de Boer Carlos Gamarra Dunga Rivaldo Michael Laudrup Zinedine Zidane Edgar Davids Ronaldo Davor Šuker Brian Laudrup Dennis Bergkamp 2002 Korea / Japan ( 2 ) Oliver Kahn Rüştü Reçber Roberto Carlos Sol Campbell Fernando Hierro Hong Myung - bo Alpay Özalan Rivaldo Ronaldinho Michael Ballack Claudio Reyna Yoo Sang - chul Ronaldo Miroslav Klose El Hadji Diouf Hasan Şaş 2006 Germany Gianluigi Buffon Jens Lehmann Ricardo Roberto Ayala John Terry Lilian Thuram Philipp Lahm Fabio Cannavaro Gianluca Zambrotta Ricardo Carvalho Zé Roberto Patrick Vieira Zinedine Zidane Michael Ballack Andrea Pirlo Gennaro Gattuso Luís Figo Maniche Hernán Crespo Thierry Henry Miroslav Klose Luca Toni Francesco Totti In addition to the 16 of the All - Star Team , 6 reserves were listed : Edwin van der Sar , Juan Sebastián Verón , Thierry Henry , Jay - Jay Okocha , Michael Owen , and Christian Vieri . Again there were seven reserves : Iker Casillas , Cafu , Dietmar Hamann , Joaquín , Hidetoshi Nakata , Landon Donovan , and Marc Wilmots . In 2010 , an equivalent of the All Star Team was an online poll to FIFA.com Club members named `` Dream Team '' , sponsored by Yingli . The Dream Team poll returned the following edition sponsored by Oi , and again in 2018 sponsored by Hisense . Dream Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards Manager 2010 South Africa Iker Casillas Philipp Lahm Sergio Ramos Carles Puyol Maicon Xavi Bastian Schweinsteiger Wesley Sneijder Andrés Iniesta David Villa Diego Forlán Vicente del Bosque 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer Marcelo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva David Luiz Ángel Di María Toni Kroos James Rodríguez Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Neymar Joachim Löw 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Raphaël Varane Thiago Silva Diego Godín Marcelo Luka Modrić Philippe Coutinho Kevin De Bruyne Kylian Mbappé Harry Kane Cristiano Ronaldo While FIFA did not release an official list for 2014 , official sponsor Castrol published a team of the tournament based on their Castrol Performance Index , which evaluates players ' performances through statistical data . Castrol Index Top 11 World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer Marcos Rojo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva Stefan de Vrij Oscar Toni Kroos Philipp Lahm James Rodríguez Arjen Robben Thomas Müller Fantasy McDonald 's Overall XI World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Andreas Granqvist Raphaël Varane Thiago Silva Yerry Mina Denis Cheryshev Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Only two players have been named in three separate All - Star teams whose selection only included the starting eleven : Djalma Santos in 1954 , 1958 and 1962 , Franz Beckenbauer in 1966 , 1970 and 1974 . Philipp Lahm also achieved it in 2006 , 2010 and 2014 . However , the 2006 edition listed 23 players and 2014 had two All - Star team listed . Lahm 's name has only been in one of these . 21 players have been named in two separate All - Star teams : Luis Monti ( 1930 and 1934 ; representing Argentina and Italy respectively ) ; Garrincha ( 1958 and 1962 ) ; Pelé ( 1958 and 1970 ) ; Bobby Charlton ( 1966 and 1970 ) ; Ruud Krol and Rob Rensenbrink ( 1974 and 1978 ) ; Berti Vogts ( 1974 and 1978 ) ; Paolo Rossi ( 1978 and 1982 ) ; Michel Platini ( 1982 and 1986 ) ; Diego Maradona ( 1986 and 1990 ) ; Paolo Maldini ( 1990 and 1994 ) ; Dunga ( 1994 and 1998 ) ; Roberto Carlos , Rivaldo , and Ronaldo ( 1998 and 2002 ) ; Lilian Thuram and Zinedine Zidane ( 1998 and 2006 ) ; Michael Ballack and Miroslav Klose ( 2002 and 2006 ) ; Marcelo and Thiago Silva ( 2014 and 2018 ) . Pelé hold the record of the longest time between being named in two separate All - Star teams by 12 years apart ( 1958 and 1970 ) . Uruguay in 1930 and 1950 , Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014 are the only teams to have had a player in every position on the All - Star Team . Germany and Italy achieved it in 2006 , however , the 2006 edition listed 23 players . Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 2006 have the most players selected in the All - Star Team with 7 players each . However , the 1930 selection only had 11 players overall , while the 2006 selection had 23 . 37 different Brazilian players have been named in All - Star teams , Brazil is also the nation with most nominations with 44 nominees in every position except goalkeeper . Only two Asian players have been named in All - Star teams , Hong Myung - bo and Yoo Sang - chul of South Korea . Another Asian player Hidetoshi Nakata has been named in reserves . All three players were selected in 2002 . Similarly , only two African players have been named in All - Star teams , Roger Milla from Cameroon in 1990 and El Hadji Diouf from Senegal in 2002 . Only one player on the victorious 1986 Argentina team , Diego Maradona , was selected in that year 's All - Star team . Uniquely , brothers Brian Laudrup and Michael Laudrup were both selected for the All Star Team from Denmark in 1998 . Similarly , Cesare Maldini and Paolo Maldini are the only father and son players that were both selected for the All Star Team from Italy , in 1962 and 1990 , 1994 respectively . Uniquely , Argentinian compatriots Diego Maradona ( 1979 and 1986 ) and Lionel Messi ( 2005 and 2014 ) are the only players that won the Golden Ball award at both FIFA World Cup and FIFA World Youth Championship . Goal of the Tournament World Cup Player Scored against Source 2006 Germany Maxi Rodríguez Mexico 2010 South Africa Diego Forlan Germany 2014 Brazil James Rodriguez Uruguay 2018 Russia Benjamin Pavard Argentina References Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup : Awards '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA eliminates official World Cup All - Star team '' . USA Today . 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 1982 FIFA World Cup Technical Report , page 222 : Paolo Rossi wins both adidas / France Football World Cup Trophies Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball winners in World Cup history '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Best Players ( Golden Ball ) '' . Topend Sports . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cups : Awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions at a Glance '' . FIFA . p. 14 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` adidas Golden Shoe - FIFA World Cup TM Final '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romario is voted the top player of World Cup ' 94 and winner of the FIFA / adidas Golden Ball award ; Salenko and Stoichkov tie as leading scorers for World Cup USA ' 94 '' . Business Wire. 17 July 1994 . ( FIFA ) has announced Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) and Hristo Stoichkov ( Bulgaria ) as ( ... ) winners of the prestigious adidas Golden Shoe award ( ... ) who made six goals and one assist each . Kennet Andersson ( Sweden ) with 5 goals and 3 assists , will receive a Bronze replica of the Predator ( ... ) Throughout World Cup ' 94 , three points were awarded for each goal scored and one point for each assist leading to a goal , with a maximum of two assists per goal . Assists are only taken into account if two or more players scored the same number of goals . Jump up ^ Bryan , Rebecca ( 11 July 1994 ) . `` Football by the numbers '' . Los Angeles : Agence France Presse . the assist has gained enough ground to earn a place in the calculations for the Golden Boot award , which in every previous World Cup has been awarded solely on the basis of goals scored . Under the formula , players get three points for a goal , and one point for an assist . `` We made a two - point difference because we do not want someone who did not score winning the award , '' a FIFA official said . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Awards -- adidas Golden Boot '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 2014 . p. 177 . TOP GOALSCORERS 1930 - 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . Fifa.com . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report ; Brazil -- Spain 6 : 1 '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most World Cup goals '' . Sportskeeda . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico : Awards '' . 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 1994 . p. 82 . In Kenneth Andersson they had one of the most prolific scorers in their ranks - he was jointly awarded the `` Bronze Shoe '' for the third best goal - scorer , together with Brazil 's Romário . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted Best Player at France 98 '' . FIFA.com. 27 July 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An unforgettable football festival with several winners '' . FIFA.com. 31 October 2002 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo handed fourth goal '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Official FIFA Awards : Zidane wins adidas Golden Ball award '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany - Statistics - Players - Top goals '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com . `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Young Player Award '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award '' . footballdatabase.com . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pele , Best Young Player Ever '' . newagebd.com . Archived from the original on 21 August 2009 . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/every-winner-world-cups-best-12351397 Jump up ^ `` Muller named Hyundai Best Young Player '' . FIFA.com. 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Hyundai Young player award : Paul Pogba '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA.com. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` XXI . Special awards and protocol '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 52 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . Jump up ^ David Goldblatt and Jean Will . A History of the World Cup in 24 Objects ( PDF ) . De Montfort University , Leicester . p. 18 . Jump up ^ 1982 Technical Report , page 222 : `` Sport Billy - the FIFA Fair Play Trophy '' Jump up ^ `` FIFA Award Trophies '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` España campeón , del fair play , en Sudáfrica 2010 '' . Peru.com. 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics , p. 44 : `` Marketing and Partners '' and p. 49 : `` Budweiser Man of the Match '' Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match '' . 2006 FIFA World Cup Official Website ( Yahoo ! ) . Archived from the original on 11 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match Rules '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Korea Republic win Most Entertaining Team Award '' . FIFA.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Users declare Portugal most entertaining team '' . FIFA.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/news/newsid=31888/ title = Germany win Most Entertaining Team Award publisher = FIFA.com date = 22 June 2014 accessdate = 26 June 2014 ) ) Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/brasil2014/news/newsid=31888/ title = Colombia win Most Entertaining Team Award publisher = FIFA.com date = 22 June 2014 accessdate = 26 June 2014 ) ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup All - Star Team -- Football world Cup All Star Team '' . Football.sporting99.com . Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` WORLD CUP ' 94 ; Romario and Baggio Among First All - Star Cast '' . The New York Times . 16 July 1994 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA eliminates official World Cup All - Star team - USATODAY.com '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` FIFA Tournaments - Players & Coaches - Elias FIGUEROA - Player Profile - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Technical Study Group designates MasterCard All - Star Team '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics , p. 106 : `` MasterCard All - Star Team '' Jump up ^ `` The FIFA TSG nominates 23 players for the MasterCard All - Star squad '' . FIFA.com. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Spaniards dominate Dream Team '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 15 July 2014 ) . `` Dream Team winners earn Sony prizes '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` FIFA World Cup Fan Dream Team '' . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 23 July 2018 ) . `` Fan Dream Team and prize winners revealed ! '' . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Castrol Index Top 11 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kane crowned King , Mina the PPG VIP '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pavard 's stunner voted Hyundai Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Bibliography `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 1982 . `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 2002 . External links FIFA World Cup Awards on FIFA website FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Best Player 1930 : Nasazzi 1934 : Meazza 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Zizinho 1954 : Puskás 1958 : Didi 1962 : Garrincha 1966 : Charlton 1970 : Pelé 1974 : Cruijff 1978 : Kempes Golden Ball 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Maradona 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Romário 1998 : Ronaldo 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Zidane 2010 : Forlán 2014 : Messi 2018 : Modrić Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Silver Ball 2nd Best Player 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Sindelar 1938 : Piola 1950 : Schiaffino 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Masopust 1966 : Moore 1970 : Gérson 1974 : Beckenbauer 1978 : Rossi Silver Ball 1982 : Falcão 1986 : Schumacher 1990 : Matthäus 1994 : Baggio 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Cannavaro 2010 : Sneijder 2014 : Müller 2018 : Hazard Silver Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Bronze Ball 3rd Best Player 1930 : Andrade 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Sárosi 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Walter 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Sánchez 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : Müller 1974 : Deyna 1978 : Dirceu Bronze Ball 1982 : Rummenigge 1986 : Elkjær 1990 : Maradona 1994 : Stoichkov 1998 : Thuram 2002 : Hong Myung - bo 2006 : Pirlo 2010 : Villa 2014 : Robben 2018 : Griezmann Bronze Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup -- Golden Boot winners Top scorer 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Albert , Garrincha , Ivanov , Jerković , Sánchez & Vavá Golden Shoe 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : G. Müller 1974 : Lato 1978 : Kempes 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Lineker 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Salenko & Stoichkov 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Klose Golden Boot 2010 : T. Müller 2014 : J. Rodríguez 2018 : Kane Golden Shoe was first awarded in 1966 Golden Boot was first awarded in 2010 FIFA World Cup Golden Glove All - Star Team Goalkeeper 1930 : Ballestrero 1934 : Zamora 1938 : Plánička 1950 : Máspoli 1954 : Grosics 1958 : Gregg 1962 : Schrojf 1966 : Banks 1970 : Mazurkiewicz 1974 : Maier 1978 : Fillol 1982 : Zoff 1986 : Pfaff 1990 : Goycochea Yashin Award 1994 : Preud'homme 1998 : Barthez 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Buffon Golden Glove 2010 : Casillas 2014 : Neuer 2018 : Courtois Golden Glove was first awarded in 1994 . FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Best Young Player 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Albert 1966 : Beckenbauer 1970 : Cubillas 1974 : Żmuda 1978 : Cabrini 1982 : Amoros 1986 : Scifo 1990 : Prosinečki 1994 : Overmars 1998 : Owen 2002 : Donovan Best Young Player Award 2006 : Podolski 2010 : Müller 2014 : Pogba 2018 : Mbappé Best Young Player was first awarded in 2006 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA eWorld Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Jérôme Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present ) Awards FIFA 100 FIFA Ballon d'Or FIFA Club of the Century FIFA Development Award FIFA Fair Play Award FIFA Female Player of the Century FIFA FIFPro World XI FIFA Order of Merit FIFA Player of the Century FIFA Presidential Award FIFA Puskás Award FIFA Women 's World Cup awards FIFA World Coach of the Year FIFA World Cup All - Time Team FIFA World Cup Dream Team FIFA World Cup awards FIFA World Player of the Year The Best FIFA Football Awards Rankings FIFA World Rankings ( Former systems : 1999 -- 2006 2006 -- 2018 ) FIFA Women 's World Rankings Congresses 51st ( Paris 1998 ) 53rd ( Seoul 2002 ) 61st ( Zürich 2011 ) 65th ( Zürich 2015 ) Extraordinary ( Zürich 2016 ) Corruption `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets '' Garcia Report 2015 FIFA corruption case List of banned football officials Others FIFA ( video game series ) List of FIFA country codes FIFA Disciplinary Code FIFA Fan Fest FIFA Futbol Mundial FIFA eligibility rules FIFA International Match Calendar FIFA International Referees List FIFA Master FIFA Transfer Matching System FIFA World Cup Trophy Non-FIFA United Passions International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-20 U-17 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , CAFA , WAFF ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 Nations League North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Nations League Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-19 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA -- ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IIGA -- Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_awards&oldid=852258336 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA awards Top sports lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2014 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 17 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the golden boot at the 2006 fifa world cup	[ "\n\nTop Goalscorer[12][13]\n\n\nWorld Cup\n\nTop goalscorer\n\nGoals\n\nRunners-up\n\nGoals\n\nThird place\n\nGoals\n\n\n1930 Uruguay\n\n Guillermo Stábile\n\n8\n\n Pedro Cea\n\n5\n\n Bert Patenaude\n\n4\n\n\n1934 Italy\n\n Oldřich Nejedlý\n\n5[a]\n\n Edmund Conen Angelo Schiavio\n\n4\n\nNone\n\n—\n\n\n1938 France\n\n Leônidas\n\n7[b]\n\n György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Silvio Piola\n\n5\n\n\n1950 Brazil\n\n Ademir\n\n8[c]\n\n Óscar Míguez\n\n Alcides Ghiggia Chico Estanislau Basora Telmo Zarra\n\n4\n\n\n1954 Switzerland\n\n Sándor Kocsis\n\n11\n\n Josef Hügi Max Morlock Erich Probst\n\n6\n\nNone\n\n—\n\n\n1958 Sweden\n\n Just Fontaine\n\n13\n\n Pelé Helmut Rahn\n\n\n1962 Chile\n\n Flórián Albert Valentin Ivanov Garrincha Vavá Dražan Jerković Leonel Sánchez\n\n4\n\nNone\n\n—\n\n\n1966 England\n\n Eusébio\n\n9\n\n Helmut Haller\n\n6\n\n Valeriy Porkujan Geoff Hurst Ferenc Bene Franz Beckenbauer\n\n4\n\n\n1970 Mexico\n\n Gerd Müller\n\n10\n\n Jairzinho\n\n7\n\n Teófilo Cubillas\n\n5\n\n\n1974 West Germany\n\n Grzegorz Lato\n\n7\n\n Andrzej Szarmach Johan Neeskens\n\n5\n\nNone\n\n\n\n\n1978 Argentina[17]\n\n Mario Kempes\n\n6\n\n Teófilo Cubillas\n\n Rob Rensenbrink\n\n5\n\n\nGolden Shoe[8]\n\n\nWorld Cup\n\nGolden Shoe\n\nGoals\n\nSilver Shoe\n\nGoals\n\nBronze Shoe\n\nGoals\n\n\n1982 Spain\n\n Paolo Rossi\n\n6\n\n Karl-Heinz Rummenigge\n\n5\n\n Zico\n\n4\n\n\n1986 Mexico\n\n Gary Lineker\n\n Emilio Butragueño Careca Diego Maradona\n\nNone[18]\n\n\n1990 Italy\n\n Salvatore Schillaci\n\n Tomáš Skuhravý\n\n Roger Milla Gary Lineker\n\n4\n\n\n1994 United States\n\n Oleg Salenko[d] Hristo Stoichkov[e]\n\nNone\n\n—\n\n Kennet Andersson Romário\n\n5[f]\n\n\n1998 France[20]\n\n Davor Šuker\n\n Gabriel Batistuta Christian Vieri\n\n5\n\nNone[g]\n\n\n2002 South Korea/Japan[21]\n\n Ronaldo\n\n8[h]\n\n Miroslav Klose Rivaldo\n\n\n2006 Germany[23]\n\n Miroslav Klose\n\n5\n\n Hernán Crespo\n\n3[i]\n\n Ronaldo\n\n3[i]\n\n\nGolden Boot[8]\n\n\nWorld Cup\n\nGolden Boot\n\nGoals\n\nSilver Boot\n\nGoals\n\nBronze Boot\n\nGoals\n\n\n2010 South Africa\n\n Thomas Müller\n\n5[j]\n\n David Villa\n\n5[j]\n\n Wesley Sneijder\n\n5[j]\n\n\n2014 Brazil\n\n James Rodríguez\n\n6\n\n Thomas Müller\n\n5\n\n Neymar\n\n4[k]\n\n\n2018 Russia\n\n Harry Kane\n\n Antoine Griezmann\n\n4[l]\n\n Romelu Lukaku\n\n4[l]\n\n\nNotes\n\n\n\n\nJump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals, which would make him joint top scorer with Angelo Schiavio of Italy and Edmund Conen of Germany. However, FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006, making Nejedlý the outright top scorer.[14]\n\nJump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals. However, in November 2006, FIFA confirmed that in the quarter-final tie against Czechoslovakia, he had scored once, not twice as FIFA had originally recorded, meaning he had scored only seven goals in total.[14]\n\nJump up ^ There was controversy regarding the number of goals Brazilian Ademir had scored in 1950, as a result of incomplete data concerning the Final Round game Brazil vs. Spain (6–1). The 5–0 goal had been credited to Jair, but is now credited to Ademir.[15][16]\n\nJump up ^ Salenko is the only player to win the award playing for a team that were eliminated in the group stages. His six goals are the only international goals he ever scored.\n\nJump up ^ Despite the assist tiebreaker, Salenko and Stoichkov remained tied with 6 goals and one assist each, and both received the Golden Shoe.[9]\n\nJump up ^ Romário and Andersson surpassed the other two players with five goals (Jürgen Klinsmann and Roberto Baggio) by having three assists each.[9][19]\n\nJump up ^ Both runners-up had the same number of assists, and each received the Silver Shoe.\n\nJump up ^ During the tournament, after the group stage match against Costa Rica, Ronaldo logged a protest against the crediting of a goal as an own goal, and FIFA granted him the change.[22]\n\n^ Jump up to: a b Eight players had scored three goals. Ronaldo, Crespo and Zinedine Zidane stood out for having one assist, and then the two recipients were determined by less playtime (308 minutes for Crespo, 411 for Ronaldo, 559 for Zidane).[24]\n\n^ Jump up to: a b c Müller, Villa, Sneijder and Diego Forlán tied with five goals. Müller won by virtue of having more assists (3) than the rest (each had one). Villa won the Silver Boot due to playing fewer minutes than Sneijder, and Sneijder won the Bronze Boot due to having played fewer minutes than Forlán.[25]\n\nJump up ^ Neymar, Lionel Messi and Robin van Persie all had four goals in the tournament. Neymar received the Bronze Boot for playing fewer minutes than his competitors (480; Messi played 693 minutes, and Van Persie, 548).[26]\n\n^ Jump up to: a b Griezmann, Lukaku, Denis Cheryshev, Cristiano Ronaldo and Kylian Mbappé tied with 4 goals. Griezmann won the Silver Boot by virtue of having more assists (2) than the rest (Lukaku had one, the rest had zero). Lukaku won the Bronze Boot due to having more assists (one) than Cheryshev, Ronaldo or Mbappé (zero).[27]\n\n\n" ]	[ "Miroslav Klose" ]
2071660728766162905	Chief Election Commissioner of India	Chief Election Commissioner of India - wikipedia Chief Election Commissioner of India Chief Election Commissioner of India Incumbent Om Prakash Rawat since 23 January 2018 Election Commission of India Nominator Government of India Appointer President of India Term length 6 yrs or up to 65 yrs of age ( whichever is earlier ) Deputy Election Commissioners of India Deputy Election Commissioners of India Salary ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,500 ) per month Website Election Commission of India India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFoS IPS ) Central Civil Services ( IRS IFS IA&AS IPoS IRAS IRTS IRPS ICAS IDAS IDES ICLS IIS ITrS IP&TAFS IOFS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The Chief Election Commissioner heads the Election Commission of India , a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the national and state legislatures and of President and Vice-President . Chief Election Commissioner of India is usually a member of the Indian Civil Service and mostly from the Indian Administrative Service . It is very difficult to remove the authority of the Chief Election Commissioner once appointed by the president , as two - thirds of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha need to vote against him for disorderly conduct or improper actions . Despite the recent changes in the hierarchy , the system always had powers to impose unambiguous rules and guidelines that applied across the entire nation e.g. as to how the ballots will be cast and counted , what will be regarded as ' unqualified ' vote . India was probably one of the first countries in the World to go for a completely electronic ballot in the last elections . What made this remarkable was that the Election Commission of India had successfully implemented this across the entire diverse Indian population that also consisted of the rural illiterate people . While the office has always been an important one in the machinery of the Indian political process , it gained significant public attention during the tenure of T.N. Seshan , from 1990 to 1996 . Seshan is widely credited with undertaking a zealous effort to end corruption and manipulation in Indian elections . Though he made significant progress , several politicians attempted to derail these efforts . In particular , the expansion of the Election Commission to include the two Election Commissioners ( in addition to the Chief Commissioner ) was seen as a move to curtail the commissioner 's ability to act aggressively . Contents 1 Suggested reforms 2 Compensation 3 Chief Election Commissioners 4 References Suggested reforms ( edit ) In June 2012 , Lal Krishna Advani , a veteran Indian politician and former Deputy Prime Minister of India ( as well as former Leader of the Opposition in Indian Parliament ) , suggested that appointment of CEC ( as well as the Comptroller and Auditor General of India ( CAG ) ) should be made by a bipartisan collegium consisting of the Prime Minister , the Chief Justice , the Law Minister and the Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha . Subsequently , M Karunanidhi , the head of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) party and five times Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu supported the suggestion . Advani made this demand to remove any impression of bias or lack of transparency and fairness because , according to him , the current system was open to `` manipulation and partisanship '' . Similar demand was made by many former CEC 's such as BB Tandon , N Gopalaswamy and SY Quraishi . Compensation ( edit ) By the `` Election Commission ( Condition Of Service Of Election Commissions And Transaction Of Business ) Act , 1991 '' , the salary of the chief election commissioner is the same as salary of a Judge of Supreme Court of India . Salary of the Chief Election Commissioner Salary ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,500 ) monthly Chief Election Commissioners ( edit ) The following have held the post of the Chief Election Commissioner of India . List of Chief Election Commissioners No . Name Took office Left office Sukumar Sen 21 March 1950 19 December 1958 Kalyan Sundaram 20 December 1958 30 September 1967 SP Sen Verma 1 October 1967 30 September 1972 Nagendra Singh 1 October 1972 6 February 1973 T. Swaminathan 7 February 1973 17 June 1977 6 S.L. Shakdhar 18 June 1977 17 June 1982 7 R.K. Trivedi 18 June 1982 31 December 1985 8 R.V.S. Peri Sastri 1 January 1986 25 November 1990 9 V.S. Ramadevi 26 November 1990 11 December 1990 10 T.N. Seshan 12 December 1990 11 December 1996 11 M.S. Gill 12 December 1996 13 June 2001 12 J.M. Lyngdoh 14 June 2001 7 February 2004 13 T.S. Krishnamurthy 8 February 2004 15 May 2005 14 B.B. Tandon 16 May 2005 29 June 2006 15 N. Gopalaswami 30 June 2006 20 April 2009 16 Navin Chawla 21 April 2009 29 July 2010 17 S.Y. Quraishi 30 July 2010 10 June 2012 18 V.S. Sampath 11 June 2012 15 January 2015 19 H.S. Brahma 16 January 2015 18 April 2015 20 Nasim Zaidi 19 April 2015 5 July 2017 21 Achal Kumar Jyoti 6 July 2017 22 January 2018 22 Om Prakash Rawat 23 January 2018 Incumbent References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Election Commission ( Condition Of Service Of Election Commissions And Transaction Of Business ) Act , 1991 '' . Vakil No. 1 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008 '' ( PDF ) . PRS India . Jump up ^ `` Members Bioprofile '' . Lok Sabha of India / National Informatics Centre , New Delhi . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Karunanidhi backs Advani 's view on collegium to appoint CAG , EC '' . Times of India . 5 Jun 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Karunanidhi backs Advani 's plea for collegium '' . The Hindu . Chennai. 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DMK 's Official Homepage - Chennai - Tamilnadu - India 800x600 screen resolution '' . Dmk.in. 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Collegium needed to select EC : SY Quraishi '' . The Times of India . July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-CECs backed collegium , Law Ministry not too keen '' . Indian Express . 10 Jun 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Chief Election Commissioners '' . Election Commission of India . Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission of India '' . ECI.nic.in . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Borgohain , Sonalee , ed . ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` India 's new Chief Election Commissioner Achal Kumar Jyoti to take charge on July 6 '' . India Today . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Om Prakash Rawat to succeed AK Joti as new Chief Election Commissioner '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Election_Commissioner_of_India&oldid=859024179 '' Categories : Chief Election Commissioners of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2018 , at 06 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the power to remove chief election commissioner	[ "The Chief Election Commissioner heads the Election Commission of India, a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the national and state legislatures and of President and Vice-President. Chief Election Commissioner of India is usually a member of the Indian Civil Service and mostly from the Indian Administrative Service. It is very difficult to remove the authority of the Chief Election Commissioner once appointed by the president, as two-thirds of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha need to vote against him for disorderly conduct or improper actions.\n" ]	[ "Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha" ]
2321529271227072484	Trench warfare	Trench warfare - wikipedia Trench warfare Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the development , tactics and experience of trench warfare . For a chronological history of trench warfare in France and Belgium in World War I , see Western Front ( World War I ) . Part of a series on War History ( show ) Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early Modern Late Modern Industrial Fourth - Gen Battlespace ( show ) Air Cyber Information Land Sea Space Weapons ( show ) Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Chemical Conventional Cyber Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional Tactics ( show ) Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counter-insurgency Cover Foxhole Guerrilla warfare Morale Siege Swarming Tactical objective Trench warfare Operational ( show ) Blitzkrieg Deep operation Maneuver warfare Operational manoeuvre group Strategy ( show ) Attrition Counter-offensive Deception Defensive Goal Naval Offensive Grand strategy ( show ) Containment Economic warfare Limited war Military science Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war Organization ( show ) Command and control Doctrine Education and training Engineers Intelligence Ranks Staff Technology and equipment Logistics ( show ) Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management Related ( show ) Asymmetric warfare Broken - Backed War Theory Court - martial Cold war Deterrence theory Horses in warfare Irregular warfare Law of war Mercenary Military campaign Military operation Network - centric warfare Operations research Principles of war Proxy war Religious war Theater Tripwire force War crime War film War game War novel Wartime sexual violence Women in war World war Colonial war Lists ( show ) Battles Military occupations Military tactics Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers German soldiers of the 11th Reserve Hussar Regiment fighting from a trench , on the Western Front , 1916 Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of military trenches , in which troops are well - protected from the enemy 's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery . The most famous use of trench warfare is the Western Front in World War I. It has become a byword for stalemate , attrition , sieges and futility in conflict . Trench warfare occurred when a revolution in firepower was not matched by similar advances in mobility , resulting in a grueling form of warfare in which the defender held the advantage . On the Western Front in 1914 -- 1918 , both sides constructed elaborate trench and dugout systems opposing each other along a front , protected from assault by barbed wire , mines , and other obstacles . The area between opposing trench lines ( known as `` no man 's land '' ) was fully exposed to artillery fire from both sides . Attacks , even if successful , often sustained severe casualties . With the development of armoured warfare , emphasis on trench warfare has declined , but still occurs wherever battle - lines become static . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Field works 1.2 Symbol for the futility of war 2 World War I : Entrenchment 2.1 Implementation 2.2 Trench defensive systems 2.3 Trench construction 2.4 Trench geography in World War I 3 World War I : Life in the trenches 4 World War I : Death in the trenches 5 Weapons of World War I trench warfare 5.1 Infantry weapons 5.2 Wire 5.3 Machine guns 5.4 Artillery 5.5 Mortars 5.6 Helmets 5.7 Mines 5.8 Gas 5.9 Aircraft 5.10 New weapons 6 Mining 7 Trench battles 7.1 Strategy 7.2 World War I tactics 7.3 World War I communications 8 World War I -- breaking the stalemate 8.1 Infiltration tactics 8.2 Tanks 9 World War II 10 Post-1945 to modern trench warfare 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Overview ( edit ) Field works ( edit ) Lines of Torres Vedras Field works are as old as armies . Roman legions , when in the presence of an enemy , entrenched camps nightly when on the move . In the early - modern era troops used field works to block possible lines of advance . For example : Members of the Grand Alliance built the Lines of Stollhofen at the start of the War of the Spanish Succession of 1702 - 1714 . The works ran for about 15 km ( 10 mi ) from Stollhofen on the Rhine to the impenetrable woods on the hills east of Bühl . They played a pivotal role in manoeuvring that took place before the Battle of Blenheim ( 1704 ) . The French captured these lines in 1707 and demolished them . The French built the 19 - kilometre - long ( 12 mi ) Lines of Weissenburg during the War of the Spanish Succession under the orders of the Duke of Villars in 1706 . These were to remain in existence for just over 100 years and were last manned during Napoleon 's Hundred Days ( 1815 ) . By 1870 the Lines no longer existed , but the two central forts in the towns of Wissembourg and Altenstadt still possessed fortifications that proved useful defensive positions during the Battle of Wissembourg . The French built the Lines of Ne Plus Ultra ( Latin for `` no further '' ) during the winter of 1710 -- 1711 , which have been compared to the trenches of World War I. They ran from Arras to Cambrai and Valenciennes where they linked up with existing defensive lines fronted by the river Sambre . In the 1711 campaign season the Duke of Marlborough breached them through `` a magnificent piece of manoeuvring '' . During the Peninsular War , the British and Portuguese constructed the Lines of Torres Vedras in 1809 and 1810 ; these proved effective in stopping the French advance on Lisbon in 1810 . Though Napoleon Bonaparte started his military career in artillery , campaigning in the Napoleonic Wars generally emphasized movement rather than static entrenchment . But innovations in trench warfare became more prominent in the course of the 19th century . Trenches at the Siege of Vicksburg 1863 In the New Zealand Wars ( 1845 - 1872 ) the indigenous Maori developed elaborate trench and bunker systems , employing them successfully as early as the 1840s to withstand British cannon , muskets , and an experimental poison - gas mortar , British casualty rates of up to 45 percent , such as at the Battle of Ohaeawai in 1845 , proved that contemporary firepower was insufficient to dislodge defenders from a trench system . The Crimean War ( 1853 - 1856 ) saw `` massive trench works and trench warfare '' , even though `` the modernity of the trench war was not immediately apparent to the contemporaries '' . North American armies employed field works in the American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865 ) -- most notably in the sieges of Vicksburg ( 1863 ) and Petersburg ( 1864 - 1865 ) , the latter of which saw the first use by the Union Army of the rapid - fire Gatling gun , the important precursor to modern - day machine guns . Trenches also featured in the Paraguayan War ( which started in 1864 ) , the Second Anglo - Boer War ( 1899 - 1902 ) , and the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 - 1905 ) . Fundamentally , as the range and rate of fire of rifled small - arms increased , a defender shielded from enemy fire ( in a trench , at a house window , behind a large rock , or behind other cover ) was often able to kill several approaching foes before they closed with his position . Attacks across open ground became even more dangerous after the introduction of rapid - firing artillery , exemplified by the `` French 75 '' , and high explosive fragmentation rounds . The increases in firepower had outstripped the ability of infantry ( or even cavalry ) to cover the ground between firing lines , and the ability of armour to withstand fire . It would take a revolution in mobility to change that . The Boer trench at the Battle of Magersfontein contributed to the surprise defeat of the Highland Brigade on 11 December 1899 during the Second Boer War . Trench warfare has become archetypically associated with the First World War of 1914 -- 1918 , when the Race to the Sea rapidly expanded trench use on the Western Front starting in September 1914 . By the end of October 1914 the whole front in Belgium and France had solidified into lines of trenches , which lasted until the last weeks of the war . Mass infantry assaults were futile in the face of artillery fire as well as rapid rifle and machine - gun fire . Both sides concentrated on breaking up enemy attacks and on protecting their own troops by digging deep into the ground . Trench warfare also took place on other fronts , including in Italy and at Gallipoli . Symbol for the futility of War ( edit ) Trench warfare has become a powerful symbol of the futility of war . Its image is of young men going `` over the top '' ( over the parapet of the trench , to attack the enemy trench line ) into a maelstrom of fire leading to near - certain death , typified by the first day of the Battle of the Somme ( on which the British Army suffered nearly 60,000 casualties ) or the grinding slaughter in the mud of Passchendaele . To the French , the equivalent is the attrition of the Battle of Verdun in which the French Army suffered 380,000 casualties . Trench warfare is associated with mass slaughter in appalling conditions . Many critics have argued that brave men went to their deaths because of incompetent and narrow - minded commanders who failed to adapt to the new conditions of trench warfare : class - ridden and backward - looking generals put their faith in the attack , believing superior morale and dash would overcome the weapons and moral inferiority of the defender . British public opinion often repeated the theme that their soldiers were `` lions led by donkeys '' . World War I generals are often portrayed as callously persisting in repeated hopeless attacks against trenches . There were failures such as Passchendaele , and Sir Douglas Haig has often been criticised for allowing his battles to continue long after they had lost any purpose other than attrition . Haig 's defenders counter that the attrition was necessary in order to cause attrition in the German army . The problems of trench warfare were recognised , and attempts were made to address them . These included improvements in artillery , infantry tactics , and the development of tanks . By 1918 , taking advantage of failing German morale , Allied attacks were generally more successful and suffered fewer casualties ; in the Hundred Days Offensive there was even a return to mobile warfare . World War I : entrenchment ( edit ) Implementation ( edit ) German forward detachments guarding the entrance to a trench line in front of Arras in 1915 Trenches of the 11th Cheshire Regiment at Ovillers - la - Boisselle , on the Somme , July 1916 . One sentry keeps watch while the others sleep . Photo by Ernest Brooks . 1st Lancashire Fusiliers , in communication trench near Beaumont Hamel , Somme , 1916 . Photo by Ernest Brooks . Although technology had dramatically changed the nature of warfare by 1914 , the armies of the major combatants had not fully absorbed the implications . The French and German armies adopted different tactical doctrines : the French relied on the attack with speed and surprise , and the Germans relied on firepower , investing heavily in howitzers and machine guns . The British lacked an official tactical doctrine , with an officer corps that rejected theory in favour of pragmatism . While the armies expected to use entrenchments and cover , they did not allow for the effect of defences in depth . They required a deliberate approach to seizing positions from which fire support could be given for the next phase of the attack , rather than a rapid move to break the enemy 's line . It was assumed that artillery could still destroy entrenched troops , or at least suppress them sufficiently for friendly infantry and cavalry to manoeuvre . French Trench in northeastern France In the face of modern warfare , digging in was standard practice by the start of WWI . To attack frontally was to court crippling losses , so an outflanking operation was the preferred method of attack against an entrenched enemy . After the Battle of the Aisne in September 1914 , an extended series of attempted flanking moves , and matching extensions to the fortified defensive lines , developed into the `` race to the sea '' , by the end of which German and Allied armies had produced a matched pair of trench lines from the Swiss border in the south to the North Sea coast of Belgium . Trench warfare prevailed on the Western Front from late 1914 until the Germans launched their Spring Offensive on 21 March 1918 . After the buildup of forces in 1915 , the Western Front became a stalemated struggle between equals , to be decided by attrition . Frontal assaults , and their associated casualties , became inevitable because the continuous trench lines had no open flanks . Casualties of the defenders matched those of the attackers , as vast reserves were expended in costly counter-attacks or exposed to the attacker 's massed artillery . There were periods in which rigid trench warfare broke down , such as during the Battle of the Somme , but the lines never moved very far . The war would be won by the side that was able to commit the last reserves to the Western Front . Hot Shower - Bath establishment installed by an ingenious French engineer , November , 1914 Early trenches were simple . They lacked traverses , and according to pre-war doctrine were to be packed with men fighting shoulder to shoulder . This doctrine led to heavy casualties from artillery fire . This vulnerability , and the length of the front to be defended , soon led to front line trenches being held by fewer men . The defenders augmented the trenches themselves with barbed wire strung in front to impede movement ; wiring parties went out every night to repair and improve these forward defences . The small , improvised trenches of the first few months grew deeper and more complex , gradually becoming vast areas of interlocking defensive works . They resisted both artillery bombardment and mass infantry assault . Shell - proof dugouts became a high priority . The space between the opposing trenches was referred to as `` no man 's land '' and varied in width depending on the battlefield . On the Western Front it was typically between 90 and 275 metres ( 100 and 300 yd ) , though only 25 metres ( 30 yd ) on Vimy Ridge . After the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg line in March 1917 , no man 's land stretched to over a kilometre in places . At the `` Quinn 's Post '' in the cramped confines of the Anzac battlefield at Gallipoli , the opposing trenches were only 15 metres ( 16 yd ) apart and the soldiers in the trenches constantly threw hand grenades at each other . On the Eastern Front and in the Middle East , the areas to be covered were so vast , and the distances from the factories supplying shells , bullets , concrete and barbed wire so great , trench warfare in the West European style often did not occur . In the Alps , trench warfare even stretched onto vertical slopes and deep into the mountains , to heights of 3,900 m ( 12,800 ft ) above sea level . The Ortler had an artillery position on its summit near the front line . The trench - line management and trench profiles had to be adapted to the rough terrain , hard rock , and harsh weather conditions . Many trench systems were constructed within glaciers such as the Adamello - Presanella group or the famous city below the ice on the Marmolada in the Dolomites . Trench defensive systems ( edit ) Very early in the war , British defensive doctrine suggested a main trench system of three parallel lines , interconnected by communications trenches . The point at which a communications trench intersected the front trench was of critical importance , and it was usually heavily fortified . The front trench was lightly garrisoned and typically only occupied in force during `` stand to '' at dawn and dusk . Between 65 and 90 m ( 70 and 100 yd ) behind the front trench was located the support ( or `` travel '' ) trench , to which the garrison would retreat when the front trench was bombarded . Between 90 and 270 metres ( 100 and 300 yd ) further to the rear was located the third reserve trench , where the reserve troops could amass for a counter-attack if the front trenches were captured . This defensive layout was soon rendered obsolete as the power of artillery grew ; however , in certain sectors of the front , the support trench was maintained as a decoy to attract the enemy bombardment away from the front and reserve lines . Fires were lit in the support line to make it appear inhabited and any damage done immediately repaired . Aerial view of opposing trench lines between Loos and Hulluch , July 1917 . German trenches at the right and bottom , British at the top - left . Temporary trenches were also built . When a major attack was planned , assembly trenches would be dug near the front trench . These were used to provide a sheltered place for the waves of attacking troops who would follow the first waves leaving from the front trench . `` Saps '' were temporary , unmanned , often dead - end utility trenches dug out into no - man 's land . They fulfilled a variety of purposes , such as connecting the front trench to a listening post close to the enemy wire or providing an advance `` jumping - off '' line for a surprise attack . When one side 's front line bulged towards the opposition , a salient was formed . The concave trench line facing the salient was called a `` re-entrant . '' Large salients were perilous for their occupants because they could be assailed from three sides . Behind the front system of trenches there were usually at least two more partially prepared trench systems , kilometres to the rear , ready to be occupied in the event of a retreat . The Germans often prepared multiple redundant trench systems ; in 1916 their Somme front featured two complete trench systems , one kilometre apart , with a third partially completed system a further kilometre behind . This duplication made a decisive breakthrough virtually impossible . In the event that a section of the first trench system was captured , a `` switch '' trench would be dug to connect the second trench system to the still - held section of the first . The Germans , who had based their knowledge on studies of the Russo - Japanese War , made something of a science out of designing and constructing defensive works . They used reinforced concrete to construct deep , shell - proof , ventilated dugouts , as well as strategic strongpoints . They were more willing than their opponents to make a strategic withdrawal to a superior prepared defensive position . They were also the first to apply the concept of `` defence in depth '' , where the front - line zone was hundreds of metres deep and contained a series of redoubts rather than a continuous trench . Each redoubt could provide supporting fire to its neighbours , and while the attackers had freedom of movement between the redoubts , they would be subjected to withering enfilade fire . The British eventually adopted a similar approach , but it was incompletely implemented when the Germans launched the 1918 Spring Offensive and proved disastrously ineffective . France , by contrast , relied on artillery and reserves , not entrenchment . The characteristic barbed wire placed before trenches , in belts 15 m ( 49 ft ) deep or more , differed , too ; the German wire was heavier gauge , and British wire cutters , designed for the thinner native product , were unable to cut it . Trench construction ( edit ) Trench construction diagram from a 1914 British infantry manual Soldiers training in trench warfare , with well - defined fire bays connected by offset traverse trenches , with zigzag communication trenches leading to the rear area A well - developed trench had to be at least 2.5 m ( 8 ft ) deep to allow men to walk upright and still be protected . Trenches were never straight but were dug in a zigzagging or stepped pattern , with all straight sections generally kept less than a dozen meters ( yards ) . Later , this evolved to have the combat trenches broken into distinct fire bays connected by traverses . While this isolated the view of friendly soldiers along their own trench , this ensured the entire trench could not be enfiladed if the enemy gained access at any one point ; or if a bomb , grenade , or shell landed in the trench , the blast could not travel far . The banked earth on the lip of the trench facing the enemy was called the parapet and had a fire step . The embanked rear lip of the trench was called the parados . The parados protected the soldier 's back from shells falling behind the trench . The sides of the trench were often revetted with sandbags , wire mesh , wooden frames and sometimes roofs . The floor of the trench was usually covered by wooden duckboards . In later designs the floor might be raised on a wooden frame to provide a drainage channel underneath . Dugouts of varying degrees of comfort would be built in the rear of the support trench . British dugouts were usually 2.5 to 5 m ( 8 to 16 ft ) deep , whereas German dugouts were typically much deeper , usually a minimum of 4 m ( 12 ft ) deep and sometimes dug three stories down , with concrete staircases to reach the upper levels . Australian light horseman using a periscope rifle , Gallipoli 1915 To allow a soldier to see out of the trench without exposing his head , a loophole could be built into the parapet . A loophole might simply be a gap in the sandbags , or it might be fitted with a steel plate . German snipers used armour - piercing bullets that allowed them to penetrate loopholes . Another means to see over the parapet was the trench periscope -- in its simplest form , just a stick with two angled pieces of mirror at the top and bottom . A number of armies made use of the periscope rifle , which enabled soldiers to snipe at the enemy without exposing themselves over the parapet , although at the cost of reduced shooting accuracy . The device is most associated with Australian and New Zealand troops at Gallipoli , where the Turks held the high ground . There were three standard ways to dig a trench : entrenching , sapping , and tunnelling . Entrenching , where a man would stand on the surface and dig downwards , was most efficient , as it allowed a large digging party to dig the full length of the trench simultaneously . However , entrenching left the diggers exposed above ground and hence could only be carried out when free of observation , such as in a rear area or at night . Sapping involved extending the trench by digging away at the end face . The diggers were not exposed , but only one or two men could work on the trench at a time . Tunnelling was like sapping except that a `` roof '' of soil was left in place while the trench line was established and then removed when the trench was ready to be occupied . The guidelines for British trench construction stated that it would take 450 men 6 hours at night to complete 250 m ( 270 yd ) of front - line trench system . Thereafter , the trench would require constant maintenance to prevent deterioration caused by weather or shelling . Breastwork `` trench '' , Armentières , 1916 The battlefield of Flanders presented numerous problems for the practice of trench warfare , especially for the Allied forces , mainly British and Canadians , who were often compelled to occupy the low ground . Heavy shelling quickly destroyed the network of ditches and water channels which had previously drained this low - lying area of Belgium . In most places , the water table was only a metre or so below the surface , meaning that any trench dug in the ground would quickly flood . Consequently , many `` trenches '' in Flanders were actually above ground and constructed from massive breastworks of sandbags filled with clay . Initially , both the parapet and parados of the trench were built in this way , but a later technique was to dispense with the parados for much of the trench line , thus exposing the rear of the trench to fire from the reserve line in case the front was breached . Trench geography in World War I ( edit ) The confined , static , and subterranean nature of trench warfare resulted in it developing its own peculiar form of geography . In the forward zone , the conventional transport infrastructure of roads and rail were replaced by the network of trenches and trench railways . The critical advantage that could be gained by holding the high ground meant that minor hills and ridges gained enormous significance . Many slight hills and valleys were so subtle as to have been nameless until the front line encroached upon them . Some hills were named for their height in metres , such as Hill 60 . A farmhouse , windmill , quarry , or copse of trees would become the focus of a determined struggle simply because it was the largest identifiable feature . However , it would not take the artillery long to obliterate it , so that thereafter it became just a name on a map . Battlefield features could be given a descriptive name ( `` Polygon Wood '' near Ypres or `` Lone Pine '' ) , a whimsical name ( `` Sausage Valley '' and `` Mash Valley '' on the Somme ) , a unit name ( `` Inniskilling Inch '' at Helles named for the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers ) or the name of a soldier ( `` Monash Valley '' at Anzac named after General John Monash ) . Prefixing a feature with `` Dead Man 's '' was also popular for obvious reasons , such as `` Dead Man 's Road '' leading in to Pozières , or `` Dead Man 's Ridge '' at Anzac . There were numerous trench networks named `` The Chessboard '' or `` The Gridiron '' because of the pattern they described . For the Australians at Mouquet Farm , the advances were so short and the terrain so featureless that they were reduced to naming their objectives as `` points '' on the map , such as `` Point 81 '' and `` Point 55 . '' Enemy trenches , which would become objectives in an attack , needed to be named as well . Many were named for some observed event such as `` German Officers ' Trench '' at Anzac or `` Ration Trench '' on the Somme . The British gave an alcoholic flavour to the German trenches in front of Ginchy : `` Beer Trench '' , `` Bitter Trench '' , `` Hop Trench '' , `` Ale Alley '' , and `` Pilsen Trench . '' Other objectives were named according to their role in the trench system , such as the `` Switch Trench '' and `` Intermediate Trench '' on the Somme . Some sections of the British trench system read like a Monopoly board , with names such as `` Park Lane '' and `` Bond Street '' . British regular divisions habitually named their trenches after units , which resulted in names such as `` Munster Alley '' ( Royal Munster Fusiliers ) , `` Black Watch Alley '' ( Black Watch Regiment ) and `` Border Barricade '' ( Border Regiment ) . The Anzacs tended to name features after soldiers ( `` Plugge 's Plateau '' , `` Walker 's Ridge '' , `` Quinn 's Post '' , `` Johnston 's Jolly '' , `` Russell 's Top '' , `` Brind 's Road '' and so forth ) . World War I : life in the trenches ( edit ) Distribution of pinard ( ration wine ) in a French trench in winter , considered important for morale `` Studying French in the Trenches '' , The Literary Digest , October 20 , 1917 . A barber in a French trench An individual unit 's time in the front - line trench was usually brief ; from as little as one day to as much as two weeks at a time before being relieved . The 31st Australian Battalion once spent 53 days in the line at Villers - Bretonneux , but such a duration was a rare exception . The 10th Battalion , CEF , averaged front line tours of six days in 1915 and 1916 . The units who manned the front line trenches the longest were the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps from Portugal stationed in Northern France ; unlike the other allies the Portuguese could n't rotate units from the front lines due to lack of reinforcements sent from Portugal , nor could they replace the depleted units that lost manpower due to the war of attrition . With this rate of casualties and no reinforcements forthcoming most of the men were denied leave and had to serve long periods in the trenches with some units spending up to six consecutive months in the front line with little to no leave during that time . On an individual level , a typical British soldier 's year could be divided as follows : 15 % front line 10 % support line 30 % reserve line 20 % rest 25 % other ( hospital , travelling , leave , training courses , etc . ) Even when in the front line , the typical battalion would only be called upon to engage in fighting a handful of times a year -- making an attack , defending against an attack or participating in a raid . The frequency of combat would increase for the units of the `` elite '' fighting divisions -- on the Allied side ; the British regular divisions , the Canadian Corps , the French XX Corps and the Anzacs . Some sectors of the front saw little activity throughout the war , making life in the trenches comparatively easy . When the I Anzac Corps first arrived in France in April 1916 after the evacuation of Gallipoli , they were sent to a relatively peaceful sector south of Armentières to `` acclimatise '' . Other sectors were in a perpetual state of violent activity . On the Western Front , Ypres was invariably hellish , especially for the British in the exposed , overlooked salient . However , quiet sectors still amassed daily casualties through sniper fire , artillery , disease , and poison gas . In the first six months of 1916 , before the launch of the Somme Offensive , the British did not engage in any significant battles on their sector of the Western Front and yet suffered 107,776 casualties . Only 1 in 2 men would return alive and unwounded from the trenches . A sector of the front would be allocated to an army corps , usually comprising three divisions . Two divisions would occupy adjacent sections of the front and the third would be in rest to the rear . This breakdown of duty would continue down through the army structure , so that within each front - line division , typically comprising three infantry brigades ( regiments for the Germans ) , two brigades would occupy the front and the third would be in reserve . Within each front - line brigade , typically comprising four battalions , two battalions would occupy the front with two in reserve . And so on for companies and platoons . The lower down the structure this division of duty proceeded , the more frequently the units would rotate from front - line duty to support or reserve . During the day , snipers and artillery observers in balloons made movement perilous , so the trenches were mostly quiet . Consequently , trenches were busiest at night , when cover of darkness allowed the movement of troops and supplies , the maintenance and expansion of the barbed wire and trench system , and reconnaissance of the enemy 's defences . Sentries in listening posts out in no man 's land would try to detect enemy patrols and working parties or indications that an attack was being prepared . Pioneered by the Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry in February 1915 , trench raids were carried out in order to capture prisoners and `` booty '' -- letters and other documents to provide intelligence about the unit occupying the opposing trenches . As the war progressed , raiding became part of the general British policy , the intention being to maintain the fighting spirit of the troops and to deny no man 's land to the Germans . As well , they were intended to compel the enemy to reinforce , which exposed his troops to artillery fire . Such dominance was achieved at a high cost when the enemy replied with his own artillery , and a post-war British analysis concluded the benefits were probably not worth the cost . Early in the war , surprise raids would be mounted , particularly by the Canadians , but increased vigilance made achieving surprise difficult as the war progressed . By 1916 , raids were carefully planned exercises in combined arms and involved close co-operation of infantry and artillery . A raid would begin with an intense artillery bombardment designed to drive off or kill the front - trench garrison and cut the barbed wire . Then the bombardment would shift to form a `` box barrage '' , or cordon , around a section of the front line to prevent a counter-attack intercepting the raid . However , the bombardment also had the effect of notifying the enemy of the location of the planned attack , thus allowing reinforcements to be called in from wider sectors . World War I : death in the trenches ( edit ) A German machine gun position just after its capture by New Zealand soldiers , with a dead German among the debris , Grevillers , 24 August 1918 , Hundred Days Offensive Stretcher bearers , Passchendaele , August 1917 Dead German soldiers lie in the rubble of a trench destroyed by mine explosion , Messines Ridge , 1917 The intensity of World War I trench warfare meant about 10 % of all fighting soldiers were killed . This compared to 5 % killed during the Second Boer War and 4.5 % killed during World War II . For British and Dominion troops serving on the Western Front , the proportion of troops killed was 12.5 % , while the total proportion of troops who became casualties ( killed or wounded ) was 56 % . Medical services were fairly primitive and antibiotics had not yet been discovered . Relatively minor injuries could prove fatal through onset of infection and gangrene . The Germans recorded that 15 % of leg wounds and 25 % of arm wounds resulted in death , mainly through infection . The Americans recorded 44 % of casualties who developed gangrene died . Fifty percent of those wounded in the head died and 99 % of those wounded in the abdomen died . Seventy five percent of wounds came from shell fire . A wound resulting from a shell fragment was usually more traumatic than a gunshot wound . A shell fragment would often introduce debris , making it more likely that the wound would become infected . These factors meant a soldier was three times more likely to die from a shell wound to the chest than from a gunshot wound . The blast from shell explosions could also kill by concussion . In addition to the physical effects of shell fire , there was the psychological damage . Men who had to endure prolonged bombardment would often suffer debilitating shell shock , a condition not well understood at the time . Although World War I was the first war in which disease caused fewer deaths than combat , sanitary conditions in the trenches were quite poor , and common infections included dysentery , typhus , and cholera . Many soldiers suffered from parasites and related infections . Poor hygiene also led to fungal conditions , such as trench mouth and trench foot . Another common killer was exposure , since the temperature within a trench in the winter could easily fall below freezing . Burial of the dead was usually a luxury that neither side could easily afford . The bodies would lie in no man 's land until the front line moved , by which time the bodies were often unidentifiable . On some battlefields , such as at the Nek in Gallipoli , the bodies were not buried until after the war . On the Western Front , bodies continue to be found as fields are ploughed and building foundations dug . At various times during the war -- particularly early on -- official truces were organised so that the wounded could be recovered from no man 's land and the dead could be buried . Generally , senior commands disapproved of any slackening of the offensive for humanitarian reasons and so ordered their troops not to permit enemy stretcher - bearers to operate in no man 's land . However , this order was almost invariably ignored by the soldiers in the trenches , who knew that it was to the mutual benefit of the fighting men of both sides to allow the wounded to be retrieved . So , as soon as hostilities ceased , parties of stretcher bearers , marked with Red Cross flags , would go out to recover the wounded , sometimes swapping enemy wounded for their own . There were occasions when this unofficial cease fire was exploited to conduct a reconnaissance or to reinforce or relieve a garrison . One famous truce was the Christmas truce between British and German soldiers in the winter of 1914 on the front near Armentières . German soldiers began singing Christmas carols and soon soldiers left their trenches . The soldiers exchanged gifts and stories , and played several games of football . The commanders of the warring nations disapproved of this cease fire , and the British court - martialed several of their soldiers . Weapons of World War I trench warfare ( edit ) Infantry weapons ( edit ) British Mills bomb N ° 23 Mk II , with rod for launch by rifle Various trench weapons used by British and Canadian soldiers in WWI on display at the Canadian War Museum French soldiers with a Sauterelle bomb - throwing crossbow , c. 1915 At the start of the First World War , the standard infantry soldier 's primary weapons were the rifle and bayonet ; other weapons got less attention . Especially for the British , what hand grenades were issued tended to be few in numbers and less effective . This emphasis began to shift as soon as trench warfare began ; militaries rushed improved grenades into mass production , including rifle grenades . The hand grenade came to be one of the primary infantry weapons of trench warfare . Both sides were quick to raise specialist grenadier groups . The grenade enabled a soldier to engage the enemy without exposing himself to fire , and it did not require precise accuracy to kill or maim . Another benefit was that if a soldier could get close enough to the trenches , enemies hiding in trenches could be attacked . The Germans and Turks were well equipped with grenades from the start of the war , but the British , who had ceased using grenadiers in the 1870s and did not anticipate a siege war , entered the conflict with virtually none , so soldiers had to improvise bombs with whatever was available ( see Jam Tin Grenade ) . By late 1915 , the British Mills bomb had entered wide circulation , and by the end of the war 75 million had been used . Since the troops were often not adequately equipped for trench warfare , improvised weapons were common in the first encounters , such as short wooden clubs and metal maces , as well as trench knives and brass knuckles . According to the semi-biographical war novel All Quiet on the Western Front , many soldiers preferred to use a sharpened spade as an improvised melee weapon instead of the bayonet , as the bayonet tended to get `` stuck '' in stabbed opponents , rendering it useless in heated battle . The shorter length also made them easier to use in the confined quarters of the trenches . These tools could then be used to dig in after they had taken a trench . As the war progressed , better equipment was issued , and improvised arms were discarded . A specialised group of fighters called trench sweepers ( Nettoyeurs de Tranchées or Zigouilleurs ) evolved to fight within the trenches . They cleared surviving enemy personnel from recently overrun trenches and made clandestine raids into enemy trenches to gather intelligence . Volunteers for this dangerous work were often exempted from participation in frontal assaults over open ground and from routine work like filling sandbags , draining trenches , and repairing barbed wire in no - man 's land . When allowed to choose their own weapons , many selected grenades , knives and pistols . FN M1900 pistols were highly regarded for this work , but never available in adequate quantities . Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless , Savage Model 1907 , Star Bonifacio Echeverria and Ruby pistols were widely used . Various mechanical devices were invented for throwing hand grenades into enemy trenches . The Germans used the Wurfmaschine , a spring - powered device for throwing a hand grenade about 200 m ( 220 yd ) . The French responded with the Sauterelle and the British with the Leach Trench Catapult and West Spring Gun which had varying degrees of success and accuracy . By 1916 , catapult weapons were largely replaced by rifle grenades and mortars . The Germans employed Flammenwerfer ( flamethrowers ) during the war for the first time against the French on 25 June 1915 , then against the British 30 July in Hooge . The technology was in its infancy , and use was not very common until the end of 1917 when portability and reliability were improved . It was used in more than 300 documented battles . By 1918 , it became a weapon of choice for Stoßtruppen ( Stormtroopers ) with a team of six Pioniere ( combat engineers ) per squad . Used by American soldiers in the Western front , the pump action shotgun was a formidable weapon in short range combat , enough so that Germany lodged a formal protest against their use on 14 September 1918 , stating `` every prisoner found to have in his possession such guns or ammunition belonging thereto forfeits his life '' , though this threat was apparently never carried out . The U.S. military began to issue models specially modified for combat , called `` trench guns '' , with shorter barrels , higher capacity magazines , no choke , and often heat shields around the barrel , as well as lugs for the M1917 bayonet . Anzac and some British soldiers were also known to use sawn - off shotguns in trench raids , because of their portability , effectiveness at close range , and ease of use in the confines of a trench . This practice was not officially sanctioned , and the shotguns used were invariably modified sporting guns . Wire ( edit ) French soldiers struggle to pass multiple lines of barbed wire The use of lines of barbed wire , razor wire , and other wire obstacles is effective in stalling infantry traveling across the battlefield . Although the barbs or razors might cause minor injuries , the purpose was to entangle the limbs of enemy soldiers , forcing them to stop and methodically pull or work the wire off , likely taking several seconds , or even longer . This is deadly when the wire is emplaced at points of maximum exposure to concentrated enemy firepower , in plain sight of enemy fire bays and machine guns . The combination of wire and firepower was the cause of most failed attacks in trench warfare and their very high casualties . Liddell Hart identified barbed wire and the machine gun as the elements that had to be broken to regain a mobile battlefield . A basic wire line could be created by draping several strands of barbed wire between wooden posts driven into the ground . Loose lines of wire can be more effective in entangling than tight ones , and it was common to use the coils of barbed wire as delivered only partially stretched out , called concertina wire . Placing and repairing wire in no man 's land relied on stealth , usually done at night by special wiring parties , who could also be tasked with secretly sabotaging enemy wires . The screw picket , invented by the Germans and later adopted by the Allies during the war , was quieter than driving stakes . Wire often stretched the entire length of a battlefield 's trench line , in multiple lines , sometimes covering a depth 30 metres ( 100 ft ) or more . Methods to defeat it are rudimentary . Prolonged artillery bombardment could damage them , but not reliably . The first soldier meeting the wire could jump onto the top of it , hopefully depressing it enough for those that followed to get over him ; this still took at least one soldier out of action for each line of wire . In World War I , British and Commonwealth forces relied on wire cutters , which proved unable to cope with the heavier gauge German wire . The Bangalore torpedo was adopted by many armies , and continued in use past the end of World War II . Machine guns ( edit ) Main article : Machine gun Vickers machine gun The Germans embraced the machine gun from the outset -- in 1904 , sixteen units were equipped with the ' Maschinengewehr ' -- and the machine gun crews were the elite infantry units ; these units were attached to Jaeger ( light infantry ) battalions . By 1914 , British infantry units were armed with two Vickers machine guns per battalion ; the Germans had six per battalion , and the Russians eight . It would not be until 1917 that every infantry unit of the American forces carried at least one machine gun . After 1915 , the Maschinengewehr 08 was the standard issue German machine gun ; its number `` 08 / 15 '' entered the German language as idiomatic for `` dead plain '' . At Gallipoli and in Palestine the Turks provided the infantry , but it was usually Germans who manned the machine guns . The British High Command were less enthusiastic about machine guns , supposedly considering the weapon too `` unsporting '' and encouraging defensive fighting ; and they lagged behind the Germans in adopting it . Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig is quoted as saying in 1915 , `` The machine gun is a much overrated weapon ; two per battalion is more than sufficient '' . The defensive firepower of the machine gun was exemplified during the first day of the Battle of the Somme when 60,000 British soldiers were rendered casualties , `` the great majority lost under withering machine gun fire '' . In 1915 the Machine Gun Corps was formed to train and provide sufficient heavy machine gun teams . It was the Canadians that made the best practice , pioneering area denial and indirect fire ( soon adopted by all Allied armies ) under the guidance of former French Army Reserve officer Major General Raymond Brutinel . Minutes before the attack on Vimy Ridge the Canadians thickened the artillery barrage by aiming machine guns indirectly to deliver plunging fire on the Germans . They also significantly increased the number of machine guns per battalion . To match demand , production of the Vickers machine gun was contracted to firms in the United States . By 1917 , every company in the British forces were also equipped with four Lewis light machine guns , which significantly enhanced their firepower . The heavy machine gun was a specialist weapon , and in a static trench system was employed in a scientific manner , with carefully calculated fields of fire , so that at a moment 's notice an accurate burst could be fired at the enemy 's parapet or a break in the wire . Equally it could be used as light artillery in bombarding distant trenches . Heavy machine guns required teams of up to eight men to move them , maintain them , and keep them supplied with ammunition . This made them impractical for offensive manoeuvres , contributing to the stalemate on the Western Front . One machine gun nest was theoretically able to mow down hundreds of enemies charging in the open through no man 's land . However , while WWI machine guns were able to shoot hundreds of rounds per minute in theory , they were still prone to overheating and jamming , which often necessitated firing in short bursts . However , their potential was increased significantly when emplaced behind multiple lines of barbed wire to slow any advancing enemy . During WWI machine guns were adapted for use on tanks and aircraft or the first time . Artillery ( edit ) Loading a 15 in ( 380 mm ) howitzer Artillery dominated the battlefields of trench warfare . An infantry attack was rarely successful if it advanced beyond the range of its supporting artillery . In addition to bombarding the enemy infantry in the trenches , the artillery could be used to precede infantry advances with a creeping barrage , or engage in counter-battery duels to try to destroy the enemy 's guns . Artillery mainly fired fragmentation , high - explosive , shrapnel or , later in the war , gas shells . The British experimented with firing thermite incendiary shells , to set trees and ruins alight . However , all armies experienced shell shortages during the first year or two of World War I , due to underestimating their usage in intensive combat . This knowledge had been gained by the combatant nations in the Russo - Japanese War , when daily artillery fire consumed ten times more than daily factory output , but had not been applied . Artillery pieces were of two types : infantry support guns and howitzers . Guns fired high - velocity shells over a flat trajectory and were often used to deliver fragmentation and to cut barbed wire . Howitzers lofted the shell over a high trajectory so it plunged into the ground . The largest calibers were usually howitzers . The German 420 mm ( 17 in ) howitzer weighed 20 tons and could fire a one - ton shell over 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) . A critical feature of period artillery pieces was the hydraulic recoil mechanism , which meant the gun did not need to be re-aimed after each shot , permitting a tremendous increase in rate of fire . Initially each gun would need to register its aim on a known target , in view of an observer , in order to fire with precision during a battle . The process of gun registration would often alert the enemy an attack was being planned . Towards the end of 1917 , artillery techniques were developed enabling fire to be delivered accurately without registration on the battlefield -- the gun registration was done behind the lines then the pre-registered guns were brought up to the front for a surprise attack . Mortars ( edit ) French soldiers operating a compressed - air trench mortar of 86 - millimetre calibre Mortars , which lobbed a shell in a high arc over a relatively short distance , were widely used in trench fighting for harassing the forward trenches , for cutting wire in preparation for a raid or attack , and for destroying dugouts , saps and other entrenchments . In 1914 , the British fired a total of 545 mortar shells ; in 1916 , they fired over 6,500,000 . Similarly , howitzers , which fire on a more direct arc than mortars , raised in number from over 1,000 shells in 1914 , to over 4,500,000 in 1916 . The smaller numerical difference in mortar rounds , as opposed to howitzer rounds , is presumed by many to be related to the expanded costs of manufacturing the larger and more resource intensive howitzer rounds . The main British mortar was the Stokes , a precursor of the modern mortar . It was a light mortar , simple in operation , and capable of a rapid rate of fire by virtue of the propellant cartridge being attached to the base shell . To fire the Stokes mortar , the round was simply dropped into the tube , where the percussion cartridge was detonated when it struck the firing pin at the bottom of the barrel , thus being launched . The Germans used a range of mortars . The smallest were grenade - throwers ( ' Granatenwerfer ' ) which fired the stick grenades which were commonly used . Their medium trench - mortars were called mine - throwers ( ' Minenwerfer ' ) . The heavy mortar was called the ' Ladungswerfer ' , which threw `` aerial torpedoes '' , containing a 200 lb ( 91 kg ) charge to a range of 1,000 yd ( 910 m ) . The flight of the missile was so slow and leisurely that men on the receiving end could make some attempt to seek shelter . Mortars had certain advantages over artillery such as being much more portable and the ability to fire without leaving the relative safety of trenches . Moreover , Mortar were able to fire directly into the trenches , which was hard to do with artillery . Helmets ( edit ) During the first year of the First World War , none of the combatant nations equipped their troops with steel helmets . Soldiers went into battle wearing simple cloth or leather caps that offered virtually no protection from the damage caused by modern weapons . German troops were wearing the traditional leather Pickelhaube ( spiked helmet ) , with a covering of cloth to protect the leather from the splattering of mud . Once the war entered the static phase of trench warfare , the number of lethal head wounds that troops were receiving from fragmentation increased dramatically . The French were the first to see a need for greater protection and began to introduce steel helmets in the summer of 1915 . The Adrian helmet replaced the traditional French kepi and was later adopted by the Belgian , Italian and many other armies . At about the same time the British were developing their own helmets . The French design was rejected as not strong enough and too difficult to mass - produce . The design that was eventually approved by the British was the Brodie helmet . This had a wide brim to protect the wearer from falling objects , but offered less protection to the wearer 's neck . When the Americans entered the war , this was the helmet they chose , though some units used the French Adrian helmet . The traditional German ' pickelhaube ' was replaced by the Stahlhelm or `` steel helmet '' in 1916 . Some elite Italian units used a helmet derived from ancient Roman designs . None of these standard helmets could protect the face or eyes , however . Special face - covers were designed to be used by machine gunners , and the Belgians tried out goggles made of louvres to protect the eyes . Additionally , tank crews were issued with or fashioned makeshift face masks to protect against the hot metal fragments that ricocheted around the compartment when the exterior of the tank was hit with machinegun fire . Mines ( edit ) Landmines were widely used in WWI trench and tunnel warfare to destroy or disrupt enemy 's trench lines . Gas ( edit ) Main article : Chemical weapons in World War I Australian infantry wearing gas masks , Ypres , September 1917 World War I saw large - scale use of poison gasses . At the start of the war , the gas agents used were relatively weak and delivery unreliable , but by mid-war advances in this chemical warfare reached horrifying levels . The first methods of employing gas was by releasing it from a cylinder when the wind was favourable . This was prone to miscarry if the direction of the wind was misjudged . Also , the cylinders needed to be positioned in the front trenches where they were likely to be ruptured by enemy bombardment . Later , gas was delivered directly to enemy trenches by artillery or mortar shell , reducing friendly casualties significantly . Lingering agents could still affect friendly troops that advanced to enemy trenches following its use . Early on , soldiers made improvised gas masks by urinating on a handkerchief and putting it over their nose and mouth so the urea would disable the poison . Armies rushed to issue regulation gas masks as regular equipment for front line troops . Anti-gas equipment and procedures improved significantly during the war , to the point that gas attacks had become less devastating at the war 's end . Several different gas agents were used . Tear gas was first employed in August 1914 by the French , but this could only temporarily disable the enemy . In April 1915 , chlorine gas was first used by Germany at the Second Battle of Ypres . Exposure to a large dose could kill , and those not killed could suffer permanent lung damage . But the gas was easy to detect by scent and sight . Phosgene , first used in December 1915 , was the most lethal killing gas of World War I ; it was 18 times more powerful than chlorine and much more difficult to detect . However , the most effective gas was mustard gas , introduced by Germany in July 1917 . Mustard gas was not as fatal as phosgene , but it was hard to detect and lingered on the surface of the battlefield , so could inflict casualties over a long period . Even if not inhaled , it could slowly burn the skin , but quickly burned via the eyes or any wounds , causing blindness and intense suffering . Casualties from mustard gas were unlikely to be fit to fight again , yet only 2 % of mustard gas casualties died . The added burden of long - term care of casualties from mustard gas actually increased its overall effectiveness compared to more immediately lethal gas agents . Aircraft ( edit ) The fundamental purpose of the aircraft in trench warfare was reconnaissance and artillery observation . Aerial reconnaissance was so significant in exposing movements , it has been said the trench stalemate was a product of it . The role of the fighter was to protect friendly reconnaissance aircraft and destroy those of the enemy , or at least deny them the freedom of friendly airspace . This involved achieving air superiority over the battlefield by destroying the enemy 's fighters as well . Spotter aircraft would monitor the fall of shells during registration of the artillery . Reconnaissance aircraft would map trench lines , first with hand - drawn diagrams , later with photography , monitor enemy troop movements , and locate enemy artillery batteries so that they could be destroyed with counter-battery fire . New weapons ( edit ) German soldier with MP 18 , 1918 . In 1917 and 1918 , new types of weapons were fielded . They changed the face of warfare tactics and were later employed during World War II . The French introduced the CSRG 1915 Chauchat during Spring 1916 around the concept of `` walking fire '' , employed in 1918 when 250,000 weapons were fielded . More than 80,000 of the best shooters received the semi-automatic RSC 1917 rifle , allowing them to rapid fire at waves of attacking soldiers . Firing ports were installed in the newly arrived FT 1917 tanks . The French Army fielded a ground version of the Hotchkiss Canon de 37 mm used by the French Navy . It was primarily used to destroy German machine gun nests and concrete reinforced pillboxes with high explosive rounds , but an armour - piercing round was designed to defeat the German tanks , making it the first anti tank gun . A new type of machine gun was introduced in 1916 . Initially an aircraft weapon , the Bergmann LMG 15 was modified for ground use , with the later dedicated ground version being the LMG 15 n . A. It was used as an infantry weapon on all European and Middle Eastern fronts until the end of World War I. It later inspired the MG 30 and the MG 34 as well as the concept of the general - purpose machine gun . What became known as the submachine gun had its genesis in World War I , developed around the concepts of infiltration and fire and movement , specifically to clear trenches of enemy soldiers when engagements were unlikely to occur beyond a range of a few feet . The MP 18 was the first practical submachine gun used in combat . It was fielded in 1918 by the German Army as the primary weapon of the stormtroopers , assault groups that specialised in trench combat . Mining ( edit ) Main article : Mining ( military ) Explosion of a mine seen from a French position . 1916 Plan of the Y Sap mine The dry chalk of the Somme was especially suited to mining , but with the aid of pumps , it was also possible to mine in the sodden clay of Flanders . Specialist tunneling companies , usually made up of men who had been miners in civilian life , would dig tunnels under no man 's land and beneath the enemy 's trenches . These mines would then be packed with explosives and detonated , producing a large crater . The crater served two purposes : it could destroy or breach the enemy 's trench and , by virtue of the raised lip that they produced , could provide a ready - made `` trench '' closer to the enemy 's line . When a mine was detonated , both sides would race to occupy and fortify the crater . If the miners detected an enemy tunnel in progress , they would often counter-mine and try to drive a tunnel under the enemy 's tunnel in which they would detonate explosives to create a camouflet to destroy the enemy 's tunnel . Night raids were also conducted with the sole purpose of destroying the enemy 's mine workings . On occasion , mines would cross and fighting would occur underground . The mining skills could also be used to move troops unseen . On one occasion a whole British division was moved through interconnected workings and sewers without German observation . The British detonated 19 mines of varying sizes on July 1 , 1916 , the first day of the Battle of the Somme . The largest mines -- the Y Sap Mine and the Lochnagar Mine -- each containing 24 tons of explosives , were blown near La Boiselle , throwing earth 4,000 feet into the air . At 3.10 AM on June 7 , 1917 , a series of mines was detonated by the British to launch the Battle of Messines . The average mine contained 21 tons of explosive and the largest , 125 feet beneath Saint - Eloi , was twice the average at 42 tons . As remarked by General Plumer to his staff the evening before the attack : `` Gentlemen , we may not make history tomorrow , but we shall certainly change the geography . '' The craters from these and many other mines on the Western Front are still visible today . Two undetonated mines remained in the ground near Messines , with their location mislaid after the war . One blew during a thunderstorm in 1955 ; the other remains in the ground . Significant mining operations were also carried out on the Italian Front . Trench battles ( edit ) German trenches in Vimy While trenches have often been dug as defensive measures , in the pre-firearm era , they were mainly a type of hindrance for an attacker of a fortified location , such as the ditch ( or moat ) around a castle . An early example of this can be seen in the Battle of the Trench . Only with the advent of accurate firearms did the use of trenches as positions for the defender of a fortification become common . Elaborate trench and bunker systems were employed by the Māori to withstand British artillery barrages and bayonet charges during the New Zealand Wars in the 1840s . Trench systems were also employed in the Russo - Japanese War and American Civil War . The military usage evolved very quickly in the First World War , until whole systems of extensive main trenches , backup trenches ( in case the first lines were overrun ) and communication trenches had been developed , often stretching dozens of kilometres along a front without interruption , and some kilometres further back from the opponent 's lines . Strategy ( edit ) The fundamental strategy of trench warfare in World War I was to defend one 's own position strongly while trying to achieve a breakthrough into the enemy 's rear . The effect was to end up in attrition ; the process of progressively grinding down the opposition 's resources until , ultimately , they are no longer able to wage war . This did not prevent the ambitious commander from pursuing the strategy of annihilation -- the ideal of an offensive battle which produces victory in one decisive engagement . The Commander in Chief of the British forces during most of World War I , General Douglas Haig , was constantly seeking a `` breakthrough '' which could then be exploited with cavalry divisions . His major trench offensives -- the Somme in 1916 and Flanders in 1917 -- were conceived as breakthrough battles but both degenerated into costly attrition . The Germans actively pursued a strategy of attrition in the Battle of Verdun , the sole purpose of which was to `` bleed the French Army white '' . At the same time the Allies needed to mount offensives in order to draw attention away from other hard - pressed areas of the line . World War I tactics ( edit ) French troopers using periscope , 1915 The popular image of a trench assault is of a wave of soldiers , bayonets fixed , going `` over the top '' and marching in a line across no man 's land into a hail of enemy fire . This was the standard method early in the war ; it was rarely successful . More common was an attack at night from an advanced post in no man 's land , having cut the barbed wire beforehand . In 1915 , the Germans innovated with infiltration tactics where small groups of highly trained and well - equipped troops would attack vulnerable points and bypass strong points , driving deep into the rear areas . The distance they could advance was still limited by their ability to supply and communicate . The role of artillery in an infantry attack was twofold . The first aim of a bombardment was to prepare the ground for an infantry assault , killing or demoralising the enemy garrison and destroying his defences . The duration of these initial bombardments varied , from seconds to days . Artillery bombardments prior to infantry assaults were often ineffective at destroying enemy defences , only serving to provide advance notice of an attack . The British bombardment that began the Battle of the Somme lasted eight days but did little damage to either the German barbed wire or their deep dug - outs , where defenders were able to wait out the bombardment in relative safety . Once the guns stopped , the defenders had time to emerge and were usually ready for the attacking infantry . The second aim was to protect the attacking infantry by providing an impenetrable `` barrage '' or curtain of shells to prevent an enemy counter-attack . The first attempt at sophistication was the `` lifting barrage '' where the first objective of an attack was intensely bombarded for a period before the entire barrage `` lifted '' to fall on a second objective farther back . However , this usually expected too much of the infantry , and the usual outcome was that the barrage would outpace the attackers , leaving them without protection . This resulted in the use of the `` creeping barrage '' which would lift more frequently but in smaller steps , sweeping the ground ahead and moving so slowly that the attackers could usually follow closely behind it . This became the standard method of attack from late 1916 onward . The main benefit of the barrage was suppression of the enemy rather than to cause casualties or material damage . Capturing the objective was half the battle , but the battle was only won if the objective was held . The attacking force would have to advance with not only the weapons required to capture a trench but also the tools -- sandbags , picks and shovels , barbed wire -- to fortify and defend from counter-attack . A successful advance would take the attackers beyond the range of their own field artillery , making them vulnerable , and it took time to move guns up over broken ground . The Germans placed great emphasis on immediately counter-attacking to regain lost ground . This strategy cost them dearly in 1917 when the British started to limit their advances so as to be able to meet the anticipated counter-attack from a position of strength . Part of the British artillery was positioned close behind the original start line and took no part in the initial bombardment , so as to be ready to support later phases of the operation while other guns were moved up . World War I communications ( edit ) British and French soldiers lay a telegraph cable in Gallipoli , 1915 With the battlefield of trench warfare being very deep and hazardous , communications is a major difficulty . Wireless communications were still in their infancy in World War I , so the available methods were telephone , telegraph , semaphore , signal lamps , signal flares , homing pigeons , and message runners . Though telephone was the most effective method , with telegraph a close second , their cables were vulnerable to artillery fire and were often broken early in the battle . To help compensate for this , the cables could be laid in the ladder - like pattern so that multiple redundant lines were available . Frequently , message delays caused them to be out - of - date by the time they were received . Communication with higher division , corps and army HQs incurred even longer delays , which were doubled if a reply was needed . Some messages were misdirected or lost completely . If a message sent out did not get a reply or confirmation back , the sender could not tell if the original message did not get through , or if it did but the reply did not get back , resulting in confusion worse than if no communication had been attempted . It was not uncommon for a commanding officer had to wait hours for messages over the course of a battle , making any changes of plans almost impossible . The outcome of many battles was left in the hands of the company and platoon commanders in the middle of the action , who often had less experience , had very limited additional resources or information , and very limited authority to deviate from the original orders given before the start of the battle . Unable to react to any changing battle situation , many opportunities were lost , and many hopeless attacks persisted . Only starting in 1916 , on the battlefield of Verdun , came the use of portable small radio stations that could transmit short Morse codes . Radio frequency overlap occurred with neighboring divisions until precise regulation and radio discipline developed . Also , enemy interception was common until effective codebook practices were enforced . These problems were not completely resolved until the war 's end . World War I -- breaking the stalemate ( edit ) Throughout World War I , the major combatants slowly developed different ways of breaking the stalemate of trench warfare ; the Germans focused more on new tactics while the British and French focused on tanks . Infiltration tactics ( edit ) Main article : Infiltration tactics German Stoßtruppen ( stormtroopers ) rising from trenches to attack As far back as the 18th century , Prussian military doctrine stressed maneuver and force concentration to achieve a decisive battle ( Vernichtungsschlacht ) . The German military searched for ways to apply this in the face of trench warfare . Experiments with new tactics by Willy Rohr , a Prussian captain serving in the Vosges mountains in 1915 , got the attention of the Minister of War . These tactics carried Prussian military doctrine down to smallest units -- specially trained troops maneuvered and massed to assault positions they chose on their own . During the next 2 years the German army tried to establish special stormtrooper detachments in all its units by sending selected men to Rohr and have those men then train their comrades in their original units . Similar tactics were developed independently in other countries , such as French Army captain André Laffargue ( fr ) in 1915 , and Russian general Aleksei Brusilov in 1916 , but these failed to be adopted as any military doctrine . The German stormtrooper methods involved men rushing forward in small groups using whatever cover was available and laying down covering fire for other groups in the same unit as they moved forward . The new tactics , intended to achieve surprise by disrupting entrenched enemy positions , aimed to bypass strongpoints and to attack the weakest parts of an enemy 's line . Additionally , they acknowledged the futility of managing a grand detailed plan of operations from afar , opting instead for junior officers on the spot to exercise initiative . The Germans employed and improved infiltration tactics in a series of smaller to larger battles , each increasingly successful , leading up to the Battle of Caporetto against the Italians in 1917 , and finally the massive German Spring Offensive in 1918 against the British and French . German infiltration tactics are sometimes called `` Hutier tactics '' by others , after Oskar von Hutier , the general leading the German 18th Army , which had the farthest advance in that offensive . After a stunningly rapid advance , the offensive failed to achieve a breakthrough ; German forces stalled after outrunning their supply , artillery , and reinforcements , which could not catch up over the shell - torn ground left ruined by Allied attacks in the Battle of the Somme in 1916 . The exhausted German forces were soon pushed back in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive , and the Germans were unable to organise another major offensive before the war 's end . In post-war years , other nations did not fully appreciate these German tactical innovations amidst the overall German defeat . Tanks ( edit ) Main article : Tanks in World War I This British Mark IV tank displays a `` tadpole tail '' extension for crossing especially wide trenches . Tanks were first introduced by the British as a means to attack enemy trenches , by combining heavy firepower ( machine guns or light artillery guns ) , protection from small - arms fire ( armour ) , and battlefield mobility ( tracks ) . These tanks were designed with rhomboid - shaped tracks to easily crush barbed wire lines and cross trenches . They were first deployed in 1916 at the Battle of the Somme in limited numbers , proving unreliable and ineffective at first , as mechanical and logistical issues overshadowed implementing a coherent tank doctrine , with the additional challenge of traversing ground torn apart by years of shell fire . At the First Battle of Cambrai in 1917 , improved tanks in larger numbers demonstrated the potential of tank warfare , though German improvised anti-tank tactics , including using direct fire from field artillery , also proved effective . By 1918 , tank capabilities and tactics improved , their numbers increased and , combined with French tanks , finally helped break the stalemate . During the last 100 days of the war , Allied forces harried the Germans back using infantry supported by tanks and by close air support . By the war 's end , tanks become a significant element of warfare ; the proposed British Plan 1919 would have employed tanks a primary factor in military strategy . However , the impact of tanks in World War I was less than it could have been , due to their late introduction and the inherent issues that plague implementing revolutionary technology . Between the two world wars many nations developed their own unique tanks and divergent theories of tank tactics , including the UK , France , the Soviet Union , Czechoslovakia , Japan , the US , and Italy . Though German tank development was restricted by the terms of the treaty ending World War I , Germany successfully combined their own tanks ( plus Czech tanks from occupied Czechoslovakia ) with infiltration tactics to produce blitzkrieg during World War II . World War II ( edit ) A retractable turret of Ouvrage Hochwald , one of the largest fortifications of the Maginot Line , 1940 In the decade leading up to World War II , the French built the Maginot Line , based on their experience with trench warfare in World War I . The Maginot Line was an extensive state - of - the - art defensive system far superior to any previous trench system : a chain of massive constructions of concrete , iron , and steel fortresses , bunkers , retractable turrets , outposts , obstacles , and sunken artillery emplacements , linked by underground tunnel networks . It covered the length of the Franco - German border , and 20 -- 25 kilometres ( 12 -- 16 mi ) wide . It was supported by numerous underground barracks , shelters , ammo dumps and depots , with its own telephone network and narrow gauge railways with armoured locomotives , backed up with heavy rail artillery . French military experts placed high value on the Line , saying it would curb German aggression , as any invasion force would be halted long enough for French forces to mobilize and counterattack through Belgium . It was only partially successful ; in the Battle of France , the main German `` Blitzkrieg '' attack struck through the weakly - held Ardennes forest , the gap between the end of the Maginot Line and the advancing Anglo - French mobile forces heading into Belgium . Small secondary German attacks concentrated at a few points in the Line had moderate success . The bulk of Maginot Line was untouched , and survives today . The return of mobile warfare in World War II reduced the emphasis of trench warfare , as defenders commonly lack the time to build up such battlefield defenses before they are forced to redeploy , due to the more rapidly - changing strategic situation . But trench systems can still be effective locally , wherever mobility was limited , the front lines are static , or around known critical objectives that can not be bypassed . More quickly improvised defensive fighting positions , using `` scrapes '' or `` foxholes '' , possibly supplemented by sand bags , local materials , debris , or rubble , remain in common use . These will typically be improved and expanded by the defenders , eventually becoming full trench systems , if given enough time and resources . Soviet soldiers running through the ruins of Stalingrad , 1942 . At the Battle of Sevastopol , Red Army forces successfully held trench systems on the narrow peninsula for several months against intense German bombardment . The Western Allies in 1944 broke through the incomplete Atlantic Wall with relative ease through a combination of amphibious landings , naval gunfire , air attack , and airborne landings . Combined arms tactics where infantry , artillery , armour and aircraft cooperate closely greatly reduced the importance of trench warfare . It was , however , still a valuable method for reinforcing natural boundaries and creating a line of defence . For example , at the Battle of Stalingrad , soldiers on both sides dug trenches within the ruins . In addition , before the start of the Battle of Kursk , the Soviets constructed a system of defence more elaborate than any they built during World War I. These defences succeeded in stopping the German armoured pincers from meeting and enveloping the salient . Soldiers of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in a trench in Montese during the Italian Campaign of World War II , 1944 . The Italian Campaign fought from 1943 until the end of the war in Europe largely consisted of the Allies storming strongly fortified German lines which stretched from one coast , over the mountains to the other coast . When the Allies broke through one line , the Germans would retreat up the peninsula to yet another freshly prepared fortified line . At the start of the Battle of Berlin , the last major assault in the European Theatre of Operations during World War II , the Russians attacked over the river Oder against German troops dug in on the Seelow Heights , about 50 km ( 31 mi ) east of Berlin . Entrenchment allowed the Germans , who were massively outnumbered , to survive a bombardment from the largest concentration of artillery in history ; as the Red Army attempted to cross the marshy riverside terrain , they lost tens of thousands of casualties to the entrenched Germans before breaking through . In the Pacific Theatre , during World War II , the Japanese used a labyrinth of underground fixed positions to slow down the Allied advances on many Pacific Islands . The Japanese built fixed fortifications on Iwo Jima , Okinawa , and Guadalcanal using a system of underground tunnels to interconnect their fortified positions . The Japanese had on Battle of Iwo Jima several levels of honeycombed fortifications . The Japanese caused the American advance to slow down and caused massive casualties with these underground fixed positions . The Americans had to use flamethrowers to clear them out , as well as systematic hand - to - hand fighting . Post-1945 to modern trench warfare ( edit ) Afghan and U.S. soldiers provide security while standing behind a blast wall made from HESCO bastions at Zhari district , Kandahar Province , Afghanistan , 2012 . Trench warfare has been infrequent in recent wars . When two large armoured armies meet , the result has generally been mobile warfare of the type which developed in World War II . However , trench warfare reemerged in the latter stages of the Chinese Civil War ( Huaihai Campaign ) , the Korean War ( from July 1951 to its end ) , and at Dien Bien Phu and other later locations and engagements during the Vietnam War . During the Cold War , NATO forces routinely trained to fight through extensive works called `` Soviet - style trench systems '' , named after the Warsaw Pact 's complex systems of field fortifications , an extension of Soviet field entrenching practices for which they were famous in their Great Patriotic War ( the Eastern Front of World War II ) . Another example of trench warfare after World Wars I and II was the Iran -- Iraq War , in which both armies lacked training in combined arms operations . Tactics used included trench warfare , machine gun posts , bayonet charges , use of barbed wire across trenches and on no - man 's land , Iranian human wave attacks , and Iraq 's extensive use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas against Iranian troops . Although mainly a siege , it was not unusual to find an extensive trench system inside and outside the city of Sarajevo during the siege of 1992 -- 1996 . It was used mainly for transportation to the frontline or to avoid snipers inside the city . Any pre-existing structures were used as trenches ; the best known example is the bobsleigh course at Trebević , which was used by both Serb and Bosniak forces during the siege . Another example of trench stalemate was the Eritrean - Ethiopian War of 1998 -- 2000 . The front line in Korea and the front lines between Pakistan and India in Kashmir are two examples of demarcation lines which could become hot at any time . They consist of kilometres of trenches linking fortified strongpoints and in Korea surrounded by millions of land mines . A recent example of trench warfare occurred in the War in Donbass , in which Pro-Russian rebels fought the Ukrainian government . More than 6,000 people were killed in a year of combat . To consolidate and defend their territory and / or gains , government and rebel forces have dug trenches and have initiated warfare reminiscent of World War I , such as open trench warfare with troops staying in and fighting from trenches for months at a time . Despite the Minsk peace agreements low - intensity firefights and combat patrols continue to this day . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Blitzkrieg Breastwork ( fortification ) Christmas truce Defensive fighting position Harry Patch Medieval warfare Mining ( military ) Mobile warfare No man 's land Sangar ( fortification ) Shell shock Siege Tunnel warfare Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dictionary.com Cultural Dictionary '' . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Murray , The Rocky Road to the Great War : The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914 ( 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Ripley & Dana 1859 , p. 622 . ^ Jump up to : Frey & Frey 1995 , pp. 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Cathal J. ( 2008 ) , Wars of the Age of Louis XIV , 1650 -- 1715 , Greenwood encyclopedias of modern world wars , ABC - CLIO , p. 253 , ISBN 9780313359200 Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 , pp. 499 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Konstam 2011 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Cowen , James ( 1955 ) . `` Chapter 7 : The Attack on Ohaeawai '' . The New Zealand Wars : A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period ( 1845 -- 1864 ) . Volume I. Wellington : R.E. Owen , Government Printer . Jump up ^ `` Early Maori military engineering skills to be honoured by New Zealand Professional Engineers '' . New Zealand Department of Conservation. 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Graham , James . `` The battle for Kawiti 's Ohaeawai Pa '' . HistoryOrb.com ) . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Finnish Oriental Society , Suomen Itämainen Seura , eds. ( 2003 ) . Studia Orientalia. 95 . Finnish Oriental Society , Suomen Itämainen Seura . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . The Crimean War did have its own innovations : massive trench works and trench warfare ( ... ) . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Keller , Ulrich ( 2013 ) ( 2001 ) . The Ultimate Spectacle : A Visual History of the Crimean War . New York : Routledge . ISBN 9781134392094 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . The bravura of generals and soldiers became secondary to the competence of engineers designing trenches and artillery officers directing batteries - though the high expectations set in the concentration of fire - power proved as illusory before Sebastopol as it did 60 years later at the Somme . But again , the modernity of the trench war was not immediately apparent to the contemporaries . Jump up ^ Civil War Weapons And Equipment by Russ A. Pritchard Jnr . Jump up ^ Dyer , Gwynn . War ; Dupuy , Trevor N. Evolution of Weapons and Warfare Jump up ^ Ellis 1977 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1977 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Griffith 1996 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Lavalle , John in World War I -- a student encyclopaedia , ABC - Clio , 2006 , p. 1886 Jump up ^ Ellis 1977 , pp. 80 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Griffith 1996 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Griffith 1996 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Carter Malkasian ( 2002 ) . A History of Modern Wars of Attrition . Greenwood . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Bidwell & Graham 2004 , pp. 14 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Bidwell & Graham 2004 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Bidwell & Graham 2004 , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Bidwell & Graham 2004 , pp. -- 25 . Jump up ^ Griffith 2004 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Griffith 2004 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan 1999 , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Canada 's Army , p. 79 . Jump up ^ 1915 history Jump up ^ Hugo Rodrigues . France at War -- Portugal in the Great War . Available : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Canada 's Army , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Vanderlinden , Anthony American Rifleman ( October 2008 ) pp. 91 -- 120 Jump up ^ Gary Sheffield ( 2007 ) . War on the Western Front : In the Trenches of World War I. Osprey Publishing . p. 201 . ISBN 1846032105 . Jump up ^ Hugh Chisholm ( 1922 ) . The Encyclopædia Britannica : The New Volumes , Constituting , in Combination with the Twenty - nine Volumes of the Eleventh Edition , the Twelfth Edition of that Work , and Also Supplying a New , Distinctive , and Independent Library of Reference Dealing with Events and Developments of the Period 1910 to 1921 Inclusive , Volume 1 . Encyclopædia Britannica Company Limited . p. 470 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore torpedo '' , in Fitzsimons , Bernard , editor , Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare ( London : Phoebus Publishing Company 1977 ) , Volume 3 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Jonathan W. ( November 1 , 2002 ) . `` Weaponry : Hiram Maxim 's machine gun probably claimed more lives than any other weapon ever made '' . Military History . 19 ( 4 ) : 16 . Jump up ^ John K. Mahon and Romana Danysh ( 1972 ) . INFANTRY Part I : Regular Army . ARMY LINEAGE SERIES . United States Army Center of Military History . LOC number : 74 - 610219 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Saturday , 22 August 2009 Michael Duffy ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Weapons of War : Machine Guns '' . First World War.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm Jump up ^ Keegan 1999 , pp. 229 -- 30 . Jump up ^ General Sir Martin Farndale , History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery . Western Front 1914 -- 18 . London : Royal Artillery Institution , 1986 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zggykqt Jump up ^ https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/mine_warfare Jump up ^ `` Aces : A Story of the First World War '' , written by George Pearson , historical advisors Brereton Greenhous & Philip Markham , National Film Board of Canada , 1993 . Jump up ^ Finlayson , Damien ( 2010 ) : Crumps and Camouflets : Australian Tunnelling Companies on the Western Front . Big Sky Publishing , Newport , N.S.W. , Australia . ISBN 9780980658255 Accessed 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Branagan , D.F. ( 2005 ) : T.W. Edgeworth David : A Life : Geologist , Adventurer , Soldier and `` Knight in the old brown hat '' , National Library of Australia , Canberra , pp. 255 -- 314 . ISBN 0642107912 Accessed 2 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Battles : The Battle of Messines , 1917 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hermann Cron : Geschichte des Deutschen Heeres im Welkriege 1914 - 1918 ; Berlin 1937 , p. 23 Jump up ^ CSI Report No. 13 : Tactical responses to concentrated artillery : Introduction Archived 2011 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ( Combat Studies Institute , U.S. Army Command and General Staff College , Fort Leavenworth ) . Jump up ^ Hellmuth Gruss : Die deutschen Sturmbataillone im Weltkrieg . Aufbau und Verwendung. ; Berlin , 1939 Jump up ^ Perrett , Bryan ( 1983 ) . A History of Blitzkrieg . New York : Jove Books . pp. 30 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 515 - 10234 - 5 . Jump up ^ Remson , Andrew and Anderson , Debbie . `` World War II Battle of Kursk : Mine / Countermine operations '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) 25 April 2000 , ( Prepared for U.S. Army Communications - Electronics Command , Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate ) Section `` The Soviet defense system and minefields '' Jump up ^ Dagne 2000 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Oliver Laurent , `` Go Inside the Frozen Trenches of Eastern Ukraine '' . TIME. 20 February 2015 References ( edit ) Bidwell , Shelford ; Graham , Dominick ( 2004 ) , Fire - power -- The British Army Weapons and Theory of War 1904 -- 1945 , Pen & Sword Books Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Weissenburg '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 499 -- 500 . Dagne , Theodros ( 6 July 2000 ) , The Ethiopia - Eritrea conflict ( CRS report number : RL30598 ) ( PDF ) , Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division , United States Congressional Research Service , p. 12 Ellis , John ( 1977 ) , Eye - Deep in Hell -- Life in the Trenches 1914 -- 1918 , Fontana Frey , Linda ; Frey , Marsha , eds. ( 1995 ) , `` Defensive Lines '' , The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession : An Historical and Critical Dictionary ( illus . ed . ) , Greenwood , pp. 126 -- 27 , ISBN 9780313278846 , retrieved 20 August 2015 Griffith , Paddy ( 1996 ) , Battle Tactics of the Western Front -- The British Army 's Art of Attack 1916 -- 18 , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 06663 - 5 Griffith , Paddy ( 2004 ) , Fortifications of the Western Front 1914 -- 18 , Oxford : Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 760 - 4 Keegan , John ( 1999 ) , The First World War , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , ISBN 0 - 375 - 40052 - 4 Konstam , Angus ( 2011 ) , Marlborough ( illus . ed . ) , Oxford : Osprey , ISBN 9781780962320 Murray , Nicholas . The Rocky Road to the Great War : The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914 ( 2013 ) Ripley , George ; Dana , Charles Anderson , eds. ( 1859 ) , `` Fortification : III Field Fortifications '' , The New American Cyclopaedia : A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge , D. Appleton & Company , p. 622 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trench warfare . Johnson , Patrick In Depth : A century of mud and fire , BBC News , 27 June 2006 Historic films and photos showing `` Trench Warfare in World War I '' at europeanfilmgateway.eu World War I Tanks at Tanks Encyclopedia YouTube video of excavated and restored British WWI trench near Ypres Preserved Trenches Sanctuary Wood , Ypres , Belgium YouTube video of Hill 60 on the Messines Ridge , site of a huge underground explosion Fortifications Ancient history Abatis Agger Broch Burgus Castellum Castra Castros Circular rampart City gate Crannog Ditch Defensive wall Dun Faussebraye Gatehouse Gord Hillfort Limes Oppidum Palisade Pincer gate Promontory fort Rampart Ringfort ( Rath ) Refuge castle Schwedenschanze Stockade Sudis Trou de loup Vallum Wagon fort ( Laager ) Vitrified fort Post-classical history Albarrana tower Alcazaba Alcázar Arrowslit Barbican Bartizan Bastion Battery tower Battlement Bent entrance Bergfried Bretèche Bridge castle Bridge tower Butter - churn tower Caltrop Castle Chamber gate Chartaque Chashi Chemin de ronde Chemise Cheval de frise Citadel Coercion castle Concentric castle Corner tower Counter-castle Curtain Drawbridge Enceinte Embrasure Flanking tower Fortified buildings ( church , house ) Ganerbenburg Gate tower Gabion Glacis Guard tower Gulyay - gorod Gusuku Half tower Hoarding Inner bailey Keep Kremlin ( Detinets ) Landesburg L - plan castle Machicolation Merlon Moat Motte - and - bailey Murder - hole Neck ditch Outer bailey Peel tower Portcullis Postern Reduit Ringwork Quadrangular castle Shell keep Shield wall Toll castle Tower castle Tower house Turret Wall tower Bailey ( or ward ) Watchtower Witch tower Yett Modern history 18th century and earlier Abwurfdach Bastion Blockhouse Breastwork Canal Caponier Casemate Cavalier Counterguard Counterscarp Couvreface Coupure Covertway Crownwork Device fort Entrenchment Flèche Gorge Hornwork Lunette Orillon Ostrog Outwork Place - of - arms Polygonal fort Presidio ( Spanish America ) Punji sticks Ravelin Redan Redoubt Retrenchment Sandbag Scarp Sconce Schanze Sea fort Station Star fort Tenaille 19th century Barbed wire Barbette Border outpost Bunker Coastal artillery Gun turret Land mine Martello tower Outpost Trench warfare Sangar Wire obstacles 20th century Admiralty scaffolding Air raid shelter Anti-tank trench Barbed tape Blast shelter Blast wall Border barrier Buoy Bremer wall Concertina wire Defensive fighting position British `` hedgehog '' road block Czech hedgehog Dragon 's teeth Electric fence Fallout shelter Fire support base Flak tower Hardened aircraft shelter Hesco bastion Main Line of Resistance Revetment Sentry gun Spider hole Submarine pen Tunnel warfare Underground hangar By topography Cave castle Hill castle Hill fort Hillside castle Hilltop castle Island castle Lowland castle Marsh castle Moated castle Promontory fort Ridge castle Rocca Rock castle Spur castle Water castle By role Coercion castle Counter-castle Ganerbenburg Hunting lodge Imperial castle Kaiserpfalz Landesburg Lustschloss Ordensburg Refuge castle Toll castle Urban castle By design Bridge castle Circular rampart Concentric castle L - plan castle Motte - and - bailey castle Quadrangular castle Ringfort Ringwork Tower castle See also : Category World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the front line trench in ww1	[ "Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of military trenches, in which troops are well-protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery. The most famous use of trench warfare is the Western Front in World War I. It has become a byword for stalemate, attrition, sieges and futility in conflict.[1]" ]	[ "Western Front" ]
4852606634012031880	United States presidential election, 1800	United states presidential election , 1800 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 1800 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election , 1800 ← 1796 October 31 -- December 3 , 1800 1804 → 138 electoral votes of the Electoral College 70 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 32.3 % 12.2 pp Nominee Thomas Jefferson John Adams Party Democratic - Republican Federalist Home state Virginia Massachusetts Running mate Aaron Burr Charles C. Pinckney Electoral vote 73 65 States carried 9 7 Popular vote 41,330 25,952 Percentage 61.4 % 38.6 % Presidential election results map . Because electors could not distinguish between their presidential and vice presidential choices until the passage of the Twelfth Amendment , the map above assumes that the presidential votes are exactly the votes for Adams or Jefferson . Green denotes states won by Jefferson , burnt orange denotes states won by Adams , and gray denotes non voting territories . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . President before election John Adams Federalist Elected President Thomas Jefferson Democratic - Republican The United States presidential election of 1800 was the fourth United States presidential election . It was held from Friday , October 31 to Wednesday , December 3 , 1800 . In what is sometimes referred to as the `` Revolution of 1800 '' , Vice President Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic - Republican Party defeated incumbent President John Adams of the Federalist Party . The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic - Republican rule . Adams had narrowly defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election . Under the rules of the electoral system that were in place prior to the 1804 ratification of the 12th Amendment , each member of the Electoral College cast two votes , with no distinction made between electoral votes for president and electoral votes for vice president . As Jefferson received the second-most votes in 1796 , he was elected vice president . In 1800 , unlike in 1796 , both parties formally nominated tickets . The Democratic - Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of Jefferson and Aaron Burr , while the Federalists nominated a ticket consisting of Adams and Charles Pinckney . Each party formed a plan in which one of their respective electors would vote for a third candidate or abstain so that their preferred presidential candidate ( Adams for the Federalists and Jefferson for the Democratic - Republicans ) would win one more vote than the party 's other nominee . The chief political issues revolved around the fallout from the French Revolution and the Quasi-War . The Federalists favored a strong central government and close relations with Great Britain . The Democratic - Republicans favored decentralization to the state governments , and the party attacked the taxes imposed by the Federalists . The Democratic - Republicans also denounced the Alien and Sedition Acts , which the Federalists had passed to make it harder for immigrants to become citizens and to restrict statements critical of the federal government . While the Democratic - Republicans were well organized at the state and local levels , the Federalists were disorganized and suffered a bitter split between their two major leaders , President Adams and Alexander Hamilton . According to historian John Ferling , the jockeying for electoral votes , regional divisions , and the propaganda smear campaigns created by both parties made the election recognizably modern . At the end of a long and bitter campaign , Jefferson and Burr each won 73 electoral votes , Adams won 65 electoral votes , and Pinckney won 64 electoral votes . The Federalists swept New England , the Democratic - Republicans dominated the South , and the parties split the Mid-Atlantic states of New York , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania . The Democratic - Republicans ' failure to execute their plan to award Jefferson one more vote than Burr resulted in a tie , which necessitated a contingent election in the House of Representatives . Under the terms laid out in the Constitution , the outgoing House of Representatives chose between Jefferson and Burr . Each state delegation cast one vote , and a victory in the contingent election required one candidate to win a majority of the state delegations . Neither Burr nor Jefferson were able to win on the first 35 ballots of the contingent election , as most Federalist Congressmen backed Burr and all Democratic - Republican Congressmen backed Jefferson . Hamilton personally favored Jefferson over Burr , and he convinced several Federalists to switch their support to Jefferson , giving Jefferson a victory on the 36th ballot of the contingent election . The result of this election was affected by the three - fifths clause of the United States Constitution ; historians such as Garry Wills have noted that had slaves not been counted for the purposes of congressional apportionment , Adams would have won the electoral vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 General election 1.1 Candidates 1.2 Campaign 1.2. 1 Selection method changes 1.3 Voting 1.4 Disputes 1.4. 1 Defective certificates 1.5 Results 1.5. 1 Breakdown by ticket 1.5. 2 Breakdown by state 2 1801 contingent election 2.1 Results 3 Electoral college selection 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Primary references 6.2 Inline references 7 Bibliography 8 External links General election ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Both parties used congressional nominating caucuses to formally nominate tickets for the first time . The Federalists nominated a ticket consisting of incumbent President John Adams of Massachusetts and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina . Pinckney had fought in the American Revolutionary War and later served as the minister to France . The Democratic - Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of Vice President Thomas Jefferson of Virginia and former Senator Aaron Burr of New York . Jefferson had been the runner - up in the previous election and had co-founded the party with James Madison and others , while Burr was popular in the electorally important state of New York . Vice President Thomas Jefferson from Virginia ( D-R ) Former U.S. Senator Aaron Burr from New York ( D-R ) President John Adams from Massachusetts ( Federalist ) Former Minister to France Charles C. Pinckney from South Carolina ( Federalist ) Campaign ( edit ) The 1800 election was a re-match of the 1796 election . The campaign was bitter and characterized by slander and personal attacks on both sides . Federalists spread rumours that the Democratic - Republicans were radicals who would ruin the country ( based on the Democratic - Republican support for the French Revolution ) . In 1798 , George Washington had complained `` that you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white , as to change the principles of a professed Democrat ; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country '' . Meanwhile , the Democratic - Republicans accused Federalists of subverting republican principles with the Alien and Sedition Acts , some of which were later declared unconstitutional after their expiration by the Supreme Court , and relying for their support on foreign immigrants ; they also accused Federalists of favoring Britain and the other coalition countries in their war with France in order to promote aristocratic , anti-democratic values . Adams was attacked by both the opposition Democratic - Republicans and a group of so - called `` High Federalists '' aligned with Alexander Hamilton . The Democratic - Republicans felt that the Adams foreign policy was too favorable toward Britain ; feared that the new army called up for the Quasi-War would oppress the people ; opposed new taxes to pay for war ; and attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as violations of states ' rights and the Constitution . `` High Federalists '' considered Adams too moderate and would have preferred the leadership of Alexander Hamilton instead . Hamilton had apparently grown impatient with Adams and wanted a new president who was more receptive to his goals . During Washington 's presidency , Hamilton had been able to influence the federal response to the Whiskey Rebellion ( which threatened the government 's power to tax citizens ) . When Washington announced that he would not seek a third term , Adams was widely recognized by the Federalists as next - in - line . Hamilton appears to have hoped in 1796 that his influence within an Adams administration would be as great or greater than in Washington 's . By 1800 , Hamilton had come to realize that Adams was too independent and thought the Federalist vice presidential candidate , Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina , more suited to serving Hamilton 's interests . In his third sabotage attempt toward Adams , Hamilton quietly schemed to elect Pinckney to the presidency . Given Pinckney 's lack of political experience , he would have been expected to be open to Hamilton 's influence . However , Hamilton 's plan backfired and hurt the Federalist party , particularly after one of his letters , a scathing criticism of Adams that was fifty - four pages long , fell into the hands of a Democratic - Republican and soon after became public . It embarrassed Adams and damaged Hamilton 's efforts on behalf of Pinckney , not to mention speeding Hamilton 's own political decline . Selection method changes ( edit ) Partisans on both sides sought any advantage they could find . In several states , this included changing the process of selecting electors to ensure the desired result . In Georgia , Democratic - Republican legislators replaced the popular vote with selection by the state legislature . Federalist legislators did the same in Massachusetts and New Hampshire . This may have had some unintended consequences in Massachusetts , where the makeup of the delegation to the House of Representatives changed from 12 Federalists and 2 Democratic - Republicans to 8 Federalists and 6 Democratic - Republicans , perhaps the result of backlash on the part of the electorate . Pennsylvania also switched to legislative choice , but this resulted in an almost evenly split set of electors . Virginia switched from electoral districts to winner - take - all , a move that probably switched one or two votes out of the Federalist column . Voting ( edit ) Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county . Shades of blue are for Jefferson ( Democratic - Republican ) and shades of yellow are for Adams ( Federalist ) . Because each state could choose its own election day in 1800 , voting lasted from April to October . In April , Burr 's successful mobilization of the vote in New York City succeeded in reversing the Federalist majority in the state legislature to provide decisive support for the Democratic - Republican ticket . With the two parties tied 63 -- 63 in the Electoral College in the autumn of 1800 , the last state to vote , South Carolina , chose eight Democratic - Republicans to award the election to Jefferson and Burr . Under the United States Constitution as it then stood , each elector cast two votes , and the candidate with a majority of the votes was elected president , with the vice presidency going to the runner - up . The Federalists therefore arranged for one of their electors to vote for John Jay rather than for Pinckney . The Democratic - Republicans had a similar plan to have one of their electors cast a vote for another candidate instead of Burr , but failed to execute it , thus all of the Democratic - Republican electors cast their votes for both Jefferson and Burr , 73 in all for each of them . According to a provision of the United States Constitution , a tie in a case of this type had to be resolved by the House of Representatives , with each state casting one vote . Although the congressional election of 1800 turned over majority control of the House of Representatives to the Democratic - Republicans by 65 seats to 35 , the presidential election had to be decided by the outgoing House that had been elected in the congressional election of 1798 ( at that time , the new presidential and congressional terms all started on March 4 of the year after a national election ) . In the outgoing House , the Federalists retained a majority of 90 seats to 54 . Disputes ( edit ) Defective certificates ( edit ) When the electoral ballots were opened and counted on February 11 , 1801 , it turned out that the certificate of election from Georgia was defective . While it was clear that the electors had cast their votes for Jefferson and Burr , the certificate did not take the constitutionally mandated form of a `` List of all the Persons voted for , and of the Number of Votes for each '' . Vice President Jefferson , who was counting the votes in his role as President of the Senate , immediately counted the votes from Georgia as votes for Jefferson and Burr . No objections were raised . If the disputed Georgia ballots were rejected on these technicalities , Jefferson and Burr would have lost 4 electoral votes , leaving them with 69 electoral votes each . The counting of the votes would have failed to result in a majority of 70 votes for any of the four candidates , causing a constitutionally mandated Congressional runoff among the top five finishers . Instead , the total number of votes for Jefferson and Burr was 73 , a majority of the total , but a tie between them . Results ( edit ) Jefferson won all or a majority of the voters in each state that he had won in 1796 , and additionally won majorities in New York and Maryland . Adams picked up votes in Pennsylvania and North Carolina , but these votes not enough to offset the Democratic - Republican gains elsewhere . Of the 155 counties and independent cities making returns , Jefferson won in 115 ( 74.19 % ) , whereas Adams carried 40 ( 25.81 % ) . This was the last time that Vermont voted for the Federalists . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Count Percentage Thomas Jefferson Democratic - Republican Virginia 41,330 61.4 % 73 Aaron Burr Democratic - Republican New York -- -- 73 John Adams ( incumbent ) Federalist Massachusetts 25,952 38.6 % 65 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Federalist South Carolina -- -- 64 John Jay Federalist New York -- -- Total 67,282 100.0 % 276 Needed to win 70 Source ( Popular Vote ) : U.S. President National Vote . Our Campaigns . ( February 10 , 2006 ) . Source ( Popular Vote ) : A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 - 1825 Source ( Electoral Vote ) : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 30 , 2005 . Votes for Federalist electors have been assigned to John Adams and votes for Democratic - Republican electors have been assigned to Thomas Jefferson . Only 6 of the 16 states chose electors by any form of popular vote . Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements . Breakdown by ticket ( edit ) Presidential candidate Running mate Electoral vote Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr 73 John Adams Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 64 John Adams John Jay Breakdown by state ( edit ) State Jefferson Burr Adams Pinckney Jay New Hampshire 6 6 Massachusetts 16 16 Rhode Island Connecticut 9 9 Vermont New York 12 12 New Jersey 7 7 Pennsylvania 8 8 7 7 Delaware Maryland 5 5 5 5 Virginia 21 21 Kentucky North Carolina 8 8 Tennessee South Carolina 8 8 Georgia Total 73 73 65 64 Source : `` Tally of Electoral Votes for the 1800 Presidential Election , February 11 , 1801 '' . The Center for Legislative Archives . National Archives . August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . 1801 contingent election ( edit ) Aaron Burr tied Jefferson in the Electoral College vote . The members of the House of Representatives balloted as states to determine whether Jefferson or Burr would become president . There were sixteen states , each with one vote ; an absolute majority of nine was required for victory . It was the outgoing House of Representatives , controlled by the Federalist Party , that was charged with electing the new president . While everyone knew that Republicans intended Jefferson to be their candidate for president and Burr for vice president , that did not bind the Federalists . Jefferson was the great enemy of the Federalists , and a faction of them try to block Jefferson and elect Burr in the House . Most Federalists voted for Burr , giving Burr six of the eight states controlled by Federalists . The seven delegations controlled by Republicans all voted for Jefferson , and Georgia 's sole Federalist representative also voted for him , giving him eight states . The Vermont delegation was evenly split and cast a blank ballot . The remaining state , Maryland , had five Federalist representatives to three Republicans ; one of its Federalist representatives voted for Jefferson , forcing that state delegation also to cast a blank ballot . Publicly , Burr remained quiet , and refused to disavow the presidency . Rumors circulated that he was encouraging Republicans to vote for him , but solid evidence was lacking and historians generally gave Burr the benefit of the doubt . In 2011 , however , historian Thomas Baker discovered a previously unknown letter from William P. Van Ness to Edward Livingston , two leading Republicans in New York . Van Ness was very close to Burr -- serving as his second in the later dual with Hamilton . As a leading Republican , Van Ness secretly supported the Federalist plan to elect Burr as president and tried to get Livingston to join . Livingston apparently agreed at first , then reversed himself . Baker argues that Burr probably supported the Van Ness plan : `` There is a compelling pattern of circumstantial evidence , much of it newly discovered , that strongly suggests Aaron Burr did exactly that as part of a stealth campaign to compass the presidency for himself . '' However it did not work , not just because of Livingston but even more due to the energetic opposition to Burr by Hamilton . Over the course of seven days , from February 11 to 17 , the House cast a total of 35 ballots , with Jefferson receiving the votes of eight state delegations each time -- one short of the necessary majority of nine . During the contest , Hamilton recommended to Federalists that they support Jefferson because he was `` by far not so dangerous a man '' as Burr ; in short , he would much rather have someone with wrong principles than someone devoid of any . Hamilton embarked on a frenzied letter - writing campaign to get delegates to switch votes . On February 17 , on the 36th ballot , Jefferson was elected . Federalist James A. Bayard of Delaware and his allies in Maryland and Vermont all cast blank ballots . This resulted in the Maryland and Vermont votes changing from no selection to Jefferson , giving him the votes of 10 states and the presidency . Bayard , as the sole representative from Delaware , changed his vote from Burr to no selection . The four representatives present from South Carolina , all Federalists , also changed their 3 -- 1 selection of Burr to four abstentions . Results ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Delegation result ( votes for Jefferson - votes for Burr - blank ballots ) State delegation Ballot 1st 2nd -- 35th 36th Overall results 8 Jefferson 6 Burr 2 No result 10 Jefferson 4 Burr 2 No result Georgia Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Kentucky Jefferson ( 2 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 2 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 2 -- 0 ) New Jersey Jefferson ( 3 -- 2 ) Jefferson ( 3 -- 2 ) Jefferson ( 3 -- 2 ) New York Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) North Carolina Jefferson ( 9 -- 1 ) Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) Pennsylvania Jefferson ( 9 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 9 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 9 -- 4 ) Tennessee Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Virginia Jefferson ( 16 -- 3 ) Jefferson ( 14 -- 5 ) Jefferson ( 14 -- 5 ) Maryland no result ( 4 -- 4 ) no result ( 4 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 4 -- 0 -- 4 ) Vermont no result ( 1 -- 1 ) no result ( 1 -- 1 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 -- 1 ) Delaware Burr ( 0 -- 1 ) Burr ( 0 -- 1 ) no result ( 0 -- 0 -- 1 ) South Carolina Burr ( 0 -- 4 ) Burr ( 1 -- 3 ) no result ( 0 -- 0 -- 4 ) Connecticut Burr ( 0 -- 7 ) Burr ( 0 -- 7 ) Burr ( 0 -- 7 ) Massachusetts Burr ( 3 -- 11 ) Burr ( 3 -- 11 ) Burr ( 3 -- 11 ) New Hampshire Burr ( 0 -- 4 ) Burr ( 0 -- 4 ) Burr ( 0 -- 4 ) Rhode Island Burr ( 0 -- 2 ) Burr ( 0 -- 2 ) Burr ( 0 -- 2 ) The votes of the representatives is typical and may have fluctuated from ballot to ballot , but the result for each state did not change . Even though Georgia had two representatives apportioned , one seat was vacant due to the death of James Jones . Even though South Carolina had six representatives apportioned , Thomas Sumter was absent due to illness , and Abraham Nott departed for South Carolina between the first and final ballots . Electoral college selection ( edit ) The Constitution , in Article II , Section 1 , provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their electors were chosen . Different state legislatures chose different methods : Method of choosing electors State ( s ) State is divided into electoral districts , with one Elector chosen per district by the voters of that district Kentucky Maryland North Carolina Each Elector chosen by voters statewide Rhode Island Virginia State is divided into electoral districts , with one Elector chosen per district Each county chooses an electoral delegate by popular vote Elector is chosen by electoral delegates of the counties within their district Tennessee Each Elector appointed by state legislature ( all other states ) In popular Culture ( edit ) The election of 1800 was the topic of the song ' The Election of 1800 ' from the Broadway musical Hamilton . In the song ' Hamilton ' says `` I have never agreed with Jefferson once , we have fought on like 75 different fronts , but when all is said and all is done : Jefferson has beliefs . Burr has none . '' This angers Burr and leads directly into the song ' Your Obedient Servant ' : in which Burr stands up to Hamilton and declares a duel . This duel led to the death of Alexander Hamilton . The election 's story and the eventual reconciliation between Jefferson and Adams was also retold in a second - season episode of Comedy Central 's Drunk History , with Jerry O'Connell portraying Jefferson and Joe Lo Truglio as Adams . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson United States House of Representatives elections , 1800 United States Senate elections , 1800 and 1801 History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Stephen Simpson ( writer ) ( editor of the Aurora , a Philadelphia newspaper Jefferson credited for his victory in 1800 ) References ( edit ) Primary references ( edit ) Annals of the Congress of the United States , Washington , D.C. : Gales and Seaton , 1834 -- 1856 , pp. 10 : 1028 -- 1033 `` A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved March 20 , 2005 . Inline references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National General Election VEP Turnout Rates , 1789 - Present '' . United States Election Project . CQ Press . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson : The Revolution of 1800 '' . PBS . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Revolution of 1800 After All : The Political Culture of the Earlier Early Republic and the Origins of American Democracy '' . Jeffrey L. Pasley University of Missouri - Columbia . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ferling ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Negro President : Jefferson and the Slave Power ; Garry Wills ; Houghton Mifflin : pp. 2 , 234 . Jump up ^ Deskins , Donald Richard ; Walton , Hanes ; Puckett , Sherman ( 2010 ) . Presidential Elections , 1789 - 2008 : County , State , and National Mapping of Election Data . University of Michigan Press . pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2003 ) . `` Gilder Lehrman Document Number : GLC 581 '' . Digital History . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2006 . Retrieved September 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Buel ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ McCullough ( 2001 ) ^ Jump up to : Chernow ( 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Party Divisions of the House of Representatives * 1789 -- Present '' . Office of the Historian , House of United States House of Representatives . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce Ackerman and David Fontana , `` How Jefferson Counted Himself In , '' The Atlantic , March 2004 . See also : Bruce Ackerman and David Fontana , `` Thomas Jefferson Counts Himself into the Presidency , '' ( 2004 ) , 90 Virginia Law Review 551 - 643 . Jump up ^ `` A New Nation Votes '' . Jump up ^ Ferling 2004 , pp. 175 - 196 . Jump up ^ Thomas N. Baker , `` ' An Attack Well Directed ' : Aaron Burr Intrigues for the Presidency . '' Journal of the Early Republic 31 # 4 ( 2011 ) : 553 - 598 , quotation on page 556 . Jump up ^ Roberts ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Noel Campbell and Marcus Witcher , `` Political entrepreneurship : Jefferson , Bayard , and the election of 1800 . '' Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 4.3 ( 2015 ) : 298 - 312 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral Count for the Presidential Election of 1789 '' . The Papers of George Washington . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Prokop , Andrew ( November 28 , 2015 ) . `` The real - life election of 1800 was even wilder than Hamilton the musical lets on '' . Vox . Vox Media , Inc. http://www.vox.com/2015/11/28/9801376/hamilton-election-of-1800-burr-jefferson Bibliography ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson Ben - Atar , Doron ; Oberg , Barbara B. , eds. ( 1999 ) , Federalists Reconsidered , University of Virginia Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1863 - 1 Pasley , Jeffrey L. ; et al. , eds. ( 2004 ) , Beyond the Founders : New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic , University of North Carolina Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5558 - 4 Beard , Charles A. ( 1915 ) , The Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy , ISBN 978 - 1 - 146 - 80267 - 3 Bowling , Kenneth R. ; Kennon , Donald R. ( 2005 ) , Establishing Congress : The Removal to Washington , D.C. , and the Election of 1800 , Ohio University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8214 - 1619 - 8 Buel , Richard ( 1972 ) , Securing the Revolution : Ideology in American Politics , 1789 -- 1815 Chambers , William Nisbet ( 1963 ) , Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 Chernow , Ron ( 2005 ) , Alexander Hamilton , Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303475 - 9 Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr. ( 1965 ) , The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809 Dunn , Susan ( 2004 ) , Jefferson 's second revolution : The Election Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 13164 - 8 Elkins , Stanley ; McKitrick , Eric ( 1995 ) , The Age of Federalism Ferling , John ( 2004 ) . Adams vs. Jefferson : The Tumultuous Election of 1800 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1965 ) , The Revolution of American Conservatism : The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy Freeman , Joanne B. ( 2001 ) , Affairs of Honor : National Politics in the New Republic Freeman , Joanne B. ( 1999 ) , `` The election of 1800 : a study in the logic of political change '' , Yale Law Journal , 108 ( 8 ) : 1959 -- 1994 , doi : 10.2307 / 797378 , JSTOR 797378 Goodman , Paul ( 1967 ) , `` The First American Party System '' , in Chambers , William Nisbet ; Burnham , Walter Dean , The American Party Systems : Stages of Political Development , pp. 56 -- 89 Hofstadter , Richard ( 1970 ) , The Idea of a Party System Kennedy , Roger G. ( 2000 ) , Burr , Hamilton , and Jefferson : A Study in Character , Oxford University Press McCullough , David ( 2001 ) , John Adams Horn , James P.P. ; Lewis , Jan Ellen ; Onuf , Peter S. ( 2002 ) , The Revolution of 1800 : Democracy , Race , and the New Republic Miller , John C. ( 1959 ) , Alexander Hamilton : Portrait in Paradox Roberts , Cokie ( 2008 ) , Ladies of Liberty Schachner , Nathan ( 1961 ) , Aaron Burr : A Biography Schlesinger , Arthur Meier , ed. ( 1986 ) , History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 - 1984 , Vol. 1 , essay and primary sources on 1800 . Sharp , James Roger . The Deadlocked Election of 1800 : Jefferson , Burr , and the Union in the Balance ( University Press of Kansas ; 2010 ) 239 pages ; Wills , Garry ( 2003 ) , `` Negro President '' : Jefferson and the Slave Power , Houghton Mifflin Co. , pp. 47 -- 89 , ISBN 0 - 618 - 34398 - 9 ... also listed ( in at least one source ) as from Mariner Books ( Boston ) in 2004 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 1800 . United States presidential election of 1800 at Encyclopædia Britannica Presidential Election of 1800 : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress Documentary Timeline 1787 - 1800 Lesson plans from NEH A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 - 1825 Vote Archive : Town Map of Election Results in Rhode Island Vote Archive : County Map of Election Results in Virginia Overview at Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections Booknotes interview with Bernard Weisberger on America Afire : Jefferson , Adams , and the First Contested Election , February 25 , 2001 . Booknotes interview with John Ferling on Adams vs. Jefferson : The Tumultuous Election of 1800 , October 3 , 2004 . Election of 1800 in Counting the Votes Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → Category John Adams 2nd President of the United States , 1797 -- 1801 1st Vice President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1785 -- 1788 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1782 -- 1788 Delegate , Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 Delegate , First Continental Congress , 1774 Founding of the United States Braintree Instructions ( 1765 ) Boston Massacre defense Continental Association Novanglus ; A History of the Dispute with America , From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time ( 1775 ) Thoughts on Government ( 1776 ) Declaration of Independence May 15 preamble Committee of Five Model Treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Board of War Chairman of the Marine Committee , 1775 - 1779 Continental Navy Staten Island Peace Conference Conference House Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1780 ) Treaty of Paris , 1783 Presidency Inauguration Quasi War with France XYZ Affair Commerce Protection Act United States Marine Corps Convention of 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1798 Navy Department Library Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli Midnight Judges Act Marbury v. Madison State of the Union Address ( 1797 1798 1799 1800 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other writings Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Adams Papers Editorial Project Life and homes Early life and education Adams National Historical Park John Adams Birthplace Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace Peacefield Presidential Library Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Presidents House , Philadelphia Co-founder and second president , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election 1788 -- 1789 1792 1796 1800 Legacy Adams House at Harvard University John Adams Building U.S. Postage stamps Adams Memorial Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1964 series ) American Primitive ( 1969 play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related `` Adams and Liberty '' campaign song Adams ' personal library American Enlightenment Congress Hall Federalist Party Federalist Era First Party System republicanism American Philosophical Society Gazette of the United States The American Museum American Revolution patriots Family Abigail Adams wife Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( daughter ) John Quincy Adams son presidency Charles Adams ( son ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( son ) George W. Adams ( grandson ) Charles Adams Sr. ( grandson ) John Adams II ( grandson ) John Q. Adams ( great - grandson ) Henry Adams ( great - grandson ) Brooks Adams ( great - grandson ) John Adams Sr. ( father ) Susanna Boylston ( mother ) Elihu Adams ( brother ) Samuel Adams ( second cousin ) Louisa Adams daughter - in - law First Lady ← George Washington Thomas Jefferson → Category United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Primaries and caucuses Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Superdelegate Electoral College and Popular vote Results Summary Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state Electoral vote changes between elections Electoral vote recipients Popular vote margins Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Voter turnout Related topics Campaign slogans Historical election polling Election Day Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates October surprise Red states and blue states Swing state Election recount House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_1800&oldid=834516077 '' Categories : History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) United States presidential election , 1800 Presidency of Thomas Jefferson John Adams Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 03 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who became president with the election of 1800	[ "The United States presidential election of 1800 was the fourth United States presidential election. It was held from Friday, October 31 to Wednesday, December 3, 1800. In what is sometimes referred to as the \"Revolution of 1800\",[2][3] Vice President Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party defeated incumbent President John Adams of the Federalist Party. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican rule." ]	[ "Thomas Jefferson" ]
-7834060278215448918	Carl Weathers	Carl Weathers - wikipedia Carl Weathers Jump to : navigation , search Carl Weathers Carl Weathers at the Calgary Expo 2015 ( 1948 - 01 - 14 ) January 14 , 1948 ( age 70 ) New Orleans , Louisiana , U.S. Alma mater San Diego State University San Francisco State University ( BA ) Occupation Actor , professional football player Years active 1973 -- present ( actor ) 1970 -- 1974 ( football player ) Spouse ( s ) Mary Ann Castle ( m . 1973 ; div. 1983 ) Rhona Unsell ( m . 1984 ; div. 2006 ) Jennifer Peterson ( m . 2007 ; div. 2009 ) Children Football career No. 49 , 55 Position : Linebacker Career information College : San Diego State Undrafted : 1970 Career history Oakland Raiders ( 1970 -- 1971 ) B.C. Lions ( 1971 -- 1974 ) Career NFL statistics Sacks : 0 Games played ( NFL ) : 8 Games played ( CFL ) : 10 Player stats at NFL.com Carl Weathers ( born January 14 , 1948 ) is an American actor and former professional football player . He is best known for portraying Apollo Creed in the Rocky series of films , George Dillon in Predator , Chubbs Peterson in Happy Gilmore and Little Nicky , and a fictionalized version of himself on the comedy series Arrested Development . As a football player , Weathers played for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League and the B.C. Lions of the Canadian Football League . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Football career 3 Acting career 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Weathers was born in New Orleans , Louisiana . His father was a day laborer . As an eighth - grade student , he earned an athletic scholarship to St. Augustine High School , a private high school . During high school , he was an all - around athlete , involved in boxing , football , gymnastics , judo , soccer , and wrestling . He graduated in 1966 . Football career ( edit ) Weathers played football as a defensive end in college . He started his college career in 1966 at Long Beach City College , where he did not play in 1966 due to an ankle injury suffered when he tripped over a curb surrounding the running track while warming up for practice with another linebacker , Paul Snow . He then transferred and played for San Diego State University , becoming a letterman for the San Diego State Aztecs in 1968 and 1969 , playing for head coach Don Coryell . After he went undrafted , Weathers signed with the Oakland Raiders as a free agent in 1970 . Now playing as a linebacker , Weathers played seven games for the Raiders in 1970 and one in 1971 . The Raiders released Weathers , and he signed with the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League in 1971 and played until 1973 , 18 games in total . During the off - seasons , Weathers attended San Francisco State University and finished his B.A. in Drama in 1974 . He retired from football in 1974 , and began pursuing an acting career . Weathers narrated NFL Films ' season recap of the 1999 , 2000 and 2001 seasons . During the 2017 NFL Draft , he appeared on NFL Network 's pre-draft coverage . Acting career ( edit ) Weathers began working as an extra while still playing football . He had his first significant roles in two blaxploitation films directed by his longtime friend Arthur Marks : Bucktown ( 1975 ) and Friday Foster ( 1975 ) . Weathers also appeared in an episode of the 1970s sitcom Good Times entitled `` The Nude '' , portraying an angry husband who suspected his wife of cheating on him with J.J. In 1975 , he guest starred in an episode of Kung Fu entitled `` The Brothers Caine '' . In 1976 , he appeared as a loan shark in an episode of the crime - drama Starsky and Hutch . While auditioning for the role of Apollo Creed alongside Sylvester Stallone in Rocky , Weathers criticized Stallone 's acting , which led him to get the role . He reprised the role of Apollo Creed in the next three Rocky films in 1979 , 1982 , and 1985 . Weathers is briefly seen as an Army MP in one of the three released versions of Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( originally released in 1977 ) . In 1978 , Weathers portrayed misogynist Vince Sullivan in a TV movie , Not This Time . In the late 1970s and 1980s , Weathers starred in a number of action films for the small and big screen , including Force 10 from Navarone ( 1978 ) , Predator ( 1987 ) , Action Jackson ( 1988 ) , and Hurricane Smith ( 1992 ) . As a member of the cast of Predator , Weathers worked with future California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and future Minnesota governor Jesse Ventura . Many years later he appeared in a spoof segment on Saturday Night Live , announcing that he was running for political office and urging viewers to vote for him on the basis that `` he was the black guy in Predator '' . He also appeared in Michael Jackson 's `` Liberian Girl '' music video and co-starred in the Adam Sandler comedy Happy Gilmore , as Chubbs , a golf legend teaching Happy how to play golf . He reprised the role nearly four years later in the Sandler comedy Little Nicky . During the final two seasons of In the Heat of the Night , his character , Hampton Forbes , replaced Bill Gillespie as the chief of police . Another noted TV role was Sgt . Adam Beaudreaux on the cop show Street Justice . He also played as MACV - SOG Colonel Brewster in the CBS series Tour of Duty . In 2004 , Weathers received a career revival as a comedic actor beginning with appearances in three episodes of the comedy series Arrested Development as a cheapskate caricature of himself , who serves as Tobias Fünke 's acting coach . He was then cast in the comedies The Sasquatch Gang and The Comebacks . Weathers had a guest role in two episodes of The Shield as the former training officer of main character Vic Mackey . Weathers provided the voice for Colonel Samuel Garrett in the Pandemic Studios video game Mercenaries : Playground of Destruction . In 2005 , he was a narrator on Conquest ! The Price Of Victory - Witness The Journey of the Trojans ! , an 18 - part television show about USC athletics . Weathers is a principal of Red Tight Media , a film and video production company that specializes in tactical training films made for the United States armed forces . He also appeared in one episode of ER as the father of an injured boxer during their 2008 finale season . For the sixth film in the Rocky series , Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) , Stallone asked Weathers , Mr. T , and Dolph Lundgren for permission to use footage from their appearances in the earlier Rocky films . Mr. T and Lundgren agreed , but Weathers wanted an actual part in the movie , even though his character had died in Rocky IV . Stallone refused , and Weathers decided not to allow Stallone to use his image for flashbacks from the previous films . They instead used footage of a fighter who looks similar to Weathers . Weathers portrayed the father of Michael Strahan and Daryl `` Chill '' Mitchell 's characters on the short - lived 2009 Fox sitcom Brothers . Weathers is currently acting as Brian `` Gebo '' Fitzgerald in advertising for Old Spice 's sponsorship of NASCAR driver Tony Stewart . He also appears in an ongoing series of web - only advertisements for Credit Union of Washington , dispensing flowers and the advice that `` change is beautiful '' to puzzled - looking bystanders . He is also starring in a series of commercials for Bud Light , in which he introduces plays from the `` Bud Light Playbook '' . At the conclusion of each commercial , Weathers can be seen bursting through the Bud Light Playbook and shouting `` Here we go ! '' . Personal life ( edit ) Weathers and his ex-wife , Mary Ann , have two sons . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1973 Magnum Force Demonstrator Uncredited Friday Foster Yarbro Bucktown Hambone 1976 The Four Deuces Taxi Cab Driver 1976 Rocky Apollo Creed 1977 Close Encounters of the Third Kind MP 1977 Semi-Tough Dreamer Tatum 1978 The Bermuda Depths Eric 1978 Force 10 from Navarone Sgt . Weaver 1979 Rocky II Apollo Creed 1981 Death Hunt Sundog / George Washington Lincoln Brown 1982 Rocky III Apollo Creed 1985 Rocky IV Apollo Creed 1985 Braker Lieutenant Harry Braker 1986 The Defiant Ones Cullen Monroe Predator Colonel Al Dillon Action Jackson Sgt . / Lt. Jericho `` Action '' Jackson Dangerous Passion Kyle Hurricane Smith Billy `` Hurricane '' Smith 1995 Op Center Gen. Mike Rodgers Uncredited Happy Gilmore Chubbs Peterson Shadow Warriors : Assault on Devil 's Island Roy Brown 1999 Shadow Warriors 2 : Hunt for the Death Merchant Roy Brown 2000 Little Nicky Chubbs Peterson 2002 Eight Crazy Nights GNC Water Bottle Voice Balto III : Wings of Change Kirby Voice 2005 Alien Siege General Skyler 2006 The Sasquatch Gang Dr. Artimus Snodgrass 2007 The Comebacks Freddie Wiseman / Narrator 2012 American Warships General McKraken 2017 Sandy Wexler Himself Cameo Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Episode Good Times Calvin Brooks Episode : `` The Nude '' Kung Fu Bad Sam Episode : `` The Brothers Caine '' 1976 Starsky and Hutch Al Martin Episode : `` Nightmare '' 1977 Quinn Martin 's Tales of the Unexpected Hank Dalby Episode : `` A Hand For Sonny Blue '' 1986 Fortune Dane Fortune Dane 1989 -- 1990 Tour of Duty Colonel Carl Brewster Recurring role , 9 episodes 1991 -- 1993 Street Justice Adam Beaudreaux Main role In the Heat of the Night Police Chief Hampton Forbes 2003 -- 2007 The Shield Joe Clark Episodes : `` Haunts '' , `` Partners '' 2004 -- 2013 Arrested Development Carl Weathers 4 episodes 2008 ER Louie Taylor . Episode : `` Oh , Brother '' Psych Boone Episode : `` Viagra Falls '' 2011 -- 13 Regular Show God of Basketball Voice role ; episodes : `` Slam Dunk '' , `` Bank Shot '' 2013 Toy Story of Terror Combat Carl Voice 2016 Colony Bolton `` Beau '' Miller Recurring role , 9 episodes 2016 Chicago P.D. State 's Attorney Mark Jefferies Episode : `` Justice '' 2017 Chicago Justice State 's Attorney Mark Jefferies Main role 2017 Star vs. the Forces of Evil Omnitraxus Prime Voice role ; episodes : `` Mathmagic '' , `` Starcrushed '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Mercenaries : Playground of Destruction Colonel Samuel Garrett voice 2015 Mortal Kombat X Jax Briggs DLC ; voice and likeness References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Carl Weathers Biography ( 1948 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Gary ( June 25 , 1979 ) . `` Carl Weathers of ' Rocky II , ' in Search of Something Cerebral '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IT WAS ' BU WHO ? ' : Aztecs Saw Their Hopes of ' Big Time ' Go Awry - latimes '' . Articles.latimes.com . December 28 , 1986 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoglund , Andy ( June 5 , 1968 ) . `` When to Turn Your Football Career Into an Acting Career '' . Newsweek.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Ida . `` The Afro American '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Catching up with Carl Weathers : ROCKY 'S Apollo Creed '' . Silver Screen Artists . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Apollo Creed lives again : Carl Weathers joins NFL Draft coverage on ' Rocky ' steps Jump up ^ `` Carl Weathers Looks Back on Creed : Sparring With Ali , Slighting Stallone and Passing the Torch '' . Hollywood Reporter . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thanks for the Memories '' . Tour of Duty Info . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Norden , Martin F. ( 2007 ) . The Changing Face of Evil in Film and Television . Rodopi . p. 116 . Jump up ^ `` Red Tight Media '' . Red Tight Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Weathers , Sylvester Stallone May Have Mended Their Differences Over ' Creed ' '' . Inquisitr . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ stated by Stallone on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( December 21 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Bud Light Airraid : Carl Weathers and Bud Light steal Norm Chow 's ( and Bruce Eien 's ) playbook '' . Smart Football . October 23 , 2010 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Television Archive : Quinn Martin 's Tales of the Unexpected ( 1977 ) '' . Ctva.biz . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Carl Weathers on IMDb Carl Weathers at Pro-Football-Reference.com View Carl Weathers at FanBase In the Heat of the Night Fan Club BNF : cb13901046p ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 0857 3610 LCCN : no99054544 SNAC : w6vt1tks SUDOC : 172411351 VIAF : 49409745 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Weathers&oldid=843441630 '' Categories : 1948 births Living people St. Augustine High School ( New Orleans ) alumni 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Long Beach , California African - American players of American football African - American television directors American television directors American male voice actors American actor - athletes Oakland Raiders players American players of Canadian football BC Lions players Canadian football linebackers Long Beach City College alumni Male actors from New Orleans Sportspeople from Long Beach , California Sportspeople from New Orleans San Diego State Aztecs football players San Diego State University alumni San Francisco State University alumni African - American male actors American male film actors American male television actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Pages which use embedded infobox templates with the title parameter NFL player missing current team parameter Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 05 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played apollo creed in the rocky films	[ "Carl Weathers (born January 14, 1948) is an American actor and former professional football player. He is best known for portraying Apollo Creed in the Rocky series of films, George Dillon in Predator, Chubbs Peterson in Happy Gilmore and Little Nicky, and a fictionalized version of himself on the comedy series Arrested Development. As a football player, Weathers played for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League and the B.C. Lions of the Canadian Football League." ]	[ "Carl Weathers" ]
-6633600776617042216	Bigg Boss Telugu	Bigg Boss Telugu - wikipedia Bigg Boss Telugu Jump to : navigation , search Bigg Boss Telugu Show 's first season featuring the host Jr . NTR and the Eye logo Also known as బిగ్ బాస్ Presented by N.T. Rama Rao Jr . Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Telugu No. of seasons No. of episodes 70 Production Location ( s ) Lonavla , Pune , Maharashtra Running time 90 minutes ( approx . ) Daily Production company ( s ) Endemol India Release Original release 16 July ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- 24 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) Bigg Boss Telugu is the Telugu - language version of the reality TV programme Bigg Boss broadcast in Star Maa , India The first season of Bigg Boss Telugu was launched on 16 July 2017 on Star Maa . Jr . NTR hosts the show . The first season of the show became popular and turned out to be a TRP magnet , eventually becoming the No. 1 reality show in Telugu Television. Siva Balaji won the season 1 title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Rules 1.2 Broadcast 2 Series details 3 Housemate Pattern 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) Bigg Boss Telugu is a reality show based on the Hindi show Bigg Boss which too was based on the original Dutch Big Brother format developed by John de Mol . A number of contestants ( known as `` housemates '' ) live in a purpose - built house and are isolated from the rest of the world . Each week , housemates nominate two of their fellow housemates for eviction , and the housemates who receives the most nominations would face a public vote . Eventually , one housemate would leave after being `` evicted '' from the House . In the final week , there were five housemates remaining , and the public voted for who they wanted to win . Unlike other versions of Big Brother , the Indian version uses celebrities as housemates , not members of the general public . Rules ( edit ) While all the rules have never been told to the audience , the most prominent ones are clearly seen . The inmates are not permitted to talk in any other language except Telugu . They always have to wear the lapel . They can not leave the House premises at any time unless they are evicted or decided by Big Boss . They can not discuss the nomination process with anyone . They are not allowed to sleep without the permission of Bigg Boss . The house is set up at Lonawala Broadcast ( edit ) Bigg Boss Telugu is aired on Star Maa . Everyday 's episodes contain the main happenings of the previous day . Every Saturday episode mainly focuses on an interview of the evicted contestant by the host . Series details ( edit ) Season Main host Launch date Final date Days Housemates Prize money Winner Runner - up Jr . NTR 16 July 2017 24 September 2017 70 16 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $78,000 ) Siva Balaji Aadarsh Housemate Pattern ( edit ) Further information : Bigg Boss Telugu ( season 1 ) Clique Season 1 Film Actor / Actress Aadarsh Archana Hari Teja Siva Balaji Navdeep ( Wild Card ) Jyothi Mumaith Khan Prince Cecil Sameer Sampoornesh Babu Diksha Panth ( Wild Card ) TV Anchor Kathi Karthika Comedian Dhanraj Singer Madhu Priya Kalpana Raghavendar Film Critic Mahesh Kathi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Junior NTR 's Bigg Boss Is The ' Most Expensive ' Telugu Show . Details Here '' . Ndtv.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bigg Boss Telugu ' marks TV debut of Junior NTR as host , show goes on air from July 15 '' . Economictimes.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Québec Colombia Ecuador Mexico Pacific Panama Peru United States Celebrity Over the Top Spanish Asia - Pacific Arab States Australia China India Hindi Kannada Bangla Tamil Telugu Indonesia Israel Celebrity Philippines Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania Belgium Bulgaria Celebrity Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Celebrity Greece Hungary TV2 RTL II Italy Celebrity Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Celebrity Sweden Sweden and Norway Switzerland United Kingdom Celebrity Ukraine Turkey Virtual Second Life Reality television shows in India Adventure Fear Factor India ( Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi ) Survivor India Comedy Comedy Circus Comedy Nights Bachao Comedy Nights Live Comedy Nights with Kapil Majaa Talkies Comedy Superstars Laugh India Laugh Lunars Comedy Express Mirakkel The Great Indian Laughter Challenge The Kapil Sharma Show Dance D 4 Dance Dance Bangla Dance Dance India Dance Dance Plus Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Jodi Number One Just Dance Nach Baliye Food Dhe Chef Foodistan MasterChef India Game 10 Ka Dum India Poochega Sabse Shaana Kaun ? Kaiyil Oru Kodi - Are You Ready ? Kannadada Kotyadhipati Kaun Banega Crorepati Minute To Win It Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran Music Antakshari Intercollegiate Championship Bol Baby Bol Asianet Super Voice Quiz Bournvita Quiz Contest Dadagiri Unlimited Disney Q Family Mastermind Jabab Kinte Chai Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain ? Quizzing in India Sell Me the Answer Thatt Antha Heli Singing Airtel Super Singer Airtel Super Singer Junior Idea Star Singer Indian Idol Sa Re Ga Ma Pa ( Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs ) Voice of India Others Bigg Boss Bigg Boss Bangla Bigg Boss Tamil Bigg Boss Kannada Bigg Boss Telugu Biggest Loser Jeetega Lead India Malayalee House National Bingo Night Roadies Sacch Ka Saamna Zee 20 Cricket League Defunct Ad Mad Show Antakshari -- The Great Challenge Baazi Kiski Biggest Loser Jeetega Boogie Woogie Champions of the World Dance Premier League Deal Ya No Deal Fame X Idea Star Singer India 's Magic Star Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star Junoon Lead India Mastermind India National Bingo Night Sawaal Dus Crore Ka Titan Antakshari Zee Cinestars Zor Ka Jhatka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigg_Boss_Telugu&oldid=804993886 '' Categories : Indian reality television series Indian game shows Bigg Boss Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी मैथिली नेपाली Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 11 : 36 . About Wikipedia	where is big boss house located in telugu	[ "They always have to wear the lapel. They cannot leave the House premises at any time unless they are evicted or decided by Big Boss. They can not discuss the nomination process with anyone. They are not allowed to sleep without the permission of Bigg Boss. The house is set up at Lonawala" ]	[ "Lonawala" ]
4743318799602288397	21 Guns (song)	21 Guns ( song ) - wikipedia 21 Guns ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` 21 Guns '' Single by Green Day from the album 21st Century Breakdown Released May 25 , 2009 ( digital download ) July 14 , 2009 ( CD single ) Format Digital download , CD single , vinyl Recorded 2008 Genre Alternative rock Length 5 : 21 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , and Tré Cool Producer ( s ) Butch Vig and Green Day Green Day singles chronology `` Know Your Enemy '' ( 2009 ) `` 21 Guns '' ( 2009 ) `` East Jesus Nowhere '' ( 2009 ) `` Know Your Enemy '' ( 2009 ) `` 21 Guns '' ( 2009 ) `` East Jesus Nowhere '' ( 2009 ) Audio sample file help `` 21 Guns '' is a song by American punk rock band Green Day . It was released as the second single from their eighth album , 21st Century Breakdown . The single was released through Reprise Records on May 25 , 2009 as a digital download and July 14 , 2009 as a CD single . The song has been a success on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , peaking at No. 22 , which has become their highest charting single since 2005 . It was nominated for a Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo / Group with Vocals and Best Rock Song in 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Release and media appearance 5 Music video 6 Musical cast version 7 Live EP 8 Track listing 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Certifications 10 Personnel 11 References 12 External links Background and composition `` 21 Guns '' addresses the topic of patriotism . Frontman and chief songwriter Billie Joe Armstrong told Q magazine , in May 2009 : `` It brings up 21st Century Breakdown in a lot of ways , and the 21 - gun salute for someone that 's fallen , but done in an arena rock ' n ' roll sort of way . '' According to Q , the song is `` a mammoth power ballad with a chorus like Mott the Hoople 's All the Young Dudes . '' William Goodman from Spin agreed , also comparing the song to All The Young Dudes . Entertainment Weekly 's Simon Vozick - Levinson described it as a `` sensitive arena rock cut that made us think of Toto 's ' Africa ' . While the chorus sounded more like ELO 's ' Telephone Line . ' A Rolling Stone article commented that it `` has a dash of ' Boulevard of Broken Dreams ' to it . '' Spin 's Goodman agreed , writing : `` This track covers a lot of territory in its five minutes , from a solo acoustic guitar ( reminiscent of `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' ) to Brian May - worthy electric riffage . But the chorus holds the killer hook , as Armstrong hits highs with his voice in a thrilling moment . '' Critical reception The song has received critical acclaim . Chris Fallon writing for AbsolutePunk commented that `` it is arguably the album 's highlight , presenting an anti-war ballad that is both monumentally enduring and also sophisticated protest . '' James Montgomery of MTV News described it as `` a cell - phones - in - the - air anthem , starting with more sharply strummed acoustic guitars . '' Colin Moriarty from IGN wrote that the track is `` perhaps the best song on the album as a whole , is a multi-faceted song with a pretty poignant message to boot . '' Jordan Richardson of Blogcritics commented : `` It 's the album 's anti-war hymn , reaching heroic heights with a sleek sort of sappiness that fits flawlessly . The range and sentiment may dishearten those looking for a little more Dookie from their Green Day , but I 've never heard Billie Joe sound so good and so earnest as he pulls his frail voice upwards to knock out some stunning high notes . '' Mayer Nissim gave the song 3 out of 5 stars , writing : `` It combines verses reminiscent of Neil Young 's ' Heart of Gold ' with big power - pop chord changes and choruses that soar in all the right places . The jerky charm of the band 's earlier work may be missing , but there 's still lots to enjoy here . '' However , Adam Downer from Sputnikmusic gave a negative review , commenting that `` it sounds like a terrible rewrite of something John Lennon never released . '' Chart Performance The song debuted at No. 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at No. 22 ( becoming their highest peaking song since the 2005 hit `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ) , and No. 81 on the Canadian Hot 100 , reaching # 15 . It reached No. 3 on the Alternative Songs chart and No. 17 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . Also , on the Billboard Pop Songs it reached # 7 . On the Australian ARIA Singles Chart , the song peaked at # 4 . On the UK Singles Chart , it debuted at No. 100 and rose to # 36 . In New Zealand , the song debuted at No. 23 and peaked at No. 3 in its seventh week on the chart . In New Zealand , it was certified Platinum after 13 weeks on the chart , selling over 15,000 copies . It was certified Platinum by the RIAA . The single was also certified Platinum in Italy . Release and Media appearance `` 21 Guns '' was released to modern punk radio stations on May 25 , 2009 , although it had already been played on some radio stations , such as KROQ in Los Angeles and 101.9 in New York City . In the radio edit , the song is over forty seconds shorter than the album version due to the bridge being shortened and the intro being taken out . The CD single and clear 7 '' single were released on July 14 , 2009 . The song is featured heavily in Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen and appears on the soundtrack , which was released on June 12 , 2009 . It became available for download on the music video game series Rock Band on July 7 , 2009 , along with the songs `` East Jesus Nowhere '' and `` Know Your Enemy . The song was featured in episode 6 of The Vampire Diaries . The song is featured in the video game Green Day : Rock Band and is downloadable content for the Rock Band series . A live version was also released on 21 Guns Live EP in September 2009 . Music video A music video was directed by Marc Webb and filmed in Los Angeles on June 6 , 2009 . It premiered on MySpace on Monday , June 22 , 2009 at midnight EDT . A shorter version of the video also exists , which is set to the radio edit of the song . It is the third Green Day video to feature touring guitarist Jason White performing with the band , following `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' and `` Working Class Hero '' . He is also seen briefly in the music videos for `` When I Come Around '' and `` Jesus of Suburbia '' but he is not performing with the band . After spending the previous week at number 3 , the video peaked at number one on VH1 Top 20 Countdown on August 22 , 2009 and again on September 19 , 2009 . It also won `` Best Rock Video '' , `` Best Direction in a Video '' and `` Best Cinematography in a Video '' for the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards . The video takes place with the band and the album 's two protagonists Christian ( Josh Boswell ) and Gloria ( Lisa Stelly ) taking refuge in a white room after robbing a bank . The police arrive outside the room and open fire through the window , to the couple 's terror . As bullets rain through the room , the band continues playing . Gloria picks up the phone and throws it into a fish tank . As the bullets continue to fly and tear apart the room , Christian and Gloria become calm and walk toward each other , unharmed by the bullets . They embrace and kiss as the room goes dark , recreating the 21st Century Breakdown cover art . As the song ends , the room lights up again , and they are still uninjured . After the room lights up , there are various shots of destruction in the room , including a shot of some of the writing on the walls . The writing includes an excerpt of the lyrics to `` 21 Guns '' , as well as those of the song `` See The Light '' which also appears on `` 21st Century Breakdown '' . The video may represent the meaning of the song in the 21st Century Breakdown story . Musical cast version `` 21 Guns '' Single by Green Day and the cast of American Idiot from the album American Idiot : The Original Broadway Cast Recording B - side `` Like a Rolling Stone ( Bob Dylan Cover ) '' Released December 3 , 2009 Format Digital download , CD single Recorded 2009 Genre Alternative rock Length 4 : 41 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Billie Joe Armstrong , David Bowie , Mike Dirnt , and Tré Cool Producer ( s ) Green Day Green Day and the cast of American Idiot singles chronology `` 21 Guns '' ( 2009 ) `` When It 's Time '' ( 2010 ) `` 21 Guns ( Musical Cast Version ) '' ( 2010 ) `` When It 's Time '' ( 2010 ) Green Day has recorded two versions of `` 21 Guns '' with the cast of American Idiot . The recording was produced by Billie Joe Armstrong . The recording with Armstrong singing the male solo parts was released on December 3 to Spinner.com and also released for digital download on December 22 . The video was released February 1 . The second version of the song with the cast of American Idiot features Stark Sands , John Gallagher Jr. , and Michael Esper singing their respective solos instead of Armstrong . It was performed with Armstrong singing lead male vocals at the 52nd Grammy Awards . Live EP 21 Guns Live EP EP by Green Day Released September 4 , 2009 Recorded July 25 , 2009 in Albany , New York ; July 28 , 2009 Madison Square Garden , New York Genre Pop punk , punk rock , alternative rock Length 17 : 52 Label Reprise Producer Green Day Green Day released a live EP for the song including live performances of `` Welcome to Paradise '' , `` Brain Stew / Jaded '' and `` F.O.D. '' recorded live in Albany , New York and Madison Square Garden . This EP was released on the Australian iTunes store , Amazon UK , and Napster . Track listing Original version : Digital download / Maxi CD No . Title Length 1 . `` 21 Guns '' 5 : 21 2 . `` Favorite Son '' ( Green Day 's contribution to the Rock Against Bush Vol. 2 compilation ) 2 : 13 3 . `` 21 Guns '' ( Studio 880 version ) 5 : 17 CD single / 7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` 21 Guns '' 5 : 21 2 . `` Favorite Son '' ( From `` Rock Against Bush Vol. 2 '' ) 2 : 13 Promo CD No . Title Length 1 . `` 21 Guns '' ( Radio Edit ) 4 : 37 Musical cast version : Digital download / CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` 21 Guns '' ( Green Day with the cast of American Idiot version ) 4 : 41 21 Guns EP No . Title Length 1 . `` 21 Guns '' ( Green Day with the cast of American Idiot version ) 4 : 41 2 . `` 21 Guns '' ( Original version ) 5 : 21 3 . `` 21 Guns '' ( Live in Japan ) 5 : 01 Live EP : 21 Guns Live EP No . Title Length 1 . `` 21 Guns '' ( live in Albany , New York , 2009 ) 5 : 45 2 . `` Welcome to Paradise '' ( live in Albany , New York , 2009 ) 3 : 45 3 . `` Brain Stew / Jaded '' ( live in Albany , New York , 2009 ) 5 : 33 4 . `` F.O.D. '' ( live in Madison Square Garden , New York , 2009 ) 2 : 50 Other : 21 Guns ( Live in Tokyo ) Promo CD No . Title Length 1 . `` 21 Guns '' ( live in Tokyo ) 5 : 56 Charts and certifications Weekly charts Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 14 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 19 Brazil ( ABPD ) 12 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 15 Czech Singles Chart 12 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 37 European Hot 100 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Iceland Singles Chart Ireland ( IRMA ) 21 Israel Singles Chart Italy ( FIMI ) 15 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 21 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 89 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Polish Singles Chart Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 17 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 13 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 36 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 30 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 9 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 17 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts End of year chart ( 2009 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 72 Italian Singles Chart 75 New Zealand Singles Chart 38 Swiss Singles Chart 60 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 78 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Personnel Billie Joe Armstrong -- lead vocals , acoustic and electric guitars , piano Mike Dirnt -- bass guitar , backing vocals Tré Cool -- drums , percussion References Jump up ^ `` Articles > Q > `` Viva La Revolution ! '' - Page 7 `` . Q Magazine . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Articles > Q > `` Viva La Revolution ! - Page 3 '' . Q Magazine . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , William ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` First Listen : Green Day 's `` 21st Century Breakdown '' `` . Spin . Retrieved May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day 's 21st Century Breakdown : We heard ( some of ) it ! PopWatch Blog '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First Listen : Green Day Revive Dramatic Political Punk on `` 21st Century Breakdown '' `` . Rolling Stone . February 11 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Chris ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Green Day -- 21st Century Breakdown -- Album Review '' . AbsolutePunk . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` We Preview Green Day 's 21st Century Breakdown -- News Story '' . MTV . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Green Day : 21st Century Breakdown Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Jordan ( May 10 , 2009 ) . `` Music Review : Green Day -- 21st Century Breakdown -- Page 2 '' . Blogcritics . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nassim , Mayer ( July 12 , 2009 ) . `` Green Day : ' 21 Guns ' -- Music Singles Review -- Digital Spy '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Downer , Adam ( May 11 , 2009 ) . `` Green Day 21st Century Breakdown '' . Sputnikmusic . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . charts.org.nz . September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` September 13 , 2009 : New Zealand Gold Certification '' . radioscope.net.nz . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` FMQB : Radio Industry News ... '' FMQB . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day -- 21 Guns ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Soundtrack '' . digiRAMA . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Games , Harmonix & Warner Bros. / Reprise Records Partner With Green Day to Bring Their Music Exclusively to Rock Band / / News / / Rock Band '' . Rockband.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SkinnyLove21 's Journal -- The Vampire Diaries Soundtrack , Season 1 '' . last.fm. April 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' 21 Guns '' -- Green Day `` . rockband.com . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Guns Live EP '' . GreenDay.com . September 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Guns Video '' . Green Day.com . June 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 MTV Video Music Awards Winners '' . MTV . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day -- making of 21 Guns video '' . MySpace Video . June 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . GreenDay.com . November 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . GreenDay.com . December 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Officially released video Green Day -- 21 Guns ( Cast Version ) on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Get The New 21 Guns EP In Itunes Now '' . GreenDay.com . February 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Green Day Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- 21 Guns '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest : Airplay chart '' . mediaforest.biz . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Green Day '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day -- 21 Guns . 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Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australia year end -- 2009 '' . ARIA . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana -- Ricerche e dati di mercato '' . Fimi.it . January 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIANZ '' . RIANZ . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Year End Swiss Singles Chart '' . Swiss Music Charts. 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard year end -- 2009 '' . Billboard . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2009 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . Recorded Music NZ . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter 21 Guns in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong Mike Dirnt Tré Cool Jason White John Kiffmeyer Studio albums 39 / Smooth Kerplunk Dookie Insomniac Nimrod Warning American Idiot 21st Century Breakdown ¡ Uno ! ¡ Dos ! ¡ Tré ! Revolution Radio Live albums Live Tracks Tune In , Tokyo ... Bullet in a Bible Awesome as Fuck Compilation albums 1,039 / Smoothed Out Slappy Hours International Superhits ! 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About Wikipedia	meaning of the song 21 guns by green day	[ "\"21 Guns\" addresses the topic of patriotism. Frontman and chief songwriter Billie Joe Armstrong told Q magazine, in May 2009: \"It brings up 21st Century Breakdown in a lot of ways, and the 21-gun salute for someone that's fallen, but done in an arena rock 'n' roll sort of way.\"[1]" ]	[ "21-gun salute for someone that's fallen" ]
7466936453013142897	More Than a Feeling	More Than a Feeling - wikipedia More Than a Feeling `` More Than a Feeling '' Single by Boston from the album Boston B - side `` Smokin ' '' Released September 1976 Format 7 '' Recorded October 1975 -- April 1976 Genre Hard rock Length 3 : 25 ( single edit ) 4 : 44 ( album version ) 5 : 03 ( full version ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Tom Scholz Producer ( s ) John Boylan , Tom Scholz , Rodney C. Thompson Boston singles chronology `` More Than a Feeling '' ( 1976 ) `` Long Time '' ( 1977 ) `` More Than a Feeling '' / Smokin ' ( 1976 ) `` Long Time '' ( 1977 ) Music video `` More Than a Feeling '' on YouTube `` More Than a Feeling '' is a song written by Tom Scholz and first released by American rock band Boston as the lead single from their self - titled debut album on Epic Records in September 1976 , with `` Smokin ' '' on the flipside . The single peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 . The track is now a staple of classic rock and in 1999 it was named the 39th best hard rock song of all time by VH1 . It was included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's list of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll , and was also ranked at Number 500 on Rolling Stone 's 2003 list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , though it was dropped from the 2010 update . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Single version 3 Stafford Brothers cover 4 2008 U.S. presidential race 5 Personnel 6 Chart performance 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Downloadable content for rhythm and music games 8 References 9 External links Content ( edit ) His biggest hit , `` More Than a Feeling '' took writer Tom Scholz five years to complete . It is one of six songs , five of which eventually appeared on the Boston album , Scholz worked on in his basement in 1974 and 1975 , before Boston got its record contract . The drum parts were originally developed by Jim Masdea , although Sib Hashian played the drums on the official release . The verses are in the key of D major while the chorus is in G major . The song is in compound AABA form . The Book of Rock Lists suggests that the chorus riff may itself be a subtle homage to the Kingsmen 's classic , `` Louie Louie . '' Scholz credits `` Walk Away Renee '' by The Left Banke as the song 's main inspiration . Boston 's website says the song is about `` the power an old song can have in your life , '' with Tom Scholz elaborating that `` it was sort of a bittersweet ballad . '' Ultimate Classic Rock critic Michael Gallucci points out that this is a common theme in Boston songs . The lyrics express the author 's discontent with the present and his yearning for a former love named Marianne , whose memory is strongly evoked by an old familiar song . In an interview Scholz was asked , `` Who is Marianne ? '' He replied , `` There actually is a Marianne . She was n't my girlfriend . '' He explained that when he was 8 or 9 years old he had a much older cousin who he thought was the most beautiful girl he had ever seen and that he was `` secretly in love '' with her ( laughs ) . But he has also stated that the lyrics were inspired by his emotions after a school love affair ended , and were influenced by the lyrics of the Left Banke song `` Walk Away Renee . '' Maximum Guitar author Andy Aledort pointed out that the guitar chord progression of G-D / F# - Em7 - D that follows the line `` I see my Marianne walking away '' also comes from `` Walk Away Renee . '' Aledort also explains that the guitar solo is unusual in that it incorporates mordents and inverted mordents , which are more typically used in baroque music . Guitar World states that when the radio plays `` More Than a Feeling '' , `` few can resist indulging in fits of fleet - fingered air guitar and a spirited falsetto sing - along . '' Rolling Stone Album Guide critic Paul Evans states that `` as slick as it sounds , ' More Than a Feeling ' strikes an uncommonly resonant emotional note . '' Gallucci rated it Boston 's greatest song . Ultimate Classic Rock critic Dave Swanson rated it the # 28 all - time classic rock song . Single version ( edit ) Epic released an edited version of the song for the single with the first chorus and second verse removed , clocking in at 3 : 30 versus the album track at 4 : 45 . That single edit can be found on the Rock installment of Sony 's Soundtrack for a Century box set from 1999 . Stafford Brothers cover ( edit ) Australian group the Stafford Brothers covered and released the track in 2006 . It peaked at number 90 on the ARIA Chart . 2008 US presidential race ( edit ) In 2008 Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee used the song `` More Than a Feeling '' to promote his campaign . Former Boston band member Barry Goudreau made appearances with Huckabee both live and on YouTube . In February 2008 , Scholz wrote to Huckabee requesting that he stop using the song , stating : While I 'm flattered that you are fond of my song , I 'm shocked that you would use it and the name Boston to promote yourself without my consent . Your campaign 's use of `` More Than a Feeling '' , coupled with the representation of one of your supporters as a member `` of Boston '' clearly implies that the band Boston , and specifically one of its members , has endorsed your candidacy , neither of which is true . Huckabee complied with Scholz 's request , and videos featuring Barry Goudreau and the song were subsequently removed by the Huckabee Campaign . Personnel ( edit ) Tom Scholz -- acoustic and electric rhythm guitar , lead guitar , bass Brad Delp -- vocals Sib Hashian -- drums Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 -- 77 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report 11 Belgian VRT Top 30 14 Canadian RPM Top Singles Dutch Top 40 11 German Singles Chart 15 New Zealand 15 Swiss Singles Chart 9 UK Singles Chart 22 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Australian KMR 95 Canadian RPM 58 Germany 76 U.S. Cash Box 83 Downloadable content for rhythm and Music games ( edit ) The song is a part of the soundtrack for the original Guitar Hero ( video game ) series released in 2005 . The song was made available to download on March 1 , 2011 , for use in the Rock Band music video game series . The song is also available as downloadable content ( DLC ) for the Rocksmith guitar learning game . The song is available individually or as part of the ' Rock Hits 70s ' Song Pack along with `` Jessica '' by The Allman Brothers Band and Deep Purple 's `` Smoke on the Water . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Vh1 Top 100 Hard Rock Songs '' . Music.spreadit.org. 2009 - 01 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20061109103736/http://www.rollingstone.com:80/news/coverstory/500songs/page/5 Jump up ^ https://www.infoplease.com/arts-entertainment/music/500-songs-shaped-rock Jump up ^ `` More than a Feeling '' profile , Rolling Stone , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Aledort , Andy ( September 1997 ) . `` The Rock Man '' . Maximum Guitar . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , J. `` Feelin ' Satisfied : An Interview with Tom Scholz of Boston '' . thirdstage.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Covach , John ( 2005 ) , `` Form in Rock Music : A Primer '' , in Stein , Deborah , Engaging Music : Essays in Music Analysis , New York : Oxford University Press , p. 74 - 75 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 517010 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Band Boston Fan Site - Sound & Vision Review of Tom Scholz ' Remasters '' . Gonnahitcharide.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` More Than a Feeling by Boston , Song Stories '' . Rolling Stone Music . Jump up ^ `` Boston '' . Boston . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Boston / Tom Scholz exclusive interview / More Than A Feeling . 10 October 2015 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Gallucci , Michael . `` Top 10 Boston songs '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Boston / Tom Scholz exclusive interview / More Than A Feeling . 10 October 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Boston : Feelin ' Satisfied '' . Guitar World . October 2006 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Evans , P. ( 2004 ) . Brackett , N. ; Hoard , C. , eds . The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 4th ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . p. 96 . ISBN 0743201698 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Dave . `` No. 28 : Boston , ' More Than a Feeling ' -- Top 100 Classic Rock Songs '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora Archive '' ( PDF ) . Pandora.nla.gov.au. 2006 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ' More than a Feeling ' '' Writer Says Mike Huckabee Has Caused Him ' Damage ' `` , Rolling Stone website , February 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Radio2 top 30 : 8 oktober 2016 Radio2 '' . Top30-2.radio2.be . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . `` Top 40 : Boston - More Than A Feeling '' . Top40.nl . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Most Wanter Charts '' . Charts.de . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Boston - More Than A Feeling '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` UK Top 40 Chart Archive , British Singles & Album Charts '' . everyHit.com. 2000 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` INFINITY CHARTS : German Top 20 '' . Ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de. 2000 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Magazine '' . 18 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guitar Hero Songs List '' . Jump up ^ Gaddo , Kyle ( 2011 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Eleven Legacy Rock Band Tracks Getting PRO Upgrades On March 1st '' . The Gaming Vault . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Rocksmith TM DLC Official US Site Ubisoft ® '' . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Full lyrics of the song hide Boston Tom Scholz Gary Pihl Curly Smith Jeff Neal Tommy DeCarlo Tracy Ferrie Beth Cohen Brad Delp Jim Masdea Fran Sheehan Sib Hashian Barry Goudreau David Sikes Doug Huffman Fran Cosmo Anton Cosmo Anthony Citrinite Tom Hambridge Michael Sweet David Victor Kimberley Dahme Studio albums Boston Do n't Look Back Third Stage Walk On Corporate America Life , Love & Hope Compilations Greatest Hits Singles `` More Than a Feeling '' `` Foreplay / Long Time '' `` Peace of Mind '' `` Do n't Look Back '' `` A Man I 'll Never Be '' `` Feelin ' Satisfied '' `` Amanda '' `` We 're Ready '' `` Cool the Engines '' `` Can'tcha Say ( You Believe in Me ) '' `` I Need Your Love '' Other songs `` Rock and Roll Band '' `` Smokin ' '' Related articles Discography Band members Orion the Hunter RTZ Rockman Third Stage Tour hide Stafford Brothers Stafford Brothers discography Chris Stafford , Matthew Stafford Singles `` More Than a Feeling '' `` Hello '' `` Wicked Child '' `` This Girl '' `` When You Feel This '' Related articles Ministry of Sound Australia Tommy Trash Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=More_Than_a_Feeling&oldid=840778311 '' Categories : 1976 singles Boston ( band ) songs Hard rock ballads 1970s ballads Songs written by Tom Scholz Song recordings produced by Tom Scholz Song recordings produced by John Boylan ( record producer ) Epic Records singles Songs about music Hit the Lights songs Debut singles 1976 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 03 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who had a hit with more than a feeling in 1976	[ "\"More Than a Feeling\" is a song written by Tom Scholz and first released by American rock band Boston as the lead single from their self-titled debut album on Epic Records in September 1976, with \"Smokin'\" on the flipside. The single peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100. The track is now a staple of classic rock and in 1999 it was named the 39th best hard rock song of all time by VH1.[1] It was included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll, and was also ranked at Number 500 on Rolling Stone's 2003 list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, though it was dropped from the 2010 update.[2][3]" ]	[ "American rock band Boston" ]
-1179260709869058650	Quod scripsi, scripsi	Quod scripsi , scripsi - wikipedia Quod scripsi , scripsi Jump to : navigation , search Christ on the Cross , by Francisco de Zurbarán , 1627 . Pilate 's superscription is nailed to the cross above Jesus . Quod scripsi , scripsi ( Latin for `` What I have written , I have written '' ) is a Latin phrase . It was most famously used by Pontius Pilate in the Bible in response to the Jewish priests who objected to his writing on the sign ( titulus ) that was hung above Jesus at his Crucifixion . It is mostly found in the Latin Vulgate Bible . The acronym INRI ( `` Jesus of Nazareth , King of the Jews '' ) written in three languages ( as in John 19 : 20 ) and affixed to the cross ; Ellwangen Abbey , Germany History ( edit ) The phrase appears in the Bible in John 19 : 20 -- 22 . When Jesus was sent to be crucified , Pilate wrote the sign to be hung above Jesus on the cross . He wrote `` Jesus the Nazarene , King of the Jews '' in Hebrew ( or , more correctly , Aramaic ) , Latin and Greek . The Jewish priests voiced their objections of this to Pilate , stating that Jesus had only claimed the title and they did not recognise Him as such . They said to Pilate `` Do not write King of the Jews '' . Pilate responded to them sternly with `` Quod scripsi , scripsi '' which was interpreted by Jerome as an allusion to the headings of Psalm 56 and Psalm 57 , which in the Vulgate seem to refer to an inscription that is not to be changed . The scene where Pilate says `` Quod scripsi , scripsi '' was not covered in art or discussion as a popular subject . Aside of the Bury St. Edmunds Cross there was little discussion on it in the pre-Reformation Christian Church . It was suggested that this may have been because it is only mentioned in detail by St. John the Evangelist and because it was mentioned in the apocryphal Acts of Pilate . Other uses ( edit ) In 1306 , when Henry II of Jerusalem signed a patent to give the Kingdom of Cyprus to the governorship of Amalric , Prince of Tyre , the Marshal of the Temple accompanying Amalric reportedly said `` Quod scripsi , scripsi '' with disdain to Henry when he signed the patent . The philosopher Immanuel Kant used a play on `` Quod scripsi , scripsi '' in response to critics of his Metaphysics of Morals , using `` Quod scripsi , scribentes '' ( What I have written , I am writing ) . In the shared alternate history of Ill Bethisad ( 1997 and after ) , `` Quod scripsi , scripsi '' ( often shortened to `` QSS '' ) is the term used for one of the rules or `` Five Pillars '' of the alternate timeline . `` Quod scripsi , scripsi '' in this sense means that once something has been established into the timeline , it can not be changed or removed . José Saramago started his 1991 novel The Gospel According to Jesus Christ with this quote , both as a reference to Pilate 's writing , but also as an answer to the criticism he anticipated . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Cloisters Cross '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ The HarperCollins Study Bible , New Revised Standard Version , ISBN 0 - 06 - 065580 - 1 , page 2051 ^ Jump up to : Brown , Raymond Edward ( 1988 ) . The Gospel and Epistles of John . p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 8146 - 1283 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Longland , Sabrina . `` Pilate answered `` What I have written , I have written '' '' ( PDF ) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hill , George ( 2010 ) . A History of Cyprus , Volume 2 ( reprint ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 230 . ISBN 1108020631 . Jump up ^ Baumgarten , Alexander ( 2013 ) . Metaphysics : A Critical Translation with Kant 's Elucidations , Selected Notes , and Related Materials . p. 76 . ISBN 1441132945 . Jump up ^ `` How It All Works '' , Ill Bethisad Wiki Jump up ^ `` QSS '' , , Ill Bethisad Wiki Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quod_scripsi,_scripsi&oldid=787645715 '' Categories : Latin words and phrases Crucifixion of Jesus Biblical phrases Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2017 , at 17 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what i have written i have written in latin	[ "Quod scripsi, scripsi (Latin for \"What I have written, I have written\") is a Latin phrase. It was most famously used by Pontius Pilate in the Bible in response to the Jewish priests who objected to his writing on the sign (titulus) that was hung above Jesus at his Crucifixion. It is mostly found in the Latin Vulgate Bible.[1]" ]	[ "Quod scripsi, scripsi" ]
-1040819915830091087	Kath Soucie	Kath Soucie - wikipedia Kath Soucie Jump to : navigation , search Kath Soucie Katherine Ellen Soucie Cleveland , Ohio , U.S. Occupation Voice actress Years active 1978 -- present Agent AVO Talent Katherine Ellen Soucie ( / ˈsuːsi / ) is an American voice actress , best known for her roles as Lola Bunny in Space Jam , Fifi La Fume in Tiny Toon Adventures , and Phil , Lil , and Mrs. DeVille in Rugrats . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 2.1 Movies 2.2 Television films 2.3 Direct - to - video 2.4 Live action television 2.5 Animated television 2.6 Video games 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Soucie was born in Cleveland , Ohio . She first studied acting under drama teacher Manu Tupou . After attending the American Academy of Dramatic Arts , she began a successful career on the New York stage . In the late 1970s , Soucie appeared in several television `` movies of the week '' , including The Incredible Journey of Doctor Meg Laurel . However , she soon experienced disappointment with the physical restrictions of on - camera acting . In 1986 , came her first voice over job for three different girls on Rambo : The Force of Freedom . Having started her voice acting career , the following year , Soucie played Janine Melnitz on The Real Ghostbusters , taking over the role from Laura Summer . Filmography ( edit ) Movies ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 1991 Beauty and the Beast Bimbettes 1992 Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation Fifi La Fume , Little Boo , and Bimbette Skunk Space Jam Lola Bunny 1998 Kiki 's Delivery Service Kokiri The Rugrats Movie Phil , Lil and Betty DeVille 2000 Rugrats in Paris : The Movie The Tigger Movie Kanga 2001 The Trumpet of the Swan Young Serena / Newscaster / Paramedic Recess : School 's Out Counselor 2002 Return to Never Land Wendy Hey Arnold ! : The Movie Miriam Pataki / Marilyn Berman Lilo & Stitch Additional Voices The Santa Clause 2 Chet 2003 Rugrats Go Wild Phil , Lil and Betty DeVille Piglet 's Big Movie Kanga Clifford 's Really Big Movie Jetta / Madison 2005 Pooh 's Heffalump Movie Kanga My Neighbor Totoro Mrs. Ogaki Stuart Little 3 : Call of the Wild Forest Animals and Scouts 2006 Curious George Animal Control Receptionist 2007 Happily N'Ever After Baby / Little Red Riding Hood / Stepsisters 2008 Space Chimps Dr. Smothers 2012 Wreck - It Ralph Additional voices Back to the Sea Shaobao 2016 Zootopia Young Nick Wilde Television films ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 1995 The Tale of Tillie 's Dragon Tillie 1997 Annabelle 's Wish Annabelle 1999 Dexter 's Laboratory : Ego Trip Dexter 's mom 2003 Kim Possible : A Sitch in Time Preschool teacher Clifford 's Puppy Days Daffodil 2007 Hellboy : Blood and Iron Erzsebet Ondrushko 2016 Toasty Tales Waffle 2017 Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie Miriam Pataki Direct - to - video ( edit ) Year Title Role 1991 The Little Engine That Could Tillie / Missy / The Little Wolf 1997 Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Enchantress A Christmas Carol Mrs. Cratchit / Ghost of Christmas Past / Fan 1998 The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars Tinselina Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World Additional voices 1998 -- 2003 The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald Fry Kid 2000 An Extremely Goofy Movie Co-ed Gen13 Rachel 2001 Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure Collette / Danielle Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse Kanga 2002 A Very Merry Pooh Year 2003 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure Perdita Springtime with Roo Kanga Kangaroo Jack : G'Day U.S.A. ! Jessie / Mrs. Sperling 2005 The Legend of Frosty the Snowman Tommy Tinkerton / Old Sara Simple Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie Kanga 2006 Bambi II Thumper 's mother The Fox and the Hound 2 Zelda 2007 Super Sleuth Christmas Movie Kanga Futurama : Bender 's Big Score Cubert Farnsworth 2008 Futurama : Bender 's Game 2009 Green Lantern : First Flight Arisia Rrab 2011 Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Tuffy 2013 Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure 2016 Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz 2017 Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Live action television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1979 The Incredible Journey of Doctor Meg Laurel Becca Live action ; TV movie 1998 Home Improvement Claire Taylor -- Screaming voice ; one episode ; uncredited 2008 -- 09 Imagination Movers Voicemail voice ; three episodes Animated television ( edit ) Year Title Role 1986 Rambo : The Force of Freedom Additional voices 1986 -- 87 My Little Pony Princess Tiffany / Princess Starburst 1986 -- 89 The Smurfs Additional voices Pound Puppies Arf / Mrs. Vanderspiff 1987 -- 91 The Real Ghostbusters Janine Melnitz Jem Ingrid `` Minx '' Kruger A Pup Named Scooby - Doo Prestina 1988 -- 90 Denver , the Last Dinosaur Casey / Heather The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy Raggedy Cat X-Men : Pryde of the X-Men Kitty Pryde 1989 -- 90 Dink , the Little Dinosaur Jerry / Melodi 1989 -- 91 Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Princess Marie 1990 -- 91 TaleSpin Clementine Clevenger Wake , Rattle and Roll Cindy Bear Timeless Tales from Hallmark Teddy Bear , Rapunzel 's mother and Baby Rapunzel ( Rapunzel ) 1990 -- 92 Attack of the Killer Tomatoes : The Animated Series Tara Boumdeay / Mary Jo Nagamininashy / additional voices Widget , the World Watcher Brian / Kristine Pretty Piggies Patricia 1990 -- 93 Tom and Jerry Kids Babysitter / Baby / Mom 1990 -- 95 Tiny Toon Adventures Fifi La Fume / Little Sneezer 1990 -- 96 Captain Planet and the Planeteers Linka 1991 Toxic Crusaders Yvonne 1991 ; 1999 Little Dracula Mrs. Dracula / Millicent 1991 -- 92 Darkwing Duck Morgana McCawber Yo Yogi ! Cindy Bear / Secret Squirrel James Bond Jr . Barbella / Goldie Finger / Tiara Hotstones Space Cats Yvette Meow / Lollipop 1991 -- 2004 Rugrats Phil and Lil DeVille / Betty DeVille / Alisa Carmichael / Buster Carmichael 1992 Raw Toonage Girl The Plucky Duck Show Fifi La Fume 1992 -- 93 Goof Troop Debbie Wild West C.O.W. - Boys of Moo Mesa Carly 1992 - 1993 Super Dave Additional Voices 1992 -- 94 The Little Mermaid Attina / Flo 1993 Animaniacs Fifi La Fume 1993 -- 94 Mighty Max Bea Sonic the Hedgehog ( SatAM ) Sally Acorn / NICOLE 1993 -- 95 2 Stupid Dogs Martha / Granny Fanny / Youngest Daughter 1993 -- 96 SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron Turmoil The Pink Panther Thelma 1994 -- 95 Street Sharks Ripster 's mom Aladdin Poor village mother Beethoven Alice Newton Superhuman Samurai Syber - Squad Elizabeth Collins 1994 -- 97 Aaahh ! ! ! Real Monsters Dusty Gargoyles Cornelia Stallman / Maggie `` the Cat '' Reed / Ophelia / Princess Katherine / The Weird Sisters 1995 Biker Mice from Mars Harley 1995 -- 96 Dumb and Dumber Waitress Savage Dragon Alex Wild The Hot Rod Dogs and Cool Car Cats Spare Parts Earthworm Jim Princess What 's - Her - Name / Evil Princess / Johnny 's mom 1995 -- 97 The Cartoon Cartoon Show Bubbles / Ms. Keane / Dexter 's Mom / Girl / Alien # 1 The Mask : The Animated Series Evelyn / Dragon Lady 1995 -- 98 Timon & Pumbaa Lara , Suzie Quack Pack Daisy Duck , Agent X , Nelly The Dragon 1996 -- 97 Mighty Ducks Lucretia DeCoy Bruno the Kid Grace 1996 -- 98 Casper Kathleen `` Kat '' Harvey Jungle Cubs Winifred / Leah / Mother Duck / Mother Mouse / Mountain Sheep 1996 -- 2000 Adventures from the Book of Virtues Annie Redfeather / Aurora the Red - tailed Hawk / Aunt Polly / Queen Vashti 1996 -- 99 , 2001 -- 03 Dexter 's Laboratory Dexter 's Mom / Computer Voice / Agent Honeydew / Lee Lee 1996 -- 2004 Hey Arnold ! Miriam Pataki / Marilyn Berman / Mrs. Vitello / Nancy / Baby Oskar / additional voices 1997 -- 99 Todd McFarlane 's Spawn Cyan Fitzgerald 101 Dalmatians : The Series Cadpig / Rolly / Anita Dearly / Young Cruella ( in episode , `` A Christmas Cruella '' ) 1997 -- 2000 Pepper Ann Cissy Rooney / Mrs. Little 1997 -- 2001 Recess Butch / additional voices 1997 -- 2004 Johnny Bravo Aunt Katie / Debbie Nemo / Inspector Gerard / Sheila / Unta / Mountie / Train Company Executive 1997 -- 2007 Space Goofs Hank 's Wife 1998 Toonsylvania Ashley Deadman Invasion America Rita Carter / Sonia Lear 1998 -- 99 The Secret Files of the Spy Dogs Collar Communicator Voice The Magician Mona / Angel 1998 -- 2000 CatDog Lorraine 1999 The Powerpuff Girls Julie Smith / Maryanne Smith / Reporter / additional voices The Kids from Room 402 Desk Clerk / Reporter Courage the Cowardly Dog Little Muriel Mickey Mouse Works Clarabelle 's Instructor 1999 -- 2000 Mike , Lu & Og Margery / Pig 1999 -- 2013 Futurama Cubert Farnsworth / Michelle / additional voices 2000 ; 2002 Clerks : The Animated Series Lady with the dead baby / Jay 's granddaughter 2000 ; 2011 God , the Devil and Bob Andy Alman 2000 -- 02 Baby Blues Rodney Bitterman / Megan Bitterman 2000 -- 03 Clifford the Big Red Dog Jetta / Jetta 's mom / Mary As Told by Ginger Blake Gripling 2000 -- 04 The Weekenders Pedratishkovna `` Tish '' Katsufrankis / Ruby / additional voices 2001 Baby Felix & Friends Tattoo Time Squad Additional voices 2001 -- 02 Butt - Ugly Martians Angela Young / Shaboom Shaboom Grim & Evil Old Lady Shin Chan ( Vitello Dub ) Shinnosuke Nohara 2001 -- 03 Disney 's House of Mouse Duchess / Kanga / Bimbette / Perdita The Book of Pooh Kanga 2001 -- 04 Samurai Jack Olivia / additional voices Totally Spies ! Stella / Jason Hightower / Toll / Shirley Rogers / Barber / Redhead Girl 2002 ChalkZone Yadda Yadda Yeti What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Susan Dinwiddie 2002 -- 06 The Cramp Twins Lucien Cramp The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius Betty Quinlan 2002 -- 07 Kim Possible Kaitlin / Co-pilot / French girl / Moopey Girl / additional voices 2003 Ozzy & Drix Naurine / Celly Katz Duck Dodgers Handmaiden 2003 -- 06 Clifford 's Puppy Days Daffodil Lilo & Stitch : The Series Trick or treater 2003 -- 07 Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Millie / Missy Sue 2003 -- 09 My Life as a Teenage Robot XJ - 4 and XJ - 5 2003 -- 08 All Grown Up ! Phil and Lil DeVille / Betty DeVille Static Shock El Gata Detroit Docona Suzy Anders 2004 -- 05 Stroker and Hoop Ashley Brittany / Brittany Ashley 2004 -- 06 Justice League Unlimited Additional voices W.I.T.C.H. Nerissa / Sandpit 2004 -- 07 Danny Phantom Maddie Fenton / The Lunch Lady Ghost / Box Lunch Toonami SARA 2 2005 The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Happy Huggy Stuffy Teddy Bear 2005 -- 07 The Life and Times of Juniper Lee Ray Ray / Gigi / Jean - Claude 's groupie / Laundromax 2005 -- 08 Ben 10 Edwin Smith / Tiffany 2006 Ben & Izzy Izzy 2006 -- 07 Lola & Virginia Haide 2006 -- 09 The Replacements Karen `` Agent K '' Daring / additional voices 2006 -- 11 Handy Manny Dusty / Mrs. Bouffant / Steven / Kevin / Junior 2006 -- 15 Curious George Mrs. Renkins / Mrs. Quint 2007 Codename : Kids Next Door Lizzie 's sister ( `` Operation : `` G.I.R.L.F.R.I.E.N.D. '' ) 2007 -- 09 Transformers Animated Professor Princess 2007 -- 10 My Friends Tigger & Pooh Kanga 2008 Famous 5 : On the Case Allie Campbell 2008 -- 09 Betsy 's Kindergarten Adventures Newton The Spectacular Spider - Man Dr. Martha Connors / Anna Watson 2008 -- 13 Star Wars : The Clone Wars Mon Mothma / Mina Bonteri / Jek 2009 Chowder Ms. Butterscotch / Pelican Lady / Unicorn / Lady 2010 -- 13 Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Nan Blake / additional voices 2011 Generator Rex Mouse / Female Party Goer Young Justice Joan Garrick / Lori Lemaris / Queen Mera 2011 -- 12 Winx Club Countess Cassandra 2011 -- 13 Pound Puppies Additional voices 2012 Special Agent Oso Dusty 2012 -- 13 Mad Rainbow Dash / Starfire / Magic Magic Marker Boy / Wyatt Bernstein 2012 -- 2016 Transformers : Rescue Bots Professor Anna Baranova 2014 Doc McStuffins Celeste 2014 -- present The Tom and Jerry Show Tuffy , Mimi , Aunt Claire , Cozette , Gigi Star Wars Rebels Minister Maketh Tua / Mira Bridger 2015 Transformers : Robots in Disguise Tour Guide Goldie & Bear Twigs Bear in Underwear Rossman 2015 -- 16 New Looney Tunes The President / Little Kid / Claudette Dupri / Pampreen 2016 Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Additional Voices Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role 1993 Freddy Pharkas : Frontier Pharmacist Penelope Primm 1995 Full Throttle Maureen Space Jam Lola Bunny 1997 Fallout Laura / The Master ( female voice ) 2000 Baldur 's Gate II : Shadows of Amn Aerie 102 Dalmatians : Puppies to the Rescue Priscilla the Pig Looney Tunes Racing Lola Bunny Looney Tunes : Space Race Warriors of Might and Magic Various 2001 Baldur 's Gate II : Throne of Bhaal Aerie , Young Sarevok , Alianna , Asana , Haraad , Ghostly Apparition 2002 Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast Tavion The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Goldberry / Angelica Baggins / Arwen Kingdom Hearts Sally / Shock / Sora 's mother Icewind Dale II The Narrator / Maralie Fiddlebender 2003 Dark Chronicle Elena / Sirus Arc the Lad : Twilight of the Spirits Choco Star Wars Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy Tavion Ratchet & Clank : Going Commando Angela Cross Final Fantasy X-2 Taro World of Warcraft Undead females 2005 The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge Sally / Shock Gun Jenny 2006 Star Wars : Empire at War Mara Jade / Rebel HUD Kingdom Hearts II Sally / Shock Tomb Raider : Legend Amanda Evert Thrillville Additional voices 2007 Thrillville : Off the Rails Mass Effect 2008 Lost Odyssey Cooke Tomb Raider : Underworld Amanda Evert 2009 Brütal Legend Lita Halford Dragon Age : Origins Additional voices StarCraft II : Wings of Liberty Mira Han 2011 Star Wars : The Old Republic Female smuggler 2012 Syndicate Dart 2013 Lightning Returns : Final Fantasy XIII Additional voices 2014 The Elder Scrolls Online 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 2016 King 's Quest - Chapter III : Once Upon A Climb Hagatha , Valanice , Royal Knight # 3 2016 World of Final Fantasy Vivi Ornitier References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Tim ; Persons , Alisa ( 2004 ) , The Magic Behind the Voices : A Who 's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors , University Press of Mississippi , pp. 301 -- 304 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 696 - 4 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Hischak ( 2011 ) , Disney Voice Actors : A Biographical Dictionary , McFarland & Company , p. 197 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6271 - 1 ^ Jump up to : `` Nancy Cartwright Chats with Kath Soucie '' . AWN. 2008 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Nickelodeon 's Hey Arnold ! movie gets title ; 19 original voice actors returning Entertainment Weekly , Retrieved June 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Captain Planet and the Planeteers Cast '' . TV Com . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Brubaker , Charles ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` '' Crayon Shin Chan '' ( 1992 ) `` . Cartoon Research . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BioWare ( 2011 - 12 - 20 ) . Star Wars : The Old Republic . Electronic Arts , LucasArts . Scene : closing credits , 9 : 50 in , English Cast . Jump up ^ The Odd Gentlemen . King 's Quest - Chapter III : Once Upon A Climb . Sierra Entertainment . Scene : Closing credits , 1 min in , Cast . External links ( edit ) Kath Soucie on IMDb Kath Soucie at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia VIAF : 33650727 LCCN : n92032059 ISNI : 0000 0000 3322 8547 BNF : cb14228879w ( data ) MusicBrainz : 82a03e05 - 9e24 - 4b40 - a3c8 - fdbfd433fdcb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kath_Soucie&oldid=815733799 '' Categories : Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American voice actresses American video game actresses American stage actresses American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni Actresses from Cleveland Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Corsu Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 19 : 47 . About Wikipedia	who did the voice of phil and lil on rugrats	[ "Katherine Ellen Soucie (/ˈsuːsi/) is an American voice actress, best known for her roles as Lola Bunny in Space Jam, Fifi La Fume in Tiny Toon Adventures, and Phil, Lil, and Mrs. DeVille in Rugrats.[1]" ]	[ "Katherine Ellen Soucie" ]

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